0. A point R at the intersection of the optical axis and the image plane. This point is referred to as the principal point or image center. A point P somewhere in the world at coordinate relative to the axes X1, X2, and X3. The projection line of point P into the camera. This is the green line which passes through point P and the point O. The projection of point P onto the image plane, denoted Q. This point is given by the intersection of the projection line (green) and the image plane. In any practical situation we can assume that > 0 which means that the intersection point","title":"Pinhole camera model"},{"docid":"3663444","text":"In cartography, the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection, or Lambert cylindrical projection, is a cylindrical equal-area projection. This projection is undistorted along the equator, which is its standard parallel, but distortion increases rapidly towards the poles. Like any cylindrical projection, it stretches parallels increasingly away from the equator. The poles accrue infinite distortion, becoming lines instead of points. History The projection was invented by the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert and described in his 1772 treatise, Beiträge zum Gebrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung, part III, section 6: Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Himmelscharten, translated as, Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps. Lambert's projection is the basis for the cylindrical equal-area projection family. Lambert chose the equator as the parallel of no distortion. By multiplying the projection's height by some factor and dividing the width by the same factor, the regions of no distortion can be moved to any desired pair of parallels north and south of the equator. These variations, particularly the Gall–Peters projection, are more commonly encountered in maps than Lambert’s original projection due to their lower distortion overall. Formulae where φ is the latitude, λ is the longitude and λ is the central meridian. See also List of map projections Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection Lambert conformal conic projection References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Cylindrical equal-area projections","title":"Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection"},{"docid":"1968518","text":"In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration. Radial distortion Although distortion can be irregular or follow many patterns, the most commonly encountered distortions are radially symmetric, or approximately so, arising from the symmetry of a photographic lens. These radial distortions can usually be classified as either barrel distortions or pincushion distortions. Mathematically, barrel and pincushion distortion are quadratic, meaning they increase as the square of distance from the center. In mustache distortion the quartic (degree 4) term is significant: in the center, the degree 2 barrel distortion is dominant, while at the edge the degree 4 distortion in the pincushion direction dominates. Other distortions are in principle possible – pincushion in center and barrel at the edge, or higher order distortions (degree 6, degree 8) – but do not generally occur in practical lenses, and higher order distortions are small relative to the main barrel and pincushion effects. Occurrence In photography, distortion is particularly associated with zoom lenses, particularly large-range zooms, but may also be found in prime lenses, and depends on focal distance – for example, the Canon EF 50mm 1.4 exhibits barrel distortion at extremely short focal distances. Barrel distortion may be found in wide-angle lenses, and is often seen at the wide-angle end of zoom lenses, while pincushion distortion is often seen in older or low-end telephoto lenses. Mustache distortion is observed particularly on the wide end of zooms, with certain retrofocus lenses, and more recently on large-range zooms such as the Nikon 18–200 mm. A certain amount of pincushion distortion is often found with visual optical instruments, e.g., binoculars, where it serves to counteract the globe effect. In order to understand these distortions, it should be remembered that these are radial defects; the optical systems in question have rotational symmetry (omitting non-radial defects), so the didactically correct test image would be a set of concentric circles having even separation – like a shooter's target. It will then be observed that these common distortions actually imply a nonlinear radius mapping from the object to the image: What is seemingly pincushion distortion, is actually simply an exaggerated radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be steeper in the upper (rightmost) end. Conversely, barrel distortion is actually a diminished radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be less steep in the upper (rightmost) end. Chromatic aberration Radial distortion that depends on wavelength is called \"lateral chromatic aberration\" – \"lateral\" because radial, \"chromatic\" because dependent on color (wavelength). This can cause colored fringes in high-contrast areas in the outer parts of the image. This should not be confused with axial (longitudinal) chromatic aberration, which causes aberrations throughout the field, particularly purple fringing. Origin of terms The names for these distortions","title":"Distortion (optics)"},{"docid":"3909097","text":"In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost. An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a closed disk. Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the three-dimensional Euclidean space onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are: The projection from a point onto a plane or central projection: If C is a point, called the center of projection, then the projection of a point P different from C onto a plane that does not contain C is the intersection of the line CP with the plane. The points P such that the line CP is parallel to the plane does not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane (see Projective geometry for a formalization of this terminology). The projection of the point C itself is not defined. The projection parallel to a direction D, onto a plane or parallel projection: The image of a point P is the intersection with the plane of the line parallel to D passing through P. See for an accurate definition, generalized to any dimension. The concept of projection in mathematics is a very old one, and most likely has its roots in the phenomenon of the shadows cast by real-world objects on the ground. This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time different versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations. In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surface of the Earth onto a plane, which, in some cases, but not always, is the restriction of a projection in the above meaning. The 3D projections are also at the basis of the theory of perspective. The need for unifying the two kinds of projections and of defining the image by a central projection of any point different of the center of projection are at the origin of projective geometry. However, a projective transformation is a bijection of a projective space, a property not shared with the projections of this article. Definition Generally, a mapping where the domain and codomain are the same set (or mathematical structure) is a projection if the mapping is idempotent, which means that a projection is equal to","title":"Projection (mathematics)"},{"docid":"180583","text":"The Dymaxion map or Fuller map is a projection of a world map onto the surface of an icosahedron, which can be unfolded and flattened to two dimensions. The flat map is heavily interrupted in order to preserve shapes and sizes. The projection was invented by Buckminster Fuller. The March 1, 1943, edition of Life magazine included a photographic essay titled \"Life Presents R. Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion World\". The article included several examples of its use together with a pull-out section that could be assembled as a \"three-dimensional approximation of a globe or laid out as a flat map, with which the world may be fitted together and rearranged to illuminate special aspects of its geography\". Fuller applied for a patent in the United States in February 1944, showing a projection onto a cuboctahedron, which he called \"dymaxion\". The patent was issued in January 1946. In 1954, Fuller and cartographer Shoji Sadao produced the Airocean World Map, a version of the Dymaxion map that used a modified but mostly regular icosahedron as the base for the projection. The version most commonly referred to today, it depicts Earth's continents as \"one island\", or nearly contiguous land masses. The Dymaxion projection is intended only for representations of the entire globe. It is not a gnomonic projection, whereby global data expands from the center point of a tangent facet outward to the edges. Instead, each triangle edge of the Dymaxion map matches the scale of a partial great circle on a corresponding globe, and other points within each facet shrink toward its middle, rather than enlarging to the peripheries. Fuller's 1980 version of the Dymaxion map was the first definition and use of a mathematical transformation process to make the map. It is a polyhedral map projection. The name Dymaxion was applied by Fuller to several of his inventions. Properties Though neither conformal nor equal-area, Fuller claimed that his map had several advantages over other projections for world maps. It has less distortion of relative size of areas, most notably when compared to the Mercator projection; and less distortion of shapes of areas, notably when compared to the Gall–Peters projection. Other compromise projections attempt a similar trade-off. More unusually, the Dymaxion map does not have any \"right way up\". Fuller argued that in the universe there is no \"up\" and \"down\", or \"north\" and \"south\": only \"in\" and \"out\". Gravitational forces of the stars and planets created \"in\", meaning \"towards the gravitational center\", and \"out\", meaning \"away from the gravitational center\". He attributed the north-up-superior/south-down-inferior presentation of most other world maps to cultural bias. Fuller intended the map to be unfolded in different ways to emphasize different aspects of the world. Peeling the triangular faces of the icosahedron apart in one way results in an icosahedral net that shows an almost contiguous land mass comprising all of Earth's continents – not groups of continents divided by oceans. Peeling the solid apart in a different way presents a view of the world dominated by","title":"Dymaxion map"},{"docid":"1032887","text":"The Mollweide projection is an equal-area, pseudocylindrical map projection generally used for maps of the world or celestial sphere. It is also known as the Babinet projection, homalographic projection, homolographic projection, and elliptical projection. The projection trades accuracy of angle and shape for accuracy of proportions in area, and as such is used where that property is needed, such as maps depicting global distributions. The projection was first published by mathematician and astronomer Karl (or Carl) Brandan Mollweide (1774–1825) of Leipzig in 1805. It was reinvented and popularized in 1857 by Jacques Babinet, who gave it the name homalographic projection. The variation homolographic arose from frequent nineteenth-century usage in star atlases. Properties The Mollweide is a pseudocylindrical projection in which the equator is represented as a straight horizontal line perpendicular to a central meridian that is one-half the equator's length. The other parallels compress near the poles, while the other meridians are equally spaced at the equator. The meridians at 90 degrees east and west form a perfect circle, and the whole earth is depicted in a proportional 2:1 ellipse. The proportion of the area of the ellipse between any given parallel and the equator is the same as the proportion of the area on the globe between that parallel and the equator, but at the expense of shape distortion, which is significant at the perimeter of the ellipse, although not as severe as in the sinusoidal projection. Shape distortion may be diminished by using an interrupted version. A sinusoidal interrupted Mollweide projection discards the central meridian in favor of alternating half-meridians which terminate at right angles to the equator. This has the effect of dividing the globe into lobes. In contrast, a parallel interrupted Mollweide projection uses multiple disjoint central meridians, giving the effect of multiple ellipses joined at the equator. More rarely, the projection can be drawn obliquely to shift the areas of distortion to the oceans, allowing the continents to remain truer to form. The Mollweide, or its properties, has inspired the creation of several other projections, including the Goode's homolosine, van der Grinten and the Boggs eumorphic. Mathematical formulation The projection transforms from latitude and longitude to map coordinates x and y via the following equations: where θ is an auxiliary angle defined by and λ is the longitude, λ is the central meridian, φ is the latitude, and R is the radius of the globe to be projected. The map has area 4R, conforming to the surface area of the generating globe. The x-coordinate has a range of [−2R, 2R], and the y-coordinate has a range of [−R, R]. Equation (1) may be solved with rapid convergence (but slow near the poles) using Newton–Raphson iteration: If φ = ±, then also θ = ±. In that case the iteration should be bypassed; otherwise, division by zero may result. There exists a closed-form inverse transformation: where θ can be found by the relation The inverse transformations allow one to find the latitude and longitude corresponding to","title":"Mollweide projection"},{"docid":"7711317","text":"The Chamberlin trimetric projection is a map projection where three points are fixed on the globe and the points on the sphere are mapped onto a plane by triangulation. It was developed in 1946 by Wellman Chamberlin for the National Geographic Society. Chamberlin was chief cartographer for the Society from 1964 to 1971. The projection's principal feature is that it compromises between distortions of area, direction, and distance. A Chamberlin trimetric map therefore gives an excellent overall sense of the region being mapped. Many National Geographic Society maps of single continents use this projection. As originally implemented, the projection algorithm begins with the selection of three base points to form a spherical triangle minimally enclosing the area to be mapped. These points are mapped at the correct distance from each other according to the map’s chosen scale; aside from arbitrary rotation and translation, the position of the three points on the plane are unambiguous because a triangle is determined by the lengths of its sides. To map any point P, the spherical distances from each of the base points to P are calculated. Using each of the three mapped base points as center, a circle is drawn with radius equal to the scale spherical distance of P from the base point. The three circles will always intersect at one, two, or three points. Intersecting at one point happens only at the base points, which are already mapped and therefore need no further processing. Intersecting at two points happens only along the straight line between two mapped base points. Chamberlin did not specify how to handle this case, but it would be determined by which definition of triangle center is chosen, as noted next. In the remaining case, which is most of the map, connecting the three points of intersection of the circles by line segments creates a small triangle. The position of P′ is determined by the center of the triangle. Chamberlin did not specify which definition of center to use. A Chamberlin trimetric projection map was originally obtained by graphically mapping points at regular intervals of latitude and longitude, with shorelines and other features then mapped by interpolation. Based on the principles of the projection, precise, but lengthy, mathematical formulas were later developed for calculating this projection by computer for a spherical Earth. The Chamberlin trimetric projection is neither conformal nor equal-area. Rather, the projection was conceived to minimize distortion of distances everywhere with the side-effect of balancing between areal equivalence and conformality. This projection is not appropriate for mapping the entire sphere because the outer boundary would loop and overlap itself in most configurations. In some cases, the Chamberlin trimetric projection is difficult to distinguish visually from the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection centered on the same area. See also Two-point equidistant projection References External links The Chamberlin Trimetric Projection - Implementations of the projection using Matlab scripts. The Chamberlin Trimetric Projection - Notes on the projection from a cartography class at Colorado State University. Map projections","title":"Chamberlin trimetric projection"},{"docid":"26410981","text":"In cartography, the normal cylindrical equal-area projection is a family of normal cylindrical, equal-area map projections. History The invention of the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection is attributed to the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772. Variations of it appeared over the years by inventors who stretched the height of the Lambert and compressed the width commensurately in various ratios. Description The projection: is cylindrical, that means it has a cylindrical projection surface is normal, that means it has a normal aspect is an equal-area projection, that means any two areas in the map have the same relative size compared to their size on the sphere. The term \"normal cylindrical projection\" is used to refer to any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude are mapped to horizontal lines (or, mutatis mutandis, more generally, radial lines from a fixed point are mapped to equally spaced parallel lines and concentric circles around it are mapped to perpendicular lines). The mapping of meridians to vertical lines can be visualized by imagining a cylinder whose axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation, then projecting onto the cylinder, and subsequently unfolding the cylinder. By the geometry of their construction, cylindrical projections stretch distances east-west. The amount of stretch is the same at any chosen latitude on all cylindrical projections, and is given by the secant of the latitude as a multiple of the equator's scale. The various cylindrical projections are distinguished from each other solely by their north-south stretching (where latitude is given by φ): The only normal cylindrical projections that preserve area have a north-south compression precisely the reciprocal of east-west stretching (cos φ). This divides north-south distances by a factor equal to the secant of the latitude, preserving area but distorting shapes. East–west scale matching the north–south scale Depending on the stretch factor S, any particular cylindrical equal-area projection either has zero, one or two latitudes for which the east–west scale matches the north–south scale. S>1 : zero S=1 : one, that latitude is the equator S<1 : a pair of identical latitudes of opposite sign Formulae The formulae presume a spherical model and use these definitions: λ is the longitude λ is the central meridian φ is the latitude φ is the standard latitude S is the stretch factor x is the horizontal coordinate of the projected location on the map y is the vertical coordinate of the projected location on the map Relationship between and : Specializations The specializations differ only in the ratio of the vertical to horizontal axis. Some specializations have been described, promoted, or otherwise named. Derivatives The Tobler hyperelliptical projection, first described by Tobler in 1973, is a further generalization of the cylindrical equal-area family. The HEALPix projection is an equal-area hybrid combination of: the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection, for the equatorial regions of the sphere; and an interrupted Collignon projection, for the polar regions. References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections,","title":"Cylindrical equal-area projection"},{"docid":"7688641","text":"A geodesic grid is a spatial grid based on a geodesic polyhedron or Goldberg polyhedron. History The earliest use of the (icosahedral) geodesic grid in geophysical modeling dates back to 1968 and the work by Sadourny, Arakawa, and Mintz and Williamson. Later work expanded on this base. Construction A geodesic grid is a global Earth reference that uses triangular tiles based on the subdivision of a polyhedron (usually the icosahedron, and usually a Class I subdivision) to subdivide the surface of the Earth. Such a grid does not have a straightforward relationship to latitude and longitude, but conforms to many of the main criteria for a statistically valid discrete global grid. Primarily, the cells' area and shape are generally similar, especially near the poles where many other spatial grids have singularities or heavy distortion. The popular Quaternary Triangular Mesh (QTM) falls into this category. Geodesic grids may use the dual polyhedron of the geodesic polyhedron, which is the Goldberg polyhedron. Goldberg polyhedra are made up of hexagons and (if based on the icosahedron) 12 pentagons. One implementation that uses an icosahedron as the base polyhedron, hexagonal cells, and the Snyder equal-area projection is known as the Icosahedron Snyder Equal Area (ISEA) grid. Applications In biodiversity science, geodesic grids are a global extension of local discrete grids that are staked out in field studies to ensure appropriate statistical sampling and larger multi-use grids deployed at regional and national levels to develop an aggregated understanding of biodiversity. These grids translate environmental and ecological monitoring data from multiple spatial and temporal scales into assessments of current ecological condition and forecasts of risks to our natural resources. A geodesic grid allows local to global assimilation of ecologically significant information at its own level of granularity. When modeling the weather, ocean circulation, or the climate, partial differential equations are used to describe the evolution of these systems over time. Because computer programs are used to build and work with these complex models, approximations need to be formulated into easily computable forms. Some of these numerical analysis techniques (such as finite differences) require the area of interest to be subdivided into a grid — in this case, over the shape of the Earth. Geodesic grids can be used in video game development to model fictional worlds instead of the Earth. They are a natural analog of the hex map to a spherical surface. Pros and cons Pros: Largely isotropic. Resolution can be easily increased by binary division. Does not suffer from over sampling near the poles like more traditional rectangular longitude–latitude square grids. Does not result in dense linear systems like spectral methods do (see also Gaussian grid). No single points of contact between neighboring grid cells. Square grids and isometric grids suffer from the ambiguous problem of how to handle neighbors that only touch at a single point. Cells can be both minimally distorted and near-equal-area. In contrast, square grids are not equal area, while equal-area rectangular grids vary in shape from equator to poles.","title":"Geodesic grid"},{"docid":"25187803","text":"In mathematics, the distortion is a measure of the amount by which a function from the Euclidean plane to itself distorts circles to ellipses. If the distortion of a function is equal to one, then it is conformal; if the distortion is bounded and the function is a homeomorphism, then it is quasiconformal. The distortion of a function ƒ of the plane is given by which is the limiting eccentricity of the ellipse produced by applying ƒ to small circles centered at z. This geometrical definition is often very difficult to work with, and the necessary analytical features can be extrapolated to the following definition. A mapping ƒ : Ω → R2 from an open domain in the plane to the plane has finite distortion at a point x ∈ Ω if ƒ is in the Sobolev space W(Ω, R2), the Jacobian determinant J(x,ƒ) is locally integrable and does not change sign in Ω, and there is a measurable function K(x) ≥ 1 such that almost everywhere. Here Df is the weak derivative of ƒ, and |Df| is the Hilbert–Schmidt norm. For functions on a higher-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, there are more measures of distortion because there are more than two principal axes of a symmetric tensor. The pointwise information is contained in the distortion tensor The outer distortion KO and inner distortion KI are defined via the Rayleigh quotients The outer distortion can also be characterized by means of an inequality similar to that given in the two-dimensional case. If Ω is an open set in Rn, then a function has finite distortion if its Jacobian is locally integrable and does not change sign, and there is a measurable function KO (the outer distortion) such that almost everywhere. See also Deformation (mechanics) References . . Conformal mappings Real analysis Complex analysis Topology Measure theory Euclidean geometry","title":"Distortion (mathematics)"},{"docid":"2721825","text":"In cartography, a Tissot's indicatrix (Tissot indicatrix, Tissot's ellipse, Tissot ellipse, ellipse of distortion) (plural: \"Tissot's indicatrices\") is a mathematical contrivance presented by French mathematician Nicolas Auguste Tissot in 1859 and 1871 in order to characterize local distortions due to map projection. It is the geometry that results from projecting a circle of infinitesimal radius from a curved geometric model, such as a globe, onto a map. Tissot proved that the resulting diagram is an ellipse whose axes indicate the two principal directions along which scale is maximal and minimal at that point on the map. A single indicatrix describes the distortion at a single point. Because distortion varies across a map, generally Tissot's indicatrices are placed across a map to illustrate the spatial change in distortion. A common scheme places them at each intersection of displayed meridians and parallels. These schematics are important in the study of map projections, both to illustrate distortion and to provide the basis for the calculations that represent the magnitude of distortion precisely at each point. Because all ellipses on the map occupy the same area, the distortion imposed by the map projection is evident. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Tissot indicatrix and the metric tensor of the map projection coordinate conversion. Description Tissot's theory was developed in the context of cartographic analysis. Generally the geometric model represents the Earth, and comes in the form of a sphere or ellipsoid. Tissot's indicatrices illustrate linear, angular, and areal distortions of maps: A map distorts distances (linear distortion) wherever the quotient between the lengths of an infinitesimally short line as projected onto the projection surface, and as it originally is on the Earth model, deviates from 1. The quotient is called the scale factor. Unless the projection is conformal at the point being considered, the scale factor varies by direction around the point. A map distorts angles wherever the angles measured on the model of the Earth are not conserved in the projection. This is expressed by an ellipse of distortion which is not a circle. A map distorts areas wherever areas measured in the model of the Earth are not conserved in the projection. This is expressed by ellipses of distortion whose areas vary across the map. In conformal maps, where each point preserves angles projected from the geometric model, the Tissot's indicatrices are all circles of size varying by location, possibly also with varying orientation (given the four circle quadrants split by meridians and parallels). In equal-area projections, where area proportions between objects are conserved, the Tissot's indicatrices all have the same area, though their shapes and orientations vary with location. In arbitrary projections, both area and shape vary across the map. Mathematics In the diagram below, the circle has unit area as defined on the surface of a sphere. The circle is the Tissot's indicatrix that results from some projection of onto a plane. Linear scale has not been preserved in this projection, as and . Because , we know that","title":"Tissot's indicatrix"},{"docid":"16390404","text":"ImageAmerica Aviation, Inc. is an aerial photography company that was acquired by Google in July 2007. The company specialized in creating aerial photos with \"accuracy, quick delivery and low cost\". It previously sold its services primarily to city, county, state, and federal governments and to corporate customers. ImageAmerica also made money by selling low-cost imagery to county appraisers and assessors. The company's clients include the Texas Department of Transportation, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Lucas County office that covers Toledo, Ohio. For satellite imaging, the company charges US$99 per , compared to other companies which could charge from $500 to $700 and for a lower quality than what ImageAmerica offers. It also developed its own DDP-2 (Direct Digital Panoramic) camera system. The system is housed in an aircraft. It has the ability to capture details as small as to . ImageAmerica's patented processing system has the ability to produce orthorectified imagery corrected for perspective distortions. The company's technology also uses sensors which are based on a unique design from Sarnoff Research Labs in Princeton, New Jersey. The company was founded in and is based in the Spirit of St. Louis Airport, Clayton, Missouri, United States. ImageAmerica builds high resolution cameras for aerial photographs. The company provided high resolution black and white images of New Orleans following the events of Hurricane Katrina. The company's products provide images for Google Maps and Google Earth. When the company was acquired by Google, the acquisition price was not disclosed. After the acquisition, the project manager of Google Maps and Earth said in a statement that Google was excited \"about how ImageAmerica’s technology will contribute to [Google's] mapping services down the road.\" He went on to say, \"Since we're in the research and development phase right now it may be some time before you see any of this imagery in Google Maps or Earth.\" In the same month, Google was on an acquisition-spree and had already acquired six other companies: Panoramio, PeakStream, Zenter, Feedburner, GrandCentral, and Postini. References External links Imaging America Companies established in 1998 Photography companies of the United States Google acquisitions 1998 establishments in Missouri","title":"ImageAmerica"},{"docid":"20771","text":"The Mercator projection () is a conformal cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard map projection for navigation due to its ability to represent north as 'up' and south as 'down' everywhere while preserving local directions and shapes. However, as a result, the Mercator projection inflates the size of objects the further they are from the equator. In a Mercator projection, landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica appear far larger than they actually are relative to landmasses near the equator. Despite these drawbacks, the Mercator projection is well-suited to marine navigation and internet web maps and continues to be widely used today. History There is some controversy over the origins of the Mercator. German polymath Erhard Etzlaub engraved miniature \"compass maps\" (about 10×8 cm) of Europe and parts of Africa that spanned latitudes 0°–67° to allow adjustment of his portable pocket-size sundials. The projection found on these maps, dating to 1511, was stated by John Snyder in 1987 to be the same projection as Mercator's. However, given the geometry of a sundial, these maps may well have been based on the similar central cylindrical projection, a limiting case of the gnomonic projection, which is the basis for a sundial. Snyder amended his assessment to \"a similar projection\" in 1993. Joseph Needham, a historian of China, speculated that some star charts of the Chinese Song Dynasty may have been based on the Mercator projection; however, this claim was presented without evidence, and astronomical historian Kazuhiko Miyajima concluded using cartometric analysis that these charts used an equirectangular projection instead. Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes first described the mathematical principle of the loxodrome and its use in marine navigation. In 1537, he proposed constructing a nautical atlas composed of several large-scale sheets in the equirectangular projection as a way to minimize distortion of directions. If these sheets were brought to the same scale and assembled, they would approximate the Mercator projection. In 1569, Gerhard Kremer, known by his trade name Gerardus Mercator, announced a new projection by publishing a large planispheric map measuring and printed in eighteen separate sheets. Mercator titled the map : \"A new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the use of sailors\". This title, along with an elaborate explanation for using the projection that appears as a section of text on the map, shows that Mercator understood exactly what he had achieved and that he intended the projection to aid navigation. Mercator never explained the method of construction or how he arrived at it. Various hypotheses have been tendered over the years, but in any case Mercator's friendship with Pedro Nunes and his access to the loxodromic tables Nunes created likely aided his efforts. English mathematician Edward Wright published the first accurate tables for constructing the projection in 1599 and, in more detail, in 1610, calling his treatise \"Certaine Errors in Navigation\". The first mathematical formulation was publicized around 1645 by a mathematician named Henry Bond (–1678).","title":"Mercator projection"},{"docid":"61469969","text":"In map projections, an interruption is any place where the globe has been split. All map projections are interrupted at at least one point. Typical world maps are interrupted along an entire meridian. In that typical case, the interruption forms an east/west boundary, even though the globe has no boundaries. Most map projections can be interrupted beyond what is required by the projection mathematics. The reason for doing so is to improve distortion within the map by sacrificing proximity—that is, by separating places on the globe that ought to be adjacent. Effectively, this means that the resulting map is actually an amalgam of several partial map projections of smaller regions. Because the regions are smaller, they cover less of the globe, are closer to flat, and therefore accrue less inevitable distortion. These extra interruptions do not create a new projection. Rather, the result is an \"arrangement\" of an existing projection. In casual parlance, interrupted projection usually means a projection that has been interrupted beyond mathematical necessity. In this casual sense, the usual east/west interruption of a pseudocylindric map is ignored as an interruption to focus on the elective interruptions. An archetypical example is the Goode homolosine projection. In 1916, John Paul Goode experimented by interrupting the Mollweide projection. Satisfied with the interruption scheme, he then devised a new projection as a composite of the Mollweide and the sinusoidal projection and applied the same interruption scheme to the new projection, which he dubbed \"homolosine\". Because pseudocylindric projections map parallels as straight lines, and meridians to have constant spacing, they are easy to interrupt. This is normally done to optimize either for continental areas or for oceanic areas, as explored by Goode. Many interruption schemes that are much more elaborate have been developed. Since antiquity, for example, globe gores have been developed in order to paste map sections onto model globes. These are regular interruption either along the equator, or in polar form as \"rosettes\". The Cahill butterfly projection divides the world into octahedral sections. More generally, any mapping onto polyhedral faces becomes an interrupted map when laid flat. Buckminster Fuller proposed his \"dymaxion\" map in 1943, using a modified icosahedral interruption scheme to divide the oceans up in a way that shows the continents in a nearly continuous mass as \"one island\". The most elaborate interruptions schemes include those of Athelstan Spilhaus along continental boundaries, and JJ Wijk's myriahedral projections. References Map projections","title":"Interruption (map projection)"},{"docid":"1775417","text":"The equirectangular projection (also called the equidistant cylindrical projection or la carte parallélogrammatique projection), and which includes the special case of the plate carrée projection (also called the geographic projection, lat/lon projection, or plane chart), is a simple map projection attributed to Marinus of Tyre, who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about AD 100. The projection maps meridians to vertical straight lines of constant spacing (for meridional intervals of constant spacing), and circles of latitude to horizontal straight lines of constant spacing (for constant intervals of parallels). The projection is neither equal area nor conformal. Because of the distortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping and finds its main use in thematic mapping. In particular, the plate carrée has become a standard for global raster datasets, such as Celestia, NASA World Wind, the USGS Astrogeology Research Program, and Natural Earth, because of the particularly simple relationship between the position of an image pixel on the map and its corresponding geographic location on Earth or other spherical solar system bodies. In addition it is frequently used in panoramic photography to represent a spherical panoramic image. Definition The forward projection transforms spherical coordinates into planar coordinates. The reverse projection transforms from the plane back onto the sphere. The formulae presume a spherical model and use these definitions: is the longitude of the location to project; is the latitude of the location to project; are the standard parallels (north and south of the equator) where the scale of the projection is true; is the central parallel of the map; is the central meridian of the map; is the horizontal coordinate of the projected location on the map; is the vertical coordinate of the projected location on the map; is the radius of the globe. Longitude and latitude variables are defined here in terms of radians. Forward The (French, for flat square), is the special case where is zero. This projection maps x to be the value of the longitude and y to be the value of the latitude, and therefore is sometimes called the latitude/longitude or lat/lon(g) projection. Despite sometimes being called \"unprojected\", it is actually projected. When the is not zero, such as Marinus's , or Ronald Miller's , the projection can portray particular latitudes of interest at true scale. While a projection with equally spaced parallels is possible for an ellipsoidal model, it would no longer be equidistant because the distance between parallels on an ellipsoid is not constant. More complex formulae can be used to create an equidistant map whose parallels reflect the true spacing. Reverse Alternative names In spherical panorama viewers, usually: is called \"yaw\"; is called \"pitch\"; where both are defined in degrees. See also Cartography Cassini projection Gall–Peters projection (mentions a resolution rejecting the use of all rectangular world maps) List of map projections Mercator projection 360 video projection Wikimedia Gallery of Equirectangular World Maps References External links Global MODIS based satellite map The blue marble: land surface, ocean color,","title":"Equirectangular projection"},{"docid":"7151375","text":"Space-oblique Mercator projection is a map projection devised in the 1970s for preparing maps from Earth-survey satellite data. It is a generalization of the oblique Mercator projection that incorporates the time evolution of a given satellite ground track to optimize its representation on the map. The oblique Mercator projection, on the other hand, optimizes for a given geodesic. History The space-oblique Mercator projection (SOM) was developed by John P. Snyder, Alden Partridge Colvocoresses and John L. Junkins in 1976. Snyder had an interest in maps, originating back to his childhood and he regularly attended cartography conferences while on vacation. In 1972, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) needed to develop a system for reducing the amount of distortion caused when satellite pictures of the ellipsoidal Earth were printed on a flat page. Colvocoresses, the head of the USGS's national mapping program, asked attendees of a geodetic sciences conferences for help solving the projection problem in 1976. Snyder attended the conference and became motivated to work on the problem armed with his newly purchased pocket calculator and devised the mathematical formulas needed to solve the problem. After submitting his calculations to Waldo Tobler for review, Snyder submitted these to the USGS at no charge. Impressed with his work, USGS officials offered Snyder a job with the organization, which he accepted. His formulas were used to produce maps from Landsat 4 images launched in the summer of 1978. Projection description The space-oblique Mercator projection provides continual, nearly conformal mapping of the swath sensed by a satellite. Scale is true along the ground track, varying 0.01 percent within the normal sensing range of the satellite. Conformality is correct within a few parts per million for the sensing range. Distortion is essentially constant along lines of constant distance parallel to the ground track. The space-oblique Mercator is the only projection presented that takes the rotation of Earth into account. Equations The forward equations for the Space-oblique Mercator projection for the sphere are as follows: References John Hessler, Projecting Time: John Parr Snyder and the Development of the Space Oblique Mercator Projection, Library of Congress, 2003 Snyder's 1981 Paper Detailing the Projection's Derivation Map projections","title":"Space-oblique Mercator projection"},{"docid":"3663509","text":"The Behrmann projection is a cylindrical equal-area map projection described by Walter Behrmann in 1910. Cylindrical equal-area projections differ by their standard parallels, which are parallels along which the projection has no distortion. In the case of the Behrmann projection, the standard parallels are 30°N and 30°S. While equal-area, distortion of shape increases in the Behrmann projection according to distance from the standard parallels. The Behrmann projection has the property that half of the Earth's surface is stretched horizontally and the other half is stretched vertically. This projection is not equidistant. See also List of map projections References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Cylindrical equal-area projections","title":"Behrmann projection"},{"docid":"33429851","text":"Spatial cognition is the acquisition, organization, utilization, and revision of knowledge about spatial environments. It is most about how animals including humans behave within space and the knowledge they built around it, rather than space itself. These capabilities enable individuals to manage basic and high-level cognitive tasks in everyday life. Numerous disciplines (such as cognitive psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, geographic information science, cartography, etc.) work together to understand spatial cognition in different species, especially in humans. Thereby, spatial cognition studies also have helped to link cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Scientists in both fields work together to figure out what role spatial cognition plays in the brain as well as to determine the surrounding neurobiological infrastructure. In humans, spatial cognition is closely related to how people talk about their environment, find their way in new surroundings, and plan routes. Thus a wide range of studies is based on participants reports, performance measures and similar, for example in order to determine cognitive reference frames that allow subjects to perform. In this context the implementation of virtual reality becomes more and more widespread among researchers, since it offers the opportunity to confront participants with unknown environments in a highly controlled manner. Spatial cognition can be seen from a psychological point of view, meaning that people's behaviour within that space is key. When people behave in space, they use cognitive maps, the most evolved form of spatial cognition. When using cognitive maps, information about landmarks and the routes between landmarks are stored and used. This knowledge can be built from various sources; from a tightly coordinated vision and locomotion (movement), but also from map symbols, verbal descriptions, and computer-based pointing systems. According to Montello, space is implicitly referring to a person's body and their associated actions. He mentions different kinds of space; figural space which is a space smaller than the body, vista space which the space is more extended than the human body, environmental space which is learned by locomotion, and geographical space which is the biggest space and can only be learned through cartographic representation. However, since space is represented in the human brain, this can also lead to distortions. When perceiving space and distance, a distortion can occur. Distances are perceived differently on whether they are considered between a given location and a location that has a high cognitive saliency, meaning that it stands out. Different perceived locations and distances can have a \"reference point\", which are better known than others, more frequently visited and more visible. There are other kinds of distortions as well. Furthermore, there the distortion in distance estimation and the distortion in angle alignment. Distortion in angle alignment means that your personal north will be viewed as \"the north\". The map is mentally represented according to the orientation of the personal point of view of learning. Since perceived distortion is \"subjective\" and not necessarily correlated with \"objective distance\", distortions can happen in this phenomenon too. There can be an overestimation in downtown routes, routes with turns, curved","title":"Spatial cognition"},{"docid":"14740464","text":"A stereoplotter uses stereo photographs to determine elevations. It has been the primary method to plot contour lines on topographic maps since the 1930s. Although the specific devices have advanced technologically, they are all based on the apparent change in position of a feature in the two stereo photographs. Stereoplotters have changed as technology has improved. The first stereoplotters where projection stereoplotters they used only the light rays and optics to adjust the image. The Kelsh Plotter is an example of the projection stereoplotters. The analog stereoplotters came next and were more sophisticated in that they used more sophisticated optics to view the image. The analytical stereoplotter is used today. It incorporates a computer which does the work of mathematically aligning the images so that they line up properly. The analytic stereoplotter also allows for storing the data and redrawing at any desired scale. Analogical The stereoplotter requires two photographs that have considerable overlap (60%) and are corrected for distortion due to angle of photo. The photos are put onto transparent media and projected with a light source. Each image will be projected with overlap on the other. The operator, using a special set of optics, would then see the image as three-dimensional due to the differing perspective of each photo. The optics of the stereoplotter is what allows the operator to plot the contours and features. The light source used to project the photo is what begins the process. One photo is projected using cyan/blue filter and the other photo is projected with a red filter. The operator wears a special set of glasses that have the same color filter for lenses. Seeing the left photo in blue light while the left eye has the blue filter and the right photo projected with red light and the right eye seeing through the red filter, the overlapping image becomes three-dimensional. The images will have control points that detail how the overlap of the photos should occur. The resultant overlapping image is called an anaglyph and is a three-dimensional model of the terrain. Once the two photos are projected and the desired control points aligned the operator will then start to record the desired elevations on the terrain by \"flying\" a light spot along the contours. If the light spot appears to hover above the terrain or appears to dive into the terrain, the operator knows that he has moved it too far away from a slope or too far toward a slope, respectively. Originally, stereoplotters recorded the path of the flying light spot by directly scribing the path on a sheet of acetate or polyester coated with an opaque lacquer, which could be photographed to make the topographic map printing plates. If mistakes were made during contour tracing, the operator would daub some lacquer on the incorrect trace, allow it to dry and then try flying the light spot again. Current systems that use digital capture techniques allow simple erasure of part of the faulty data vector in computer memory,","title":"Stereoplotter"},{"docid":"59758307","text":"A Valeriepieris circle is a figure drawn on the Earth's surface such that the majority of the human population lives within its interior. The concept was originally popularized by a map posted on Reddit in 2013, made by a Texas ESL teacher named Ken Myers, whose username on the site gave the figure its name. Myers's original circle covers only about 6.7% of the Earth's total surface area, with a radius of around , centered in the South China Sea. The map became a popular meme, and was featured in numerous internet media outlets. Myers's original map uses the Winkel tripel projection, which means that his circle, not having been adjusted to the projection, does not correspond to a circle on the surface of a sphere. In 2015, Singaporean professor Danny Quah—with the aid of an intern named Ken Teoh—verified Myers's original claim, as well as presenting a new, considerably smaller circle centered on the township of Mong Khet in Myanmar, with a radius of . In fact, Quah claimed this circle to be the smallest one possible, having been produced from more rigorous calculations and updated data, as well as being a proper circle on the Earth's surface. In 2022, Myers's original circle was again tested by Riaz Shah, a professor at Hult International Business School. Shah used recently published data from the United Nations' World Population Prospects to estimate that 4.2 billion people lived inside the circle as of 2022, out of a total human population of 8 billion. Myers's idea has been formalized and a Valeriepieris circle can be defined for any spatial area, like a single country. These generalised Valeriepieris circles can be used for studying population changes over time, dimensional reduction and measuring population centralization. A python package to compute Valeriepieris circles is available. References Geographical regions World population Population density World maps Internet memes","title":"Valeriepieris circle"},{"docid":"651822","text":"Orthographic projection in cartography has been used since antiquity. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective (or azimuthal) projection in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. The point of perspective for the orthographic projection is at infinite distance. It depicts a hemisphere of the globe as it appears from outer space, where the horizon is a great circle. The shapes and areas are distorted, particularly near the edges. History The orthographic projection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented. Hipparchus used the projection in the 2nd century BC to determine the places of star-rise and star-set. In about 14 BC, Roman engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio used the projection to construct sundials and to compute sun positions. Vitruvius also seems to have devised the term orthographic (from the Greek orthos (= “straight”) and graphē (= “drawing”)) for the projection. However, the name analemma, which also meant a sundial showing latitude and longitude, was the common name until François d'Aguilon of Antwerp promoted its present name in 1613. The earliest surviving maps on the projection appear as crude woodcut drawings of terrestrial globes of 1509 (anonymous), 1533 and 1551 (Johannes Schöner), and 1524 and 1551 (Apian). A highly-refined map, designed by Renaissance polymath Albrecht Dürer and executed by Johannes Stabius, appeared in 1515. Photographs of the Earth and other planets from spacecraft have inspired renewed interest in the orthographic projection in astronomy and planetary science. Mathematics The formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are derived using trigonometry. They are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere. Define the radius of the sphere R and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ0, φ0). The equations for the orthographic projection onto the (x, y) tangent plane reduce to the following: Latitudes beyond the range of the map should be clipped by calculating the angular distance c from the center of the orthographic projection. This ensures that points on the opposite hemisphere are not plotted: . The point should be clipped from the map if cos(c) is negative. That is, all points that are included in the mapping satisfy: . The inverse formulas are given by: where For computation of the inverse formulas the use of the two-argument atan2 form of the inverse tangent function (as opposed to atan) is recommended. This ensures that the sign of the orthographic projection as written is correct in all quadrants. The inverse formulas are particularly useful when trying to project a variable defined on a (λ, φ) grid onto a rectilinear grid in (x, y). Direct application of the orthographic projection yields scattered points in (x, y), which creates problems for plotting and numerical integration. One solution is to start from the (x, y) projection plane and construct the image from the values defined in (λ, φ) by using the inverse formulas of the orthographic projection. See References for an ellipsoidal version of the orthographic","title":"Orthographic map projection"},{"docid":"2515660","text":"The universal polar stereographic (UPS) coordinate system is used in conjunction with the universal transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to locate positions on the surface of the Earth. Like the UTM coordinate system, the UPS coordinate system uses a metric-based cartesian grid laid out on a conformally projected surface. UPS covers the Earth's polar regions, specifically the areas north of 84°N and south of 80°S, which are not covered by the UTM grids, plus an additional 30 minutes of latitude extending into UTM grid to provide some overlap between the two systems. In the polar regions, directions can become complicated, with all geographic north–south lines converging at the poles. The difference between UPS grid north and true north can therefore be anything up to 180°—in some places, grid north is true south, and vice versa. UPS grid north is arbitrarily defined as being along the prime meridian in the Antarctic and the 180th meridian in the Arctic; thus, east and west on the grids when moving directly away from the pole are along the 90°E and 90°W meridians respectively. Projection system As the name indicates, the UPS system uses a stereographic projection. Specifically, the projection used in the system is a secant version based on an elliptical model of the earth. The scale factor at each pole is adjusted to 0.994 so that the latitude of true scale is 81.11451786859362545° (about 81° 06' 52.3\") North and South. The scale factor inside the regions at latitudes higher than this parallel is too small, whereas the regions at latitudes below this line have scale factors that are too large, reaching 1.0016 at 80° latitude. The scale factor at the origin (the poles) is adjusted to minimize the overall distortion of scale within the mapped region. As with the Mercator projection, the region near the tangent (or secant) point on a Stereographic map remains very close to true scale for an angular distance of a few degrees. In the ellipsoidal model, a stereographic projection tangent to the pole has a scale factor of less than 1.003 at 84° latitude and 1.008 at 80° latitude. The adjustment of the scale factor in the UPS projection reduces the average scale distortion over the entire zone. References External links National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Geospatial Sciences Publications GeographicLib provides a utility GeoConvert (with source code) for conversions between geographic, UTM, UPS, and MGRS. Here is an online version of GeoConvert. Geographic coordinate systems","title":"Universal polar stereographic coordinate system"},{"docid":"12484243","text":"Wagner VI is a pseudocylindrical whole Earth map projection. Like the Robinson projection, it is a compromise projection, not having any special attributes other than a pleasing, low distortion appearance. Wagner VI is equivalent to the Kavrayskiy VII horizontally elongated by a factor of . This elongation results in proper preservation of shapes near the equator but slightly more distortion overall. The aspect ratio of this projection is 2:1, as formed by the ratio of the equator to the central meridian. This matches the ratio of Earth’s equator to any meridian. The Wagner VI is defined by: where is the longitude and is the latitude. Inverse formula: See also List of map projections Cartography Kavrayskiy VII projection Robinson projection References Map projections","title":"Wagner VI projection"},{"docid":"20250761","text":"The Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) was an Einstein probe that planned to focus on investigating dark energy. JDEM was a partnership between NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In August 2010, the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Science Foundation (NSF) recommended the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission, a renamed JDEM-Omega proposal which has superseded SNAP, Destiny, and Advanced Dark Energy Physics Telescope (ADEPT), as the highest priority for development in the decade around 2020. This would be a 1.5-meter telescope with a 144-megapixel HgCdTe focal plane array, located at the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point. The expected cost is around US$1.6 billion. Earlier proposals Dark Energy Space Telescope (Destiny) The Dark Energy Space Telescope (Destiny), was a planned project by NASA and DOE, designed to perform precision measurements of the universe to provide an understanding of dark energy. The space telescope will derive the expansion of the universe by measuring up to 3,000 distant supernovae each year of its three-year mission lifetime, and will additionally study the structure of matter in the universe by measuring millions of galaxies in a weak gravitational lensing survey. The Destiny spacecraft features an optical telescope with a 1.8 metre primary mirror. The telescope images infrared light onto an array of solid-state detectors. The mission is designed to be deployed in a halo orbit about the Sun-Earth Lagrange point. The Destiny proposal has been superseded by the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). SuperNova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) The SuperNova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) mission was proposed to provide an understanding of the mechanism driving the acceleration of the universe and determine the nature of dark energy. To achieve these goals, the spacecraft needed to be able to detect these supernova when they are at their brightest moment. The mission was proposed as an experiment for the JDEM. The satellite observatory would be capable of measuring up to 2,000 distant supernovae each year of its three-year mission lifetime. SNAP was also planned to observe the small distortions of light from distant galaxies to reveal more about the expansion history of the universe. SNAP was initially planned to launch in 2013. To understand what is driving the acceleration of the universe, scientists need to see greater redshifts from supernovas than what is seen from Earth. The SNAP would detect redshifts of 1.7 from distant supernovas up to 10 billion light years away. At this distance, the acceleration of the universe is easily seen. To measure the presence of dark energy, a process called weak lensing can be used. The SNAP would have used an optical setup called the three-mirror anastigmat. This consists of a main mirror with a diameter of 2 meters to take in light. It reflects this light to a second mirror. Then this light is transferred to two additional smaller mirrors which direct the light to the spacecraft's instruments. It will also contain 72 different cameras. 36 of them are able to detect visible light and the other","title":"Joint Dark Energy Mission"},{"docid":"44885218","text":"A rhumbline network (or windrose network) is a navigational aid consisting in multiple lines in a web-like grid drawn on portolan charts (and other early maps). These nautical charts were used in the medieval age and age of exploration in marine navigation. Since the invention of the Mercator projection , the term rhumb line (or loxodrome) has been redefined to mean a mathematically precise curve of constant bearing on the Earth's surface. To avoid confusion, the lines on earlier sailing charts can be unambiguously called windrose lines, since they are not true rhumb lines by the modern definition. A rhumb line in the modern sense is only straight on a chart drawn with the Mercator projection, but not on charts from the 13th–16th centuries. Older windrose lines were a close approximation on charts of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding areas, but the rhumb lines on small-scale maps such as the Teixeira planisphere were highly inaccurate. The grid can be easily spotted (as parchment is quite translucent) by observing a chart from its rear face, with a light source illuminating the other side. The hole in the center of the circle, origin of the whole network, is also clearly visible from the rear. Use of windrose lines on a rhumbline network To calculate on a portolan chart the course to follow from a point of origin to a point of destination, one should transfer — using a parallel rule — the \"line of course\" drawn from the point of origin to the point of destination, on top of the windrose line on the compass rose closest to the ship's position, obtaining on it the theoretical course to be followed when sailing towards the destination. This theoretical course may have to be modified (as many times as needed) when tacking if the wind is right ahead of you, or to correct the effects of leeway, currents, etc. that a sailor with experience should be able to calculate empirically. Rhumblines vs. windrose lines Before modern accurate surveying, there was no method for measuring longitude at sea so maps used to have many distortions, especially in the east west direction. There was also distortion due to the curvature of the Earth's surface. The multitude of compass roses with straight lines extending outwards across the map derived from how the maps were then made by compiling empirical observations from navigators who attempted to follow a constant bearing at sea. All portolan maps share these characteristic \"windrose networks\", which emanate from compass roses located at various points on the map (or mapamundi). These better called \"windrose lines\" are generated \"by observation and the compass\", and are designated today as \"lines of course\" or \"lines of rhumb\" (\"rhumb lines\" in the fourteenth century, traced on portolan's particular projection, though not to be confused with modern rhumb lines, meridians or isoazimuthals). To understand that those lines should be better called \"windrose lines\", one has to know that portolan maps are characterized by the lack of map projection, for","title":"Rhumbline network"},{"docid":"25001172","text":"This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on Wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections, there can be no comprehensive list. Table of projections *The first known popularizer/user and not necessarily the creator. Key Type of projection surface Cylindrical In normal aspect, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal lines. Pseudocylindrical In normal aspect, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels. Conic In normal aspect, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Pseudoconical In normal aspect, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs. Azimuthal In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from the center point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map. Pseudoazimuthal In normal aspect, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, and meridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to them in shape and purpose. Other Typically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projection Polyhedral maps Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion. Properties Conformal Preserves angles locally, implying that local shapes are not distorted and that local scale is constant in all directions from any chosen point. Equal-area Area measure is conserved everywhere. Compromise Neither conformal nor equal-area, but a balance intended to reduce overall distortion. Equidistant All distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in the notes. Gnomonic All great circles are straight lines. Retroazimuthal Direction to a fixed location B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B. Perspective Can be constructed by light shining through a globe onto a developable surface. See also 360 video projection List of national coordinate reference systems Snake Projection Notes Further reading","title":"List of map projections"},{"docid":"1334311","text":"Nicolas Auguste Tissot (; March 16, 1824 – July 14, 1907) was a French cartographer, who in 1859 and 1881 published an analysis of the distortion that occurs on map projections. He devised Tissot's indicatrix, or distortion circle, which when plotted on a map will appear as an ellipse whose elongation depends on the amount of distortion by the map at that point. The angle and extent of the elongation represents the amount of angular distortion of the map. The size of the ellipse indicates the amount that the area is distorted. Biography Born in Nancy, Meurthe, France, Tissot was trained as an engineer in the French Army, from which he graduated as capitaine du génie. In the early 1860s he became an instructor in geodesy at the well-reputed Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. Around the same time, he indulged a research program meant to determine the best way of cartographic projection for a particular region and presented his findings to the French Académie des Sciences. In the eighteenth century, the German cartographer Johann H. Lambert had enunciated a mathematical theory of map projections and of the attendant characteristics of distortions that any given projection involved. Carl Friedrich Gauss had also studied the subject before Tissot's contributions later in the nineteenth century. Tissot's research in the mid-1850s on methods for finding good projections for particular regions led him to develop a projection that he saw as optimal. While not quite equal-area or conformal, his projection resulted in \"negligible distortion for a very small region.\" Subsequently, his optimal projection was adopted by the geographic service of the French Army. While his first concepts regarding cartographic distortions developed in mid-century, it was only with the publication of Mémoire sur la représentation des surfaces et les projections des cartes géographiques in 1881 that the Tissot's Indicatrix became popular. In the book, Tissot argued for his method, reportedly demonstrating that \"whatever the system of transformation, there is at each point on the spherical surface at least one pair of orthogonal directions which will also be orthogonal on the projection.\" Tissot employed a graphical device he called the ellipse indicatrice or distortion circle. When plotted on a map it reveals the amount of distortion by the map at the particular point where the ellipse is plotted. He suggested that the angle and extent of the elongation of the distortion circle represented the amount of angular distortion of the map, while the size of the ellipse corresponded to the amount of distortion in area. In a nineteenth-century cartographic context, in which professionals looked for ways to apply mathematical principles to the science of mapping and the map projection, Tissot's theory was favorably received, at least in continental Europe. Even in the more restrained Anglo-American academic world, a columnist of Science, a publication sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, hailed Tissot's method and encouraged his readers to study his work in the hope that such a study \"will lead to the adoption of better","title":"Nicolas Auguste Tissot"},{"docid":"2514694","text":"The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid. However, it differs from global latitude/longitude in that it divides earth into 60 zones and projects each to the plane as a basis for its coordinates. Specifying a location means specifying the zone and the x, y coordinate in that plane. The projection from spheroid to a UTM zone is some parameterization of the transverse Mercator projection. The parameters vary by nation or region or mapping system. Most zones in UTM span 6 degrees of longitude, and each has a designated central meridian. The scale factor at the central meridian is specified to be 0.9996 of true scale for most UTM systems in use. History The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website states that the system was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, starting in the early 1940s. However, a series of aerial photos found in the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (the military section of the German Federal Archives) apparently dating from 1943–1944 bear the inscription UTMREF followed by grid letters and digits, and projected according to the transverse Mercator, a finding that would indicate that something called the UTM Reference system was developed in the 1942–43 time frame by the Wehrmacht. It was probably carried out by the Abteilung für Luftbildwesen (Department for Aerial Photography). From 1947 onward the US Army employed a very similar system, but with the now-standard 0.9996 scale factor at the central meridian as opposed to the German 1.0. For areas within the contiguous United States the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866 was used. For the remaining areas of Earth, including Hawaii, the International Ellipsoid was used. The World Geodetic System WGS84 ellipsoid is now generally used to model the Earth in the UTM coordinate system, which means current UTM northing at a given point can differ up to 200 meters from the old. For different geographic regions, other datum systems can be used. Prior to the development of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, several European nations demonstrated the utility of grid-based conformal maps by mapping their territory during the interwar period. Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field (using the Pythagorean theorem) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of latitude and longitude. In the post-war years, these concepts were extended into the Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar Stereographic (UTM/UPS) coordinate system, which is a global (or universal) system of grid-based maps. The transverse Mercator projection is a variant of the Mercator projection, which was originally developed by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1570. This projection is conformal, which means it preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions. However, it distorts distance and area. Definitions UTM","title":"Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system"},{"docid":"36814009","text":"The central cylindrical projection is a perspective cylindrical map projection. It corresponds to projecting the Earth's surface onto a cylinder tangent to the equator as if from a light source at Earth's center. The cylinder is then cut along one of the projected meridians and unrolled into a flat map. The projection is neither conformal nor equal-area. Distortion increases so rapidly away from the equator that the central cylindrical is only used as an easily understood illustration of projection, rather than for practical maps. Its vertical stretching is even greater than that of the Mercator projection, whose construction method is sometimes erroneously described equivalently to the central cylindrical's. The scale becomes infinite at the poles. It is not known who first developed the projection, but it appeared with other new cylindrical projections in the 19th century, and regularly finds its way into textbooks, chiefly to illustrate that this is not the way the Mercator is constructed. As with any cylindrical projection, the construction can be generalized by positioning the cylinder to be tangent to a great circle of the globe that is not the equator. This projection has prominent use in panoramic photography, where it is usually called the \"cylindrical projection\". It can present a full 360° panorama and preserves vertical lines. Unlike other cylindrical projections, it gives correct perspective for tall objects, an important trait for architectural scenes. Formulae R denotes the radius of the generating globe; φ is the latitude; λ is the longitude; λ0 is the longitude of the central meridian; and x and y are the mapped coordinates. See also Gnomonic projection List of map projections References Map projections Cylindrical projections","title":"Central cylindrical projection"},{"docid":"51784","text":"In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane. Projection is a necessary step in creating a two-dimensional map and is one of the essential elements of cartography. All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties. The study of map projections is primarily about the characterization of their distortions. There is no limit to the number of possible map projections. More generally, projections are considered in several fields of pure mathematics, including differential geometry, projective geometry, and manifolds. However, the term \"map projection\" refers specifically to a cartographic projection. Despite the name's literal meaning, projection is not limited to perspective projections, such as those resulting from casting a shadow on a screen, or the rectilinear image produced by a pinhole camera on a flat film plate. Rather, any mathematical function that transforms coordinates from the curved surface distinctly and smoothly to the plane is a projection. Few projections in practical use are perspective. Most of this article assumes that the surface to be mapped is that of a sphere. The Earth and other large celestial bodies are generally better modeled as oblate spheroids, whereas small objects such as asteroids often have irregular shapes. The surfaces of planetary bodies can be mapped even if they are too irregular to be modeled well with a sphere or ellipsoid. Therefore, more generally, a map projection is any method of flattening a continuous curved surface onto a plane. The most well-known map projection is the Mercator projection. This map projection has the property of being conformal. However, it has been criticized throughout the 20th century for enlarging regions further from the equator. To contrast, equal-area projections such as the Sinusoidal projection and the Gall–Peters projection show the correct sizes of countries relative to each other, but distort angles. The National Geographic Society and most atlases favor map projections that compromise between area and angular distortion, such as the Robinson projection and the Winkel tripel projection. Metric properties of maps Many properties can be measured on the Earth's surface independently of its geography: Area Shape Direction Bearing Distance Map projections can be constructed to preserve some of these properties at the expense of others. Because the Earth's curved surface is not isometric to a plane, preservation of shapes inevitably requires a variable scale and, consequently, non-proportional presentation of areas. Similarly, an area-preserving projection can not be conformal, resulting in shapes and bearings distorted in most places of the map. Each projection preserves, compromises, or approximates","title":"Map projection"},{"docid":"28955607","text":"The equidistant conic projection is a conic map projection commonly used for maps of small countries as well as for larger regions such as the continental United States that are elongated east-to-west. Also known as the simple conic projection, a rudimentary version was described during the 2nd century CE by the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy in his work Geography. The projection has the useful property that distances along the meridians are proportionately correct, and distances are also correct along two standard parallels that the mapmaker has chosen. The two standard parallels are also free of distortion. For maps of regions elongated east-to-west (such as the continental United States) the standard parallels are chosen to be about a sixth of the way inside the northern and southern limits of interest. This way distortion is minimized throughout the region of interest. Transformation Coordinates from a spherical datum can be transformed to an equidistant conic projection with rectangular coordinates by using the following formulas, where λ is the longitude, λ the reference longitude, φ the latitude, φ the reference latitude, and φ and φ the standard parallels: where Constants n, G, and ρ need only be determined once for the entire map. If one standard parallel is used (i.e. φ = φ), the formula for n above is indeterminate, but then The reference point (λ, φ) with longitude λ and latitude φ, transforms to the x,y origin at (0,0) in the rectangular coordinate system. The Y axis maps the central meridian λ, with y increasing northwards, which is orthogonal to the X axis mapping the central parallel φ, with x increasing eastwards. Other versions of these transformation formulae include parameters to offset the map coordinates so that all x,y values are positive, as well as a scaling parameter relating the radius of the sphere (Earth) to the units used on the map. The formulae used for ellipsoidal datums are more involved. See also List of map projections References Sources External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Equidistant projections","title":"Equidistant conic projection"},{"docid":"7710044","text":"The Cassini projection (also sometimes known as the Cassini–Soldner projection or Soldner projection) is a map projection first described in an approximate form by César-François Cassini de Thury in 1745. Its precise formulas were found through later analysis by Johann Georg von Soldner around 1810. It is the transverse aspect of the equirectangular projection, in that the globe is first rotated so the central meridian becomes the \"equator\", and then the normal equirectangular projection is applied. Considering the earth as a sphere, the projection is composed of the operations: where λ is the longitude from the central meridian and φ is the latitude. When programming these equations, the inverse tangent function used is actually the atan2 function, with the first argument sin φ and the second . The reverse operation is composed of the operations: In practice, the projection has always been applied to models of the earth as an ellipsoid, which greatly complicates the mathematical development but is suitable for surveying. Nevertheless, the use of the Cassini projection has largely been superseded by the transverse Mercator projection, at least with central mapping agencies. Distortions Areas along the central meridian, and at right angles to it, are not distorted. Elsewhere, the distortion is largely in a north–south direction, and varies by the square of the distance from the central meridian. As such, the greater the longitudinal extent of the area, the worse the distortion becomes. Due to this, the Cassini projection works best for areas with greater north–south extent than east–west. For example, Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain used the Cassini projection from 1924 until the introduction of the National Grid. Elliptical form Cassini is known as a spherical projection, but can be generalised as an elliptical form. Considering the earth as an ellipse, the projection is composed of these operations: and M is the meridional distance function. The reverse operation is composed of the operations: If then and Otherwise calculate T and N as above with , and See also Cassini Grid References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Ordnance Survey GeoFacts on the Cassini Projection Cassini dans proj4 Map projections Cylindrical projections","title":"Cassini projection"},{"docid":"6990113","text":"The van der Grinten projection is a compromise map projection, which means that it is neither equal-area nor conformal. Unlike perspective projections, the van der Grinten projection is an arbitrary geometric construction on the plane. Van der Grinten projects the entire Earth into a circle. It largely preserves the familiar shapes of the Mercator projection while modestly reducing Mercator's distortion. Polar regions are subject to extreme distortion. Lines of longitude converge to points at the poles. History Alphons J. van der Grinten invented the projection in 1898 and received US patent #751,226 for it and three others in 1904. The National Geographic Society adopted the projection for their reference maps of the world in 1922, raising its visibility and stimulating its adoption elsewhere. In 1988, National Geographic replaced the van der Grinten projection with the Robinson projection. Geometric construction The geometric construction given by van der Grinten can be written algebraically: where x takes the sign of , y takes the sign of φ, and If φ = 0, then Similarly, if λ = λ or φ = ±/2, then In all cases, φ is the latitude, λ is the longitude, and λ is the central meridian of the projection. Van der Grinten IV projection The van der Grinten IV projection is a later polyconic map projection developed by Alphons J. van der Grinten. The central meridian and equator are straight lines. All other meridians and parallels are arcs of circles. See also List of map projections Robinson projection (successor) References Bibliography Map projections","title":"Van der Grinten projection"},{"docid":"2961833","text":"A spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on the surface of Earth as coordinates. It is thus the application of the abstract mathematics of coordinate systems and analytic geometry to geographic space. A particular SRS specification (for example, \"Universal Transverse Mercator WGS 84 Zone 16N\") comprises a choice of Earth ellipsoid, horizontal datum, map projection (except in the geographic coordinate system), origin point, and unit of measure. Thousands of coordinate systems have been specified for use around the world or in specific regions and for various purposes, necessitating transformations between different SRS. Although they date to the Hellenic Period, spatial reference systems are now a crucial basis for the sciences and technologies of Geoinformatics, including cartography, geographic information systems, surveying, remote sensing, and civil engineering. This has led to their standardization in international specifications such as the EPSG codes and ISO 19111:2019 Geographic information—Spatial referencing by coordinates, prepared by ISO/TC 211, also published by the Open Geospatial Consortium as Abstract Specification, Topic 2: Spatial referencing by coordinate. Types of systems The thousands of spatial reference systems used today are based on a few general strategies, which have been defined in the EPSG, ISO, and OGC standards: Geographic coordinate system (or geodetic) A spherical coordinate system measuring locations directly on the Earth (modeled as a sphere or ellipsoid) using latitude (degrees north or south of the equator) and longitude (degrees west or east of a prime meridian). Geocentric coordinate system (or Earth-centered Earth-fixed) A three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system that models the Earth as a three-dimensional object, measuring locations from a center point, usually the center of mass of the Earth, along x, y, and z axes aligned with the equator and the prime meridian. This system is commonly used to track the orbits of satellites, because they are based on the center of mass. Thus, this is the internal coordinate system used by Satellite navigation systems such as GPS to compute locations using multilateration. Projected coordinate system (or planar, grid) A standardized cartesian coordinate system that models the Earth (or more commonly, a large region thereof) as a plane, measuring locations from an arbitrary origin point along x and y axes more or less aligned with the cardinal directions. Each of these systems is based on a particular Map projection to create a planar surface from the curved Earth surface. These are generally defined and used strategically to minimize the distortions inherent to projections. Common examples include the Universal transverse mercator (UTM) and national systems such as the British National Grid, and State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS). Engineering coordinate system (or local, custom) A cartesian coordinate system (2-D or 3-D) that is created bespoke for a small area, often a single engineering project, over which the curvature of the Earth can be safely approximated as flat without significant distortion. Locations are typically measured directly from an arbitrary origin point using surveying techniques. These may or may not be aligned with","title":"Spatial reference system"},{"docid":"37257405","text":"The Gall stereographic projection, presented by James Gall in 1855, is a cylindrical projection. It is neither equal-area nor conformal but instead tries to balance the distortion inherent in any projection. Formulae The projection is conventionally defined as: where λ is the longitude from the central meridian in degrees, φ is the latitude, and R is the radius of the globe used as the model of the earth for projection. It is a perspective projection if the point of projection is allowed to vary with longitude: the point of projection being on the equator on the opposite side of the earth from the point being mapped and with the projective surface being a cylinder secant to the sphere at 45°N and 45°S. Gall called the projection \"stereographic\" because the spacing of the parallels is the same as the spacing of the parallels along the central meridian of the equatorial stereographic projection. The reverse projection is defined as : Braun stereographic projection This later (1867) cylindrical projection by Carl Braun is similar, differing only in the asymmetric scaling horizontally and vertically. This yields a projection tangent to the sphere. Its formula is: See also List of map projections References Bibliography Further reading External links gall in proj4 Progonos.com Map projections Cylindrical projections","title":"Gall stereographic projection"},{"docid":"58246920","text":"The Equal Earth map projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection for world maps, invented by Bojan Šavrič, Bernhard Jenny, and Tom Patterson in 2018. It is inspired by the widely used Robinson projection, but unlike the Robinson projection, retains the relative size of areas. The projection equations are simple to implement and fast to evaluate. The features of the Equal Earth projection include: The curved sides of the projection suggest the spherical form of Earth. Straight parallels make it easy to compare how far north or south places are from the equator. Meridians are evenly spaced along any line of latitude. Software for implementing the projection is easy to write and executes efficiently. According to the creators, the projection was created in response to the decision of the Boston public schools to adopt the Gall-Peters projection for world maps in March 2017, to accurately show the relative sizes of equatorial and non-equatorial regions. The decision generated controversy in the world of cartography due to this projection’s extreme distortion in the polar regions. At that time Šavrič, Jenny, and Patterson sought alternative map projections of equal areas for world maps, but could not find any that met their aesthetic criteria. Therefore, they created a new projection that had more visual appeal compared to existing projections of equal areas. As with the Natural Earth projection (2012) by Tom Patterson, a visual method was used to choose the parameters of the projection. A combination of Putniņš P4ʹ and Eckert IV projections was used as the basis. Formulation The projection is formulated as the equations where and refers to latitude and to longitude. Use The first known thematic map published using the Equal Earth projection is a map of the global mean temperature anomaly for July 2018, produced by the NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. References External links Map projections","title":"Equal Earth projection"},{"docid":"2216927","text":"In computer graphics, cube mapping is a method of environment mapping that uses the six faces of a cube as the map shape. The environment is projected onto the sides of a cube and stored as six square textures, or unfolded into six regions of a single texture. The cube map is generated by first rendering the scene six times from a viewpoint, with the views defined by a 90 degree view frustum representing each cube face. Or if the environment is first considered to be projected onto a sphere, then each face of the cube is its gnomonic projection. In the majority of cases, cube mapping is preferred over the older method of sphere mapping because it eliminates many of the problems that are inherent in sphere mapping such as image distortion, viewpoint dependency, and computational inefficiency. Also, cube mapping provides a much larger capacity to support real-time rendering of reflections relative to sphere mapping because the combination of inefficiency and viewpoint dependency severely limits the ability of sphere mapping to be applied when there is a consistently changing viewpoint. Variants of cube mapping are also commonly used in 360 video projection. History Cube mapping was first proposed in 1986 by Ned Greene in his paper “Environment Mapping and Other Applications of World Projections”, ten years after environment mapping was first put forward by Jim Blinn and Martin Newell. However, hardware limitations on the ability to access six texture images simultaneously made it infeasible to implement cube mapping without further technological developments. This problem was remedied in 1999 with the release of the Nvidia GeForce 256. Nvidia touted cube mapping in hardware as “a breakthrough image quality feature of GeForce 256 that ... will allow developers to create accurate, real-time reflections. Accelerated in hardware, cube environment mapping will free up the creativity of developers to use reflections and specular lighting effects to create interesting, immersive environments.” Today, cube mapping is still used in a variety of graphical applications as a favored method of environment mapping. Advantages Cube mapping is preferred over other methods of environment mapping because of its relative simplicity. Also, cube mapping produces results that are similar to those obtained by ray tracing, but is much more computationally efficient – the moderate reduction in quality is compensated for by large gains in efficiency. Pre-dating cube mapping, sphere mapping has many inherent flaws that made it impractical for most applications. Sphere mapping is view-dependent, meaning that a different texture is necessary for each viewpoint. Therefore, in applications where the viewpoint is mobile, it would be necessary to dynamically generate a new sphere mapping for each new viewpoint (or, to pre-generate a mapping for every viewpoint). Also, a texture mapped onto a sphere's surface must be stretched and compressed, and warping and distortion (particularly along the edge of the sphere) are a direct consequence of this. Although these image flaws can be reduced using certain tricks and techniques like “pre-stretching”, this just adds another layer of complexity to sphere","title":"Cube mapping"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"5645470\",\n \"text\": \"The history of cartography refers to the development and consequences of cartography, or mapmaking technology, throughout human history. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. When and how the earliest maps were made is unclear, but maps of local terrain are believed to have been independently invented by many cultures. The earliest surviving maps include cave paintings and etchings on tusk and stone. Maps were produced extensively by ancient Babylon, Greece, Rome, China, and India. The earliest maps ignored the curvature of Earth's surface, both because the shape of the Earth was uncertain and because the curvature is not important across the small areas being mapped. However, since the age of Classical Greece, maps of large regions, and especially of the world, have used projection from a model globe to control how the inevitable distortion gets apportioned on the map. Modern methods of transportation, the use of surveillance aircraft, and more recently the availability of satellite imagery have made documentation of many areas possible that were previously inaccessible. Free online services such as Google Earth have made accurate maps of the world more accessible than ever before. Etymology The English term cartography is modern, borrowed from the French cartographie in the 1840s, itself based on Middle Latin carta \\\"map\\\". Pre-modern era Earliest known maps It is not always clear whether an ancient artifact had been wrought as a map or as something else. The definition of \\\"map\\\" is also not precise. Thus, no single artifact is generally accepted to be the earliest surviving map. Candidates include: A map-like representation of a mountain, river, valleys and routes around Pavlov in the Czech Republic, carved on a mammoth tusk, that has been dated to 25,000 BC. An Aboriginal Australian cylcon that may be as much as 20,000 years old that is thought to depict the Darling River. A map etched on a mammoth bone at Mezhyrich that is about 15,000 years old. Dots dating to 14,500 BC found on the walls of the Lascaux caves map of part of the night sky, including the three bright stars Vega, Deneb, and Altair (the Summer Triangle asterism), as well as the Pleiades star cluster. The Cuevas de El Castillo in Spain that contains a dot map of the Corona Borealis constellation dating from 12,000 BC. A polished chunk of sandstone from a cave in Spanish Navarre, dated to 14,000 BC, that may be symbols for landscape features, such as hills or dwellings, superimposed on animal etchings. Alternatively, it may also represent a spiritual landscape, or simple incisings. Another ancient picture that resembles a map that was created in the late 7th millennium BC in Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, modern Turkey. This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village; however, recent scholarship has questioned the identification of this painting as a map. The \\\"Saint-Bélec slab\\\" (2200–1600 BC), whose lines and symbols have been argued to represent a cadastral\",\n \"title\": \"History of cartography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7654598\",\n \"text\": \"John Parr Snyder (12 April 1926 – 28 April 1997) was an American cartographer most known for his work on map projections for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Educated at Purdue and MIT as a chemical engineer, he had a lifetime interest in map projections as a hobby, but found the calculations tedious without the benefit of expensive calculators or computers. At a cartography conference in 1976, he learned of the need for a map projection that would suit the special needs of Landsat satellite imagery. He had recently been able to purchase a pocket calculator (TI-59) of his own and set to work creating what became known as the space-oblique mercator projection, which he provided to the USGS at no charge. He was subsequently offered a job within the USGS within two years, where his work apparently led him to the eventual publication of the definitive technical guide to map projections entitled Map Projections: A Working Manual among other works. He also authored Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections which details the historical development of hundreds of map projections. Snyder developed at least one other projection, called GS50, which uses a complex polynomial to project the 50 U.S. states with minimal distortion. He taught courses on map projection at George Mason University. He was president of the American Cartographic Association (now CaGIS) from 1990–1991 and also served as a secretary to the Washington Map Society. John Snyder died April 28, 1997. Publications An album of map projections. USGS Professional Paper No. 1453. 1989. Bibliography of map projections. USGS Bulletin No. 1856. 1988. Map Projections: A Working Manual USGS Professional Paper 1395. 1987. Map projections used for large-scale quadrangles by the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS Circular No. 982. 1986. Space Oblique Mercator projection mathematical development. USGS Bulletin No. 1518. 1981. See also Snyder equal-area projection References External links Further biographical information Donna Urschel Geography by the Numbers :Staff Member Solves Mystery of Mapping Equations, a biography of J.P. Snyder at the Library of Congress Information and electronic version of Map Projections: A Working Manual About the GS50 projection Obituary posted to CANSPACE forum 1926 births 1997 deaths American cartographers American civil servants Purdue University alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni 20th-century American geologists United States Geological Survey personnel 20th-century cartographers\",\n \"title\": \"John P. Snyder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56494038\",\n \"text\": \"The Snake Projection is a continuous map projection typically used as the planar coordinate system for realizing low distortion throughout long linear engineering projects. Details The Snake Projection was originally developed by University College London and Network Rail to provide a continuous low distortion projection for the West Coast Mainline infrastructure works. The parameters defining each Snake Projection are tailored for the specific project; the most typical use is with large-scale linear engineering projects such as rail infrastructure, however the projection is equally applicable to any application requiring a low distortion grid along a linear route (for example pipelines and roads). The name of the projection is derived from the sinuous snake-like nature of the projects it may be designed for. Typical map projection distance distortion characteristics of a Snake Projection are minimal over the whole route within approximately 20 kilometres of the centre line. The principal advantage of the projection is that, for the corridor defining the design space, distances measured on the ground have a nearly one to one relationship with distances in coordinate space (i.e. no scale factor need be applied to convert between distances in grid and distances on the ground). The length of the applicable corridor is variable on a project basis, however when required the projection can extend over several hundreds of kilometres to achieve grid distortion of less than 20 parts per million along the route. The main disadvantage is that away from the design corridor the distortion of the projection is not controlled. The Snake Projection is suited for engineering purposes due to its low distortion characteristics. An example of its differentiation from mapping grids is the 60m increase in length of the London to Birmingham section of the HS2 rail line, purely due to the more accurate grid representation compared to the length when using the national mapping coordinate system British National Grid. Usage The Snake Projection is the engineering coordinate system used for a significant proportion of primary rail routes in the UK, including that of the HS2 London to Birmingham high speed line. For the London to Glasgow West Coast Main Line the distortion in the Snake Projection used is no greater than 20 parts per million within 5 kilometres of either side of the track. Implementation The Snake Projection algorithm converts between geographical and grid coordinates, however the method of technical implementation can vary. One method of implementing a Snake Projection is to define using an NTv2 geodetic transformation coupled with a standard parameterised map projection (such as Transverse Mercator); this is increasing in popularity due to better compatibility with CAD and GIS software. The global EPSG geodetic coordinate system database features several snake projection definitions through the NTv2 approach. Other implementations include those published through the SnakeGrid organisation. See also List of map projections Surveying References Map projections Geodesy Rail infrastructure Surveying Civil engineering\",\n \"title\": \"Snake Projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1785304\",\n \"text\": \"The sinusoidal projection is a pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection, sometimes called the Sanson–Flamsteed or the Mercator equal-area projection. Jean Cossin of Dieppe was one of the first mapmakers to use the sinusoidal, using it in a world map in 1570. The projection represents the poles as points, as they are on the sphere, but the meridians and continents are distorted. The equator and the central meridian are the most accurate parts of the map, having no distortion at all, and the further away from those that one examines, the greater the distortion. The projection is defined by: where is the latitude, λ is the longitude, and λ is the longitude of the central meridian. Scale is constant along the central meridian, and east–west scale is constant throughout the map. Therefore, the length of each parallel on the map is proportional to the cosine of the latitude, as it is on the globe. This makes the left and right bounding meridians of the map into half of a sine wave, each mirroring the other. Each meridian is half of a sine wave with only the amplitude differing, giving the projection its name. Each is shown on the map as longer than the central meridian, whereas on the globe all are the same length. The true distance between two points on a meridian can be measured on the map as the vertical distance between the parallels that intersect the meridian at those points. With no distortion along the central meridian and the equator, distances along those lines are correct, as are the angles of intersection of other lines with those two lines. Distortion is lowest throughout the region of the map close to those lines. Similar projections which wrap the east and west parts of the sinusoidal projection around the North Pole are the Werner and the intermediate Bonne and Bottomley projections. The MODLAND Integerized Sinusoidal Grid, based on the sinusoidal projection, is a geodesic grid developed by the NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) science team. See also List of map projections Gerardus Mercator, Nicolas Sanson, and John Flamsteed – mathematicians who developed the technique. References External links Pseudocylindrical Projections Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Equal-area projections\",\n \"title\": \"Sinusoidal projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7354687\",\n \"text\": \"The Winkel tripel projection (Winkel III), a modified azimuthal map projection of the world, is one of three projections proposed by German cartographer Oswald Winkel (7 January 1874 – 18 July 1953) in 1921. The projection is the arithmetic mean of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection: The name (German for 'triple') refers to Winkel's goal of minimizing three kinds of distortion: area, direction, and distance. Algorithm where λ is the longitude relative to the central meridian of the projection, φ is the latitude, φ is the standard parallel for the equirectangular projection, sinc is the unnormalized cardinal sine function, and In his proposal, Winkel set A closed-form inverse mapping does not exist, and computing the inverse numerically requires the use of iterative methods. Comparison with other projections David M. Goldberg and J. Richard Gott III showed that the Winkel tripel fares better against several other projections analyzed against their measures of distortion, producing minimal distance, Tissot indicatrix ellipticity and area errors, and the least skew of any of the projections they studied. By a different metric, Capek's \\\"Q\\\", the Winkel tripel ranked ninth among a hundred map projections of the world, behind the common Eckert IV projection and Robinson projections. In 1998, the Winkel tripel projection replaced the Robinson projection as the standard projection for world maps made by the National Geographic Society. Many educational institutes and textbooks soon followed National Geographic's example in adopting the projection, most of which still utilize it. See also List of map projections References External links Table of common projections Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Winkel tripel projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13980071\",\n \"text\": \"The history of longitude describes the centuries-long effort by astronomers, cartographers and navigators to discover a means of determining the longitude of any given place on Earth. The measurement of longitude is important to both cartography and navigation. In particular, for safe ocean navigation, knowledge of both latitude and longitude is required, however latitude can be determined with good accuracy with local astronomical observations. Finding an accurate and practical method of determining longitude took centuries of study and invention by some of the greatest scientists and engineers. Determining longitude relative to the meridian through some fixed location requires that observations be tied to a time scale that is the same at both locations, so the longitude problem reduces to finding a way to coordinate clocks at distant places. Early approaches used astronomical events that could be predicted with great accuracy, such as eclipses, and building clocks, known as chronometers, that could keep time with sufficient accuracy while being transported great distances by ship. Later methods used the telegraph and then radio to synchronize clocks. Today the problem of longitude has been solved to centimeter accuracy through satellite navigation. Longitude before the telescope Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BCE first proposed a system of latitude and longitude for a map of the world. His prime meridian (line of longitude) passed through Alexandria and Rhodes, while his parallels (lines of latitude) were not regularly spaced, but passed through known locations, often at the expense of being straight lines. By the 2nd century BCE Hipparchus was using a systematic coordinate system, based on dividing the circle into 360°, to uniquely specify places on Earth. So longitudes could be expressed as degrees east or west of the primary meridian, as is done today (though the primary meridian is different). He also proposed a method of determining longitude by comparing the local time of a lunar eclipse at two different places, to obtain the difference in longitude between them. This method was not very accurate, given the limitations of the available clocks, and it was seldom done – possibly only once, using the Arbela eclipse of 330 BCE. But the method is sound, and this is the first recognition that longitude can be determined by accurate knowledge of time. Ptolemy, in the 2nd century CE, based his mapping system on estimated distances and directions reported by travellers. Until then, all maps had used a rectangular grid with latitude and longitude as straight lines intersecting at right angles. For large areas this leads to unacceptable distortion, and for his map of the inhabited world, Ptolemy used projections (to use the modern term) with curved parallels that reduced the distortion. No maps (or manuscripts of his work) exist that are older than the 13th century, but in his Geography he gave detailed instructions and latitude and longitude coordinates for hundreds of locations that are sufficient to re-create the maps. While Ptolemy's system is well-founded, the actual data used are of very variable quality, leading to many inaccuracies\",\n \"title\": \"History of longitude\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"276184\",\n \"text\": \"Elastography is any of a class of medical imaging modalities that map the elastic properties and stiffness of soft tissue. The main idea is that whether the tissue is hard or soft will give diagnostic information about the presence or status of disease. For example, cancerous tumours will often be harder than the surrounding tissue, and diseased livers are stiffer than healthy ones. The most prominent techniques use ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make both the stiffness map and an anatomical image for comparison. Historical background Palpation is the practice of feeling the stiffness of a person's or animal's tissues with the health practitioner's hands. Manual palpation dates back at least to 1500 BC, with the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus and Edwin Smith Papyrus both giving instructions on diagnosis with palpation. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates gave instructions on many forms of diagnosis using palpation, including palpation of the breasts, wounds, bowels, ulcers, uterus, skin, and tumours. In the modern Western world, palpation became considered a respectable method of diagnosis in the 1930s. Since then, the practice of palpation has become widespread, and it is considered an effective method of detecting tumours and other pathologies. Manual palpation has several important limitations: it is limited to tissues accessible to the physician's hand, it is distorted by any intervening tissue, and it is qualitative but not quantitative. Elastography, the measurement of tissue stiffness, seeks to address these challenges. How it works There are numerous elastographic techniques, in development stages from early research to extensive clinical application. Each of these techniques works in a different way. What all methods have in common is that they create a distortion in the tissue, observe and process the tissue response to infer the mechanical properties of the tissue, and then display the results to the operator, usually as an image. Each elastographic method is characterized by the way it does each of these things. Inducing a distortion To image the mechanical properties of tissue, we need to see how it behaves when deformed. There are three main ways of inducing a distortion to observe. These are: Pushing/deforming or vibrating the surface of the body (skin) or organ (prostate) with a probe or a tool, Using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging using ultrasound to remotely create a 'push' inside the tissue, and Using distortions created by normal physiological processes, e.g. pulse or heartbeat. Observing the response The primary way elastographic techniques are categorized is by what imaging modality (type) they use to observe the response. Elastographic techniques use ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pressure/stress sensors in tactile imaging (TI) using tactile sensor(s). There are a handful of other methods that exist as well. The observation of the tissue response can take many forms. In terms of the image obtained, it can be 1-D (i.e. a line), 2-D (a plane), 3-D (a volume), or 0-D (a single value), and it can be a video or a single image. In most cases, the result is displayed to the\",\n \"title\": \"Elastography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8492267\",\n \"text\": \"The General Perspective projection is a map projection. When the Earth is photographed from space, the camera records the view as a perspective projection. When the camera is aimed toward the center of the Earth, the resulting projection is called Vertical Perspective. When aimed in other directions, the resulting projection is called a Tilted Perspective. Perspective and usage The Vertical Perspective is related to the stereographic projection, gnomonic projection, and orthographic projection. These are all true perspective projections, meaning that they result from viewing the globe from some vantage point. They are also azimuthal projections, meaning that the projection surface is a plane tangent to the sphere. This results in correct directions from the center to all other points. The point of perspective, or vantage point, for the General Perspective Projection is at a finite distance. It depicts the earth as it appears from some relatively short distance above the surface, typically a few hundred to a few tens of thousands of kilometers. When tilted, the General Perspective projection, also called the tilted perspective projection, is not azimuthal (see second figure below); directions are not true from the central point, and the projection plane is not tangent to the sphere. Tilted perspectives are common from aerial and low orbit photography, generally taken from at a height measured in kilometers to hundreds of kilometers, rather than the hundreds or thousands of kilometers typical of a vertical perspective. However, Richard Edes Harrison pioneered the use of this projection on strategic maps showing military theaters during WWII. Some prominent Internet mapping tools also use the tilted perspective projection. For example, Google Earth and NASA World Wind show the globe as it appears from space. These applications permit a wide variety of interactive pan and zoom operations, including fly-through simulations, mimicking pictures or movies taken with a hand-held camera from an airplane or spacecraft. History Some forms of the projection were known to the Greeks and Egyptians 2,000 years ago. It was studied by several French and British scientists in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, the projection had little practical value at that time; computationally simpler nonperspective azimuthal projections could be used instead. Space exploration led to a renewed interest in the perspective projection. Now the concern was for a pictorial view from space, not for minimal distortion. A picture taken with a hand-held camera from the window of a spacecraft has a tilted vertical perspective, so the crewed Gemini and Apollo space missions sparked interest in this projection. Mathematics The formulas for the general perspective projection are derived using trigonometry. They are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere. Define the radius of the sphere R and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ0, φ0). The equations for the orthographic projection onto the (x, y) tangent plane reduce to the following: where is the angular distance and denotes the distance from the perspective point to the center of earth. It is positive in the direction\",\n \"title\": \"General Perspective projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14738183\",\n \"text\": \"The Schmidt net is a manual drafting method for the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection using graph paper. It results in one lateral hemisphere of the Earth with the grid of parallels and meridians. The method is common in geoscience. Construction In the figure, the area-preserving property of the projection can be seen by comparing a grid sector near the center of the net with one at the far right of the net. The two sectors have the same area on the sphere and the same area on the disk. The angle-distorting property can be seen by examining the grid lines; most of them do not intersect at right angles on the Schmidt net. A single Schmidt net can only represent one hemisphere of the earth; typically a pair of Schmidt nets is used to represent both sides of the globe. It is relatively simple to re-plot a gridded map of the world onto a Schmidt net if the azimuth is chosen to be the junction of the equator with any particular meridian from the world-map's grid. Each grid square surrounding this chosen longitude is simply re-plotted into the corresponding distorted grid-square in the Schmidt net. Points of latitude-longitude can be plotted relative to the azimuth's longitude, interpolating between grid lines in the Schmidt net. For greater accuracy, it is helpful to have a net with finer spacing than 10°; spacings of 2° are common. The Schmidt net is not an appropriate grid for representing the Earth's northern or southern hemisphere (because the lines would not correspond to meridians or parallels in such a projection). However, it can be used as a scalar measuring device for projecting latitude-longitude points onto a blank circle of the same size, to produce a Lambert equal-area projection with the azimuth at the north or south pole. The intersection of the parallels with the outer circle can be used as a de facto protractor for plotting a point's longitude as the angle in the polar projection. The Schmidt net's horizontal axis can then be used as a scalar measuring device to convert the point's latitude (relative to the pole) into a radial distance from the centre of the circle. Alternatively, the Schmidt net could be replaced entirely with a correctly projected polar grid, and grid squares from a map re-drawn into this disc. Use Researchers in structural geology use the Lambert azimuthal projection to plot lineation and foliation in rocks, slickensides in faults, and other linear and planar features. In this context the projection is called the equal-area hemispherical projection. The Schmidt net is often used to sketch out the Lambert azimuthal projection for these purposes. Conversely, the Wulff net (\\\"equal-angle projection\\\") is used to plot crystallographic axes and faces. Sources References Technical drawing Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Schmidt net\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12518245\",\n \"text\": \"The pinhole camera model describes the mathematical relationship between the coordinates of a point in three-dimensional space and its projection onto the image plane of an ideal pinhole camera, where the camera aperture is described as a point and no lenses are used to focus light. The model does not include, for example, geometric distortions or blurring of unfocused objects caused by lenses and finite sized apertures. It also does not take into account that most practical cameras have only discrete image coordinates. This means that the pinhole camera model can only be used as a first order approximation of the mapping from a 3D scene to a 2D image. Its validity depends on the quality of the camera and, in general, decreases from the center of the image to the edges as lens distortion effects increase. Some of the effects that the pinhole camera model does not take into account can be compensated, for example by applying suitable coordinate transformations on the image coordinates; other effects are sufficiently small to be neglected if a high quality camera is used. This means that the pinhole camera model often can be used as a reasonable description of how a camera depicts a 3D scene, for example in computer vision and computer graphics. Geometry The geometry related to the mapping of a pinhole camera is illustrated in the figure. The figure contains the following basic objects: A 3D orthogonal coordinate system with its origin at O. This is also where the camera aperture is located. The three axes of the coordinate system are referred to as X1, X2, X3. Axis X3 is pointing in the viewing direction of the camera and is referred to as the optical axis, principal axis, or principal ray. The plane which is spanned by axes X1 and X2 is the front side of the camera, or principal plane. An image plane, where the 3D world is projected through the aperture of the camera. The image plane is parallel to axes X1 and X2 and is located at distance from the origin O in the negative direction of the X3 axis, where f is the focal length of the pinhole camera. A practical implementation of a pinhole camera implies that the image plane is located such that it intersects the X3 axis at coordinate -f where f > 0. A point R at the intersection of the optical axis and the image plane. This point is referred to as the principal point or image center. A point P somewhere in the world at coordinate relative to the axes X1, X2, and X3. The projection line of point P into the camera. This is the green line which passes through point P and the point O. The projection of point P onto the image plane, denoted Q. This point is given by the intersection of the projection line (green) and the image plane. In any practical situation we can assume that > 0 which means that the intersection point\",\n \"title\": \"Pinhole camera model\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3663444\",\n \"text\": \"In cartography, the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection, or Lambert cylindrical projection, is a cylindrical equal-area projection. This projection is undistorted along the equator, which is its standard parallel, but distortion increases rapidly towards the poles. Like any cylindrical projection, it stretches parallels increasingly away from the equator. The poles accrue infinite distortion, becoming lines instead of points. History The projection was invented by the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert and described in his 1772 treatise, Beiträge zum Gebrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung, part III, section 6: Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Himmelscharten, translated as, Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps. Lambert's projection is the basis for the cylindrical equal-area projection family. Lambert chose the equator as the parallel of no distortion. By multiplying the projection's height by some factor and dividing the width by the same factor, the regions of no distortion can be moved to any desired pair of parallels north and south of the equator. These variations, particularly the Gall–Peters projection, are more commonly encountered in maps than Lambert’s original projection due to their lower distortion overall. Formulae where φ is the latitude, λ is the longitude and λ is the central meridian. See also List of map projections Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection Lambert conformal conic projection References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Cylindrical equal-area projections\",\n \"title\": \"Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1968518\",\n \"text\": \"In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration. Radial distortion Although distortion can be irregular or follow many patterns, the most commonly encountered distortions are radially symmetric, or approximately so, arising from the symmetry of a photographic lens. These radial distortions can usually be classified as either barrel distortions or pincushion distortions. Mathematically, barrel and pincushion distortion are quadratic, meaning they increase as the square of distance from the center. In mustache distortion the quartic (degree 4) term is significant: in the center, the degree 2 barrel distortion is dominant, while at the edge the degree 4 distortion in the pincushion direction dominates. Other distortions are in principle possible – pincushion in center and barrel at the edge, or higher order distortions (degree 6, degree 8) – but do not generally occur in practical lenses, and higher order distortions are small relative to the main barrel and pincushion effects. Occurrence In photography, distortion is particularly associated with zoom lenses, particularly large-range zooms, but may also be found in prime lenses, and depends on focal distance – for example, the Canon EF 50mm 1.4 exhibits barrel distortion at extremely short focal distances. Barrel distortion may be found in wide-angle lenses, and is often seen at the wide-angle end of zoom lenses, while pincushion distortion is often seen in older or low-end telephoto lenses. Mustache distortion is observed particularly on the wide end of zooms, with certain retrofocus lenses, and more recently on large-range zooms such as the Nikon 18–200 mm. A certain amount of pincushion distortion is often found with visual optical instruments, e.g., binoculars, where it serves to counteract the globe effect. In order to understand these distortions, it should be remembered that these are radial defects; the optical systems in question have rotational symmetry (omitting non-radial defects), so the didactically correct test image would be a set of concentric circles having even separation – like a shooter's target. It will then be observed that these common distortions actually imply a nonlinear radius mapping from the object to the image: What is seemingly pincushion distortion, is actually simply an exaggerated radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be steeper in the upper (rightmost) end. Conversely, barrel distortion is actually a diminished radius mapping for large radii in comparison with small radii. A graph showing radius transformations (from object to image) will be less steep in the upper (rightmost) end. Chromatic aberration Radial distortion that depends on wavelength is called \\\"lateral chromatic aberration\\\" – \\\"lateral\\\" because radial, \\\"chromatic\\\" because dependent on color (wavelength). This can cause colored fringes in high-contrast areas in the outer parts of the image. This should not be confused with axial (longitudinal) chromatic aberration, which causes aberrations throughout the field, particularly purple fringing. Origin of terms The names for these distortions\",\n \"title\": \"Distortion (optics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3909097\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost. An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a closed disk. Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the three-dimensional Euclidean space onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are: The projection from a point onto a plane or central projection: If C is a point, called the center of projection, then the projection of a point P different from C onto a plane that does not contain C is the intersection of the line CP with the plane. The points P such that the line CP is parallel to the plane does not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane (see Projective geometry for a formalization of this terminology). The projection of the point C itself is not defined. The projection parallel to a direction D, onto a plane or parallel projection: The image of a point P is the intersection with the plane of the line parallel to D passing through P. See for an accurate definition, generalized to any dimension. The concept of projection in mathematics is a very old one, and most likely has its roots in the phenomenon of the shadows cast by real-world objects on the ground. This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time different versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations. In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surface of the Earth onto a plane, which, in some cases, but not always, is the restriction of a projection in the above meaning. The 3D projections are also at the basis of the theory of perspective. The need for unifying the two kinds of projections and of defining the image by a central projection of any point different of the center of projection are at the origin of projective geometry. However, a projective transformation is a bijection of a projective space, a property not shared with the projections of this article. Definition Generally, a mapping where the domain and codomain are the same set (or mathematical structure) is a projection if the mapping is idempotent, which means that a projection is equal to\",\n \"title\": \"Projection (mathematics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"180583\",\n \"text\": \"The Dymaxion map or Fuller map is a projection of a world map onto the surface of an icosahedron, which can be unfolded and flattened to two dimensions. The flat map is heavily interrupted in order to preserve shapes and sizes. The projection was invented by Buckminster Fuller. The March 1, 1943, edition of Life magazine included a photographic essay titled \\\"Life Presents R. Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion World\\\". The article included several examples of its use together with a pull-out section that could be assembled as a \\\"three-dimensional approximation of a globe or laid out as a flat map, with which the world may be fitted together and rearranged to illuminate special aspects of its geography\\\". Fuller applied for a patent in the United States in February 1944, showing a projection onto a cuboctahedron, which he called \\\"dymaxion\\\". The patent was issued in January 1946. In 1954, Fuller and cartographer Shoji Sadao produced the Airocean World Map, a version of the Dymaxion map that used a modified but mostly regular icosahedron as the base for the projection. The version most commonly referred to today, it depicts Earth's continents as \\\"one island\\\", or nearly contiguous land masses. The Dymaxion projection is intended only for representations of the entire globe. It is not a gnomonic projection, whereby global data expands from the center point of a tangent facet outward to the edges. Instead, each triangle edge of the Dymaxion map matches the scale of a partial great circle on a corresponding globe, and other points within each facet shrink toward its middle, rather than enlarging to the peripheries. Fuller's 1980 version of the Dymaxion map was the first definition and use of a mathematical transformation process to make the map. It is a polyhedral map projection. The name Dymaxion was applied by Fuller to several of his inventions. Properties Though neither conformal nor equal-area, Fuller claimed that his map had several advantages over other projections for world maps. It has less distortion of relative size of areas, most notably when compared to the Mercator projection; and less distortion of shapes of areas, notably when compared to the Gall–Peters projection. Other compromise projections attempt a similar trade-off. More unusually, the Dymaxion map does not have any \\\"right way up\\\". Fuller argued that in the universe there is no \\\"up\\\" and \\\"down\\\", or \\\"north\\\" and \\\"south\\\": only \\\"in\\\" and \\\"out\\\". Gravitational forces of the stars and planets created \\\"in\\\", meaning \\\"towards the gravitational center\\\", and \\\"out\\\", meaning \\\"away from the gravitational center\\\". He attributed the north-up-superior/south-down-inferior presentation of most other world maps to cultural bias. Fuller intended the map to be unfolded in different ways to emphasize different aspects of the world. Peeling the triangular faces of the icosahedron apart in one way results in an icosahedral net that shows an almost contiguous land mass comprising all of Earth's continents – not groups of continents divided by oceans. Peeling the solid apart in a different way presents a view of the world dominated by\",\n \"title\": \"Dymaxion map\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1032887\",\n \"text\": \"The Mollweide projection is an equal-area, pseudocylindrical map projection generally used for maps of the world or celestial sphere. It is also known as the Babinet projection, homalographic projection, homolographic projection, and elliptical projection. The projection trades accuracy of angle and shape for accuracy of proportions in area, and as such is used where that property is needed, such as maps depicting global distributions. The projection was first published by mathematician and astronomer Karl (or Carl) Brandan Mollweide (1774–1825) of Leipzig in 1805. It was reinvented and popularized in 1857 by Jacques Babinet, who gave it the name homalographic projection. The variation homolographic arose from frequent nineteenth-century usage in star atlases. Properties The Mollweide is a pseudocylindrical projection in which the equator is represented as a straight horizontal line perpendicular to a central meridian that is one-half the equator's length. The other parallels compress near the poles, while the other meridians are equally spaced at the equator. The meridians at 90 degrees east and west form a perfect circle, and the whole earth is depicted in a proportional 2:1 ellipse. The proportion of the area of the ellipse between any given parallel and the equator is the same as the proportion of the area on the globe between that parallel and the equator, but at the expense of shape distortion, which is significant at the perimeter of the ellipse, although not as severe as in the sinusoidal projection. Shape distortion may be diminished by using an interrupted version. A sinusoidal interrupted Mollweide projection discards the central meridian in favor of alternating half-meridians which terminate at right angles to the equator. This has the effect of dividing the globe into lobes. In contrast, a parallel interrupted Mollweide projection uses multiple disjoint central meridians, giving the effect of multiple ellipses joined at the equator. More rarely, the projection can be drawn obliquely to shift the areas of distortion to the oceans, allowing the continents to remain truer to form. The Mollweide, or its properties, has inspired the creation of several other projections, including the Goode's homolosine, van der Grinten and the Boggs eumorphic. Mathematical formulation The projection transforms from latitude and longitude to map coordinates x and y via the following equations: where θ is an auxiliary angle defined by and λ is the longitude, λ is the central meridian, φ is the latitude, and R is the radius of the globe to be projected. The map has area 4R, conforming to the surface area of the generating globe. The x-coordinate has a range of [−2R, 2R], and the y-coordinate has a range of [−R, R]. Equation (1) may be solved with rapid convergence (but slow near the poles) using Newton–Raphson iteration: If φ = ±, then also θ = ±. In that case the iteration should be bypassed; otherwise, division by zero may result. There exists a closed-form inverse transformation: where θ can be found by the relation The inverse transformations allow one to find the latitude and longitude corresponding to\",\n \"title\": \"Mollweide projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7711317\",\n \"text\": \"The Chamberlin trimetric projection is a map projection where three points are fixed on the globe and the points on the sphere are mapped onto a plane by triangulation. It was developed in 1946 by Wellman Chamberlin for the National Geographic Society. Chamberlin was chief cartographer for the Society from 1964 to 1971. The projection's principal feature is that it compromises between distortions of area, direction, and distance. A Chamberlin trimetric map therefore gives an excellent overall sense of the region being mapped. Many National Geographic Society maps of single continents use this projection. As originally implemented, the projection algorithm begins with the selection of three base points to form a spherical triangle minimally enclosing the area to be mapped. These points are mapped at the correct distance from each other according to the map’s chosen scale; aside from arbitrary rotation and translation, the position of the three points on the plane are unambiguous because a triangle is determined by the lengths of its sides. To map any point P, the spherical distances from each of the base points to P are calculated. Using each of the three mapped base points as center, a circle is drawn with radius equal to the scale spherical distance of P from the base point. The three circles will always intersect at one, two, or three points. Intersecting at one point happens only at the base points, which are already mapped and therefore need no further processing. Intersecting at two points happens only along the straight line between two mapped base points. Chamberlin did not specify how to handle this case, but it would be determined by which definition of triangle center is chosen, as noted next. In the remaining case, which is most of the map, connecting the three points of intersection of the circles by line segments creates a small triangle. The position of P′ is determined by the center of the triangle. Chamberlin did not specify which definition of center to use. A Chamberlin trimetric projection map was originally obtained by graphically mapping points at regular intervals of latitude and longitude, with shorelines and other features then mapped by interpolation. Based on the principles of the projection, precise, but lengthy, mathematical formulas were later developed for calculating this projection by computer for a spherical Earth. The Chamberlin trimetric projection is neither conformal nor equal-area. Rather, the projection was conceived to minimize distortion of distances everywhere with the side-effect of balancing between areal equivalence and conformality. This projection is not appropriate for mapping the entire sphere because the outer boundary would loop and overlap itself in most configurations. In some cases, the Chamberlin trimetric projection is difficult to distinguish visually from the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection centered on the same area. See also Two-point equidistant projection References External links The Chamberlin Trimetric Projection - Implementations of the projection using Matlab scripts. The Chamberlin Trimetric Projection - Notes on the projection from a cartography class at Colorado State University. Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Chamberlin trimetric projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26410981\",\n \"text\": \"In cartography, the normal cylindrical equal-area projection is a family of normal cylindrical, equal-area map projections. History The invention of the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection is attributed to the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772. Variations of it appeared over the years by inventors who stretched the height of the Lambert and compressed the width commensurately in various ratios. Description The projection: is cylindrical, that means it has a cylindrical projection surface is normal, that means it has a normal aspect is an equal-area projection, that means any two areas in the map have the same relative size compared to their size on the sphere. The term \\\"normal cylindrical projection\\\" is used to refer to any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude are mapped to horizontal lines (or, mutatis mutandis, more generally, radial lines from a fixed point are mapped to equally spaced parallel lines and concentric circles around it are mapped to perpendicular lines). The mapping of meridians to vertical lines can be visualized by imagining a cylinder whose axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation, then projecting onto the cylinder, and subsequently unfolding the cylinder. By the geometry of their construction, cylindrical projections stretch distances east-west. The amount of stretch is the same at any chosen latitude on all cylindrical projections, and is given by the secant of the latitude as a multiple of the equator's scale. The various cylindrical projections are distinguished from each other solely by their north-south stretching (where latitude is given by φ): The only normal cylindrical projections that preserve area have a north-south compression precisely the reciprocal of east-west stretching (cos φ). This divides north-south distances by a factor equal to the secant of the latitude, preserving area but distorting shapes. East–west scale matching the north–south scale Depending on the stretch factor S, any particular cylindrical equal-area projection either has zero, one or two latitudes for which the east–west scale matches the north–south scale. S>1 : zero S=1 : one, that latitude is the equator S<1 : a pair of identical latitudes of opposite sign Formulae The formulae presume a spherical model and use these definitions: λ is the longitude λ is the central meridian φ is the latitude φ is the standard latitude S is the stretch factor x is the horizontal coordinate of the projected location on the map y is the vertical coordinate of the projected location on the map Relationship between and : Specializations The specializations differ only in the ratio of the vertical to horizontal axis. Some specializations have been described, promoted, or otherwise named. Derivatives The Tobler hyperelliptical projection, first described by Tobler in 1973, is a further generalization of the cylindrical equal-area family. The HEALPix projection is an equal-area hybrid combination of: the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection, for the equatorial regions of the sphere; and an interrupted Collignon projection, for the polar regions. References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections,\",\n \"title\": \"Cylindrical equal-area projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7688641\",\n \"text\": \"A geodesic grid is a spatial grid based on a geodesic polyhedron or Goldberg polyhedron. History The earliest use of the (icosahedral) geodesic grid in geophysical modeling dates back to 1968 and the work by Sadourny, Arakawa, and Mintz and Williamson. Later work expanded on this base. Construction A geodesic grid is a global Earth reference that uses triangular tiles based on the subdivision of a polyhedron (usually the icosahedron, and usually a Class I subdivision) to subdivide the surface of the Earth. Such a grid does not have a straightforward relationship to latitude and longitude, but conforms to many of the main criteria for a statistically valid discrete global grid. Primarily, the cells' area and shape are generally similar, especially near the poles where many other spatial grids have singularities or heavy distortion. The popular Quaternary Triangular Mesh (QTM) falls into this category. Geodesic grids may use the dual polyhedron of the geodesic polyhedron, which is the Goldberg polyhedron. Goldberg polyhedra are made up of hexagons and (if based on the icosahedron) 12 pentagons. One implementation that uses an icosahedron as the base polyhedron, hexagonal cells, and the Snyder equal-area projection is known as the Icosahedron Snyder Equal Area (ISEA) grid. Applications In biodiversity science, geodesic grids are a global extension of local discrete grids that are staked out in field studies to ensure appropriate statistical sampling and larger multi-use grids deployed at regional and national levels to develop an aggregated understanding of biodiversity. These grids translate environmental and ecological monitoring data from multiple spatial and temporal scales into assessments of current ecological condition and forecasts of risks to our natural resources. A geodesic grid allows local to global assimilation of ecologically significant information at its own level of granularity. When modeling the weather, ocean circulation, or the climate, partial differential equations are used to describe the evolution of these systems over time. Because computer programs are used to build and work with these complex models, approximations need to be formulated into easily computable forms. Some of these numerical analysis techniques (such as finite differences) require the area of interest to be subdivided into a grid — in this case, over the shape of the Earth. Geodesic grids can be used in video game development to model fictional worlds instead of the Earth. They are a natural analog of the hex map to a spherical surface. Pros and cons Pros: Largely isotropic. Resolution can be easily increased by binary division. Does not suffer from over sampling near the poles like more traditional rectangular longitude–latitude square grids. Does not result in dense linear systems like spectral methods do (see also Gaussian grid). No single points of contact between neighboring grid cells. Square grids and isometric grids suffer from the ambiguous problem of how to handle neighbors that only touch at a single point. Cells can be both minimally distorted and near-equal-area. In contrast, square grids are not equal area, while equal-area rectangular grids vary in shape from equator to poles.\",\n \"title\": \"Geodesic grid\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25187803\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, the distortion is a measure of the amount by which a function from the Euclidean plane to itself distorts circles to ellipses. If the distortion of a function is equal to one, then it is conformal; if the distortion is bounded and the function is a homeomorphism, then it is quasiconformal. The distortion of a function ƒ of the plane is given by which is the limiting eccentricity of the ellipse produced by applying ƒ to small circles centered at z. This geometrical definition is often very difficult to work with, and the necessary analytical features can be extrapolated to the following definition. A mapping ƒ : Ω → R2 from an open domain in the plane to the plane has finite distortion at a point x ∈ Ω if ƒ is in the Sobolev space W(Ω, R2), the Jacobian determinant J(x,ƒ) is locally integrable and does not change sign in Ω, and there is a measurable function K(x) ≥ 1 such that almost everywhere. Here Df is the weak derivative of ƒ, and |Df| is the Hilbert–Schmidt norm. For functions on a higher-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, there are more measures of distortion because there are more than two principal axes of a symmetric tensor. The pointwise information is contained in the distortion tensor The outer distortion KO and inner distortion KI are defined via the Rayleigh quotients The outer distortion can also be characterized by means of an inequality similar to that given in the two-dimensional case. If Ω is an open set in Rn, then a function has finite distortion if its Jacobian is locally integrable and does not change sign, and there is a measurable function KO (the outer distortion) such that almost everywhere. See also Deformation (mechanics) References . . Conformal mappings Real analysis Complex analysis Topology Measure theory Euclidean geometry\",\n \"title\": \"Distortion (mathematics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2721825\",\n \"text\": \"In cartography, a Tissot's indicatrix (Tissot indicatrix, Tissot's ellipse, Tissot ellipse, ellipse of distortion) (plural: \\\"Tissot's indicatrices\\\") is a mathematical contrivance presented by French mathematician Nicolas Auguste Tissot in 1859 and 1871 in order to characterize local distortions due to map projection. It is the geometry that results from projecting a circle of infinitesimal radius from a curved geometric model, such as a globe, onto a map. Tissot proved that the resulting diagram is an ellipse whose axes indicate the two principal directions along which scale is maximal and minimal at that point on the map. A single indicatrix describes the distortion at a single point. Because distortion varies across a map, generally Tissot's indicatrices are placed across a map to illustrate the spatial change in distortion. A common scheme places them at each intersection of displayed meridians and parallels. These schematics are important in the study of map projections, both to illustrate distortion and to provide the basis for the calculations that represent the magnitude of distortion precisely at each point. Because all ellipses on the map occupy the same area, the distortion imposed by the map projection is evident. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the Tissot indicatrix and the metric tensor of the map projection coordinate conversion. Description Tissot's theory was developed in the context of cartographic analysis. Generally the geometric model represents the Earth, and comes in the form of a sphere or ellipsoid. Tissot's indicatrices illustrate linear, angular, and areal distortions of maps: A map distorts distances (linear distortion) wherever the quotient between the lengths of an infinitesimally short line as projected onto the projection surface, and as it originally is on the Earth model, deviates from 1. The quotient is called the scale factor. Unless the projection is conformal at the point being considered, the scale factor varies by direction around the point. A map distorts angles wherever the angles measured on the model of the Earth are not conserved in the projection. This is expressed by an ellipse of distortion which is not a circle. A map distorts areas wherever areas measured in the model of the Earth are not conserved in the projection. This is expressed by ellipses of distortion whose areas vary across the map. In conformal maps, where each point preserves angles projected from the geometric model, the Tissot's indicatrices are all circles of size varying by location, possibly also with varying orientation (given the four circle quadrants split by meridians and parallels). In equal-area projections, where area proportions between objects are conserved, the Tissot's indicatrices all have the same area, though their shapes and orientations vary with location. In arbitrary projections, both area and shape vary across the map. Mathematics In the diagram below, the circle has unit area as defined on the surface of a sphere. The circle is the Tissot's indicatrix that results from some projection of onto a plane. Linear scale has not been preserved in this projection, as and . Because , we know that\",\n \"title\": \"Tissot's indicatrix\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16390404\",\n \"text\": \"ImageAmerica Aviation, Inc. is an aerial photography company that was acquired by Google in July 2007. The company specialized in creating aerial photos with \\\"accuracy, quick delivery and low cost\\\". It previously sold its services primarily to city, county, state, and federal governments and to corporate customers. ImageAmerica also made money by selling low-cost imagery to county appraisers and assessors. The company's clients include the Texas Department of Transportation, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Lucas County office that covers Toledo, Ohio. For satellite imaging, the company charges US$99 per , compared to other companies which could charge from $500 to $700 and for a lower quality than what ImageAmerica offers. It also developed its own DDP-2 (Direct Digital Panoramic) camera system. The system is housed in an aircraft. It has the ability to capture details as small as to . ImageAmerica's patented processing system has the ability to produce orthorectified imagery corrected for perspective distortions. The company's technology also uses sensors which are based on a unique design from Sarnoff Research Labs in Princeton, New Jersey. The company was founded in and is based in the Spirit of St. Louis Airport, Clayton, Missouri, United States. ImageAmerica builds high resolution cameras for aerial photographs. The company provided high resolution black and white images of New Orleans following the events of Hurricane Katrina. The company's products provide images for Google Maps and Google Earth. When the company was acquired by Google, the acquisition price was not disclosed. After the acquisition, the project manager of Google Maps and Earth said in a statement that Google was excited \\\"about how ImageAmerica’s technology will contribute to [Google's] mapping services down the road.\\\" He went on to say, \\\"Since we're in the research and development phase right now it may be some time before you see any of this imagery in Google Maps or Earth.\\\" In the same month, Google was on an acquisition-spree and had already acquired six other companies: Panoramio, PeakStream, Zenter, Feedburner, GrandCentral, and Postini. References External links Imaging America Companies established in 1998 Photography companies of the United States Google acquisitions 1998 establishments in Missouri\",\n \"title\": \"ImageAmerica\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20771\",\n \"text\": \"The Mercator projection () is a conformal cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard map projection for navigation due to its ability to represent north as 'up' and south as 'down' everywhere while preserving local directions and shapes. However, as a result, the Mercator projection inflates the size of objects the further they are from the equator. In a Mercator projection, landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica appear far larger than they actually are relative to landmasses near the equator. Despite these drawbacks, the Mercator projection is well-suited to marine navigation and internet web maps and continues to be widely used today. History There is some controversy over the origins of the Mercator. German polymath Erhard Etzlaub engraved miniature \\\"compass maps\\\" (about 10×8 cm) of Europe and parts of Africa that spanned latitudes 0°–67° to allow adjustment of his portable pocket-size sundials. The projection found on these maps, dating to 1511, was stated by John Snyder in 1987 to be the same projection as Mercator's. However, given the geometry of a sundial, these maps may well have been based on the similar central cylindrical projection, a limiting case of the gnomonic projection, which is the basis for a sundial. Snyder amended his assessment to \\\"a similar projection\\\" in 1993. Joseph Needham, a historian of China, speculated that some star charts of the Chinese Song Dynasty may have been based on the Mercator projection; however, this claim was presented without evidence, and astronomical historian Kazuhiko Miyajima concluded using cartometric analysis that these charts used an equirectangular projection instead. Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes first described the mathematical principle of the loxodrome and its use in marine navigation. In 1537, he proposed constructing a nautical atlas composed of several large-scale sheets in the equirectangular projection as a way to minimize distortion of directions. If these sheets were brought to the same scale and assembled, they would approximate the Mercator projection. In 1569, Gerhard Kremer, known by his trade name Gerardus Mercator, announced a new projection by publishing a large planispheric map measuring and printed in eighteen separate sheets. Mercator titled the map : \\\"A new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the use of sailors\\\". This title, along with an elaborate explanation for using the projection that appears as a section of text on the map, shows that Mercator understood exactly what he had achieved and that he intended the projection to aid navigation. Mercator never explained the method of construction or how he arrived at it. Various hypotheses have been tendered over the years, but in any case Mercator's friendship with Pedro Nunes and his access to the loxodromic tables Nunes created likely aided his efforts. English mathematician Edward Wright published the first accurate tables for constructing the projection in 1599 and, in more detail, in 1610, calling his treatise \\\"Certaine Errors in Navigation\\\". The first mathematical formulation was publicized around 1645 by a mathematician named Henry Bond (–1678).\",\n \"title\": \"Mercator projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61469969\",\n \"text\": \"In map projections, an interruption is any place where the globe has been split. All map projections are interrupted at at least one point. Typical world maps are interrupted along an entire meridian. In that typical case, the interruption forms an east/west boundary, even though the globe has no boundaries. Most map projections can be interrupted beyond what is required by the projection mathematics. The reason for doing so is to improve distortion within the map by sacrificing proximity—that is, by separating places on the globe that ought to be adjacent. Effectively, this means that the resulting map is actually an amalgam of several partial map projections of smaller regions. Because the regions are smaller, they cover less of the globe, are closer to flat, and therefore accrue less inevitable distortion. These extra interruptions do not create a new projection. Rather, the result is an \\\"arrangement\\\" of an existing projection. In casual parlance, interrupted projection usually means a projection that has been interrupted beyond mathematical necessity. In this casual sense, the usual east/west interruption of a pseudocylindric map is ignored as an interruption to focus on the elective interruptions. An archetypical example is the Goode homolosine projection. In 1916, John Paul Goode experimented by interrupting the Mollweide projection. Satisfied with the interruption scheme, he then devised a new projection as a composite of the Mollweide and the sinusoidal projection and applied the same interruption scheme to the new projection, which he dubbed \\\"homolosine\\\". Because pseudocylindric projections map parallels as straight lines, and meridians to have constant spacing, they are easy to interrupt. This is normally done to optimize either for continental areas or for oceanic areas, as explored by Goode. Many interruption schemes that are much more elaborate have been developed. Since antiquity, for example, globe gores have been developed in order to paste map sections onto model globes. These are regular interruption either along the equator, or in polar form as \\\"rosettes\\\". The Cahill butterfly projection divides the world into octahedral sections. More generally, any mapping onto polyhedral faces becomes an interrupted map when laid flat. Buckminster Fuller proposed his \\\"dymaxion\\\" map in 1943, using a modified icosahedral interruption scheme to divide the oceans up in a way that shows the continents in a nearly continuous mass as \\\"one island\\\". The most elaborate interruptions schemes include those of Athelstan Spilhaus along continental boundaries, and JJ Wijk's myriahedral projections. References Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Interruption (map projection)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1775417\",\n \"text\": \"The equirectangular projection (also called the equidistant cylindrical projection or la carte parallélogrammatique projection), and which includes the special case of the plate carrée projection (also called the geographic projection, lat/lon projection, or plane chart), is a simple map projection attributed to Marinus of Tyre, who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about AD 100. The projection maps meridians to vertical straight lines of constant spacing (for meridional intervals of constant spacing), and circles of latitude to horizontal straight lines of constant spacing (for constant intervals of parallels). The projection is neither equal area nor conformal. Because of the distortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping and finds its main use in thematic mapping. In particular, the plate carrée has become a standard for global raster datasets, such as Celestia, NASA World Wind, the USGS Astrogeology Research Program, and Natural Earth, because of the particularly simple relationship between the position of an image pixel on the map and its corresponding geographic location on Earth or other spherical solar system bodies. In addition it is frequently used in panoramic photography to represent a spherical panoramic image. Definition The forward projection transforms spherical coordinates into planar coordinates. The reverse projection transforms from the plane back onto the sphere. The formulae presume a spherical model and use these definitions: is the longitude of the location to project; is the latitude of the location to project; are the standard parallels (north and south of the equator) where the scale of the projection is true; is the central parallel of the map; is the central meridian of the map; is the horizontal coordinate of the projected location on the map; is the vertical coordinate of the projected location on the map; is the radius of the globe. Longitude and latitude variables are defined here in terms of radians. Forward The (French, for flat square), is the special case where is zero. This projection maps x to be the value of the longitude and y to be the value of the latitude, and therefore is sometimes called the latitude/longitude or lat/lon(g) projection. Despite sometimes being called \\\"unprojected\\\", it is actually projected. When the is not zero, such as Marinus's , or Ronald Miller's , the projection can portray particular latitudes of interest at true scale. While a projection with equally spaced parallels is possible for an ellipsoidal model, it would no longer be equidistant because the distance between parallels on an ellipsoid is not constant. More complex formulae can be used to create an equidistant map whose parallels reflect the true spacing. Reverse Alternative names In spherical panorama viewers, usually: is called \\\"yaw\\\"; is called \\\"pitch\\\"; where both are defined in degrees. See also Cartography Cassini projection Gall–Peters projection (mentions a resolution rejecting the use of all rectangular world maps) List of map projections Mercator projection 360 video projection Wikimedia Gallery of Equirectangular World Maps References External links Global MODIS based satellite map The blue marble: land surface, ocean color,\",\n \"title\": \"Equirectangular projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7151375\",\n \"text\": \"Space-oblique Mercator projection is a map projection devised in the 1970s for preparing maps from Earth-survey satellite data. It is a generalization of the oblique Mercator projection that incorporates the time evolution of a given satellite ground track to optimize its representation on the map. The oblique Mercator projection, on the other hand, optimizes for a given geodesic. History The space-oblique Mercator projection (SOM) was developed by John P. Snyder, Alden Partridge Colvocoresses and John L. Junkins in 1976. Snyder had an interest in maps, originating back to his childhood and he regularly attended cartography conferences while on vacation. In 1972, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) needed to develop a system for reducing the amount of distortion caused when satellite pictures of the ellipsoidal Earth were printed on a flat page. Colvocoresses, the head of the USGS's national mapping program, asked attendees of a geodetic sciences conferences for help solving the projection problem in 1976. Snyder attended the conference and became motivated to work on the problem armed with his newly purchased pocket calculator and devised the mathematical formulas needed to solve the problem. After submitting his calculations to Waldo Tobler for review, Snyder submitted these to the USGS at no charge. Impressed with his work, USGS officials offered Snyder a job with the organization, which he accepted. His formulas were used to produce maps from Landsat 4 images launched in the summer of 1978. Projection description The space-oblique Mercator projection provides continual, nearly conformal mapping of the swath sensed by a satellite. Scale is true along the ground track, varying 0.01 percent within the normal sensing range of the satellite. Conformality is correct within a few parts per million for the sensing range. Distortion is essentially constant along lines of constant distance parallel to the ground track. The space-oblique Mercator is the only projection presented that takes the rotation of Earth into account. Equations The forward equations for the Space-oblique Mercator projection for the sphere are as follows: References John Hessler, Projecting Time: John Parr Snyder and the Development of the Space Oblique Mercator Projection, Library of Congress, 2003 Snyder's 1981 Paper Detailing the Projection's Derivation Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Space-oblique Mercator projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3663509\",\n \"text\": \"The Behrmann projection is a cylindrical equal-area map projection described by Walter Behrmann in 1910. Cylindrical equal-area projections differ by their standard parallels, which are parallels along which the projection has no distortion. In the case of the Behrmann projection, the standard parallels are 30°N and 30°S. While equal-area, distortion of shape increases in the Behrmann projection according to distance from the standard parallels. The Behrmann projection has the property that half of the Earth's surface is stretched horizontally and the other half is stretched vertically. This projection is not equidistant. See also List of map projections References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Cylindrical equal-area projections\",\n \"title\": \"Behrmann projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33429851\",\n \"text\": \"Spatial cognition is the acquisition, organization, utilization, and revision of knowledge about spatial environments. It is most about how animals including humans behave within space and the knowledge they built around it, rather than space itself. These capabilities enable individuals to manage basic and high-level cognitive tasks in everyday life. Numerous disciplines (such as cognitive psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, geographic information science, cartography, etc.) work together to understand spatial cognition in different species, especially in humans. Thereby, spatial cognition studies also have helped to link cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Scientists in both fields work together to figure out what role spatial cognition plays in the brain as well as to determine the surrounding neurobiological infrastructure. In humans, spatial cognition is closely related to how people talk about their environment, find their way in new surroundings, and plan routes. Thus a wide range of studies is based on participants reports, performance measures and similar, for example in order to determine cognitive reference frames that allow subjects to perform. In this context the implementation of virtual reality becomes more and more widespread among researchers, since it offers the opportunity to confront participants with unknown environments in a highly controlled manner. Spatial cognition can be seen from a psychological point of view, meaning that people's behaviour within that space is key. When people behave in space, they use cognitive maps, the most evolved form of spatial cognition. When using cognitive maps, information about landmarks and the routes between landmarks are stored and used. This knowledge can be built from various sources; from a tightly coordinated vision and locomotion (movement), but also from map symbols, verbal descriptions, and computer-based pointing systems. According to Montello, space is implicitly referring to a person's body and their associated actions. He mentions different kinds of space; figural space which is a space smaller than the body, vista space which the space is more extended than the human body, environmental space which is learned by locomotion, and geographical space which is the biggest space and can only be learned through cartographic representation. However, since space is represented in the human brain, this can also lead to distortions. When perceiving space and distance, a distortion can occur. Distances are perceived differently on whether they are considered between a given location and a location that has a high cognitive saliency, meaning that it stands out. Different perceived locations and distances can have a \\\"reference point\\\", which are better known than others, more frequently visited and more visible. There are other kinds of distortions as well. Furthermore, there the distortion in distance estimation and the distortion in angle alignment. Distortion in angle alignment means that your personal north will be viewed as \\\"the north\\\". The map is mentally represented according to the orientation of the personal point of view of learning. Since perceived distortion is \\\"subjective\\\" and not necessarily correlated with \\\"objective distance\\\", distortions can happen in this phenomenon too. There can be an overestimation in downtown routes, routes with turns, curved\",\n \"title\": \"Spatial cognition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14740464\",\n \"text\": \"A stereoplotter uses stereo photographs to determine elevations. It has been the primary method to plot contour lines on topographic maps since the 1930s. Although the specific devices have advanced technologically, they are all based on the apparent change in position of a feature in the two stereo photographs. Stereoplotters have changed as technology has improved. The first stereoplotters where projection stereoplotters they used only the light rays and optics to adjust the image. The Kelsh Plotter is an example of the projection stereoplotters. The analog stereoplotters came next and were more sophisticated in that they used more sophisticated optics to view the image. The analytical stereoplotter is used today. It incorporates a computer which does the work of mathematically aligning the images so that they line up properly. The analytic stereoplotter also allows for storing the data and redrawing at any desired scale. Analogical The stereoplotter requires two photographs that have considerable overlap (60%) and are corrected for distortion due to angle of photo. The photos are put onto transparent media and projected with a light source. Each image will be projected with overlap on the other. The operator, using a special set of optics, would then see the image as three-dimensional due to the differing perspective of each photo. The optics of the stereoplotter is what allows the operator to plot the contours and features. The light source used to project the photo is what begins the process. One photo is projected using cyan/blue filter and the other photo is projected with a red filter. The operator wears a special set of glasses that have the same color filter for lenses. Seeing the left photo in blue light while the left eye has the blue filter and the right photo projected with red light and the right eye seeing through the red filter, the overlapping image becomes three-dimensional. The images will have control points that detail how the overlap of the photos should occur. The resultant overlapping image is called an anaglyph and is a three-dimensional model of the terrain. Once the two photos are projected and the desired control points aligned the operator will then start to record the desired elevations on the terrain by \\\"flying\\\" a light spot along the contours. If the light spot appears to hover above the terrain or appears to dive into the terrain, the operator knows that he has moved it too far away from a slope or too far toward a slope, respectively. Originally, stereoplotters recorded the path of the flying light spot by directly scribing the path on a sheet of acetate or polyester coated with an opaque lacquer, which could be photographed to make the topographic map printing plates. If mistakes were made during contour tracing, the operator would daub some lacquer on the incorrect trace, allow it to dry and then try flying the light spot again. Current systems that use digital capture techniques allow simple erasure of part of the faulty data vector in computer memory,\",\n \"title\": \"Stereoplotter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59758307\",\n \"text\": \"A Valeriepieris circle is a figure drawn on the Earth's surface such that the majority of the human population lives within its interior. The concept was originally popularized by a map posted on Reddit in 2013, made by a Texas ESL teacher named Ken Myers, whose username on the site gave the figure its name. Myers's original circle covers only about 6.7% of the Earth's total surface area, with a radius of around , centered in the South China Sea. The map became a popular meme, and was featured in numerous internet media outlets. Myers's original map uses the Winkel tripel projection, which means that his circle, not having been adjusted to the projection, does not correspond to a circle on the surface of a sphere. In 2015, Singaporean professor Danny Quah—with the aid of an intern named Ken Teoh—verified Myers's original claim, as well as presenting a new, considerably smaller circle centered on the township of Mong Khet in Myanmar, with a radius of . In fact, Quah claimed this circle to be the smallest one possible, having been produced from more rigorous calculations and updated data, as well as being a proper circle on the Earth's surface. In 2022, Myers's original circle was again tested by Riaz Shah, a professor at Hult International Business School. Shah used recently published data from the United Nations' World Population Prospects to estimate that 4.2 billion people lived inside the circle as of 2022, out of a total human population of 8 billion. Myers's idea has been formalized and a Valeriepieris circle can be defined for any spatial area, like a single country. These generalised Valeriepieris circles can be used for studying population changes over time, dimensional reduction and measuring population centralization. A python package to compute Valeriepieris circles is available. References Geographical regions World population Population density World maps Internet memes\",\n \"title\": \"Valeriepieris circle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"651822\",\n \"text\": \"Orthographic projection in cartography has been used since antiquity. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective (or azimuthal) projection in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. The point of perspective for the orthographic projection is at infinite distance. It depicts a hemisphere of the globe as it appears from outer space, where the horizon is a great circle. The shapes and areas are distorted, particularly near the edges. History The orthographic projection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented. Hipparchus used the projection in the 2nd century BC to determine the places of star-rise and star-set. In about 14 BC, Roman engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio used the projection to construct sundials and to compute sun positions. Vitruvius also seems to have devised the term orthographic (from the Greek orthos (= “straight”) and graphē (= “drawing”)) for the projection. However, the name analemma, which also meant a sundial showing latitude and longitude, was the common name until François d'Aguilon of Antwerp promoted its present name in 1613. The earliest surviving maps on the projection appear as crude woodcut drawings of terrestrial globes of 1509 (anonymous), 1533 and 1551 (Johannes Schöner), and 1524 and 1551 (Apian). A highly-refined map, designed by Renaissance polymath Albrecht Dürer and executed by Johannes Stabius, appeared in 1515. Photographs of the Earth and other planets from spacecraft have inspired renewed interest in the orthographic projection in astronomy and planetary science. Mathematics The formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are derived using trigonometry. They are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere. Define the radius of the sphere R and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ0, φ0). The equations for the orthographic projection onto the (x, y) tangent plane reduce to the following: Latitudes beyond the range of the map should be clipped by calculating the angular distance c from the center of the orthographic projection. This ensures that points on the opposite hemisphere are not plotted: . The point should be clipped from the map if cos(c) is negative. That is, all points that are included in the mapping satisfy: . The inverse formulas are given by: where For computation of the inverse formulas the use of the two-argument atan2 form of the inverse tangent function (as opposed to atan) is recommended. This ensures that the sign of the orthographic projection as written is correct in all quadrants. The inverse formulas are particularly useful when trying to project a variable defined on a (λ, φ) grid onto a rectilinear grid in (x, y). Direct application of the orthographic projection yields scattered points in (x, y), which creates problems for plotting and numerical integration. One solution is to start from the (x, y) projection plane and construct the image from the values defined in (λ, φ) by using the inverse formulas of the orthographic projection. See References for an ellipsoidal version of the orthographic\",\n \"title\": \"Orthographic map projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2515660\",\n \"text\": \"The universal polar stereographic (UPS) coordinate system is used in conjunction with the universal transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to locate positions on the surface of the Earth. Like the UTM coordinate system, the UPS coordinate system uses a metric-based cartesian grid laid out on a conformally projected surface. UPS covers the Earth's polar regions, specifically the areas north of 84°N and south of 80°S, which are not covered by the UTM grids, plus an additional 30 minutes of latitude extending into UTM grid to provide some overlap between the two systems. In the polar regions, directions can become complicated, with all geographic north–south lines converging at the poles. The difference between UPS grid north and true north can therefore be anything up to 180°—in some places, grid north is true south, and vice versa. UPS grid north is arbitrarily defined as being along the prime meridian in the Antarctic and the 180th meridian in the Arctic; thus, east and west on the grids when moving directly away from the pole are along the 90°E and 90°W meridians respectively. Projection system As the name indicates, the UPS system uses a stereographic projection. Specifically, the projection used in the system is a secant version based on an elliptical model of the earth. The scale factor at each pole is adjusted to 0.994 so that the latitude of true scale is 81.11451786859362545° (about 81° 06' 52.3\\\") North and South. The scale factor inside the regions at latitudes higher than this parallel is too small, whereas the regions at latitudes below this line have scale factors that are too large, reaching 1.0016 at 80° latitude. The scale factor at the origin (the poles) is adjusted to minimize the overall distortion of scale within the mapped region. As with the Mercator projection, the region near the tangent (or secant) point on a Stereographic map remains very close to true scale for an angular distance of a few degrees. In the ellipsoidal model, a stereographic projection tangent to the pole has a scale factor of less than 1.003 at 84° latitude and 1.008 at 80° latitude. The adjustment of the scale factor in the UPS projection reduces the average scale distortion over the entire zone. References External links National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Geospatial Sciences Publications GeographicLib provides a utility GeoConvert (with source code) for conversions between geographic, UTM, UPS, and MGRS. Here is an online version of GeoConvert. Geographic coordinate systems\",\n \"title\": \"Universal polar stereographic coordinate system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12484243\",\n \"text\": \"Wagner VI is a pseudocylindrical whole Earth map projection. Like the Robinson projection, it is a compromise projection, not having any special attributes other than a pleasing, low distortion appearance. Wagner VI is equivalent to the Kavrayskiy VII horizontally elongated by a factor of . This elongation results in proper preservation of shapes near the equator but slightly more distortion overall. The aspect ratio of this projection is 2:1, as formed by the ratio of the equator to the central meridian. This matches the ratio of Earth’s equator to any meridian. The Wagner VI is defined by: where is the longitude and is the latitude. Inverse formula: See also List of map projections Cartography Kavrayskiy VII projection Robinson projection References Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Wagner VI projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20250761\",\n \"text\": \"The Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) was an Einstein probe that planned to focus on investigating dark energy. JDEM was a partnership between NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In August 2010, the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Science Foundation (NSF) recommended the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission, a renamed JDEM-Omega proposal which has superseded SNAP, Destiny, and Advanced Dark Energy Physics Telescope (ADEPT), as the highest priority for development in the decade around 2020. This would be a 1.5-meter telescope with a 144-megapixel HgCdTe focal plane array, located at the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point. The expected cost is around US$1.6 billion. Earlier proposals Dark Energy Space Telescope (Destiny) The Dark Energy Space Telescope (Destiny), was a planned project by NASA and DOE, designed to perform precision measurements of the universe to provide an understanding of dark energy. The space telescope will derive the expansion of the universe by measuring up to 3,000 distant supernovae each year of its three-year mission lifetime, and will additionally study the structure of matter in the universe by measuring millions of galaxies in a weak gravitational lensing survey. The Destiny spacecraft features an optical telescope with a 1.8 metre primary mirror. The telescope images infrared light onto an array of solid-state detectors. The mission is designed to be deployed in a halo orbit about the Sun-Earth Lagrange point. The Destiny proposal has been superseded by the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). SuperNova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) The SuperNova Acceleration Probe (SNAP) mission was proposed to provide an understanding of the mechanism driving the acceleration of the universe and determine the nature of dark energy. To achieve these goals, the spacecraft needed to be able to detect these supernova when they are at their brightest moment. The mission was proposed as an experiment for the JDEM. The satellite observatory would be capable of measuring up to 2,000 distant supernovae each year of its three-year mission lifetime. SNAP was also planned to observe the small distortions of light from distant galaxies to reveal more about the expansion history of the universe. SNAP was initially planned to launch in 2013. To understand what is driving the acceleration of the universe, scientists need to see greater redshifts from supernovas than what is seen from Earth. The SNAP would detect redshifts of 1.7 from distant supernovas up to 10 billion light years away. At this distance, the acceleration of the universe is easily seen. To measure the presence of dark energy, a process called weak lensing can be used. The SNAP would have used an optical setup called the three-mirror anastigmat. This consists of a main mirror with a diameter of 2 meters to take in light. It reflects this light to a second mirror. Then this light is transferred to two additional smaller mirrors which direct the light to the spacecraft's instruments. It will also contain 72 different cameras. 36 of them are able to detect visible light and the other\",\n \"title\": \"Joint Dark Energy Mission\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44885218\",\n \"text\": \"A rhumbline network (or windrose network) is a navigational aid consisting in multiple lines in a web-like grid drawn on portolan charts (and other early maps). These nautical charts were used in the medieval age and age of exploration in marine navigation. Since the invention of the Mercator projection , the term rhumb line (or loxodrome) has been redefined to mean a mathematically precise curve of constant bearing on the Earth's surface. To avoid confusion, the lines on earlier sailing charts can be unambiguously called windrose lines, since they are not true rhumb lines by the modern definition. A rhumb line in the modern sense is only straight on a chart drawn with the Mercator projection, but not on charts from the 13th–16th centuries. Older windrose lines were a close approximation on charts of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding areas, but the rhumb lines on small-scale maps such as the Teixeira planisphere were highly inaccurate. The grid can be easily spotted (as parchment is quite translucent) by observing a chart from its rear face, with a light source illuminating the other side. The hole in the center of the circle, origin of the whole network, is also clearly visible from the rear. Use of windrose lines on a rhumbline network To calculate on a portolan chart the course to follow from a point of origin to a point of destination, one should transfer — using a parallel rule — the \\\"line of course\\\" drawn from the point of origin to the point of destination, on top of the windrose line on the compass rose closest to the ship's position, obtaining on it the theoretical course to be followed when sailing towards the destination. This theoretical course may have to be modified (as many times as needed) when tacking if the wind is right ahead of you, or to correct the effects of leeway, currents, etc. that a sailor with experience should be able to calculate empirically. Rhumblines vs. windrose lines Before modern accurate surveying, there was no method for measuring longitude at sea so maps used to have many distortions, especially in the east west direction. There was also distortion due to the curvature of the Earth's surface. The multitude of compass roses with straight lines extending outwards across the map derived from how the maps were then made by compiling empirical observations from navigators who attempted to follow a constant bearing at sea. All portolan maps share these characteristic \\\"windrose networks\\\", which emanate from compass roses located at various points on the map (or mapamundi). These better called \\\"windrose lines\\\" are generated \\\"by observation and the compass\\\", and are designated today as \\\"lines of course\\\" or \\\"lines of rhumb\\\" (\\\"rhumb lines\\\" in the fourteenth century, traced on portolan's particular projection, though not to be confused with modern rhumb lines, meridians or isoazimuthals). To understand that those lines should be better called \\\"windrose lines\\\", one has to know that portolan maps are characterized by the lack of map projection, for\",\n \"title\": \"Rhumbline network\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25001172\",\n \"text\": \"This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on Wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections, there can be no comprehensive list. Table of projections *The first known popularizer/user and not necessarily the creator. Key Type of projection surface Cylindrical In normal aspect, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal lines. Pseudocylindrical In normal aspect, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels. Conic In normal aspect, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Pseudoconical In normal aspect, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs. Azimuthal In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from the center point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map. Pseudoazimuthal In normal aspect, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, and meridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to them in shape and purpose. Other Typically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projection Polyhedral maps Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion. Properties Conformal Preserves angles locally, implying that local shapes are not distorted and that local scale is constant in all directions from any chosen point. Equal-area Area measure is conserved everywhere. Compromise Neither conformal nor equal-area, but a balance intended to reduce overall distortion. Equidistant All distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in the notes. Gnomonic All great circles are straight lines. Retroazimuthal Direction to a fixed location B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B. Perspective Can be constructed by light shining through a globe onto a developable surface. See also 360 video projection List of national coordinate reference systems Snake Projection Notes Further reading\",\n \"title\": \"List of map projections\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1334311\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolas Auguste Tissot (; March 16, 1824 – July 14, 1907) was a French cartographer, who in 1859 and 1881 published an analysis of the distortion that occurs on map projections. He devised Tissot's indicatrix, or distortion circle, which when plotted on a map will appear as an ellipse whose elongation depends on the amount of distortion by the map at that point. The angle and extent of the elongation represents the amount of angular distortion of the map. The size of the ellipse indicates the amount that the area is distorted. Biography Born in Nancy, Meurthe, France, Tissot was trained as an engineer in the French Army, from which he graduated as capitaine du génie. In the early 1860s he became an instructor in geodesy at the well-reputed Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. Around the same time, he indulged a research program meant to determine the best way of cartographic projection for a particular region and presented his findings to the French Académie des Sciences. In the eighteenth century, the German cartographer Johann H. Lambert had enunciated a mathematical theory of map projections and of the attendant characteristics of distortions that any given projection involved. Carl Friedrich Gauss had also studied the subject before Tissot's contributions later in the nineteenth century. Tissot's research in the mid-1850s on methods for finding good projections for particular regions led him to develop a projection that he saw as optimal. While not quite equal-area or conformal, his projection resulted in \\\"negligible distortion for a very small region.\\\" Subsequently, his optimal projection was adopted by the geographic service of the French Army. While his first concepts regarding cartographic distortions developed in mid-century, it was only with the publication of Mémoire sur la représentation des surfaces et les projections des cartes géographiques in 1881 that the Tissot's Indicatrix became popular. In the book, Tissot argued for his method, reportedly demonstrating that \\\"whatever the system of transformation, there is at each point on the spherical surface at least one pair of orthogonal directions which will also be orthogonal on the projection.\\\" Tissot employed a graphical device he called the ellipse indicatrice or distortion circle. When plotted on a map it reveals the amount of distortion by the map at the particular point where the ellipse is plotted. He suggested that the angle and extent of the elongation of the distortion circle represented the amount of angular distortion of the map, while the size of the ellipse corresponded to the amount of distortion in area. In a nineteenth-century cartographic context, in which professionals looked for ways to apply mathematical principles to the science of mapping and the map projection, Tissot's theory was favorably received, at least in continental Europe. Even in the more restrained Anglo-American academic world, a columnist of Science, a publication sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, hailed Tissot's method and encouraged his readers to study his work in the hope that such a study \\\"will lead to the adoption of better\",\n \"title\": \"Nicolas Auguste Tissot\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2514694\",\n \"text\": \"The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid. However, it differs from global latitude/longitude in that it divides earth into 60 zones and projects each to the plane as a basis for its coordinates. Specifying a location means specifying the zone and the x, y coordinate in that plane. The projection from spheroid to a UTM zone is some parameterization of the transverse Mercator projection. The parameters vary by nation or region or mapping system. Most zones in UTM span 6 degrees of longitude, and each has a designated central meridian. The scale factor at the central meridian is specified to be 0.9996 of true scale for most UTM systems in use. History The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website states that the system was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, starting in the early 1940s. However, a series of aerial photos found in the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (the military section of the German Federal Archives) apparently dating from 1943–1944 bear the inscription UTMREF followed by grid letters and digits, and projected according to the transverse Mercator, a finding that would indicate that something called the UTM Reference system was developed in the 1942–43 time frame by the Wehrmacht. It was probably carried out by the Abteilung für Luftbildwesen (Department for Aerial Photography). From 1947 onward the US Army employed a very similar system, but with the now-standard 0.9996 scale factor at the central meridian as opposed to the German 1.0. For areas within the contiguous United States the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866 was used. For the remaining areas of Earth, including Hawaii, the International Ellipsoid was used. The World Geodetic System WGS84 ellipsoid is now generally used to model the Earth in the UTM coordinate system, which means current UTM northing at a given point can differ up to 200 meters from the old. For different geographic regions, other datum systems can be used. Prior to the development of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, several European nations demonstrated the utility of grid-based conformal maps by mapping their territory during the interwar period. Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field (using the Pythagorean theorem) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of latitude and longitude. In the post-war years, these concepts were extended into the Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar Stereographic (UTM/UPS) coordinate system, which is a global (or universal) system of grid-based maps. The transverse Mercator projection is a variant of the Mercator projection, which was originally developed by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1570. This projection is conformal, which means it preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions. However, it distorts distance and area. Definitions UTM\",\n \"title\": \"Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36814009\",\n \"text\": \"The central cylindrical projection is a perspective cylindrical map projection. It corresponds to projecting the Earth's surface onto a cylinder tangent to the equator as if from a light source at Earth's center. The cylinder is then cut along one of the projected meridians and unrolled into a flat map. The projection is neither conformal nor equal-area. Distortion increases so rapidly away from the equator that the central cylindrical is only used as an easily understood illustration of projection, rather than for practical maps. Its vertical stretching is even greater than that of the Mercator projection, whose construction method is sometimes erroneously described equivalently to the central cylindrical's. The scale becomes infinite at the poles. It is not known who first developed the projection, but it appeared with other new cylindrical projections in the 19th century, and regularly finds its way into textbooks, chiefly to illustrate that this is not the way the Mercator is constructed. As with any cylindrical projection, the construction can be generalized by positioning the cylinder to be tangent to a great circle of the globe that is not the equator. This projection has prominent use in panoramic photography, where it is usually called the \\\"cylindrical projection\\\". It can present a full 360° panorama and preserves vertical lines. Unlike other cylindrical projections, it gives correct perspective for tall objects, an important trait for architectural scenes. Formulae R denotes the radius of the generating globe; φ is the latitude; λ is the longitude; λ0 is the longitude of the central meridian; and x and y are the mapped coordinates. See also Gnomonic projection List of map projections References Map projections Cylindrical projections\",\n \"title\": \"Central cylindrical projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51784\",\n \"text\": \"In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane. Projection is a necessary step in creating a two-dimensional map and is one of the essential elements of cartography. All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties. The study of map projections is primarily about the characterization of their distortions. There is no limit to the number of possible map projections. More generally, projections are considered in several fields of pure mathematics, including differential geometry, projective geometry, and manifolds. However, the term \\\"map projection\\\" refers specifically to a cartographic projection. Despite the name's literal meaning, projection is not limited to perspective projections, such as those resulting from casting a shadow on a screen, or the rectilinear image produced by a pinhole camera on a flat film plate. Rather, any mathematical function that transforms coordinates from the curved surface distinctly and smoothly to the plane is a projection. Few projections in practical use are perspective. Most of this article assumes that the surface to be mapped is that of a sphere. The Earth and other large celestial bodies are generally better modeled as oblate spheroids, whereas small objects such as asteroids often have irregular shapes. The surfaces of planetary bodies can be mapped even if they are too irregular to be modeled well with a sphere or ellipsoid. Therefore, more generally, a map projection is any method of flattening a continuous curved surface onto a plane. The most well-known map projection is the Mercator projection. This map projection has the property of being conformal. However, it has been criticized throughout the 20th century for enlarging regions further from the equator. To contrast, equal-area projections such as the Sinusoidal projection and the Gall–Peters projection show the correct sizes of countries relative to each other, but distort angles. The National Geographic Society and most atlases favor map projections that compromise between area and angular distortion, such as the Robinson projection and the Winkel tripel projection. Metric properties of maps Many properties can be measured on the Earth's surface independently of its geography: Area Shape Direction Bearing Distance Map projections can be constructed to preserve some of these properties at the expense of others. Because the Earth's curved surface is not isometric to a plane, preservation of shapes inevitably requires a variable scale and, consequently, non-proportional presentation of areas. Similarly, an area-preserving projection can not be conformal, resulting in shapes and bearings distorted in most places of the map. Each projection preserves, compromises, or approximates\",\n \"title\": \"Map projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28955607\",\n \"text\": \"The equidistant conic projection is a conic map projection commonly used for maps of small countries as well as for larger regions such as the continental United States that are elongated east-to-west. Also known as the simple conic projection, a rudimentary version was described during the 2nd century CE by the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy in his work Geography. The projection has the useful property that distances along the meridians are proportionately correct, and distances are also correct along two standard parallels that the mapmaker has chosen. The two standard parallels are also free of distortion. For maps of regions elongated east-to-west (such as the continental United States) the standard parallels are chosen to be about a sixth of the way inside the northern and southern limits of interest. This way distortion is minimized throughout the region of interest. Transformation Coordinates from a spherical datum can be transformed to an equidistant conic projection with rectangular coordinates by using the following formulas, where λ is the longitude, λ the reference longitude, φ the latitude, φ the reference latitude, and φ and φ the standard parallels: where Constants n, G, and ρ need only be determined once for the entire map. If one standard parallel is used (i.e. φ = φ), the formula for n above is indeterminate, but then The reference point (λ, φ) with longitude λ and latitude φ, transforms to the x,y origin at (0,0) in the rectangular coordinate system. The Y axis maps the central meridian λ, with y increasing northwards, which is orthogonal to the X axis mapping the central parallel φ, with x increasing eastwards. Other versions of these transformation formulae include parameters to offset the map coordinates so that all x,y values are positive, as well as a scaling parameter relating the radius of the sphere (Earth) to the units used on the map. The formulae used for ellipsoidal datums are more involved. See also List of map projections References Sources External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Map projections Equidistant projections\",\n \"title\": \"Equidistant conic projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7710044\",\n \"text\": \"The Cassini projection (also sometimes known as the Cassini–Soldner projection or Soldner projection) is a map projection first described in an approximate form by César-François Cassini de Thury in 1745. Its precise formulas were found through later analysis by Johann Georg von Soldner around 1810. It is the transverse aspect of the equirectangular projection, in that the globe is first rotated so the central meridian becomes the \\\"equator\\\", and then the normal equirectangular projection is applied. Considering the earth as a sphere, the projection is composed of the operations: where λ is the longitude from the central meridian and φ is the latitude. When programming these equations, the inverse tangent function used is actually the atan2 function, with the first argument sin φ and the second . The reverse operation is composed of the operations: In practice, the projection has always been applied to models of the earth as an ellipsoid, which greatly complicates the mathematical development but is suitable for surveying. Nevertheless, the use of the Cassini projection has largely been superseded by the transverse Mercator projection, at least with central mapping agencies. Distortions Areas along the central meridian, and at right angles to it, are not distorted. Elsewhere, the distortion is largely in a north–south direction, and varies by the square of the distance from the central meridian. As such, the greater the longitudinal extent of the area, the worse the distortion becomes. Due to this, the Cassini projection works best for areas with greater north–south extent than east–west. For example, Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain used the Cassini projection from 1924 until the introduction of the National Grid. Elliptical form Cassini is known as a spherical projection, but can be generalised as an elliptical form. Considering the earth as an ellipse, the projection is composed of these operations: and M is the meridional distance function. The reverse operation is composed of the operations: If then and Otherwise calculate T and N as above with , and See also Cassini Grid References External links Table of examples and properties of all common projections, from radicalcartography.net Ordnance Survey GeoFacts on the Cassini Projection Cassini dans proj4 Map projections Cylindrical projections\",\n \"title\": \"Cassini projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6990113\",\n \"text\": \"The van der Grinten projection is a compromise map projection, which means that it is neither equal-area nor conformal. Unlike perspective projections, the van der Grinten projection is an arbitrary geometric construction on the plane. Van der Grinten projects the entire Earth into a circle. It largely preserves the familiar shapes of the Mercator projection while modestly reducing Mercator's distortion. Polar regions are subject to extreme distortion. Lines of longitude converge to points at the poles. History Alphons J. van der Grinten invented the projection in 1898 and received US patent #751,226 for it and three others in 1904. The National Geographic Society adopted the projection for their reference maps of the world in 1922, raising its visibility and stimulating its adoption elsewhere. In 1988, National Geographic replaced the van der Grinten projection with the Robinson projection. Geometric construction The geometric construction given by van der Grinten can be written algebraically: where x takes the sign of , y takes the sign of φ, and If φ = 0, then Similarly, if λ = λ or φ = ±/2, then In all cases, φ is the latitude, λ is the longitude, and λ is the central meridian of the projection. Van der Grinten IV projection The van der Grinten IV projection is a later polyconic map projection developed by Alphons J. van der Grinten. The central meridian and equator are straight lines. All other meridians and parallels are arcs of circles. See also List of map projections Robinson projection (successor) References Bibliography Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Van der Grinten projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2961833\",\n \"text\": \"A spatial reference system (SRS) or coordinate reference system (CRS) is a framework used to precisely measure locations on the surface of Earth as coordinates. It is thus the application of the abstract mathematics of coordinate systems and analytic geometry to geographic space. A particular SRS specification (for example, \\\"Universal Transverse Mercator WGS 84 Zone 16N\\\") comprises a choice of Earth ellipsoid, horizontal datum, map projection (except in the geographic coordinate system), origin point, and unit of measure. Thousands of coordinate systems have been specified for use around the world or in specific regions and for various purposes, necessitating transformations between different SRS. Although they date to the Hellenic Period, spatial reference systems are now a crucial basis for the sciences and technologies of Geoinformatics, including cartography, geographic information systems, surveying, remote sensing, and civil engineering. This has led to their standardization in international specifications such as the EPSG codes and ISO 19111:2019 Geographic information—Spatial referencing by coordinates, prepared by ISO/TC 211, also published by the Open Geospatial Consortium as Abstract Specification, Topic 2: Spatial referencing by coordinate. Types of systems The thousands of spatial reference systems used today are based on a few general strategies, which have been defined in the EPSG, ISO, and OGC standards: Geographic coordinate system (or geodetic) A spherical coordinate system measuring locations directly on the Earth (modeled as a sphere or ellipsoid) using latitude (degrees north or south of the equator) and longitude (degrees west or east of a prime meridian). Geocentric coordinate system (or Earth-centered Earth-fixed) A three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system that models the Earth as a three-dimensional object, measuring locations from a center point, usually the center of mass of the Earth, along x, y, and z axes aligned with the equator and the prime meridian. This system is commonly used to track the orbits of satellites, because they are based on the center of mass. Thus, this is the internal coordinate system used by Satellite navigation systems such as GPS to compute locations using multilateration. Projected coordinate system (or planar, grid) A standardized cartesian coordinate system that models the Earth (or more commonly, a large region thereof) as a plane, measuring locations from an arbitrary origin point along x and y axes more or less aligned with the cardinal directions. Each of these systems is based on a particular Map projection to create a planar surface from the curved Earth surface. These are generally defined and used strategically to minimize the distortions inherent to projections. Common examples include the Universal transverse mercator (UTM) and national systems such as the British National Grid, and State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS). Engineering coordinate system (or local, custom) A cartesian coordinate system (2-D or 3-D) that is created bespoke for a small area, often a single engineering project, over which the curvature of the Earth can be safely approximated as flat without significant distortion. Locations are typically measured directly from an arbitrary origin point using surveying techniques. These may or may not be aligned with\",\n \"title\": \"Spatial reference system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37257405\",\n \"text\": \"The Gall stereographic projection, presented by James Gall in 1855, is a cylindrical projection. It is neither equal-area nor conformal but instead tries to balance the distortion inherent in any projection. Formulae The projection is conventionally defined as: where λ is the longitude from the central meridian in degrees, φ is the latitude, and R is the radius of the globe used as the model of the earth for projection. It is a perspective projection if the point of projection is allowed to vary with longitude: the point of projection being on the equator on the opposite side of the earth from the point being mapped and with the projective surface being a cylinder secant to the sphere at 45°N and 45°S. Gall called the projection \\\"stereographic\\\" because the spacing of the parallels is the same as the spacing of the parallels along the central meridian of the equatorial stereographic projection. The reverse projection is defined as : Braun stereographic projection This later (1867) cylindrical projection by Carl Braun is similar, differing only in the asymmetric scaling horizontally and vertically. This yields a projection tangent to the sphere. Its formula is: See also List of map projections References Bibliography Further reading External links gall in proj4 Progonos.com Map projections Cylindrical projections\",\n \"title\": \"Gall stereographic projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58246920\",\n \"text\": \"The Equal Earth map projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection for world maps, invented by Bojan Šavrič, Bernhard Jenny, and Tom Patterson in 2018. It is inspired by the widely used Robinson projection, but unlike the Robinson projection, retains the relative size of areas. The projection equations are simple to implement and fast to evaluate. The features of the Equal Earth projection include: The curved sides of the projection suggest the spherical form of Earth. Straight parallels make it easy to compare how far north or south places are from the equator. Meridians are evenly spaced along any line of latitude. Software for implementing the projection is easy to write and executes efficiently. According to the creators, the projection was created in response to the decision of the Boston public schools to adopt the Gall-Peters projection for world maps in March 2017, to accurately show the relative sizes of equatorial and non-equatorial regions. The decision generated controversy in the world of cartography due to this projection’s extreme distortion in the polar regions. At that time Šavrič, Jenny, and Patterson sought alternative map projections of equal areas for world maps, but could not find any that met their aesthetic criteria. Therefore, they created a new projection that had more visual appeal compared to existing projections of equal areas. As with the Natural Earth projection (2012) by Tom Patterson, a visual method was used to choose the parameters of the projection. A combination of Putniņš P4ʹ and Eckert IV projections was used as the basis. Formulation The projection is formulated as the equations where and refers to latitude and to longitude. Use The first known thematic map published using the Equal Earth projection is a map of the global mean temperature anomaly for July 2018, produced by the NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. References External links Map projections\",\n \"title\": \"Equal Earth projection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2216927\",\n \"text\": \"In computer graphics, cube mapping is a method of environment mapping that uses the six faces of a cube as the map shape. The environment is projected onto the sides of a cube and stored as six square textures, or unfolded into six regions of a single texture. The cube map is generated by first rendering the scene six times from a viewpoint, with the views defined by a 90 degree view frustum representing each cube face. Or if the environment is first considered to be projected onto a sphere, then each face of the cube is its gnomonic projection. In the majority of cases, cube mapping is preferred over the older method of sphere mapping because it eliminates many of the problems that are inherent in sphere mapping such as image distortion, viewpoint dependency, and computational inefficiency. Also, cube mapping provides a much larger capacity to support real-time rendering of reflections relative to sphere mapping because the combination of inefficiency and viewpoint dependency severely limits the ability of sphere mapping to be applied when there is a consistently changing viewpoint. Variants of cube mapping are also commonly used in 360 video projection. History Cube mapping was first proposed in 1986 by Ned Greene in his paper “Environment Mapping and Other Applications of World Projections”, ten years after environment mapping was first put forward by Jim Blinn and Martin Newell. However, hardware limitations on the ability to access six texture images simultaneously made it infeasible to implement cube mapping without further technological developments. This problem was remedied in 1999 with the release of the Nvidia GeForce 256. Nvidia touted cube mapping in hardware as “a breakthrough image quality feature of GeForce 256 that ... will allow developers to create accurate, real-time reflections. Accelerated in hardware, cube environment mapping will free up the creativity of developers to use reflections and specular lighting effects to create interesting, immersive environments.” Today, cube mapping is still used in a variety of graphical applications as a favored method of environment mapping. Advantages Cube mapping is preferred over other methods of environment mapping because of its relative simplicity. Also, cube mapping produces results that are similar to those obtained by ray tracing, but is much more computationally efficient – the moderate reduction in quality is compensated for by large gains in efficiency. Pre-dating cube mapping, sphere mapping has many inherent flaws that made it impractical for most applications. Sphere mapping is view-dependent, meaning that a different texture is necessary for each viewpoint. Therefore, in applications where the viewpoint is mobile, it would be necessary to dynamically generate a new sphere mapping for each new viewpoint (or, to pre-generate a mapping for every viewpoint). Also, a texture mapped onto a sphere's surface must be stretched and compressed, and warping and distortion (particularly along the edge of the sphere) are a direct consequence of this. Although these image flaws can be reduced using certain tricks and techniques like “pre-stretching”, this just adds another layer of complexity to sphere\",\n \"title\": \"Cube mapping\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Theorema Egregium"],"string":"[\n \"Theorema Egregium\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":45,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45966"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what potential influence does the fto gene have"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"10631756","text":"Fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16. As one homolog in the AlkB family proteins, it is the first mRNA demethylase that has been identified. Certain alleles of the FTO gene appear to be correlated with obesity in humans. Function The amino acid sequence of the transcribed FTO protein shows high similarity with the enzyme AlkB which oxidatively demethylates DNA. FTO is a member of the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, which are non-heme iron-containing proteins. Recombinant FTO protein was first discovered to catalyze demethylation of 3-methylthymine in single-stranded DNA, and 3-methyluridine in single-stranded RNA, with low efficiency. The nucleoside N6-methyladenosine (m6A), an abundant modification in RNA, was then found to be a major substrate of FTO. The FTO gene expression was also found to be significantly upregulated in the hypothalamus of rats after food deprivation and strongly negatively correlated with the expression of orexigenic galanin-like peptide which is involved in the stimulation of food intake. Increases in hypothalamic expression of FTO are associated with the regulation of energy intake but not feeding reward. People with two copies of the risk allele for the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showed differing neural responses to food images via fMRI. However, rs9939609's association with FTO is controversial, and may actually affect another gene, called Iroquois homeobox protein 3 (IRX3). FTO demethylates RNA FTO has been demonstrated to efficiently demethylate the related modified ribonucleotide, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, and to an equal or lesser extent, m6A, in vitro . FTO knockdown with siRNA led to increased amounts of m6A in polyA-RNA, whereas overexpression of FTO resulted in decreased amounts of m6A in human cells. FTO partially co-localizes with nuclear speckles, which supports the notion that in the nucleus, m6A can be a substrate of FTO. Function of FTO could affect the processing of pre-mRNA, other nuclear RNAs, or both. The discovery of the FTO-mediated oxidative demethylation of RNA may initiate further investigations on biological regulation based on reversible chemical modification of RNA, and identification of RNA substrates for which FTO has the highest affinity. FTO can oxidize m6A to generate N6 -hydroxymethyladenosine(hm6A) as an intermediate modification and N6 - formyladenosine(f6A) as a further oxidized product in mammalian cells. Plants do not carry orthologs of FTO and artificial introduction of an FTO transgene causes substantial and widespread RNA demethylation. Instead of causing catastrophic disregulation, the treated rice and potato plants show significant (50%) increases in yield and become more tolerant to drought. In mESCs and during mouse development, FTO has been shown to mediated LINE1 RNA m6A demethylation and consequently affect local chromatin state and nearby gene transcription. Tissue distribution The FTO gene is widely expressed in both fetal and adult tissues. Clinical significance Obesity 38,759 Europeans were studied for variants of FTO obesity risk allele. In particular, carriers of one copy of the allele weighed on average more than people with no copies. Carriers of two copies","title":"FTO gene"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"10631756\",\n \"text\": \"Fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16. As one homolog in the AlkB family proteins, it is the first mRNA demethylase that has been identified. Certain alleles of the FTO gene appear to be correlated with obesity in humans. Function The amino acid sequence of the transcribed FTO protein shows high similarity with the enzyme AlkB which oxidatively demethylates DNA. FTO is a member of the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, which are non-heme iron-containing proteins. Recombinant FTO protein was first discovered to catalyze demethylation of 3-methylthymine in single-stranded DNA, and 3-methyluridine in single-stranded RNA, with low efficiency. The nucleoside N6-methyladenosine (m6A), an abundant modification in RNA, was then found to be a major substrate of FTO. The FTO gene expression was also found to be significantly upregulated in the hypothalamus of rats after food deprivation and strongly negatively correlated with the expression of orexigenic galanin-like peptide which is involved in the stimulation of food intake. Increases in hypothalamic expression of FTO are associated with the regulation of energy intake but not feeding reward. People with two copies of the risk allele for the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showed differing neural responses to food images via fMRI. However, rs9939609's association with FTO is controversial, and may actually affect another gene, called Iroquois homeobox protein 3 (IRX3). FTO demethylates RNA FTO has been demonstrated to efficiently demethylate the related modified ribonucleotide, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, and to an equal or lesser extent, m6A, in vitro . FTO knockdown with siRNA led to increased amounts of m6A in polyA-RNA, whereas overexpression of FTO resulted in decreased amounts of m6A in human cells. FTO partially co-localizes with nuclear speckles, which supports the notion that in the nucleus, m6A can be a substrate of FTO. Function of FTO could affect the processing of pre-mRNA, other nuclear RNAs, or both. The discovery of the FTO-mediated oxidative demethylation of RNA may initiate further investigations on biological regulation based on reversible chemical modification of RNA, and identification of RNA substrates for which FTO has the highest affinity. FTO can oxidize m6A to generate N6 -hydroxymethyladenosine(hm6A) as an intermediate modification and N6 - formyladenosine(f6A) as a further oxidized product in mammalian cells. Plants do not carry orthologs of FTO and artificial introduction of an FTO transgene causes substantial and widespread RNA demethylation. Instead of causing catastrophic disregulation, the treated rice and potato plants show significant (50%) increases in yield and become more tolerant to drought. In mESCs and during mouse development, FTO has been shown to mediated LINE1 RNA m6A demethylation and consequently affect local chromatin state and nearby gene transcription. Tissue distribution The FTO gene is widely expressed in both fetal and adult tissues. Clinical significance Obesity 38,759 Europeans were studied for variants of FTO obesity risk allele. In particular, carriers of one copy of the allele weighed on average more than people with no copies. Carriers of two copies\",\n \"title\": \"FTO gene\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"3605460","text":"Fatso may refer to: Animals The proper name of Keyboard Cat (now deceased), a cat who became the subject of an Internet meme Fatso (crocodile), a saltwater crocodile in captivity in Western Australia Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional characters Sergeant \"Fatso\" Judson, a character in the 1953 American film From Here to Eternity Fatso, a member of the Ghostly Trio and one of Casper the Friendly Ghost's uncles Fatso, a wombat from the Australian television series A Country Practice The Mancubus or Fatso, a character in the video game Doom II Films Fatso (1980 film), an American film directed by Anne Bancroft Fatso (2008 film), a Norwegian film directed by Arild Fröhlich Fatso!, a 2012 Indian film directed by Rajat Kapoor Literature Fatso, a 1987 autobiography by retired American football player Art Donovan FAT!SO?, a 1998 book by Marilyn Wann Music Fatso (band), a band who featured on the TV series Rutland Weekend Television People Leonard DiMaria (born 1941), New York mobster nicknamed Fatso Vincenzo Licciardi (born 1965), Italian criminal clan boss nicknamed \"'o Chiatto\" (Fatso) Other uses FTO gene, or Fatso, a gene linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot of the Sydney 2000 Olympics Fatso (service), an online DVD rental service in New Zealand","title":"Fatso"},{"docid":"854294","text":"DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. As a consequence, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure. When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur. This can eventually lead to malignant tumors, or cancer as per the two-hit hypothesis. The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage incurred to its DNA, can enter one of three possible states: an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous The DNA repair ability of a cell is vital to the integrity of its genome and thus to the normal functionality of that organism. Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, and Aziz Sancar for their work on the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair processes. DNA damage DNA damage, due to environmental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell, occurs at a rate of 10,000 to 1,000,000 molecular lesions per cell per day. While this constitutes at most only 0.0003125% of the human genome's approximately 3.2 billion bases, unrepaired lesions in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes) can impede a cell's ability to carry out its function and appreciably increase the likelihood of tumor formation and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. The vast majority of DNA damage affects the primary structure of the double helix; that is, the bases themselves are chemically modified. These modifications can in turn disrupt the molecules' regular helical structure by introducing non-native chemical bonds or bulky adducts that do not fit in the standard double helix. Unlike proteins and RNA, DNA usually lacks tertiary structure and therefore damage or disturbance does not occur at that level. DNA is, however, supercoiled and wound around \"packaging\" proteins called histones (in eukaryotes), and both superstructures are vulnerable to the effects of DNA damage. Sources DNA damage can be subdivided into two main types: endogenous damage such as attack by reactive","title":"DNA repair"},{"docid":"37122597","text":"Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal and human behavior. It seeks to explain how nurture shapes nature, where nature refers to biological heredity and nurture refers to virtually everything that occurs during the life-span (e.g., social-experience, diet and nutrition, and exposure to toxins). Behavioral epigenetics attempts to provide a framework for understanding how the expression of genes is influenced by experiences and the environment to produce individual differences in behaviour, cognition, personality, and mental health. Epigenetic gene regulation involves changes other than to the sequence of DNA and includes changes to histones (proteins around which DNA is wrapped) and DNA methylation. These epigenetic changes can influence the growth of neurons in the developing brain as well as modify the activity of neurons in the adult brain. Together, these epigenetic changes in neuron structure and function can have a marked influence on an organism's behavior. Background In biology, and specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence; the term can also be used to describe the study of stable, long-term alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable. Examples of mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. DNA methylation turns a gene \"off\" – it results in the inability of genetic information to be read from DNA; removing the methyl tag can turn the gene back \"on\". Histone modification changes the way that DNA is packaged into chromosomes. These changes impact how genes are expressed. Epigenetics has a strong influence on the development of an organism and can alter the expression of individual traits. Epigenetic changes occur not only in the developing fetus, but also in individuals throughout the human life-span. Because some epigenetic modifications can be passed from one generation to the next, subsequent generations may be affected by the epigenetic changes that took place in the parents. Discovery The first documented example of epigenetics affecting behavior was provided by Michael Meaney and Moshe Szyf. While working at McGill University in Montréal in 2004, they discovered that the type and amount of nurturing a mother rat provides in the early weeks of the rat's infancy determines how that rat responds to stress later in life. This stress sensitivity was linked to a down-regulation in the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the brain. In turn, this down-regulation was found to be a consequence of the extent of methylation in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Immediately after birth, Meaney and Szyf found that methyl groups repress the glucocorticoid receptor gene in all rat pups, making the gene unable to unwind from the histone in order to be transcribed, causing a decreased stress response.","title":"Behavioral epigenetics"},{"docid":"2239705","text":"Gammaretrovirus is a genus in the Retroviridae family. Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia virus. They cause various sarcomas, leukemias and immune deficiencies in mammals, reptiles and birds. Introduction Many endogenous retroviruses, closely related to exogenous gammaretroviruses, are present in the DNA of mammals (including humans), birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many also share a conserved RNA structural element called a core encapsidation signal. The avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses are not strictly avian viruses—it appears that reticuloendotheliosis viruses are mammalian viruses that were accidentally introduced into birds in the 1930s during research on malaria. As a potential vector for gene therapy, gammaretroviruses have some advantages over HIV as a lentiviral vector. Specifically, the gammaretroviral packaging system does not require the incorporation of any sequences overlapping with coding sequences of gag, pol, or accessory genes. Gammaretroviruses have a wide range of implications for animals. They have been linked with several diseases including cancer, specifically leukemias and lymphomas, various neurological diseases, and some immunodeficiencies in many different species. Gammaretroviruses are similar to other retroviruses and reverse transcribe a positive single strand RNA into double stranded DNA. The double stranded DNA is highly stable and easily integrated into a host genome. A few examples of the virus are Moloney murine leukemia virus, xenotropic MuLB-related virus, feline leukemia virus, and feline sarcoma virus. Gammaretroviruses are very popular retroviral vectors in laboratory studies. These vectors are crucial for gene therapy and gene transfer. The reason that they are so useful is because their genomes are very simple and easy to use. Retroviruses have the ability to integrate into host cell genomes very well, which allows for the long term expression of their genome. One specific gammaretrovirus that is commonly used as a retroviral vector is the Moloney murine leukemia virus. A specific gammaretrovirus called xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been found to infect prostate cancer tissue in laboratories. XMRV is a recombinant virus created in a laboratory accident in the mid-1990s. Although it can infect human tissue, no known disease is associated with the infection and it is unlikely to exist outside laboratories. Alleged discovery of XMRV in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in 2009 caused a controversy and eventual retraction. There were over 50 human cancer cell lines that were claimed to be linked to murine leukemia virus-related virus or murine leukemia virus. There have also been claimed discoveries of murine gammaretroviruses in lung cancer cell lines. While it was unclear what role these viruses have in the cancer development, it was believed that they are most prevalent during the tumor developing stage of the cancer by inhibiting tumor suppressing genes. Viral classification Gammaretrovirus is a part of the retroviridae family. Gammaretroviruses are considered zoonotic viruses because they are found in many different mammalian species, such as mice, cats, pigs, primates, cows, and birds. However, bats are the primary reservoir for many gammaretroviruses. Bats can have a prolonged exposure to a variety of pathogens without showing","title":"Gammaretrovirus"},{"docid":"52985374","text":"Ismaa Sadaf Farooqi is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research fellow in Clinical Science, professor of Metabolism and Medicine at the University of Cambridge and a consultant physician at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, UK. Education Farooqi was educated at the University of Birmingham where she studied medicine, and was awarded a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree in 1993. After working as a pre-registration house officer and senior house officer, she moved into research and was awarded a PhD in 2001 from the University of Cambridge for research on the genetics of severe childhood obesity. Research Farooqi's research investigates the genetics of obesity. Using candidate genes found in patients with severe obesity, her research group have identified patients with mutations in genes encoding leptin, the leptin receptor and biological targets of leptin action, such as the Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Her group have also demonstrated that the central leptin-melanocortin axis plays a critical role in the regulation of human food intake. Research in her laboratory has shown that people who carry variants of the MC4R gene have an increased preference for high fat food (such as certain recipes of chicken korma), but a decreased preference for sugary foods like Eton mess. Her research has also proven that mutations in the KSR2 gene are associated with insulin resistance and that genetic variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is associated with diminished hunger. Her research has been funded by the Wellcome Trust, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust and the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP7) from the European Union. Awards and honours Farooqi was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2021. Farooqi was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2013. Her citation on election reads: Farooqi was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on The Life Scientific, first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2017. Farooqi was awarded the American Diabetes Association's Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award in 2019. References Living people Wellcome Trust Alumni of the University of Cambridge Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom) Academics of the University of Cambridge 20th-century British medical doctors 21st-century British medical doctors Year of birth missing (living people) British women medical doctors British women scientists Fellows of the Royal Society","title":"Sadaf Farooqi"},{"docid":"55285468","text":"The Mammalian Genetics Unit was a genetics and genomics research institute in Oxfordshire. History Earlier research on the same site at the Radiobiology Research Unit, which opened in 1954, in the 1950s was into cytogenetics, where Charles Edmund Ford and John Hamerton confirmed on 12 January 1956 the size of the human genome. In the early 1970s this unit led research into mutagenic effects of radiation on the human chromosome. In the mid-1980s, important early work was done in genomic imprinting. From 2007, the site no longer carried out work into the effects of radiation on genes (radiobiology). From April 2022, the site closed as the Mammalian Genetics Unit and was merged with the neighboring Mary Lyon Centre. MGU The MGU was largely derived from the earlier Radiobiology Unit (RBU). In 2010, work at the unit discovered that overexpression of the FTO gene led to obesity. Structure The unit was in Oxfordshire. Function The unit carried out work into genetics and genome engineering. See also List of geneticists Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society References External links Science Oxford Structure 1995 establishments in England Genetic engineering in the United Kingdom Genetics or genomics research institutions Mammal genetics Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) Research institutes established in 1995 Research institutes in Oxfordshire Vale of White Horse","title":"Mammalian Genetics Unit"},{"docid":"59883652","text":"Libertine is the fourth and final studio album by English rock band Gene. It was released on 22 October 2001 though their own label Contra. After departing from their previous label Polydor Records in 1999, the band spent sometime writing material. Their next album was recorded across various studios in Lincolnshire, Twickenham and London. Hugh Jones served as the producer on nearly all of the songs, bar one that was produced by Stephen Street. Libertine focusses on piano instrumentation, taking influence from soul music, namely What's Going On (1971) by Marvin Gaye. Libertine received generally favourable reviews from critics, some of whom commented on the quality of the songs. The album reached number 92 in the UK Albums Chart. Ahead of the album's release, \"Is It Over?\" appeared as its lead single in October 2001. Around this time, Gene embarked on a tour of the United Kingdom. \"Does He Have a Name?\" was released as the second single from the album in January 2002. Libertine has been reissued on CD and vinyl over the years; four songs from it appeared on the band's fourth compilation album Yours for the Taking (The Best Of) (2020). Background Gene released their third studio album Revelations in March 1999. It peaked at number 25 on the UK Albums Chart; out of its two singles, \"As Good as It Gets\" reaching the highest at number 23. The following month, the band announced they had left their label Polydor Records, with both parties coming to a mutual agreement. In the same announcement, they revealed they were working on songs for their next album. In June 2000, the band played the United States for the first time in three years; the occasion was livestreamed over the internet. A live album, titled Rising for Sunset, was released on their label Contra later in the month. This was followed by one-off shows in New York City and Tunbridge Wells. Libertine was recorded at Chapel Studios in Lincolnshire, The Barge in Twickenham, Westside Studios in London, Townhouse Studios in London and BFD Studios in London. Hugh Jones produced nearly all of the songs, bar \"You\", which was produced by Stephen Street. Ewan Davies (with assistance from Will Bartle), Kenny Patterson and Cenzo Townsend served as engineers throughout the sessions. Recording concluded by May 2001. Jones mixed almost every track, save for \"Does He Have a Name?\", \"Yours for the Taking\" and \"You\"; the latter two were done by Street, while Michael Fayne and Jamie Maher handled \"Does He Have a Name?\". Kevin Metcalf then mastered the album at The Soundmaster Studios in London. Composition Libertine places more of an emphasis on piano, and takes influence from 1960s soul music and What's Going On (1971) by Marvin Gaye. Neil Hodge of Louder Than War said it was an \"atmospheric album that is a perfect example of late night listening including strings, Hammond organ, slide guitars and ventures into reggae\". It opens with the seven-minute chamber pop song \"Does He Have a","title":"Libertine (Gene album)"},{"docid":"70932451","text":"Rachel Louise Batterham is a British physician who is a professor of Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology at University College London. She established the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery. She has extensively studied obesity, and has contributed to clinical management and the understanding of obesity-related diseases. Early life and education Batterham was an undergraduate medical student at Imperial College London, where she was based at St Mary's Hospital. She completed her speciality training in diabetes and endocrinology. As part of her training, she became particularly interested in obesity. After her residency, she worked toward a master's degree in biochemistry. She eventually completed a doctorate in the regulation of body weight. Research and career In 2005, Batterham was appointed a consultant at the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, where she set up a service for the management of obesity. She was eventually promoted to Professor of Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology, and appointed Obesity theme lead for the UCL National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre. Batterham identified that a genetic variation in the FTO gene can make people more likely to become obese. People with the obesity-risk variant have higher circulating levels of ghrelin in their blood, which means that they feel hungry even after having a meal. In 2016, Batterham was awarded an Research Professorship by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). She looked to improve the health of people with obesity. Whilst bariatric surgery can cause long-term weight loss, it can be difficult to access and does not always improve human health. Batterham sought to understand whether genotypes could be used to determine whether or not someone respond well to bariatric surgery. She investigated whether exercise or pharmaceutical interventions could improve weight loss and health outcomes. Batterhman believes that health inequalities perpetuate obesity amongst people from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Batterham founded the Obesity Empowerment Network in 2019. The charity looks to empower and engage people of all ages who have obesity. In 2022, she created a documentary on obesity and how the phenomenon can be addressed. Awards and honours 2015 Diabetes UK Rank Fund Nutrition Prize 2016 Appointed to the Council of the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society 2016 Andre Mayer award from the World Obesity Federation 2018 Royal Society of Medicine's Steven's Lecture 2017 Sir Jules Thorn Award for Biomedical Award 2018 Crick Lecture 2022 Appointed Order of the British Empire in the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours Selected publications References Alumni of Imperial College London Academics of University College London 21st-century British medical doctors Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Members of the Order of the British Empire Obesity researchers NIHR Research Professors","title":"Rachel Batterham"},{"docid":"4474479","text":"FTO may refer to: Field training officer Fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) Foreign Terrorist Organisation, term used in the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations Freedom to operate Frontier Oil, a defunct American oil company that traded on the NYSE as FTO FTO, initialism used for the New South Wales Film and Television Office, former name of Screen NSW FTO gene, a fat mass and obesity-associated protein Mitsubishi FTO, an automobile","title":"FTO"},{"docid":"12934723","text":"The Mitsubishi Galant Coupé FTO is a rear-wheel drive coupe produced by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors from November 1971 to March 1975. \"FTO\" was meant to stand for Fresco Turismo Omologato, in a fine example of Japanese Italian. The compact Coupé FTO can be seen as the replacement for the earlier Mitsubishi Colt 11-F Super Sports. The FTO was first introduced with an 1,378 cc 4G41 \"Neptune\" engine, until it was replaced in a February 1973 redesign by a pair of 1,597 cc 4G32 \"Saturn\" powerplants, offering either or depending on the state of tune. There was also a 1,439 cc Saturn engine, offering . In October 1973 there was a minor facelift, and the lineup was restricted to four versions as the EL, GS, and four-speed SL versions were cancelled. Production gradually came to an end in August 1975, after the introduction in March that year of the more staid Lancer Celeste. The FTO was based on the chassis of the first generation Mitsubishi Galant, shortened by for extra agility and lightness. It carried the chassis codes A61 (Neptune 1.4), A62 (Saturn 1.4), and A63 (Saturn 1.6). 1600 GSRs built before October 1974 (when safety standards were changed) received black plastic wheelarch extensions to accommodate a wider track, resulting in an even more aggressive look. The GSR also featured a standard limited slip differential. The FTO name was again resurrected twenty years after production of the original had ceased, when the company introduced the front-wheel drive Mitsubishi FTO in 1994. Data Primary data sources for each model are given in the first row. Data sourced elsewhere is referenced in each individual cell where it is used. References Mitsubishi Motors history, 1971–80, Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website Mitsubishi Galant FTO specifications, Histomobile Coupés Galant FTO Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Sports cars Cars introduced in 1971","title":"Mitsubishi Galant FTO"},{"docid":"49608776","text":"Parasite-stress theory, or pathogen-stress theory, is a theory of human evolution proposing that parasites and diseases encountered by a species shape the development of species' values and qualities, proposed by researchers Corey Fincher and Randy Thornhill. The differences in how parasites and diseases stress people's development is what leads to differences in their biological mate value and mate preferences, as well as differences across culture. Parasites causing diseases pose potential ecological hazards and, subsequently, selection pressures can alter psychological and social behaviours of humans, as well as have an influence on their immune systems. Theories of parasite-mediated mate choice Several hypotheses have attempted to explain how parasite load influences female mate choice, as certain traits are thought to be costly and the expression of such traits may be indicative of genetic quality. Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis According to the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis, female mate choice is based on the extent to which male secondary sexual characteristics are expressed, as these are thought to be indicative of a heritable resistance to pathogens. A meta-analysis reviewed studies exploring the magnitude of the relationship between expression of secondary sexual characteristics and parasite intensity, as well as level of host immune functioning. Consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Hamilton and Zuk, the meta-analysis revealed that males with the fewest parasites and/or the strongest immune systems typically had the most extravagant secondary sexual characteristics. With regards to parasite-stress theory, these findings would be interpreted as those men who have encountered more parasites – or are naturally less capable of dealing with parasites – are also less desirable mates to females, due to a lower genetic quality for the potential offspring. Zahavi handicap principle The Zahavi handicap principle, originally proposed by Zahavi in 1975, suggests that males who possess secondary sexual characteristics which provide a handicap are more attractive to females. These sexual ornaments are sexually selected in order to appear stronger and better adapted, compared to other males in the environment. This is because these characteristics are indicators of good genes and heritable viability, as they are costly to an individual's survival to maintain and produce. Therefore, the stronger the individual is, the more able they are to bear this cost. These kinds of characteristics are a form of communication within species, as they are defined as honest signals (a signal about a mate's quality which cannot be faked). As a weak individual would not be able to survive with this particular characteristic, it signals to potential mates that it is stronger than its competitors and has a high mate value. Examples of such traits include the peacock's tail, very bright in nature and hence attracting more attention from predators as well as requiring more energy to maintain. Another example is the gazelle's stotting behaviour, whereby the gazelle jumps up and down when it spots a predator, in order to indicate its physical fitness. Immunocompetence handicap hypothesis This hypothesis takes Zahavi's principle further in suggesting that testosterone is responsible for the production of male secondary sexual traits while","title":"Parasite-stress theory"},{"docid":"11503558","text":"Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a membrane protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol trafficking in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by the NPC1 gene (chromosome location 18q11). Function NPC1 was identified as the gene that when mutated, results in Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Niemann-Pick disease, type C is a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder resulting from autosomal recessively inherited loss-of-function mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2. This disrupts intracellular lipid transport, leading to the accumulation of lipid products in the late endosomes and lysosomes. Approximately 95% of NPC patients are found to have mutations in the NPC1 gene. NPC1 encodes a putative integral membrane protein containing sequence motifs consistent with a role in intracellular transport of cholesterol and sphingosine to post-lysosomal destinations. Clinical significance Obesity Mutations in the NPC1 gene have been strongly linked with obesity. A genome-wide association study identified NPC1 mutations as a risk factor in childhood obesity and adult morbid obesity, and 1,416 age-matched normal weight controls. Mutations in NPC1 were also correlated with ordinary weight gain in the population. Previous studies in mice have suggested that the NPC1 gene has a role in controlling appetite, as mice with a non-functioning NPC1 gene suffer late-onset weight loss and have poor food intake. NPC1 gene variant could account for around 10 per cent of all childhood obesity and about 14 per cent of adult morbid obesity cases. Obesity is a widely known disorder that is caused by having too high of a body fat percentage (defined as more than 25% body fat percentage for men, and more than 33% for women) — specifically a large excess of white adipose tissue — responsible for dramatically increasing the risks of developing other medical conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis, cancer, and many more. Being obese is different from being overweight (which is simply weighing too much or over the recommended amount) as that does not account for body fat percentage or a body fat to body weight ratio, meaning that the weight can come from other areas in the body such as bone and/or muscle. In just the United States alone, approximately 40% of Americans aged twenty and above are obese, and over 70% of Americans aged twenty and above are overweight (which includes obesity), making obesity a major health issue that must be researched and addressed further. There are many factors that can affect obesity, including environment, diet, life-style (sedentary vs. active), genetic predisposition—and even within only the genetic component it is rarely ever just one single gene that is the main cause for obesity or increase in obesity risks. There are numerous genes (over a hundred) that can contribute to and are known to be strongly associated with or responsible for obesity. These include genes such as MC4R, LEP, LEPR, and FTO. One of the lesser known gene diseases that is known to be linked to obesity is the NPC1 disease, which is otherwise known as the Niemann-Pick disease type C1. It","title":"NPC1"},{"docid":"57404410","text":"Epigenetics in forensic science is the application of epigenetics to solving crimes. Forensic science has been using DNA as evidence since 1984, however this does not give information about any changes in the individual since birth and will not be useful in distinguishing identical siblings. The focus of epigenetics in the forensic field is on non-heritable changes such as aging and diseases. Epigenetics involves any changes to the DNA that does not affect the sequence, but instead affects the activity of the DNA, such as the level of transcription of a particular gene. These changes can be passed down transgenerationally through the germline or arise after birth from environmental factors. In humans and other mammals, CpG dinucleotides are the main sequence that develops methylation, and because of this most studies on try and find unique methylation sites. There are a few methylation sites that have been determined as a cause of environmental influences from age, lifestyle, or certain diseases. DNA methylation DNA methylation is a common epigenetic mark being studied as potential evidence in forensic science. Unlike DNA, realistic DNA methylation is less likely be planted at crime scenes.> Current methods to fabricate DNA usually exclude important methylation marks found in biological tissues making this a way to confirm the identity of an individual when evidence is being assessed. Many different tissues can be used to analyze methylation. Sample preservation The effect of cryopreservation on epigenetic marks in tissues is a new area of study. The primary focus of this research is on oocytes and sperm for the purpose of assisted reproductive technology, however it can be useful in forensics for the preservation of evidence. Methylation can be analyzed in fresh tissue that is cryo-preserved within 24 hours of death and it can then be analyzed in this tissue for up to 1 year. If the tissue is formalin-fixed or putrefied, methylation analysis is much more difficult. Aging Although blood is the primary sample used in studies, most tissues consistently show that methylation increases early in life and slowly decreases, globally, throughout late adulthood. This process is referred to as epigenetic drift. The epigenetic clock refers to methylation sites that are highly associated with aging. These sites consistently change across individuals and can therefore be used as age markers for an individual. There are some models that have been developed to predict ages for specific samples, such as saliva and buccal epithelial cells, blood, or semen, but others have been made to age any tissue. In 2011, three significant, hypermethylated CpG sites related to aging across all samples were found in the KCNQ1DN, NPTX2, and GRIA2 genes. The age guess for over 700 samples had a mean absolute deviation from chronological age (MAD) of 11.4 years. Two years later, almost 8,000 samples were used in an elastic net regularized regression to create a new age predictive model. This resulted in 353 CpG sites being chosen for the age prediction, and the model had a MAD of 3.6 years. There is","title":"Epigenetics in forensic science"},{"docid":"67126169","text":"Bisantrene is an anthracenyl bishydrazone with anthracycline-like antineoplastic activity and an antimetabolite. Bisantrene intercalates with and disrupts the configuration of DNA, resulting in DNA single-strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinking, and inhibition of DNA replication. This agent is similar to doxorubicin in chemotherapeutic activity, but unlike anthracyclines like doxorubicin, it exhibits little cardiotoxicity. In addition to its anthracycline-like activity, a July 2020 seminal article by Su, R et al. at the City of Hope Hospital in Los Angeles, California, USA first identified bisantrene to also be a potent (IC50 = 142nM) inhibitor of the Fat Mass and Obesity (FTO) associated protein, which is a m6A RNA demethylase. The same study found that bisantrene is a weak inhibitor of ALKBH5, which is the only other demethylase, i.e. bisantrene is also a selective inhibitor of FTO. In 2021, bisantrene was demonstrated preclinically to be cardioprotective when administered together with cardiotoxic anthracyclines. A bisantrene combination treatment is currently (as at early 2024) nearing the end of a Phase II clinical trial to assess its efficacy in treating AML in heavily pretreated patients and to assess any adverse side effects, including any cardiotoxicity of the combination. The December 2023 interim findings are given in the History section. Medical uses Clinical trials of Bisantrene in the 1980s showed efficacy in a range of leukaemias (including Acute Myeloid Leukaemia), breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. Adverse Side Effects High doses of bisantrene (above 200 mg/m2/day) cause adverse side effects typical of anthracycline chemotherapeutics. Common adverse side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, rash, and inflammation of the mouth. For a chemotherapy drug, it is considered to have relatively low toxicity. Unlike other anthracycline chemotherapeutics, Bisantrene shows low levels of cardiotoxicity. In a Phase III metastatic breast cancer clinical, patients were exposed to cumulative doses in excess of 5440 mg/m2 without developing cardiac damage. The same study observed significantly lower rates of hair loss and nausea compared to patients given doxorubicin. Three Mechanisms of Action Bisantrene has three distinct mechanisms of action. Bisantrene contains an appropriately sized planar electron-rich chromophore to be a DNA intercalating agent, and in vitro, it is a potent inhibitor of DNA and RNA synthesis. Bisantrene is also a potent and selective inhibitor of the FTO enzyme, which is an m6A mRNA demethylase. Bisantrene acts by occupying FTO's catalytic pocket. This is a relatively recent discovery (July 2020). Finally, the University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute found in late 2021 preclinical research that bisantrene has a cardioprotective mechanism of action when administered together with a cardiotoxic drug such as doxorubicin. As at early 2024, the molecular basis for this cardioprotective effect hasn't been announced by the researchers. Bisantrene's cardioprotective mechanism of action is important because \"15 of the 35 commercially available anti-cancer drugs have direct cardiotoxic effects on HCM (human cardiomyocytes).\" According to the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance Cardio-Oncology Working Group , a drug which is simultaneously anticancer and cardioprotective is the \"Holy Grail\" of Cardio-Oncology. History Bisantrene was developed by Lederle","title":"Bisantrene"},{"docid":"1505166","text":"Genetic architecture is the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties. Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is, at the most basic level, the result of the segregation of alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL). Environmental factors and other external influences can also play a role in phenotypic variation. Genetic architecture is a broad term that can be described for any given individual based on information regarding gene and allele number, the distribution of allelic and mutational effects, and patterns of pleiotropy, dominance, and epistasis. There are several different experimental views of genetic architecture. Some researchers recognize that the interplay of various genetic mechanisms is incredibly complex, but believe that these mechanisms can be averaged and treated, more or less, like statistical noise. Other researchers claim that each and every gene interaction is significant and that it is necessary to measure and model these individual systemic influences on evolutionary genetics. Applications Genetic architecture can be studied and applied at many different levels. At the most basic, individual level, genetic architecture describes the genetic basis for differences between individuals, species, and populations. This can include, among other details, how many genes are involved in a specific phenotype and how gene interactions, such as epistasis, influence that phenotype. Line-cross analyses and QTL analyses can be used to study these differences. This is perhaps the most common way that genetic architecture is studied, and though it is useful for supplying pieces of information, it does not generally provide a complete picture of the genetic architecture as a whole. Genetic architecture can also be used to discuss the evolution of populations. Classical quantitative genetics models, such as that developed by R.A. Fisher, are based on analyses of phenotype in terms of the contributions from different genes and their interactions. Genetic architecture is sometimes studied using a genotype–phenotype map, which graphically depicts the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype. Genetic architecture is incredibly important for understanding evolutionary theory because it describes phenotypic variation in its underlying genetic terms, and thus it gives us clues about the evolutionary potential of these variations. Therefore, genetic architecture can help us to answer biological questions about speciation, the evolution of sex and recombination, the survival of small populations, inbreeding, understanding diseases, animal and plant breeding, and more. Evolvability Evolvability is literally defined as the ability to evolve. In terms of genetics, evolvability is the ability of a genetic system to produce and maintain potentially adaptive genetic variants. There are several aspects of genetic architecture that contribute strongly to the evolvability of a system, including autonomy, mutability, coordination, epistasis, pleiotropy, polygeny, and robustness. Autonomy: the existence of quasi-independent characters with the potential for evolutionary autonomy. Mutability: the possibility that genetic mutation can occur. Coordination: a phenomenon such as development, during which many different genetic processes and changes happen at once. Epistasis: a phenomenon in which one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more \"modifier\" genes. Polygeny: a phenomenon in which multiple genes contribute","title":"Genetic architecture"},{"docid":"36667426","text":"XB130 (also known as AFAP1L2) is a cytosolic adaptor protein and signal transduction mediator. XB130 regulates cell proliferation, cell survival, cell motility and gene expression. XB130 is highly similar to AFAP and is thus known as actin filament associated protein 1-like 2 (AFAP1L2). XB130 is a substrate and regulator of multiple tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. XB130 is highly expressed in the thyroid and spleen. Molecular structure The XB130 gene is located on human chromosome 10q25.3 and encodes an 818 amino acid protein. It has a molecular weight of approximately 130 kDa and is structurally similar to actin-filament-associated protein (AFAP) and is thus known as AFAP1L2. Several tyrosine phosphorylation sites and a proline rich sequence are included in the N-terminal region of XB130, which allows it to interact and activate c-Src-containing proteins, as well as bind to p85α of PI3K. Two pleckstrin-homology domains are located in the middle portion, giving XB130 its lipid-binding ability. The C-terminal region contains a coiled-coil domain, which shares partial similarity with AFAP's leucine zipper domain. Both the C-terminal and N-terminal regions of XB130 are required for XB130's role in its translocation to the lamellipodia. Despite XB130's structural similarity to AFAP, XB130 does not behave like an actin filament-associated protein. The actin-binding site present in AFAP is only partially present in XB130. Function Role in cell cycle and survival XB130 has been demonstrated to play a role in cell proliferation and survival through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. When tyrosine phosphorylated, XB130 has the ability to interact with the p85ɑ subunit of PI3K through its SH2 domains. This interaction leads to the subsequent activation of Akt, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Activated Akt promotes cell survival and cell cycle progression by phosphorylating and inactivating p21Cip1/WAF1, p27Kip1, and GSK3β, as well as inhibits apoptosis by preventing the cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-9, which are involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of cell death, respectively.> Alternatively, when the expression of XB130 is suppressed in vitro, Akt phosphorylation and therefore activation becomes significantly reduced. This, in turn, leads to cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase and accelerated apoptosis. Role in cell motility and invasion During cytoskeletal rearrangement, a process required for cell motility, XB130 translocates to the cell periphery. XB130 exhibits a high affinity for peripheral F-actin structures, such as the lamellipodium. The translocation of XB130 to the cell periphery is particularly important in its potential to influence cell migration and metastasis. Role in gene expression The level of XB130 expression influences the expression of multiple genes related to cell proliferation and survival, and microRNAs miR-33a, 149a, and 193a-3p, all of which exhibit tumor suppressive function in thyroid cancer cells. Role in inflammation XB130 mediated c-Src binding and activation increases Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine produce by lung epithelial cells, which contains AP-1 and SRE transcription factor binding sites. These binding sites can be activated by the downregulation of XB130 expression and lead to a decrease in IL-8 production in lung cells. Interactions XB130 (gene) has been known to","title":"XB130"},{"docid":"45462622","text":"Oligogenic inheritance (Greek ὀλίγος – ὀligos = few, a little) describes a trait that is influenced by a few genes. Oligogenic inheritance represents an intermediate between monogenic inheritance in which a trait is determined by a single causative gene, and polygenic inheritance, in which a trait is influenced by many genes and often environmental factors. Historically, many traits were thought to be governed by a single causative gene (in what is deemed monogenic inheritance), however work in genetics revealed that these traits are comparatively rare, and in most cases so-called monogenic traits are predominantly influenced by one gene, but can be mediated by other genes of small effect. History Around the 1930s/40s, evidence that multiple genes could affect the risk of disease that showed discrete inheritance patterns, due to differences in the age of onset of disease for siblings. The age of onset for sibling pairs was very similar, but between pairs of siblings could be quite different, and would in some cases cluster into several age brackets. This suggested a major gene that controlled the risk for a disease, and other genes that impacted age of onset. The recognition of diseases which were influenced by more than one gene highlighted a need to develop methodologies for detecting these oligogenic inheritance patterns, as they did not fit the more straightforward Mendelian model of inheritance. The developments of such methods accelerated the discovery of other examples of oligogenic traits, and sparked a change in the way genetic disease was perceived. Modifier genes One example of oligogenic inheritance is a case where one gene is sufficient to cause a trait, however its penetrance or expressivity is influenced by another gene, called a modifier. An example of such a case is the gene TGFB1 which modified a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease if they are carrying the disease variant of the gene APP. The mechanism is thought to work through the modifier variant increasing the clearance of amyloid fibers in the aging brain, reducing plaque burden. Identification of oligogenic traits A trait can be recognised as oligogenic through the following lines of evidence: Phenotype–genotype correlations: if phenotype can't be predicted to a single strongly correlated locus, but inclusion of genotype from another locus improves the correlation, this is evidence for the trait being oligogenic Phenotypic differences in an animal model of the disease that are dependent on the genetic background: the effects of a potential modifier locus can be tested in an animal with another known causative mutation Disparities between mutations and a Mendelian model of inheritance: if carriers of a mutation do not show the pattern of phenotypes expected under Mendelian inheritance, other models may better explain observed patterns of inheritance The establishment of linkage to more than one locus or the failure to detect linkage using Mendelian models: when tracing mutations associated with a trait through a family tree, more than one mutation may show the same pattern of inheritance as the trait (in a case where multiple variants are","title":"Oligogenic inheritance"},{"docid":"37760976","text":"Infologs are independently designed synthetic genes derived from one or a few genes where substitutions are systematically incorporated to maximize information. Infologs are designed for perfect diversity distribution to maximize search efficiency. Typical protein engineering methods rely on screening a high number (106-1012 or more) of gene variants to identify individuals with improved activity using a surrogate high throughput screen (HTP) to identify initial hits. Unfortunately, results are defined by what is screened for, thus the “hit” from the HTP screen often has very little real activity in a lower throughput assay more indicative of the improved functionality for which the protein is being developed. By adapting the standard algorithms for engineering complex systems to work with biological systems, the resulting process enables researchers to deconvolute how substitutions within a protein sequence modify its function. Combining these algorithms with an integrated query and ranking mechanism allows the identification of appropriate sequence substitutions. Infologs refers to the set of designed genes, singular use Infolog describes an individual variant. Ancestry Homology between protein or DNA sequences is defined in terms of shared ancestry. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of either a speciation event (orthologs) or a duplication event (paralogs). Homologs are similar genes and/or proteins which are related by ancestry. Orthologs are the 'same' gene, but from different organisms. Homologous sequences are orthologous if they were separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be orthologous. Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. The term \"ortholog\" was coined in 1970 by Walter Fitch. Paralogs are related genes originating from one gene that through duplication ended up as two genes that over time has evolved for two separate functions (or, according to a recent Science paper, a promiscuous starting gene that duplicated and each copy evolved towards different functions). Paralogs typically have the same or similar function, but sometimes do not: due to lack of the original selective pressure upon one copy of the duplicated gene, this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Paralogs usually occur from within the same species. Xenologs are homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer between two organisms. Xenologs can have different functions, if the new environment is vastly different for the horizontally moving gene. In general, though, xenologs typically have similar function in both organisms. Infologs are similar genes and/or proteins which are related by synthetic ancestry to approach perfect diversity distribution. Features Optimize directly for function in the final application Does not require high-throughput (HTP) screens Screen small numbers of variants (50-200) directly for the desired function Decreased false positives: variants identified by HTP screens that do not retain activity in 'real' assay Decreased loss of potential positive hits due to screening error or poor correlation between HTP screen and 'real' assay No biodiversity collections","title":"Infologs"},{"docid":"264936","text":"Perceptual mapping or market mapping is a diagrammatic technique used by asset marketers that attempts to visually display the perceptions of customers or potential customers. The positioning of a brand is influenced by customer perceptions rather than by those of businesses. For example, a business may feel it sells upmarket products of high quality, but if customers view the products as low quality, it is their views which will influence sales. Typically the position of a company's product, product line, or brand is displayed relative to their competition. Perceptual maps, also known as market maps, usually have two dimensions but can be multi-dimensional or use multiple colours to add an extra variable. They can be used to identify gaps in the market and potential partners or merger targets as well as to clarify perceptual problems with a company's product. So, if a business wants to find out where its brand is positioned in the market, it might carry out market research. This will help them to find out how the customers sees their brand in relation to others in the market. Uses Perceptual mapping enables companies to better understand their customers: the who, why, where, how and what of their behaviour. If a business is perceived in a manner they find unsatisfactory, further research then identifies what can be done to change that. Perceptual mapping also allows businesses to see what consumers think of other brands, particularly their competitors. Regular uses of the maps can help track preferences, and see changes as they happen. Perceptual mapping can help define market segments, showing clusters of businesses differentiated by key aspects (such as higher class or number of restaurants). Within the clusters found in perceptual maps of entire industries, a business can classify potential partners or possible businesses to merge with, since the clustering of brands signifies the similarity in businesses, meaning they have corresponding attributes. It can also help identify gaps in a market where a new product or service could be introduced. Perceptual maps can also be used to help keep track of how a new product, such as a recently introduced smartphone, is being viewed in a specific market. It is important to see that the way a business is marketing its product is not only successful, but successful in a manner that aligns with the business’s overarching goal for positioning. Some companies seem to have fallen out of favor with the public, such as Quicken Loans and VW. Perceptual mapping can help elicit the extent of the damage. Limitations There are many limitations to perceptual mapping. The largest is the number of variables used. Traditionally, the map uses two variables and does not account for others, because these first two variables include the most variance. This assumption can hinder the reliability of results, as in some cases, it is not safe to assume that there are only two major factors influencing the decision of purchase for a consumer. For example, a graph may use quality of food and","title":"Perceptual mapping"},{"docid":"42647878","text":"Epigenetic therapy refers to the use of drugs or other interventions to modify gene expression patterns, potentially treating diseases by targeting epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that do not arise from alterations in the DNA sequence, resulting in the heritable silencing of genes without changing the coding sequence. Epigenetic therapy involves using drugs or other techniques to influence these epigenetic mechanisms in addressing specific medical conditions. Various diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and mental illnesses, are influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging areas of epigenetic therapy include its application in heart disease, primarily focusing on tissue regeneration, and in schizophrenia, where the focus lies on alleviating symptoms. Overall, epigenetic therapies aim to target the underlying epigenetic molecular pathways responsible for disease manifestation. Epigenetics Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in gene expressions that do not result from alterations in the DNA sequence'. Altered gene expression patterns can result from chemical modifications in DNA and chromatin, to changes in several regulatory mechanisms. Epigenetic markings can be inherited in some cases, and can change in response to environmental stimuli over the course of an organism's life. Many diseases are known to have a genetic component, but the epigenetic mechanisms underlying many conditions are still being discovered. A significant number of diseases are known to change the expression of genes within the body, and epigenetic involvement is a plausible hypothesis for how they do this. These changes can be the cause of symptoms to the disease. Several diseases, especially cancer, have been suspected of selectively turning genes on or off, thereby resulting in a capability for the tumorous tissues to escape the host's immune reaction. Known epigenetic mechanisms typically cluster into three categories. The first is DNA methylation, where a cytosine residue that is followed by a guanine residue (CpG) is methylated. In general, DNA methylation attracts proteins which fold that section of the chromatin and repress the related genes. The second category is histone modifications. Histones are proteins which are involved in the folding and compaction of the chromatin. There are several different types of histones, and they can be chemically modified in a number of ways. Acetylation of histone tails typically leads to weaker interactions between the histones and the DNA, which is associated with gene expression. Histones can be modified in many positions, with many different types of chemical modifications, but the precise details of the histone code are currently unknown. The final category of epigenetic mechanism is regulatory RNA. MicroRNAs are small, noncoding sequences that are involved in gene expression. Thousands of miRNAs are known, and the extent of their involvement in epigenetic regulation is an area of ongoing research. Epigenetic therapies are reversible, unlike gene therapy. This means that they are druggable for targeted therapies. Potential applications Cancer Epigenetic alterations can play a major role in the development and progression of cancer. This can be seen as a result of the changes made","title":"Epigenetic therapy"},{"docid":"44631723","text":"The genetic influences of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not understood well due to the limitations of any genetic study of mental illness; in that, it cannot be ethically induced in selected groups. Because of this, all studies must use naturally occurring groups with genetic similarities and differences, thus the amount of data is limited. Still, genetics play some role in the development of PTSD. Research and potential influences Approximately 30% of the variance in PTSD is caused by genetics alone. For twins exposed to combat in the Vietnam War, a monozygotic (identical) twin with PTSD was associated with an increased risk of the co-twin having PTSD, as compared to dizygotic (non-identical) twins; additionally, assaultive trauma (compared to non-assaultive trauma) was more likely to exacerbate these effects. There is also evidence that those with a genetically smaller hippocampus are more likely to develop PTSD following a traumatic event. Research has also found that PTSD shares many genetic influences common to other psychiatric disorders. Panic and generalized anxiety disorders and PTSD share 60% of the same genetic variance. Alcohol, nicotine, and drug dependence share greater than 40% genetic similarities. Additional disorders—such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder—share the same fundamental genetic phenotypes as PTSD. Nature vs. nurture An individual's potential for onset of many psychological disorders is heavily affected by genetic phenotypes, yet this is not the only contributing factor. Environment plays an important role as well, especially for trauma-based disorders such as PTSD, considering that certain life experiences can trigger the activation of an underlying genetic phenotype which might have been previously dormant. This can be further understood by examining the diathesis-stress model for the onset of psychological disorders, which explains that certain individuals, due to their genetic phenotypes, are more susceptible to psychological disorders when encountering the same stressful life situations or stimuli as other individuals without these same underlying genetic phenotypes. Effects of neurotransmitters and hormones Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. A 2009 study reported a significant interaction between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the GABA alpha-2 receptor gene and the severity of childhood trauma in predicting PTSD in adults. Another study found an association between a specific SNP of the RGS2 gene and PTSD symptoms in adults who experienced high environmental stress (hurricane exposure) and low social support. Studies in 2008 found that several SNPs in the FKBP5 (FK506 binding protein 5) gene interact with childhood trauma to predict severity of adult PTSD. These findings suggest that individuals with these SNPs who are abused as children are more susceptible to PTSD as adults. This is particularly important given that FKBP5 SNPs have previously been associated with peritraumatic dissociation in medically injured children (that is, dissociation at the time of the childhood trauma), which has itself been shown to be predictive of PTSD. Furthermore, FKBP5 may be less expressed in those with current PTSD. In 2011, another study found that a single SNP in a putative estrogen response element on the","title":"Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder"},{"docid":"66839757","text":"Astrovirology is an emerging subdiscipline of astrobiology which aims to understand what role viruses played in the origin and evolution of life on Earth as well as the potential for viruses beyond Earth. Viruses and early life on Earth Viruses drive evolution Viruses are a major driving force in evolution; the arms race between viruses and their host, or the Red Queen hypothesis, causes strong evolutionary pressures in both the host and viruses. The host evolves to evade and destroy viruses, while the virus evolves mechanisms to continue infecting the host. Evolution is also influenced by viral horizontal gene transfer. Viral genes can be inserted into the host genome (ex. Retroviruses) and sometimes these genes are evolutionarily favorable. One common example of beneficial horizontal gene transfer in humans is the gene for syncytin, which came from ancient viruses and is important in placenta development. Viruses influence major evolutionary events Though unproven, some virologists posit that viruses may have played an important role in major evolutionary events, including the emergence of a DNA genome from an RNA world, divergence from LUCA to the three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, and development of multicellularity. Emergence of a DNA genome and divergence from LUCA may have been aided by horizontal gene transfer of polymerases and other gene-editing enzymes from viruses. Meanwhile, viral selection pressures could have also aided divergence from LUCA to defend against different viruses, while multicellularity provides greater cell population protection from viruses. Viruses and Earth's environment Viruses influence biogeochemical cycles Viruses cause nutrient cycling in the ocean via the viral shunt, and up to 25% of the available carbon in the upper ocean is attributed to virus-induced cell lysis. Around 5% of Earth's oxygen is thought to be produced by cells infected by viruses encoding photosynthetic genes otherwise absent from the cell. For example, some viruses of cyanobacteria contain genes for Photosystem II, which allows those cyanobacteria to photosynthesize and live in a different part of the ocean as their non-infected counterparts. Some viruses encode other metabolic genes that allow new metabolic functions in their host, for example, phosphate, carbon, and sulfur metabolism. Extremophile viruses Viruses have been found in extremely hot, cold, and acidic natural environments, up to , down to , and down to pH 1.5. Viruses in space Infectivity in space Viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, poliovirus, and bacteriophage T1 have maintained infectivity after being exposed to space-like conditions including interstellar radiation, low temperature, and low pressure. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of viral hitchhikers, but any virus infecting an organism inside a habitable spacecraft can survive as long as that organism survives. Effect on astronauts Latent viruses such as herpes virus, prevalent in humans, can become reactive during spaceflight due to spaceflight stressors. While astronauts experienced few if any symptoms, the potential for other viruses to become reactivated or more virulent is a substantial threat. Furthermore, some bacteria (Serratia marcescens) have been found to be more virulent in spaceflight conditions, leading","title":"Astrovirology"},{"docid":"34284246","text":"Most cases of type 2 diabetes involved many genes contributing small amount to the overall condition. As of 2011 more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes). These include maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Donohue syndrome, and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people. Polygenic Genetic cause and mechanism of type 2 diabetes is largely unknown. However, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is one of many mechanisms that leads to increased risk for type 2 diabetes. To locate genes and loci that are responsible for the risk of type 2 diabetes, genome wide association studies (GWAS) was utilized to compare the genomes of diabetic patient group and the non-diabetic control group. The diabetic patients’ genome sequences differ from the controls' genome in specific loci along and around numerous genes, and these differences in the nucleotide sequences alter phenotypic traits that exhibit increased susceptibility to the diabetes. GWAS has revealed 65 different loci (where single nucleotide sequences differ from the patient and control group's genomes), and genes associated with type 2 diabetes, including TCF7L2, PPARG, FTO, KCNJ11, NOTCH2, WFS1, IGF2BP2, SLC30A8, JAZF1, HHEX, DGKB, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, KCNQ1, HNF1A, HNF1B MC4R, GIPR, HNF4A, MTNR1B, PPARG, ZBED3, SLC30A8, CDKAL1, GLIS3, GCK, GCKR, among others.KCNJ11 (potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11), encodes the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2, and TCF7L2 (transcription factor 7–like 2) regulates proglucagon gene expression and thus the production of glucagon-like peptide-1. In addition, there is also a mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in an earlier onset, more severe, form of diabetes. However, this is not a comprehensive list of genes that affects the proneness to the diabetes. SNP rs7873784 located in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of TLR4 gene and associated with the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus. PU.1 binding to the minor C allele of rs7873784 may be responsible for elevated TLR4 expression in the monocytes of affected individuals, contributing to an inflammation-prone environment that predisposes minor allele carriers to development of certain pathologies with an inflammatory component. rs7873784 was also associated with the abnormal metabolic phenotype accompanying T2DM (levels of fasting insulin and triglycerides, abnormal low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). However, there is growing evidence that T2DM is not only a purely metabolic, but also an inflammatory disorder. The link between certain TLR4 SNPs alleles and T2DM may be directly related to elevated TLR4 expression since its signaling can regulate diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance and, therefore, influence the pathogenesis of T2DM. TLR4 expression is elevated in adipose tissue of obese mice and its activation triggered insulin resistance in adipocytes. LPS-mediated TLR4 activation can suppress glucose-induced","title":"Genetic causes of type 2 diabetes"},{"docid":"3682632","text":"TAS2R16 (taste receptor, type 2, member 16) is a bitter taste receptor and one of the 25 TAS2Rs. TAS2Rs are receptors that belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. These receptors detect various bitter substances found in nature as agonists, and get stimulated. TAS2R16 receptor is mainly expressed within taste buds present on the surface of the tongue and palate epithelium. TAS2R16 is activated by bitter β-glucopyranosides (such as salicin) Other names T2R16, Taste receptor 2 member 16, BGLPT. Gene The receptor is encoded by the TAS2R16 human gene which located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 at position 31.1-31.3, 997 bases. This gene is specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. Different individuals may have variations in the TAS2R16 gene, which can influence their sensitivity or preference for certain bitter compounds. Structure TAS2R16 consists of 291 amino acids. Molecular weight: 33,986 (Da). The receptor has 7 transmembrane helices, 3 intracellular loops and 3 extracellular loops. there are some conserved residues (black) and residues for which mutagenesis data is available. Function The function of TAS2R16 is to bind to specific bitter-tasting molecules present in various foods, plants, and potentially harmful substances. When binding to these molecules, TAS2R16 initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the transmission of signals to the brain, which results in the perception of bitterness. TAS2R16 specifically is believed to play a central role in determining human preference to eat or avoid such vegetables with bitter β-glucosides, important dietary choices that ultimately influence human health. The signaling pathway includes two essential components of the well-established taste signal transduction cascade: phospholipase C isoform β2 (PLCβ2) and the ion channel known as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5). Ca2+-flux signaling assays are commonly used to measure the function of TAS2R16 and other GPCRs, so this measurement represents the key function of the receptor. Ligands (from BitterDB) There are 13 known ligands for TAS2R16. The most well-studied natural ligand of TAS2R16 is salicin. In previous researches which analyzed how this receptor binds and signals, 38 residues that may be involved in signal transduction and 13 residues that contribute to ligand-specific interactions, were found to be involved. β-glucoside analogues are specific agonists of TAS2R16 in humans. These analogues, such as natural toxins, are molecular scafold consists of a D-glucose monosaccharide linked by an oxygen atom to a phenyl group. Arbutin was the first known natural inverse agonist for TAS2Rs. Many plants, including cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and brussels sprouts, contain bitter β-glucosides such as salicin, sinigrin, arbutin, and amygdalin. Single nucleotide polymorphisms Taste receptors harbor many polymorphisms, and several SNPs have a profound impact on the gene function and expression. Recently studies have shown that mutation of the TAS2R16 gene could affect the intake of vegetables and anti-inflammatory food, which would influence age-related inflammatory diseases and increase the human lifespan. In addition, polymorphism of the TAS2R16 gene seems to affect body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking and drug compliance.","title":"TAS2R16"},{"docid":"7373582","text":"In genetics, transgressive segregation is the formation of extreme phenotypes, or transgressive phenotypes, observed in segregated hybrid populations compared to phenotypes observed in the parental lines. The appearance of these transgressive (extreme) phenotypes can be either positive or negative in terms of fitness. If both parents' favorable alleles come together, it will result in a hybrid having a higher fitness than the two parents. The hybrid species will show more genetic variation and variation in gene expression than their parents. As a result, the hybrid species will have some traits that are transgressive (extreme) in nature. Transgressive segregation can allow a hybrid species to populate different environments/niches in which the parent species do not reside, or compete in the existing environment with the parental species. Causes Genetic There are many causes for transgressive segregation in hybrids. One cause can be due to recombination of additive alleles. Recombination results in new pairs of alleles at two or more loci. These different pairs of alleles can give rise to new phenotypes if gene expression has been changed at these loci. Another cause can be elevated mutation rate. When mutation rates are high, it is more probable that a mutation will occur and cause an extreme phenotypic change. Reduced developmental stability is another cause for transgressive segregation. Developmental stability refers to the capability of a genotype to go through a constant development of a phenotype in a certain environmental setting. If there is a disturbance due to genetic or environmental factors, the genotype will be more sensitive to phenotypic changes. Another cause arises from the interaction between two alleles of two different genes, also known as the epistatic effect. Epistasis is the event when one allele at a locus prevents an allele at another locus to express its product as if it is masking its effect. Therefore, epistasis can be related to gene over dominance caused by heterozygosity at specific loci.[2] What this means is that the heterozygote (hybrid) when compared to the homozygote (parent) is better adapted and therefore shows more transgressive, extreme phenotypes. All of these causes lead to the appearance of these extreme phenotypes and creates a hybrid species that will deviate away from the parent species niche and eventually create an individual \"hybrid\" species. Environmental Other than the genetic factors solely causing transgressive segregation, environmental factors can cause genetic factors to take place. Environmental factors that cause transgressive segregation can be influenced by human activity and climate change. Both human activity and climate change have the capability to force species of a specific genome to interact with other species with different genomes. For example, if a bridge is built that connects two isolated areas to one another, a gene flow door would open. This open door will increase the interactions between different species with different genomes can create hybrid species that can potentially show transgressive phenotypes. Human activity can open the gene flow door by pursuing harmful actions such as cutting down forests and pollution. Climate change on the","title":"Transgressive segregation"},{"docid":"59272895","text":"The Federal Tax Ombudsman (FTO, ) evaluates complaints against federal tax agencies. Article 37 of the Constitution of Pakistan calls for inexpensive and expeditious justice. The Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000 and the Federal Ombudsman Institutional Reforms (FOIR) Act of 2013 confer powers, including administrative and financial autonomy. This aligns with the separation of Pakistan's judiciary and executive branches in accordance with the Constitution. History The Federal Tax Ombudsman (FTO) office was established in 2000. It was mandated to respond to, find, and rectify maladministration by revenue agencies. Institution of Ombudsman in Pakistan In Pakistan, the establishment of an Ombudsman institution was advocated in Article 276 of the Interim Constitution of 1972, which provided for the appointment of a Federal Ombudsman and Provincial Ombudsmen. The Constitution of 1973 provided for the establishment of Federal Ombudsman, and the institution was eventually created through the Establishment of the Office of Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman) Order of 1983, which was the President's first order of 1983. On 8 August 1983, the Ombudsman began functioning. Other Ombudsman institutions in Pakistan include Provincial Ombudsman offices in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Baluchistan, Sindh, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir; Federal Banking Ombudsman; Federal Insurance Ombudsman; Federal Tax Ombudsman; Federal Ombudsman for Protection of Women against Harassment at Workplace; and Provincial Ombudsman for Protection of Women against Harassment at Workplace in Punjab and Sindh. All Ombudsmen institutions informally collaborate through the Forum of Pakistan Ombudsmen (FPO). They are also affiliated with the Asian Ombudsman Association (AOA), the International Ombudsman Institute (IOI), and the OIC Ombudsman Association. Mandate and empowerment of FTO In the Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000, the FTO was mandated to \"diagnose, investigate, redress and rectify any injustice done to a person through maladministration by functionaries administering tax laws\". According to Section 11 of the Federal Ombudsmen Institutional Reforms Act of 2013, the FTO may stay the operation of an impugned order or decision for a period up to sixty days. The FTO is responsible for findings, recommendations, and contempt proceedings (equal to the Supreme Court); according to the Powers of a Civil Court under Code of Civil Procedure of 1908, this includes summoning any person and examining him on oath, enforcing the attendance of any person, compelling production of documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, and issuing commission for examination of witnesses. Legal framework The FTO's legal framework consists of the following acts and reforms: the Establishment of the Office of Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000, the Federal Ombudsmen Institutional Reforms Act of 2013, and the Federal Tax Ombudsman Investigation and Disposal of Complaints Regulations of 2001. Scope of FTO The FTO manages complaints by aggrieved existing or prospective taxpayers, references by the Hon’ble President of Pakistan, references by the Supreme Court of Pakistan or High Courts, and Own Motion Notices. Role of FTO The FTO's roles include an accountability mechanism for maladministration, a support mechanism for Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) and revenue division, and the promotion of good governance. Jurisdiction of FTO FTO","title":"Federal Tax Ombudsman (Pakistan)"},{"docid":"14438348","text":"Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the CNR1 gene. The human CB1 receptor is expressed in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. It is activated by endogenous cannabinoids called endocannabinoids, a group of retrograde neurotransmitters that include lipids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); plant phytocannabinoids, such as docosatetraenoylethanolamide found in wild daga, the compound THC which is an active constituent of the psychoactive drug cannabis; and synthetic analogs of THC. CB1 is antagonized by the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV). The primary endogenous agonist of the human CB1 receptor is anandamide. Structure The CB1 receptor shares the structure characteristic of all G-protein-coupled receptors, possessing seven transmembrane domains connected by three extracellular and three intracellular loops, an extracellular N-terminal tail, and an intracellular C-terminal tail. The receptor may exist as a homodimer or form heterodimers or other GPCR oligomers with different classes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Observed heterodimers include A2A–CB1, CB1–D2, OX1–CB1, μOR–CB1, while many more may only be stable enough to exist in vivo. The CB1 receptor possesses an allosteric modulatory binding site. The CB1 receptor is encoded by the gene CNR1, located on human chromosome 6. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. CNR1 orthologs have been identified in most mammals. The CNR1 gene has a structure consisting of a single coding-exon and multiple alternative 5' untranslated exons. The CB1 receptor is created by transcription of the last exon on the CNR1 gene. Mechanism The CB1 receptor is a pre-synaptic heteroreceptor that modulates neurotransmitter release when activated in a dose-dependent, stereoselective and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. The CB1 receptor is activated by cannabinoids, generated naturally inside the body (endocannabinoids) or exogenously, normally through cannabis or a related synthetic compound. Research suggests that the majority of CB1 receptors are coupled through Gi/o proteins. Upon activation, CB1 receptor exhibits its effects mainly through activation of Gi, which decreases intracellular cAMP concentration by inhibiting its production enzyme, adenylate cyclase, and increases mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) concentration. Alternatively, in some rare cases CB1 receptor activation may be coupled to Gs proteins, which stimulate adenylate cyclase. cAMP is known to serve as a second messenger coupled to a variety of ion channels, including the positively influenced inwardly rectifying potassium channels (=Kir or IRK), and calcium channels, which are activated by cAMP-dependent interaction with such molecules as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), Raf-1, ERK, JNK, p38, c-fos, c-jun, and others. In terms of function, the inhibition of intracellular cAMP expression shortens the duration of pre-synaptic action potentials by prolonging the rectifying potassium A-type currents, which is normally inactivated upon phosphorylation by PKA. This inhibition grows more pronounced when considered with the effect of activated CB1 receptors to limit calcium entry into the cell, which does not occur through cAMP but by a direct G-protein-mediated inhibition. As presynaptic calcium entry is a requirement for vesicle release, this function will decrease the transmitter that enters the synapse upon release.","title":"Cannabinoid receptor 1"},{"docid":"69616598","text":"Eric R. Gamazon is a statistical geneticist in Vanderbilt University, with faculty affiliations in the Division of Genetic Medicine, Data Science Institute, and Center for Precision Medicine. He is a Life Member of Clare Hall, Cambridge University after election to a Visiting Fellowship (2018). Research and career Eric Gamazon has developed computational methods that can be used to identify genes and mechanisms underlying complex diseases. He was a developer of the transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) methodology (PrediXcan), which integrates gene expression and genome-wide association study data to identify disease-associated genes. Subsequent work integrated Mendelian randomization into TWAS. As of December 2021, he has authored 160 peer-reviewed publications in human genetics, functional genomics, and statistical genetics. He was a co-chair of the Genome-Wide Association Studies Working Group of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) program that developed a transcriptome and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) reference resource for the scientific community. He leads a research initiative to integrate large-scale DNA biobanks and functional genomics to further precision medicine in diverse populations. He has identified genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. He leads a National Institute on Aging funded international consortium that aims to identify new treatments for Alzheimer's disease using genetic and molecular data. Awards and honors Gamazon was a recipient of the inaugural National Institutes of Health Genomic Innovator Award, which is awarded to investigators in genome biology and genomic medicine with “outstanding records of productivity as they pursue important research areas, including new directions as they arise.\" He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology and a Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 2018. In 2021, he was appointed a standing member of the National Institutes of Health Review Panel for Biostatistical Methods and Research Design (BMRD), which reviews and makes recommendations on (grant) \"applications which seek to advance statistical and mathematical techniques and technologies applicable to the experimental design and analysis of data in biomedical, behavioral, and social science research.” Selected publications Smemo, Scott, Juan J. Tena, Kyoung-Han Kim, Eric R. Gamazon, Noboru J. Sakabe, Carlos Gómez-Marín, Ivy Aneas et al. \"Obesity-associated variants within FTO form long-range functional connections with IRX3.\" Nature 507, no. 7492 (2014): 371–375. doi:10.1038/nature13138. Gamazon, Eric R., Heather E. Wheeler, Kaanan P. Shah, Sahar V. Mozaffari, Keston Aquino-Michaels, Robert J. Carroll, Anne E. Eyler et al. \"A gene-based association method for mapping traits using reference transcriptome data.\" Nature Genetics 47, no. 9 (2015): 1091–1098. doi:10.1038/ng.3367. Gamazon, Eric R., Ayellet V. Segrè, Martijn van de Bunt, Xiaoquan Wen, Hualin S. Xi, Farhad Hormozdiari, Halit Ongen et al. \"Using an atlas of gene regulation across 44 human tissues to inform complex disease-and trait-associated variation.\" Nature Genetics 50, no. 7 (2018): 956–967. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0154-4. Gamazon, Eric R., Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Nancy J. Cox, Damiaan Denys, and Eske M. Derks. \"Multi-tissue transcriptome analyses identify genetic mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric traits.\" Nature Genetics 51, no. 6 (2019): 933–940. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0409-8. Wang, Ying, Frederick S. Yen, Xiphias Ge Zhu, Rebecca C. Timson, Ross Weber, Changrui Xing,","title":"Eric R. Gamazon"},{"docid":"6405729","text":"David Christian Rowe (September 27, 1949 – February 2, 2003) was an American psychologist known for his work studying genetic and environmental influences on adolescent onset behaviors such as delinquency and smoking. His research into interaction between genetics and environment led to the discovery of the Scarr–Rowe effect. Life and career Rowe earned his A.B. from Harvard University and his Ph.D. from the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he was a student at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics. Rowe was well known for his work on the genes and the environment: how they interact, what the limits of environment and genes might be, and what mechanisms implement these effects. He also focussed on articulating the different realms of the social environment: shared in families, unique to individuals, neighbourhood or nation level social and cultural effects. His book The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Experience and Behaviour brought together much of this work. This work led to several substantive findings on shared and nonshared environmental influences; seminal work on the heritability of parenting behaviors (the genetics of the environment for children); on the heritability of antisocial behavior; race differences and their causes; for testing the interaction of education, and social class with genes in the development of intelligence; and for blending behavioral and molecular genetics. He made several methodological contributions, including work on modeling of means and covariances with raw data, the utility of the DeFries–Fulker analysis, and measured genes and environmental influences. The Add Health data featured in much of his research, and he served as the main geneticist on this large and influential survey of over 90,000 adolescents across the United States. Rowe's work highlighted the often surprising immunity of mental states to social circumstances, reporting that \"great fortune does not guarantee happiness; neither does great misfortune assure depression\". This led to his positing of biological set points as a mechanism for stability, as well as arguing for indirect genetic effects: that different genotypes would cause different people to react to the same environment in different ways, and, moreover, that individuals expose themselves to different social environments. This led to ideas about active seeking and environment construction, as well the idea that exposure to (controllable) life events may result partly from genetic predisposition. He was an advocate of Consilience: including biological individuality along with social, psychological, and cultural factors in any understanding of human behavior. In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on \"Mainstream Science on Intelligence,\" an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in The Wall Street Journal, which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to intelligence research following the publication of the book The Bell Curve. Rowe's work identified gene-environment interactions in cognitive traits, and contributed to understanding of the Scarr-Rowe Effect, which posits that the heritability of intelligence is higher in children with higher socioeconomic status. His final paper, published posthumously, advocated for impartial testing of genetic versus environmental influences on racial differences. References Books Rowe DC (1995). The","title":"David C. Rowe"},{"docid":"43270576","text":"Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (2012) is a book by Sebastian Seung. It introduces basic concepts in neuroscience and then elaborates on the field of connectomics, i.e., how to scan, decode, compare, and understand patterns in brain connectivity. The book concludes with musings on cryonics and mind uploading. It was selected by The Wall Street Journal as Top Ten Nonfiction of 2012. Book outline Introduction Seung frames the idea of connectomics and argues that \"You are more than your genes. You are your connectome.\" Ch. 1: Genius and Madness Seung introduces the 19th-century idea of phrenology and its modern-day counterpart, which he calls \"neo-phrenology\", i.e., the idea that sizes of brain regions play a role in intelligence (e.g., Einstein's enlarged inferior parietal lobule) or mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and autism). That said, Seung emphasizes that these size correlations only show up for large samples and can't necessarily predict what will happen in any individual's brain. Ch. 2: Border Disputes Seung discusses localization maps of the brain that attempt to confine particular functions to particular regions. For instance, phantom-limb pain is hypothesized to result when brain regions formerly devoted to the now-missing lower arm become occupied for use by the upper arm and face. Hence, stimulation of the upper arm or face produces what feels like pain in the missing lower arm. In contrast to brain localization is the theory of equipotentiality, that any brain region has the potential to perform any function. Ch. 3: No Neuron Is an Island Seung discusses basic cell-level neuroscience, including the structure of neurons and their neurites, as well as a \"weighted voting model\" of neuronal firing in which a neuron fires when the weighted sum of excitatory minus inhibitory inputs exceeds a threshold. Ch. 4: Neurons All the Way Down Seung explores how hierarchical neural networks can encode concepts (e.g., Jennifer Aniston) as compositions of simpler parts and how these concepts can be linked in one's mind when connections are formed between them, either bidirectionally with cell assemblies or unidirectionally with synaptic chains. Ch. 5: The Assembly of Memories Seung discusses theories of memory formation, including basic Hebbian plasticity and the more speculative neural Darwinism. According to the \"dual trace\" theory of memory, short-term memory can take the form of persistent spiking among a cell assembly, while long-term memories can be stored in persistent connections. It's useful to have both types of memory because of a \"stability-plasticity dilemma\", which is a concept familiar in computers that use both RAM and hard drive storage. Ch. 6: The Forestry of the Genes Seung discusses how many psychological traits and disorders are at least partly genetic. (He quotes Eric Turkheimer's First Law of Behavior Genetics: \"All human behavioral traits are heritable.\") He elaborates on some of the mechanisms by which genes influence neural development and can lead to neural disorders. Ch. 7: Renewing Our Potential To what extent are the first three years of development a crucial window after which brain traits","title":"Connectome (book)"},{"docid":"15481427","text":"NX-OS is a network operating system for the Nexus-series Ethernet switches and MDS-series Fibre Channel storage area network switches made by Cisco Systems. It evolved from the Cisco operating system SAN-OS, originally developed for its MDS switches. It is based on Wind River Linux and is inter-operable with other Cisco operating systems. The command-line interface of NX-OS is similar to that of Cisco IOS. Recent NX-OS has both Cisco-style CLI and Bash shell available. On NX-OS 7.0(3)I3, the output from uname with the -a command line argument might look like the text below: $ uname -a Linux version 3.4.91-WR5.0.1.13_standard+ (divvenka@sjc-ads-7035) (gcc version 4.6.3 (Wind River Linux Sourcery CodeBench 4.6-60) ) #1 SMP Tue Feb 6 12:43:13 PST 2018 Core features System Manager () Persistent Storage Service (PSS) Message & Transaction Services (MTS) Additional features Fibre Channel and FICON FCIP FCoE (Nexus 5000/7000 linecards) iSCSI IPsec Scheduling NPIV NX Port ID Virtualization Inter–VSAN Routing VSAN Zoning (Hard zoning) Callhome Cisco Fabric Services (distributed configuration) SSH and Telnet Storage Media Encryption Port Channels Cisco Data Mobility Manager Fibre Channel Write Acceleration Switches running NX-OS Nexus B22 (HP, Dell, Fujitsu) Nexus 9000 series Nexus 7700 series Nexus 7000 series Nexus 6000 series Nexus 5000 series Nexus 4000 (for IBM BladeCenter) Nexus 2000 series Nexus 3000 Nexus 1000V MDS 9700 FC Directors MDS 9500 FC Directors MDS 9250i FC Switch MDS 9222i FC Switch MDS 9100 FC Switches Differences between IOS and NX-OS NX-OS does not support the login command to switch users. NX-OS does not distinguish between standard or extended access lists, all lists are named and \"extended\" in functionality. NX-OS did not support scp server prior to 5.1(1) release. In NX-OS, there is no \"write\" command to save the configuration like on IOS (one uses the \"copy\" command, instead). Instead, command aliases can be created to provide the \"write\" command. When accessing NX-OS, users authenticate directly to their assigned privilege level. SSH server is enabled while Telnet server is disabled by default in NX-OS. Releases 4.1, 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 7.0, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1 See also Cisco IOS Cisco IOS XE Cisco IOS XR FTOS – competitor Force10's operating system FTOS References External links Cisco Content Hub Cisco Feature Navigator intro data sheet Proprietary operating systems Network operating systems Cisco software","title":"Cisco NX-OS"},{"docid":"72177609","text":"Genes and environment Susceptibility of diabetes in Southeast Asia is influenced by mutations next to or within genes. Most of these genes have complex traits that interact and control multiple systems in the body. The genes are important, but they alone do not influence diabetes in this population. Westernization and globalization in Asia have led to changes in food supply and dietary patterns, coupled with risk alleles in genes of interest. Foods with high glycemic index, such as rice, have contributed to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These high glycemic foods, coupled with loss of gene function, have led to increase in blood glucose levels in Japanese populations. Researchers have used Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify several genetic variants of genes that are found in white and Asian populations; however, they found that there are interethnic differences in risk allele frequency of these genes and the location of those mutations. Epidemiology Age and gender are critical variables to track diabetes within a population overtime. Another very important factor of diabetes development is the environment in which that population lives. Factors like smoking or alcohol consumption has been seen to be prevalent in Japanese populations. For example, smoking was very prominent in Japan in the 1980s where 40% of the population smoked. As of 2020, smoking has declined to around 16% of the population. The more resounding knowledge on the effect of smoking and the link to disease susceptibility has most likely driven this decline. Smoking generally leads to problems because it leads to insulin resistance and/or decrease insulin secretion. Genes involved Many diabetic studies have tried to deduce as to what and how many genes are involved in susceptibility to disease in Japanese populations. Researchers use tools such as GWAS and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which can be very helpful in determining what mutations are associated with disease in a population. Most of these mutations are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) leading to different variants of a gene, and these mutations can be different or the same across varying populations. If they are the same mutations, a population could have varied allelic frequencies of the gene or genes that lead to that disease. For example, a genetic variation of TCF7L2 in Japanese population influences one's susceptibility to diabetes; however, the at-risk allele frequency in Japanese population accounted for 4% of the population compared to 21% in European and European-origin population. Additional candidate genes with specific risk alleles have also been identified via GWAS that were persistent in European populations; however, there are considerable differences in allelic frequencies between these populations. Genes such as CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, HHEX, SLC30A8, and KCNJ11 have shown risk alleles persistent to white populations; however, risk allele frequency has differed. For example, the HHEX locus had an SNP denoted as rs1111875 that was found in 28.4% of the Japanese population compared to 56.1% in white populations. Akyrin1 (ANK1) has also been identified as a novel gene for type 2 diabetes in Japanese","title":"Diabetes in Japan"},{"docid":"155624","text":"Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. The concept of heritability can be expressed in the form of the following question: \"What is the proportion of the variation in a given trait within a population that is not explained by the environment or random chance?\" Other causes of measured variation in a trait are characterized as environmental factors, including observational error. In human studies of heritability these are often apportioned into factors from \"shared environment\" and \"non-shared environment\" based on whether they tend to result in persons brought up in the same household being more or less similar to persons who were not. Heritability is estimated by comparing individual phenotypic variation among related individuals in a population, by examining the association between individual phenotype and genotype data, or even by modeling summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Heritability is an important concept in quantitative genetics, particularly in selective breeding and behavior genetics (for instance, twin studies). It is the source of much confusion due to the fact that its technical definition is different from its commonly-understood folk definition. Therefore, its use conveys the incorrect impression that behavioral traits are \"inherited\" or specifically passed down through the genes. Behavioral geneticists also conduct heritability analyses based on the assumption that genes and environments contribute in a separate, additive manner to behavioral traits. Overview Heritability measures the fraction of phenotype variability that can be attributed to genetic variation. This is not the same as saying that this fraction of an individual phenotype is caused by genetics. For example, it is incorrect to say that since the heritability of personality traits is about 0.6, that means that 60% of your personality is inherited from your parents and 40% comes from the environment. In addition, heritability can change without any genetic change occurring, such as when the environment starts contributing to more variation. As a case in point, consider that both genes and environment have the potential to influence intelligence. Heritability could increase if genetic variation increases, causing individuals to show more phenotypic variation, like showing different levels of intelligence. On the other hand, heritability might also increase if the environmental variation decreases, causing individuals to show less phenotypic variation, like showing more similar levels of intelligence. Heritability increases when genetics are contributing more variation or because non-genetic factors are contributing less variation; what matters is the relative contribution. Heritability is specific to a particular population in a particular environment. High heritability of a trait, consequently, does not necessarily mean that the trait is not very susceptible to environmental influences. Heritability can also change as a result of changes in the environment, migration, inbreeding, or the way in which heritability itself is measured in the population under study. The heritability of a trait should not be interpreted as a measure of the extent to which","title":"Heritability"},{"docid":"5999830","text":"Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neurturin’s role as a growth factor places it in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) subfamily along with its homologs persephin, artemin, and GDNF. It shares a 42% similarity in amino acid sequence with mature GDNF. It is also considered a trophic factor and critical in the development and growth of neurons in the brain. Neurotrophic factors like neurturin have been tested in several clinical trial settings for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease. Function Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of neurturin into substantia nigra of mice models also shows mature DA neuron protection. In addition, neurturin has also been shown to support the survival of several other neurons including sympathetic and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Knockout mice have shown that neurturin does not appear essential for survival. However, evidence shows retarded growth of enteric, sensory and parasympathetic neurons in mice upon the removal of neurturin receptors. Mechanism of activation Neurturin signaling is mediated by the activation of a multi-component receptor system including the ret tyrosine kinase (RET), a cell-surface bound GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) protein, and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein. Neurturin preferentially binds to the GFRα2 co-receptor. Upon assembly of the complex, specific tyrosine residues are phosphorylated within two molecules of RET that are brought together to initiate signal transduction and the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Interactions Neurturin has been shown to upregulate B1 (bradykinin) receptors in neurons of mice, indicating a possible influence on pain and inflammation pathways. In addition knockout mice have shown that in the absence of neurturin an increased acetylcholine response is observed. The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown. Role in disease The most studied is neurturin’s role in neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's, where several rat studies have implicated neurturin’s role in rescuing neurons. However, these results have never been observed in humans. Hirschsprung disease, a autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is characterized by complete absence of neuronal ganglion cells from the intestinal tract. Previous studies indicate a role of NRTN gene mutations in the disease. One study showed evidence that a mutation in the NRTN gene was not enough alone to cause onset of the disease, however when coupled with a mutation in the RET gene, disease was present in family members as well as the individual. A more recent study showed NRTN variants present in individuals with Hirschsprung disease. However, RET associated mutations were not found and in one variant, RET phosphorylation levels were reduced, which has the potential to have downstream effects on","title":"Neurturin"},{"docid":"12339","text":"A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that \"does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination\". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms. Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015. Bacteria are the easiest organisms to engineer and have been used for research, food production, industrial protein purification (including drugs), agriculture, and art. There is potential to use them for environmental purposes or as medicine. Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals. Viruses play an important role as vectors for inserting genetic information into other organisms. This use is especially relevant to human gene therapy. There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines. Plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colors in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Genetically modified crops are publicly the most controversial GMOs, in spite of having the most human health and environmental benefits. Animals are generally much harder to transform and the vast majority are still at the research stage. Mammals are the best model organisms for humans. Livestock is modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance, and survival. Genetically modified fish are used for scientific research, as pets, and as a food source. Genetic engineering has been proposed as a way to control mosquitos, a vector for many deadly diseases. Although human gene therapy is still relatively new, it has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Many objections have been raised over the development of GMOs, particularly","title":"Genetically modified organism"},{"docid":"59627310","text":"Hybrid incompatibility is a phenomenon in plants and animals, wherein offspring produced by the mating of two different species or populations have reduced viability and/or are less able to reproduce. Examples of hybrids include mules and ligers from the animal world, and subspecies of the Asian rice crop Oryza sativa from the plant world. Multiple models have been developed to explain this phenomenon. Recent research suggests that the source of this incompatibility is largely genetic, as combinations of genes and alleles prove lethal to the hybrid organism. Incompatibility is not solely influenced by genetics, however, and can be affected by environmental factors such as temperature. The genetic underpinnings of hybrid incompatibility may provide insight into factors responsible for evolutionary divergence between species. Background Hybrid incompatibility occurs when the offspring of two closely related species are not viable or suffer from infertility. Charles Darwin posited that hybrid incompatibility is not a product of natural selection, stating that the phenomenon is an outcome of the hybridizing species diverging, rather than something that is directly acted upon by selective pressures. The underlying causes of the incompatibility can be varied: earlier research focused on things like changes in ploidy in plants. More recent research has taken advantage of improved molecular techniques and has focused on the effects of genes and alleles in the hybrid and its parents. Dobzhansky-Muller model The first major breakthrough in the genetic basis of hybrid incompatibility is the Dobzhansky-Muller model, a combination of findings by Theodosius Dobzhansky and Joseph Muller between 1937 and 1942. The model provides an explanation as to why a negative fitness effect like hybrid incompatibility is not selected against. By hypothesizing that the incompatibility arose from alterations at two or more loci, rather than one, the incompatible alleles are in one hybrid individual for the first time rather than throughout the population - thus, hybrids that are infertile can develop while the parent populations remain viable. The negative fitness effects of infertility are not present in the original population. In this way, hybrid infertility contributes in some part to speciation by ensuring that gene flow between diverging species remains limited. Further analysis of the issue has supported this model, although it does not include conspecific genic interactions, a potential factor that more recent research has begun to look in to. Gene identification Decades after the research of Dobzhansky and Muller, the specifics of hybrid incompatibility were explored by Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr. Using introgression techniques to analyze the fertility in Drosophila hybrid and non-hybrid offspring, specific genes that contribute to sterility were identified; a study by Chung-I Wu which expanded on Coyne and Orr's work found that the hybrids of two Drosophila species were made sterile by the interaction of around 100 genes. These studies widened the scope of the Dobzhansky-Muller model, who thought it likely that more than two genes would be responsible. The ubiquity of Drosophila as a model organism has allowed many of the sterility genes to be sequenced in the","title":"Hybrid incompatibility"},{"docid":"57414","text":"Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer how developmental processes evolved. The field grew from 19th-century beginnings, where embryology faced a mystery: zoologists did not know how embryonic development was controlled at the molecular level. Charles Darwin noted that having similar embryos implied common ancestry, but little progress was made until the 1970s. Then, recombinant DNA technology at last brought embryology together with molecular genetics. A key early discovery was of homeotic genes that regulate development in a wide range of eukaryotes. The field is composed of multiple core evolutionary concepts. One is deep homology, the finding that dissimilar organs such as the eyes of insects, vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs, long thought to have evolved separately, are controlled by similar genes such as pax-6, from the evo-devo gene toolkit. These genes are ancient, being highly conserved among phyla; they generate the patterns in time and space which shape the embryo, and ultimately form the body plan of the organism. Another is that species do not differ much in their structural genes, such as those coding for enzymes; what does differ is the way that gene expression is regulated by the toolkit genes. These genes are reused, unchanged, many times in different parts of the embryo and at different stages of development, forming a complex cascade of control, switching other regulatory genes as well as structural genes on and off in a precise pattern. This multiple pleiotropic reuse explains why these genes are highly conserved, as any change would have many adverse consequences which natural selection would oppose. New morphological features and ultimately new species are produced by variations in the toolkit, either when genes are expressed in a new pattern, or when toolkit genes acquire additional functions. Another possibility is the neo-Lamarckian theory that epigenetic changes are later consolidated at gene level, something that may have been important early in the history of multicellular life. History Early theories Philosophers began to think about how animals acquired form in the womb in classical antiquity. Aristotle asserts in his Physics treatise that according to Empedocles, order \"spontaneously\" appears in the developing embryo. In his The Parts of Animals treatise, he argues that Empedocles' theory was wrong. In Aristotle's account, Empedocles stated that the vertebral column is divided into vertebrae because, as it happens, the embryo twists about and snaps the column into pieces. Aristotle argues instead that the process has a predefined goal: that the \"seed\" that develops into the embryo began with an inbuilt \"potential\" to become specific body parts, such as vertebrae. Further, each sort of animal gives rise to animals of its own kind: humans only have human babies. Recapitulation A recapitulation theory of evolutionary development was proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824–26, echoing the 1808 ideas of Johann Friedrich Meckel. They argued that the embryos of 'higher' animals went through or recapitulated a series of stages, each of which resembled an animal lower down","title":"Evolutionary developmental biology"},{"docid":"26828010","text":"Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-3, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX3 gene. Discovery and name The Iroquois family of genes was discovered in Drosophila during a mutagenesis experiment designed to identify genes that affected the development of external sensory organs. When genes of this family were knocked out, the Drosophila flies expressed a unique patterning of bristles reminiscent of Iroquois American Indians, they were subsequently named after them. The molecular characteristics of these genes allowed the identification of homologs in C. elegans and several other vertebrates. Function IRX3 is a member of the Iroquois homeobox gene family and plays a role in an early step of neural development. Members of this family appear to play multiple roles during pattern formation of vertebrate embryos. Specifically, IRX3 contributes to pattern formation in the spinal cord where it translates a morphogen gradient into transcriptional events, and is directly regulated by NKX2-2. The Irx3 gene controls the subdivision of the neural territory by working together with various other homeodomain factors, all of these factors are expressed in partially overlapping domains along the dorsoventral axis in response to Sonic hedgehog molecules emanating from the floor plate. The combination of these signals defines five regions, each of which will give rise to five types of neurons (V0, V1, V2, MN, and V3). For example, the region that generates V2 neurons expresses both Irx3 and Nkx6.1, while that which forms MN neurons expresses Nkx6.1 alone. Irx3 overexpression in the MN domain transforms MN into V2 neurons. Clinical significance Association with obesity Obesity-associated noncoding sequences within FTO interact with the promoter of IRX3 and FTO in human, mouse, and zebrafish. Obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms are related to the expression of IRX3 (not FTO) in the human brain. A direct connection between the expression of IRX3 and body mass and composition was shown through the decrease in body weight of 25-30% in IRX3-deficient mice. This suggests that IRX3 influences obesity. Manipulation of IRX3 and IRX5 pathways has also been shown to decrease obesity markers in human cell cultures. Genetic variants of FTO and IRX3 genes are in high linkage disequilibrium and are associated with obesity risk. References Further reading","title":"IRX3"},{"docid":"16084604","text":"Lupus erythematosus is a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues. Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. The most common and most severe form is systemic lupus erythematosus. Signs and symptoms Symptoms vary from person to person, and may come and go. Almost everyone with lupus has joint pain and swelling. Some develop arthritis. Frequently affected joints are the fingers, hands, wrists, and knees. Other common symptoms include: chest pain during respiration joint pain (stiffness and swelling) painless oral ulcer fatigue weight loss headaches fever with no other cause Skin lesions that appear worse after sun exposure general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) hair loss sensitivity to sunlight a \"butterfly\" facial rash, seen in about half of people with SLE swollen lymph nodes Photosensitivity Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons especially in visible light. Photosensitivity is a known symptom of lupus, but its relationship to and influence on other aspects of the disease remain to be defined. Causes of photosensitivity may include: change in autoantibody location cytotoxicity induction of apoptosis with autoantigens in apoptotic blebs upregulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines induction of nitric oxide synthase expression ultraviolet-generated antigenic DNA Genetics It is typically believed that lupus is influenced by multiple genes. Lupus is usually influenced by gene polymorphisms, 30 of which have now been linked with the disorder. Some of these polymorphisms have been linked very tentatively, however, as the role that they play or the degree to which they influence the disease is unknown. Other genes that are commonly thought to be associated with lupus are those in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family. There have been several cases wherein a single gene influence appears to be present, but this is rare. When a single gene deficiency does cause lupus, it is usually attributed to the complement protein genes C1, C2, or C4. The influence of sex chromosomes and environmental factors are also noteworthy. Usually, these factors contribute to lupus by influencing the immune system. Several studies also indicate a potential association of lupus with mutations in DNA repair genes. Age difference Lupus can develop in people at any age, but it does most commonly at ages 15 to 44, with varying results. Typically, the manifestation of the disease tends to be more acute in those of younger age. Women are more likely to get it than men. Patients with juvenile-onset lupus are more vulnerable to mucocutaneous manifestations of the disease (alopecia, skin rash, and ulceration of the mucus membranes) than any other age group, and they are also more susceptible to evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure. However, patients with late-onset lupus have a much higher mortality rate. Nearly 50% of those with late-onset lupus die of their condition. Women who are of childbearing age are also particularly at risk. Differences in ethnicity Substantial data have been found to","title":"Lupus erythematosus"},{"docid":"2937259","text":"In genetics, concordance is the probability that a pair of individuals will both have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Concordance can be measured with concordance rates, reflecting the odds of one person having the trait if the other does. Important clinical examples include the chance of offspring having a certain disease if the mother has it, if the father has it, or if both parents have it. Concordance among siblings is similarly of interest: what are the odds of a subsequent offspring having the disease if an older child does? In research, concordance is often discussed in the context of both members of a pair of twins. Twins are concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. The ideal example of concordance is that of identical twins, because the genome is the same, an equivalence that helps in discovering causation via deconfounding, regarding genetic effects versus epigenetic and environmental effects (nature versus nurture). In contrast, discordance occurs when a similar trait is not shared by the persons. Studies of twins have shown that genetic traits of monozygotic twins are fully concordant, whereas in dizygotic twins, half of genetic traits are concordant, while the other half are discordant. Discordant rates that are higher than concordant rates express the influence of the environment on twin traits. Studies A twin study compares the concordance rate of identical twins to that of fraternal twins. This can help suggest whether a disease or a certain trait has a genetic cause. Controversial uses of twin data have looked at concordance rates for homosexuality and intelligence. Other studies have involved looking at the genetic and environmental factors that can lead to increased LDL in women twins. Because identical twins are genetically virtually identical, it follows that a genetic pattern carried by one would very likely also be carried by the other. If a characteristic identified in one twin is caused by a certain gene, then it would also very likely be present in the other twin. Thus, the concordance rate of a given characteristic helps suggest whether or to what extent a characteristic is related to genetics. There are several problems with this assumption: A given genetic pattern may not have 100% penetrance, in which case it may have different phenotypic consequences in genetically identical individuals; Developmental and environmental conditions may be different for genetically identical individuals. If developmental and environmental conditions contribute to the development of the disease or other characteristic, there can be differences in the outcome of genetically identical individuals; The logic is further complicated if the characteristic is polygenic, i.e., caused by differences in more than one gene. Epigenetic effects can alter the genetic expressions in twins through varied factors. The expression of the epigenetic effect is typically weakest when the twins are young and increases as the identical twins grow older. Where in the absence of one or more environmental factors a condition will not develop in an individual, even with","title":"Concordance (genetics)"},{"docid":"12536918","text":"SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene. SK3 is a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel partly responsible for the calcium-dependent after hyperpolarisation current (IAHP). It belongs to a family of channels known as small-conductance potassium channels, which consists of three members – SK1, SK2 and SK3 (encoded by the KCNN1, 2 and 3 genes respectively), which share a 60-70% sequence identity. These channels have acquired a number of alternative names, however a NC-IUPHAR has recently achieved consensus on the best names, KCa2.1 (SK1), KCa2.2 (SK2) and KCa2.3 (SK3). Small conductance channels are responsible for the medium and possibly the slow components of the IAHP. Structure KCa2.3 contains 6 transmembrane domains, a pore-forming region, and intracellular N- and C- termini and is readily blocked by apamin. The gene for KCa2.3, KCNN3, is located on chromosome 1q21. Expression KCa2.3 is found in the central nervous system (CNS), muscle, liver, pituitary, prostate, kidney, pancreas and vascular endothelium tissues. KCa2.3 is most abundant in regions of the brain, but has also been found to be expressed in significant levels in many other peripheral tissues, particularly those rich in smooth muscle, including the rectum, corpus cavernosum, colon, small intestine and myometrium. The expression level of KCNN3 is dependent on hormonal regulation, particularly by the sex hormone estrogen. Estrogen not only enhances transcription of the KCNN3 gene, but also affects the activity of KCa2.3 channels on the cell membrane. In GABAergic preoptic area neurons, estrogen enhanced the ability of α1 adrenergic receptors to inhibit KCa2.3 activity, increasing cell excitability. Links between hormonal regulation of sex organ function and KCa2.3 expression have been established. The expression of KCa2.3 in the corpus cavernosum in patients undergoing estrogen treatment as part of gender reassignment surgery was found to be increased up to 5-fold. The influence of estrogen on KCa2.3 has also been established in the hypothalamus, uterine and skeletal muscle. Physiology KCa2.3 channels play a major role in human physiology, particularly in smooth muscle relaxation. The expression level of KCa2.3 channels in the endothelium influences arterial tone by setting arterial smooth muscle membrane potential. The sustained activity of KCa2.3 channels induces a sustained hyperpolarisation of the endothelial cell membrane potential, which is then carried to nearby smooth muscle through gap junctions. Blocking the KCa2.3 channel or suppressing KCa2.3 expression causes a greatly increased tone in resistance arteries, producing an increase in peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Pathology Mutations in KCa2.3 are suspected to be a possible underlying cause for several neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, anorexia nervosa and ataxia as well as myotonic muscular dystrophy. References Further reading Neurochemistry Ion channels","title":"SK3"},{"docid":"3936412","text":"Genetic equilibrium is the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation. Genetic equilibrium describes a theoretical state that is the basis for determining whether and in what ways populations may deviate from it. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is one theoretical framework for studying genetic equilibrium. It is commonly studied using models that take as their assumptions those of Hardy-Weinberg, meaning: No gene mutations occurring at that locus or the loci associated with the trait A large population size Limited-to-no immigration, emigration, or migration (genetic flow) No natural selection on that locus or trait Random mating (panmixis) It can describe other types of equilibrium as well, especially in modeling contexts. In particular, many models use a variation of the Hardy–Weinberg principle as their basis. Instead of all of the Hardy–Weinberg characters being present, these instead assume a balance between the diversifying effects of genetic drift and the homogenizing effects of migration between populations. A population not at equilibrium suggests that one of the assumptions of the model in question has been violated. Theoretical models of genetic equilibrium The Hardy–Weinberg principle provides the mathematical framework for genetic equilibrium. Genetic equilibrium itself, whether Hardy-Weinberg or otherwise, provides the groundwork for a number of applications, in including population genetics, conservation and evolutionary biology. With the rapid increase in whole genome sequences available as well as the proliferation of anonymous markers, models have been used to extend the initial theory to all manner of biological contexts. Using data from genetic markers such as ISSRs and RAPDs as well as the predictive potential of statistics, studies have developed models to infer what processes drove the lack of equilibrium. This includes local adaptation, range contraction and expansion and lack of gene flow due to geographic or behavioral barriers, although equilibrium modeling has been applied to a wide range of topics and questions. Equilibrium modeling have led to developments in the field. Because allelic dominance can disrupt predictions of equilibrium, some models have moved away from using genetic equilibrium as an assumption. Instead of the traditional F-statistics, they make use of Bayesian estimates. Holsinger et al. developed an analog to FST, called theta. Studies have found Bayesian estimates to be better predictors of the patterns observed. However, genetic equilibrium-based modeling remains a tool in population and conservation genetics-it can provide invaluable information about previous historical processes. Biological study systems Genetic equilibrium has been studied in a number of taxa. Some marine species in particular have been used as study systems. The life history of marine organisms like sea urchins appear to fulfill the requirements of genetic equilibrium modeling better than terrestrial species. They exist in large, panmictic populations that don’t appear to be strongly affected by geographic barriers. In spite of this, some studies have found considerable differentiation across the range of a species. Instead, when looking for genetic equilibrium, studies found large, widespread species complexes. This indicates that genetic equilibrium may be","title":"Genetic equilibrium"},{"docid":"32122804","text":"Menerba, also known as Menopause Formula 101 (MF-101), is a botanical drug candidate that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is being studied for its potential to relieve hot flashes associated with menopause. Menerba, an estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonist (ERBA), is part of a new class of receptor subtype-selective estrogens, which is selective in transcriptional regulation to one of the two known estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes. Menerba consists of 22 herbs that have been used historically in traditional Chinese medicine. Menerba binds to both ERα and ERβ and with equal affinity, but does not activate ERα and instead activates only ERβ-mediated gene transcription. Mode of action Menerba has been reported to alleviate menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, while having no stimulative effects on endometrium or breast tissue. In mouse xenograft models, Menerba produced a different conformation in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) from ERβ when compared with the conformations produced by estradiol. The specific conformational change induced by Menerba allows ERβ to bind to an estrogen response element and recruit coregulatory proteins that are required for gene activation. It has been shown that the increased risk of breast and uterine cancers is associated with ERα activation and that ERβ blocks the growth promoting effects on breast cancer cells. Menerba does not activate the ERα-regulated proliferative genes, c-myc and cyclin D1, or stimulate MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation or tumor formation, demonstrating that it may be a viable alternative for hormone therapy in comparison to estrogens that non-selectively activate both ER subtypes. In 2007, Menerba completed a multi-center Phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluating its potential for the treatment of hot flashes in 217 healthy post-menopausal women in the U.S. The principal investigator of the trial was Dr. Deborah Grady from the University of California, San Francisco. Menerba showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of hot flashes after 12 weeks of treatment and had a statistically significant reduction in nighttime awakenings from hot flashes (-67%, p=0.05). There was no difference in uterine bleeding between treatment groups and placebo, and no uterine abnormalities were observed during the study. The only side effect observed was mild loose stools (12% in treatment group vs. 3% in the placebo group). Further studies have shown that most active estrogenic compound in Menerba is liquiritigenin, derived from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis Fisch, one of the 22 botanically derived ingredients found in Menerba. In a mouse xenograft model, liquiritigenin activated multiple ER regulatory elements and native target genes with ERβ but not ERα. The ERβ-selectivity of liquiritigenin was due to the selective recruitment of the coactivator steroid receptor coactivator-2 to target genes. Liquiritigenin did not stimulate uterine size or tumorigenesis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results demonstrate that some plants contain highly selective estrogens for ERβ and are as selective as synthetic compounds, but regulate different genes. (PLOs 1 – July 17) and suggests that plant-derived ERb-selective compounds could lead to safer, more attractive alternative therapies for menopausal","title":"Menerba"},{"docid":"25207","text":"QuakeC is a compiled language developed in 1996 by John Carmack of id Software to program parts of the video game Quake. Using QuakeC, a programmer is able to customize Quake to great extents by adding weapons, changing game logic and physics, and programming complex scenarios. It can be used to control many aspects of the game itself, such as parts of the AI, triggers, or changes in the level. The Quake engine was the only game engine to use QuakeC. Following engines used DLL game modules for customization written in C, and C++ from id Tech 4 on. Overview The QuakeC source to the original id Software Quake game logic was published in 1996 and used as the basis for modifications like capture the flag and others. QuakeC source code is compiled using a tool called qcc into a bytecode kept in a file called . The programmers of Quake modifications could then publish their bytecode without revealing their source code. Most Quake mods were published this way. QuakeC allowed the Quake engine to dominate the direction of the first-person shooter genre. Thanks to Carmack's idea of extending video game life by adding unlimited expandability (extensibility already played a big role in Doom), an enormous Internet community of gamers and programmers alike has arisen and many modern multiplayer games are extensible in some form. QuakeC is known as interpreted because as Quake runs, it is continually interpreting the progs.dat file. Limitations and subsequent solutions The syntax of QuakeC is based on that of the C programming language, explaining its name, but it does not support the implementation of new types, structures, arrays, or any kind of referencing other than the \"entity\" type (which is always a reference). QuakeC also suffers from the fact that many built-in functions (functions prototyped in the QuakeC code but actually defined within the game engine and written in C) return strings in a temporary string buffer, which can only hold one string at any given time. In other words, a construct such as SomeFunction (ftos (num1), ftos (num2)); will fail because the second call to ftos (which converts a floating-point value to a string) overwrites the string returned by the first call before SomeFunction can do something with it. QuakeC does not contain any string handling functions or file handling functions, which were simply not needed by the original game. Most video games at the time had their game logic written in plain C/C++ and compiled into the executable, which is faster. However, this makes it harder for the community to create mods and it makes the process of porting the game to another platform (such as Linux) more costly. Despite its advantages, the choice of implementing game logic using a custom scripting language and interpreter was dropped from the next generation Quake II engine in favor of compiled C code due to the overall inflexibility of QuakeC, the increasingly complex game logic, the performance to be gained by packaging game logic into a","title":"QuakeC"},{"docid":"980365","text":"In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \"end populations\" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each \"linked\" population and the next. Such non-breeding, though genetically connected, \"end populations\" may co-exist in the same region (sympatry) thus closing a \"ring\". The German term , meaning a circle of races, is also used. Ring species represent speciation and have been cited as evidence of evolution. They illustrate what happens over time as populations genetically diverge, specifically because they represent, in living populations, what normally happens over time between long-deceased ancestor populations and living populations, in which the intermediates have become extinct. The evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins remarks that ring species \"are only showing us in the spatial dimension something that must always happen in the time dimension\". Formally, the issue is that interfertility (ability to interbreed) is not a transitive relation; if A breeds with B, and B breeds with C, it does not mean that A breeds with C, and therefore does not define an equivalence relation. A ring species is a species with a counterexample to the transitivity of interbreeding. However, it is unclear whether any of the examples of ring species cited by scientists actually permit gene flow from end to end, with many being debated and contested. History The classic ring species is the Larus gull. In 1925 Jonathan Dwight found the genus to form a chain of varieties around the Arctic Circle. However, doubts have arisen as to whether this represents an actual ring species. In 1938, Claud Buchanan Ticehurst argued that the greenish warbler had spread from Nepal around the Tibetan Plateau, while adapting to each new environment, meeting again in Siberia where the ends no longer interbreed. These and other discoveries led Mayr to first formulate a theory on ring species in his 1942 study Systematics and the Origin of Species. Also in the 1940s, Robert C. Stebbins described the Ensatina salamanders around the Californian Central Valley as a ring species; but again, some authors such as Jerry Coyne consider this classification incorrect. Finally in 2012, the first example of a ring species in plants was found in a spurge, forming a ring around the Caribbean Sea. Speciation The biologist Ernst Mayr championed the concept of ring species, stating that it unequivocally demonstrated the process of speciation. A ring species is an alternative model to allopatric speciation, \"illustrating how new species can arise through 'circular overlap', without interruption of gene flow through intervening populations…\" However, Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr point out that rings species more closely model parapatric speciation. Ring species often attract the interests of evolutionary biologists, systematists, and researchers of speciation leading to both thought provoking ideas and confusion concerning their definition. Contemporary scholars recognize that examples in nature have proved rare due to various factors such","title":"Ring species"},{"docid":"421835","text":"Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) is a designation for non-United States-based organizations deemed by the United States Secretary of State, in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (INA), to be involved in what US authorities define as terrorist activities. Most of the organizations on the list are Islamist extremist groups; the rest are nationalist/separatist groups, or Marxist militant groups. The Department of State, along with the United States Department of the Treasury, also has the authority to designate individuals and entities as subject to counter-terrorism sanctions according to Executive Order 13224. The Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) maintains a separate list of such individuals and entities. Identification of candidates The Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism (CT) of the United States Department of State continually monitors the activities of groups active around the world to identify targets for the \"terrorist\" designation. When reviewing potential targets, S/CT looks at the actual attacks that a group has carried out, as well as whether the group has engaged in planning and preparations for possible future acts of violence or retains the capability and intent to carry out such acts. Designation process Once a target is identified, the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism prepares a detailed \"administrative record\", which is a compilation of information, typically including both classified and open sources information, demonstrating that the statutory criteria for designation have been satisfied. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, decides to make the designation, the United States Congress is notified of the Secretary's intent to designate the organization and given seven days to review the designation, as the INA requires. Upon the expiration of the seven-day waiting period, notice of the designation is published in the Federal Register, at which point the designation takes effect. An organization designated as an FTO may seek judicial review of the designation in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit not later than 30 days after the designation is published in the Federal Register. Under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, the FTO may file a petition for revocation two years after the designation date (or in the case of redesignated FTOs, its most recent redesignation date) or two years after the determination date on its most recent petition for revocation. In order to provide a basis for revocation, the petitioning FTO must provide evidence that the circumstances forming the basis for the designation are sufficiently different as to warrant revocation. If no such review has been conducted during a five-year period with respect to a designation, then the Secretary of State is required to review the designation to determine whether revocation would be appropriate. The procedural requirements for designating an organization as an FTO also apply to any redesignation of that organization. The Secretary of State may revoke a designation or redesignation at any time upon a finding that the circumstances","title":"United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations"},{"docid":"19412643","text":"Owned and founded by Fernando González Sanchez, Aerofan FTO is an approved Flight Training Organisation, operating from Madrid Cuatro Vientos Airport, Spain. Aerofan FTO currently operates one Cessna 152, one Cessna 172 and one Cessna 310 multi-engine aircraft. The flying school is approved for private and commercial pilot training. Flight attendant courses are also available. History Aerofan was founded in 1992 operating just one Cessna 152 for private pilot courses. Between 2002 and 2007 the flying school experienced several years of solid growth, largely due to its high percentage of non-Spanish students. During these years Aerofan FTO was one of the leading pilot schools in Spain focused on international flight training. In 2009 owner Fernando González launched IMD Airways. For a period of two years IMD operated an MD87 in wet-lease operations. Since the launching of IMD, Aerofan FTO saw no further expansion or growth. Since 2011 Aerofan has seen a significant fleet reduction and now operates only three aircraft. Its other aircraft have all been sold, or scrapped. IMD Airways operations have ceased. Aerofan however continues to operate. Fleet The Aerofan fleet includes the following aircraft (as of 11 January 2012) : FTO 1 Cessna 152 3 Cessna 172 1 Cessna 172RG 1 Cessna 310 1 Piper Seneca Airline 1 MD-87 External links Aerofan Aerofan Fleet Airlines of Spain","title":"Aerofan"},{"docid":"694295","text":"A chocoholic is a person who craves or compulsively consumes chocolate. The word \"chocoholic\" was first used in 1961, according to Merriam-Webster. It is a portmanteau of \"chocolate\" and \"alcoholic\". The term is used loosely or humorously to describe a person who is inordinately fond of chocolate; however, there is medical evidence to support the existence of actual addiction to chocolate. Psychoactive constituents of chocolate that trigger a ‘feel-good’ reaction for the consumer include tryptophan and phenylethylamine, which may contribute to cravings and addiction-like responses, particularly in people with specific genetic alleles. The quantity of sugars used in chocolate confections also impacts the psychoactive effects of chocolate. Although the concept of a chocolate addiction is still controversial in the medical literature, chocolate (especially dark chocolate) is considered to have effects on mood, and chocolate confectioneries almost always top the list of foods people say they crave. The craving can be so strong in some cases that chocoholics may experience withdrawal symptoms if the craving is not fulfilled. Addiction There are two factors that contribute to the addictive nature of chocolate. The first is the pharmacological ingredients, and the second is the additives. The essential components of addiction are intense craving for something and a loss of control over its use. Academic research has shown that people can exhibit both of these components in relation to food, particularly food that contains sugar or fat. Since chocolate contains both, it is often used in studies of food addiction. Criticism A study in the journal Nutrients has shown that despite some evidence that this type of addiction exists, there is no formal diagnosis given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). It is known that chocolate consumption does not activate the shell of the nucleus accumbens, as seen in those with substance use disorders. Genetics A study published in the journal Cell Metabolism proved a correlation between the FGF21 gene and a liking for sweet foods. Other research has upheld one of the variants of the FGF21 gene were 20% more likely to crave sugary foods. The FGF21 gene also moderates appetite and controls insulin resistance. The FGF21 gene is also known to be associated with the sweet tooth. It is also known that there is an association between the FTO gene and intake of sugar and caffeine. The FTO gene works to regulate the body's energy usage. Some variants of the FTO gene play a major role in the connectivity in the reward circuit of the meso-striato prefrontal regions, which act to process information and focus one's attention, and are linked to disorders such as addiction. Studies have found that the presence of chromosome 16 can uphold genetic variations that influence the intake of sweet foods, such as chocolate. The dopamine receptor D2 is also linked to addictive behaviours such as substance use disorders. Addiction may occur when there is a deficit in the number of dopamine 2 receptors, which gives one the ability to experience pleasure.","title":"Chocoholic"},{"docid":"57342942","text":"Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by persistent hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and thought disorder. These experiences are evident in multiple sensory modalities and include deviation in all facets of thought, cognition, and emotion. Compared to other psychological disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), schizophrenia has significantly higher heritability. Schizophrenia has been found to present cross-culturally, and it almost always has 0.1% prevalence in a given population, although some studies have cast doubts on this. It has been hypothesized that schizophrenia is unique to human beings and has existed for a long time. Schizophrenia has raised a perplexing question for evolutionary psychologists and anthropologists. Why has such a debilitating disorder persisted for so long, with such frequency? This paradox has been referred to as the schizophrenia enigma, and many evolutionary models have been created to explain it. Evolutionary approaches reflect on how human genes can change over time. Under evolutionary pressures, certain phenotypes are favored, and this selection influences the frequency of genes that control these phenotypes. Evolutionary approaches have been used to try to explain the schizophrenia enigma. Widely accepted views see schizophrenia as either a disadvantageous byproduct of human evolution or an evolutionarily beneficial adaptation. Main explanations There are several evolutionary theories related to schizophrenia spanning time from when Homo erectus gained control of fire onward to the modern day. The first theory related to schizophrenia is Byproduct theories, which are a specific type of theory put forward by various scientists. These theories portray the disorder as a consequence of other, separate evolutionary changes. One anthropologist putting forward this theory, Crow, states that schizophrenia is a result from incomplete hemispheric specialization due to selection of genes relating to language. While another scientist, Burns, follows that schizophrenia is related to modified cortical connectivity which is vital for the development of the 'social brain. Finally Horrobin argues that ancient mutations are what developed linguistic, creative and shamanic ability which in turn can potentially cause deficits in lipid metabolism or as it is termed in modern times Schizophrenia. Another evolutionary theory which connects with the development of modern-day schizophrenia are Balance theories which hypothesizes that schizophrenia's negative aspects are balanced by benefits. These benefits yield valued personality traits or yet again shamanism a desired and mystic ability of the past. Though an evolutionary theory in its own, analysis of balance theory does not show this route as a possibility. Folklore accounts mention wise fools and clever madmen but do not connect such a characteristic to motifs combining psychosis and creativity, aspects believed to be borne from schizophrenia. A third theory relating to schizophrenia is group selection theory which describes 'psychosis' alleles provide advantages to groups, outweighing any disadvantages. This theory then goes further and states that as a result of this grouping, humans that have specific genes replaced groups that lacked those genes. Additionally, this theory uses elements based on byproduct theories and balance theories. Environmental change theories also rely on schizophrenia-type alleles providing more benefits to","title":"Evolutionary approaches to schizophrenia"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"3605460\",\n \"text\": \"Fatso may refer to: Animals The proper name of Keyboard Cat (now deceased), a cat who became the subject of an Internet meme Fatso (crocodile), a saltwater crocodile in captivity in Western Australia Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional characters Sergeant \\\"Fatso\\\" Judson, a character in the 1953 American film From Here to Eternity Fatso, a member of the Ghostly Trio and one of Casper the Friendly Ghost's uncles Fatso, a wombat from the Australian television series A Country Practice The Mancubus or Fatso, a character in the video game Doom II Films Fatso (1980 film), an American film directed by Anne Bancroft Fatso (2008 film), a Norwegian film directed by Arild Fröhlich Fatso!, a 2012 Indian film directed by Rajat Kapoor Literature Fatso, a 1987 autobiography by retired American football player Art Donovan FAT!SO?, a 1998 book by Marilyn Wann Music Fatso (band), a band who featured on the TV series Rutland Weekend Television People Leonard DiMaria (born 1941), New York mobster nicknamed Fatso Vincenzo Licciardi (born 1965), Italian criminal clan boss nicknamed \\\"'o Chiatto\\\" (Fatso) Other uses FTO gene, or Fatso, a gene linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot of the Sydney 2000 Olympics Fatso (service), an online DVD rental service in New Zealand\",\n \"title\": \"Fatso\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"854294\",\n \"text\": \"DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. As a consequence, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure. When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur. This can eventually lead to malignant tumors, or cancer as per the two-hit hypothesis. The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage incurred to its DNA, can enter one of three possible states: an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous The DNA repair ability of a cell is vital to the integrity of its genome and thus to the normal functionality of that organism. Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, and Aziz Sancar for their work on the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair processes. DNA damage DNA damage, due to environmental factors and normal metabolic processes inside the cell, occurs at a rate of 10,000 to 1,000,000 molecular lesions per cell per day. While this constitutes at most only 0.0003125% of the human genome's approximately 3.2 billion bases, unrepaired lesions in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes) can impede a cell's ability to carry out its function and appreciably increase the likelihood of tumor formation and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. The vast majority of DNA damage affects the primary structure of the double helix; that is, the bases themselves are chemically modified. These modifications can in turn disrupt the molecules' regular helical structure by introducing non-native chemical bonds or bulky adducts that do not fit in the standard double helix. Unlike proteins and RNA, DNA usually lacks tertiary structure and therefore damage or disturbance does not occur at that level. DNA is, however, supercoiled and wound around \\\"packaging\\\" proteins called histones (in eukaryotes), and both superstructures are vulnerable to the effects of DNA damage. Sources DNA damage can be subdivided into two main types: endogenous damage such as attack by reactive\",\n \"title\": \"DNA repair\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37122597\",\n \"text\": \"Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal and human behavior. It seeks to explain how nurture shapes nature, where nature refers to biological heredity and nurture refers to virtually everything that occurs during the life-span (e.g., social-experience, diet and nutrition, and exposure to toxins). Behavioral epigenetics attempts to provide a framework for understanding how the expression of genes is influenced by experiences and the environment to produce individual differences in behaviour, cognition, personality, and mental health. Epigenetic gene regulation involves changes other than to the sequence of DNA and includes changes to histones (proteins around which DNA is wrapped) and DNA methylation. These epigenetic changes can influence the growth of neurons in the developing brain as well as modify the activity of neurons in the adult brain. Together, these epigenetic changes in neuron structure and function can have a marked influence on an organism's behavior. Background In biology, and specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence; the term can also be used to describe the study of stable, long-term alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable. Examples of mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. DNA methylation turns a gene \\\"off\\\" – it results in the inability of genetic information to be read from DNA; removing the methyl tag can turn the gene back \\\"on\\\". Histone modification changes the way that DNA is packaged into chromosomes. These changes impact how genes are expressed. Epigenetics has a strong influence on the development of an organism and can alter the expression of individual traits. Epigenetic changes occur not only in the developing fetus, but also in individuals throughout the human life-span. Because some epigenetic modifications can be passed from one generation to the next, subsequent generations may be affected by the epigenetic changes that took place in the parents. Discovery The first documented example of epigenetics affecting behavior was provided by Michael Meaney and Moshe Szyf. While working at McGill University in Montréal in 2004, they discovered that the type and amount of nurturing a mother rat provides in the early weeks of the rat's infancy determines how that rat responds to stress later in life. This stress sensitivity was linked to a down-regulation in the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the brain. In turn, this down-regulation was found to be a consequence of the extent of methylation in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Immediately after birth, Meaney and Szyf found that methyl groups repress the glucocorticoid receptor gene in all rat pups, making the gene unable to unwind from the histone in order to be transcribed, causing a decreased stress response.\",\n \"title\": \"Behavioral epigenetics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2239705\",\n \"text\": \"Gammaretrovirus is a genus in the Retroviridae family. Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia virus. They cause various sarcomas, leukemias and immune deficiencies in mammals, reptiles and birds. Introduction Many endogenous retroviruses, closely related to exogenous gammaretroviruses, are present in the DNA of mammals (including humans), birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many also share a conserved RNA structural element called a core encapsidation signal. The avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses are not strictly avian viruses—it appears that reticuloendotheliosis viruses are mammalian viruses that were accidentally introduced into birds in the 1930s during research on malaria. As a potential vector for gene therapy, gammaretroviruses have some advantages over HIV as a lentiviral vector. Specifically, the gammaretroviral packaging system does not require the incorporation of any sequences overlapping with coding sequences of gag, pol, or accessory genes. Gammaretroviruses have a wide range of implications for animals. They have been linked with several diseases including cancer, specifically leukemias and lymphomas, various neurological diseases, and some immunodeficiencies in many different species. Gammaretroviruses are similar to other retroviruses and reverse transcribe a positive single strand RNA into double stranded DNA. The double stranded DNA is highly stable and easily integrated into a host genome. A few examples of the virus are Moloney murine leukemia virus, xenotropic MuLB-related virus, feline leukemia virus, and feline sarcoma virus. Gammaretroviruses are very popular retroviral vectors in laboratory studies. These vectors are crucial for gene therapy and gene transfer. The reason that they are so useful is because their genomes are very simple and easy to use. Retroviruses have the ability to integrate into host cell genomes very well, which allows for the long term expression of their genome. One specific gammaretrovirus that is commonly used as a retroviral vector is the Moloney murine leukemia virus. A specific gammaretrovirus called xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been found to infect prostate cancer tissue in laboratories. XMRV is a recombinant virus created in a laboratory accident in the mid-1990s. Although it can infect human tissue, no known disease is associated with the infection and it is unlikely to exist outside laboratories. Alleged discovery of XMRV in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in 2009 caused a controversy and eventual retraction. There were over 50 human cancer cell lines that were claimed to be linked to murine leukemia virus-related virus or murine leukemia virus. There have also been claimed discoveries of murine gammaretroviruses in lung cancer cell lines. While it was unclear what role these viruses have in the cancer development, it was believed that they are most prevalent during the tumor developing stage of the cancer by inhibiting tumor suppressing genes. Viral classification Gammaretrovirus is a part of the retroviridae family. Gammaretroviruses are considered zoonotic viruses because they are found in many different mammalian species, such as mice, cats, pigs, primates, cows, and birds. However, bats are the primary reservoir for many gammaretroviruses. Bats can have a prolonged exposure to a variety of pathogens without showing\",\n \"title\": \"Gammaretrovirus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52985374\",\n \"text\": \"Ismaa Sadaf Farooqi is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research fellow in Clinical Science, professor of Metabolism and Medicine at the University of Cambridge and a consultant physician at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, UK. Education Farooqi was educated at the University of Birmingham where she studied medicine, and was awarded a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree in 1993. After working as a pre-registration house officer and senior house officer, she moved into research and was awarded a PhD in 2001 from the University of Cambridge for research on the genetics of severe childhood obesity. Research Farooqi's research investigates the genetics of obesity. Using candidate genes found in patients with severe obesity, her research group have identified patients with mutations in genes encoding leptin, the leptin receptor and biological targets of leptin action, such as the Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Her group have also demonstrated that the central leptin-melanocortin axis plays a critical role in the regulation of human food intake. Research in her laboratory has shown that people who carry variants of the MC4R gene have an increased preference for high fat food (such as certain recipes of chicken korma), but a decreased preference for sugary foods like Eton mess. Her research has also proven that mutations in the KSR2 gene are associated with insulin resistance and that genetic variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is associated with diminished hunger. Her research has been funded by the Wellcome Trust, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust and the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP7) from the European Union. Awards and honours Farooqi was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2021. Farooqi was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2013. Her citation on election reads: Farooqi was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on The Life Scientific, first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2017. Farooqi was awarded the American Diabetes Association's Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award in 2019. References Living people Wellcome Trust Alumni of the University of Cambridge Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom) Academics of the University of Cambridge 20th-century British medical doctors 21st-century British medical doctors Year of birth missing (living people) British women medical doctors British women scientists Fellows of the Royal Society\",\n \"title\": \"Sadaf Farooqi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55285468\",\n \"text\": \"The Mammalian Genetics Unit was a genetics and genomics research institute in Oxfordshire. History Earlier research on the same site at the Radiobiology Research Unit, which opened in 1954, in the 1950s was into cytogenetics, where Charles Edmund Ford and John Hamerton confirmed on 12 January 1956 the size of the human genome. In the early 1970s this unit led research into mutagenic effects of radiation on the human chromosome. In the mid-1980s, important early work was done in genomic imprinting. From 2007, the site no longer carried out work into the effects of radiation on genes (radiobiology). From April 2022, the site closed as the Mammalian Genetics Unit and was merged with the neighboring Mary Lyon Centre. MGU The MGU was largely derived from the earlier Radiobiology Unit (RBU). In 2010, work at the unit discovered that overexpression of the FTO gene led to obesity. Structure The unit was in Oxfordshire. Function The unit carried out work into genetics and genome engineering. See also List of geneticists Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society References External links Science Oxford Structure 1995 establishments in England Genetic engineering in the United Kingdom Genetics or genomics research institutions Mammal genetics Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) Research institutes established in 1995 Research institutes in Oxfordshire Vale of White Horse\",\n \"title\": \"Mammalian Genetics Unit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59883652\",\n \"text\": \"Libertine is the fourth and final studio album by English rock band Gene. It was released on 22 October 2001 though their own label Contra. After departing from their previous label Polydor Records in 1999, the band spent sometime writing material. Their next album was recorded across various studios in Lincolnshire, Twickenham and London. Hugh Jones served as the producer on nearly all of the songs, bar one that was produced by Stephen Street. Libertine focusses on piano instrumentation, taking influence from soul music, namely What's Going On (1971) by Marvin Gaye. Libertine received generally favourable reviews from critics, some of whom commented on the quality of the songs. The album reached number 92 in the UK Albums Chart. Ahead of the album's release, \\\"Is It Over?\\\" appeared as its lead single in October 2001. Around this time, Gene embarked on a tour of the United Kingdom. \\\"Does He Have a Name?\\\" was released as the second single from the album in January 2002. Libertine has been reissued on CD and vinyl over the years; four songs from it appeared on the band's fourth compilation album Yours for the Taking (The Best Of) (2020). Background Gene released their third studio album Revelations in March 1999. It peaked at number 25 on the UK Albums Chart; out of its two singles, \\\"As Good as It Gets\\\" reaching the highest at number 23. The following month, the band announced they had left their label Polydor Records, with both parties coming to a mutual agreement. In the same announcement, they revealed they were working on songs for their next album. In June 2000, the band played the United States for the first time in three years; the occasion was livestreamed over the internet. A live album, titled Rising for Sunset, was released on their label Contra later in the month. This was followed by one-off shows in New York City and Tunbridge Wells. Libertine was recorded at Chapel Studios in Lincolnshire, The Barge in Twickenham, Westside Studios in London, Townhouse Studios in London and BFD Studios in London. Hugh Jones produced nearly all of the songs, bar \\\"You\\\", which was produced by Stephen Street. Ewan Davies (with assistance from Will Bartle), Kenny Patterson and Cenzo Townsend served as engineers throughout the sessions. Recording concluded by May 2001. Jones mixed almost every track, save for \\\"Does He Have a Name?\\\", \\\"Yours for the Taking\\\" and \\\"You\\\"; the latter two were done by Street, while Michael Fayne and Jamie Maher handled \\\"Does He Have a Name?\\\". Kevin Metcalf then mastered the album at The Soundmaster Studios in London. Composition Libertine places more of an emphasis on piano, and takes influence from 1960s soul music and What's Going On (1971) by Marvin Gaye. Neil Hodge of Louder Than War said it was an \\\"atmospheric album that is a perfect example of late night listening including strings, Hammond organ, slide guitars and ventures into reggae\\\". It opens with the seven-minute chamber pop song \\\"Does He Have a\",\n \"title\": \"Libertine (Gene album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70932451\",\n \"text\": \"Rachel Louise Batterham is a British physician who is a professor of Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology at University College London. She established the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery. She has extensively studied obesity, and has contributed to clinical management and the understanding of obesity-related diseases. Early life and education Batterham was an undergraduate medical student at Imperial College London, where she was based at St Mary's Hospital. She completed her speciality training in diabetes and endocrinology. As part of her training, she became particularly interested in obesity. After her residency, she worked toward a master's degree in biochemistry. She eventually completed a doctorate in the regulation of body weight. Research and career In 2005, Batterham was appointed a consultant at the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, where she set up a service for the management of obesity. She was eventually promoted to Professor of Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology, and appointed Obesity theme lead for the UCL National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre. Batterham identified that a genetic variation in the FTO gene can make people more likely to become obese. People with the obesity-risk variant have higher circulating levels of ghrelin in their blood, which means that they feel hungry even after having a meal. In 2016, Batterham was awarded an Research Professorship by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR). She looked to improve the health of people with obesity. Whilst bariatric surgery can cause long-term weight loss, it can be difficult to access and does not always improve human health. Batterham sought to understand whether genotypes could be used to determine whether or not someone respond well to bariatric surgery. She investigated whether exercise or pharmaceutical interventions could improve weight loss and health outcomes. Batterhman believes that health inequalities perpetuate obesity amongst people from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Batterham founded the Obesity Empowerment Network in 2019. The charity looks to empower and engage people of all ages who have obesity. In 2022, she created a documentary on obesity and how the phenomenon can be addressed. Awards and honours 2015 Diabetes UK Rank Fund Nutrition Prize 2016 Appointed to the Council of the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society 2016 Andre Mayer award from the World Obesity Federation 2018 Royal Society of Medicine's Steven's Lecture 2017 Sir Jules Thorn Award for Biomedical Award 2018 Crick Lecture 2022 Appointed Order of the British Empire in the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours Selected publications References Alumni of Imperial College London Academics of University College London 21st-century British medical doctors Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Members of the Order of the British Empire Obesity researchers NIHR Research Professors\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Batterham\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4474479\",\n \"text\": \"FTO may refer to: Field training officer Fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) Foreign Terrorist Organisation, term used in the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations Freedom to operate Frontier Oil, a defunct American oil company that traded on the NYSE as FTO FTO, initialism used for the New South Wales Film and Television Office, former name of Screen NSW FTO gene, a fat mass and obesity-associated protein Mitsubishi FTO, an automobile\",\n \"title\": \"FTO\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12934723\",\n \"text\": \"The Mitsubishi Galant Coupé FTO is a rear-wheel drive coupe produced by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors from November 1971 to March 1975. \\\"FTO\\\" was meant to stand for Fresco Turismo Omologato, in a fine example of Japanese Italian. The compact Coupé FTO can be seen as the replacement for the earlier Mitsubishi Colt 11-F Super Sports. The FTO was first introduced with an 1,378 cc 4G41 \\\"Neptune\\\" engine, until it was replaced in a February 1973 redesign by a pair of 1,597 cc 4G32 \\\"Saturn\\\" powerplants, offering either or depending on the state of tune. There was also a 1,439 cc Saturn engine, offering . In October 1973 there was a minor facelift, and the lineup was restricted to four versions as the EL, GS, and four-speed SL versions were cancelled. Production gradually came to an end in August 1975, after the introduction in March that year of the more staid Lancer Celeste. The FTO was based on the chassis of the first generation Mitsubishi Galant, shortened by for extra agility and lightness. It carried the chassis codes A61 (Neptune 1.4), A62 (Saturn 1.4), and A63 (Saturn 1.6). 1600 GSRs built before October 1974 (when safety standards were changed) received black plastic wheelarch extensions to accommodate a wider track, resulting in an even more aggressive look. The GSR also featured a standard limited slip differential. The FTO name was again resurrected twenty years after production of the original had ceased, when the company introduced the front-wheel drive Mitsubishi FTO in 1994. Data Primary data sources for each model are given in the first row. Data sourced elsewhere is referenced in each individual cell where it is used. References Mitsubishi Motors history, 1971–80, Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website Mitsubishi Galant FTO specifications, Histomobile Coupés Galant FTO Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Sports cars Cars introduced in 1971\",\n \"title\": \"Mitsubishi Galant FTO\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49608776\",\n \"text\": \"Parasite-stress theory, or pathogen-stress theory, is a theory of human evolution proposing that parasites and diseases encountered by a species shape the development of species' values and qualities, proposed by researchers Corey Fincher and Randy Thornhill. The differences in how parasites and diseases stress people's development is what leads to differences in their biological mate value and mate preferences, as well as differences across culture. Parasites causing diseases pose potential ecological hazards and, subsequently, selection pressures can alter psychological and social behaviours of humans, as well as have an influence on their immune systems. Theories of parasite-mediated mate choice Several hypotheses have attempted to explain how parasite load influences female mate choice, as certain traits are thought to be costly and the expression of such traits may be indicative of genetic quality. Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis According to the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis, female mate choice is based on the extent to which male secondary sexual characteristics are expressed, as these are thought to be indicative of a heritable resistance to pathogens. A meta-analysis reviewed studies exploring the magnitude of the relationship between expression of secondary sexual characteristics and parasite intensity, as well as level of host immune functioning. Consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Hamilton and Zuk, the meta-analysis revealed that males with the fewest parasites and/or the strongest immune systems typically had the most extravagant secondary sexual characteristics. With regards to parasite-stress theory, these findings would be interpreted as those men who have encountered more parasites – or are naturally less capable of dealing with parasites – are also less desirable mates to females, due to a lower genetic quality for the potential offspring. Zahavi handicap principle The Zahavi handicap principle, originally proposed by Zahavi in 1975, suggests that males who possess secondary sexual characteristics which provide a handicap are more attractive to females. These sexual ornaments are sexually selected in order to appear stronger and better adapted, compared to other males in the environment. This is because these characteristics are indicators of good genes and heritable viability, as they are costly to an individual's survival to maintain and produce. Therefore, the stronger the individual is, the more able they are to bear this cost. These kinds of characteristics are a form of communication within species, as they are defined as honest signals (a signal about a mate's quality which cannot be faked). As a weak individual would not be able to survive with this particular characteristic, it signals to potential mates that it is stronger than its competitors and has a high mate value. Examples of such traits include the peacock's tail, very bright in nature and hence attracting more attention from predators as well as requiring more energy to maintain. Another example is the gazelle's stotting behaviour, whereby the gazelle jumps up and down when it spots a predator, in order to indicate its physical fitness. Immunocompetence handicap hypothesis This hypothesis takes Zahavi's principle further in suggesting that testosterone is responsible for the production of male secondary sexual traits while\",\n \"title\": \"Parasite-stress theory\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11503558\",\n \"text\": \"Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a membrane protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol trafficking in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by the NPC1 gene (chromosome location 18q11). Function NPC1 was identified as the gene that when mutated, results in Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Niemann-Pick disease, type C is a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder resulting from autosomal recessively inherited loss-of-function mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2. This disrupts intracellular lipid transport, leading to the accumulation of lipid products in the late endosomes and lysosomes. Approximately 95% of NPC patients are found to have mutations in the NPC1 gene. NPC1 encodes a putative integral membrane protein containing sequence motifs consistent with a role in intracellular transport of cholesterol and sphingosine to post-lysosomal destinations. Clinical significance Obesity Mutations in the NPC1 gene have been strongly linked with obesity. A genome-wide association study identified NPC1 mutations as a risk factor in childhood obesity and adult morbid obesity, and 1,416 age-matched normal weight controls. Mutations in NPC1 were also correlated with ordinary weight gain in the population. Previous studies in mice have suggested that the NPC1 gene has a role in controlling appetite, as mice with a non-functioning NPC1 gene suffer late-onset weight loss and have poor food intake. NPC1 gene variant could account for around 10 per cent of all childhood obesity and about 14 per cent of adult morbid obesity cases. Obesity is a widely known disorder that is caused by having too high of a body fat percentage (defined as more than 25% body fat percentage for men, and more than 33% for women) — specifically a large excess of white adipose tissue — responsible for dramatically increasing the risks of developing other medical conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis, cancer, and many more. Being obese is different from being overweight (which is simply weighing too much or over the recommended amount) as that does not account for body fat percentage or a body fat to body weight ratio, meaning that the weight can come from other areas in the body such as bone and/or muscle. In just the United States alone, approximately 40% of Americans aged twenty and above are obese, and over 70% of Americans aged twenty and above are overweight (which includes obesity), making obesity a major health issue that must be researched and addressed further. There are many factors that can affect obesity, including environment, diet, life-style (sedentary vs. active), genetic predisposition—and even within only the genetic component it is rarely ever just one single gene that is the main cause for obesity or increase in obesity risks. There are numerous genes (over a hundred) that can contribute to and are known to be strongly associated with or responsible for obesity. These include genes such as MC4R, LEP, LEPR, and FTO. One of the lesser known gene diseases that is known to be linked to obesity is the NPC1 disease, which is otherwise known as the Niemann-Pick disease type C1. It\",\n \"title\": \"NPC1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57404410\",\n \"text\": \"Epigenetics in forensic science is the application of epigenetics to solving crimes. Forensic science has been using DNA as evidence since 1984, however this does not give information about any changes in the individual since birth and will not be useful in distinguishing identical siblings. The focus of epigenetics in the forensic field is on non-heritable changes such as aging and diseases. Epigenetics involves any changes to the DNA that does not affect the sequence, but instead affects the activity of the DNA, such as the level of transcription of a particular gene. These changes can be passed down transgenerationally through the germline or arise after birth from environmental factors. In humans and other mammals, CpG dinucleotides are the main sequence that develops methylation, and because of this most studies on try and find unique methylation sites. There are a few methylation sites that have been determined as a cause of environmental influences from age, lifestyle, or certain diseases. DNA methylation DNA methylation is a common epigenetic mark being studied as potential evidence in forensic science. Unlike DNA, realistic DNA methylation is less likely be planted at crime scenes.> Current methods to fabricate DNA usually exclude important methylation marks found in biological tissues making this a way to confirm the identity of an individual when evidence is being assessed. Many different tissues can be used to analyze methylation. Sample preservation The effect of cryopreservation on epigenetic marks in tissues is a new area of study. The primary focus of this research is on oocytes and sperm for the purpose of assisted reproductive technology, however it can be useful in forensics for the preservation of evidence. Methylation can be analyzed in fresh tissue that is cryo-preserved within 24 hours of death and it can then be analyzed in this tissue for up to 1 year. If the tissue is formalin-fixed or putrefied, methylation analysis is much more difficult. Aging Although blood is the primary sample used in studies, most tissues consistently show that methylation increases early in life and slowly decreases, globally, throughout late adulthood. This process is referred to as epigenetic drift. The epigenetic clock refers to methylation sites that are highly associated with aging. These sites consistently change across individuals and can therefore be used as age markers for an individual. There are some models that have been developed to predict ages for specific samples, such as saliva and buccal epithelial cells, blood, or semen, but others have been made to age any tissue. In 2011, three significant, hypermethylated CpG sites related to aging across all samples were found in the KCNQ1DN, NPTX2, and GRIA2 genes. The age guess for over 700 samples had a mean absolute deviation from chronological age (MAD) of 11.4 years. Two years later, almost 8,000 samples were used in an elastic net regularized regression to create a new age predictive model. This resulted in 353 CpG sites being chosen for the age prediction, and the model had a MAD of 3.6 years. There is\",\n \"title\": \"Epigenetics in forensic science\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67126169\",\n \"text\": \"Bisantrene is an anthracenyl bishydrazone with anthracycline-like antineoplastic activity and an antimetabolite. Bisantrene intercalates with and disrupts the configuration of DNA, resulting in DNA single-strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinking, and inhibition of DNA replication. This agent is similar to doxorubicin in chemotherapeutic activity, but unlike anthracyclines like doxorubicin, it exhibits little cardiotoxicity. In addition to its anthracycline-like activity, a July 2020 seminal article by Su, R et al. at the City of Hope Hospital in Los Angeles, California, USA first identified bisantrene to also be a potent (IC50 = 142nM) inhibitor of the Fat Mass and Obesity (FTO) associated protein, which is a m6A RNA demethylase. The same study found that bisantrene is a weak inhibitor of ALKBH5, which is the only other demethylase, i.e. bisantrene is also a selective inhibitor of FTO. In 2021, bisantrene was demonstrated preclinically to be cardioprotective when administered together with cardiotoxic anthracyclines. A bisantrene combination treatment is currently (as at early 2024) nearing the end of a Phase II clinical trial to assess its efficacy in treating AML in heavily pretreated patients and to assess any adverse side effects, including any cardiotoxicity of the combination. The December 2023 interim findings are given in the History section. Medical uses Clinical trials of Bisantrene in the 1980s showed efficacy in a range of leukaemias (including Acute Myeloid Leukaemia), breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. Adverse Side Effects High doses of bisantrene (above 200 mg/m2/day) cause adverse side effects typical of anthracycline chemotherapeutics. Common adverse side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, rash, and inflammation of the mouth. For a chemotherapy drug, it is considered to have relatively low toxicity. Unlike other anthracycline chemotherapeutics, Bisantrene shows low levels of cardiotoxicity. In a Phase III metastatic breast cancer clinical, patients were exposed to cumulative doses in excess of 5440 mg/m2 without developing cardiac damage. The same study observed significantly lower rates of hair loss and nausea compared to patients given doxorubicin. Three Mechanisms of Action Bisantrene has three distinct mechanisms of action. Bisantrene contains an appropriately sized planar electron-rich chromophore to be a DNA intercalating agent, and in vitro, it is a potent inhibitor of DNA and RNA synthesis. Bisantrene is also a potent and selective inhibitor of the FTO enzyme, which is an m6A mRNA demethylase. Bisantrene acts by occupying FTO's catalytic pocket. This is a relatively recent discovery (July 2020). Finally, the University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute found in late 2021 preclinical research that bisantrene has a cardioprotective mechanism of action when administered together with a cardiotoxic drug such as doxorubicin. As at early 2024, the molecular basis for this cardioprotective effect hasn't been announced by the researchers. Bisantrene's cardioprotective mechanism of action is important because \\\"15 of the 35 commercially available anti-cancer drugs have direct cardiotoxic effects on HCM (human cardiomyocytes).\\\" According to the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance Cardio-Oncology Working Group , a drug which is simultaneously anticancer and cardioprotective is the \\\"Holy Grail\\\" of Cardio-Oncology. History Bisantrene was developed by Lederle\",\n \"title\": \"Bisantrene\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1505166\",\n \"text\": \"Genetic architecture is the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties. Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is, at the most basic level, the result of the segregation of alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL). Environmental factors and other external influences can also play a role in phenotypic variation. Genetic architecture is a broad term that can be described for any given individual based on information regarding gene and allele number, the distribution of allelic and mutational effects, and patterns of pleiotropy, dominance, and epistasis. There are several different experimental views of genetic architecture. Some researchers recognize that the interplay of various genetic mechanisms is incredibly complex, but believe that these mechanisms can be averaged and treated, more or less, like statistical noise. Other researchers claim that each and every gene interaction is significant and that it is necessary to measure and model these individual systemic influences on evolutionary genetics. Applications Genetic architecture can be studied and applied at many different levels. At the most basic, individual level, genetic architecture describes the genetic basis for differences between individuals, species, and populations. This can include, among other details, how many genes are involved in a specific phenotype and how gene interactions, such as epistasis, influence that phenotype. Line-cross analyses and QTL analyses can be used to study these differences. This is perhaps the most common way that genetic architecture is studied, and though it is useful for supplying pieces of information, it does not generally provide a complete picture of the genetic architecture as a whole. Genetic architecture can also be used to discuss the evolution of populations. Classical quantitative genetics models, such as that developed by R.A. Fisher, are based on analyses of phenotype in terms of the contributions from different genes and their interactions. Genetic architecture is sometimes studied using a genotype–phenotype map, which graphically depicts the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype. Genetic architecture is incredibly important for understanding evolutionary theory because it describes phenotypic variation in its underlying genetic terms, and thus it gives us clues about the evolutionary potential of these variations. Therefore, genetic architecture can help us to answer biological questions about speciation, the evolution of sex and recombination, the survival of small populations, inbreeding, understanding diseases, animal and plant breeding, and more. Evolvability Evolvability is literally defined as the ability to evolve. In terms of genetics, evolvability is the ability of a genetic system to produce and maintain potentially adaptive genetic variants. There are several aspects of genetic architecture that contribute strongly to the evolvability of a system, including autonomy, mutability, coordination, epistasis, pleiotropy, polygeny, and robustness. Autonomy: the existence of quasi-independent characters with the potential for evolutionary autonomy. Mutability: the possibility that genetic mutation can occur. Coordination: a phenomenon such as development, during which many different genetic processes and changes happen at once. Epistasis: a phenomenon in which one gene is dependent on the presence of one or more \\\"modifier\\\" genes. Polygeny: a phenomenon in which multiple genes contribute\",\n \"title\": \"Genetic architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36667426\",\n \"text\": \"XB130 (also known as AFAP1L2) is a cytosolic adaptor protein and signal transduction mediator. XB130 regulates cell proliferation, cell survival, cell motility and gene expression. XB130 is highly similar to AFAP and is thus known as actin filament associated protein 1-like 2 (AFAP1L2). XB130 is a substrate and regulator of multiple tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. XB130 is highly expressed in the thyroid and spleen. Molecular structure The XB130 gene is located on human chromosome 10q25.3 and encodes an 818 amino acid protein. It has a molecular weight of approximately 130 kDa and is structurally similar to actin-filament-associated protein (AFAP) and is thus known as AFAP1L2. Several tyrosine phosphorylation sites and a proline rich sequence are included in the N-terminal region of XB130, which allows it to interact and activate c-Src-containing proteins, as well as bind to p85α of PI3K. Two pleckstrin-homology domains are located in the middle portion, giving XB130 its lipid-binding ability. The C-terminal region contains a coiled-coil domain, which shares partial similarity with AFAP's leucine zipper domain. Both the C-terminal and N-terminal regions of XB130 are required for XB130's role in its translocation to the lamellipodia. Despite XB130's structural similarity to AFAP, XB130 does not behave like an actin filament-associated protein. The actin-binding site present in AFAP is only partially present in XB130. Function Role in cell cycle and survival XB130 has been demonstrated to play a role in cell proliferation and survival through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. When tyrosine phosphorylated, XB130 has the ability to interact with the p85ɑ subunit of PI3K through its SH2 domains. This interaction leads to the subsequent activation of Akt, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Activated Akt promotes cell survival and cell cycle progression by phosphorylating and inactivating p21Cip1/WAF1, p27Kip1, and GSK3β, as well as inhibits apoptosis by preventing the cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-9, which are involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of cell death, respectively.> Alternatively, when the expression of XB130 is suppressed in vitro, Akt phosphorylation and therefore activation becomes significantly reduced. This, in turn, leads to cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase and accelerated apoptosis. Role in cell motility and invasion During cytoskeletal rearrangement, a process required for cell motility, XB130 translocates to the cell periphery. XB130 exhibits a high affinity for peripheral F-actin structures, such as the lamellipodium. The translocation of XB130 to the cell periphery is particularly important in its potential to influence cell migration and metastasis. Role in gene expression The level of XB130 expression influences the expression of multiple genes related to cell proliferation and survival, and microRNAs miR-33a, 149a, and 193a-3p, all of which exhibit tumor suppressive function in thyroid cancer cells. Role in inflammation XB130 mediated c-Src binding and activation increases Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine produce by lung epithelial cells, which contains AP-1 and SRE transcription factor binding sites. These binding sites can be activated by the downregulation of XB130 expression and lead to a decrease in IL-8 production in lung cells. Interactions XB130 (gene) has been known to\",\n \"title\": \"XB130\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45462622\",\n \"text\": \"Oligogenic inheritance (Greek ὀλίγος – ὀligos = few, a little) describes a trait that is influenced by a few genes. Oligogenic inheritance represents an intermediate between monogenic inheritance in which a trait is determined by a single causative gene, and polygenic inheritance, in which a trait is influenced by many genes and often environmental factors. Historically, many traits were thought to be governed by a single causative gene (in what is deemed monogenic inheritance), however work in genetics revealed that these traits are comparatively rare, and in most cases so-called monogenic traits are predominantly influenced by one gene, but can be mediated by other genes of small effect. History Around the 1930s/40s, evidence that multiple genes could affect the risk of disease that showed discrete inheritance patterns, due to differences in the age of onset of disease for siblings. The age of onset for sibling pairs was very similar, but between pairs of siblings could be quite different, and would in some cases cluster into several age brackets. This suggested a major gene that controlled the risk for a disease, and other genes that impacted age of onset. The recognition of diseases which were influenced by more than one gene highlighted a need to develop methodologies for detecting these oligogenic inheritance patterns, as they did not fit the more straightforward Mendelian model of inheritance. The developments of such methods accelerated the discovery of other examples of oligogenic traits, and sparked a change in the way genetic disease was perceived. Modifier genes One example of oligogenic inheritance is a case where one gene is sufficient to cause a trait, however its penetrance or expressivity is influenced by another gene, called a modifier. An example of such a case is the gene TGFB1 which modified a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease if they are carrying the disease variant of the gene APP. The mechanism is thought to work through the modifier variant increasing the clearance of amyloid fibers in the aging brain, reducing plaque burden. Identification of oligogenic traits A trait can be recognised as oligogenic through the following lines of evidence: Phenotype–genotype correlations: if phenotype can't be predicted to a single strongly correlated locus, but inclusion of genotype from another locus improves the correlation, this is evidence for the trait being oligogenic Phenotypic differences in an animal model of the disease that are dependent on the genetic background: the effects of a potential modifier locus can be tested in an animal with another known causative mutation Disparities between mutations and a Mendelian model of inheritance: if carriers of a mutation do not show the pattern of phenotypes expected under Mendelian inheritance, other models may better explain observed patterns of inheritance The establishment of linkage to more than one locus or the failure to detect linkage using Mendelian models: when tracing mutations associated with a trait through a family tree, more than one mutation may show the same pattern of inheritance as the trait (in a case where multiple variants are\",\n \"title\": \"Oligogenic inheritance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37760976\",\n \"text\": \"Infologs are independently designed synthetic genes derived from one or a few genes where substitutions are systematically incorporated to maximize information. Infologs are designed for perfect diversity distribution to maximize search efficiency. Typical protein engineering methods rely on screening a high number (106-1012 or more) of gene variants to identify individuals with improved activity using a surrogate high throughput screen (HTP) to identify initial hits. Unfortunately, results are defined by what is screened for, thus the “hit” from the HTP screen often has very little real activity in a lower throughput assay more indicative of the improved functionality for which the protein is being developed. By adapting the standard algorithms for engineering complex systems to work with biological systems, the resulting process enables researchers to deconvolute how substitutions within a protein sequence modify its function. Combining these algorithms with an integrated query and ranking mechanism allows the identification of appropriate sequence substitutions. Infologs refers to the set of designed genes, singular use Infolog describes an individual variant. Ancestry Homology between protein or DNA sequences is defined in terms of shared ancestry. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of either a speciation event (orthologs) or a duplication event (paralogs). Homologs are similar genes and/or proteins which are related by ancestry. Orthologs are the 'same' gene, but from different organisms. Homologous sequences are orthologous if they were separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be orthologous. Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. The term \\\"ortholog\\\" was coined in 1970 by Walter Fitch. Paralogs are related genes originating from one gene that through duplication ended up as two genes that over time has evolved for two separate functions (or, according to a recent Science paper, a promiscuous starting gene that duplicated and each copy evolved towards different functions). Paralogs typically have the same or similar function, but sometimes do not: due to lack of the original selective pressure upon one copy of the duplicated gene, this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Paralogs usually occur from within the same species. Xenologs are homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer between two organisms. Xenologs can have different functions, if the new environment is vastly different for the horizontally moving gene. In general, though, xenologs typically have similar function in both organisms. Infologs are similar genes and/or proteins which are related by synthetic ancestry to approach perfect diversity distribution. Features Optimize directly for function in the final application Does not require high-throughput (HTP) screens Screen small numbers of variants (50-200) directly for the desired function Decreased false positives: variants identified by HTP screens that do not retain activity in 'real' assay Decreased loss of potential positive hits due to screening error or poor correlation between HTP screen and 'real' assay No biodiversity collections\",\n \"title\": \"Infologs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"264936\",\n \"text\": \"Perceptual mapping or market mapping is a diagrammatic technique used by asset marketers that attempts to visually display the perceptions of customers or potential customers. The positioning of a brand is influenced by customer perceptions rather than by those of businesses. For example, a business may feel it sells upmarket products of high quality, but if customers view the products as low quality, it is their views which will influence sales. Typically the position of a company's product, product line, or brand is displayed relative to their competition. Perceptual maps, also known as market maps, usually have two dimensions but can be multi-dimensional or use multiple colours to add an extra variable. They can be used to identify gaps in the market and potential partners or merger targets as well as to clarify perceptual problems with a company's product. So, if a business wants to find out where its brand is positioned in the market, it might carry out market research. This will help them to find out how the customers sees their brand in relation to others in the market. Uses Perceptual mapping enables companies to better understand their customers: the who, why, where, how and what of their behaviour. If a business is perceived in a manner they find unsatisfactory, further research then identifies what can be done to change that. Perceptual mapping also allows businesses to see what consumers think of other brands, particularly their competitors. Regular uses of the maps can help track preferences, and see changes as they happen. Perceptual mapping can help define market segments, showing clusters of businesses differentiated by key aspects (such as higher class or number of restaurants). Within the clusters found in perceptual maps of entire industries, a business can classify potential partners or possible businesses to merge with, since the clustering of brands signifies the similarity in businesses, meaning they have corresponding attributes. It can also help identify gaps in a market where a new product or service could be introduced. Perceptual maps can also be used to help keep track of how a new product, such as a recently introduced smartphone, is being viewed in a specific market. It is important to see that the way a business is marketing its product is not only successful, but successful in a manner that aligns with the business’s overarching goal for positioning. Some companies seem to have fallen out of favor with the public, such as Quicken Loans and VW. Perceptual mapping can help elicit the extent of the damage. Limitations There are many limitations to perceptual mapping. The largest is the number of variables used. Traditionally, the map uses two variables and does not account for others, because these first two variables include the most variance. This assumption can hinder the reliability of results, as in some cases, it is not safe to assume that there are only two major factors influencing the decision of purchase for a consumer. For example, a graph may use quality of food and\",\n \"title\": \"Perceptual mapping\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42647878\",\n \"text\": \"Epigenetic therapy refers to the use of drugs or other interventions to modify gene expression patterns, potentially treating diseases by targeting epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that do not arise from alterations in the DNA sequence, resulting in the heritable silencing of genes without changing the coding sequence. Epigenetic therapy involves using drugs or other techniques to influence these epigenetic mechanisms in addressing specific medical conditions. Various diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and mental illnesses, are influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging areas of epigenetic therapy include its application in heart disease, primarily focusing on tissue regeneration, and in schizophrenia, where the focus lies on alleviating symptoms. Overall, epigenetic therapies aim to target the underlying epigenetic molecular pathways responsible for disease manifestation. Epigenetics Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in gene expressions that do not result from alterations in the DNA sequence'. Altered gene expression patterns can result from chemical modifications in DNA and chromatin, to changes in several regulatory mechanisms. Epigenetic markings can be inherited in some cases, and can change in response to environmental stimuli over the course of an organism's life. Many diseases are known to have a genetic component, but the epigenetic mechanisms underlying many conditions are still being discovered. A significant number of diseases are known to change the expression of genes within the body, and epigenetic involvement is a plausible hypothesis for how they do this. These changes can be the cause of symptoms to the disease. Several diseases, especially cancer, have been suspected of selectively turning genes on or off, thereby resulting in a capability for the tumorous tissues to escape the host's immune reaction. Known epigenetic mechanisms typically cluster into three categories. The first is DNA methylation, where a cytosine residue that is followed by a guanine residue (CpG) is methylated. In general, DNA methylation attracts proteins which fold that section of the chromatin and repress the related genes. The second category is histone modifications. Histones are proteins which are involved in the folding and compaction of the chromatin. There are several different types of histones, and they can be chemically modified in a number of ways. Acetylation of histone tails typically leads to weaker interactions between the histones and the DNA, which is associated with gene expression. Histones can be modified in many positions, with many different types of chemical modifications, but the precise details of the histone code are currently unknown. The final category of epigenetic mechanism is regulatory RNA. MicroRNAs are small, noncoding sequences that are involved in gene expression. Thousands of miRNAs are known, and the extent of their involvement in epigenetic regulation is an area of ongoing research. Epigenetic therapies are reversible, unlike gene therapy. This means that they are druggable for targeted therapies. Potential applications Cancer Epigenetic alterations can play a major role in the development and progression of cancer. This can be seen as a result of the changes made\",\n \"title\": \"Epigenetic therapy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44631723\",\n \"text\": \"The genetic influences of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not understood well due to the limitations of any genetic study of mental illness; in that, it cannot be ethically induced in selected groups. Because of this, all studies must use naturally occurring groups with genetic similarities and differences, thus the amount of data is limited. Still, genetics play some role in the development of PTSD. Research and potential influences Approximately 30% of the variance in PTSD is caused by genetics alone. For twins exposed to combat in the Vietnam War, a monozygotic (identical) twin with PTSD was associated with an increased risk of the co-twin having PTSD, as compared to dizygotic (non-identical) twins; additionally, assaultive trauma (compared to non-assaultive trauma) was more likely to exacerbate these effects. There is also evidence that those with a genetically smaller hippocampus are more likely to develop PTSD following a traumatic event. Research has also found that PTSD shares many genetic influences common to other psychiatric disorders. Panic and generalized anxiety disorders and PTSD share 60% of the same genetic variance. Alcohol, nicotine, and drug dependence share greater than 40% genetic similarities. Additional disorders—such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder—share the same fundamental genetic phenotypes as PTSD. Nature vs. nurture An individual's potential for onset of many psychological disorders is heavily affected by genetic phenotypes, yet this is not the only contributing factor. Environment plays an important role as well, especially for trauma-based disorders such as PTSD, considering that certain life experiences can trigger the activation of an underlying genetic phenotype which might have been previously dormant. This can be further understood by examining the diathesis-stress model for the onset of psychological disorders, which explains that certain individuals, due to their genetic phenotypes, are more susceptible to psychological disorders when encountering the same stressful life situations or stimuli as other individuals without these same underlying genetic phenotypes. Effects of neurotransmitters and hormones Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. A 2009 study reported a significant interaction between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the GABA alpha-2 receptor gene and the severity of childhood trauma in predicting PTSD in adults. Another study found an association between a specific SNP of the RGS2 gene and PTSD symptoms in adults who experienced high environmental stress (hurricane exposure) and low social support. Studies in 2008 found that several SNPs in the FKBP5 (FK506 binding protein 5) gene interact with childhood trauma to predict severity of adult PTSD. These findings suggest that individuals with these SNPs who are abused as children are more susceptible to PTSD as adults. This is particularly important given that FKBP5 SNPs have previously been associated with peritraumatic dissociation in medically injured children (that is, dissociation at the time of the childhood trauma), which has itself been shown to be predictive of PTSD. Furthermore, FKBP5 may be less expressed in those with current PTSD. In 2011, another study found that a single SNP in a putative estrogen response element on the\",\n \"title\": \"Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66839757\",\n \"text\": \"Astrovirology is an emerging subdiscipline of astrobiology which aims to understand what role viruses played in the origin and evolution of life on Earth as well as the potential for viruses beyond Earth. Viruses and early life on Earth Viruses drive evolution Viruses are a major driving force in evolution; the arms race between viruses and their host, or the Red Queen hypothesis, causes strong evolutionary pressures in both the host and viruses. The host evolves to evade and destroy viruses, while the virus evolves mechanisms to continue infecting the host. Evolution is also influenced by viral horizontal gene transfer. Viral genes can be inserted into the host genome (ex. Retroviruses) and sometimes these genes are evolutionarily favorable. One common example of beneficial horizontal gene transfer in humans is the gene for syncytin, which came from ancient viruses and is important in placenta development. Viruses influence major evolutionary events Though unproven, some virologists posit that viruses may have played an important role in major evolutionary events, including the emergence of a DNA genome from an RNA world, divergence from LUCA to the three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, and development of multicellularity. Emergence of a DNA genome and divergence from LUCA may have been aided by horizontal gene transfer of polymerases and other gene-editing enzymes from viruses. Meanwhile, viral selection pressures could have also aided divergence from LUCA to defend against different viruses, while multicellularity provides greater cell population protection from viruses. Viruses and Earth's environment Viruses influence biogeochemical cycles Viruses cause nutrient cycling in the ocean via the viral shunt, and up to 25% of the available carbon in the upper ocean is attributed to virus-induced cell lysis. Around 5% of Earth's oxygen is thought to be produced by cells infected by viruses encoding photosynthetic genes otherwise absent from the cell. For example, some viruses of cyanobacteria contain genes for Photosystem II, which allows those cyanobacteria to photosynthesize and live in a different part of the ocean as their non-infected counterparts. Some viruses encode other metabolic genes that allow new metabolic functions in their host, for example, phosphate, carbon, and sulfur metabolism. Extremophile viruses Viruses have been found in extremely hot, cold, and acidic natural environments, up to , down to , and down to pH 1.5. Viruses in space Infectivity in space Viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, poliovirus, and bacteriophage T1 have maintained infectivity after being exposed to space-like conditions including interstellar radiation, low temperature, and low pressure. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of viral hitchhikers, but any virus infecting an organism inside a habitable spacecraft can survive as long as that organism survives. Effect on astronauts Latent viruses such as herpes virus, prevalent in humans, can become reactive during spaceflight due to spaceflight stressors. While astronauts experienced few if any symptoms, the potential for other viruses to become reactivated or more virulent is a substantial threat. Furthermore, some bacteria (Serratia marcescens) have been found to be more virulent in spaceflight conditions, leading\",\n \"title\": \"Astrovirology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34284246\",\n \"text\": \"Most cases of type 2 diabetes involved many genes contributing small amount to the overall condition. As of 2011 more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes). These include maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Donohue syndrome, and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people. Polygenic Genetic cause and mechanism of type 2 diabetes is largely unknown. However, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is one of many mechanisms that leads to increased risk for type 2 diabetes. To locate genes and loci that are responsible for the risk of type 2 diabetes, genome wide association studies (GWAS) was utilized to compare the genomes of diabetic patient group and the non-diabetic control group. The diabetic patients’ genome sequences differ from the controls' genome in specific loci along and around numerous genes, and these differences in the nucleotide sequences alter phenotypic traits that exhibit increased susceptibility to the diabetes. GWAS has revealed 65 different loci (where single nucleotide sequences differ from the patient and control group's genomes), and genes associated with type 2 diabetes, including TCF7L2, PPARG, FTO, KCNJ11, NOTCH2, WFS1, IGF2BP2, SLC30A8, JAZF1, HHEX, DGKB, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, KCNQ1, HNF1A, HNF1B MC4R, GIPR, HNF4A, MTNR1B, PPARG, ZBED3, SLC30A8, CDKAL1, GLIS3, GCK, GCKR, among others.KCNJ11 (potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11), encodes the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2, and TCF7L2 (transcription factor 7–like 2) regulates proglucagon gene expression and thus the production of glucagon-like peptide-1. In addition, there is also a mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in an earlier onset, more severe, form of diabetes. However, this is not a comprehensive list of genes that affects the proneness to the diabetes. SNP rs7873784 located in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of TLR4 gene and associated with the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus. PU.1 binding to the minor C allele of rs7873784 may be responsible for elevated TLR4 expression in the monocytes of affected individuals, contributing to an inflammation-prone environment that predisposes minor allele carriers to development of certain pathologies with an inflammatory component. rs7873784 was also associated with the abnormal metabolic phenotype accompanying T2DM (levels of fasting insulin and triglycerides, abnormal low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). However, there is growing evidence that T2DM is not only a purely metabolic, but also an inflammatory disorder. The link between certain TLR4 SNPs alleles and T2DM may be directly related to elevated TLR4 expression since its signaling can regulate diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance and, therefore, influence the pathogenesis of T2DM. TLR4 expression is elevated in adipose tissue of obese mice and its activation triggered insulin resistance in adipocytes. LPS-mediated TLR4 activation can suppress glucose-induced\",\n \"title\": \"Genetic causes of type 2 diabetes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3682632\",\n \"text\": \"TAS2R16 (taste receptor, type 2, member 16) is a bitter taste receptor and one of the 25 TAS2Rs. TAS2Rs are receptors that belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. These receptors detect various bitter substances found in nature as agonists, and get stimulated. TAS2R16 receptor is mainly expressed within taste buds present on the surface of the tongue and palate epithelium. TAS2R16 is activated by bitter β-glucopyranosides (such as salicin) Other names T2R16, Taste receptor 2 member 16, BGLPT. Gene The receptor is encoded by the TAS2R16 human gene which located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 at position 31.1-31.3, 997 bases. This gene is specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. Different individuals may have variations in the TAS2R16 gene, which can influence their sensitivity or preference for certain bitter compounds. Structure TAS2R16 consists of 291 amino acids. Molecular weight: 33,986 (Da). The receptor has 7 transmembrane helices, 3 intracellular loops and 3 extracellular loops. there are some conserved residues (black) and residues for which mutagenesis data is available. Function The function of TAS2R16 is to bind to specific bitter-tasting molecules present in various foods, plants, and potentially harmful substances. When binding to these molecules, TAS2R16 initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the transmission of signals to the brain, which results in the perception of bitterness. TAS2R16 specifically is believed to play a central role in determining human preference to eat or avoid such vegetables with bitter β-glucosides, important dietary choices that ultimately influence human health. The signaling pathway includes two essential components of the well-established taste signal transduction cascade: phospholipase C isoform β2 (PLCβ2) and the ion channel known as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5). Ca2+-flux signaling assays are commonly used to measure the function of TAS2R16 and other GPCRs, so this measurement represents the key function of the receptor. Ligands (from BitterDB) There are 13 known ligands for TAS2R16. The most well-studied natural ligand of TAS2R16 is salicin. In previous researches which analyzed how this receptor binds and signals, 38 residues that may be involved in signal transduction and 13 residues that contribute to ligand-specific interactions, were found to be involved. β-glucoside analogues are specific agonists of TAS2R16 in humans. These analogues, such as natural toxins, are molecular scafold consists of a D-glucose monosaccharide linked by an oxygen atom to a phenyl group. Arbutin was the first known natural inverse agonist for TAS2Rs. Many plants, including cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and brussels sprouts, contain bitter β-glucosides such as salicin, sinigrin, arbutin, and amygdalin. Single nucleotide polymorphisms Taste receptors harbor many polymorphisms, and several SNPs have a profound impact on the gene function and expression. Recently studies have shown that mutation of the TAS2R16 gene could affect the intake of vegetables and anti-inflammatory food, which would influence age-related inflammatory diseases and increase the human lifespan. In addition, polymorphism of the TAS2R16 gene seems to affect body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking and drug compliance.\",\n \"title\": \"TAS2R16\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7373582\",\n \"text\": \"In genetics, transgressive segregation is the formation of extreme phenotypes, or transgressive phenotypes, observed in segregated hybrid populations compared to phenotypes observed in the parental lines. The appearance of these transgressive (extreme) phenotypes can be either positive or negative in terms of fitness. If both parents' favorable alleles come together, it will result in a hybrid having a higher fitness than the two parents. The hybrid species will show more genetic variation and variation in gene expression than their parents. As a result, the hybrid species will have some traits that are transgressive (extreme) in nature. Transgressive segregation can allow a hybrid species to populate different environments/niches in which the parent species do not reside, or compete in the existing environment with the parental species. Causes Genetic There are many causes for transgressive segregation in hybrids. One cause can be due to recombination of additive alleles. Recombination results in new pairs of alleles at two or more loci. These different pairs of alleles can give rise to new phenotypes if gene expression has been changed at these loci. Another cause can be elevated mutation rate. When mutation rates are high, it is more probable that a mutation will occur and cause an extreme phenotypic change. Reduced developmental stability is another cause for transgressive segregation. Developmental stability refers to the capability of a genotype to go through a constant development of a phenotype in a certain environmental setting. If there is a disturbance due to genetic or environmental factors, the genotype will be more sensitive to phenotypic changes. Another cause arises from the interaction between two alleles of two different genes, also known as the epistatic effect. Epistasis is the event when one allele at a locus prevents an allele at another locus to express its product as if it is masking its effect. Therefore, epistasis can be related to gene over dominance caused by heterozygosity at specific loci.[2] What this means is that the heterozygote (hybrid) when compared to the homozygote (parent) is better adapted and therefore shows more transgressive, extreme phenotypes. All of these causes lead to the appearance of these extreme phenotypes and creates a hybrid species that will deviate away from the parent species niche and eventually create an individual \\\"hybrid\\\" species. Environmental Other than the genetic factors solely causing transgressive segregation, environmental factors can cause genetic factors to take place. Environmental factors that cause transgressive segregation can be influenced by human activity and climate change. Both human activity and climate change have the capability to force species of a specific genome to interact with other species with different genomes. For example, if a bridge is built that connects two isolated areas to one another, a gene flow door would open. This open door will increase the interactions between different species with different genomes can create hybrid species that can potentially show transgressive phenotypes. Human activity can open the gene flow door by pursuing harmful actions such as cutting down forests and pollution. Climate change on the\",\n \"title\": \"Transgressive segregation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59272895\",\n \"text\": \"The Federal Tax Ombudsman (FTO, ) evaluates complaints against federal tax agencies. Article 37 of the Constitution of Pakistan calls for inexpensive and expeditious justice. The Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000 and the Federal Ombudsman Institutional Reforms (FOIR) Act of 2013 confer powers, including administrative and financial autonomy. This aligns with the separation of Pakistan's judiciary and executive branches in accordance with the Constitution. History The Federal Tax Ombudsman (FTO) office was established in 2000. It was mandated to respond to, find, and rectify maladministration by revenue agencies. Institution of Ombudsman in Pakistan In Pakistan, the establishment of an Ombudsman institution was advocated in Article 276 of the Interim Constitution of 1972, which provided for the appointment of a Federal Ombudsman and Provincial Ombudsmen. The Constitution of 1973 provided for the establishment of Federal Ombudsman, and the institution was eventually created through the Establishment of the Office of Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman) Order of 1983, which was the President's first order of 1983. On 8 August 1983, the Ombudsman began functioning. Other Ombudsman institutions in Pakistan include Provincial Ombudsman offices in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Baluchistan, Sindh, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir; Federal Banking Ombudsman; Federal Insurance Ombudsman; Federal Tax Ombudsman; Federal Ombudsman for Protection of Women against Harassment at Workplace; and Provincial Ombudsman for Protection of Women against Harassment at Workplace in Punjab and Sindh. All Ombudsmen institutions informally collaborate through the Forum of Pakistan Ombudsmen (FPO). They are also affiliated with the Asian Ombudsman Association (AOA), the International Ombudsman Institute (IOI), and the OIC Ombudsman Association. Mandate and empowerment of FTO In the Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000, the FTO was mandated to \\\"diagnose, investigate, redress and rectify any injustice done to a person through maladministration by functionaries administering tax laws\\\". According to Section 11 of the Federal Ombudsmen Institutional Reforms Act of 2013, the FTO may stay the operation of an impugned order or decision for a period up to sixty days. The FTO is responsible for findings, recommendations, and contempt proceedings (equal to the Supreme Court); according to the Powers of a Civil Court under Code of Civil Procedure of 1908, this includes summoning any person and examining him on oath, enforcing the attendance of any person, compelling production of documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, and issuing commission for examination of witnesses. Legal framework The FTO's legal framework consists of the following acts and reforms: the Establishment of the Office of Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000, the Federal Ombudsmen Institutional Reforms Act of 2013, and the Federal Tax Ombudsman Investigation and Disposal of Complaints Regulations of 2001. Scope of FTO The FTO manages complaints by aggrieved existing or prospective taxpayers, references by the Hon’ble President of Pakistan, references by the Supreme Court of Pakistan or High Courts, and Own Motion Notices. Role of FTO The FTO's roles include an accountability mechanism for maladministration, a support mechanism for Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) and revenue division, and the promotion of good governance. Jurisdiction of FTO FTO\",\n \"title\": \"Federal Tax Ombudsman (Pakistan)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14438348\",\n \"text\": \"Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the CNR1 gene. The human CB1 receptor is expressed in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. It is activated by endogenous cannabinoids called endocannabinoids, a group of retrograde neurotransmitters that include lipids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); plant phytocannabinoids, such as docosatetraenoylethanolamide found in wild daga, the compound THC which is an active constituent of the psychoactive drug cannabis; and synthetic analogs of THC. CB1 is antagonized by the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV). The primary endogenous agonist of the human CB1 receptor is anandamide. Structure The CB1 receptor shares the structure characteristic of all G-protein-coupled receptors, possessing seven transmembrane domains connected by three extracellular and three intracellular loops, an extracellular N-terminal tail, and an intracellular C-terminal tail. The receptor may exist as a homodimer or form heterodimers or other GPCR oligomers with different classes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Observed heterodimers include A2A–CB1, CB1–D2, OX1–CB1, μOR–CB1, while many more may only be stable enough to exist in vivo. The CB1 receptor possesses an allosteric modulatory binding site. The CB1 receptor is encoded by the gene CNR1, located on human chromosome 6. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. CNR1 orthologs have been identified in most mammals. The CNR1 gene has a structure consisting of a single coding-exon and multiple alternative 5' untranslated exons. The CB1 receptor is created by transcription of the last exon on the CNR1 gene. Mechanism The CB1 receptor is a pre-synaptic heteroreceptor that modulates neurotransmitter release when activated in a dose-dependent, stereoselective and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. The CB1 receptor is activated by cannabinoids, generated naturally inside the body (endocannabinoids) or exogenously, normally through cannabis or a related synthetic compound. Research suggests that the majority of CB1 receptors are coupled through Gi/o proteins. Upon activation, CB1 receptor exhibits its effects mainly through activation of Gi, which decreases intracellular cAMP concentration by inhibiting its production enzyme, adenylate cyclase, and increases mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) concentration. Alternatively, in some rare cases CB1 receptor activation may be coupled to Gs proteins, which stimulate adenylate cyclase. cAMP is known to serve as a second messenger coupled to a variety of ion channels, including the positively influenced inwardly rectifying potassium channels (=Kir or IRK), and calcium channels, which are activated by cAMP-dependent interaction with such molecules as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), Raf-1, ERK, JNK, p38, c-fos, c-jun, and others. In terms of function, the inhibition of intracellular cAMP expression shortens the duration of pre-synaptic action potentials by prolonging the rectifying potassium A-type currents, which is normally inactivated upon phosphorylation by PKA. This inhibition grows more pronounced when considered with the effect of activated CB1 receptors to limit calcium entry into the cell, which does not occur through cAMP but by a direct G-protein-mediated inhibition. As presynaptic calcium entry is a requirement for vesicle release, this function will decrease the transmitter that enters the synapse upon release.\",\n \"title\": \"Cannabinoid receptor 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69616598\",\n \"text\": \"Eric R. Gamazon is a statistical geneticist in Vanderbilt University, with faculty affiliations in the Division of Genetic Medicine, Data Science Institute, and Center for Precision Medicine. He is a Life Member of Clare Hall, Cambridge University after election to a Visiting Fellowship (2018). Research and career Eric Gamazon has developed computational methods that can be used to identify genes and mechanisms underlying complex diseases. He was a developer of the transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) methodology (PrediXcan), which integrates gene expression and genome-wide association study data to identify disease-associated genes. Subsequent work integrated Mendelian randomization into TWAS. As of December 2021, he has authored 160 peer-reviewed publications in human genetics, functional genomics, and statistical genetics. He was a co-chair of the Genome-Wide Association Studies Working Group of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) program that developed a transcriptome and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) reference resource for the scientific community. He leads a research initiative to integrate large-scale DNA biobanks and functional genomics to further precision medicine in diverse populations. He has identified genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. He leads a National Institute on Aging funded international consortium that aims to identify new treatments for Alzheimer's disease using genetic and molecular data. Awards and honors Gamazon was a recipient of the inaugural National Institutes of Health Genomic Innovator Award, which is awarded to investigators in genome biology and genomic medicine with “outstanding records of productivity as they pursue important research areas, including new directions as they arise.\\\" He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology and a Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 2018. In 2021, he was appointed a standing member of the National Institutes of Health Review Panel for Biostatistical Methods and Research Design (BMRD), which reviews and makes recommendations on (grant) \\\"applications which seek to advance statistical and mathematical techniques and technologies applicable to the experimental design and analysis of data in biomedical, behavioral, and social science research.” Selected publications Smemo, Scott, Juan J. Tena, Kyoung-Han Kim, Eric R. Gamazon, Noboru J. Sakabe, Carlos Gómez-Marín, Ivy Aneas et al. \\\"Obesity-associated variants within FTO form long-range functional connections with IRX3.\\\" Nature 507, no. 7492 (2014): 371–375. doi:10.1038/nature13138. Gamazon, Eric R., Heather E. Wheeler, Kaanan P. Shah, Sahar V. Mozaffari, Keston Aquino-Michaels, Robert J. Carroll, Anne E. Eyler et al. \\\"A gene-based association method for mapping traits using reference transcriptome data.\\\" Nature Genetics 47, no. 9 (2015): 1091–1098. doi:10.1038/ng.3367. Gamazon, Eric R., Ayellet V. Segrè, Martijn van de Bunt, Xiaoquan Wen, Hualin S. Xi, Farhad Hormozdiari, Halit Ongen et al. \\\"Using an atlas of gene regulation across 44 human tissues to inform complex disease-and trait-associated variation.\\\" Nature Genetics 50, no. 7 (2018): 956–967. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0154-4. Gamazon, Eric R., Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Nancy J. Cox, Damiaan Denys, and Eske M. Derks. \\\"Multi-tissue transcriptome analyses identify genetic mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric traits.\\\" Nature Genetics 51, no. 6 (2019): 933–940. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0409-8. Wang, Ying, Frederick S. Yen, Xiphias Ge Zhu, Rebecca C. Timson, Ross Weber, Changrui Xing,\",\n \"title\": \"Eric R. Gamazon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6405729\",\n \"text\": \"David Christian Rowe (September 27, 1949 – February 2, 2003) was an American psychologist known for his work studying genetic and environmental influences on adolescent onset behaviors such as delinquency and smoking. His research into interaction between genetics and environment led to the discovery of the Scarr–Rowe effect. Life and career Rowe earned his A.B. from Harvard University and his Ph.D. from the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he was a student at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics. Rowe was well known for his work on the genes and the environment: how they interact, what the limits of environment and genes might be, and what mechanisms implement these effects. He also focussed on articulating the different realms of the social environment: shared in families, unique to individuals, neighbourhood or nation level social and cultural effects. His book The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Experience and Behaviour brought together much of this work. This work led to several substantive findings on shared and nonshared environmental influences; seminal work on the heritability of parenting behaviors (the genetics of the environment for children); on the heritability of antisocial behavior; race differences and their causes; for testing the interaction of education, and social class with genes in the development of intelligence; and for blending behavioral and molecular genetics. He made several methodological contributions, including work on modeling of means and covariances with raw data, the utility of the DeFries–Fulker analysis, and measured genes and environmental influences. The Add Health data featured in much of his research, and he served as the main geneticist on this large and influential survey of over 90,000 adolescents across the United States. Rowe's work highlighted the often surprising immunity of mental states to social circumstances, reporting that \\\"great fortune does not guarantee happiness; neither does great misfortune assure depression\\\". This led to his positing of biological set points as a mechanism for stability, as well as arguing for indirect genetic effects: that different genotypes would cause different people to react to the same environment in different ways, and, moreover, that individuals expose themselves to different social environments. This led to ideas about active seeking and environment construction, as well the idea that exposure to (controllable) life events may result partly from genetic predisposition. He was an advocate of Consilience: including biological individuality along with social, psychological, and cultural factors in any understanding of human behavior. In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on \\\"Mainstream Science on Intelligence,\\\" an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in The Wall Street Journal, which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to intelligence research following the publication of the book The Bell Curve. Rowe's work identified gene-environment interactions in cognitive traits, and contributed to understanding of the Scarr-Rowe Effect, which posits that the heritability of intelligence is higher in children with higher socioeconomic status. His final paper, published posthumously, advocated for impartial testing of genetic versus environmental influences on racial differences. References Books Rowe DC (1995). The\",\n \"title\": \"David C. Rowe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43270576\",\n \"text\": \"Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (2012) is a book by Sebastian Seung. It introduces basic concepts in neuroscience and then elaborates on the field of connectomics, i.e., how to scan, decode, compare, and understand patterns in brain connectivity. The book concludes with musings on cryonics and mind uploading. It was selected by The Wall Street Journal as Top Ten Nonfiction of 2012. Book outline Introduction Seung frames the idea of connectomics and argues that \\\"You are more than your genes. You are your connectome.\\\" Ch. 1: Genius and Madness Seung introduces the 19th-century idea of phrenology and its modern-day counterpart, which he calls \\\"neo-phrenology\\\", i.e., the idea that sizes of brain regions play a role in intelligence (e.g., Einstein's enlarged inferior parietal lobule) or mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and autism). That said, Seung emphasizes that these size correlations only show up for large samples and can't necessarily predict what will happen in any individual's brain. Ch. 2: Border Disputes Seung discusses localization maps of the brain that attempt to confine particular functions to particular regions. For instance, phantom-limb pain is hypothesized to result when brain regions formerly devoted to the now-missing lower arm become occupied for use by the upper arm and face. Hence, stimulation of the upper arm or face produces what feels like pain in the missing lower arm. In contrast to brain localization is the theory of equipotentiality, that any brain region has the potential to perform any function. Ch. 3: No Neuron Is an Island Seung discusses basic cell-level neuroscience, including the structure of neurons and their neurites, as well as a \\\"weighted voting model\\\" of neuronal firing in which a neuron fires when the weighted sum of excitatory minus inhibitory inputs exceeds a threshold. Ch. 4: Neurons All the Way Down Seung explores how hierarchical neural networks can encode concepts (e.g., Jennifer Aniston) as compositions of simpler parts and how these concepts can be linked in one's mind when connections are formed between them, either bidirectionally with cell assemblies or unidirectionally with synaptic chains. Ch. 5: The Assembly of Memories Seung discusses theories of memory formation, including basic Hebbian plasticity and the more speculative neural Darwinism. According to the \\\"dual trace\\\" theory of memory, short-term memory can take the form of persistent spiking among a cell assembly, while long-term memories can be stored in persistent connections. It's useful to have both types of memory because of a \\\"stability-plasticity dilemma\\\", which is a concept familiar in computers that use both RAM and hard drive storage. Ch. 6: The Forestry of the Genes Seung discusses how many psychological traits and disorders are at least partly genetic. (He quotes Eric Turkheimer's First Law of Behavior Genetics: \\\"All human behavioral traits are heritable.\\\") He elaborates on some of the mechanisms by which genes influence neural development and can lead to neural disorders. Ch. 7: Renewing Our Potential To what extent are the first three years of development a crucial window after which brain traits\",\n \"title\": \"Connectome (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15481427\",\n \"text\": \"NX-OS is a network operating system for the Nexus-series Ethernet switches and MDS-series Fibre Channel storage area network switches made by Cisco Systems. It evolved from the Cisco operating system SAN-OS, originally developed for its MDS switches. It is based on Wind River Linux and is inter-operable with other Cisco operating systems. The command-line interface of NX-OS is similar to that of Cisco IOS. Recent NX-OS has both Cisco-style CLI and Bash shell available. On NX-OS 7.0(3)I3, the output from uname with the -a command line argument might look like the text below: $ uname -a Linux version 3.4.91-WR5.0.1.13_standard+ (divvenka@sjc-ads-7035) (gcc version 4.6.3 (Wind River Linux Sourcery CodeBench 4.6-60) ) #1 SMP Tue Feb 6 12:43:13 PST 2018 Core features System Manager () Persistent Storage Service (PSS) Message & Transaction Services (MTS) Additional features Fibre Channel and FICON FCIP FCoE (Nexus 5000/7000 linecards) iSCSI IPsec Scheduling NPIV NX Port ID Virtualization Inter–VSAN Routing VSAN Zoning (Hard zoning) Callhome Cisco Fabric Services (distributed configuration) SSH and Telnet Storage Media Encryption Port Channels Cisco Data Mobility Manager Fibre Channel Write Acceleration Switches running NX-OS Nexus B22 (HP, Dell, Fujitsu) Nexus 9000 series Nexus 7700 series Nexus 7000 series Nexus 6000 series Nexus 5000 series Nexus 4000 (for IBM BladeCenter) Nexus 2000 series Nexus 3000 Nexus 1000V MDS 9700 FC Directors MDS 9500 FC Directors MDS 9250i FC Switch MDS 9222i FC Switch MDS 9100 FC Switches Differences between IOS and NX-OS NX-OS does not support the login command to switch users. NX-OS does not distinguish between standard or extended access lists, all lists are named and \\\"extended\\\" in functionality. NX-OS did not support scp server prior to 5.1(1) release. In NX-OS, there is no \\\"write\\\" command to save the configuration like on IOS (one uses the \\\"copy\\\" command, instead). Instead, command aliases can be created to provide the \\\"write\\\" command. When accessing NX-OS, users authenticate directly to their assigned privilege level. SSH server is enabled while Telnet server is disabled by default in NX-OS. Releases 4.1, 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 7.0, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1 See also Cisco IOS Cisco IOS XE Cisco IOS XR FTOS – competitor Force10's operating system FTOS References External links Cisco Content Hub Cisco Feature Navigator intro data sheet Proprietary operating systems Network operating systems Cisco software\",\n \"title\": \"Cisco NX-OS\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72177609\",\n \"text\": \"Genes and environment Susceptibility of diabetes in Southeast Asia is influenced by mutations next to or within genes. Most of these genes have complex traits that interact and control multiple systems in the body. The genes are important, but they alone do not influence diabetes in this population. Westernization and globalization in Asia have led to changes in food supply and dietary patterns, coupled with risk alleles in genes of interest. Foods with high glycemic index, such as rice, have contributed to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These high glycemic foods, coupled with loss of gene function, have led to increase in blood glucose levels in Japanese populations. Researchers have used Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify several genetic variants of genes that are found in white and Asian populations; however, they found that there are interethnic differences in risk allele frequency of these genes and the location of those mutations. Epidemiology Age and gender are critical variables to track diabetes within a population overtime. Another very important factor of diabetes development is the environment in which that population lives. Factors like smoking or alcohol consumption has been seen to be prevalent in Japanese populations. For example, smoking was very prominent in Japan in the 1980s where 40% of the population smoked. As of 2020, smoking has declined to around 16% of the population. The more resounding knowledge on the effect of smoking and the link to disease susceptibility has most likely driven this decline. Smoking generally leads to problems because it leads to insulin resistance and/or decrease insulin secretion. Genes involved Many diabetic studies have tried to deduce as to what and how many genes are involved in susceptibility to disease in Japanese populations. Researchers use tools such as GWAS and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which can be very helpful in determining what mutations are associated with disease in a population. Most of these mutations are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) leading to different variants of a gene, and these mutations can be different or the same across varying populations. If they are the same mutations, a population could have varied allelic frequencies of the gene or genes that lead to that disease. For example, a genetic variation of TCF7L2 in Japanese population influences one's susceptibility to diabetes; however, the at-risk allele frequency in Japanese population accounted for 4% of the population compared to 21% in European and European-origin population. Additional candidate genes with specific risk alleles have also been identified via GWAS that were persistent in European populations; however, there are considerable differences in allelic frequencies between these populations. Genes such as CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, HHEX, SLC30A8, and KCNJ11 have shown risk alleles persistent to white populations; however, risk allele frequency has differed. For example, the HHEX locus had an SNP denoted as rs1111875 that was found in 28.4% of the Japanese population compared to 56.1% in white populations. Akyrin1 (ANK1) has also been identified as a novel gene for type 2 diabetes in Japanese\",\n \"title\": \"Diabetes in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"155624\",\n \"text\": \"Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population. The concept of heritability can be expressed in the form of the following question: \\\"What is the proportion of the variation in a given trait within a population that is not explained by the environment or random chance?\\\" Other causes of measured variation in a trait are characterized as environmental factors, including observational error. In human studies of heritability these are often apportioned into factors from \\\"shared environment\\\" and \\\"non-shared environment\\\" based on whether they tend to result in persons brought up in the same household being more or less similar to persons who were not. Heritability is estimated by comparing individual phenotypic variation among related individuals in a population, by examining the association between individual phenotype and genotype data, or even by modeling summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Heritability is an important concept in quantitative genetics, particularly in selective breeding and behavior genetics (for instance, twin studies). It is the source of much confusion due to the fact that its technical definition is different from its commonly-understood folk definition. Therefore, its use conveys the incorrect impression that behavioral traits are \\\"inherited\\\" or specifically passed down through the genes. Behavioral geneticists also conduct heritability analyses based on the assumption that genes and environments contribute in a separate, additive manner to behavioral traits. Overview Heritability measures the fraction of phenotype variability that can be attributed to genetic variation. This is not the same as saying that this fraction of an individual phenotype is caused by genetics. For example, it is incorrect to say that since the heritability of personality traits is about 0.6, that means that 60% of your personality is inherited from your parents and 40% comes from the environment. In addition, heritability can change without any genetic change occurring, such as when the environment starts contributing to more variation. As a case in point, consider that both genes and environment have the potential to influence intelligence. Heritability could increase if genetic variation increases, causing individuals to show more phenotypic variation, like showing different levels of intelligence. On the other hand, heritability might also increase if the environmental variation decreases, causing individuals to show less phenotypic variation, like showing more similar levels of intelligence. Heritability increases when genetics are contributing more variation or because non-genetic factors are contributing less variation; what matters is the relative contribution. Heritability is specific to a particular population in a particular environment. High heritability of a trait, consequently, does not necessarily mean that the trait is not very susceptible to environmental influences. Heritability can also change as a result of changes in the environment, migration, inbreeding, or the way in which heritability itself is measured in the population under study. The heritability of a trait should not be interpreted as a measure of the extent to which\",\n \"title\": \"Heritability\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5999830\",\n \"text\": \"Neurturin (NRTN) is a protein that is encoded in humans by the NRTN gene. Neurturin belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of neurotrophic factors, which regulate the survival and function of neurons. Neurturin’s role as a growth factor places it in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) subfamily along with its homologs persephin, artemin, and GDNF. It shares a 42% similarity in amino acid sequence with mature GDNF. It is also considered a trophic factor and critical in the development and growth of neurons in the brain. Neurotrophic factors like neurturin have been tested in several clinical trial settings for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Parkinson's disease. Function Neurturin is encoded for by the NRTN gene located on chromosome 19 in humans and has been shown to promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of neurturin into substantia nigra of mice models also shows mature DA neuron protection. In addition, neurturin has also been shown to support the survival of several other neurons including sympathetic and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Knockout mice have shown that neurturin does not appear essential for survival. However, evidence shows retarded growth of enteric, sensory and parasympathetic neurons in mice upon the removal of neurturin receptors. Mechanism of activation Neurturin signaling is mediated by the activation of a multi-component receptor system including the ret tyrosine kinase (RET), a cell-surface bound GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) protein, and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein. Neurturin preferentially binds to the GFRα2 co-receptor. Upon assembly of the complex, specific tyrosine residues are phosphorylated within two molecules of RET that are brought together to initiate signal transduction and the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Interactions Neurturin has been shown to upregulate B1 (bradykinin) receptors in neurons of mice, indicating a possible influence on pain and inflammation pathways. In addition knockout mice have shown that in the absence of neurturin an increased acetylcholine response is observed. The exact role and function of neurturin in multiple signaling pathways is widely unknown. Role in disease The most studied is neurturin’s role in neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's, where several rat studies have implicated neurturin’s role in rescuing neurons. However, these results have never been observed in humans. Hirschsprung disease, a autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is characterized by complete absence of neuronal ganglion cells from the intestinal tract. Previous studies indicate a role of NRTN gene mutations in the disease. One study showed evidence that a mutation in the NRTN gene was not enough alone to cause onset of the disease, however when coupled with a mutation in the RET gene, disease was present in family members as well as the individual. A more recent study showed NRTN variants present in individuals with Hirschsprung disease. However, RET associated mutations were not found and in one variant, RET phosphorylation levels were reduced, which has the potential to have downstream effects on\",\n \"title\": \"Neurturin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12339\",\n \"text\": \"A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that \\\"does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination\\\". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Genetic modification can include the introduction of new genes or enhancing, altering, or knocking out endogenous genes. In some genetic modifications, genes are transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms. Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015. Bacteria are the easiest organisms to engineer and have been used for research, food production, industrial protein purification (including drugs), agriculture, and art. There is potential to use them for environmental purposes or as medicine. Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals. Viruses play an important role as vectors for inserting genetic information into other organisms. This use is especially relevant to human gene therapy. There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines. Plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colors in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Genetically modified crops are publicly the most controversial GMOs, in spite of having the most human health and environmental benefits. Animals are generally much harder to transform and the vast majority are still at the research stage. Mammals are the best model organisms for humans. Livestock is modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance, and survival. Genetically modified fish are used for scientific research, as pets, and as a food source. Genetic engineering has been proposed as a way to control mosquitos, a vector for many deadly diseases. Although human gene therapy is still relatively new, it has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Many objections have been raised over the development of GMOs, particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Genetically modified organism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59627310\",\n \"text\": \"Hybrid incompatibility is a phenomenon in plants and animals, wherein offspring produced by the mating of two different species or populations have reduced viability and/or are less able to reproduce. Examples of hybrids include mules and ligers from the animal world, and subspecies of the Asian rice crop Oryza sativa from the plant world. Multiple models have been developed to explain this phenomenon. Recent research suggests that the source of this incompatibility is largely genetic, as combinations of genes and alleles prove lethal to the hybrid organism. Incompatibility is not solely influenced by genetics, however, and can be affected by environmental factors such as temperature. The genetic underpinnings of hybrid incompatibility may provide insight into factors responsible for evolutionary divergence between species. Background Hybrid incompatibility occurs when the offspring of two closely related species are not viable or suffer from infertility. Charles Darwin posited that hybrid incompatibility is not a product of natural selection, stating that the phenomenon is an outcome of the hybridizing species diverging, rather than something that is directly acted upon by selective pressures. The underlying causes of the incompatibility can be varied: earlier research focused on things like changes in ploidy in plants. More recent research has taken advantage of improved molecular techniques and has focused on the effects of genes and alleles in the hybrid and its parents. Dobzhansky-Muller model The first major breakthrough in the genetic basis of hybrid incompatibility is the Dobzhansky-Muller model, a combination of findings by Theodosius Dobzhansky and Joseph Muller between 1937 and 1942. The model provides an explanation as to why a negative fitness effect like hybrid incompatibility is not selected against. By hypothesizing that the incompatibility arose from alterations at two or more loci, rather than one, the incompatible alleles are in one hybrid individual for the first time rather than throughout the population - thus, hybrids that are infertile can develop while the parent populations remain viable. The negative fitness effects of infertility are not present in the original population. In this way, hybrid infertility contributes in some part to speciation by ensuring that gene flow between diverging species remains limited. Further analysis of the issue has supported this model, although it does not include conspecific genic interactions, a potential factor that more recent research has begun to look in to. Gene identification Decades after the research of Dobzhansky and Muller, the specifics of hybrid incompatibility were explored by Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr. Using introgression techniques to analyze the fertility in Drosophila hybrid and non-hybrid offspring, specific genes that contribute to sterility were identified; a study by Chung-I Wu which expanded on Coyne and Orr's work found that the hybrids of two Drosophila species were made sterile by the interaction of around 100 genes. These studies widened the scope of the Dobzhansky-Muller model, who thought it likely that more than two genes would be responsible. The ubiquity of Drosophila as a model organism has allowed many of the sterility genes to be sequenced in the\",\n \"title\": \"Hybrid incompatibility\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57414\",\n \"text\": \"Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer how developmental processes evolved. The field grew from 19th-century beginnings, where embryology faced a mystery: zoologists did not know how embryonic development was controlled at the molecular level. Charles Darwin noted that having similar embryos implied common ancestry, but little progress was made until the 1970s. Then, recombinant DNA technology at last brought embryology together with molecular genetics. A key early discovery was of homeotic genes that regulate development in a wide range of eukaryotes. The field is composed of multiple core evolutionary concepts. One is deep homology, the finding that dissimilar organs such as the eyes of insects, vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs, long thought to have evolved separately, are controlled by similar genes such as pax-6, from the evo-devo gene toolkit. These genes are ancient, being highly conserved among phyla; they generate the patterns in time and space which shape the embryo, and ultimately form the body plan of the organism. Another is that species do not differ much in their structural genes, such as those coding for enzymes; what does differ is the way that gene expression is regulated by the toolkit genes. These genes are reused, unchanged, many times in different parts of the embryo and at different stages of development, forming a complex cascade of control, switching other regulatory genes as well as structural genes on and off in a precise pattern. This multiple pleiotropic reuse explains why these genes are highly conserved, as any change would have many adverse consequences which natural selection would oppose. New morphological features and ultimately new species are produced by variations in the toolkit, either when genes are expressed in a new pattern, or when toolkit genes acquire additional functions. Another possibility is the neo-Lamarckian theory that epigenetic changes are later consolidated at gene level, something that may have been important early in the history of multicellular life. History Early theories Philosophers began to think about how animals acquired form in the womb in classical antiquity. Aristotle asserts in his Physics treatise that according to Empedocles, order \\\"spontaneously\\\" appears in the developing embryo. In his The Parts of Animals treatise, he argues that Empedocles' theory was wrong. In Aristotle's account, Empedocles stated that the vertebral column is divided into vertebrae because, as it happens, the embryo twists about and snaps the column into pieces. Aristotle argues instead that the process has a predefined goal: that the \\\"seed\\\" that develops into the embryo began with an inbuilt \\\"potential\\\" to become specific body parts, such as vertebrae. Further, each sort of animal gives rise to animals of its own kind: humans only have human babies. Recapitulation A recapitulation theory of evolutionary development was proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824–26, echoing the 1808 ideas of Johann Friedrich Meckel. They argued that the embryos of 'higher' animals went through or recapitulated a series of stages, each of which resembled an animal lower down\",\n \"title\": \"Evolutionary developmental biology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26828010\",\n \"text\": \"Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-3, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX3 gene. Discovery and name The Iroquois family of genes was discovered in Drosophila during a mutagenesis experiment designed to identify genes that affected the development of external sensory organs. When genes of this family were knocked out, the Drosophila flies expressed a unique patterning of bristles reminiscent of Iroquois American Indians, they were subsequently named after them. The molecular characteristics of these genes allowed the identification of homologs in C. elegans and several other vertebrates. Function IRX3 is a member of the Iroquois homeobox gene family and plays a role in an early step of neural development. Members of this family appear to play multiple roles during pattern formation of vertebrate embryos. Specifically, IRX3 contributes to pattern formation in the spinal cord where it translates a morphogen gradient into transcriptional events, and is directly regulated by NKX2-2. The Irx3 gene controls the subdivision of the neural territory by working together with various other homeodomain factors, all of these factors are expressed in partially overlapping domains along the dorsoventral axis in response to Sonic hedgehog molecules emanating from the floor plate. The combination of these signals defines five regions, each of which will give rise to five types of neurons (V0, V1, V2, MN, and V3). For example, the region that generates V2 neurons expresses both Irx3 and Nkx6.1, while that which forms MN neurons expresses Nkx6.1 alone. Irx3 overexpression in the MN domain transforms MN into V2 neurons. Clinical significance Association with obesity Obesity-associated noncoding sequences within FTO interact with the promoter of IRX3 and FTO in human, mouse, and zebrafish. Obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms are related to the expression of IRX3 (not FTO) in the human brain. A direct connection between the expression of IRX3 and body mass and composition was shown through the decrease in body weight of 25-30% in IRX3-deficient mice. This suggests that IRX3 influences obesity. Manipulation of IRX3 and IRX5 pathways has also been shown to decrease obesity markers in human cell cultures. Genetic variants of FTO and IRX3 genes are in high linkage disequilibrium and are associated with obesity risk. References Further reading\",\n \"title\": \"IRX3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16084604\",\n \"text\": \"Lupus erythematosus is a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues. Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. The most common and most severe form is systemic lupus erythematosus. Signs and symptoms Symptoms vary from person to person, and may come and go. Almost everyone with lupus has joint pain and swelling. Some develop arthritis. Frequently affected joints are the fingers, hands, wrists, and knees. Other common symptoms include: chest pain during respiration joint pain (stiffness and swelling) painless oral ulcer fatigue weight loss headaches fever with no other cause Skin lesions that appear worse after sun exposure general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) hair loss sensitivity to sunlight a \\\"butterfly\\\" facial rash, seen in about half of people with SLE swollen lymph nodes Photosensitivity Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons especially in visible light. Photosensitivity is a known symptom of lupus, but its relationship to and influence on other aspects of the disease remain to be defined. Causes of photosensitivity may include: change in autoantibody location cytotoxicity induction of apoptosis with autoantigens in apoptotic blebs upregulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines induction of nitric oxide synthase expression ultraviolet-generated antigenic DNA Genetics It is typically believed that lupus is influenced by multiple genes. Lupus is usually influenced by gene polymorphisms, 30 of which have now been linked with the disorder. Some of these polymorphisms have been linked very tentatively, however, as the role that they play or the degree to which they influence the disease is unknown. Other genes that are commonly thought to be associated with lupus are those in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family. There have been several cases wherein a single gene influence appears to be present, but this is rare. When a single gene deficiency does cause lupus, it is usually attributed to the complement protein genes C1, C2, or C4. The influence of sex chromosomes and environmental factors are also noteworthy. Usually, these factors contribute to lupus by influencing the immune system. Several studies also indicate a potential association of lupus with mutations in DNA repair genes. Age difference Lupus can develop in people at any age, but it does most commonly at ages 15 to 44, with varying results. Typically, the manifestation of the disease tends to be more acute in those of younger age. Women are more likely to get it than men. Patients with juvenile-onset lupus are more vulnerable to mucocutaneous manifestations of the disease (alopecia, skin rash, and ulceration of the mucus membranes) than any other age group, and they are also more susceptible to evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure. However, patients with late-onset lupus have a much higher mortality rate. Nearly 50% of those with late-onset lupus die of their condition. Women who are of childbearing age are also particularly at risk. Differences in ethnicity Substantial data have been found to\",\n \"title\": \"Lupus erythematosus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2937259\",\n \"text\": \"In genetics, concordance is the probability that a pair of individuals will both have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Concordance can be measured with concordance rates, reflecting the odds of one person having the trait if the other does. Important clinical examples include the chance of offspring having a certain disease if the mother has it, if the father has it, or if both parents have it. Concordance among siblings is similarly of interest: what are the odds of a subsequent offspring having the disease if an older child does? In research, concordance is often discussed in the context of both members of a pair of twins. Twins are concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. The ideal example of concordance is that of identical twins, because the genome is the same, an equivalence that helps in discovering causation via deconfounding, regarding genetic effects versus epigenetic and environmental effects (nature versus nurture). In contrast, discordance occurs when a similar trait is not shared by the persons. Studies of twins have shown that genetic traits of monozygotic twins are fully concordant, whereas in dizygotic twins, half of genetic traits are concordant, while the other half are discordant. Discordant rates that are higher than concordant rates express the influence of the environment on twin traits. Studies A twin study compares the concordance rate of identical twins to that of fraternal twins. This can help suggest whether a disease or a certain trait has a genetic cause. Controversial uses of twin data have looked at concordance rates for homosexuality and intelligence. Other studies have involved looking at the genetic and environmental factors that can lead to increased LDL in women twins. Because identical twins are genetically virtually identical, it follows that a genetic pattern carried by one would very likely also be carried by the other. If a characteristic identified in one twin is caused by a certain gene, then it would also very likely be present in the other twin. Thus, the concordance rate of a given characteristic helps suggest whether or to what extent a characteristic is related to genetics. There are several problems with this assumption: A given genetic pattern may not have 100% penetrance, in which case it may have different phenotypic consequences in genetically identical individuals; Developmental and environmental conditions may be different for genetically identical individuals. If developmental and environmental conditions contribute to the development of the disease or other characteristic, there can be differences in the outcome of genetically identical individuals; The logic is further complicated if the characteristic is polygenic, i.e., caused by differences in more than one gene. Epigenetic effects can alter the genetic expressions in twins through varied factors. The expression of the epigenetic effect is typically weakest when the twins are young and increases as the identical twins grow older. Where in the absence of one or more environmental factors a condition will not develop in an individual, even with\",\n \"title\": \"Concordance (genetics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12536918\",\n \"text\": \"SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene. SK3 is a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel partly responsible for the calcium-dependent after hyperpolarisation current (IAHP). It belongs to a family of channels known as small-conductance potassium channels, which consists of three members – SK1, SK2 and SK3 (encoded by the KCNN1, 2 and 3 genes respectively), which share a 60-70% sequence identity. These channels have acquired a number of alternative names, however a NC-IUPHAR has recently achieved consensus on the best names, KCa2.1 (SK1), KCa2.2 (SK2) and KCa2.3 (SK3). Small conductance channels are responsible for the medium and possibly the slow components of the IAHP. Structure KCa2.3 contains 6 transmembrane domains, a pore-forming region, and intracellular N- and C- termini and is readily blocked by apamin. The gene for KCa2.3, KCNN3, is located on chromosome 1q21. Expression KCa2.3 is found in the central nervous system (CNS), muscle, liver, pituitary, prostate, kidney, pancreas and vascular endothelium tissues. KCa2.3 is most abundant in regions of the brain, but has also been found to be expressed in significant levels in many other peripheral tissues, particularly those rich in smooth muscle, including the rectum, corpus cavernosum, colon, small intestine and myometrium. The expression level of KCNN3 is dependent on hormonal regulation, particularly by the sex hormone estrogen. Estrogen not only enhances transcription of the KCNN3 gene, but also affects the activity of KCa2.3 channels on the cell membrane. In GABAergic preoptic area neurons, estrogen enhanced the ability of α1 adrenergic receptors to inhibit KCa2.3 activity, increasing cell excitability. Links between hormonal regulation of sex organ function and KCa2.3 expression have been established. The expression of KCa2.3 in the corpus cavernosum in patients undergoing estrogen treatment as part of gender reassignment surgery was found to be increased up to 5-fold. The influence of estrogen on KCa2.3 has also been established in the hypothalamus, uterine and skeletal muscle. Physiology KCa2.3 channels play a major role in human physiology, particularly in smooth muscle relaxation. The expression level of KCa2.3 channels in the endothelium influences arterial tone by setting arterial smooth muscle membrane potential. The sustained activity of KCa2.3 channels induces a sustained hyperpolarisation of the endothelial cell membrane potential, which is then carried to nearby smooth muscle through gap junctions. Blocking the KCa2.3 channel or suppressing KCa2.3 expression causes a greatly increased tone in resistance arteries, producing an increase in peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Pathology Mutations in KCa2.3 are suspected to be a possible underlying cause for several neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, anorexia nervosa and ataxia as well as myotonic muscular dystrophy. References Further reading Neurochemistry Ion channels\",\n \"title\": \"SK3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3936412\",\n \"text\": \"Genetic equilibrium is the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation. Genetic equilibrium describes a theoretical state that is the basis for determining whether and in what ways populations may deviate from it. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is one theoretical framework for studying genetic equilibrium. It is commonly studied using models that take as their assumptions those of Hardy-Weinberg, meaning: No gene mutations occurring at that locus or the loci associated with the trait A large population size Limited-to-no immigration, emigration, or migration (genetic flow) No natural selection on that locus or trait Random mating (panmixis) It can describe other types of equilibrium as well, especially in modeling contexts. In particular, many models use a variation of the Hardy–Weinberg principle as their basis. Instead of all of the Hardy–Weinberg characters being present, these instead assume a balance between the diversifying effects of genetic drift and the homogenizing effects of migration between populations. A population not at equilibrium suggests that one of the assumptions of the model in question has been violated. Theoretical models of genetic equilibrium The Hardy–Weinberg principle provides the mathematical framework for genetic equilibrium. Genetic equilibrium itself, whether Hardy-Weinberg or otherwise, provides the groundwork for a number of applications, in including population genetics, conservation and evolutionary biology. With the rapid increase in whole genome sequences available as well as the proliferation of anonymous markers, models have been used to extend the initial theory to all manner of biological contexts. Using data from genetic markers such as ISSRs and RAPDs as well as the predictive potential of statistics, studies have developed models to infer what processes drove the lack of equilibrium. This includes local adaptation, range contraction and expansion and lack of gene flow due to geographic or behavioral barriers, although equilibrium modeling has been applied to a wide range of topics and questions. Equilibrium modeling have led to developments in the field. Because allelic dominance can disrupt predictions of equilibrium, some models have moved away from using genetic equilibrium as an assumption. Instead of the traditional F-statistics, they make use of Bayesian estimates. Holsinger et al. developed an analog to FST, called theta. Studies have found Bayesian estimates to be better predictors of the patterns observed. However, genetic equilibrium-based modeling remains a tool in population and conservation genetics-it can provide invaluable information about previous historical processes. Biological study systems Genetic equilibrium has been studied in a number of taxa. Some marine species in particular have been used as study systems. The life history of marine organisms like sea urchins appear to fulfill the requirements of genetic equilibrium modeling better than terrestrial species. They exist in large, panmictic populations that don’t appear to be strongly affected by geographic barriers. In spite of this, some studies have found considerable differentiation across the range of a species. Instead, when looking for genetic equilibrium, studies found large, widespread species complexes. This indicates that genetic equilibrium may be\",\n \"title\": \"Genetic equilibrium\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32122804\",\n \"text\": \"Menerba, also known as Menopause Formula 101 (MF-101), is a botanical drug candidate that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is being studied for its potential to relieve hot flashes associated with menopause. Menerba, an estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonist (ERBA), is part of a new class of receptor subtype-selective estrogens, which is selective in transcriptional regulation to one of the two known estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes. Menerba consists of 22 herbs that have been used historically in traditional Chinese medicine. Menerba binds to both ERα and ERβ and with equal affinity, but does not activate ERα and instead activates only ERβ-mediated gene transcription. Mode of action Menerba has been reported to alleviate menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, while having no stimulative effects on endometrium or breast tissue. In mouse xenograft models, Menerba produced a different conformation in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) from ERβ when compared with the conformations produced by estradiol. The specific conformational change induced by Menerba allows ERβ to bind to an estrogen response element and recruit coregulatory proteins that are required for gene activation. It has been shown that the increased risk of breast and uterine cancers is associated with ERα activation and that ERβ blocks the growth promoting effects on breast cancer cells. Menerba does not activate the ERα-regulated proliferative genes, c-myc and cyclin D1, or stimulate MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation or tumor formation, demonstrating that it may be a viable alternative for hormone therapy in comparison to estrogens that non-selectively activate both ER subtypes. In 2007, Menerba completed a multi-center Phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluating its potential for the treatment of hot flashes in 217 healthy post-menopausal women in the U.S. The principal investigator of the trial was Dr. Deborah Grady from the University of California, San Francisco. Menerba showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of hot flashes after 12 weeks of treatment and had a statistically significant reduction in nighttime awakenings from hot flashes (-67%, p=0.05). There was no difference in uterine bleeding between treatment groups and placebo, and no uterine abnormalities were observed during the study. The only side effect observed was mild loose stools (12% in treatment group vs. 3% in the placebo group). Further studies have shown that most active estrogenic compound in Menerba is liquiritigenin, derived from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis Fisch, one of the 22 botanically derived ingredients found in Menerba. In a mouse xenograft model, liquiritigenin activated multiple ER regulatory elements and native target genes with ERβ but not ERα. The ERβ-selectivity of liquiritigenin was due to the selective recruitment of the coactivator steroid receptor coactivator-2 to target genes. Liquiritigenin did not stimulate uterine size or tumorigenesis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results demonstrate that some plants contain highly selective estrogens for ERβ and are as selective as synthetic compounds, but regulate different genes. (PLOs 1 – July 17) and suggests that plant-derived ERb-selective compounds could lead to safer, more attractive alternative therapies for menopausal\",\n \"title\": \"Menerba\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25207\",\n \"text\": \"QuakeC is a compiled language developed in 1996 by John Carmack of id Software to program parts of the video game Quake. Using QuakeC, a programmer is able to customize Quake to great extents by adding weapons, changing game logic and physics, and programming complex scenarios. It can be used to control many aspects of the game itself, such as parts of the AI, triggers, or changes in the level. The Quake engine was the only game engine to use QuakeC. Following engines used DLL game modules for customization written in C, and C++ from id Tech 4 on. Overview The QuakeC source to the original id Software Quake game logic was published in 1996 and used as the basis for modifications like capture the flag and others. QuakeC source code is compiled using a tool called qcc into a bytecode kept in a file called . The programmers of Quake modifications could then publish their bytecode without revealing their source code. Most Quake mods were published this way. QuakeC allowed the Quake engine to dominate the direction of the first-person shooter genre. Thanks to Carmack's idea of extending video game life by adding unlimited expandability (extensibility already played a big role in Doom), an enormous Internet community of gamers and programmers alike has arisen and many modern multiplayer games are extensible in some form. QuakeC is known as interpreted because as Quake runs, it is continually interpreting the progs.dat file. Limitations and subsequent solutions The syntax of QuakeC is based on that of the C programming language, explaining its name, but it does not support the implementation of new types, structures, arrays, or any kind of referencing other than the \\\"entity\\\" type (which is always a reference). QuakeC also suffers from the fact that many built-in functions (functions prototyped in the QuakeC code but actually defined within the game engine and written in C) return strings in a temporary string buffer, which can only hold one string at any given time. In other words, a construct such as SomeFunction (ftos (num1), ftos (num2)); will fail because the second call to ftos (which converts a floating-point value to a string) overwrites the string returned by the first call before SomeFunction can do something with it. QuakeC does not contain any string handling functions or file handling functions, which were simply not needed by the original game. Most video games at the time had their game logic written in plain C/C++ and compiled into the executable, which is faster. However, this makes it harder for the community to create mods and it makes the process of porting the game to another platform (such as Linux) more costly. Despite its advantages, the choice of implementing game logic using a custom scripting language and interpreter was dropped from the next generation Quake II engine in favor of compiled C code due to the overall inflexibility of QuakeC, the increasingly complex game logic, the performance to be gained by packaging game logic into a\",\n \"title\": \"QuakeC\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"980365\",\n \"text\": \"In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \\\"end populations\\\" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each \\\"linked\\\" population and the next. Such non-breeding, though genetically connected, \\\"end populations\\\" may co-exist in the same region (sympatry) thus closing a \\\"ring\\\". The German term , meaning a circle of races, is also used. Ring species represent speciation and have been cited as evidence of evolution. They illustrate what happens over time as populations genetically diverge, specifically because they represent, in living populations, what normally happens over time between long-deceased ancestor populations and living populations, in which the intermediates have become extinct. The evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins remarks that ring species \\\"are only showing us in the spatial dimension something that must always happen in the time dimension\\\". Formally, the issue is that interfertility (ability to interbreed) is not a transitive relation; if A breeds with B, and B breeds with C, it does not mean that A breeds with C, and therefore does not define an equivalence relation. A ring species is a species with a counterexample to the transitivity of interbreeding. However, it is unclear whether any of the examples of ring species cited by scientists actually permit gene flow from end to end, with many being debated and contested. History The classic ring species is the Larus gull. In 1925 Jonathan Dwight found the genus to form a chain of varieties around the Arctic Circle. However, doubts have arisen as to whether this represents an actual ring species. In 1938, Claud Buchanan Ticehurst argued that the greenish warbler had spread from Nepal around the Tibetan Plateau, while adapting to each new environment, meeting again in Siberia where the ends no longer interbreed. These and other discoveries led Mayr to first formulate a theory on ring species in his 1942 study Systematics and the Origin of Species. Also in the 1940s, Robert C. Stebbins described the Ensatina salamanders around the Californian Central Valley as a ring species; but again, some authors such as Jerry Coyne consider this classification incorrect. Finally in 2012, the first example of a ring species in plants was found in a spurge, forming a ring around the Caribbean Sea. Speciation The biologist Ernst Mayr championed the concept of ring species, stating that it unequivocally demonstrated the process of speciation. A ring species is an alternative model to allopatric speciation, \\\"illustrating how new species can arise through 'circular overlap', without interruption of gene flow through intervening populations…\\\" However, Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr point out that rings species more closely model parapatric speciation. Ring species often attract the interests of evolutionary biologists, systematists, and researchers of speciation leading to both thought provoking ideas and confusion concerning their definition. Contemporary scholars recognize that examples in nature have proved rare due to various factors such\",\n \"title\": \"Ring species\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"421835\",\n \"text\": \"Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) is a designation for non-United States-based organizations deemed by the United States Secretary of State, in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (INA), to be involved in what US authorities define as terrorist activities. Most of the organizations on the list are Islamist extremist groups; the rest are nationalist/separatist groups, or Marxist militant groups. The Department of State, along with the United States Department of the Treasury, also has the authority to designate individuals and entities as subject to counter-terrorism sanctions according to Executive Order 13224. The Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) maintains a separate list of such individuals and entities. Identification of candidates The Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism (CT) of the United States Department of State continually monitors the activities of groups active around the world to identify targets for the \\\"terrorist\\\" designation. When reviewing potential targets, S/CT looks at the actual attacks that a group has carried out, as well as whether the group has engaged in planning and preparations for possible future acts of violence or retains the capability and intent to carry out such acts. Designation process Once a target is identified, the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism prepares a detailed \\\"administrative record\\\", which is a compilation of information, typically including both classified and open sources information, demonstrating that the statutory criteria for designation have been satisfied. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, decides to make the designation, the United States Congress is notified of the Secretary's intent to designate the organization and given seven days to review the designation, as the INA requires. Upon the expiration of the seven-day waiting period, notice of the designation is published in the Federal Register, at which point the designation takes effect. An organization designated as an FTO may seek judicial review of the designation in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit not later than 30 days after the designation is published in the Federal Register. Under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, the FTO may file a petition for revocation two years after the designation date (or in the case of redesignated FTOs, its most recent redesignation date) or two years after the determination date on its most recent petition for revocation. In order to provide a basis for revocation, the petitioning FTO must provide evidence that the circumstances forming the basis for the designation are sufficiently different as to warrant revocation. If no such review has been conducted during a five-year period with respect to a designation, then the Secretary of State is required to review the designation to determine whether revocation would be appropriate. The procedural requirements for designating an organization as an FTO also apply to any redesignation of that organization. The Secretary of State may revoke a designation or redesignation at any time upon a finding that the circumstances\",\n \"title\": \"United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19412643\",\n \"text\": \"Owned and founded by Fernando González Sanchez, Aerofan FTO is an approved Flight Training Organisation, operating from Madrid Cuatro Vientos Airport, Spain. Aerofan FTO currently operates one Cessna 152, one Cessna 172 and one Cessna 310 multi-engine aircraft. The flying school is approved for private and commercial pilot training. Flight attendant courses are also available. History Aerofan was founded in 1992 operating just one Cessna 152 for private pilot courses. Between 2002 and 2007 the flying school experienced several years of solid growth, largely due to its high percentage of non-Spanish students. During these years Aerofan FTO was one of the leading pilot schools in Spain focused on international flight training. In 2009 owner Fernando González launched IMD Airways. For a period of two years IMD operated an MD87 in wet-lease operations. Since the launching of IMD, Aerofan FTO saw no further expansion or growth. Since 2011 Aerofan has seen a significant fleet reduction and now operates only three aircraft. Its other aircraft have all been sold, or scrapped. IMD Airways operations have ceased. Aerofan however continues to operate. Fleet The Aerofan fleet includes the following aircraft (as of 11 January 2012) : FTO 1 Cessna 152 3 Cessna 172 1 Cessna 172RG 1 Cessna 310 1 Piper Seneca Airline 1 MD-87 External links Aerofan Aerofan Fleet Airlines of Spain\",\n \"title\": \"Aerofan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"694295\",\n \"text\": \"A chocoholic is a person who craves or compulsively consumes chocolate. The word \\\"chocoholic\\\" was first used in 1961, according to Merriam-Webster. It is a portmanteau of \\\"chocolate\\\" and \\\"alcoholic\\\". The term is used loosely or humorously to describe a person who is inordinately fond of chocolate; however, there is medical evidence to support the existence of actual addiction to chocolate. Psychoactive constituents of chocolate that trigger a ‘feel-good’ reaction for the consumer include tryptophan and phenylethylamine, which may contribute to cravings and addiction-like responses, particularly in people with specific genetic alleles. The quantity of sugars used in chocolate confections also impacts the psychoactive effects of chocolate. Although the concept of a chocolate addiction is still controversial in the medical literature, chocolate (especially dark chocolate) is considered to have effects on mood, and chocolate confectioneries almost always top the list of foods people say they crave. The craving can be so strong in some cases that chocoholics may experience withdrawal symptoms if the craving is not fulfilled. Addiction There are two factors that contribute to the addictive nature of chocolate. The first is the pharmacological ingredients, and the second is the additives. The essential components of addiction are intense craving for something and a loss of control over its use. Academic research has shown that people can exhibit both of these components in relation to food, particularly food that contains sugar or fat. Since chocolate contains both, it is often used in studies of food addiction. Criticism A study in the journal Nutrients has shown that despite some evidence that this type of addiction exists, there is no formal diagnosis given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). It is known that chocolate consumption does not activate the shell of the nucleus accumbens, as seen in those with substance use disorders. Genetics A study published in the journal Cell Metabolism proved a correlation between the FGF21 gene and a liking for sweet foods. Other research has upheld one of the variants of the FGF21 gene were 20% more likely to crave sugary foods. The FGF21 gene also moderates appetite and controls insulin resistance. The FGF21 gene is also known to be associated with the sweet tooth. It is also known that there is an association between the FTO gene and intake of sugar and caffeine. The FTO gene works to regulate the body's energy usage. Some variants of the FTO gene play a major role in the connectivity in the reward circuit of the meso-striato prefrontal regions, which act to process information and focus one's attention, and are linked to disorders such as addiction. Studies have found that the presence of chromosome 16 can uphold genetic variations that influence the intake of sweet foods, such as chocolate. The dopamine receptor D2 is also linked to addictive behaviours such as substance use disorders. Addiction may occur when there is a deficit in the number of dopamine 2 receptors, which gives one the ability to experience pleasure.\",\n \"title\": \"Chocoholic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57342942\",\n \"text\": \"Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by persistent hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and thought disorder. These experiences are evident in multiple sensory modalities and include deviation in all facets of thought, cognition, and emotion. Compared to other psychological disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), schizophrenia has significantly higher heritability. Schizophrenia has been found to present cross-culturally, and it almost always has 0.1% prevalence in a given population, although some studies have cast doubts on this. It has been hypothesized that schizophrenia is unique to human beings and has existed for a long time. Schizophrenia has raised a perplexing question for evolutionary psychologists and anthropologists. Why has such a debilitating disorder persisted for so long, with such frequency? This paradox has been referred to as the schizophrenia enigma, and many evolutionary models have been created to explain it. Evolutionary approaches reflect on how human genes can change over time. Under evolutionary pressures, certain phenotypes are favored, and this selection influences the frequency of genes that control these phenotypes. Evolutionary approaches have been used to try to explain the schizophrenia enigma. Widely accepted views see schizophrenia as either a disadvantageous byproduct of human evolution or an evolutionarily beneficial adaptation. Main explanations There are several evolutionary theories related to schizophrenia spanning time from when Homo erectus gained control of fire onward to the modern day. The first theory related to schizophrenia is Byproduct theories, which are a specific type of theory put forward by various scientists. These theories portray the disorder as a consequence of other, separate evolutionary changes. One anthropologist putting forward this theory, Crow, states that schizophrenia is a result from incomplete hemispheric specialization due to selection of genes relating to language. While another scientist, Burns, follows that schizophrenia is related to modified cortical connectivity which is vital for the development of the 'social brain. Finally Horrobin argues that ancient mutations are what developed linguistic, creative and shamanic ability which in turn can potentially cause deficits in lipid metabolism or as it is termed in modern times Schizophrenia. Another evolutionary theory which connects with the development of modern-day schizophrenia are Balance theories which hypothesizes that schizophrenia's negative aspects are balanced by benefits. These benefits yield valued personality traits or yet again shamanism a desired and mystic ability of the past. Though an evolutionary theory in its own, analysis of balance theory does not show this route as a possibility. Folklore accounts mention wise fools and clever madmen but do not connect such a characteristic to motifs combining psychosis and creativity, aspects believed to be borne from schizophrenia. A third theory relating to schizophrenia is group selection theory which describes 'psychosis' alleles provide advantages to groups, outweighing any disadvantages. This theory then goes further and states that as a result of this grouping, humans that have specific genes replaced groups that lacked those genes. Additionally, this theory uses elements based on byproduct theories and balance theories. Environmental change theories also rely on schizophrenia-type alleles providing more benefits to\",\n \"title\": \"Evolutionary approaches to schizophrenia\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["obesity in humans"],"string":"[\n \"obesity in humans\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":46,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45985"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where was harry potter and the goblet of fire filmed"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"670407","text":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy film directed by David Yates from a screenplay by Michael Goldenberg, based on the 2003 novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) and the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Its story follows Harry's fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort's return. Filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006, with a one-month break in June. Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects. The film's budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million ($150–200 million). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats in the United States on 11 July 2007 and in the United Kingdom on 12 July, by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and was nominated for many awards, including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design and Special Visual Effects. With a worldwide five-day opening of $333 million and a total gross of $942 million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2007, the film was noted as a case of Hollywood accounting, as Warner Bros. claimed that it lost $167 million despite the total gross. A sequel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released in 2009. Plot While staying at the Dursleys', Harry Potter and Dudley are attacked by Dementors. Harry repels them using a Patronus spell. The Ministry of Magic detects the underaged Harry using magic and expels him from Hogwarts, though he is later exonerated. The Order of the Phoenix, a secret organisation founded by Albus Dumbledore, informs Harry that the Ministry of Magic is attempting to stonewall rumors about Lord Voldemort's return. At the Order's headquarters, Harry's godfather, Sirius Black, mentions that Voldemort seeks an object he previously lacked; Harry believes it to be a weapon. Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge has appointed Dolores Umbridge as Hogwarts new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. Umbridge's refusal to teach defensive spells causes her and Harry to clash. Harry is forced to write lines for \"lying\" about Voldemort. A magic quill etches the words into his hand as he writes. Ron and Hermione are outraged, but Harry refuses to tell Dumbledore, who has distanced himself from Harry. As Umbridge gains more control over the school, Ron and Hermione help Harry form \"Dumbledore's Army\", a secret group to teach students defensive spells. Umbridge recruits Slytherins for an Inquisitorial Squad to spy on the other students. Meanwhile, Harry and Cho Chang develop romantic feelings for each other. One night, Harry envisions Arthur Weasley being attacked","title":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"670407\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy film directed by David Yates from a screenplay by Michael Goldenberg, based on the 2003 novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) and the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Its story follows Harry's fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort's return. Filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006, with a one-month break in June. Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects. The film's budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million ($150–200 million). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats in the United States on 11 July 2007 and in the United Kingdom on 12 July, by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and was nominated for many awards, including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design and Special Visual Effects. With a worldwide five-day opening of $333 million and a total gross of $942 million, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2007, the film was noted as a case of Hollywood accounting, as Warner Bros. claimed that it lost $167 million despite the total gross. A sequel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released in 2009. Plot While staying at the Dursleys', Harry Potter and Dudley are attacked by Dementors. Harry repels them using a Patronus spell. The Ministry of Magic detects the underaged Harry using magic and expels him from Hogwarts, though he is later exonerated. The Order of the Phoenix, a secret organisation founded by Albus Dumbledore, informs Harry that the Ministry of Magic is attempting to stonewall rumors about Lord Voldemort's return. At the Order's headquarters, Harry's godfather, Sirius Black, mentions that Voldemort seeks an object he previously lacked; Harry believes it to be a weapon. Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge has appointed Dolores Umbridge as Hogwarts new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. Umbridge's refusal to teach defensive spells causes her and Harry to clash. Harry is forced to write lines for \\\"lying\\\" about Voldemort. A magic quill etches the words into his hand as he writes. Ron and Hermione are outraged, but Harry refuses to tell Dumbledore, who has distanced himself from Harry. As Umbridge gains more control over the school, Ron and Hermione help Harry form \\\"Dumbledore's Army\\\", a secret group to teach students defensive spells. Umbridge recruits Slytherins for an Inquisitorial Squad to spy on the other students. Meanwhile, Harry and Cho Chang develop romantic feelings for each other. One night, Harry envisions Arthur Weasley being attacked\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"27211268","text":"Natalie Hallam (born 7 April 1972) is a British actress. She has worked as an actress in film and TV since 2002. Parts include five of the eight of the Harry Potter films. Life Natalie Hallam was born in Nottingham, England to Paul Hallam and Glynis Cook. Natalie wished to be an actress from an early age. First of all acquiring a place at the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1991 and giving up the place due to grant problems. She finally attended the London Method School (Now London Method Studio) in 2002. Parts include New Tricks, Beautiful People, Extras, EastEnders and parts in five of the eight of the Harry Potter films. Filmography The Four Feathers as High Class Lady (2002) The Gathering Storm as 40's Cinema woman (2002) Wheeling Dealing as Javelin Thrower (2004) Stage Beauty as Auditioning Actress (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as Wizard Teacher (2005) Perfect Parents as Catholic School Nun (2006) Extras as When the Whistle Blows Floor Manager (TV episodes, 2006–2007) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as Wizard Teacher (2007) Son of Rambow as Mary's Mother Flashback (2007) The Dark Knight as Ferry Passenger (2008) Love Soup as Security guard (TV episode, 2008) The Day of the Triffids as Blind Woman (TV episode, 2009) References External links http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1900568/ Living people 1972 births Actresses from Nottingham English film actresses English television actresses","title":"Natalie Hallam"},{"docid":"33564800","text":"Alessio Puccio (born 1 June 1986) is an Italian voice actor. Biography Puccio often contributes to voicing characters in cartoons, anime, movies and other content. He is well known for providing the voice of the protagonist Harry Potter in the Italian-language version of the Harry Potter film series. He also provides the voice of the secondary character Jeremy Johnson in the Italian-language version of the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb. He is also the current voice of Gumball Watterson in the Italian-language version of The Amazing World of Gumball. He works at Pumaisdue, Sefit – CDC and other dubbing studios in Italy. Dubbing roles Animation Jeremy Johnson in Phineas and Ferb Jeremy-2 in Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension Sota Higurashi in InuYasha ApeTrully in Hero: 108 Sho Yamato in Idaten Jump Ryan in The Wild Doowee McAdam in Sally Bollywood: Super Detective Pierre in The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots (2004 dub) Tina Belcher in Bob's Burgers Gumball Watterson in The Amazing World of Gumball Rivalz Cardemonde in Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion Jacobo Jacobo in The Replacements Zephyr in The Hunchback of Notre Dame II Kicker in Transformers: Energon Roger Radcliffe in The Life and Times of Juniper Lee Pongdybory in Noonbory and the Super Seven Jordan Greenway in Inazuma Eleven Bald Man in ChalkZone Live action Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Peter Pan in Peter Pan Oliver Oken in Hannah Montana Cisco Ramon in The Flash Blane Whittaker in M.I. High Dale Turner in Jericho (2006 TV series) Alan King in Jake & Blake George Zinavoy in The Art of Getting By Bobby Carter in The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film) George Little in Stuart Little Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace Jeremy Gilbert in The Vampire Diaries Benjy Fleming in Monk (TV series) Eric van der Woodsen in Gossip Girl Clyde in Mean Creek Martin in Let the Right One In Rory Joseph Hennessy in 8 Simple Rules Michael Richard Kyle, Jr. in My Wife and Kids Mark in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Thom in Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist Mowgli in Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book Calvin in I Dream Teddy in The Hangover Part II Wilder Guiliver Atticus Wilder in The Latest Buzz Mark Woods in Daddio David in A.I. Artificial Intelligence Forrest Gump, Jr. in Forrest Gump Ron Stieger in Ein Fall für B.A.R.Z. Co-King Brady King of Kinkow in Pair of Kings Artie Abrams in Glee","title":"Alessio Puccio"},{"docid":"654022","text":"Matthew David Lewis (born 27 June 1989) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter film series. Born in Leeds, Lewis made his acting debut in Some Kind of Life (1995), guest-starring on dramas for ITV and BBC One before appearing in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001). Lewis played the role for ten years, concluding with the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), for which he received critical praise. Following the series, Lewis had a recurring role in The Syndicate and performed his first theatre role in Our Boys at the Duchess Theatre in 2012. Lewis starred in The Rise (2012) which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews and made appearances on BBC dramas Bluestone 42 and Death in Paradise in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Lewis had a supporting role in Me Before You (2016), which became a box office success. He was cast in the crime dramas Ripper Street and Happy Valley before starring on the ITV drama Girlfriends in 2018. Lewis appeared in Terminal (2018), which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival as well as Baby Done (2020). In 2020-2021, Lewis starred in Channel 5 television series All Creatures Great and Small to critical praise. Early life Matthew David Lewis was born on 27 June 1989 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, to Adrian Lewis and Lynda Needham. He was raised in the nearby town of Horsforth. He has two older brothers: Chris, a film editor, and Anthony, an actor. He was educated at St Mary's Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy. Career 1995–2000: Beginnings Lewis has been acting since age five. He made his professional debut in television film Some Kind of Life (1995), directed by Kay Mellor. He guest-starred in the BBC One crime drama Dalziel and Pascoe before appearing in ITV series' Heartbeat and Where the Heart Is in 1999 and 2000, respectively. 2001–2011: Harry Potter and recognition In 1999, castings were held across the UK for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the film adaptation of British author J. K. Rowling's novel. Lewis, a fan of the series, initially attended an open audition at the Queens Hotel, Leeds, before being contacted two months later to perform a screen test for director Chris Columbus, eventually earning the role of Neville Longbottom. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in 2001 and became a critical and commercial hit. For the role, Lewis wore a set of false teeth, shoes two sizes too big, a fat suit and ear prosthetics. He reprised his role a year later in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets; Lewis has stated that his favorite lines stem from the film. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) both premiered to critical acclaim. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released in 2007. During filming, co-star Helena Bonham Carter accidentally","title":"Matthew Lewis (actor)"},{"docid":"42451885","text":"Charley Henley is a visual effects supervisor. He was nominated at the 85th Academy Awards for his work on the film Prometheus, in the category of Best Visual Effects. He shared his nomination with Martin Hill, Richard Stammers and Trevor Wood. He was also nominated at the 96th Academy Awards for his work on the film Napoleon, in the category of Best Visual Effects. He shared his nomination with Luc-Ewen Martin-Fenouillet, Simone Coco, and Neil Corbould. He is the son of the actor Drewe Henley and actress Felicity Kendal. Selected filmography Gladiator (2000) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) A Knights Tale (2001) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Alien vs. Predator (2004) Ella Enchanted (2004) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) Prometheus (2012) Total Recall (2012) 300: Rise of an Empire (2014) Cinderella (2015) Napoleon (2023) References External links Living people Special effects people Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Charley Henley"},{"docid":"1811977","text":"5972 Olton Hall is a preserved Great Western Railway Hall class locomotive made famous for its role hauling the Hogwarts Express in the Harry Potter film series. History Service Built in April 1937 at Swindon Works for the Great Western Railway (GWR), No. 5972 was first allocated to Carmarthen, South Wales where it remained until 1951. After being fitted with a three row superheater at Swindon Works, it was allocated to Plymouth Laira. Its last shed allocation was to Cardiff East Dock, before it was withdrawn in December 1963, and sold to Woodham Brothers, Barry for scrap in May 1964. Preservation Woodham Brothers sold the locomotive to David Smith and it moved to Horbury railway works in Wakefield in May 1981. In 1994, it moved to Carnforth MPD for restoration, being steamed for the first time in 1998. Harry Potter film series In the Harry Potter films, the locomotive is depicted pulling the Hogwarts Express, a fictional train, made up of four (later five) British Rail Mark 1 carriages. Scenes were filmed at King's Cross railway station, the Glenfinnan Viaduct and the North Yorkshire Moors Railway — along with internal scenes on board the train. When filmed, Olton Hall carried a \"Hogwarts Express\" headboard on the smokebox, featuring the Hogwarts school crest. The same emblem is featured as part of the \"Hogwarts Railways\" sigil on the tender and carriages. It retained its GWR number of 5972, but with alternative nameplates fitted, naming the engine Hogwarts Castle. It is painted in a crimson livery — a non-standard colour, as GWR locomotives traditionally used green. Olton Hall was not the first locomotive to be re-liveried to appear hauling the Hogwarts Express. To promote the fourth Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Southern Railway West Country Class locomotive 34027 Taw Valley was temporarily repainted and renamed. However, it was rejected by film director Chris Columbus as looking \"too modern\" for the film, but it carried the name and colour for some months afterwards. The renaming as \"...Castle\" has become a railway preservation joke: \"...the Hall that thinks it's a Castle.\" The Great Western Railway Castle Class engines were larger, faster locomotives designed for prestigious express passenger duties; whereas the Halls were a mixed-traffic design. Three full-size replicas of the locomotive as No. 5972 Hogwarts Castle are at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort). Two are used as part of the Hogwarts Express train ride and the other is a static exhibit in the Hogsmeade area. There are also static models at the other Wizarding World of Harry Potter locations in Hollywood and Japan. In 2015, the locomotive was put on static display at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter, near Watford, and will be displayed there until Warner Bros' lease on the locomotive from West Coast Railways expires. Non-Hogwarts work No. 5972 is sometimes used for work other than its \"Hogwarts\" duties. In May 2009, it was moved temporarily to the","title":"GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall"},{"docid":"2298654","text":"Afshan Noor Azad-Kazi (née Azad; born 12 February, 1988) is a British actress, model, and media personality. She is best known for playing the role of Padma Patil in the Harry Potter film series, beginning in 2005 with Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Early life and education Azad was born in Longsight, Manchester to Bangladeshi parents from Chittagong. She attended Whalley Range High School, and took AS-levels in chemistry, biology, English and business studies at Xaverian College in Rusholme. She went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and Design from the University of Salford. Career Azad is known for her performances as Padma Patil in five of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when casting agents visited her school and, after having attended several auditions, chose her for the part. Azad had stated that she had auditioned \"just for the fun of it\" and surprisingly got the part. In 2017, Azad guest presented an episode of the CBBC series Marrying Mum & Dad with Ed Petrie whilst Naomi Wilkinson was away. Advocacy In October 2023, Azad signed an open letter by Artists4Ceasefire to Joe Biden, President of the United States, of artists calling for a ceasefire of the Israeli bombardment of Gaza. Personal life Azad married Nabil Kazi on 19 August 2018. They are based in Worcester. On 11 April 2021, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. In July 2021, Azad revealed in an Instagram post that she has given birth to her first child, a baby girl. In April 2024, she announced she was pregnant with the couple's second child. Assault court case When she was 22, Azad's father Abdul and brother Ashraf attacked her because she had a boyfriend who was Hindu. On 29 June 2010, Abdul and Ashraf Azad appeared in Manchester Magistrates' Court, charged with threatening to kill her. They were released on bail. Azad's brother was charged with \"assault occasioning actual bodily harm\", whilst Azad stayed with friends in London. On 20 December 2010, Azad did not attend court when the prosecution accepted her brother's guilty plea to assault occasioning actual bodily harm and a judge ruled both men were not guilty of threatening to kill Azad. On 21 January 2011, Azad's brother was imprisoned for six months. Filmography Film Video games Music videos See also British Bangladeshi List of British Bangladeshis List of Harry Potter cast members References External links Living people 1989 births 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Manchester Alumni of the University of Salford British actresses of Asian descent British Internet celebrities English child actresses English female models English film actresses English Muslims English people of Bangladeshi descent People from Longsight People from Chittagong Models from Manchester","title":"Afshan Azad"},{"docid":"2298823","text":"Predrag Bjelac (; born 30 June 1962) is a Serbian actor. He portrayed Igor Karkaroff in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Lord Donnon in The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian. He is a graduate of the Belgrade University's Faculty of Dramatic Art, class of 1986, and studied at The Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute (1988) in New York City. Filmography Film Šest dana juna (1985) - Petar Destroying Angel (1987) - Otto Poslednja priča (1987, TV Movie) - Vlada The Fall of Rock and Roll (1989) Čudna noć (1990) Stand by (1991) - Veliki Harrison's Flowers (2000) - Doctor in Vukovar The Final Victim (2003) - Simons Eurotrip (2004) - Italian Guy at Vatican Kad porastem biću kengur (2004) - Baron Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) - Igor Karkaroff Amor Fati (2005, Short) - Branko The Omen (2006) - Vatican Observatory Priest Ro(c)k podvraťáků (2006) - Chřestýš The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2007) - Lord Donnon Ať žijí rytíři! (2009) - Ahmed (Movie cut) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) - Igor Karkaroff (uncredited; appears in flashback) Kao rani mraz (2010) - Stari Nikola (2010) - Vlado Petrovic Czech-Made Man (2011) - Noha AS PIK (2012) Artiljero (2012) - Gane Ironclad: Battle for Blood (2014) - Maddog Horseplay (2014) - Gypsy King Child 44 (2015) - Basurov Gangster Ka (2015) - Dardan DxM (2015) - Mosca Winnetou & Old Shatterhand (2016) - Tangua Winnetou - Der letzte Kampf (2016) - Tangua Intrigo: Dear Agnes (2019) - Caretaker Atatürk 1881-1919 (2023) - Otto Liman von Sanders Television Warriors (1999) - Naser Zec The Immortal: Deja vu (2001) - Petr Children of Dune (2003) - Namri Spooks (a.k.a. MI-5) (2007) - Edik Kuznetzov The Fixer (2008) - Tarek Sokoli Dobrá čtvrť (2008) - Dragan The Courier 2.0 (2008) - Valentine Ať žijí rytíři! (2010) - Ahmed 4-teens (2011) - Uncle Dragan Borgia (2011-2014) - Francesco Piccolomini Cirkus Bukowsky (2013-2014) - Luka Coltello Případy 1. oddělení (2014) - Abikal Genius (2017) - Milos Maric Killing Eve (2020) - Grigoriy References External links 1962 births Living people Male actors from Belgrade Serbian male film actors American people of Serbian descent University of Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts alumni 20th-century Serbian male actors 21st-century Serbian male actors Serbian male television actors","title":"Predrag Bjelac"},{"docid":"6131993","text":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on 15 November 2005. The film's score was composed by Patrick Doyle, conducted by James Shearman, recorded at Air Lyndhurst Studios and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra with orchestrations provided by Doyle, Shearman, Lawrence Ashmore, John Bell, Brad Dechter, Nicole Nevin and James McWilliam. The score included three main new themes: one representing the Triwizard Tournament, one representing Lord Voldemort, and one representing Harry Potter's crush on Cho Chang. Doyle incorporated an ominous reprise of Hedwig's Theme into the score. A prominent minor theme is presented in \"The Death of Cedric\". The soundtrack entered the Billboard 200 at position eighty for the Week Ending 3 December, and also charted at four on the Top Soundtracks Chart. Songs 22-24 are the songs playing during the Yule Ball scene when The Weird Sisters band came out and played. The Yule Ball theme (\"Potter Waltz\") is derived from Symphony No. 3 by Samuel Wesley. Track listing All tracks performed and composed by Patrick Doyle except where noted. References External links 2000s film soundtrack albums 2005 soundtrack albums Fantasy film soundtracks 04 Patrick Doyle soundtracks","title":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"4856645","text":"Roger James Edward Pratt, BSC (born 27 February 1947) is a British cinematographer. Biography The son of an Anglican priest, Pratt attended Loughborough Grammar School and then undertook a gap year with Voluntary Service Overseas in Mali. He enrolled at Durham University in 1966, where he graduated from the General Arts programme in 1969. After Durham, Pratt returned down south to study at the London Film School. Pratt first met Terry Gilliam, one of his most frequent collaborators, while he was working on the set of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) as a clapper loader. Pratt has been the director of photography for more than 35 films, including Batman (1989), Frankenstein (1994), 102 Dalmatians (2000), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Troy (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Inkheart (2008) and The Karate Kid (2010). Other than Gilliam, his most recurring partnerships were with Roger Christian and Richard Attenborough. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work in The End of the Affair. Filmography Short film Feature film Television TV movie TV series Awards and nominations References External links Living people British cinematographers 1947 births Alumni of the London Film School Alumni of St John's College, Durham","title":"Roger Pratt (cinematographer)"},{"docid":"23044568","text":"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. The game is based on the Lego Harry Potter toy line, and its storyline covers the first four books by J.K. Rowling and its film adaptations in the Harry Potter film series: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). The game was released in June 2010 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable, Android in November 2010, OS X in January 2011, iOS in September 2016, PlayStation 4 in October 2016, and for Nintendo Switch and Xbox One in October 2018 as part of the Lego Harry Potter Collection, which bundles the game with its sequel, Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7. Gameplay Lego Harry Potters gameplay is similar to that of most previous Lego video games, with an emphasis on collecting, exploring, and solving puzzles. Casting spells is an integral part of the gameplay, with a wide range of spells available for unlocking as the player progresses. As there are many spells available in the game, the player can use the spell wheel to select the spell. Potion-making is another integral feature; potions can help the player complete levels or, if created incorrectly, have adverse side effects such as turning the player into a frog. Changes to the mechanics of previous games include 'Student in Peril' missions, which are a group of challenges to help a student, and Polyjuice Potion, which allows players to temporarily change one of the player's characters into any other mini-figure unlocked. A major change is to the hub system. Diagon Alley serves as a hub for purchasing unlockable extras, The Leaky Cauldron works as a hub for returning to previous levels, while Hogwarts acts as a constantly evolving massive hub with the unlockable characters found by picking up their hidden portraits. The bigger areas in Hogwarts have led developer Traveller's Tales to improve the overall level design. Also included is another bonus level that allows players to customize the level similar to Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues. If the player is lost in-game, they can follow a trail of Ghost Studs to the next level. These do not count towards the stud total, but will guide the player to the next section of the level. However one of the collectible 'red bricks', found in the courtyard next to Herbology, gets the player an 'extra' that makes the ghost studs worth 1,000 each. The central hub is Diagon Alley and its entrance through the Leaky Cauldron. Players can access a room at the second floor of the building to watch cutscenes from the game, as well as using a notice board with pictures from where the player can play completed levels again. Diagon Alley serves as a series of stores where the player","title":"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4"},{"docid":"41667744","text":"Tim Webber is a Welsh visual effects supervisor and is chief creative officer at visual effects studio Framestore. He is known for his work on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), Children of Men (2006), and Gravity (2013), for which he received an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 86th Academy Awards. Education Webber was educated at St Catherine's College, Oxford, graduating in Physics in 1987. Career In 1988, Webber joined the British visual effects company Framestore, based near Oxford Street in London. He led the company's push into Digital Film and Television, developing Framestore’s virtual camera and motion rig systems. He has been the visual effects supervisor in some of the most technically and artistically challenging projects, including, Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008), James Cameron's Avatar (2009), and Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans (2010). He was Warner Brothers’ VFX supervisor on Alfonso Cuarón's space epic, Gravity (2013), with the techniques involved in the film realized by Webber and the Framestore team, taking three years to complete. David Heyman, co-producer of Gravity, hired Webber to oversee the film's visual effects work. For his work on Gravity, he won both the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 67th British Academy Film Awards, and an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 86th Academy Awards. In 2014, Webber was awarded the Royal Photographic Society Progress medal and Honorary Fellowship, which is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. In 2023, Webber released his directorial and writing debut, in the form of sci-fi short film FLITE. Starring Alba Baptista, FLITE is set in a semi-submerged London of 2053 and brought some of the techniques first explored on the film Gravity into the present day. Using state of the art virtual production techniques, FLITE also tested FUSE - Framestore Unreal Shot Engine - which puts Epic Games Unreal Engine, and all the benefits of real-time, at the heart of a VFX pipeline. FLITE has won several awards including Best Genre at HollyShorts Film Festival 2023, Best Animation at The Soho London Independent Film Festival 2024 and Best Post Production and Best Score at Ignite Film Festival 2023. FLITE is available to watch on YouTube. Selected filmography Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) Avatar (2009) Children of Men (2006) Gravity (2013) References External links Special effects people Living people Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners Best Visual Effects BAFTA Award winners Welsh film people Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford Year of birth missing (living people) Primetime Emmy Award winners","title":"Tim Webber"},{"docid":"7629286","text":"Harry Potter is a film series based on the eponymous novels by British author J. K. Rowling. The series is produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). A spin-off prequel series started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise. The series was mainly produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson as the three leading characters: Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger. Four directors worked on the series: Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, and David Yates. Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), while the remaining films' screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. Production took place over ten years, with the main story arc following Harry's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts. Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011. Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time—at 18th-highest, grossing over $1 billion. It is the fourth-highest-grossing film series, with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts. Origins In late 1997, film producer David Heyman's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling's series of seven Harry Potter novels. The book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review. Consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked \"the rubbish title\", read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowling's work, he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time. Heyman's enthusiasm led to Rowling's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million (US$2,000,000). A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British and Irish wherever possible, such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore, allowing nonetheless for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such. Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she \"didn't want to give them control over the rest of the story\" by selling the rights to the characters, which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author-written sequels. Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film, he declined the offer. Spielberg contended that, in his opinion, there was every expectation of profit in making the film. He claims that making money would have been like \"shooting ducks in a barrel. It's just a slam dunk. It's just like withdrawing a billion","title":"Harry Potter (film series)"},{"docid":"21053503","text":"is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Hyōgo Prefecture. He is represented by Himawari Theatre Group. He was the official Japanese voice dub-over artist for actor: Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter film series and for Daryl Sabara. Filmography TV Drama Hoshi ni Negai wo (NHK: 1998) Shin Ude ni Oboeari (NHK: 1998) Suki to Isshin Tasuke (NHK: 1999, 2000) Ichigen no Koto (NHK: 2000) Kowai Nichiyōbi (NTV: 2000) Oyaji. (TBS: 2000) Hikon Kazoku (Fuji-TV: 2001) Nemurenu Yoru wo Daite (TV Asahi: 2002) Anime Cyborg 009: The Cyborg Soldier (Pal) OVA Return to Neverland (Cubby) Back to the Conscience (Pinocchio) Video games Kingdom Hearts (Pinocchio, Flounder) Dubbing Live-action A.I. Artificial Intelligence (David (Haley Joel Osment)) Butterfly (Moncho) Cherrybomb (Malachy) The Cider House Rules (Homer Wells) The Cat in the Hat (Conrad) Don't Look Under the Bed (Darwin McCausland) Driving Lessons (Ben Marshall) Harry Potter Series as Ron Weasley (Rupert Grint) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Home Alone 4 (Kevin McCallister) The Kid (Rusty Duritz) Life Is Beautiful (Joshua) The Mummy Returns (Alex) Pearl Harbor (Danny as a child) The Santa Clause 2 (Curtis) Spy Kids (Juni Cortez (Daryl Sabara)) Spy Kids 2: Island of Lost Dreams (Juni Cortez (Daryl Sabara)) Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (Juni Cortez (Daryl Sabara)) Spy Kids 4-D (Juni Cortez) Thunderpants (Alan A. Allen) Wild Target (Tony) Animation Dragon Tales (Enrique) Return to Never Land (Cubby) Japanese Voice-Over Dragon Tales (Enrique) Pinocchio's Daring Journey (Pinocchio) Peter Pan's Flight (Cubby) CM Touyou Suisan References External links 1991 births Living people Japanese male child actors Japanese male video game actors Japanese male voice actors Male voice actors from Hyōgo Prefecture","title":"Yūki Tokiwa"},{"docid":"27828864","text":"Gabrielle Pietermann (born September 2, 1987 in Munich) is a German voice actress and Audiobook-Narrator. She is most famous for being the German dub-over artist of actresses Emma Watson, Selena Gomez, Anna Kendrick, Danielle Campbell, Meaghan Jette Martin, Emilia Clarke and for the German Voice as Tinker Bell for Mae Whitman. And in 2017 an audiobook publisher named der Hörverlag released a Novelization of Beauty and the Beast (1991 film) read by Gabrielle Pietermann (). Notable voice roles Emma Watson: as Hermione Granger (Hermine Granger) in: 2001: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen) 2002: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Harry Potter und die Kammer des Schreckens) 2004: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Harry Potter und der Gefangene von Askaban) 2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Harry Potter und der Feuerkelch) 2007: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Harry Potter und der Orden des Phönix) 2009: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter und der Halbblutprinz) 2010: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (Harry Potter und die Heligtümer des Todes - Teil 1) 2011: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (Harry Potter und die Heiligtümer des Todes - Teil 2] 2007: as Pauline in: Ballet Shoes (Ballet Shoes) 2011: as Lucy in My Week with Marilyn (My Week with Marilyn) 2012: as Sam in The Perks of Being a Wallflower (Vielleicht lieber Morgen) 2013: as Emma Watson in This Is the End (Das ist das Ende) 2013: as Nicki The Bling Ring (The Bling Ring) 2017: as Belle in Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) - German: Die Schöne und das Biest (German singing voice: Julia Milena Scheeser) Selena Gomez: as Alex Russo in: 2007-2012: Wizards of Waverly Place (Die Zauberer vom Waverly Place) 2009: Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie (Die Zauberer vom Waverly Place - Der Film) 2013: The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex (Die Rückkehr der Zauberer vom Waverly Place) 2009: as Carter in Princess Protection Program (Prinzessinen Schutzprogramm) 2009: as Selena Gomez in Sonny With a Chance (Sonny Munroe) 2009: as Selena Gomez in Studio Disney Channel - Almost Live (Studio Disney Channel - Beinah Live) 2010: as Beezus in Ramona and Beezus (Schwesterherzen - Ramonas wilde Welt) 2011: as Grace/Cordelia in Monte Carlo (Plötzlich Star) 2012: as Faith in Spring Breakers (Spring Breakers) 2013: as The Kid in Getaway (Getaway) Anna Kendrick: as Jessica Stanley in: 2008: Twilight (Twilight - Bis(s) zum Morgengrauen) 2009: The Twilight Saga: New Moon (New Moon - Bis(s) zur Mittagsstunde) 2010: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse(Eclipse - Bis(s) zum Abendrot) Meaghan Jette Martin: as Tess Tyler in: 2008: Camp Rock (Camp Rock) 2010: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam) 2011: as Bianca Stratford in 10 Things I Hate About You (10 Dinge die ich an dir hasse) Danielle Campbell: 2010: as Jessica Olson in StarStruck (StarStruck - Der Star der mich liebte) 2010: as","title":"Gabrielle Pietermann"},{"docid":"17426709","text":"The following is a list of films that were filmed wholly or partially in Oxford, England (often featuring the University of Oxford): Accident (1967) The Italian Job (1969) Heaven's Gate - Harvard commencement sequences shot in New College Lane, the Sheldonian Theatre and at Mansfield College in 1980. Another Country (1984) Oxford Blues (1984) Young Sherlock Holmes (1984) A Fish Called Wanda (1988) Howards End (1992) Shadowlands (1993) The Madness of King George (1994) True Blue (1996) The Saint (1997) Wilde (1997) The Red Violin (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Mohabbatein (2000) (Bollywood film) 102 Dalmatians (2000) Quills (2000) Iris (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Bhagam Bhag (2006) (Bollywood film) Blue Blood (2006) The History Boys (2006) The Golden Compass (2007) Salaam-e-Ishq (2007) (Bollywood film) Brideshead Revisited (2008) I Can't Think Straight (2008) The Oxford Murders (2008) An Education (2009) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Robinson in Ruins (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Desi Boyz (2011) Belle (2013) The Riot Club (2014) Doctor Strange (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Mummy (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Tolkien (2019) Saltburn (2023) References Oxford-related lists","title":"List of films shot in Oxford"},{"docid":"69746253","text":"Joanne Rowling, known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She has won numerous accolades for her Harry Potter book series, including general literature prizes, honours in children's literature and speculative fiction awards. The series has garnered multiple British Book Awards, beginning with the Children's Book of the Year in 1997 and 1998 for the first two volumes, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. In 2000 the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, was nominated for an adult award – the Whitbread Book of the Year – where it competed against a book by a Nobel prize laureate (Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. The award body gave Rowling the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount); some scholars view this as exposing a literary prejudice against children's books. Next followed the World Science Fiction Convention's 2001 Hugo Award for the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the 2006 Book of the Year – for the sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Rowling's early career awards include the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to children's literature in 2000, and three years later, the Spanish Prince of Asturias Award for Concord. She won the British Book Awards' Author of the Year and Outstanding Achievement prizes over the span of the Harry Potter series. Following the series' completion, Time named Rowling a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, citing the social, moral and political inspiration she gave the Harry Potter fandom. Two years later, she was recognised as a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy; leading magazine editors then named her the \"Most Influential Woman in the UK\" the following October. Later awards include the Freedom of the City of London in 2012 and for her services to literature and philanthropy, the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 2017. Academic bodies have bestowed multiple honours on Rowling. She has received honorary degrees from the University of Aberdeen; the University of St Andrews; Dartmouth College; the University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh Napier University; the University of Exeter (which she attended) and Harvard University. Rowling spoke at Harvard's 2008 commencement ceremony; the same year, she also won University College Dublin's James Joyce Award. Her other honours include fellowship of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE) and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE). Rowling's awards for film, theatre and crime fiction include the 2011 British Academy Film Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter film series, the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, and the 2021 British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller category for the fifth volume of her Cormoran Strike series. Literature General literature Speculative fiction Crime fiction Film and theatre Career awards","title":"List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling"},{"docid":"558402","text":"Roger Anthony Lloyd-Pack (8 February 1944 – 16 January 2014) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003, and Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007. He later starred as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He is also well known for the role of Barty Crouch Sr. in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and for his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes \"Rise of the Cybermen\" and \"The Age of Steel\". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died in 2014 from pancreatic cancer. Early life Lloyd-Pack was born in Islington, London, the son of actor Charles Lloyd-Pack (1902–1983) and Ulrike Elisabeth (née Pulay, 1921–2000), an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent. His uncle was George Pulay, one of the secret listeners to German POW in Trent Park during World War II. He attended Bedales School near Petersfield in Hampshire, where he achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin. He subsequently trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), graduating in 1965 with an Acting (RADA Diploma). Career Lloyd-Pack began his acting career at Northampton's Royal Theatre, making his stage debut in the Thomas Dekker play The Shoemaker's Holiday. He featured on an episode of The Professionals (Long Shot 1978) as a terrorist hitman. Only Fools and Horses On British television, he was best known for portraying \"Trigger\", Del Boy's slow-witted “Village idiot” friend in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, from 1981 to 2003. Lloyd-Pack was cast by pure chance: an Only Fools and Horses executive producer, Ray Butt, hired him to portray Trigger after seeing him in a stage play, and had only attended that play to observe potential Del Boy actor Billy Murray. Later career He was also known for his role in The Vicar of Dibley as Owen Newitt and to international audiences his greatest fame was as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In addition, he had a semi-regular role during the 1990s as the plumber Jake \"The Klingon\" Klinger, Ben Porter's arch-rival, in the sitcom 2 point 4 children. In 2005, he appeared in the second series of ITV's Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for what he believed was the malpractice-related death of his wife. In 2006, he played John Lumic and provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, \"Rise of the Cybermen\" and \"The Age of Steel\", opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd-Pack's final TV appearance was in Law & Order: UK as Alex Greene. He voiced the pre-match build-up montage video shown ahead of all Tottenham Hotspur's home matches which is still played today. In June 2008, he appeared as a guest on the BBC's The Politics Show,","title":"Roger Lloyd-Pack"},{"docid":"34873573","text":"Afshin Zinouri (; born April 23, 1976) is an Iranian voice actor who is known for Persian voice-dubbing foreign films and TV programs. He was born in Tehran. He is known for dubbing over Elijah Wood's role as Frodo Baggins from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and has also dubbed over some of Leonardo DiCaprio and Matt Damon's voice roles in films they starred in. He is also an actor and television host. Dubbing In Movies Live action films We're No Angels – Jim (Sean Penn) Good Will Hunting – Will Hunting (Matt Damon) Gladiator – Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix) The Lord of the Rings film trilogy – Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban – Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix – Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) The Bourne Supremacy – Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film) – Philippe/King Louis XIV (Leonardo DiCaprio) Blood Diamond – Daniel \"Danny\" Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio) The Departed – William \"Billy\" Costigan Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio) Live action television All Saints Lost – Boone Carlyle (Ian Somerhalder) Emperor of the Sea The Kingdom of The Winds – Prince Dojin (Park Gun Hyung) References External links Afshin Zinouri's page on Iran-Dubbing (Persian) Afshin Zinouri at Namava 1976 births Living people Male actors from Tehran Iranian male film actors Iranian male voice actors Iranian male television actors Islamic Azad University alumni Iranian radio and television presenters","title":"Afshin Zinouri"},{"docid":"34624641","text":"This is a list of child actors from the Republic of Ireland. Films and/or television series they appeared in are mentioned only if they were under the age of eighteen at the time of filming. Current child actors (under age eighteen) are indicated by boldface. B Emma Bolger (born 1996) In America (2002) Intermission (2003) Heidi (2005) Sarah Bolger (born 1991) In America (2002) Tara Road (2005) Stormbreaker (2006) The Spiderwick Chronicles (2007) The Tudors (2008) The Fence (2009) E Elizabeth Rebecca Edwin (c. 1771–1854), made her stage debut at age eight in Dublin. F Ciarán Fitzgerald (born 1983) Into the West (1992) Screen Two (1 episode, 1994) The Hanging Gale (1995) Nothing Personal (1995) Some Mother's Son (1996) The Last of the High Kings (1996) The Canterville Ghost (1996) The Informant (1997) The Boxer (1997) Seeing Things (short film, 1997) The General (1998) Gregg Fitzgerald (born 1978) War of the Buttons (1994) G Jack Gleeson (born 1992) Batman Begins (2005) Shrooms (2007) A Shine of Rainbows (2009) L Evanna Lynch (born 1991) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) M Devon Murray (born 1988) This Is My Father (1998) Angela's Ashes (1999) Yesterday's Children (2000) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) P Susie Power (born 2003) Fair City (2015–2017) Little Roy (2015–2017) A Date for Mad Mary (2016) R Saoirse Ronan (born 1994) Atonement (2007) I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007) Death Defying Acts (2008) City of Ember (2008) The Lovely Bones (2009) Hanna (2011) V Sophie Vavasseur (born 1992) Evelyn (2002) Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) Northanger Abbey (2007) Becoming Jane (2007) The Old Curiosity Shop (2007) Exorcismus (2010) W Alisha Weir (born 2009) Don't Leave Home (2018) Day Out (short film, 2018) Darklands (5 episodes, 2019) Two by Two: Overboard! (voice, 2020) Fia's Fairies (voice, 2022) Matilda the Musical (2022) Wicked Little Letters (2023) Abigail (2024) List Ireland","title":"List of Irish child actors"},{"docid":"4400426","text":"HP4 or variant, may refer to: HP4, a postcode for Berkhamsted, see HP postcode area hP4, a Pearson symbol Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth Harry Potter novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film), the fourth Harry Potter film Handley Page Type D a.k.a. H.P.4, an airplane HP-4, a glider designed by Richard Schreder HP4, a type of photographic stock, see Ilford HP HP4, a version of the BMW S1000RR produced between 2013 and 2014. See also HP (disambiguation)","title":"HP4"},{"docid":"36673746","text":"James Shearman is an English conductor, orchestrator, and composer. He is perhaps best known for his contributions to film scores including those for Gosford Park, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Manchester by the Sea and numerous others. He has collaborated frequently with composer, Patrick Doyle. In addition to his conducting and orchestration, Shearman is also a songwriter, having co-written the title track from Charlotte Church's 2000 album, Dream a Dream (among other songs). He regularly conducts orchestras, including the London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra. Early life and education Shearman was born and grew up in England. He attended the Royal Academy of Music where he was one of four students in the four-year BMus Commercial Music degree program, studying composition and conducting. In his last year of study at the academy, Shearman was commissioned to compose an original piece to honor film composer, John Williams. The composition (\"Metropolis — A Tribute to John Williams\") was premiered in June 1996 during the British and American Film Music Festival at the Royal Academy of Music with Williams in attendance. Shearman was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in 2015. Career Soon after his graduation from the Royal Academy of Music, Shearman began providing orchestrations to film scores. He first collaborated with composer Patrick Doyle on the 1998 film Great Expectations. This led to Shearman providing orchestrations and arrangements for Doyle on another 1998 film, Quest for Camelot. This partnership eventually resulted in Shearman becoming Doyle's principal orchestrator and conductor. He has gone on to provide conducting, orchestration, and/or arrangements for Doyle's scores for Thor, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, Brave, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Cinderella, and numerous others. In 2012, Shearman arranged the Brave orchestral suite for a Pixar in Concert event. In 2015, he conducted a series of concerts across Europe and the United States with Doyle entitled Shakespeare in Concert. Over the course of his career, Shearman has also collaborated with numerous other composers including, Lesley Barber (Mansfield Park, Manchester by the Sea), Mark Isham (In The Valley of Elah, Reservation Road), Stephen Warbeck (Shakespeare in Love), Paul Cantelon (The Other Boleyn Girl), Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (Lost Souls), Alan Menken (Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin), and Hans Zimmer (Pearl Harbor). He has also conducted a variety of orchestras both through his work with film scores and through live concerts. He made his concert conducting debut in 2004 with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, leading a concert of A.R. Rahman compositions. In March 2014, he conducted the Ulster Orchestra for the first time with The Music of Patrick Doyle from the Films of Sir Kenneth Branagh. He made his Royal Festival Hall conducting debut with The Philharmonia Orchestra in October 2014. He has also conducted the London Symphony Orchestra, the Hollywood Studio Symphony, the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra (at the 2017 Qatar British Festival), and numerous others.","title":"James Shearman"},{"docid":"64562002","text":"Bellatrix Lestrange () is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. She evolved from an unnamed peripheral character in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire into a major antagonist in subsequent novels. In the final installment of the story, Rowling established her as Lord Voldemort's \"last, best lieutenant\". Bellatrix was the first female Death Eater introduced in the books. Bellatrix had a fanatic obsession with the Dark Lord although she was clearly fearful of his magical abilities and absolute power over his forces. She is almost as sadistic and homicidal as Lord Voldemort, with a psychotic personality. She is portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter in the last four Harry Potter films, from Order of the Phoenix (2007) to Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). Name Her given name derives from Latin as the feminine form of the noun \"warrior\". Like many members of the Black family, Bellatrix is named after a celestial body or astronomic structure, in this case one of the brightest stars in the constellation Orion. Bellatrix's name has been translated into other languages in a variety of ways. Many of the changes accentuate the evil nature of her character, such as the Dutch \"Bellatrix van Detta\". Character background Bellatrix Black was born to Cygnus and Druella (Rosier) Black in 1951. Bellatrix is related by blood and marriage to many characters in the novels (although in the fifth book it is specified that all pure-blood families are related to each other): she has two younger sisters, Narcissa and Andromeda, and is first cousin to Sirius. She married Rodolphus Lestrange after leaving Hogwarts \"because it was expected of her\" to marry a pure-blood. However, Rowling stated in an interview that Bellatrix truly loved Voldemort. Andromeda married a Muggle-born, Ted Tonks, and was subsequently disowned by the Blacks, whereas Narcissa, conversely, married Lucius Malfoy, heir of a wealthy pure-blood family; thus, Bellatrix is the aunt of both Nymphadora Tonks and Draco Malfoy. At Hogwarts, she, along with her sisters, was sorted into Slytherin. It is suggested in the novels that, as a student, Bellatrix associated with a group of students – including Rodolphus Lestrange, Severus Snape, Avery, Evan Rosier and Wilkes – who nearly all became Death Eaters. It is assumed Bellatrix was at least initially drawn to Lord Voldemort because they both believe in an ideology that favors pure-blood wizards and witches over other members of the community. This elitism, shared by the Malfoy and Lestrange clans, was instilled in Bellatrix since childhood. The Black family motto, toujours pur (French for \"always pure\"), reflects this steadfast belief in blood purity. Bellatrix, her husband, and her brother-in-law, were active Death Eaters during Voldemort's rise to power, and evaded capture and suspicion until after the Dark Lord's downfall. Appearances Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In this book, Rowling used Albus Dumbledore's Pensieve as a plot device to reveal that Bellatrix, rather than deserting her leader like many other Death Eaters, was","title":"Bellatrix Lestrange"},{"docid":"23743992","text":"Mary Selway (14 March 1936 – 21 April 2004) was an English casting director. Life Selway was born in Norwich in 1936, daughter of a cinema manager and impresario. At the age of 13 she enrolled at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London to study acting. By 19 she had decided not to become an actress, and went to work as a production assistant at ITV before starting to work in casting, first under Miriam Brickman and then, from 1969, under Lindsay Anderson at the Royal Court Theatre in London. By the age of 34 she had started casting films, which she continued for the rest of her life. Career Selway worked with a number of renowned directors over three decades, including Steven Spielberg, Roman Polanski, Clint Eastwood, John Boorman, Sydney Pollack, Robert Altman, Michael Apted, Nicolas Roeg, Fred Schepisi, Fred Zinnemann and Ridley Scott. She was responsible for the casting of 104 films and gained a reputation for fairness, determination, charm, wisdom and irreverence. Selway was always seeking new acting talent, watching films from all over the world and attending fringe theatre performances. She was also a tireless champion of new actors she discovered and nurtured. Unusually, she would stay in touch with the cast throughout the shooting process. In the 2001 BAFTA Awards she won the Michael Balcon Award for outstanding British contribution to cinema. A biographical documentary entitled A Cast of Thousands: The Life of Mary Selway is being produced in celebration of her life. It is directed by Isabelle Gregson, who explained that it aims \"in its own small way to give those who didn't have the pleasure of knowing her, a taste for her enormous contribution to Cinema through the eyes and words of those who knew and loved her.\" The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Orange Rising Star Award for the best young actor is dedicated to the memory of Mary Selway. Selway's death in 2004 is acknowledged by a memorium at the end credits of the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Films (selection) She directed the casting of many well-known films, including: Alien (1979) Outland (1981) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) Return of the Jedi (1983) Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Top Secret! (1984) Aliens (1986) Withnail and I (1987) Gorillas in the Mist (1988) The Russia House (1990) King Ralph (1991) First Knight (1995) The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) Lost in Space (1998) Notting Hill (1999) Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001) Enigma (2001) Gosford Park (2001) K-19: The Widowmaker (2002) The Sleeping Dictionary (2003) Love Actually (2003) Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) The Chronicles of Riddick (2004) Thunderbirds (2004) Enduring Love (2004) Vanity Fair (2004) The Libertine (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Personal life Selway was married to the actor Norman Rodway in January 1966. The couple parted","title":"Mary Selway"},{"docid":"40602047","text":"Shefali Chowdhury (born 20 June 1988) is a British actress best known for playing the role of Parvati Patil in the fourth, fifth, and sixth films in the Harry Potter film series. Career Chowdhury is known for her performances as Parvati Patil in three of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when she was in her last year at the Waverley School in Birmingham. She and Afshan Azad, who played the character of Chowdhury's twin sister Padma Patil, are also good friends, according to Azad. Filmography See also British Bangladeshi List of British Bangladeshis List of Harry Potter cast members References External links I Am The Doorway Rowney Brothers Site 1988 births Living people 21st-century British actresses Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands Alumni of Birmingham City University British child actresses British film actresses British people of Bangladeshi descent People from Denbigh People from Sylhet Division 21st-century English women 21st-century English people","title":"Shefali Chowdhury"},{"docid":"5166221","text":"Norman Stuart Craig (born 14 April 1942) is a noted British production designer. He has also designed the sets, together with his frequent collaborator set decorator, the late Stephenie McMillan, on all of the Harry Potter films to date. Life and career At Potter author J. K. Rowling's request, he worked with Universal Creative team to design the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park. Rowling said in a December 2007 interview on the Potter podcast PotterCast, \"The key thing for me was that, if there was to be a theme park, that Stuart Craig … would be involved. … More than involved, that he would pretty much design it. Because I love the look of the films; they really mirror what’s been in my imagination for all these years\". He has been nominated for eleven Academy Awards, and has won three: in 1982 for Gandhi, in 1988 for Dangerous Liaisons, and in 1996 for The English Patient. He has been nominated for a BAFTA award sixteen times, including for the first six and last Potter films, and has won three times: in 1980 for The Elephant Man, in 2005 for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and in 2016 for Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Stuart Craig has been nominated for a BAFTA Award for six films in a row, namely the first six Harry Potter films. For his work on The English Patient, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, Craig was nominated for an Art Directors Guild award and won the same for The English Patient and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. The Guild has also honored Craig with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the awards ceremony on 16 February 2008. Filmography As art director A Bridge Too Far (1977) Superman (1978) As production designer Awards and nominations Academy Awards British Academy Film Awards References External links 1942 births Living people Best Art Direction Academy Award winners Best Production Design BAFTA Award winners British film designers Officers of the Order of the British Empire Alumni of Norwich University of the Arts","title":"Stuart Craig"},{"docid":"3063165","text":"The music of the Harry Potter film series was recorded and released in conjunction with the post-production and releases of each of the eight corresponding films. The scores were composed by John Williams, Patrick Doyle, Nicholas Hooper, and Alexandre Desplat. Though Williams only scored the first three films, several motifs that he created have been reprised and incorporated into the remaining scores, in particular \"Hedwig's Theme\", which can be heard in all eight films. Other musicians credited with writing the Harry Potter music include Jarvis Cocker, The Ordinary Boys, and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Jeremy Soule and James Hannigan wrote the music for the Harry Potter video games. J. Scott Rakozy, Peter Murray, and Chuck E. Myers \"Sea\" composed the music for Hogwarts Legacy. Overview Themes and motifs Throughout the series, each composer created themes for particular characters, items, locations, and ideas. Several themes can be heard in films subsequent to the one they were written for, although very few lasted for the entire film series. First appearance in The Philosopher's Stone First appearance in The Chamber of Secrets First appearance in The Prisoner of Azkaban First appearance in The Goblet of Fire First appearance in The Order of the Phoenix First appearance in The Half-Blood Prince First appearance in The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 First appearance in The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 References Film music by media franchise Harry Potter lists Compositions by John Williams","title":"Music of the Harry Potter films"},{"docid":"36551734","text":"Mafalda Martins da Silva Luís de Castro (Mafalda Luís de Castro or just Mafalda de Castro for short) is a Portuguese actress who acts out on Portuguese television programs that air on TVI and a few on SIC. She is also a voice actress, who voiced and dubbed characters in European Portuguese, mostly young and/or royal female characters. She is the official European Portuguese dub-over artist for British actress, Emma Watson, since she voiced her role as Hermione Granger throughout the Harry Potter films and the video game adaptations. Filmography Television She is an actress on CMTV's soap opera \"Someone Lost\" playing Leonor Mascarenhas. Voice Roles Video games Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game) - Hermione Granger Dubbing Roles Live Action Films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) - Vanessa (Sarah Kim Gries) Mirror Mirror - Snow White (Lily Collins) Animated films Barbie as the Island Princess - The Tale of Despereaux - Princess Pea (replacing Emma Watson's voice) Battle for Terra - Hop - Samantha \"Sam\" O'Hare (replacing Kaley Cuoco's voice) (Live action and Animation) The Smurfs - One of the Smurf characters (Live action and Animation) Arthur Christmas - Animated Series Kitty Is Not a Cat - Kitty (Roslyn Oades) (Lauren Tom) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) Portuguese voice actresses Living people Actresses from Lisbon Portuguese television actresses 21st-century Portuguese actresses","title":"Mafalda Luís de Castro"},{"docid":"36434466","text":"Kathrin \"Kaddi\" Fricke, better known by her pseudonym Coldmirror, is a German YouTube creator and comedian. The pseudonym was inspired by the song \"Creatures That Kissed in Cold Mirrors\" by the band Cradle of Filth. She operates one of the most popular German YouTube channels, moderated radio and television programmes, and publishes blog and vlog entries. Early life Fricke was born and raised in Bremen and studied art history and philosophy at the University of Bremen. She finished her bachelor's degree in 2010 with a research paper about the production of video films and a film project about Internet and video game addiction. According to her own statements, she suffered from strong depression for domestic reasons. In an interview on the YouTube channel \"clixoom\" she explained that, among other things, the Harry Potter series and the desire to know how it would continue gave her energy and safeguarded her from suicide. However, she stated that this was not necessarily due to the books' exciting plots, but rather simply \"having something that you can look forward to.\" Kathrin Fricke began early, together with a friend, to record radio dramas, which laid the foundation of her creativity. In 2000 she joined the team of \"MixX\", a youth television broadcast, as voluntary editor. At this time she compiled her first own websites, where she, for example, published self-drawn pictures with fantasy plots. Her fan fictions with the characters of the Harry Potter series occupied a significant part of her website and stirred attention on the Internet. Video performance on YouTube The YouTube channel \"Coldmirror\" went online on 2 October 2006. The first videos consisted of archive material from Fricke's time as editor for \"MixX\". After this, Fricke created the videos for the most part alone. Her YouTube channel portrays a continuation of her earlier works in video form. Starting in fall 2006, Fricke re-dubbed three Harry Potter movies for comic effect: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in Harry Potter und ein Stein (i.e. Harry Potter and a Stone), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in Harry Potter und der geheime Pornokeller (i.e. Harry Potter and the Secret Porn Cellar) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in Harry Potter und der Plastik Pokal (i.e. Harry Potter and the Plastic Cup). In her version, the protagonists make frequent use of taboo topics, foul language and references to Internet and pop culture. Fricke's YouTube account was temporarily deactivated because these re-dubs were considered copyright violations. Furthermore, she produced multiple music videos and albums portraying Albus Dumbledore as a gangsta rapper, called \"Fresh D\". In December 2015, she launched a podcast called \"5 Minuten Harry Podcast\" (5 Minutes Harry Podcast) in which she talks about 5 minutes each of the first Harry Potter movie and explores random facts about what it is seen in the sequences. It soon became one of the most successful podcasts in German. New episodes are posted irregularly on podcast platforms and her YouTube channel and often reach many","title":"Coldmirror"},{"docid":"30925582","text":"Botond Előd (born 24 October 1984) is a Hungarian actor. He has an older brother named Álmos who is also a voice actor. Voice works Live-action shows CSI: Miami 7th Heaven Entourage Stargate Atlantis Hannah Montana Tierra de Pasiones Jericho NCIS Live action films Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile Animated shows Naruto Uzumaki (Naruto, Animax edition) Bleach (manga) Full Metal Panic! Death Note Shaman King Kaleido Star Codename: Kids Next Door Love Com LaMB References External links Magyar Szinkron 1984 births Living people Hungarian male film actors Hungarian male voice actors 20th-century Hungarian male actors","title":"Botond Előd"},{"docid":"64482170","text":"Cedric Diggory is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. He is one of the main characters in the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, as he represents Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the Triwizard Tournament, alongside Harry Potter. Cedric is murdered by Peter Pettigrew on Lord Voldemort's orders during Voldemort's resurrection in Little Hangleton. Cedric's death becomes a point of trauma and guilt for Harry and continues to haunt him, which leads him to form Dumbledore's Army as a way to help teach his fellow students to protect themselves in battle. His death is also a focal point of the stage play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Cedric was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire and was briefly portrayed by Joe Livermore in Prisoner of Azkaban. His voice is acted by Blake Ritson in the Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire video game. Fictional character biography Cedric Diggory first begins attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in 1989 and is sorted into Hufflepuff. It is presumed that Cedric was familiar with Fred and George Weasley as they were in the same year level. Cedric is also close with Cho Chang and the two are romantically involved. Eventually Cedric becomes a popular student and is elected as Seeker for the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, with him then becoming the team captain and a prefect in the same year. Prisoner of Azkaban Cedric first faces Harry Potter during the Quidditch tournament in Prisoner of Azkaban, and ends up catching the Golden Snitch after Harry faints in the presence of Dementors. Cedric offers to replay the match but the offer is declined by Gryffindor captain Oliver Wood, who feels that Diggory had won the game. Goblet of Fire The next year, Cedric and his father, Amos, attend the Quidditch World Cup alongside Harry, Hermione Granger and the Weasley family. Upon arriving at Hogwarts for his sixth year, Cedric puts his name forth in the Goblet of Fire and is selected as the Hogwarts champion alongside Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons and Victor Krum from Durmstrang. Despite all three champions being chosen, the Goblet of Fire nominates Harry to become the fourth Triwizard Champion. Cedric remains kind to Harry whilst everyone else assumes Harry is lying when he asserts that he did not put his name in the Goblet of Fire. Despite having two champions from the school, the majority of Hogwarts students support Cedric, with students even creating enchanted badges that say \"Support Cedric Diggory, the Real Hogwarts Champion\". Cedric is opposed to the badges and tries to get his classmates not to wear them. In the first task, Harry gives Cedric a hand by informing him in advance that the task involves dragons. Cedric's dragon is a Swedish Short-Snout, from which he has to retrieve the Golden Egg it is guarding. Cedric achieves this by transfiguring a rock into a Labrador to distract the dragon whilst","title":"Cedric Diggory"},{"docid":"3381404","text":"PotterCast is the official podcast of the Harry Potter fansite The Leaky Cauldron. Its episodes are posted once per month and are typically about an hour long. In every episode, the hosts discuss particular passages, themes, and questions from the Harry Potter books and films, and they go over the Potter-related news stories reported during the previous week by The Leaky Cauldron. The podcast often includes input from everyday Potter fans, but it has also featured numerous interviews with professionals involved in making the Potter books, films, and video games. PotterCast frequently hosts contests, and it has presented a variety of themed shows, including a special wizard rock video edition and an episode for Banned Books Week 2005, in which staff interviewed representatives from the American Library Association. It also covers breaking news, such as the press conference hosted by Warner Brothers before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. PotterCast was launched on August 22, 2005, and with episode 130 it became the first podcast to interview Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling. Segments Current regular segments Intro: A pre-recorded introduction of the show and its hosts by J. K. Rowling has been used since her appearance in episode 130. Previously, the introduction was recorded by Rupert Grint (episodes 112-129) and Matthew Lewis (for a few episodes prior to the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows). News: Led by rotating hosts. Replaced the Leaky Lowdown/Newswrap in September 2007, combining them into one segment relating and discussing the past week's Potter-related news updates. Formerly hosted by Sue Upton, but had a changed title due to Sue leaving the show in late 2009 (episode 211). Bit by Bit: Premiered in October 2007. In this segment, the hosts discuss Deathly Hallows a small piece at a time (usually less than a chapter each week), progressing through the book. Wrap-up: The hosts conclude the show, tie off loose ends, announce upcoming events or issue calls to listeners to send videos, voice-mails or other responses related to a given topic. Traditionally takes place over the background music of \"The Drums\" (actually popular jazz tune, \"Sing Sing Sing.\" Starting with episode 204, it was replaced with the similar \"Wizard Wheezes\" by Nicholas Hooper from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince). Bloopers: An occasional short segment played after the close of the show, featuring an outtake from the episode's recording. Quick Fire Canon Conclundrums: An on-and-off segment in which the hosts discuss canon related topics. Irregular segments PotterCast Acting Troupe: A segment that will span multiple episodes, featuring voice actors performing a radio play written by a fanfiction author from \"The Sugar Quill.\" The story focuses on the next generation of Hogwarts students, including Harry Potter's children in a story called, \"Albus Potter and the Founder's Fountain\". Fan Thoughts: Premiered in October 2007. Voice messages from listeners with thoughts about the current or previous week's topics of discussion. Fan Interview (\"In the Fan Corner\"): An interview with a fan who has an","title":"PotterCast"},{"docid":"4060482","text":"Tolga Safer (born 26 June 1982) is a British actor who is known for playing Igor Karkaroff's Aide in the movie version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Life and career Safer was born in London, to Turkish Cypriot parents. He started acting at the age of 7 in school plays and attended classes at the Sylvia Young Theatre School. Safer has appeared in various TV commercials for Pepsi and Korres, and The Red Cross, (Directed by Peter Webber). He has appeared in several TV episodes of BBC's Casualty and Doctors. His first main role was in the film Culture Menace which was a British independent movie before working on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in a role created especially for him. Other notable film credits include Sugarhouse alongside Andy Serkis and Ashley Walters and Shoot on Sight. In 2017, Safer appeared alongside Dylan O'Brien in CBS Films' thriller American Assassin. At the Arcola Theatre, Safer performed in the controversial play 'Bintou' and then on 'Venezuela'. As well as the Arcola Theatre, Tolga Safer has also performed in plays such as Prayer Room at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. and appeared at The Royal National Theatre. Filmography Theatre References External links Living people 1982 births British people of Turkish Cypriot descent Male actors from London English male film actors British people of Cypriot descent English male stage actors 21st-century English male actors","title":"Tolga Safer"},{"docid":"811422","text":"Michael Cormac Newell (born 28 March 1942) is an English film and television director and producer. He won the BAFTA for Best Direction for Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), which also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, and directed the films Donnie Brasco (1997) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). Early life Newell was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, as the son of amateur actors, and was educated at St Albans School. He read English at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He then attended a three-year training course at Granada Television with the intention of entering the theatre. Career Newell directed various British TV shows from the 1960s onwards (such as Spindoe, credited as Cormac Newell, and Big Breadwinner Hog), but eventually shifted his focus to film direction. His first feature-length project was The Man in the Iron Mask (1977), a made-for-television film. His first critically acclaimed movie was Bad Blood (1981), concerning the 1941 manhunt for the New Zealand mass-killer Stan Graham played by Jack Thompson. This was followed by Dance with a Stranger (1985), a biographical drama starring Miranda Richardson as Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the UK. For his directorial efforts, Newell won the Award of the Youth at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival. Newell continued his successes in the film industry with Enchanted April (1991), an adaptation of the 1922 novel by Elizabeth von Arnim. Miranda Richardson won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical and Joan Plowright won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture. During this period, George Lucas recruited Newell as one of the numerous feature film directors to direct episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. The comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) was also critically acclaimed, winning numerous awards, including a César Award (Best Foreign Film), a Golden Globe (Best Actor – Hugh Grant), and a number of London Critics Circle Film Awards (Best Director, Film, Producer, and Screenwriter). Since these award-winning productions, Newell has directed a number of films in Hollywood, such as Donnie Brasco (1997) (starring Al Pacino and Johnny Depp), Pushing Tin (1999) (starring John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, Cate Blanchett, and Angelina Jolie) and Mona Lisa Smile (2003) (starring Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, and Julia Stiles). In 2005, Newell was presented with an honorary degree of Doctor of Arts by the University of Hertfordshire which has a campus in St Albans, his birthplace. He was also awarded the BAFTA Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his career prior to 2005. Newell became the first British director of the Harry Potter film series with the production of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth adaptation in the series, which became a major critical and financial success worldwide. Newell is heard briefly as the radio announcer at the beginning of the film. Newell directed Love in the Time of Cholera in 2007 and Prince of Persia: The","title":"Mike Newell (director)"},{"docid":"36862831","text":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a novel by J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire may also refer to: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film), the novel's film adaptation, directed by Mike Newell Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack), the soundtrack based on the film, composed by Patrick Doyle Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game), a video game based on the film","title":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"2214244","text":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 action-adventure video game published by Electronic Arts. It is based on the 2005 film of the same name. The game was released for Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PlayStation Portable. It received mixed reviews from critics, with reviewers enjoying the scope of the spells and gameplay, but being less impressed by the short length, and the lack of free roaming components found in previous installments. Gameplay The game follows the events and characters of novel, and film, with the player controlling Harry Potter (voiced by Daniel Larner), Hermione Granger (Harper Marshall), and Ron Weasley (Gregg Chillin). The game uses an improved version of the group casting mechanic found in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Improved graphics mean the characters themselves more closely resemble their film counterparts than in previous games. Gameplay in the Goblet of Fire is much more action-orientated, which is a change from the puzzle and adventure elements found in previous games of the series. The game is split up into particular levels, rather than freeroaming around Hogwarts castle like in earlier games. Levels are played from parts of the novel the game is based on, with levels ranging from the Quidditch World cup, the Prefect's bathroom, and the Herbology greenhouses; which can be entered from the in-game \"pensieve\". The game also features modes outside of combat, including broomstick flying, and underwater swimming. In a first for the series, players can play the game with friends, and can combine their magic and spells to make them more powerful. Players can also capture moving beans using Accio and increase their power with collectors, creature, and character cards. The game is divided into several non-consecutive levels, some of which are locked at the beginning of the game until the player collects enough Triwizard Shields to unlock it. Reception Goblet of Fire received \"mixed or average\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, where the GameCube and Nintendo DS were ported on November 26, 2005, Famitsu gave it a combined score of 28 out of 40 for the DS version; and 27 out of 40 for the GameCube version. Famitsu Cube + Advance gave both the DS and GameCube versions a score of 27 out of 40. Detroit Free Press gave the GameCube version all four stars and said, \"This is a masterful video game because it can be enjoyed on many levels. Younger players can simply explore this graphically rich Harry Potter world and succeed. Older players will enjoy manipulating the magic by choosing spells and skills and casting magic together with friends.\" However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three stars out of five and stated that its highlight \"is a brief but thrilling broomstick chase against a fire-breathing dragon. An underwater interlude is less successful, although it provides variety.\" The PlayStation 2 version of The Goblet of Fire received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the","title":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)"},{"docid":"296645","text":"Beauxbatons Academy of Magic (from French - \"beautiful wands\") is a French magic school in the fictional universe of Harry Potter created by the English writer J. K. Rowling. Description In the fourth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), students from Beauxbâtons arrive at Hogwarts to take part in the Triwizard Tournament. They arrive in a carriage, brought by winged Palomino horses. Beauxbâtons is described as a boarding school located in the Pyrenees mountains of southern France full of ice sculptures and forest nymphs. Beauxbatons has a preponderance of French students, though Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Luxembourgians and Belgians also attend in large numbers. The delegation is led by headmistress Madame Olympe Maxime, a half-giantess; despite her proportions, she is beautiful, graceful, and well-dressed. Also singled out is Fleur Delacour, the Beauxbâtons champion in the Triwizard Tournament, a beautiful girl with silvery hair who is a quarter-veela. Students Students of Beauxbâtons are described rather stereotypically, mainly as beautiful long-haired girls and attractive boys, in contrast with the serious and surly students from the Eastern European school Durmstrang. They have good manners and in general are positive, while the unpleasant appearance of Durmstrang students implies their dishonesty. Similarly, the carriage of the Beauxbâtons is well-lit and nice, while the ship, by which the students of Durmstrang arrive, is gloomy. They speak French and stereotypical, heavily accented English. Jean-François Ménard, the translator of Harry Potter into French, wrote Madame Maxime as arrogant with very correct, aristocratic speech, while Fleur's tone was more distrustful. Ménard made these choices because \"you cannot write French with a French accent\". In the screen adaptation Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Beauxbâtons students are all female and Durmstrang students are all male, in contrast to the books which portray both schools as co-educational. Criticism The portrayal of the two foreign schools has been criticized as stereotypical. On the whole, the students of Beauxbâtons, just as the students of Durmstrang, are homogeneous, not showing the cultural diversity of Hogwarts. The contrast between Durmstrang and Hogwarts can be interpreted as an allusion to the war of the West with the bad from the East, as described in the gothic fiction of the fourteenth century, and contrast between Beauxbâtons and Hogwarts as an allusion to the competition between the reasonable and decent Great Britain and the licentious and decadent France. It has been argued that the appearance on the foreground of these old conflicts allows J K. Rowling to sublimate them, and to make them irrelevant to modern readers. References Literature Fictional elements introduced in 2000 Fiction about magic schools Harry Potter organisations France in fiction","title":"Beauxbatons"},{"docid":"10447050","text":"Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter related topics include: The original books The Harry Potter books are 7 novels about a boy who learns he is a famous wizard: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—published as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Films , there are eleven motion picture adaptions based on the world, characters and books created by J. K. Rowling. There are eight motion picture adaptations of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling; the final novel is split into two cinematic parts. While the remaining motion picture adaptions are inspired by both the companion book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them as well has original content developed by JK Rowling. Seven of the eight screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. The fifth was penned by Michael Goldenberg. All three Fantastic Beasts films were written by JK Rowling. David Heyman has produced the franchise, which has seen four different directors. All eleven films are distributed by Warner Bros. In 2016, a spin-off of and prequel to the Harry Potter film series titled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released. A sequel to Fantastic Beasts entitled Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald was released in 2018. In April 2022 the third part Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore was released. Two more instalments of the Fantastic Beasts series are tentatively planned for release. Wizarding World - The shared universe of the Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts film series Harry Potter (film series) List of Harry Potter cast members Directed by Chris Columbus: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (known in the United States as \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\") Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) Directed by Alfonso Cuarón: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) Directed by Mike Newell: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) Directed by David Yates: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts (film series) List of Fantastic Beasts cast members List of Fantastic Beasts characters Directed by David Yates: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film) Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore Music Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone soundtrack Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets soundtrack Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire soundtrack Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix soundtrack Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince soundtrack","title":"Outline of Harry Potter"},{"docid":"34495377","text":"Mark Coulier (born 1964) is a British make-up artist and prosthetic makeup expert. He has received three Academy Awards for The Iron Lady (2011), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), and Poor Things (2023). He also received two Primetime Emmy Awards for Merlin (1998) and Arabian Nights (2000). Career Coulier has worked in the Harry Potter film series, X-Men and The Mummy Returns. He and J. Roy Helland won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair for The Iron Lady (2011). Coulier received his second Oscar for the film The Grand Budapest Hotel at the 87th Academy Awards. He received his third Oscar for the film Poor Things at the 96th Academy Awards. His win was shared with Frances Hannon. Filmography Film The Mummy Returns (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) The Iron Lady (2011) World War Z (2013) Dracula Untold (2014) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) In the Heart of the Sea (2015) Spectre (2015) Suspiria (2018) Pinocchio (2019) Elvis (2022) Poor Things (2023) Television Merlin (miniseries) (1998) Arabian Nights (Miniseries) (2000) Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Awards and nominations References External links Mark Coulier's Coulier Creatures, website 1964 births Living people British make-up artists Best Makeup Academy Award winners Best Makeup BAFTA Award winners Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Leyland, Lancashire","title":"Mark Coulier"},{"docid":"54639882","text":"Jaana Marjatta Kapari-Jatta (born 19 May 1955, in Turku) is a Finnish translator of fiction, best known for her Finnish-language renderings of the Harry Potter novels and supplementary books by J. K. Rowling, including Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. In her translations of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, she used the pseudonym “Kurvaa Aka (Whoss Gue)”. Kapari-Jatta has also translated several other English-language authors, like Edgar Allan Poe, Oscar Wilde, and Roald Dahl, into Finnish. Among the awards she has received are the Astrid Lindgren Prize of the International Federation of Translators in 2002 and the Finnish State Prize for Children's Culture in 2007. In 2014 she received the J. A. Hollo Prize for her translation of Virginia Woolf’s book The Death of the Moth and Other Essays. In 2022, she received a honoris causa doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Helsinki. In 2008, she published a fact book, Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen, where she discusses translating the Harry Potter novels. Kapari-Jatta is married and has three children and also grandchildren. She resides in Loviisa, Finland, and in Serekunda, Gambia. Translated books Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Other books (selection) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More by Roald Dahl Nancy Drew series by Carolyn Keene Collected Stories by Edgar Allan Poe Ottoline and the Yellow Cat by Chris Riddell Holes by Louis Sachar Diana: The Last Year by Donald Spoto Mr Gum series by Andy Stanton Mary Poppins by P. L. Travers The Happy Prince and Other Stories by Oscar Wilde References 1955 births Finnish translators Translators to Finnish Harry Potter in translation Writers from Turku Translators from English Living people Finnish expatriates Expatriates in the Gambia 20th-century translators 21st-century translators","title":"Jaana Kapari-Jatta"},{"docid":"2269923","text":"Stephen Keith Kloves (born March 18, 1960) is an American screenwriter, director and producer. He wrote and directed the film The Fabulous Baker Boys and is mainly known for his screenplay adaptations of novels, especially for all but one of the Harry Potter films (the exception being The Order of the Phoenix) and for Wonder Boys, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Life and career Kloves, born in Austin, Texas, grew up in Sunnyvale, California, where he graduated from Fremont High School. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles but dropped out when he was not admitted into the film school in his third year. As an unpaid intern for a Hollywood agent, he gained attention for a screenplay he wrote called Swings. This led to a meeting where he successfully pitched Racing with the Moon (1984). His first experience with professional screenwriting left him wanting more interaction with the actors so that the characters would stay true to his vision. Kloves wrote The Fabulous Baker Boys and also intended it to be his directorial debut. After years of trying to sell the project in Hollywood, the film finally got off the ground and was released in 1989. The Fabulous Baker Boys did reasonably well and was critically acclaimed, but his next shot as writer/director for Flesh and Bone in 1993 fared poorly at the box office. Kloves then stopped writing for three years. Realizing that he had to return to writing to support his family, he began adapting Michael Chabon's novel Wonder Boys into a screenplay. Kloves was offered the chance to direct but he declined, preferring to direct only his own original work. This was his first try at adapting another work to film. His screenplay was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award after the film's release in 2000. Warner Bros. sent Kloves a list of novels that the company was considering to adapt as films. The listing included the first Harry Potter novel, which intrigued him despite his usual indifference to these catalogs. He went on to write the screenplays for the first four films in the series. However, he turned down writing the fifth film, stating that \"The fourth film, Goblet of Fire, was really hard to do. I wrote on it for two years. But it’s not that simple and I don't know that I'll ever fully understand why I didn't do it.\" After Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for the fifth film, Kloves then returned to write the sixth, seventh and eighth installments. In 2011, Kloves was attached to work on a film adaptation of Mark Haddon's novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. Since 2016, Kloves produced the Fantastic Beasts films, a spinoff prequel series to the main Harry Potter series. Kloves co-wrote the third installment with J.K. Rowling. Kloves produced the Andy Serkis-directed movie, Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle. His daughter, Callie, wrote the screenplay. Kloves is now","title":"Steve Kloves"},{"docid":"26333130","text":"Harper Page Marshall is an English voice actress. She is known for her role as Hermione Granger in the video games of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. She also provided the voice for Malice: A Kat's Tale. Filmography Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) - Hermione Granger Malice: A Kat's Tale (2004) - Additional voices Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) - Hermione Granger References External links Living people English video game actresses Year of birth missing (living people) Actresses from London","title":"Harper Marshall"},{"docid":"906492","text":"The Harry Potter fandom is the community of fans of the Harry Potter books and films who participate in entertainment activities that revolve around the series, such as reading and writing fan fiction, creating and soliciting fan art, engaging in role-playing games, socialising on Harry Potter-based forums, and more. The fandom interacts online as well as offline through activities such as fan conventions, participating in cosplay, tours of iconic landmarks relevant to the books and production of the films, and parties held for the midnight release of each book and film. By the fourth Harry Potter book, the legions of fans had grown so large that considerable security measures were taken to ensure that no book was purchased before the official release date. Harry Potter is considered one of the few four-quadrant, multi-generation spanning franchises that exist today, despite Rowling's original marketing of the books to tweens and teens. Pottermania Pottermania is an informal term first used around 1999 describing the craze Harry Potter fans have had over the series. Fans held midnight parties to celebrate the release of the final four books at bookstores which stayed open on the night leading into the date of the release. In 2005, Entertainment Weekly listed the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of \"Entertainment's Top Moments\" of the previous 25 years. Diehard fans of the series are called \"Potterheads\". Some even theme their weddings around Harry Potter. A Bridal Guide featured two real weddings soon before the release of the final film, which quickly spread through the fandom via Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr. The craze over the series was referenced in Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel The Devil Wears Prada as well as its 2006 film adaptation. In the story, the protagonist Andrea Sachs is ordered to retrieve two copies of the next instalment in the series for her boss's twins before they are published so that they can be privately flown to France, where the twins and their mother are on holiday. Some celebrity fans of Harry Potter include Lily Allen, Guillermo del Toro, Ariana Grande, Stephen King, Keira Knightley, Jennifer Lawrence, Evanna Lynch, Barack Obama, Simon Pegg, ASAP Rocky, Seth Rogen, and Matt Smith. Fan sites There are many fan web sites about Harry Potter on the Internet, the oldest ones dating to about 1997 or 1998. One of the most famous sites allows fans of the book an opportunity to be sorted into a house themselves. J. K. Rowling has an open relationship with her fan base, and since 2004 periodically hands out a \"fan site award\" on her official web site. The first site to receive the award was Immeritus, a fan site mostly devoted to Sirius Black, and about which Rowling wrote, \"I am so proud of the fact that a character, whom I always liked very much, though he never appeared as much more than a brooding presence in the books, has gained a passionate fan-club.\" In 2004, after Immeritus, Rowling","title":"Harry Potter fandom"},{"docid":"1782867","text":"Stanislav Yanevski (; born Stanislav Rumenov Yanevski, ; on 16 May 1985) is a Bulgarian actor best known for playing Viktor Krum in the 2005 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Yanevski was born in Sofia. He lived in England for five years as well as in Israel. While attending Mill Hill School in the United Kingdom with fellow Harry Potter actor Harry Melling, Ianevski had no particular acting aspirations and was not a drama student. He had only auditioned for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after being spotted by Fiona Weir, a casting director who prompted him to attend an acting workshop, which resulted in his casting as Viktor Krum, a Bulgarian character in the Harry Potter series. He was selected from 650 others, most of whom had auditioned in Sofia. He also starred in Hostel: Part II, the sequel to Eli Roth's film Hostel. Film Television References External links 1985 births Bulgarian male film actors Living people People educated at Mill Hill School Male actors from Sofia Bulgarian expatriates in the United Kingdom 21st-century Bulgarian male actors Bulgarian male television actors Bulgarian emigrants to England","title":"Stanislav Ianevski"},{"docid":"25845623","text":"The Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film is a retired award that was handed out from 1995 to 2007. List of winners and nominees 1990s 1995: Babe 1996: Fly Away Home 1997: Anastasia 1998: A Bug's Life 1999: October Sky 2000s 2000: My Dog Skip Dr. Seuss' How The Grinch Stole Christmas The Family Man Remember the Titans 2001: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone The Princess Diaries Spy Kids 2002: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Rookie Tuck Everlasting 2003: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Freaky Friday Holes Peter Pan Whale Rider 2004: Finding Neverland Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events Miracle Spider-Man 2 2005: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2006: Charlotte's Web Akeelah and the Bee Flicka Lassie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest 2007: Enchanted August Rush The Golden Compass Hairspray Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix External links Official BFCA website F de:Broadcast Film Critics Association fr:Critics Choice Awards it:Broadcast Film Critics Association vi:BFCA zh:廣播影評人協會","title":"Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film"},{"docid":"43000727","text":"Henry Lloyd-Hughes (born 1985) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Unrelated (2007), The Inbetweeners (2008–2010), Miliband of Brothers (2010), Weekender (2011), Anna Karenina (2012), Parade's End (2012), and Indian Summers (2015). As of 2018 he voices Flynn Fairwind in World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth. In 2021, he appeared as Sherlock Holmes in the Netflix series, The Irregulars. Personal life Lloyd-Hughes was born in 1985 in the United Kingdom, the son of actress Lucy Appleby (A Stitch in Time) and Timothy Lloyd-Hughes, who worked for Deutsche Bank. He has two younger brothers, record executive Theo Lloyd-Hughes and actor Ben Lloyd-Hughes. Both Henry and Ben acted in Miliband of Brothers. Fred Macpherson, lead singer of the band Spector, and formerly of Les Incompétents and Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man, is his cousin. Hughes and his family are all supporters of west London football club Queens Park Rangers. Career Lloyd-Hughes first appeared in the TV series Murphy's Law in 2004 before playing Roger Davies in the 2005 film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. He then appeared in Joanna Hogg's film Unrelated in 2007 alongside Tom Hiddleston. From 2008 to 2010 he played school bully Mark Donovan in the British sitcom The Inbetweeners. He reprised the role in the film The Inbetweeners Movie in 2011. In 2010, he portrayed former British Labour Party politician David Miliband in the TV film documentary Miliband of Brothers. In 2011, he starred in the film Dimensions as Stephen, a brilliant young scientist who lives in England in the 1920s. The same year, he appeared in the film Weekender about the 1990 Manchester rave scene. In the 2012 epic romantic drama film Anna Karenina, he played Burisov alongside Keira Knightley and Aaron Taylor-Johnson. In 2013, he starred in the film Hello Carter with Jodie Whittaker. Lloyd-Hughes played Charles Bovary in the drama film Madame Bovary with Mia Wasikowska in the title role and which was released in 2014. Theatre Lloyd-Hughes has appeared in numerous theatre productions, including Rope, The Miracle, Punk Rock, and The Changeling. In 2012, he starred as Dimitri Mitropoulos in the play Posh, which played at the Duke of York's Theatre. Michael Billington of The Guardian said of Lloyd-Hughes's performance that he \"impresses as a wealthy Greek who aims to be more English than the English\". Filmography Film Television Theatre Radio Video games References External links 21st-century English male actors 1985 births Living people English male television actors English male stage actors English male film actors English male radio actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Male actors from London People from Westminster People educated at St Paul's School, London Actors from the City of Westminster","title":"Henry Lloyd-Hughes"},{"docid":"16885964","text":"Harry Potter is a series of novels written by J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter may also refer to other parts of the franchise: Harry Potter (character), the titular main character in Harry Potter media Harry Potter (film series), the David Heyman-produced film series based on the Rowling novels Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Harry Potter (TV series), an upcoming television series Wizarding World, the media franchise based on the Harry Potter books Fictional universe of Harry Potter, the shared fictional universe in which the Harry Potter novels, films and other media are set Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a 2016 theatrical play following up on the character Others Harry Potter (journalist) (1941–2014), Australian television journalist and crime reporter Harry Potter (rugby union) (born 1997), English-born Australian rugby union player Harry Potter Jr. and Harry Potter Sr., the name of two characters in the 1986 film Troll See also List of Harry Potter-related topics Henry Potter (disambiguation) Harold Potter (disambiguation) Harrison Potter (1891-1984), American musician Harry Porter (1882-1965), American high jumper Potter, Harry","title":"Harry Potter (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"469706","text":"Chris Rankin is a New Zealand-born British actor, director, and producer who is best known for playing Percy Weasley in the Harry Potter film franchise. Early life Rankin was adopted by unbiological parents. Rankin lived in Rothesay Bay until he was six, attending Kristin School in Albany. He and his parents subsequently moved to Norfolk in the United Kingdom, where he attended Northgate High School in Dereham. His mother, Marilyn Rankin works at a school, among other things. Career Rankin began acting at the age of eleven. He attended Shipdham Primary School, Northgate High School, and Dereham Sixth Form College. At Northgate High School he appeared in school plays of Bugsy Malone and The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. His professional acting career began when he won the role of Percy Weasley in September 2000 and he has since appeared in film, TV and theatre. In the Harry Potter series, he is a brother of Harry Potter's best friend, Ron Weasley. Rankin is the co-founder of a theatre company, Painted Horse UK. He re-appeared in the final two films of the Harry Potter film franchise, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, after his character's absence from Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and only a brief non-speaking role in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Outside of the Harry Potter films, Rankin has also been seen in the TV mini-series The Rotters' Club and Channel 5's Victoria Cross Heroes in which he played Evelyn Wood. In 2002 he worked as an usher at UCI Cinemas. On stage, Chris has played a variety of roles in pantomimes across the country, as well as Edgar Linton in Wuthering Heights, Eilert Loevborg in Hedda Gabler, and Young Syrian in Salomé. In 2009, Rankin starred in and produced a YouTube video titled \"LifeHack\", directed by Thomas \"TomSka\" Ridgewell, in which he played a vigilante hacker who accesses people's personal photos to find a missing woman. He also appeared as Mycroft Holmes in the Hillywood Show's \"Sherlock\" parody in 2016. He completed his study at the University of Lincoln in 2011. Rankin now works in television and film production since 2011 and is credited as production secretary on \"Atlantis\" (Urban Myth Films/BBC Wales). Film, television and stage References External links Chris' MySpace English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Male actors from Auckland 21st-century English male actors Male actors from Norfolk New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom New Zealand expatriates in England 21st-century New Zealand male actors New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male television actors New Zealand male stage actors New Zealand adoptees People educated at Kristin School Alumni of the University of Lincoln","title":"Chris Rankin"},{"docid":"29008505","text":"David Barron is a British film producer, best known for his involvement in the Harry Potter film series. Career Barron has worked in the entertainment industry for more than 25 years, beginning his career in commercials before moving into television and film production. He has held a wide range of posts, including location manager, assistant director, production manager and production supervisor, working on such films as The French Lieutenant's Woman, The Killing Fields, Revolution, Legend, The Princess Bride and Franco Zeffirelli's Hamlet. In 1991, Barron was appointed executive in charge of production on George Lucas' ambitious television project The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. The following year, he served as the line producer on the feature The Muppet Christmas Carol. In 1993, Barron joined Kenneth Branagh's production team as associate producer and unit production manager on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. That film began an association with Branagh, with Barron going on to produce the director's films A Midwinter's Tale, Hamlet and Love's Labour's Lost. Barron also produced Oliver Parker's Othello, in which Branagh starred with Laurence Fishburne. In spring 1999, he formed his own company, Contagious Films, with British director Paul Weiland. Barron more recently launched Runaway Fridge Films and Beagle Pug Films. He worked as a producer on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2. He previously served as a producer on Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. He was also an executive producer on both Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Filmography Producer Othello (1995) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) Hamlet (1996) Love's Labours Lost (2000) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) Page Eight (2011) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) Frank (2014) Cinderella (2015) The Legend of Tarzan (2016) Breathe (2017) Terminal (2018) Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018) Escape from Pretoria (2020) Emily (2022) Executive producer It Was an Accident (2000) Possession (2002) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Possession (2002) Production supervisor Revolution (1985) The Princess Bride (1987) The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1987) Strapless (1989) Nightbreed (1990) Other credits References External links British film producers Living people People from South Oxfordshire District 1959 births","title":"David Barron (film producer)"},{"docid":"5897241","text":"Sevin Okyay (Istanbul, 1942) is a Turkish literary critic, journalist, author, regular columnist and a prolific translator. Sevin had been a radio host and a teacher as well. Biography She is a graduate of the Arnavutköy American Girl's (High) School. During her youth she worked with Yıldız Moran, the first formally educated female photographer in Turkey. Okyay is best known for translating the Harry Potter books, and for her positive and appreciative criticism in Radikal, a Turkish newspaper. Her son, Kutlukhan Kutlu, is also following his mother's footsteps and is accompanying her in translating the Harry Potter series. Okyay has been translating since 1963. She started working as a journalist in 1976. She writes mainly about cinema, literature, jazz and sports. She is hailed as a milestone of modern translation in Turkey. She used to have two cats who were twins, named after the Weasley twins. A serious jazz aficionado, she was the host of a radio show in Turkey, and her playlist included mainly jazz standards. Selected bibliography Ilk Romanim (My First Novel) novel, 1996 120 Filmde Seyriâlem (A Cinema Tour in 120 Films) selected movie critiques, 1996 Çiçek Dürbünü (Kaleidoscope) collected essays, 1998 Selected translations Tales of the Early World, by Ted Hughes Ilk Dünya Hikayeleri YKY, 1999, Delights of Turkey, by Edouard Roditi Türkiye Tatlari, YKY, 1999, Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction, by J.D. Salinger Yükseltin Tavan Kirisini, Ustalar ve Seymour - bir Giris, with Coskun Yerli, YKY, 1999, Animal Farm, by George Orwell Hayvanlar Çiftliği, YKY 2000 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Sirlar Odasi, YKY 2001, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Azkaban Tutsagi, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2001, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Ates Kadehi, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2001, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them?, by J.K. Rowling Fantastik Canavlar Nelerdir, Nerelerde Bulunurlar?, with Gül Sarioglu, YKY 2002, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Zümrüdüanka Yoldasligi, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2003, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Melez Prens, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2005, External links A collection of her critiques (in Turkish) An article in English by Okyay on the 9th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival References 1942 births Living people Turkish translators Translators from English Translators to Turkish Harry Potter in translation Writers from Istanbul Turkish women writers","title":"Sevin Okyay"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"27211268\",\n \"text\": \"Natalie Hallam (born 7 April 1972) is a British actress. She has worked as an actress in film and TV since 2002. Parts include five of the eight of the Harry Potter films. Life Natalie Hallam was born in Nottingham, England to Paul Hallam and Glynis Cook. Natalie wished to be an actress from an early age. First of all acquiring a place at the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1991 and giving up the place due to grant problems. She finally attended the London Method School (Now London Method Studio) in 2002. Parts include New Tricks, Beautiful People, Extras, EastEnders and parts in five of the eight of the Harry Potter films. Filmography The Four Feathers as High Class Lady (2002) The Gathering Storm as 40's Cinema woman (2002) Wheeling Dealing as Javelin Thrower (2004) Stage Beauty as Auditioning Actress (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as Wizard Teacher (2005) Perfect Parents as Catholic School Nun (2006) Extras as When the Whistle Blows Floor Manager (TV episodes, 2006–2007) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as Wizard Teacher (2007) Son of Rambow as Mary's Mother Flashback (2007) The Dark Knight as Ferry Passenger (2008) Love Soup as Security guard (TV episode, 2008) The Day of the Triffids as Blind Woman (TV episode, 2009) References External links http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1900568/ Living people 1972 births Actresses from Nottingham English film actresses English television actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Natalie Hallam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33564800\",\n \"text\": \"Alessio Puccio (born 1 June 1986) is an Italian voice actor. Biography Puccio often contributes to voicing characters in cartoons, anime, movies and other content. He is well known for providing the voice of the protagonist Harry Potter in the Italian-language version of the Harry Potter film series. He also provides the voice of the secondary character Jeremy Johnson in the Italian-language version of the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb. He is also the current voice of Gumball Watterson in the Italian-language version of The Amazing World of Gumball. He works at Pumaisdue, Sefit – CDC and other dubbing studios in Italy. Dubbing roles Animation Jeremy Johnson in Phineas and Ferb Jeremy-2 in Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension Sota Higurashi in InuYasha ApeTrully in Hero: 108 Sho Yamato in Idaten Jump Ryan in The Wild Doowee McAdam in Sally Bollywood: Super Detective Pierre in The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots (2004 dub) Tina Belcher in Bob's Burgers Gumball Watterson in The Amazing World of Gumball Rivalz Cardemonde in Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion Jacobo Jacobo in The Replacements Zephyr in The Hunchback of Notre Dame II Kicker in Transformers: Energon Roger Radcliffe in The Life and Times of Juniper Lee Pongdybory in Noonbory and the Super Seven Jordan Greenway in Inazuma Eleven Bald Man in ChalkZone Live action Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Peter Pan in Peter Pan Oliver Oken in Hannah Montana Cisco Ramon in The Flash Blane Whittaker in M.I. High Dale Turner in Jericho (2006 TV series) Alan King in Jake & Blake George Zinavoy in The Art of Getting By Bobby Carter in The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film) George Little in Stuart Little Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace Jeremy Gilbert in The Vampire Diaries Benjy Fleming in Monk (TV series) Eric van der Woodsen in Gossip Girl Clyde in Mean Creek Martin in Let the Right One In Rory Joseph Hennessy in 8 Simple Rules Michael Richard Kyle, Jr. in My Wife and Kids Mark in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Thom in Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist Mowgli in Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book Calvin in I Dream Teddy in The Hangover Part II Wilder Guiliver Atticus Wilder in The Latest Buzz Mark Woods in Daddio David in A.I. Artificial Intelligence Forrest Gump, Jr. in Forrest Gump Ron Stieger in Ein Fall für B.A.R.Z. Co-King Brady King of Kinkow in Pair of Kings Artie Abrams in Glee\",\n \"title\": \"Alessio Puccio\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"654022\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew David Lewis (born 27 June 1989) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter film series. Born in Leeds, Lewis made his acting debut in Some Kind of Life (1995), guest-starring on dramas for ITV and BBC One before appearing in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001). Lewis played the role for ten years, concluding with the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), for which he received critical praise. Following the series, Lewis had a recurring role in The Syndicate and performed his first theatre role in Our Boys at the Duchess Theatre in 2012. Lewis starred in The Rise (2012) which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews and made appearances on BBC dramas Bluestone 42 and Death in Paradise in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Lewis had a supporting role in Me Before You (2016), which became a box office success. He was cast in the crime dramas Ripper Street and Happy Valley before starring on the ITV drama Girlfriends in 2018. Lewis appeared in Terminal (2018), which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival as well as Baby Done (2020). In 2020-2021, Lewis starred in Channel 5 television series All Creatures Great and Small to critical praise. Early life Matthew David Lewis was born on 27 June 1989 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, to Adrian Lewis and Lynda Needham. He was raised in the nearby town of Horsforth. He has two older brothers: Chris, a film editor, and Anthony, an actor. He was educated at St Mary's Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy. Career 1995–2000: Beginnings Lewis has been acting since age five. He made his professional debut in television film Some Kind of Life (1995), directed by Kay Mellor. He guest-starred in the BBC One crime drama Dalziel and Pascoe before appearing in ITV series' Heartbeat and Where the Heart Is in 1999 and 2000, respectively. 2001–2011: Harry Potter and recognition In 1999, castings were held across the UK for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the film adaptation of British author J. K. Rowling's novel. Lewis, a fan of the series, initially attended an open audition at the Queens Hotel, Leeds, before being contacted two months later to perform a screen test for director Chris Columbus, eventually earning the role of Neville Longbottom. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in 2001 and became a critical and commercial hit. For the role, Lewis wore a set of false teeth, shoes two sizes too big, a fat suit and ear prosthetics. He reprised his role a year later in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets; Lewis has stated that his favorite lines stem from the film. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) both premiered to critical acclaim. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released in 2007. During filming, co-star Helena Bonham Carter accidentally\",\n \"title\": \"Matthew Lewis (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42451885\",\n \"text\": \"Charley Henley is a visual effects supervisor. He was nominated at the 85th Academy Awards for his work on the film Prometheus, in the category of Best Visual Effects. He shared his nomination with Martin Hill, Richard Stammers and Trevor Wood. He was also nominated at the 96th Academy Awards for his work on the film Napoleon, in the category of Best Visual Effects. He shared his nomination with Luc-Ewen Martin-Fenouillet, Simone Coco, and Neil Corbould. He is the son of the actor Drewe Henley and actress Felicity Kendal. Selected filmography Gladiator (2000) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) A Knights Tale (2001) Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Alien vs. Predator (2004) Ella Enchanted (2004) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) Prometheus (2012) Total Recall (2012) 300: Rise of an Empire (2014) Cinderella (2015) Napoleon (2023) References External links Living people Special effects people Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Charley Henley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1811977\",\n \"text\": \"5972 Olton Hall is a preserved Great Western Railway Hall class locomotive made famous for its role hauling the Hogwarts Express in the Harry Potter film series. History Service Built in April 1937 at Swindon Works for the Great Western Railway (GWR), No. 5972 was first allocated to Carmarthen, South Wales where it remained until 1951. After being fitted with a three row superheater at Swindon Works, it was allocated to Plymouth Laira. Its last shed allocation was to Cardiff East Dock, before it was withdrawn in December 1963, and sold to Woodham Brothers, Barry for scrap in May 1964. Preservation Woodham Brothers sold the locomotive to David Smith and it moved to Horbury railway works in Wakefield in May 1981. In 1994, it moved to Carnforth MPD for restoration, being steamed for the first time in 1998. Harry Potter film series In the Harry Potter films, the locomotive is depicted pulling the Hogwarts Express, a fictional train, made up of four (later five) British Rail Mark 1 carriages. Scenes were filmed at King's Cross railway station, the Glenfinnan Viaduct and the North Yorkshire Moors Railway — along with internal scenes on board the train. When filmed, Olton Hall carried a \\\"Hogwarts Express\\\" headboard on the smokebox, featuring the Hogwarts school crest. The same emblem is featured as part of the \\\"Hogwarts Railways\\\" sigil on the tender and carriages. It retained its GWR number of 5972, but with alternative nameplates fitted, naming the engine Hogwarts Castle. It is painted in a crimson livery — a non-standard colour, as GWR locomotives traditionally used green. Olton Hall was not the first locomotive to be re-liveried to appear hauling the Hogwarts Express. To promote the fourth Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Southern Railway West Country Class locomotive 34027 Taw Valley was temporarily repainted and renamed. However, it was rejected by film director Chris Columbus as looking \\\"too modern\\\" for the film, but it carried the name and colour for some months afterwards. The renaming as \\\"...Castle\\\" has become a railway preservation joke: \\\"...the Hall that thinks it's a Castle.\\\" The Great Western Railway Castle Class engines were larger, faster locomotives designed for prestigious express passenger duties; whereas the Halls were a mixed-traffic design. Three full-size replicas of the locomotive as No. 5972 Hogwarts Castle are at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort). Two are used as part of the Hogwarts Express train ride and the other is a static exhibit in the Hogsmeade area. There are also static models at the other Wizarding World of Harry Potter locations in Hollywood and Japan. In 2015, the locomotive was put on static display at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter, near Watford, and will be displayed there until Warner Bros' lease on the locomotive from West Coast Railways expires. Non-Hogwarts work No. 5972 is sometimes used for work other than its \\\"Hogwarts\\\" duties. In May 2009, it was moved temporarily to the\",\n \"title\": \"GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2298654\",\n \"text\": \"Afshan Noor Azad-Kazi (née Azad; born 12 February, 1988) is a British actress, model, and media personality. She is best known for playing the role of Padma Patil in the Harry Potter film series, beginning in 2005 with Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Early life and education Azad was born in Longsight, Manchester to Bangladeshi parents from Chittagong. She attended Whalley Range High School, and took AS-levels in chemistry, biology, English and business studies at Xaverian College in Rusholme. She went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and Design from the University of Salford. Career Azad is known for her performances as Padma Patil in five of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when casting agents visited her school and, after having attended several auditions, chose her for the part. Azad had stated that she had auditioned \\\"just for the fun of it\\\" and surprisingly got the part. In 2017, Azad guest presented an episode of the CBBC series Marrying Mum & Dad with Ed Petrie whilst Naomi Wilkinson was away. Advocacy In October 2023, Azad signed an open letter by Artists4Ceasefire to Joe Biden, President of the United States, of artists calling for a ceasefire of the Israeli bombardment of Gaza. Personal life Azad married Nabil Kazi on 19 August 2018. They are based in Worcester. On 11 April 2021, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. In July 2021, Azad revealed in an Instagram post that she has given birth to her first child, a baby girl. In April 2024, she announced she was pregnant with the couple's second child. Assault court case When she was 22, Azad's father Abdul and brother Ashraf attacked her because she had a boyfriend who was Hindu. On 29 June 2010, Abdul and Ashraf Azad appeared in Manchester Magistrates' Court, charged with threatening to kill her. They were released on bail. Azad's brother was charged with \\\"assault occasioning actual bodily harm\\\", whilst Azad stayed with friends in London. On 20 December 2010, Azad did not attend court when the prosecution accepted her brother's guilty plea to assault occasioning actual bodily harm and a judge ruled both men were not guilty of threatening to kill Azad. On 21 January 2011, Azad's brother was imprisoned for six months. Filmography Film Video games Music videos See also British Bangladeshi List of British Bangladeshis List of Harry Potter cast members References External links Living people 1989 births 21st-century English actresses Actresses from Manchester Alumni of the University of Salford British actresses of Asian descent British Internet celebrities English child actresses English female models English film actresses English Muslims English people of Bangladeshi descent People from Longsight People from Chittagong Models from Manchester\",\n \"title\": \"Afshan Azad\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2298823\",\n \"text\": \"Predrag Bjelac (; born 30 June 1962) is a Serbian actor. He portrayed Igor Karkaroff in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Lord Donnon in The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian. He is a graduate of the Belgrade University's Faculty of Dramatic Art, class of 1986, and studied at The Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute (1988) in New York City. Filmography Film Šest dana juna (1985) - Petar Destroying Angel (1987) - Otto Poslednja priča (1987, TV Movie) - Vlada The Fall of Rock and Roll (1989) Čudna noć (1990) Stand by (1991) - Veliki Harrison's Flowers (2000) - Doctor in Vukovar The Final Victim (2003) - Simons Eurotrip (2004) - Italian Guy at Vatican Kad porastem biću kengur (2004) - Baron Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) - Igor Karkaroff Amor Fati (2005, Short) - Branko The Omen (2006) - Vatican Observatory Priest Ro(c)k podvraťáků (2006) - Chřestýš The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2007) - Lord Donnon Ať žijí rytíři! (2009) - Ahmed (Movie cut) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) - Igor Karkaroff (uncredited; appears in flashback) Kao rani mraz (2010) - Stari Nikola (2010) - Vlado Petrovic Czech-Made Man (2011) - Noha AS PIK (2012) Artiljero (2012) - Gane Ironclad: Battle for Blood (2014) - Maddog Horseplay (2014) - Gypsy King Child 44 (2015) - Basurov Gangster Ka (2015) - Dardan DxM (2015) - Mosca Winnetou & Old Shatterhand (2016) - Tangua Winnetou - Der letzte Kampf (2016) - Tangua Intrigo: Dear Agnes (2019) - Caretaker Atatürk 1881-1919 (2023) - Otto Liman von Sanders Television Warriors (1999) - Naser Zec The Immortal: Deja vu (2001) - Petr Children of Dune (2003) - Namri Spooks (a.k.a. MI-5) (2007) - Edik Kuznetzov The Fixer (2008) - Tarek Sokoli Dobrá čtvrť (2008) - Dragan The Courier 2.0 (2008) - Valentine Ať žijí rytíři! (2010) - Ahmed 4-teens (2011) - Uncle Dragan Borgia (2011-2014) - Francesco Piccolomini Cirkus Bukowsky (2013-2014) - Luka Coltello Případy 1. oddělení (2014) - Abikal Genius (2017) - Milos Maric Killing Eve (2020) - Grigoriy References External links 1962 births Living people Male actors from Belgrade Serbian male film actors American people of Serbian descent University of Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts alumni 20th-century Serbian male actors 21st-century Serbian male actors Serbian male television actors\",\n \"title\": \"Predrag Bjelac\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6131993\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on 15 November 2005. The film's score was composed by Patrick Doyle, conducted by James Shearman, recorded at Air Lyndhurst Studios and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra with orchestrations provided by Doyle, Shearman, Lawrence Ashmore, John Bell, Brad Dechter, Nicole Nevin and James McWilliam. The score included three main new themes: one representing the Triwizard Tournament, one representing Lord Voldemort, and one representing Harry Potter's crush on Cho Chang. Doyle incorporated an ominous reprise of Hedwig's Theme into the score. A prominent minor theme is presented in \\\"The Death of Cedric\\\". The soundtrack entered the Billboard 200 at position eighty for the Week Ending 3 December, and also charted at four on the Top Soundtracks Chart. Songs 22-24 are the songs playing during the Yule Ball scene when The Weird Sisters band came out and played. The Yule Ball theme (\\\"Potter Waltz\\\") is derived from Symphony No. 3 by Samuel Wesley. Track listing All tracks performed and composed by Patrick Doyle except where noted. References External links 2000s film soundtrack albums 2005 soundtrack albums Fantasy film soundtracks 04 Patrick Doyle soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4856645\",\n \"text\": \"Roger James Edward Pratt, BSC (born 27 February 1947) is a British cinematographer. Biography The son of an Anglican priest, Pratt attended Loughborough Grammar School and then undertook a gap year with Voluntary Service Overseas in Mali. He enrolled at Durham University in 1966, where he graduated from the General Arts programme in 1969. After Durham, Pratt returned down south to study at the London Film School. Pratt first met Terry Gilliam, one of his most frequent collaborators, while he was working on the set of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) as a clapper loader. Pratt has been the director of photography for more than 35 films, including Batman (1989), Frankenstein (1994), 102 Dalmatians (2000), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Troy (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Inkheart (2008) and The Karate Kid (2010). Other than Gilliam, his most recurring partnerships were with Roger Christian and Richard Attenborough. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work in The End of the Affair. Filmography Short film Feature film Television TV movie TV series Awards and nominations References External links Living people British cinematographers 1947 births Alumni of the London Film School Alumni of St John's College, Durham\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Pratt (cinematographer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23044568\",\n \"text\": \"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. The game is based on the Lego Harry Potter toy line, and its storyline covers the first four books by J.K. Rowling and its film adaptations in the Harry Potter film series: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). The game was released in June 2010 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable, Android in November 2010, OS X in January 2011, iOS in September 2016, PlayStation 4 in October 2016, and for Nintendo Switch and Xbox One in October 2018 as part of the Lego Harry Potter Collection, which bundles the game with its sequel, Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7. Gameplay Lego Harry Potters gameplay is similar to that of most previous Lego video games, with an emphasis on collecting, exploring, and solving puzzles. Casting spells is an integral part of the gameplay, with a wide range of spells available for unlocking as the player progresses. As there are many spells available in the game, the player can use the spell wheel to select the spell. Potion-making is another integral feature; potions can help the player complete levels or, if created incorrectly, have adverse side effects such as turning the player into a frog. Changes to the mechanics of previous games include 'Student in Peril' missions, which are a group of challenges to help a student, and Polyjuice Potion, which allows players to temporarily change one of the player's characters into any other mini-figure unlocked. A major change is to the hub system. Diagon Alley serves as a hub for purchasing unlockable extras, The Leaky Cauldron works as a hub for returning to previous levels, while Hogwarts acts as a constantly evolving massive hub with the unlockable characters found by picking up their hidden portraits. The bigger areas in Hogwarts have led developer Traveller's Tales to improve the overall level design. Also included is another bonus level that allows players to customize the level similar to Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues. If the player is lost in-game, they can follow a trail of Ghost Studs to the next level. These do not count towards the stud total, but will guide the player to the next section of the level. However one of the collectible 'red bricks', found in the courtyard next to Herbology, gets the player an 'extra' that makes the ghost studs worth 1,000 each. The central hub is Diagon Alley and its entrance through the Leaky Cauldron. Players can access a room at the second floor of the building to watch cutscenes from the game, as well as using a notice board with pictures from where the player can play completed levels again. Diagon Alley serves as a series of stores where the player\",\n \"title\": \"Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41667744\",\n \"text\": \"Tim Webber is a Welsh visual effects supervisor and is chief creative officer at visual effects studio Framestore. He is known for his work on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), Children of Men (2006), and Gravity (2013), for which he received an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 86th Academy Awards. Education Webber was educated at St Catherine's College, Oxford, graduating in Physics in 1987. Career In 1988, Webber joined the British visual effects company Framestore, based near Oxford Street in London. He led the company's push into Digital Film and Television, developing Framestore’s virtual camera and motion rig systems. He has been the visual effects supervisor in some of the most technically and artistically challenging projects, including, Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008), James Cameron's Avatar (2009), and Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans (2010). He was Warner Brothers’ VFX supervisor on Alfonso Cuarón's space epic, Gravity (2013), with the techniques involved in the film realized by Webber and the Framestore team, taking three years to complete. David Heyman, co-producer of Gravity, hired Webber to oversee the film's visual effects work. For his work on Gravity, he won both the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 67th British Academy Film Awards, and an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 86th Academy Awards. In 2014, Webber was awarded the Royal Photographic Society Progress medal and Honorary Fellowship, which is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. In 2023, Webber released his directorial and writing debut, in the form of sci-fi short film FLITE. Starring Alba Baptista, FLITE is set in a semi-submerged London of 2053 and brought some of the techniques first explored on the film Gravity into the present day. Using state of the art virtual production techniques, FLITE also tested FUSE - Framestore Unreal Shot Engine - which puts Epic Games Unreal Engine, and all the benefits of real-time, at the heart of a VFX pipeline. FLITE has won several awards including Best Genre at HollyShorts Film Festival 2023, Best Animation at The Soho London Independent Film Festival 2024 and Best Post Production and Best Score at Ignite Film Festival 2023. FLITE is available to watch on YouTube. Selected filmography Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) Avatar (2009) Children of Men (2006) Gravity (2013) References External links Special effects people Living people Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners Best Visual Effects BAFTA Award winners Welsh film people Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford Year of birth missing (living people) Primetime Emmy Award winners\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Webber\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7629286\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter is a film series based on the eponymous novels by British author J. K. Rowling. The series is produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). A spin-off prequel series started with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise. The series was mainly produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson as the three leading characters: Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger. Four directors worked on the series: Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, and David Yates. Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), while the remaining films' screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. Production took place over ten years, with the main story arc following Harry's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts. Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011. Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time—at 18th-highest, grossing over $1 billion. It is the fourth-highest-grossing film series, with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts. Origins In late 1997, film producer David Heyman's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling's series of seven Harry Potter novels. The book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review. Consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked \\\"the rubbish title\\\", read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowling's work, he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time. Heyman's enthusiasm led to Rowling's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million (US$2,000,000). A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British and Irish wherever possible, such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore, allowing nonetheless for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such. Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she \\\"didn't want to give them control over the rest of the story\\\" by selling the rights to the characters, which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author-written sequels. Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film, he declined the offer. Spielberg contended that, in his opinion, there was every expectation of profit in making the film. He claims that making money would have been like \\\"shooting ducks in a barrel. It's just a slam dunk. It's just like withdrawing a billion\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21053503\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Hyōgo Prefecture. He is represented by Himawari Theatre Group. He was the official Japanese voice dub-over artist for actor: Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter film series and for Daryl Sabara. Filmography TV Drama Hoshi ni Negai wo (NHK: 1998) Shin Ude ni Oboeari (NHK: 1998) Suki to Isshin Tasuke (NHK: 1999, 2000) Ichigen no Koto (NHK: 2000) Kowai Nichiyōbi (NTV: 2000) Oyaji. (TBS: 2000) Hikon Kazoku (Fuji-TV: 2001) Nemurenu Yoru wo Daite (TV Asahi: 2002) Anime Cyborg 009: The Cyborg Soldier (Pal) OVA Return to Neverland (Cubby) Back to the Conscience (Pinocchio) Video games Kingdom Hearts (Pinocchio, Flounder) Dubbing Live-action A.I. Artificial Intelligence (David (Haley Joel Osment)) Butterfly (Moncho) Cherrybomb (Malachy) The Cider House Rules (Homer Wells) The Cat in the Hat (Conrad) Don't Look Under the Bed (Darwin McCausland) Driving Lessons (Ben Marshall) Harry Potter Series as Ron Weasley (Rupert Grint) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Home Alone 4 (Kevin McCallister) The Kid (Rusty Duritz) Life Is Beautiful (Joshua) The Mummy Returns (Alex) Pearl Harbor (Danny as a child) The Santa Clause 2 (Curtis) Spy Kids (Juni Cortez (Daryl Sabara)) Spy Kids 2: Island of Lost Dreams (Juni Cortez (Daryl Sabara)) Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (Juni Cortez (Daryl Sabara)) Spy Kids 4-D (Juni Cortez) Thunderpants (Alan A. Allen) Wild Target (Tony) Animation Dragon Tales (Enrique) Return to Never Land (Cubby) Japanese Voice-Over Dragon Tales (Enrique) Pinocchio's Daring Journey (Pinocchio) Peter Pan's Flight (Cubby) CM Touyou Suisan References External links 1991 births Living people Japanese male child actors Japanese male video game actors Japanese male voice actors Male voice actors from Hyōgo Prefecture\",\n \"title\": \"Yūki Tokiwa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27828864\",\n \"text\": \"Gabrielle Pietermann (born September 2, 1987 in Munich) is a German voice actress and Audiobook-Narrator. She is most famous for being the German dub-over artist of actresses Emma Watson, Selena Gomez, Anna Kendrick, Danielle Campbell, Meaghan Jette Martin, Emilia Clarke and for the German Voice as Tinker Bell for Mae Whitman. And in 2017 an audiobook publisher named der Hörverlag released a Novelization of Beauty and the Beast (1991 film) read by Gabrielle Pietermann (). Notable voice roles Emma Watson: as Hermione Granger (Hermine Granger) in: 2001: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen) 2002: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Harry Potter und die Kammer des Schreckens) 2004: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Harry Potter und der Gefangene von Askaban) 2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Harry Potter und der Feuerkelch) 2007: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Harry Potter und der Orden des Phönix) 2009: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter und der Halbblutprinz) 2010: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (Harry Potter und die Heligtümer des Todes - Teil 1) 2011: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (Harry Potter und die Heiligtümer des Todes - Teil 2] 2007: as Pauline in: Ballet Shoes (Ballet Shoes) 2011: as Lucy in My Week with Marilyn (My Week with Marilyn) 2012: as Sam in The Perks of Being a Wallflower (Vielleicht lieber Morgen) 2013: as Emma Watson in This Is the End (Das ist das Ende) 2013: as Nicki The Bling Ring (The Bling Ring) 2017: as Belle in Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) - German: Die Schöne und das Biest (German singing voice: Julia Milena Scheeser) Selena Gomez: as Alex Russo in: 2007-2012: Wizards of Waverly Place (Die Zauberer vom Waverly Place) 2009: Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie (Die Zauberer vom Waverly Place - Der Film) 2013: The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex (Die Rückkehr der Zauberer vom Waverly Place) 2009: as Carter in Princess Protection Program (Prinzessinen Schutzprogramm) 2009: as Selena Gomez in Sonny With a Chance (Sonny Munroe) 2009: as Selena Gomez in Studio Disney Channel - Almost Live (Studio Disney Channel - Beinah Live) 2010: as Beezus in Ramona and Beezus (Schwesterherzen - Ramonas wilde Welt) 2011: as Grace/Cordelia in Monte Carlo (Plötzlich Star) 2012: as Faith in Spring Breakers (Spring Breakers) 2013: as The Kid in Getaway (Getaway) Anna Kendrick: as Jessica Stanley in: 2008: Twilight (Twilight - Bis(s) zum Morgengrauen) 2009: The Twilight Saga: New Moon (New Moon - Bis(s) zur Mittagsstunde) 2010: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse(Eclipse - Bis(s) zum Abendrot) Meaghan Jette Martin: as Tess Tyler in: 2008: Camp Rock (Camp Rock) 2010: Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam) 2011: as Bianca Stratford in 10 Things I Hate About You (10 Dinge die ich an dir hasse) Danielle Campbell: 2010: as Jessica Olson in StarStruck (StarStruck - Der Star der mich liebte) 2010: as\",\n \"title\": \"Gabrielle Pietermann\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17426709\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of films that were filmed wholly or partially in Oxford, England (often featuring the University of Oxford): Accident (1967) The Italian Job (1969) Heaven's Gate - Harvard commencement sequences shot in New College Lane, the Sheldonian Theatre and at Mansfield College in 1980. Another Country (1984) Oxford Blues (1984) Young Sherlock Holmes (1984) A Fish Called Wanda (1988) Howards End (1992) Shadowlands (1993) The Madness of King George (1994) True Blue (1996) The Saint (1997) Wilde (1997) The Red Violin (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Mohabbatein (2000) (Bollywood film) 102 Dalmatians (2000) Quills (2000) Iris (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Bhagam Bhag (2006) (Bollywood film) Blue Blood (2006) The History Boys (2006) The Golden Compass (2007) Salaam-e-Ishq (2007) (Bollywood film) Brideshead Revisited (2008) I Can't Think Straight (2008) The Oxford Murders (2008) An Education (2009) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Robinson in Ruins (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Desi Boyz (2011) Belle (2013) The Riot Club (2014) Doctor Strange (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Mummy (2017) Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018) Tolkien (2019) Saltburn (2023) References Oxford-related lists\",\n \"title\": \"List of films shot in Oxford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69746253\",\n \"text\": \"Joanne Rowling, known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She has won numerous accolades for her Harry Potter book series, including general literature prizes, honours in children's literature and speculative fiction awards. The series has garnered multiple British Book Awards, beginning with the Children's Book of the Year in 1997 and 1998 for the first two volumes, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. In 2000 the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, was nominated for an adult award – the Whitbread Book of the Year – where it competed against a book by a Nobel prize laureate (Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. The award body gave Rowling the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount); some scholars view this as exposing a literary prejudice against children's books. Next followed the World Science Fiction Convention's 2001 Hugo Award for the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the 2006 Book of the Year – for the sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Rowling's early career awards include the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to children's literature in 2000, and three years later, the Spanish Prince of Asturias Award for Concord. She won the British Book Awards' Author of the Year and Outstanding Achievement prizes over the span of the Harry Potter series. Following the series' completion, Time named Rowling a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, citing the social, moral and political inspiration she gave the Harry Potter fandom. Two years later, she was recognised as a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy; leading magazine editors then named her the \\\"Most Influential Woman in the UK\\\" the following October. Later awards include the Freedom of the City of London in 2012 and for her services to literature and philanthropy, the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 2017. Academic bodies have bestowed multiple honours on Rowling. She has received honorary degrees from the University of Aberdeen; the University of St Andrews; Dartmouth College; the University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh Napier University; the University of Exeter (which she attended) and Harvard University. Rowling spoke at Harvard's 2008 commencement ceremony; the same year, she also won University College Dublin's James Joyce Award. Her other honours include fellowship of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL), the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE) and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE). Rowling's awards for film, theatre and crime fiction include the 2011 British Academy Film Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter film series, the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, and the 2021 British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller category for the fifth volume of her Cormoran Strike series. Literature General literature Speculative fiction Crime fiction Film and theatre Career awards\",\n \"title\": \"List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"558402\",\n \"text\": \"Roger Anthony Lloyd-Pack (8 February 1944 – 16 January 2014) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003, and Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007. He later starred as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He is also well known for the role of Barty Crouch Sr. in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and for his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes \\\"Rise of the Cybermen\\\" and \\\"The Age of Steel\\\". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died in 2014 from pancreatic cancer. Early life Lloyd-Pack was born in Islington, London, the son of actor Charles Lloyd-Pack (1902–1983) and Ulrike Elisabeth (née Pulay, 1921–2000), an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent. His uncle was George Pulay, one of the secret listeners to German POW in Trent Park during World War II. He attended Bedales School near Petersfield in Hampshire, where he achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin. He subsequently trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), graduating in 1965 with an Acting (RADA Diploma). Career Lloyd-Pack began his acting career at Northampton's Royal Theatre, making his stage debut in the Thomas Dekker play The Shoemaker's Holiday. He featured on an episode of The Professionals (Long Shot 1978) as a terrorist hitman. Only Fools and Horses On British television, he was best known for portraying \\\"Trigger\\\", Del Boy's slow-witted “Village idiot” friend in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, from 1981 to 2003. Lloyd-Pack was cast by pure chance: an Only Fools and Horses executive producer, Ray Butt, hired him to portray Trigger after seeing him in a stage play, and had only attended that play to observe potential Del Boy actor Billy Murray. Later career He was also known for his role in The Vicar of Dibley as Owen Newitt and to international audiences his greatest fame was as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In addition, he had a semi-regular role during the 1990s as the plumber Jake \\\"The Klingon\\\" Klinger, Ben Porter's arch-rival, in the sitcom 2 point 4 children. In 2005, he appeared in the second series of ITV's Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for what he believed was the malpractice-related death of his wife. In 2006, he played John Lumic and provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, \\\"Rise of the Cybermen\\\" and \\\"The Age of Steel\\\", opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd-Pack's final TV appearance was in Law & Order: UK as Alex Greene. He voiced the pre-match build-up montage video shown ahead of all Tottenham Hotspur's home matches which is still played today. In June 2008, he appeared as a guest on the BBC's The Politics Show,\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Lloyd-Pack\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34873573\",\n \"text\": \"Afshin Zinouri (; born April 23, 1976) is an Iranian voice actor who is known for Persian voice-dubbing foreign films and TV programs. He was born in Tehran. He is known for dubbing over Elijah Wood's role as Frodo Baggins from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and has also dubbed over some of Leonardo DiCaprio and Matt Damon's voice roles in films they starred in. He is also an actor and television host. Dubbing In Movies Live action films We're No Angels – Jim (Sean Penn) Good Will Hunting – Will Hunting (Matt Damon) Gladiator – Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix) The Lord of the Rings film trilogy – Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban – Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix – Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) The Bourne Supremacy – Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film) – Philippe/King Louis XIV (Leonardo DiCaprio) Blood Diamond – Daniel \\\"Danny\\\" Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio) The Departed – William \\\"Billy\\\" Costigan Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio) Live action television All Saints Lost – Boone Carlyle (Ian Somerhalder) Emperor of the Sea The Kingdom of The Winds – Prince Dojin (Park Gun Hyung) References External links Afshin Zinouri's page on Iran-Dubbing (Persian) Afshin Zinouri at Namava 1976 births Living people Male actors from Tehran Iranian male film actors Iranian male voice actors Iranian male television actors Islamic Azad University alumni Iranian radio and television presenters\",\n \"title\": \"Afshin Zinouri\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34624641\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of child actors from the Republic of Ireland. Films and/or television series they appeared in are mentioned only if they were under the age of eighteen at the time of filming. Current child actors (under age eighteen) are indicated by boldface. B Emma Bolger (born 1996) In America (2002) Intermission (2003) Heidi (2005) Sarah Bolger (born 1991) In America (2002) Tara Road (2005) Stormbreaker (2006) The Spiderwick Chronicles (2007) The Tudors (2008) The Fence (2009) E Elizabeth Rebecca Edwin (c. 1771–1854), made her stage debut at age eight in Dublin. F Ciarán Fitzgerald (born 1983) Into the West (1992) Screen Two (1 episode, 1994) The Hanging Gale (1995) Nothing Personal (1995) Some Mother's Son (1996) The Last of the High Kings (1996) The Canterville Ghost (1996) The Informant (1997) The Boxer (1997) Seeing Things (short film, 1997) The General (1998) Gregg Fitzgerald (born 1978) War of the Buttons (1994) G Jack Gleeson (born 1992) Batman Begins (2005) Shrooms (2007) A Shine of Rainbows (2009) L Evanna Lynch (born 1991) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) M Devon Murray (born 1988) This Is My Father (1998) Angela's Ashes (1999) Yesterday's Children (2000) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) P Susie Power (born 2003) Fair City (2015–2017) Little Roy (2015–2017) A Date for Mad Mary (2016) R Saoirse Ronan (born 1994) Atonement (2007) I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007) Death Defying Acts (2008) City of Ember (2008) The Lovely Bones (2009) Hanna (2011) V Sophie Vavasseur (born 1992) Evelyn (2002) Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) Northanger Abbey (2007) Becoming Jane (2007) The Old Curiosity Shop (2007) Exorcismus (2010) W Alisha Weir (born 2009) Don't Leave Home (2018) Day Out (short film, 2018) Darklands (5 episodes, 2019) Two by Two: Overboard! (voice, 2020) Fia's Fairies (voice, 2022) Matilda the Musical (2022) Wicked Little Letters (2023) Abigail (2024) List Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"List of Irish child actors\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4400426\",\n \"text\": \"HP4 or variant, may refer to: HP4, a postcode for Berkhamsted, see HP postcode area hP4, a Pearson symbol Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth Harry Potter novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film), the fourth Harry Potter film Handley Page Type D a.k.a. H.P.4, an airplane HP-4, a glider designed by Richard Schreder HP4, a type of photographic stock, see Ilford HP HP4, a version of the BMW S1000RR produced between 2013 and 2014. See also HP (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"HP4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36673746\",\n \"text\": \"James Shearman is an English conductor, orchestrator, and composer. He is perhaps best known for his contributions to film scores including those for Gosford Park, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Manchester by the Sea and numerous others. He has collaborated frequently with composer, Patrick Doyle. In addition to his conducting and orchestration, Shearman is also a songwriter, having co-written the title track from Charlotte Church's 2000 album, Dream a Dream (among other songs). He regularly conducts orchestras, including the London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra. Early life and education Shearman was born and grew up in England. He attended the Royal Academy of Music where he was one of four students in the four-year BMus Commercial Music degree program, studying composition and conducting. In his last year of study at the academy, Shearman was commissioned to compose an original piece to honor film composer, John Williams. The composition (\\\"Metropolis — A Tribute to John Williams\\\") was premiered in June 1996 during the British and American Film Music Festival at the Royal Academy of Music with Williams in attendance. Shearman was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in 2015. Career Soon after his graduation from the Royal Academy of Music, Shearman began providing orchestrations to film scores. He first collaborated with composer Patrick Doyle on the 1998 film Great Expectations. This led to Shearman providing orchestrations and arrangements for Doyle on another 1998 film, Quest for Camelot. This partnership eventually resulted in Shearman becoming Doyle's principal orchestrator and conductor. He has gone on to provide conducting, orchestration, and/or arrangements for Doyle's scores for Thor, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, Brave, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Cinderella, and numerous others. In 2012, Shearman arranged the Brave orchestral suite for a Pixar in Concert event. In 2015, he conducted a series of concerts across Europe and the United States with Doyle entitled Shakespeare in Concert. Over the course of his career, Shearman has also collaborated with numerous other composers including, Lesley Barber (Mansfield Park, Manchester by the Sea), Mark Isham (In The Valley of Elah, Reservation Road), Stephen Warbeck (Shakespeare in Love), Paul Cantelon (The Other Boleyn Girl), Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (Lost Souls), Alan Menken (Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin), and Hans Zimmer (Pearl Harbor). He has also conducted a variety of orchestras both through his work with film scores and through live concerts. He made his concert conducting debut in 2004 with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, leading a concert of A.R. Rahman compositions. In March 2014, he conducted the Ulster Orchestra for the first time with The Music of Patrick Doyle from the Films of Sir Kenneth Branagh. He made his Royal Festival Hall conducting debut with The Philharmonia Orchestra in October 2014. He has also conducted the London Symphony Orchestra, the Hollywood Studio Symphony, the Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra (at the 2017 Qatar British Festival), and numerous others.\",\n \"title\": \"James Shearman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64562002\",\n \"text\": \"Bellatrix Lestrange () is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. She evolved from an unnamed peripheral character in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire into a major antagonist in subsequent novels. In the final installment of the story, Rowling established her as Lord Voldemort's \\\"last, best lieutenant\\\". Bellatrix was the first female Death Eater introduced in the books. Bellatrix had a fanatic obsession with the Dark Lord although she was clearly fearful of his magical abilities and absolute power over his forces. She is almost as sadistic and homicidal as Lord Voldemort, with a psychotic personality. She is portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter in the last four Harry Potter films, from Order of the Phoenix (2007) to Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). Name Her given name derives from Latin as the feminine form of the noun \\\"warrior\\\". Like many members of the Black family, Bellatrix is named after a celestial body or astronomic structure, in this case one of the brightest stars in the constellation Orion. Bellatrix's name has been translated into other languages in a variety of ways. Many of the changes accentuate the evil nature of her character, such as the Dutch \\\"Bellatrix van Detta\\\". Character background Bellatrix Black was born to Cygnus and Druella (Rosier) Black in 1951. Bellatrix is related by blood and marriage to many characters in the novels (although in the fifth book it is specified that all pure-blood families are related to each other): she has two younger sisters, Narcissa and Andromeda, and is first cousin to Sirius. She married Rodolphus Lestrange after leaving Hogwarts \\\"because it was expected of her\\\" to marry a pure-blood. However, Rowling stated in an interview that Bellatrix truly loved Voldemort. Andromeda married a Muggle-born, Ted Tonks, and was subsequently disowned by the Blacks, whereas Narcissa, conversely, married Lucius Malfoy, heir of a wealthy pure-blood family; thus, Bellatrix is the aunt of both Nymphadora Tonks and Draco Malfoy. At Hogwarts, she, along with her sisters, was sorted into Slytherin. It is suggested in the novels that, as a student, Bellatrix associated with a group of students – including Rodolphus Lestrange, Severus Snape, Avery, Evan Rosier and Wilkes – who nearly all became Death Eaters. It is assumed Bellatrix was at least initially drawn to Lord Voldemort because they both believe in an ideology that favors pure-blood wizards and witches over other members of the community. This elitism, shared by the Malfoy and Lestrange clans, was instilled in Bellatrix since childhood. The Black family motto, toujours pur (French for \\\"always pure\\\"), reflects this steadfast belief in blood purity. Bellatrix, her husband, and her brother-in-law, were active Death Eaters during Voldemort's rise to power, and evaded capture and suspicion until after the Dark Lord's downfall. Appearances Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In this book, Rowling used Albus Dumbledore's Pensieve as a plot device to reveal that Bellatrix, rather than deserting her leader like many other Death Eaters, was\",\n \"title\": \"Bellatrix Lestrange\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23743992\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Selway (14 March 1936 – 21 April 2004) was an English casting director. Life Selway was born in Norwich in 1936, daughter of a cinema manager and impresario. At the age of 13 she enrolled at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London to study acting. By 19 she had decided not to become an actress, and went to work as a production assistant at ITV before starting to work in casting, first under Miriam Brickman and then, from 1969, under Lindsay Anderson at the Royal Court Theatre in London. By the age of 34 she had started casting films, which she continued for the rest of her life. Career Selway worked with a number of renowned directors over three decades, including Steven Spielberg, Roman Polanski, Clint Eastwood, John Boorman, Sydney Pollack, Robert Altman, Michael Apted, Nicolas Roeg, Fred Schepisi, Fred Zinnemann and Ridley Scott. She was responsible for the casting of 104 films and gained a reputation for fairness, determination, charm, wisdom and irreverence. Selway was always seeking new acting talent, watching films from all over the world and attending fringe theatre performances. She was also a tireless champion of new actors she discovered and nurtured. Unusually, she would stay in touch with the cast throughout the shooting process. In the 2001 BAFTA Awards she won the Michael Balcon Award for outstanding British contribution to cinema. A biographical documentary entitled A Cast of Thousands: The Life of Mary Selway is being produced in celebration of her life. It is directed by Isabelle Gregson, who explained that it aims \\\"in its own small way to give those who didn't have the pleasure of knowing her, a taste for her enormous contribution to Cinema through the eyes and words of those who knew and loved her.\\\" The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Orange Rising Star Award for the best young actor is dedicated to the memory of Mary Selway. Selway's death in 2004 is acknowledged by a memorium at the end credits of the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Films (selection) She directed the casting of many well-known films, including: Alien (1979) Outland (1981) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) Return of the Jedi (1983) Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Top Secret! (1984) Aliens (1986) Withnail and I (1987) Gorillas in the Mist (1988) The Russia House (1990) King Ralph (1991) First Knight (1995) The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) Lost in Space (1998) Notting Hill (1999) Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001) Enigma (2001) Gosford Park (2001) K-19: The Widowmaker (2002) The Sleeping Dictionary (2003) Love Actually (2003) Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) The Chronicles of Riddick (2004) Thunderbirds (2004) Enduring Love (2004) Vanity Fair (2004) The Libertine (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Personal life Selway was married to the actor Norman Rodway in January 1966. The couple parted\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Selway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40602047\",\n \"text\": \"Shefali Chowdhury (born 20 June 1988) is a British actress best known for playing the role of Parvati Patil in the fourth, fifth, and sixth films in the Harry Potter film series. Career Chowdhury is known for her performances as Parvati Patil in three of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when she was in her last year at the Waverley School in Birmingham. She and Afshan Azad, who played the character of Chowdhury's twin sister Padma Patil, are also good friends, according to Azad. Filmography See also British Bangladeshi List of British Bangladeshis List of Harry Potter cast members References External links I Am The Doorway Rowney Brothers Site 1988 births Living people 21st-century British actresses Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands Alumni of Birmingham City University British child actresses British film actresses British people of Bangladeshi descent People from Denbigh People from Sylhet Division 21st-century English women 21st-century English people\",\n \"title\": \"Shefali Chowdhury\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5166221\",\n \"text\": \"Norman Stuart Craig (born 14 April 1942) is a noted British production designer. He has also designed the sets, together with his frequent collaborator set decorator, the late Stephenie McMillan, on all of the Harry Potter films to date. Life and career At Potter author J. K. Rowling's request, he worked with Universal Creative team to design the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park. Rowling said in a December 2007 interview on the Potter podcast PotterCast, \\\"The key thing for me was that, if there was to be a theme park, that Stuart Craig … would be involved. … More than involved, that he would pretty much design it. Because I love the look of the films; they really mirror what’s been in my imagination for all these years\\\". He has been nominated for eleven Academy Awards, and has won three: in 1982 for Gandhi, in 1988 for Dangerous Liaisons, and in 1996 for The English Patient. He has been nominated for a BAFTA award sixteen times, including for the first six and last Potter films, and has won three times: in 1980 for The Elephant Man, in 2005 for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and in 2016 for Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Stuart Craig has been nominated for a BAFTA Award for six films in a row, namely the first six Harry Potter films. For his work on The English Patient, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, Craig was nominated for an Art Directors Guild award and won the same for The English Patient and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. The Guild has also honored Craig with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the awards ceremony on 16 February 2008. Filmography As art director A Bridge Too Far (1977) Superman (1978) As production designer Awards and nominations Academy Awards British Academy Film Awards References External links 1942 births Living people Best Art Direction Academy Award winners Best Production Design BAFTA Award winners British film designers Officers of the Order of the British Empire Alumni of Norwich University of the Arts\",\n \"title\": \"Stuart Craig\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3063165\",\n \"text\": \"The music of the Harry Potter film series was recorded and released in conjunction with the post-production and releases of each of the eight corresponding films. The scores were composed by John Williams, Patrick Doyle, Nicholas Hooper, and Alexandre Desplat. Though Williams only scored the first three films, several motifs that he created have been reprised and incorporated into the remaining scores, in particular \\\"Hedwig's Theme\\\", which can be heard in all eight films. Other musicians credited with writing the Harry Potter music include Jarvis Cocker, The Ordinary Boys, and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Jeremy Soule and James Hannigan wrote the music for the Harry Potter video games. J. Scott Rakozy, Peter Murray, and Chuck E. Myers \\\"Sea\\\" composed the music for Hogwarts Legacy. Overview Themes and motifs Throughout the series, each composer created themes for particular characters, items, locations, and ideas. Several themes can be heard in films subsequent to the one they were written for, although very few lasted for the entire film series. First appearance in The Philosopher's Stone First appearance in The Chamber of Secrets First appearance in The Prisoner of Azkaban First appearance in The Goblet of Fire First appearance in The Order of the Phoenix First appearance in The Half-Blood Prince First appearance in The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 First appearance in The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 References Film music by media franchise Harry Potter lists Compositions by John Williams\",\n \"title\": \"Music of the Harry Potter films\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36551734\",\n \"text\": \"Mafalda Martins da Silva Luís de Castro (Mafalda Luís de Castro or just Mafalda de Castro for short) is a Portuguese actress who acts out on Portuguese television programs that air on TVI and a few on SIC. She is also a voice actress, who voiced and dubbed characters in European Portuguese, mostly young and/or royal female characters. She is the official European Portuguese dub-over artist for British actress, Emma Watson, since she voiced her role as Hermione Granger throughout the Harry Potter films and the video game adaptations. Filmography Television She is an actress on CMTV's soap opera \\\"Someone Lost\\\" playing Leonor Mascarenhas. Voice Roles Video games Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game) - Hermione Granger Dubbing Roles Live Action Films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) - Hermione Granger (Emma Watson) - Vanessa (Sarah Kim Gries) Mirror Mirror - Snow White (Lily Collins) Animated films Barbie as the Island Princess - The Tale of Despereaux - Princess Pea (replacing Emma Watson's voice) Battle for Terra - Hop - Samantha \\\"Sam\\\" O'Hare (replacing Kaley Cuoco's voice) (Live action and Animation) The Smurfs - One of the Smurf characters (Live action and Animation) Arthur Christmas - Animated Series Kitty Is Not a Cat - Kitty (Roslyn Oades) (Lauren Tom) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) Portuguese voice actresses Living people Actresses from Lisbon Portuguese television actresses 21st-century Portuguese actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Mafalda Luís de Castro\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36434466\",\n \"text\": \"Kathrin \\\"Kaddi\\\" Fricke, better known by her pseudonym Coldmirror, is a German YouTube creator and comedian. The pseudonym was inspired by the song \\\"Creatures That Kissed in Cold Mirrors\\\" by the band Cradle of Filth. She operates one of the most popular German YouTube channels, moderated radio and television programmes, and publishes blog and vlog entries. Early life Fricke was born and raised in Bremen and studied art history and philosophy at the University of Bremen. She finished her bachelor's degree in 2010 with a research paper about the production of video films and a film project about Internet and video game addiction. According to her own statements, she suffered from strong depression for domestic reasons. In an interview on the YouTube channel \\\"clixoom\\\" she explained that, among other things, the Harry Potter series and the desire to know how it would continue gave her energy and safeguarded her from suicide. However, she stated that this was not necessarily due to the books' exciting plots, but rather simply \\\"having something that you can look forward to.\\\" Kathrin Fricke began early, together with a friend, to record radio dramas, which laid the foundation of her creativity. In 2000 she joined the team of \\\"MixX\\\", a youth television broadcast, as voluntary editor. At this time she compiled her first own websites, where she, for example, published self-drawn pictures with fantasy plots. Her fan fictions with the characters of the Harry Potter series occupied a significant part of her website and stirred attention on the Internet. Video performance on YouTube The YouTube channel \\\"Coldmirror\\\" went online on 2 October 2006. The first videos consisted of archive material from Fricke's time as editor for \\\"MixX\\\". After this, Fricke created the videos for the most part alone. Her YouTube channel portrays a continuation of her earlier works in video form. Starting in fall 2006, Fricke re-dubbed three Harry Potter movies for comic effect: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in Harry Potter und ein Stein (i.e. Harry Potter and a Stone), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in Harry Potter und der geheime Pornokeller (i.e. Harry Potter and the Secret Porn Cellar) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in Harry Potter und der Plastik Pokal (i.e. Harry Potter and the Plastic Cup). In her version, the protagonists make frequent use of taboo topics, foul language and references to Internet and pop culture. Fricke's YouTube account was temporarily deactivated because these re-dubs were considered copyright violations. Furthermore, she produced multiple music videos and albums portraying Albus Dumbledore as a gangsta rapper, called \\\"Fresh D\\\". In December 2015, she launched a podcast called \\\"5 Minuten Harry Podcast\\\" (5 Minutes Harry Podcast) in which she talks about 5 minutes each of the first Harry Potter movie and explores random facts about what it is seen in the sequences. It soon became one of the most successful podcasts in German. New episodes are posted irregularly on podcast platforms and her YouTube channel and often reach many\",\n \"title\": \"Coldmirror\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30925582\",\n \"text\": \"Botond Előd (born 24 October 1984) is a Hungarian actor. He has an older brother named Álmos who is also a voice actor. Voice works Live-action shows CSI: Miami 7th Heaven Entourage Stargate Atlantis Hannah Montana Tierra de Pasiones Jericho NCIS Live action films Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile Animated shows Naruto Uzumaki (Naruto, Animax edition) Bleach (manga) Full Metal Panic! Death Note Shaman King Kaleido Star Codename: Kids Next Door Love Com LaMB References External links Magyar Szinkron 1984 births Living people Hungarian male film actors Hungarian male voice actors 20th-century Hungarian male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Botond Előd\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64482170\",\n \"text\": \"Cedric Diggory is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. He is one of the main characters in the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, as he represents Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the Triwizard Tournament, alongside Harry Potter. Cedric is murdered by Peter Pettigrew on Lord Voldemort's orders during Voldemort's resurrection in Little Hangleton. Cedric's death becomes a point of trauma and guilt for Harry and continues to haunt him, which leads him to form Dumbledore's Army as a way to help teach his fellow students to protect themselves in battle. His death is also a focal point of the stage play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Cedric was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire and was briefly portrayed by Joe Livermore in Prisoner of Azkaban. His voice is acted by Blake Ritson in the Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire video game. Fictional character biography Cedric Diggory first begins attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in 1989 and is sorted into Hufflepuff. It is presumed that Cedric was familiar with Fred and George Weasley as they were in the same year level. Cedric is also close with Cho Chang and the two are romantically involved. Eventually Cedric becomes a popular student and is elected as Seeker for the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, with him then becoming the team captain and a prefect in the same year. Prisoner of Azkaban Cedric first faces Harry Potter during the Quidditch tournament in Prisoner of Azkaban, and ends up catching the Golden Snitch after Harry faints in the presence of Dementors. Cedric offers to replay the match but the offer is declined by Gryffindor captain Oliver Wood, who feels that Diggory had won the game. Goblet of Fire The next year, Cedric and his father, Amos, attend the Quidditch World Cup alongside Harry, Hermione Granger and the Weasley family. Upon arriving at Hogwarts for his sixth year, Cedric puts his name forth in the Goblet of Fire and is selected as the Hogwarts champion alongside Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons and Victor Krum from Durmstrang. Despite all three champions being chosen, the Goblet of Fire nominates Harry to become the fourth Triwizard Champion. Cedric remains kind to Harry whilst everyone else assumes Harry is lying when he asserts that he did not put his name in the Goblet of Fire. Despite having two champions from the school, the majority of Hogwarts students support Cedric, with students even creating enchanted badges that say \\\"Support Cedric Diggory, the Real Hogwarts Champion\\\". Cedric is opposed to the badges and tries to get his classmates not to wear them. In the first task, Harry gives Cedric a hand by informing him in advance that the task involves dragons. Cedric's dragon is a Swedish Short-Snout, from which he has to retrieve the Golden Egg it is guarding. Cedric achieves this by transfiguring a rock into a Labrador to distract the dragon whilst\",\n \"title\": \"Cedric Diggory\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3381404\",\n \"text\": \"PotterCast is the official podcast of the Harry Potter fansite The Leaky Cauldron. Its episodes are posted once per month and are typically about an hour long. In every episode, the hosts discuss particular passages, themes, and questions from the Harry Potter books and films, and they go over the Potter-related news stories reported during the previous week by The Leaky Cauldron. The podcast often includes input from everyday Potter fans, but it has also featured numerous interviews with professionals involved in making the Potter books, films, and video games. PotterCast frequently hosts contests, and it has presented a variety of themed shows, including a special wizard rock video edition and an episode for Banned Books Week 2005, in which staff interviewed representatives from the American Library Association. It also covers breaking news, such as the press conference hosted by Warner Brothers before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. PotterCast was launched on August 22, 2005, and with episode 130 it became the first podcast to interview Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling. Segments Current regular segments Intro: A pre-recorded introduction of the show and its hosts by J. K. Rowling has been used since her appearance in episode 130. Previously, the introduction was recorded by Rupert Grint (episodes 112-129) and Matthew Lewis (for a few episodes prior to the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows). News: Led by rotating hosts. Replaced the Leaky Lowdown/Newswrap in September 2007, combining them into one segment relating and discussing the past week's Potter-related news updates. Formerly hosted by Sue Upton, but had a changed title due to Sue leaving the show in late 2009 (episode 211). Bit by Bit: Premiered in October 2007. In this segment, the hosts discuss Deathly Hallows a small piece at a time (usually less than a chapter each week), progressing through the book. Wrap-up: The hosts conclude the show, tie off loose ends, announce upcoming events or issue calls to listeners to send videos, voice-mails or other responses related to a given topic. Traditionally takes place over the background music of \\\"The Drums\\\" (actually popular jazz tune, \\\"Sing Sing Sing.\\\" Starting with episode 204, it was replaced with the similar \\\"Wizard Wheezes\\\" by Nicholas Hooper from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince). Bloopers: An occasional short segment played after the close of the show, featuring an outtake from the episode's recording. Quick Fire Canon Conclundrums: An on-and-off segment in which the hosts discuss canon related topics. Irregular segments PotterCast Acting Troupe: A segment that will span multiple episodes, featuring voice actors performing a radio play written by a fanfiction author from \\\"The Sugar Quill.\\\" The story focuses on the next generation of Hogwarts students, including Harry Potter's children in a story called, \\\"Albus Potter and the Founder's Fountain\\\". Fan Thoughts: Premiered in October 2007. Voice messages from listeners with thoughts about the current or previous week's topics of discussion. Fan Interview (\\\"In the Fan Corner\\\"): An interview with a fan who has an\",\n \"title\": \"PotterCast\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4060482\",\n \"text\": \"Tolga Safer (born 26 June 1982) is a British actor who is known for playing Igor Karkaroff's Aide in the movie version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Life and career Safer was born in London, to Turkish Cypriot parents. He started acting at the age of 7 in school plays and attended classes at the Sylvia Young Theatre School. Safer has appeared in various TV commercials for Pepsi and Korres, and The Red Cross, (Directed by Peter Webber). He has appeared in several TV episodes of BBC's Casualty and Doctors. His first main role was in the film Culture Menace which was a British independent movie before working on Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in a role created especially for him. Other notable film credits include Sugarhouse alongside Andy Serkis and Ashley Walters and Shoot on Sight. In 2017, Safer appeared alongside Dylan O'Brien in CBS Films' thriller American Assassin. At the Arcola Theatre, Safer performed in the controversial play 'Bintou' and then on 'Venezuela'. As well as the Arcola Theatre, Tolga Safer has also performed in plays such as Prayer Room at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. and appeared at The Royal National Theatre. Filmography Theatre References External links Living people 1982 births British people of Turkish Cypriot descent Male actors from London English male film actors British people of Cypriot descent English male stage actors 21st-century English male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Tolga Safer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"811422\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Cormac Newell (born 28 March 1942) is an English film and television director and producer. He won the BAFTA for Best Direction for Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), which also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, and directed the films Donnie Brasco (1997) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). Early life Newell was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, as the son of amateur actors, and was educated at St Albans School. He read English at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He then attended a three-year training course at Granada Television with the intention of entering the theatre. Career Newell directed various British TV shows from the 1960s onwards (such as Spindoe, credited as Cormac Newell, and Big Breadwinner Hog), but eventually shifted his focus to film direction. His first feature-length project was The Man in the Iron Mask (1977), a made-for-television film. His first critically acclaimed movie was Bad Blood (1981), concerning the 1941 manhunt for the New Zealand mass-killer Stan Graham played by Jack Thompson. This was followed by Dance with a Stranger (1985), a biographical drama starring Miranda Richardson as Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the UK. For his directorial efforts, Newell won the Award of the Youth at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival. Newell continued his successes in the film industry with Enchanted April (1991), an adaptation of the 1922 novel by Elizabeth von Arnim. Miranda Richardson won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical and Joan Plowright won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture. During this period, George Lucas recruited Newell as one of the numerous feature film directors to direct episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. The comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) was also critically acclaimed, winning numerous awards, including a César Award (Best Foreign Film), a Golden Globe (Best Actor – Hugh Grant), and a number of London Critics Circle Film Awards (Best Director, Film, Producer, and Screenwriter). Since these award-winning productions, Newell has directed a number of films in Hollywood, such as Donnie Brasco (1997) (starring Al Pacino and Johnny Depp), Pushing Tin (1999) (starring John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, Cate Blanchett, and Angelina Jolie) and Mona Lisa Smile (2003) (starring Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, and Julia Stiles). In 2005, Newell was presented with an honorary degree of Doctor of Arts by the University of Hertfordshire which has a campus in St Albans, his birthplace. He was also awarded the BAFTA Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his career prior to 2005. Newell became the first British director of the Harry Potter film series with the production of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth adaptation in the series, which became a major critical and financial success worldwide. Newell is heard briefly as the radio announcer at the beginning of the film. Newell directed Love in the Time of Cholera in 2007 and Prince of Persia: The\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Newell (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36862831\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a novel by J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire may also refer to: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film), the novel's film adaptation, directed by Mike Newell Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (soundtrack), the soundtrack based on the film, composed by Patrick Doyle Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game), a video game based on the film\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2214244\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 action-adventure video game published by Electronic Arts. It is based on the 2005 film of the same name. The game was released for Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PlayStation Portable. It received mixed reviews from critics, with reviewers enjoying the scope of the spells and gameplay, but being less impressed by the short length, and the lack of free roaming components found in previous installments. Gameplay The game follows the events and characters of novel, and film, with the player controlling Harry Potter (voiced by Daniel Larner), Hermione Granger (Harper Marshall), and Ron Weasley (Gregg Chillin). The game uses an improved version of the group casting mechanic found in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Improved graphics mean the characters themselves more closely resemble their film counterparts than in previous games. Gameplay in the Goblet of Fire is much more action-orientated, which is a change from the puzzle and adventure elements found in previous games of the series. The game is split up into particular levels, rather than freeroaming around Hogwarts castle like in earlier games. Levels are played from parts of the novel the game is based on, with levels ranging from the Quidditch World cup, the Prefect's bathroom, and the Herbology greenhouses; which can be entered from the in-game \\\"pensieve\\\". The game also features modes outside of combat, including broomstick flying, and underwater swimming. In a first for the series, players can play the game with friends, and can combine their magic and spells to make them more powerful. Players can also capture moving beans using Accio and increase their power with collectors, creature, and character cards. The game is divided into several non-consecutive levels, some of which are locked at the beginning of the game until the player collects enough Triwizard Shields to unlock it. Reception Goblet of Fire received \\\"mixed or average\\\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, where the GameCube and Nintendo DS were ported on November 26, 2005, Famitsu gave it a combined score of 28 out of 40 for the DS version; and 27 out of 40 for the GameCube version. Famitsu Cube + Advance gave both the DS and GameCube versions a score of 27 out of 40. Detroit Free Press gave the GameCube version all four stars and said, \\\"This is a masterful video game because it can be enjoyed on many levels. Younger players can simply explore this graphically rich Harry Potter world and succeed. Older players will enjoy manipulating the magic by choosing spells and skills and casting magic together with friends.\\\" However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three stars out of five and stated that its highlight \\\"is a brief but thrilling broomstick chase against a fire-breathing dragon. An underwater interlude is less successful, although it provides variety.\\\" The PlayStation 2 version of The Goblet of Fire received a \\\"Platinum\\\" sales award from the\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"296645\",\n \"text\": \"Beauxbatons Academy of Magic (from French - \\\"beautiful wands\\\") is a French magic school in the fictional universe of Harry Potter created by the English writer J. K. Rowling. Description In the fourth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), students from Beauxbâtons arrive at Hogwarts to take part in the Triwizard Tournament. They arrive in a carriage, brought by winged Palomino horses. Beauxbâtons is described as a boarding school located in the Pyrenees mountains of southern France full of ice sculptures and forest nymphs. Beauxbatons has a preponderance of French students, though Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Luxembourgians and Belgians also attend in large numbers. The delegation is led by headmistress Madame Olympe Maxime, a half-giantess; despite her proportions, she is beautiful, graceful, and well-dressed. Also singled out is Fleur Delacour, the Beauxbâtons champion in the Triwizard Tournament, a beautiful girl with silvery hair who is a quarter-veela. Students Students of Beauxbâtons are described rather stereotypically, mainly as beautiful long-haired girls and attractive boys, in contrast with the serious and surly students from the Eastern European school Durmstrang. They have good manners and in general are positive, while the unpleasant appearance of Durmstrang students implies their dishonesty. Similarly, the carriage of the Beauxbâtons is well-lit and nice, while the ship, by which the students of Durmstrang arrive, is gloomy. They speak French and stereotypical, heavily accented English. Jean-François Ménard, the translator of Harry Potter into French, wrote Madame Maxime as arrogant with very correct, aristocratic speech, while Fleur's tone was more distrustful. Ménard made these choices because \\\"you cannot write French with a French accent\\\". In the screen adaptation Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Beauxbâtons students are all female and Durmstrang students are all male, in contrast to the books which portray both schools as co-educational. Criticism The portrayal of the two foreign schools has been criticized as stereotypical. On the whole, the students of Beauxbâtons, just as the students of Durmstrang, are homogeneous, not showing the cultural diversity of Hogwarts. The contrast between Durmstrang and Hogwarts can be interpreted as an allusion to the war of the West with the bad from the East, as described in the gothic fiction of the fourteenth century, and contrast between Beauxbâtons and Hogwarts as an allusion to the competition between the reasonable and decent Great Britain and the licentious and decadent France. It has been argued that the appearance on the foreground of these old conflicts allows J K. Rowling to sublimate them, and to make them irrelevant to modern readers. References Literature Fictional elements introduced in 2000 Fiction about magic schools Harry Potter organisations France in fiction\",\n \"title\": \"Beauxbatons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10447050\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter related topics include: The original books The Harry Potter books are 7 novels about a boy who learns he is a famous wizard: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—published as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Films , there are eleven motion picture adaptions based on the world, characters and books created by J. K. Rowling. There are eight motion picture adaptations of the Harry Potter novels by J. K. Rowling; the final novel is split into two cinematic parts. While the remaining motion picture adaptions are inspired by both the companion book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them as well has original content developed by JK Rowling. Seven of the eight screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. The fifth was penned by Michael Goldenberg. All three Fantastic Beasts films were written by JK Rowling. David Heyman has produced the franchise, which has seen four different directors. All eleven films are distributed by Warner Bros. In 2016, a spin-off of and prequel to the Harry Potter film series titled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released. A sequel to Fantastic Beasts entitled Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald was released in 2018. In April 2022 the third part Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore was released. Two more instalments of the Fantastic Beasts series are tentatively planned for release. Wizarding World - The shared universe of the Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts film series Harry Potter (film series) List of Harry Potter cast members Directed by Chris Columbus: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) (known in the United States as \\\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\\\") Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) Directed by Alfonso Cuarón: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) Directed by Mike Newell: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) Directed by David Yates: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts (film series) List of Fantastic Beasts cast members List of Fantastic Beasts characters Directed by David Yates: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film) Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore Music Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone soundtrack Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets soundtrack Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire soundtrack Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix soundtrack Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince soundtrack\",\n \"title\": \"Outline of Harry Potter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34495377\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Coulier (born 1964) is a British make-up artist and prosthetic makeup expert. He has received three Academy Awards for The Iron Lady (2011), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), and Poor Things (2023). He also received two Primetime Emmy Awards for Merlin (1998) and Arabian Nights (2000). Career Coulier has worked in the Harry Potter film series, X-Men and The Mummy Returns. He and J. Roy Helland won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair for The Iron Lady (2011). Coulier received his second Oscar for the film The Grand Budapest Hotel at the 87th Academy Awards. He received his third Oscar for the film Poor Things at the 96th Academy Awards. His win was shared with Frances Hannon. Filmography Film The Mummy Returns (2001) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) X-Men: First Class (2011) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) The Iron Lady (2011) World War Z (2013) Dracula Untold (2014) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) In the Heart of the Sea (2015) Spectre (2015) Suspiria (2018) Pinocchio (2019) Elvis (2022) Poor Things (2023) Television Merlin (miniseries) (1998) Arabian Nights (Miniseries) (2000) Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Awards and nominations References External links Mark Coulier's Coulier Creatures, website 1964 births Living people British make-up artists Best Makeup Academy Award winners Best Makeup BAFTA Award winners Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Leyland, Lancashire\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Coulier\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54639882\",\n \"text\": \"Jaana Marjatta Kapari-Jatta (born 19 May 1955, in Turku) is a Finnish translator of fiction, best known for her Finnish-language renderings of the Harry Potter novels and supplementary books by J. K. Rowling, including Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. In her translations of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, she used the pseudonym “Kurvaa Aka (Whoss Gue)”. Kapari-Jatta has also translated several other English-language authors, like Edgar Allan Poe, Oscar Wilde, and Roald Dahl, into Finnish. Among the awards she has received are the Astrid Lindgren Prize of the International Federation of Translators in 2002 and the Finnish State Prize for Children's Culture in 2007. In 2014 she received the J. A. Hollo Prize for her translation of Virginia Woolf’s book The Death of the Moth and Other Essays. In 2022, she received a honoris causa doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Helsinki. In 2008, she published a fact book, Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen, where she discusses translating the Harry Potter novels. Kapari-Jatta is married and has three children and also grandchildren. She resides in Loviisa, Finland, and in Serekunda, Gambia. Translated books Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay Other books (selection) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More by Roald Dahl Nancy Drew series by Carolyn Keene Collected Stories by Edgar Allan Poe Ottoline and the Yellow Cat by Chris Riddell Holes by Louis Sachar Diana: The Last Year by Donald Spoto Mr Gum series by Andy Stanton Mary Poppins by P. L. Travers The Happy Prince and Other Stories by Oscar Wilde References 1955 births Finnish translators Translators to Finnish Harry Potter in translation Writers from Turku Translators from English Living people Finnish expatriates Expatriates in the Gambia 20th-century translators 21st-century translators\",\n \"title\": \"Jaana Kapari-Jatta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2269923\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen Keith Kloves (born March 18, 1960) is an American screenwriter, director and producer. He wrote and directed the film The Fabulous Baker Boys and is mainly known for his screenplay adaptations of novels, especially for all but one of the Harry Potter films (the exception being The Order of the Phoenix) and for Wonder Boys, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Life and career Kloves, born in Austin, Texas, grew up in Sunnyvale, California, where he graduated from Fremont High School. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles but dropped out when he was not admitted into the film school in his third year. As an unpaid intern for a Hollywood agent, he gained attention for a screenplay he wrote called Swings. This led to a meeting where he successfully pitched Racing with the Moon (1984). His first experience with professional screenwriting left him wanting more interaction with the actors so that the characters would stay true to his vision. Kloves wrote The Fabulous Baker Boys and also intended it to be his directorial debut. After years of trying to sell the project in Hollywood, the film finally got off the ground and was released in 1989. The Fabulous Baker Boys did reasonably well and was critically acclaimed, but his next shot as writer/director for Flesh and Bone in 1993 fared poorly at the box office. Kloves then stopped writing for three years. Realizing that he had to return to writing to support his family, he began adapting Michael Chabon's novel Wonder Boys into a screenplay. Kloves was offered the chance to direct but he declined, preferring to direct only his own original work. This was his first try at adapting another work to film. His screenplay was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award after the film's release in 2000. Warner Bros. sent Kloves a list of novels that the company was considering to adapt as films. The listing included the first Harry Potter novel, which intrigued him despite his usual indifference to these catalogs. He went on to write the screenplays for the first four films in the series. However, he turned down writing the fifth film, stating that \\\"The fourth film, Goblet of Fire, was really hard to do. I wrote on it for two years. But it’s not that simple and I don't know that I'll ever fully understand why I didn't do it.\\\" After Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for the fifth film, Kloves then returned to write the sixth, seventh and eighth installments. In 2011, Kloves was attached to work on a film adaptation of Mark Haddon's novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. Since 2016, Kloves produced the Fantastic Beasts films, a spinoff prequel series to the main Harry Potter series. Kloves co-wrote the third installment with J.K. Rowling. Kloves produced the Andy Serkis-directed movie, Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle. His daughter, Callie, wrote the screenplay. Kloves is now\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Kloves\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26333130\",\n \"text\": \"Harper Page Marshall is an English voice actress. She is known for her role as Hermione Granger in the video games of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. She also provided the voice for Malice: A Kat's Tale. Filmography Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) - Hermione Granger Malice: A Kat's Tale (2004) - Additional voices Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) - Hermione Granger Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) - Hermione Granger References External links Living people English video game actresses Year of birth missing (living people) Actresses from London\",\n \"title\": \"Harper Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"906492\",\n \"text\": \"The Harry Potter fandom is the community of fans of the Harry Potter books and films who participate in entertainment activities that revolve around the series, such as reading and writing fan fiction, creating and soliciting fan art, engaging in role-playing games, socialising on Harry Potter-based forums, and more. The fandom interacts online as well as offline through activities such as fan conventions, participating in cosplay, tours of iconic landmarks relevant to the books and production of the films, and parties held for the midnight release of each book and film. By the fourth Harry Potter book, the legions of fans had grown so large that considerable security measures were taken to ensure that no book was purchased before the official release date. Harry Potter is considered one of the few four-quadrant, multi-generation spanning franchises that exist today, despite Rowling's original marketing of the books to tweens and teens. Pottermania Pottermania is an informal term first used around 1999 describing the craze Harry Potter fans have had over the series. Fans held midnight parties to celebrate the release of the final four books at bookstores which stayed open on the night leading into the date of the release. In 2005, Entertainment Weekly listed the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of \\\"Entertainment's Top Moments\\\" of the previous 25 years. Diehard fans of the series are called \\\"Potterheads\\\". Some even theme their weddings around Harry Potter. A Bridal Guide featured two real weddings soon before the release of the final film, which quickly spread through the fandom via Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr. The craze over the series was referenced in Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel The Devil Wears Prada as well as its 2006 film adaptation. In the story, the protagonist Andrea Sachs is ordered to retrieve two copies of the next instalment in the series for her boss's twins before they are published so that they can be privately flown to France, where the twins and their mother are on holiday. Some celebrity fans of Harry Potter include Lily Allen, Guillermo del Toro, Ariana Grande, Stephen King, Keira Knightley, Jennifer Lawrence, Evanna Lynch, Barack Obama, Simon Pegg, ASAP Rocky, Seth Rogen, and Matt Smith. Fan sites There are many fan web sites about Harry Potter on the Internet, the oldest ones dating to about 1997 or 1998. One of the most famous sites allows fans of the book an opportunity to be sorted into a house themselves. J. K. Rowling has an open relationship with her fan base, and since 2004 periodically hands out a \\\"fan site award\\\" on her official web site. The first site to receive the award was Immeritus, a fan site mostly devoted to Sirius Black, and about which Rowling wrote, \\\"I am so proud of the fact that a character, whom I always liked very much, though he never appeared as much more than a brooding presence in the books, has gained a passionate fan-club.\\\" In 2004, after Immeritus, Rowling\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter fandom\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1782867\",\n \"text\": \"Stanislav Yanevski (; born Stanislav Rumenov Yanevski, ; on 16 May 1985) is a Bulgarian actor best known for playing Viktor Krum in the 2005 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Yanevski was born in Sofia. He lived in England for five years as well as in Israel. While attending Mill Hill School in the United Kingdom with fellow Harry Potter actor Harry Melling, Ianevski had no particular acting aspirations and was not a drama student. He had only auditioned for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after being spotted by Fiona Weir, a casting director who prompted him to attend an acting workshop, which resulted in his casting as Viktor Krum, a Bulgarian character in the Harry Potter series. He was selected from 650 others, most of whom had auditioned in Sofia. He also starred in Hostel: Part II, the sequel to Eli Roth's film Hostel. Film Television References External links 1985 births Bulgarian male film actors Living people People educated at Mill Hill School Male actors from Sofia Bulgarian expatriates in the United Kingdom 21st-century Bulgarian male actors Bulgarian male television actors Bulgarian emigrants to England\",\n \"title\": \"Stanislav Ianevski\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25845623\",\n \"text\": \"The Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film is a retired award that was handed out from 1995 to 2007. List of winners and nominees 1990s 1995: Babe 1996: Fly Away Home 1997: Anastasia 1998: A Bug's Life 1999: October Sky 2000s 2000: My Dog Skip Dr. Seuss' How The Grinch Stole Christmas The Family Man Remember the Titans 2001: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone The Princess Diaries Spy Kids 2002: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Rookie Tuck Everlasting 2003: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Freaky Friday Holes Peter Pan Whale Rider 2004: Finding Neverland Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events Miracle Spider-Man 2 2005: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2006: Charlotte's Web Akeelah and the Bee Flicka Lassie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest 2007: Enchanted August Rush The Golden Compass Hairspray Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix External links Official BFCA website F de:Broadcast Film Critics Association fr:Critics Choice Awards it:Broadcast Film Critics Association vi:BFCA zh:廣播影評人協會\",\n \"title\": \"Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43000727\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Lloyd-Hughes (born 1985) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005), Unrelated (2007), The Inbetweeners (2008–2010), Miliband of Brothers (2010), Weekender (2011), Anna Karenina (2012), Parade's End (2012), and Indian Summers (2015). As of 2018 he voices Flynn Fairwind in World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth. In 2021, he appeared as Sherlock Holmes in the Netflix series, The Irregulars. Personal life Lloyd-Hughes was born in 1985 in the United Kingdom, the son of actress Lucy Appleby (A Stitch in Time) and Timothy Lloyd-Hughes, who worked for Deutsche Bank. He has two younger brothers, record executive Theo Lloyd-Hughes and actor Ben Lloyd-Hughes. Both Henry and Ben acted in Miliband of Brothers. Fred Macpherson, lead singer of the band Spector, and formerly of Les Incompétents and Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man, is his cousin. Hughes and his family are all supporters of west London football club Queens Park Rangers. Career Lloyd-Hughes first appeared in the TV series Murphy's Law in 2004 before playing Roger Davies in the 2005 film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. He then appeared in Joanna Hogg's film Unrelated in 2007 alongside Tom Hiddleston. From 2008 to 2010 he played school bully Mark Donovan in the British sitcom The Inbetweeners. He reprised the role in the film The Inbetweeners Movie in 2011. In 2010, he portrayed former British Labour Party politician David Miliband in the TV film documentary Miliband of Brothers. In 2011, he starred in the film Dimensions as Stephen, a brilliant young scientist who lives in England in the 1920s. The same year, he appeared in the film Weekender about the 1990 Manchester rave scene. In the 2012 epic romantic drama film Anna Karenina, he played Burisov alongside Keira Knightley and Aaron Taylor-Johnson. In 2013, he starred in the film Hello Carter with Jodie Whittaker. Lloyd-Hughes played Charles Bovary in the drama film Madame Bovary with Mia Wasikowska in the title role and which was released in 2014. Theatre Lloyd-Hughes has appeared in numerous theatre productions, including Rope, The Miracle, Punk Rock, and The Changeling. In 2012, he starred as Dimitri Mitropoulos in the play Posh, which played at the Duke of York's Theatre. Michael Billington of The Guardian said of Lloyd-Hughes's performance that he \\\"impresses as a wealthy Greek who aims to be more English than the English\\\". Filmography Film Television Theatre Radio Video games References External links 21st-century English male actors 1985 births Living people English male television actors English male stage actors English male film actors English male radio actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Male actors from London People from Westminster People educated at St Paul's School, London Actors from the City of Westminster\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Lloyd-Hughes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16885964\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Potter is a series of novels written by J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter may also refer to other parts of the franchise: Harry Potter (character), the titular main character in Harry Potter media Harry Potter (film series), the David Heyman-produced film series based on the Rowling novels Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Harry Potter (TV series), an upcoming television series Wizarding World, the media franchise based on the Harry Potter books Fictional universe of Harry Potter, the shared fictional universe in which the Harry Potter novels, films and other media are set Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a 2016 theatrical play following up on the character Others Harry Potter (journalist) (1941–2014), Australian television journalist and crime reporter Harry Potter (rugby union) (born 1997), English-born Australian rugby union player Harry Potter Jr. and Harry Potter Sr., the name of two characters in the 1986 film Troll See also List of Harry Potter-related topics Henry Potter (disambiguation) Harold Potter (disambiguation) Harrison Potter (1891-1984), American musician Harry Porter (1882-1965), American high jumper Potter, Harry\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Potter (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"469706\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Rankin is a New Zealand-born British actor, director, and producer who is best known for playing Percy Weasley in the Harry Potter film franchise. Early life Rankin was adopted by unbiological parents. Rankin lived in Rothesay Bay until he was six, attending Kristin School in Albany. He and his parents subsequently moved to Norfolk in the United Kingdom, where he attended Northgate High School in Dereham. His mother, Marilyn Rankin works at a school, among other things. Career Rankin began acting at the age of eleven. He attended Shipdham Primary School, Northgate High School, and Dereham Sixth Form College. At Northgate High School he appeared in school plays of Bugsy Malone and The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. His professional acting career began when he won the role of Percy Weasley in September 2000 and he has since appeared in film, TV and theatre. In the Harry Potter series, he is a brother of Harry Potter's best friend, Ron Weasley. Rankin is the co-founder of a theatre company, Painted Horse UK. He re-appeared in the final two films of the Harry Potter film franchise, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2, after his character's absence from Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and only a brief non-speaking role in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Outside of the Harry Potter films, Rankin has also been seen in the TV mini-series The Rotters' Club and Channel 5's Victoria Cross Heroes in which he played Evelyn Wood. In 2002 he worked as an usher at UCI Cinemas. On stage, Chris has played a variety of roles in pantomimes across the country, as well as Edgar Linton in Wuthering Heights, Eilert Loevborg in Hedda Gabler, and Young Syrian in Salomé. In 2009, Rankin starred in and produced a YouTube video titled \\\"LifeHack\\\", directed by Thomas \\\"TomSka\\\" Ridgewell, in which he played a vigilante hacker who accesses people's personal photos to find a missing woman. He also appeared as Mycroft Holmes in the Hillywood Show's \\\"Sherlock\\\" parody in 2016. He completed his study at the University of Lincoln in 2011. Rankin now works in television and film production since 2011 and is credited as production secretary on \\\"Atlantis\\\" (Urban Myth Films/BBC Wales). Film, television and stage References External links Chris' MySpace English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Male actors from Auckland 21st-century English male actors Male actors from Norfolk New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom New Zealand expatriates in England 21st-century New Zealand male actors New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male television actors New Zealand male stage actors New Zealand adoptees People educated at Kristin School Alumni of the University of Lincoln\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Rankin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29008505\",\n \"text\": \"David Barron is a British film producer, best known for his involvement in the Harry Potter film series. Career Barron has worked in the entertainment industry for more than 25 years, beginning his career in commercials before moving into television and film production. He has held a wide range of posts, including location manager, assistant director, production manager and production supervisor, working on such films as The French Lieutenant's Woman, The Killing Fields, Revolution, Legend, The Princess Bride and Franco Zeffirelli's Hamlet. In 1991, Barron was appointed executive in charge of production on George Lucas' ambitious television project The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. The following year, he served as the line producer on the feature The Muppet Christmas Carol. In 1993, Barron joined Kenneth Branagh's production team as associate producer and unit production manager on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. That film began an association with Branagh, with Barron going on to produce the director's films A Midwinter's Tale, Hamlet and Love's Labour's Lost. Barron also produced Oliver Parker's Othello, in which Branagh starred with Laurence Fishburne. In spring 1999, he formed his own company, Contagious Films, with British director Paul Weiland. Barron more recently launched Runaway Fridge Films and Beagle Pug Films. He worked as a producer on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2. He previously served as a producer on Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. He was also an executive producer on both Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Filmography Producer Othello (1995) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) Hamlet (1996) Love's Labours Lost (2000) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) Page Eight (2011) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) Frank (2014) Cinderella (2015) The Legend of Tarzan (2016) Breathe (2017) Terminal (2018) Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018) Escape from Pretoria (2020) Emily (2022) Executive producer It Was an Accident (2000) Possession (2002) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Possession (2002) Production supervisor Revolution (1985) The Princess Bride (1987) The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1987) Strapless (1989) Nightbreed (1990) Other credits References External links British film producers Living people People from South Oxfordshire District 1959 births\",\n \"title\": \"David Barron (film producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5897241\",\n \"text\": \"Sevin Okyay (Istanbul, 1942) is a Turkish literary critic, journalist, author, regular columnist and a prolific translator. Sevin had been a radio host and a teacher as well. Biography She is a graduate of the Arnavutköy American Girl's (High) School. During her youth she worked with Yıldız Moran, the first formally educated female photographer in Turkey. Okyay is best known for translating the Harry Potter books, and for her positive and appreciative criticism in Radikal, a Turkish newspaper. Her son, Kutlukhan Kutlu, is also following his mother's footsteps and is accompanying her in translating the Harry Potter series. Okyay has been translating since 1963. She started working as a journalist in 1976. She writes mainly about cinema, literature, jazz and sports. She is hailed as a milestone of modern translation in Turkey. She used to have two cats who were twins, named after the Weasley twins. A serious jazz aficionado, she was the host of a radio show in Turkey, and her playlist included mainly jazz standards. Selected bibliography Ilk Romanim (My First Novel) novel, 1996 120 Filmde Seyriâlem (A Cinema Tour in 120 Films) selected movie critiques, 1996 Çiçek Dürbünü (Kaleidoscope) collected essays, 1998 Selected translations Tales of the Early World, by Ted Hughes Ilk Dünya Hikayeleri YKY, 1999, Delights of Turkey, by Edouard Roditi Türkiye Tatlari, YKY, 1999, Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction, by J.D. Salinger Yükseltin Tavan Kirisini, Ustalar ve Seymour - bir Giris, with Coskun Yerli, YKY, 1999, Animal Farm, by George Orwell Hayvanlar Çiftliği, YKY 2000 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Sirlar Odasi, YKY 2001, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Azkaban Tutsagi, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2001, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Ates Kadehi, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2001, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them?, by J.K. Rowling Fantastik Canavlar Nelerdir, Nerelerde Bulunurlar?, with Gül Sarioglu, YKY 2002, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Zümrüdüanka Yoldasligi, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2003, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter ve Melez Prens, with K. Kutlu, YKY 2005, External links A collection of her critiques (in Turkish) An article in English by Okyay on the 9th Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival References 1942 births Living people Turkish translators Translators from English Translators to Turkish Harry Potter in translation Writers from Istanbul Turkish women writers\",\n \"title\": \"Sevin Okyay\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Leavesden Film Studios"],"string":"[\n \"Leavesden Film Studios\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":47,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45986"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how many seats are there in the legislative assembly of ontario"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"70958165","text":"The 44th Ontario general election is tentatively scheduled to be held on June 4, 2026. As of December 2016, Ontario elections are held on the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following the previous general election, unless the Legislative Assembly of Ontario is dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario due to advice from the Premier of Ontario, a motion of no confidence or the failure of the Assembly to grant supply. Such a dissolution is unlikely as the current government has a majority. Standings |- !rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"2\" align=left|Party !rowspan=\"2\" align=left|Party leader !colspan=\"2\" align=center|Seats |- !align=\"center\"|2022 !align=\"center\"|Current |align=left|Doug Ford |83 |80 |align=left|Marit Stiles |31 |28 |align=left|Bonnie Crombie |8 |9 |align=left|Mike Schreiner |1 |2 | colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Independent |1 |5 |- | | colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Vacant |0 |0 |- |align=left colspan=\"3\"|Total | align=\"right\"|124 | align=\"right\"|124 |} Timeline 2022 June 2: The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario under Doug Ford won a second majority government in the 43rd Ontario general election. New Democratic Party leader Andrea Horwath and Liberal leader Steven Del Duca both announce their resignation on election night. June 28: Toronto—Danforth MPP Peter Tabuns was named interim leader of the NDP, becoming Leader of the Official Opposition. August 3: Ottawa South MPP John Fraser was named interim leader of the Liberals. 2023 February 4: Marit Stiles was declared leader of the NDP, and became Leader of the Official Opposition. December 2: Bonnie Crombie was elected leader of the Liberals. 2024 Ridings The Electoral Boundaries Act, 2015 increased the number of electoral districts from 107 to 122, following the boundaries set out by the federal 2013 Representation Order for Ontario, while preserving the special boundaries of the 11 seats in Northern Ontario set out in the 1996 redistribution. The Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission, appointed in 2016, recommended the creation of the additional districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay, carved out from the existing Kenora—Rainy River and Timmins—James Bay ridings, which accordingly raised the total number of seats to 124. This was implemented through the Representation Statute Law Amendment Act, 2017. With the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, Ontario has been allotted 1 additional seat in the House of Commons, which could potentially increase the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Opinion polls References Opinion poll sources External links Elections Ontario Next","title":"44th Ontario general election"},{"docid":"1587208","text":"The 1963 Ontario general election was held on September 25, 1963, to elect the 108 members of the 27th Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or \"MPPs\") of the Province of Ontario. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by John Robarts, who had replaced Leslie Frost as PC leader and premier in 1961, won a seventh consecutive term in office, and maintained its majority in the legislature, increasing its caucus from the 71 members elected in the previous election to 77 members in an enlarged legislature. The Ontario Liberal Party, led by John Wintermeyer, increased its caucus from 22 to 24 members, although Wintermeyer lost his seat of Waterloo North. He resigned as party leader but the Liberals continued in their role of official opposition. Robert Gibson of Kenora was re-elected as a Liberal-Labour MPP sitting with the Liberal caucus. The social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was formally dissolved and succeeded by the Ontario New Democratic Party in 1961. The newly conglomerated party was still led by Donald C. MacDonald, and won two additional seats, for a total of seven. The Social Credit Party of Ontario split into two factions mirroring the split in the federal party. The official Social Credit party ran candidates in three rural ridings while the more radical Social Credit Action faction ran candidates in six ridings in Toronto. Expansion of Legislative Assembly The size of the Legislative Assembly was increased from 98 to 108 members, through the reorganization of Toronto's suburban ridings: Results |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=5 | MPPs ! colspan=3 | Votes |- ! Candidates !1959 !Dissol. !1963 !± !# !% ! ± (pp) |style=\"text-align:left;\"|John Robarts |108 |71 | |77 |6 |1,052,740 |48.61% |2.46 |style=\"text-align:left;\"|John Wintermeyer |107 |21 | |23 |2 |754,032 |34.82% |1.44 |style=\"text-align:left;\"|Donald C. MacDonald |97 |5 | |7 |2 |340,208 |15.71% |0.96 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| |1 |1 | |1 | |6,774 |0.31% |0.04 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| |1 |– |– |– | |5,190 |0.24% |0.13 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| |7 |– |– |– | |2,759 |0.13% |0.09 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| |9 |– |– |– | |2,313 |0.11% |0.02 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| |6 |– |– |– | |1,654 |0.08% |0.15 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| |1 |– |– |– | |103 |– | |style=\"text-align:left;\"| | |– |– |– | |colspan=\"3\"|did not campaign |style=\"text-align:left;\"| | |– |– |– | |colspan=\"3\"|did not campaign |colspan=\"3\"| | |colspan=\"5\"| |-style=\"background:#E9E9E9;\" |colspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:left;\"|Total |337 |98 |98 |108 | |2,165,773 |100.00% | |- |colspan=\"8\" style=\"text-align:left;\"|Blank and invalid ballots |align=\"right\"|18,028 |style=\"background:#E9E9E9;\" colspan=\"2\"| |-style=\"background:#E9E9E9;\" |colspan=\"8\" style=\"text-align:left;\"|Registered voters / turnout |3,435,745 |59.72% |3.84 |} Synopsis of results = open seat = turnout is above provincial average = winning candidate was in previous Legislature = incumbent had switched allegiance = incumbency arose from byelection gain = previously incumbent in another riding = other incumbents renominated = Liberal-Labour candidate = multiple candidates Analysis Reorganization of ridings The reorganized ridings returned the following MPPs: Seats that changed hands There were 12 seats that changed allegiance in the election. PC to Liberal Algoma—Manitoulin Essex South Grey North Huron—Bruce Ottawa East","title":"1963 Ontario general election"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"70958165\",\n \"text\": \"The 44th Ontario general election is tentatively scheduled to be held on June 4, 2026. As of December 2016, Ontario elections are held on the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following the previous general election, unless the Legislative Assembly of Ontario is dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario due to advice from the Premier of Ontario, a motion of no confidence or the failure of the Assembly to grant supply. Such a dissolution is unlikely as the current government has a majority. Standings |- !rowspan=\\\"2\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=left|Party !rowspan=\\\"2\\\" align=left|Party leader !colspan=\\\"2\\\" align=center|Seats |- !align=\\\"center\\\"|2022 !align=\\\"center\\\"|Current |align=left|Doug Ford |83 |80 |align=left|Marit Stiles |31 |28 |align=left|Bonnie Crombie |8 |9 |align=left|Mike Schreiner |1 |2 | colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Independent |1 |5 |- | | colspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Vacant |0 |0 |- |align=left colspan=\\\"3\\\"|Total | align=\\\"right\\\"|124 | align=\\\"right\\\"|124 |} Timeline 2022 June 2: The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario under Doug Ford won a second majority government in the 43rd Ontario general election. New Democratic Party leader Andrea Horwath and Liberal leader Steven Del Duca both announce their resignation on election night. June 28: Toronto—Danforth MPP Peter Tabuns was named interim leader of the NDP, becoming Leader of the Official Opposition. August 3: Ottawa South MPP John Fraser was named interim leader of the Liberals. 2023 February 4: Marit Stiles was declared leader of the NDP, and became Leader of the Official Opposition. December 2: Bonnie Crombie was elected leader of the Liberals. 2024 Ridings The Electoral Boundaries Act, 2015 increased the number of electoral districts from 107 to 122, following the boundaries set out by the federal 2013 Representation Order for Ontario, while preserving the special boundaries of the 11 seats in Northern Ontario set out in the 1996 redistribution. The Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission, appointed in 2016, recommended the creation of the additional districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay, carved out from the existing Kenora—Rainy River and Timmins—James Bay ridings, which accordingly raised the total number of seats to 124. This was implemented through the Representation Statute Law Amendment Act, 2017. With the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, Ontario has been allotted 1 additional seat in the House of Commons, which could potentially increase the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Opinion polls References Opinion poll sources External links Elections Ontario Next\",\n \"title\": \"44th Ontario general election\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1587208\",\n \"text\": \"The 1963 Ontario general election was held on September 25, 1963, to elect the 108 members of the 27th Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or \\\"MPPs\\\") of the Province of Ontario. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by John Robarts, who had replaced Leslie Frost as PC leader and premier in 1961, won a seventh consecutive term in office, and maintained its majority in the legislature, increasing its caucus from the 71 members elected in the previous election to 77 members in an enlarged legislature. The Ontario Liberal Party, led by John Wintermeyer, increased its caucus from 22 to 24 members, although Wintermeyer lost his seat of Waterloo North. He resigned as party leader but the Liberals continued in their role of official opposition. Robert Gibson of Kenora was re-elected as a Liberal-Labour MPP sitting with the Liberal caucus. The social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was formally dissolved and succeeded by the Ontario New Democratic Party in 1961. The newly conglomerated party was still led by Donald C. MacDonald, and won two additional seats, for a total of seven. The Social Credit Party of Ontario split into two factions mirroring the split in the federal party. The official Social Credit party ran candidates in three rural ridings while the more radical Social Credit Action faction ran candidates in six ridings in Toronto. Expansion of Legislative Assembly The size of the Legislative Assembly was increased from 98 to 108 members, through the reorganization of Toronto's suburban ridings: Results |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=5 | MPPs ! colspan=3 | Votes |- ! Candidates !1959 !Dissol. !1963 !± !# !% ! ± (pp) |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|John Robarts |108 |71 | |77 |6 |1,052,740 |48.61% |2.46 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|John Wintermeyer |107 |21 | |23 |2 |754,032 |34.82% |1.44 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Donald C. MacDonald |97 |5 | |7 |2 |340,208 |15.71% |0.96 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| |1 |1 | |1 | |6,774 |0.31% |0.04 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| |1 |– |– |– | |5,190 |0.24% |0.13 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| |7 |– |– |– | |2,759 |0.13% |0.09 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| |9 |– |– |– | |2,313 |0.11% |0.02 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| |6 |– |– |– | |1,654 |0.08% |0.15 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| |1 |– |– |– | |103 |– | |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| | |– |– |– | |colspan=\\\"3\\\"|did not campaign |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| | |– |– |– | |colspan=\\\"3\\\"|did not campaign |colspan=\\\"3\\\"| | |colspan=\\\"5\\\"| |-style=\\\"background:#E9E9E9;\\\" |colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Total |337 |98 |98 |108 | |2,165,773 |100.00% | |- |colspan=\\\"8\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Blank and invalid ballots |align=\\\"right\\\"|18,028 |style=\\\"background:#E9E9E9;\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"| |-style=\\\"background:#E9E9E9;\\\" |colspan=\\\"8\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Registered voters / turnout |3,435,745 |59.72% |3.84 |} Synopsis of results = open seat = turnout is above provincial average = winning candidate was in previous Legislature = incumbent had switched allegiance = incumbency arose from byelection gain = previously incumbent in another riding = other incumbents renominated = Liberal-Labour candidate = multiple candidates Analysis Reorganization of ridings The reorganized ridings returned the following MPPs: Seats that changed hands There were 12 seats that changed allegiance in the election. PC to Liberal Algoma—Manitoulin Essex South Grey North Huron—Bruce Ottawa East\",\n \"title\": \"1963 Ontario general election\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1662251","text":"Joan Mary Fawcett (April 19, 1937 – August 16, 2015) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. She served as a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1995 who represented the eastern Ontario riding of Northumberland. Background Fawcett was educated at Ottawa Teachers' College and Queen's University in Kingston. She worked as a teacher after her graduation. She and her husband Robert raised three children. Politics Fawcett served as reeve of Colborne, Northumberland County, Ontario, before her provincial career. She ran for the Ontario legislature in the 1985 provincial election, but lost to Progressive Conservative Howard Sheppard by fewer than 2000 votes in the rural, eastern-Ontario riding of Northumberland. She ran again in the 1987 provincial election, and defeated Sheppard by 1376 votes amid a landslide majority victory for the Liberals under David Peterson. Fawcett was appointed Deputy Government Whip, served as chair of the Liberal rural caucus from 1988 to 1990, and was appointed as parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Skills Development in 1989. The Liberals were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1990 provincial election. Although the Liberals lost many of their marginal seats in this election, Fawcett was re-elected over Progressive Conservative candidate Angus Read by 1094 votes; the NDP candidate was a close third. Fawcett served as her party's caucus chair from 1990 to 1992, and held a variety of critic positions. The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in the 1995 provincial election, and Fawcett lost the Northumberland riding to Progressive Conservative Doug Galt by over 6000 votes. Fawcett retired from politics and moved to Howe Island with her husband and died in Cobourg, Ontario, on August 16, 2015, at Northumberland Hills Hospital at the age of 78 from a massive stroke. She was survived by her three children and a sister, as well as extended family. References External links 1937 births 2015 deaths Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Women MPPs in Ontario Politicians from Kingston, Ontario","title":"Joan Fawcett"},{"docid":"489259","text":"George Howard Ferguson, PC (June 18, 1870 – February 21, 1946) was the ninth premier of Ontario, from 1923 to 1930. He was a Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1905 to 1930 who represented the eastern provincial riding of Grenville. Background The son of Charles Frederick Ferguson, who served in the Canadian House of Commons, Ferguson studied at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall, was called to the Ontario bar in 1894, and returned to Kemptville to practise. Ferguson was elected to the municipal council and served three years as reeve of Kemptville. He married Ella Cumming in 1896. Early political career First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1905 election, Ferguson served as Minister of Lands, Forest, and Mines in the government of William Howard Hearst from 1914 to 1919. Ferguson approved the reservation of of pulpwood on crown land to the Mead Corporation, and a further to Abitibi Power and Paper Company although the Crown Timber Act required pulp limits to be sold by public tender. He declared, \"My ambition has been to see the largest paper industry in the world established in the Province, and my attitude towards the pulp and paper industry has been directed towards assisting in bringing this about.\" After becoming Premier of Ontario in 1923, Ferguson reserved a further to Abitibi. In addition, he sold timber limits to the Shevlin-Clarke Lumber Company (headed by the fellow Conservative James Arthur Mathieu) for less than half the price they would have normally fetched, and the company later paid a fine of $1.5 million for breaching the Crown Timber Act. The transactions were criticized in a subsequent inquiry, in which the commission reported: Ferguson became leader of the Conservative Party upon the defeat of the Hearst government that year. Premiership In the 1923 election, the Ontario Conservative Party came to power under Ferguson's leadership by defeating the United Farmers of Ontario-Labour coalition government of Ernest C. Drury. The Conservatives won 75 of the 111 seats in the legislature. Ferguson's government encouraged private investment in industry and the development of the province's natural resources as a means of achieving prosperity. It was re-elected in the 1926 election with 72 seats and in 1929 with 90 seats. French policy In 1911, Ferguson argued in the legislature that \"no language other than English should be used as a medium of instruction in the schools of this Province\" although that a significant proportion of the population was French-Canadian. Sectarian politics was still rife in Ontario, and the Conservatives relied on a base of Orange support. Ferguson was prepared to pander to the Orangemen with anti-Catholic and anti-French rhetoric. In 1912, the Ontario government passed Regulation 17, which greatly restricted the use of French language instruction. The legislation outraged Quebec and was an irritant to national unity during the First World War. When Ferguson became premier, he reversed himself by moderating the legislation and allowing more French-language instruction. His government, however, refused to","title":"Howard Ferguson"},{"docid":"5659808","text":"George Bennett (March 10, 1887 - February 29, 1948) was the 19th Mayor of the City of Windsor and a Member of Provincial Parliament in Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1943 to 1945. He represented the riding of Windsor—Sandwich for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Bennett's time as a mayor was brief, from 1935 to 1936. He was preceded by David Croll and succeeded by Ernest S. Wigle. Bennett was elected in a surprise sweep by the CCF and Ted Jolliffe in 1943, where his party went from no seats to 34. He served on several Legislative Committees including Public Accounts, Municipal Law, and Game and Fish. He lost his seat in 1945, along with many of his fellow CCF MPP's. Windsor-Sandwich would not be represented by a social democrat until 1967 when Hugh Peacock was elected. In 1910 he married Hannah Elizabeth Hackney. He died in Windsor, Ontario at the age of 60. References External links 1888 births 1948 deaths 20th-century Canadian legislators Mayors of Windsor, Ontario Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPPs","title":"George Bennett (Ontario politician)"},{"docid":"57630563","text":"The 42nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario was a legislature of the province of Ontario, Canada. The membership was set by the 2018 Ontario general election and sat for two sessions until it was dissolved on May 3, 2022 in advance of the 2022 Ontario general election. A majority government was formed by the Progressive Conservative Party with leader Doug Ford serving as Premier of Ontario. The Official Opposition, and the only other recognized party, was the Ontario New Democratic Party led by Andrea Horwath. The Ontario Liberal Party and Green Party of Ontario also elected members to seats in the legislature, but neither elected enough MPPs for official party status. At dissolution, the New Blue Party of Ontario and the Ontario Party each had one MPP, but also lacked official party status. Ford was officially sworn in as Premier of Ontario by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario on June 29, 2018. The first session of the 42nd Legislative Assembly was opened on July 11, 2018 with the election of Ted Arnott as Speaker. Election and appointments The Members of the Provincial Parliament (MPP) that served in the Legislative Assembly of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario were elected in the general election held on June 7, 2018. The election returned 76 Progressive Conservatives, 40 NDP members, 7 Liberals, and 1 Green. This allowed the Progressive Conservative Party to form a majority government with its leader Doug Ford becoming Premier and the NDP forming the Official Opposition. Neither the Liberals, nor the Green Party had sufficient number of seats to provide them with party status in the legislative assembly. Ford assembled a 21-member Cabinet which was sworn in by Lieutenant Governor Elizabeth Dowdeswell on June 29. The cabinet featured Ford as Premier and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs with former Progressive Conservative leadership candidates Christine Elliott as Deputy Premier and Minister of Health, and Caroline Mulroney as Attorney General. Former interim leaders of the Progressive Conservatives Vic Fedeli and Jim Wilson were assigned to be Minister of Finance and Minister of Economic Development, respectively. This initial cabinet also featured Lisa MacLeod as both Minister of Community and Social Services and Minister of Children and Youth Services, Lisa Thompson as Minister of Education, Rod Phillips as Minister of the Environment, and John Yakabuski as Minister of Transportation. In addition, 26 other Progressive Conservative MPPs were appointed to be parliamentary assistants. Todd Smith was appointed Government House Leader and Ted Arnott was elected Speaker. The first change to the Cabinet came on November 2, 2018, when Jim Wilson resigned to sit as an independent and Todd Smith assumed his role as Minister of Economic Development. The first major cabinet shuffle came on June 20, 2019, as the premier expanded the cabinet to 28 members with 31 other Progressive Conservative MPPs being parliamentary assistants. Doug Downey, Paul Calandra, Stephen Lecce and Ross Romano were promoted to cabinet to be Attorney General, Government House Leader, Minister of Education, and Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, respectively. Jill","title":"42nd Parliament of Ontario"},{"docid":"1046191","text":"Sir Richard William Scott, (February 24, 1825 – April 23, 1913) was a Canadian politician and cabinet minister. Early life He was born in Prescott, Ontario, in 1825, a descendant of a family from County Clare. A lawyer by training, Scott was admitted to the bar in 1848 and established a practice in Bytown (now Ottawa). Political career Scott became a member of municipal council in 1851, was mayor of Bytown in 1852, and held a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1857 to 1863. With Canadian Confederation, Scott won a seat in the Ontario legislature as a Liberal representing Ottawa from 1867 to 1871. He was Speaker of the legislature briefly in December 1871 before he was appointed to the provincial cabinet as Commissioner of Crown Lands. Scott played a leading role in passing legislation ensuring the rights of separate schools in Ontario. In November 1873, he left provincial politics when he was appointed minister without portfolio by Alexander Mackenzie in the federal Cabinet. Mackenzie had become prime minister after Sir John A. Macdonald's government had been forced to resign because of the Pacific Scandal. Scott was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Mackenzie in January 1874 and became Secretary of State for Canada and Leader of the Government in the Senate. A supporter of temperance, he drafted the \"Scott Act,\" which allowed any county or municipality in Canada to prohibit the retail sale of liquor by majority vote. With the defeat of the Liberal government in the 1878 election, Scott became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate until the return of the Liberals to government, under Wilfrid Laurier. Scott resumed his old Cabinet position of Secretary of State. Scott retired from the cabinet in 1908 but remained in the Senate until his death in 1913. He was made a knight in 1909 by King Edward VII. Family Richard William Scott was married in Philadelphia, Pa., November 8, 1853, to Mary Heron, the daughter of John Heron and Frances, his wife. She was born and educated in Dublin, Ireland. The couple had two sons William L. Scott, Local Master in Chancery, and D Arcy Scott, Barrister, Ottawa and four daughters. Before her marriage, Mrs. Scott was a professional singer who toured in Canada and the United States as a member of \"The Heron sisters.\" The couple lived at 274 Daly Avenue, Ottawa. She served on the Executive Committee of the National Council of Women and as a Vice-President of the Local Council. Archives There is a Richard William Scott fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Electoral history References External links Member's Parliamentary History at the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Sir Richard Scott, PC , KC 1825 births 1913 deaths Mayors of Bytown Canadian Knights Bachelor Lawyers in Ontario Canadian King's Counsel Canadian senators from Ontario Canadian people of Irish descent Liberal Party of Canada senators Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West Members of the King's","title":"Richard William Scott"},{"docid":"71430374","text":"Section 69 of the Constitution Act, 1867 () is a provision of the Constitution of Canada creating the Legislature of the province of Ontario, which did not exist prior to 1867. The Constitution Act, 1867 created Ontario, including the institutions of the new provincial government, such as the Legislature. The Constitution Act, 1867 is the constitutional statute which established Canada. Originally named the British North America Act, 1867, the Act continues to be the foundational statute for the Constitution of Canada, although it has been amended many times since 1867. It is now recognised as part of the supreme law of Canada. Constitution Act, 1867 The Constitution Act, 1867 is part of the Constitution of Canada and thus part of the supreme law of Canada. It was the product of extensive negotiations by the governments of the British North American provinces in the 1860s. The Act sets out the constitutional framework of Canada, including the structure of the federal government and the powers of the federal government and the provinces. Originally enacted in 1867 by the British Parliament under the name the British North America Act, 1867, in 1982 the Act was brought under full Canadian control through the Patriation of the Constitution, and was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867. Since Patriation the Act can only be amended in Canada, under the amending formula set out in the Constitution Act, 1982. Text of section 69 Section 69 reads: Section 69 is found in Part V of the Constitution Act, 1867, dealing with provincial constitutions. It has not been amended since the Act was enacted in 1867. Purpose and interpretation The province of Ontario did not exist prior to 1867. From 1841 to Confederation in 1867, what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec formed the single Province of Canada. Section 6 of the Act split the Province of Canada into the two new and separate provinces. The Constitution Act, 1867 therefore had to create the government institutions for the two new provinces. Section 69 of the Act created the Legislature of Ontario as a unicameral legislature, consisting of the elected Legislative Assembly and the appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, the representative of the Crown. The Assembly originally had 82 seats, the same as the new federal House of Commons. The Legislative Assembly also used the same electoral map as the House of Commons, set out in the First Schedule of the Act. The unicameral legislature was the first in British North America. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald explained that it was sufficient to have a unicameral legislature for what he considered to be a \"subordinate Legislature\", in the nature of a municipal body. However, the courts have held that the provincial legislatures do not act as delegates of the federal Parliament. Instead, the provinces exercise plenary legislative powers. The purpose of the federation was not to subordinate the provinces to the federal government. Rather, with respect to matters assigned to the provinces, \"each province retain[s] its independence and autonomy.\"","title":"Section 69 of the Constitution Act, 1867"},{"docid":"12097345","text":"William Manley German (May 25, 1851 – March 31, 1933) was an Ontario barrister and political figure. He represented Welland in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1894 to 1900 and in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1892, from 1900 to 1917 and from 1921 to 1925 as a Liberal member. He was born in Hillier Township, Prince Edward County, Canada West, the son of George German whose parents were United Empire Loyalists from New York state. He studied at Victoria College in Cobourg. German articled in law with Lewis Wallbridge in Belleville and then Edward Fitzgerald in Toronto. He was called to the bar in 1883 and set up practice in Welland. In 1885, he married Henrietta Aylmer Macdonald. German was deputy reeve for Welland in 1890. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1891 but unseated after an appeal. German resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1900 to sit in the federal parliament. He ran unsuccessfully in 1917 and 1926 for the Welland seat in the House of Commons. German introduced legislation in the House of Commons to establish a bridge commission which led to the construction of the Peace Bridge between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York; similar legislation had been introduced in the United States Congress and the New York State Legislature. He was vice-president of the Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Company established to build the bridge. References The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 JA Gemmill Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario The History of the County of Welland, Ontario, its past and present (1887) 1851 births 1933 deaths Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario People from Prince Edward County, Ontario","title":"William Manley German"},{"docid":"8857887","text":"This is a list of the Parliaments of the Ontario Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Canadian province of Ontario, since Canadian Confederation in 1867. The Legislative Assembly has existed since 1867 when the British North America Act, 1867 severed the Province of Canada into two new provinces, with the portion then called Canada West becoming Ontario. For the Parliaments prior to Confederation, see Parliament of the Province of Canada (1841 to 1867) and Parliament of Upper Canada (1791 to 1841). List of Parliaments Although they had fewer seats than the Conservatives, the Liberals formed a minority government with the support of the NDP. Sources Legislative Assemblies","title":"List of Ontario Legislative Assemblies"},{"docid":"3440342","text":"The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada was the lower house of the Parliament of the Province of Canada. The Province of Canada consisted of the former province of Lower Canada, then known as Canada East (now Quebec), and Upper Canada, then known as Canada West (now Ontario). It was created by The Union Act, 1840. Canada East and Canada West each elected 42 members to the assembly for the first four parliaments. In 1853, following the 1851 Canadian census, the number of seats in the assembly was increased by the 4th Parliament of the Province of Canada from 84 to 130, 65 for each section, even though Canada West had a slightly larger population. The Parliamentary Representation Act of June 1853 was to take effect with the election for the 5th Parliament of the Province of Canada. The upper house of the legislature was called the Legislative Council. The two houses, the lower house and the upper house, constituted the Parliament of the Province of Canada. (See List of Parliaments below) The first session of parliament began in Kingston in Canada West in 1841. The second parliament and the first sessions of the third parliament were held in Montreal. On April 25, 1849, rioters protesting the Rebellion Losses Bill burned the parliament buildings. The remaining sessions of the third parliament were held in Toronto. Subsequent parliaments were held in Quebec City and Toronto, except for the last session June–August 1866 of the eighth and final parliament, which was held in the newly built Parliament building in Ottawa, the capital chosen for the Dominion of Canada. The British North America Act of 1867 divided the Province of Canada into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, each province having its own Legislative Assembly, as well as representation in the Parliament of Canada. Seat of Government and Parliament Buildings Parliament for the United Provinces of Canada drifted around the cities of Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, Quebec City and Ottawa. For exhaustive detail on how Parliament tried to resolve the issue of a permanent capital, see below David B. Knight, Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution in a Parliamentary System (Carleton Library Series, 1991). 1841–1843 three sessions were held at the three-storey Kingston General Hospital 1843 Parliament moves to Montreal and sites at renovated St. Anne's Market; burned down in 1849; rebuilt as market only and burned down again in 1902; site later was a parking lot and now public square called Place d'Youville. 1849 temporary sites for Parliament at Bonsecours Market and the Freemason's Hall, Montreal for single session. 1849–1850 Parliament returns to Toronto to the site of the Third Parliament Buildings at Front and Simcoe Streets. 1851 Parliament relocates to Quebec City in 1851 to the Quebec Parliament Building until fire destroys the building in 1854. 1854–1859 Parliament remains in Quebec City and relocates to Quebec Music Hall and Quebec City Courthouse. 1859 Parliament returns to Toronto to the site of the last parliament held there in 1849–1851 sessions. 1860–1865 Parliament returns","title":"Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada"},{"docid":"37547225","text":"Peter Stewart Bevan-Baker (born 3 June 1962) is a Scottish-Canadian politician. He served as the leader of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island from 2012 to 2023. He is currently the member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island representing New Haven-Rocky Point (formerly representing Kellys Cross-Cumberland). He previously stood as a candidate for both the Green Party of Ontario and the Green Party of Canada. Bevan-Baker is a dentist by profession as well as being an active writer, musician and public speaker. Bevan-Baker served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in the 66th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 2019 to 2023. Personal life He is the second child of composer John Bevan Baker and June Findlay. He holds a Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree from the University of Glasgow. In 1985 he emigrated to Canada, living first in Lewisporte, Newfoundland and then Brockville, Ontario before settling in Prince Edward Island in 2003. He became a Canadian citizen in 1992. Political career Bevan-Baker joined the Green Party of Canada in 1992, and has run as a candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the elections of 1993, 1997 in the riding of Leeds—Grenville and provincially in 1995 in the riding of Leeds-Grenville in Ontario, and 2008 and 2011 in Malpeque, PEI. In 1997, he ran on a platform that advocated establishing a Genuine Progress Index (GPI). This was proposed to replace the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the standard measure for assessing national progress with an index that gauged the health and well-being of people, communities and eco-systems. Though not elected from 1997 to 2001, he forged an alliance with Liberal MP Joe Jordan to draft the Canada Well-Being Measurement Bill (C-268), which incorporated many of the central tenets of the GPI. The bill received first reading on 14 February 2001, but did not become law. Bevan-Baker has also run three times as a candidate in provincial elections in Ontario, and on Prince Edward Island in the riding of Kelly's Cross-Cumberland in 2007 and 2011. In 2012 he spearheaded a coalition from a broad spectrum of Islanders against a project known as \"Plan B\", which involved rerouting a portion of the Trans Canada Highway through a section of ancient Acadian forest, citing negative environmental and fiscal implications for the province. In 2015, Bevan-Baker was elected to the Prince Edward Island Legislative Assembly with 54% of the vote, winning the first-ever seat for the Green Party of Prince Edward Island. It was his tenth attempt at winning a seat. He is the third member of a provincial Green Party to win a seat in a provincial legislature in Canada, following Andrew Weaver in British Columbia and David Coon in New Brunswick. In 2019 the Green Party under Bevan-Baker's leadership witnessed the best electoral performance of any Green Party in Canada, finishing with enough seats to form the Official Opposition, marking the first time that the Green Party has formed the Official Opposition at any","title":"Peter Bevan-Baker"},{"docid":"72735022","text":"The Ford family is a Canadian political family, who have English heritage. It includes the former Toronto Mayor Rob Ford and current Ontario Premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, Doug Ford. Notable members Doug Ford Sr. (1933 – 2006) Canadian businessperson and Ontario politician. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 1999 representing the riding of Etobicoke—Humber. He was the father of Rob Ford, and Doug Ford. Doug Ford (born 1964) Canadian politician and businessperson who has served as the 26th and current premier of Ontario since June 2018 and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario since March 2018. He represents the Toronto riding of Etobicoke North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Rob Ford (1969 – 2016) was a Canadian politician and businessperson who served as the 64th mayor of Toronto from 2010 to 2014. Before and after his term as mayor, Ford was a city councillor representing Ward 2 Etobicoke North. He was first elected to Toronto City Council in the 2000 Toronto municipal election, and was re-elected to his council seat twice. Krista Haynes (née Ford; born 1991) is a former Canadian professional women's American football player and conspiracy theorist. She is a daughter of Doug Ford. She was the captain the Legends Football League team Toronto Triumph. Michael Ford (born Michael Douglas Aldo Ford Stirpe; 1994) is a Canadian politician who has been the Ontario minister of citizenship and multiculturalism since June 24, 2022. A member of the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, he has represented York South—Weston in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 2022. Ford previously served on Toronto City Council from 2016 to 2022. First elected as a Toronto District School Board trustee in 2014, he later won a 2016 by-election for the council seat which was vacated upon the death of Rob Ford, before he was elected as a member of Provincial Parliament in 2022. He is the nephew of Doug Ford and Rob Ford. Ancestry The family have English heritage. The Toronto Sun cited online sources indicating that Doug and Rob Ford's paternal grandfather Ernest Ford moved from England to Canada in 1902 at the age of 11 as part of the Home Children immigration scheme. Offices held Legislative Assembly of Ontario member 1995 – 1996 (Doug Ford Sr.) 2018 – present (Doug Ford) 2022 – present (Michael Ford) Premier of Ontario 2018 – present Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leader 2018 – present Mayor of Toronto 2010 – 2014 Toronto city councillor 2000 – 2010, 2014 – 2016 (Rob Ford) 2010 – 2014 (Doug Ford) 2018 – 2022 (Michael Ford) Ontario Minister of Citizenship and Multiculturalism 2022 – present Toronto District School Board trustee 2014 – 2016 See also Trudeau family Mulroney family Hardisty family References Political families of Canada Politicians from Toronto","title":"Ford family (Canada)"},{"docid":"13496221","text":"Ottawa West—Nepean () is a provincial electoral district in eastern Ontario, Canada. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The riding is represented in the Ontario legislature by the NDP's Chandra Pasma. The riding has been fairly solidly Liberal. In the 1999 provincial election, former Member of Provincial Parliament Alex Cullen lost the nomination to Rick Chiarelli following fierce party battles. Cullen instead ran for the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP). The seat was won by Tory Garry Guzzo. In the 2003 provincial election, former Ottawa mayor Jim Watson ousted Guzzo. Former Ottawa mayor Bob Chiarelli won the seat in a March 4, 2010, by-election, after Jim Watson left his seat to run in the 2010 Ottawa municipal election. Chiarelli lost his seat to PC Jeremy Roberts in 2018 which saw the former governing Liberals fall to third place in the legislature. In the 2022 provincial election the NDP's Chandra Pasma defeated Roberts, the only PC incumbent to lose his seat in the election. This marked the first time the NDP had ever won the seat, either provincially or federally. History The electoral district was created in 1999 from 77% of Ottawa West, 38% of Nepean and 21% of Ottawa—Rideau. Members of Provincial Parliament This riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario: Election results 2007 electoral reform referendum References External links Map of riding for 2018 election Provincial electoral districts of Ottawa","title":"Ottawa West—Nepean (provincial electoral district)"},{"docid":"4543928","text":"Hermon (Herman) Henry Cook (April 26, 1837 – April 12, 1914) was an Ontario lumber merchant and political figure. He represented Simcoe North in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1878 and Simcoe East from 1882 to 1891. He also represented Simcoe East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1879 to 1882. Life He was born in Williamsburgh Township in Dundas County Upper Canada in 1826, the son of George Cook and Sarah Castleman, and was educated in Iroquois. He established himself as a lumber merchant in Simcoe County and set up a sawmill near the current site of the town of Midland, Ontario. With the completion of the Midland Railway of Canada, his timber business prospered. In 1861, he married Lydia White. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Ontario assembly in 1871. Cook resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1882 to run for a federal seat. He died in Toronto at the age of 76. Relatives His brother James William represented Dundas in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and his brother Simon represented Dundas in the House of Commons of Canada. His uncle John Cook had earlier represented Dundas in the legislative assembly for Upper Canada. Electoral record |- |Conservative |William Humphrey Bennett |align=\"right\"| 3,236 |Liberal |Hermon Henry Cook |align=\"right\"| 3,111 References External links Herman Henry Cook 1837 births 1914 deaths Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Ontario Liberal Party MPPs People from the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry","title":"Hermon Henry Cook"},{"docid":"1069313","text":"Leopold Macaulay (November 25, 1887 – December 24, 1979) was a Canadian politician and lawyer, born in Peterborough, Ontario. Macaulay was a Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was first elected as Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the Toronto area riding of York South in 1926. He was brought into the cabinet as Provincial Secretary and Registrar in September 1930 in the last few weeks of the administration of Ontario Premier George Howard Ferguson. He was retained in that position when Ferguson's successor, George Henry formed his cabinet in December. Macaulay went on to serve as Minister of Highways from 1931 to 1934 and also Minister of Public Works for six months before the defeat of the Henry government by Mitchell Hepburn's Ontario Liberal Party in the 1934 Ontario election. Macaulay kept his seat through the election and, in 1936, he was a candidate in the Ontario Conservative leadership convention placing fourth. He remained in the legislature until losing his seat in the 1943 Ontario election to Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation leader Ted Jolliffe. He also served on the Board of Regents of Victoria University, University of Toronto from 1932 to 1972, serving as chair from 1942 to 1951. References External links 1887 births 1979 deaths Members of the Executive Council of Ontario People from Peterborough, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs Provincial Secretaries of Ontario University of Toronto people","title":"Leopold Macaulay"},{"docid":"1587237","text":"The 1967 Ontario general election was held on October 17, 1967, to elect the 117 members of the 28th Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or \"MPPs\") of the Province of Ontario, Canada. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by John Robarts, won an eighth consecutive term in office, and maintained its majority in the legislature despite losing eight seats from its result in the previous election. The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Robert Nixon, increased its caucus from 24 to 28 members, and continued in the role of official opposition. T. Patrick Reid of Rainy River was elected as a Liberal-Labour MPP. He replaced Robert Gibson, the late MPP for Kenora as the legislature's sole Liberal-Labour MPP. The social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party, led by Donald C. MacDonald, increased its caucus in the legislature from 7 members to 20. Expansion of the Legislative Assembly The size of the Legislative Assembly was increased from 108 to 117 members, mainly through the reorganization of ridings outside Toronto: Results Summary |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MNAs ! colspan=4 | Votes |- ! Candidates !1963 !1967 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp) |style=\"text-align:left;\"|John Robarts | 117 || 77 || 69 || 8 || 1,018,755 || 33,985 || 42.10% || 6.51 |rowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\"|Robert Nixon | 115 || 23 || 27 || 4 || 762,340 || 8,308 || 31.51% || 3.31 | 2 || 1 || 1 || || 5,051 || 1,723 || 0.21% || 0.10 |style=\"text-align:left;\"|Donald C. MacDonald | 117 || 7 || 20 || 13 || 628,397 || 288,189 || 25.97% || 10.26 | || 5 || – || – || – || 2,382 || 377 || 0.10% || 0.03 |style=\"text-align:left;\"|Harvey Lainson || 7 || – || – || – || 1,906 || 407 || 0.08% || 0.03 | || 2 || – || – || – || 592 || 1,062 || 0.02% || 0.06 | || 1 || – || – || – || 287 || 184 || 0.01% || 0.01 |- ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Total |366||108 ! \" colspan=\"2\"|117 ! \" colspan=\"2\"|2,419,710 ! \" colspan=\"2\"| 100.00% |- | colspan=\"7\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Rejected ballots | 19,528 | 1.223 | colspan=\"2\"| |- | colspan=\"7\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Voter turnout | 2,439,238 | 255,160 | 66.18 | 2.65 |- | colspan=\"7\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Registered electors | 3,685,755 | 247,921 | colspan=\"2\"| |} Synopsis of results = open seat = turnout is above provincial average = winning candidate was in previous Legislature = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature = incumbent had switched allegiance = incumbency arose from byelection gain = previously incumbent in another riding = other incumbents renominated = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada = Liberal-Labour candidate = multiple candidates Analysis Incumbents standing in other ridings Eleven MPPs lost their seats in the current redistribution and sought reelection elsewhere. A further four chose to campaign in another riding. See also Politics","title":"1967 Ontario general election"},{"docid":"64779550","text":"Bytown was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada. The district represented the town of Bytown, in Canada West, which was re-named Ottawa in 1855. The electoral district was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada, from the merger of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. It was renamed to Ottawa following the renaming of the city. Bytown was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario. Boundaries Bytown electoral district was primarily centred on the town of Bytown, Canada West (now Ottawa, Ontario). It was located on the south shore of the Ottawa River, which was the boundary with Canada East, now the province of Quebec. The Union Act, 1840 merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2. Prior to the Union, Bytown had been included in the electoral district of the County of Carleton in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, but the Union Act provided that Bytown would constitute a separate electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of the new Parliament. The Union Act gave the Governor General of the Province of Canada the power to draw the boundaries for the electoral district. The first Governor General, Lord Sydenham, issued a proclamation shortly after the formation of the Province of Canada in early 1841, establishing the boundaries for the electoral district: Members of the Legislative Assembly Bytown was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Bytown. Significant elections In the first general election of 1841, Lord Sydenham was actively involved. He took all possible steps to ensure that a majority of the members elected to the Legislative Assembly would be supporters of the union of the Canadas. During a tour of Canada West, he stopped in Bytown and urged three of the declared candidates for the seat to withdraw in favour of his preferred candidate, Stewart Derbishire, even though Derbishire had no connection to Bytown. As part of his arguments, Sydenham told them that it was due to his influence that Bytown had received its own seat, separate from Carleton County. The three candidates withdraw, but a fourth, William Stewart continued in his candidacy. When the vote was held in March, 1841, Derbishire was elected, by a vote of 52 to 29. Stewart issued two public protests, accusing the returning officer of partisanship, but did not formally contest the result. Abolition The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly","title":"Bytown (Province of Canada electoral district)"},{"docid":"4353208","text":"George Strange Boulton (September 11, 1797 – February 13, 1869) was a lawyer and political figure in Upper Canada. Life and career He was born near Albany, New York, in 1797, the son of D’Arcy Boulton, and came to Upper Canada with his family around 1800. He studied at John Strachan's school in Cornwall. He served during the War of 1812. In 1818, he was called to the bar and began work as a lawyer in Port Hope. In 1824, he was appointed registrar for Northumberland County and he moved to Cobourg, the county seat. At the start of the 1837 rebellion, he became a member of the militia. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Durham in 1824; his election was declared invalid in 1825. In 1830, he was elected in Durham and represented it in the legislative assembly until 1841. He was a loyal Conservative and supported the expulsion of William Lyon Mackenzie from the assembly. In 1847, he was appointed to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada. He died in Cobourg, Ontario, in 1869. His brother, Henry John Boulton, was Attorney General in Upper Canada. References 1797 births 1869 deaths Politicians from Albany, New York American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario Canadian people of English descent Lawyers in Ontario Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada People from Cobourg Politicians from Toronto Immigrants to Upper Canada","title":"George Strange Boulton"},{"docid":"10637884","text":"James Clancy (July 21, 1844 – January 10, 1921) was an Ontario farmer, businessman and political figure. He represented Kent West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1883 to 1894 and Bothwell in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1904 as a Conservative member. He was born in Mosa Township, Middlesex County, Canada West in 1844, the son of Patrick Clancy, an Irish immigrant. In 1868, he married Emily McIntosh. He was a lumber merchant in Wallaceburg. Clancy served on the town council for Dresden and was reeve of Chatham. In 1896, he defeated David Mills to win a seat in the House of Commons. He ran unsuccessfully for the federal seat representing Lambton West in 1904 after the riding of Bothwell was redistributed, and for the provincial seat representing Kent West in 1905. Clancy served as provincial auditor from 1905 to 1920. Electoral record External links The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 JA Gemmill Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Lambton County's Hundred Years, 1849 - 1949, V Lauriston (1949) Office of the Auditor General 1844 births 1921 deaths Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Mayors of Chatham, Ontario People from Middlesex County, Ontario Canadian merchants","title":"James Clancy (politician)"},{"docid":"1666735","text":"The 1871 Ontario general election was the second general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It was held on March 21, 1871, to elect the 82 Members of the 2nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario (\"MLAs\"). The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Edward Blake, won a slim majority of the seats, and formed the government. The Ontario Conservative Party, led by John Sandfield Macdonald, served as the official opposition. Electoral reforms Earlier in 1871, the Legislative Assembly passed an Act to give the courts jurisdiction to rule on petitions dealing with corrupt practices in elections. In 1872, the Parliament of Canada passed an Act to compel MPs who were also members of a provincial legislature to resign such seats if they wished to stand again in a federal election. Five MLAs in the 1871 election were thus obliged to leave the Legislative Assembly in order to stand in federal ridings in 1872. Results |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MLAs ! colspan=4 | Votes |- ! Candidates !1867 !1871 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp) |style=\"text-align:left;\"| | 76 || 41 || 43 || 2 || 68,366 || 9,323 || 52.30% || 3.54 |style=\"text-align:left;\"| | 73 || 41 || 38 || 3 || 59,926 || 20,185 || 45.85% || 4.44 | || 1 || – || 1 || 1 || 1,116 || 1,116 || 0.85% || New | || 9 || – || – || – || 1,303 || 220 || 1.00% || 0.04 |- ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Total |159||82 ! \" colspan=\"2\"|88 ! \" colspan=\"2\"|130,711 ! \" colspan=\"2\"| 100.00% |- | colspan=\"7\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Voter turnout | 130,711 | 28,612 | 62.93 | 10.93 |- | colspan=\"7\" style=\"text-align:left;\" | Registered electors | 207,717 | 8,005 | colspan=\"2\"| |- | style=\"text-align:left;\" rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"3\" |Acclamations | style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=\"2\" | ||7 |- | style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=\"2\" | ||8 |- | style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=\"3\" |Other candidates receiving nil votes | style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=\"2\" | ||2 |} Synopsis of results = open seat = turnout is above provincial average = winning candidate was in previous Legislature = incumbent had switched allegiance = previously incumbent in another riding = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature = incumbency arose from byelection gain = other incumbents renominated = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada = multiple candidates Analysis MLAs elected by region and riding Party designations are as follows: Northern Ontario Ottawa Valley Saint Lawrence Valley Central Ontario Georgian Bay Wentworth/Halton/Niagara Midwestern Ontario Southwestern Ontario Peel/York/Ontario Later resignations on campaigning at the federal level See also Politics of Ontario List of Ontario political parties Premier of Ontario Leader of the Opposition (Ontario) Notes and references Notes References 1871 1871 elections in Canada March 1871 events 1871 in Ontario","title":"1871 Ontario general election"},{"docid":"4249649","text":"Benjamin Tett (Feb 14, 1798 - May 15, 1878) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Leeds South as a Conservative member of the 1st Parliament of Ontario. He was born in Hinton St. George in England in 1798, the son of John Tett who manufactured cloth for ships' sails, and came to Perth, Upper Canada in 1820, later moving to Newboro. He served on the district council of the Johnstown District representing North Crosby. Around 1830, he set up a sawmill north of Kingston at Bedford Mills, anticipating the completion of the Rideau Canal. In partnership with the Chaffey family and others, he established a booming timber business in the area. He also constructed a gristmill and opened a general store. In 1833, he married Julianna Poole. Tett ran unsuccessfully in Leeds for a seat in the legislative assembly of Upper Canada in 1838. He was again unsuccessful when he ran for the South Leeds seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1854 but went on to represent South Leeds in the assembly from 1858 to 1863. In 1863, he was defeated by Albert Norton Richards for the same seat. Tett also served as a justice of the peace. His daughter Elizabeth married doctor Robert Henry Preston, who later represented South Leeds in the provincial assembly. His great-grandson John Tett is the namesake of Kingston's Tett Centre for Creativity and Learning. Electoral history References External links History of Leeds and Grenville, Thaddeus William Henry Leavitt The Canadian parliamentary companion : first year HJ Morgan (1862) Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1798 births 1878 deaths Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario Politicians from Somerset People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties Immigrants to Upper Canada","title":"Benjamin Tett"},{"docid":"1586335","text":"The Province of Ontario is governed by a unicameral legislature, the Parliament of Ontario, composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which operates in the Westminster system of government. The political party that wins the largest number of seats in the legislature normally forms the government, and the party's leader becomes premier of the province, i.e., the head of the government. Ontario's current primary political parties are the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC), the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP), the Ontario Liberal Party and the Green Party of Ontario. Crown , as monarch of Canada is also the King in Right of Ontario. As a Commonwealth realm, the Canadian monarch is shared with 14 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations. Within Canada, the monarch exercises power individually on behalf of the federal government, and the 10 provinces. The powers of the Crown are vested in the monarch and are exercised by the lieutenant governor. The advice of the premier and Executive Council is typically binding; the Constitution Act, 1867 requires executive power to be exercised only \"by and with the Advice of the Executive Council\". The lieutenant governor is appointed by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister of Canada. Thus, it is typically the lieutenant governor whom the premier and ministers advise, exercising much of the royal prerogative and granting royal assent. While the advice of the premier and Executive Council is typically binding on the lieutenant governor, there are occasions when the lieutenant governor has refused advice. This usually occurs if the premier does not clearly command the confidence of the elected Legislative Assembly. In 2017 following the provincial election in British Columbia, Premier Christy Clark met with Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon and advised dissolution of the Legislature. Guichon declined the Clark's request. Clark then offered her resignation as Premier, and the leader of the Official Opposition, John Horgan, who was able to command the confidence of the elected Legislature, was invited to form government. Legislative power The unicameral 124-member Legislative Assembly of Ontario (), and the Crown-in-Parliament (represented by the lieutenant governor) comprise the Provincial Parliament of Ontario. As government power is vested in the Crown, the role of the lieutenant governor is to grant royal assent on behalf of the monarch to legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Crown does not participate in the legislative process save for signifying approval to a bill passed by the Assembly. Membership Officeholders, known as members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) are elected using the first-past-the-post system. Government The legislature plays a role in the election of governments, as the premier and Cabinet hold office by virtue of commanding the body's confidence. Per the tenets of responsible government, Cabinet ministers are almost always elected MPPs, and account to the Legislative Assembly. Opposition The second largest party of parliamentary caucus is known as the Official Opposition, who typically appoint MPPs as critics to shadow ministers, and scrutinize the work of the government. The","title":"Politics of Ontario"},{"docid":"1058370","text":"Fred Matthews Young (14 February 1907 – 13 December 1993) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1963 to 1981 who represented the riding of Yorkview. He was an ordained minister and long time organizer for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Background Young was born in Long Reach, New Brunswick, near the port city of Saint John, in 1907. He attended Teachers College in Fredericton, New Brunswick and taught school in Woodstock, New Brunswick. Later on, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Mount Allison University. He attended the University of Toronto and received both a Master of Arts and a bachelor's degree in divinity. He served as a minister in the United Church of Canada, in both Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island from 1934 until 1940. He and his wife Winnifred raise two children, a boy and a girl. Politics After World War II, Young worked, as an organizer for the CCF in the Maritimes, being personally recruited by the CCF's national secretary, David Lewis. Though, officially, he was a staff representative for the United Steel Workers of America, he was co-opted by the party. He travelled throughout Atlantic Canada and Ontario mostly doing work for the party. In May 1951, the Ontario CCF hired him, at the urging of Donald C. MacDonald, then the CCF's national organizer, who persuade Young to relocate from the Maritimes. He became the Ontario party's full-time organizer. In 1953, he ran for the leadership of the Ontario CCF, losing by six votes to Donald C. MacDonald in the CCF leadership convention. After five unsuccessful attempts to gain a public office, he won election to the town council of North York, Ontario in 1955. He served as deputy reeve and chair of the executive committee. He attempted on several occasions to win a seat for the CCF and its successor, the New Democratic Party (NDP) either at the federal or provincial level. He finally won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1963 provincial election for the North York riding of Yorkview. Young sat as an Ontario New Democratic Party Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) from 1963 until 1981. He was a friend of consumer advocate Ralph Nader. Both Nader and Young, as a legislator, fought for highway safety and mandatory use of seat belts. He was also an early advocate of airbags. In 1975, the Ontario government enacted the mandatory seatbelt reforms that he was advocating for years. As a legislator, Young became one of the first MPPs to open a community office to help his riding constituents. He was also responsible for writing the daily prayer used in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario throughout the later half of the 20th century. Later life Following his career in politics, the City of North York honoured him by naming a small park adjacent to York University after him in 1990. Young was hospitalized for many weeks at","title":"Fred Young (Ontario politician)"},{"docid":"3093205","text":"The First Ontario Parliament Buildings (or the Third Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada) were built between 1829 and 1832 near Front, John, Simcoe and Wellington Streets in what was then York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario). They served as the parliament buildings for Upper Canada, the Province of Canada, and the province of Ontario after Canadian Confederation in 1867. History The parliament buildings were the third legislature structures built by the Upper Canadian government in York, Upper Canada. Construction took place between 1829 and 1832, with J.G. Chewett, Cumberland & Storm (firm), Samuel Curry, John Ewart, John Howard and Thomas Rogers as the architects. Alterations took place in 1849. The buildings were the third constructed for the parliament of Upper Canada, which sat in them from 1832 to 1841. Upper Canada was absorbed into the Province of Canada in 1841, and its capital rotated among several locations. The buildings served as the seat of government for the new province at various times between 1849 and 1859. When the Province of Canada ceased to exist with the creation of Ontario at Confederation on July 1, 1867, Toronto was named the provincial capital, and these Front Street buildings were the first used by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Therefore, they are the Ontario legislature's first parliament buildings, but not the first parliament buildings ever built in present-day Ontario. The buildings were the last to have an upper chamber, as the new province of Ontario did not have a legislative council after 1866. The Front Street location served the Ontario legislature from Confederation until 1893, when the new Ontario Legislative Building was opened at Queen's Park. The old structure, left abandoned, rapidly degraded from the elements and from vandalism. By the turn of the century, the prevailing sentiment in Canada was in favour of progress and not sentimentality. The parliament buildings on Front Street were subsequently demolished between 1900 and 1903. The site of Ontario's first parliament buildings is now occupied by Simcoe Place and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. See also Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada Notes External links History of Ontario's Legislative Buildings (Government of Ontario site) References Ontario Legislature Legislative buildings in Upper Canada Buildings and structures demolished in 1903 Demolished buildings and structures in Toronto Legislative buildings in Canada Legislative Assembly of Ontario Government buildings completed in 1832 Upper Canada College","title":"First Ontario Parliament Buildings"},{"docid":"1036175","text":"The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section) – The Farmer-Labor Party of Ontario, more commonly known as the Ontario CCF, was a democratic socialist provincial political party in Ontario that existed from 1932 to 1961. It was the provincial wing of the federal Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). The party had no leader in the beginning, and was governed by a provincial council and executive. The party's first Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) was elected by voters in the 1934 Ontario general election. In the 1937 general election, no CCF members were elected to the Ontario Legislature. In 1942, the party elected Toronto lawyer Ted Jolliffe as its first leader. He led the party to within a few seats of forming the government in the 1943 general election; instead, it formed the Official Opposition. In that election, the first two women were elected to the Ontario Legislature as CCFers: Agnes Macphail and Rae Luckock. The 1945 election was a setback, as the party lost most of its seats in the Legislature, including Jolliffe's seat. The party again became the Official Opposition after the 1948 general election, and defeated the Conservative premier George Drew in his seat, when Bill Temple unexpectedly won in the High Park constituency. The middle and late 1940s were the peak years for the Ontario CCF. After that time, its electoral performances were dismal, as it was reduced to a rump of two seats in the 1951 election, three seats in the 1955 election, and five seats in the 1959 election. Jolliffe stepped down as leader in 1953, and was replaced by Donald C. MacDonald. The period between the 1951 defeat and the founding of the Ontario New Democratic Party was one of much internal strife, but MacDonald managed to keep the party together, despite the constant electoral defeats. In October 1961, the party dissolved itself and became part of the New Democratic Party. History Origins The Ontario CCF was indirectly the successor to the 1919–23 United Farmers of Ontario–Labour coalition that formed the government in Ontario under Ernest C. Drury. While in 1934 several former United Farmer Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) became Liberal-Progressives aligned with the Ontario Liberal Party, the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO), as an organization, participated in the formation of the Ontario CCF, and was briefly affiliated with the party. After a meeting in Ottawa on May 26, 1932, that brought together all the Members of Parliament that belonged to the Ginger Group, and some members of the League for Social Reconstruction (LSR), the CCF was formed, making J. S. Woodsworth the de facto leader, and giving responsibility for organizing Ontario to Agnes Macphail of the UFO. Macphail, as president of the Ontario Provincial Council, persuaded her fellow delegates at the December 1932 UFO convention to affiliate with the CCF provincial council. After the 1933 Regina convention, the name of the party was introduced as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section) – The Farmer-Labor Party, though the shorter Ontario CCF was the","title":"Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section)"},{"docid":"67750244","text":"Changes to the Ontario Autism Programme in 2019 by the government of Ontario, led by Premier Doug Ford, caused significant controversy, resulting in a number of protests. After announcing the changes in February, aimed at clearing the long waiting list for the programme, but resulting in the potential loss of access to the service for many families, the government eventually partly reversed its reforms. Background In 2014, while a city councillor in Toronto, Ford came under criticism after opposing a group home for developmentally disabled people, including those with autism, in a west Etobicoke neighbourhood. He was first alleged to have told members of the home that they had \"ruined the community\", and then attempted to defend himself by stating that the presence of the home had dropped property prices in the neighbourhood and had been a \"nightmare\" for its neighbours. After the father of an autistic son filed an integrity complaint against Ford over the scandal, Ford told the Toronto Sun newspaper that the father had launched a jihad against him and that \"he can go to hell, I don't even care.\" The controversy was raised again during Ford's run in the 2014 Toronto mayoral election, to which Ford responded by stating that the media had distorted the issue. In 2016, the government of Ontario, then led by the Ontario Liberal Party and Premier Kathleen Wynne, announced that it would be eliminating government-funded access to intensive behaviour therapy for children aged five and above. After a significant outcry, the government reversed its decision and announced an additional $200 million in funding over the next four years. In the 2018 Ontario general election, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, led by Doug Ford, won a majority in the election, capturing 76 of the 124 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and returning to government for the first time since 2003. As part of their platform, the PCs to add 100 million $ in funding per year to the Ontario Autism Programme. At the time of the election, there were 23 000 children on the waiting list for access to autism-related services in Ontario. Ontario Autism Programme reforms In November 2018, along with other cuts such as the 2018 Franco-Ontarian Black Thursday, the Ford government announced that it would be eliminating the Office of the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth. On 4 February 2019, Progressive Conservative MPP Amy Fee published an article in the Toronto Star decrying the state of autism services in the province, stating that Two days later, Lisa MacLeod, the Minister of Children, Community and Social Services, held a press conference at Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital to announce a number of reforms to the Ontario Autism Programme, stating that \"we've heard how the autism program isn't working for the families who need support for their children.\" Among the reforms, the government would be doubling investment in autism diagnostic hubs up to $5,5 million a year, providing direct funding to families instead of to regional service","title":"2019 Ontario Autism Program controversy"},{"docid":"2606651","text":"This is a list of people who currently serve in one of the provincial or territorial legislative assemblies in Canada who are members of the New Democratic Party. The NDP does not currently hold any seats in the Legislative Assemblies of Quebec, Prince Edward Island or New Brunswick. The territorial assemblies in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, additionally, are non-partisan consensus government bodies. Alberta The Alberta New Democrats currently hold 24 (of the 87) seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, forming the official opposition. Rachel Notley, party leader and Leader of the Opposition Deron Bilous Jon Carson Joe Ceci Lorne Dach Thomas Dang Jasvir Deol David Eggen Richard Feehan Kathleen Ganley Nicole Goehring Christina Gray Janis Irwin Sarah Hoffman Rod Loyola Chris Nielsen Rakhi Pancholi Shannon Phillips Marie Renaud Irfan Sabir Marlin Schmidt David Shepherd Lori Sigurdson Heather Sweet British Columbia The British Columbia New Democratic Party currently hold 41 (of the 87) seats in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, forming the government. John Horgan, party leader and Premier Robin Austin Harry Bains Spencer Chandra Herbert Raj Chouhan Katrine Conroy Kathy Corrigan Judy Darcy Adrian Dix Doug Donaldson David Eby Mable Elmore Mike Farnworth Rob Fleming Scott Fraser Sue Hammell George Heyman Gary Holman Carole James Maurine Karagianis Leonard Krog Norm Macdonald Melanie Mark Michelle Mungall Lana Popham Bruce Ralston Jennifer Rice Selina Robinson Bill Routley Doug Routley Jane Shin Nicholas Simons Shane Simpson Claire Trevena Jodie Wickens Manitoba The Manitoba New Democratic Party holds 18 (of the 57) seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, forming the Official Opposition. Wab Kinew (Wabanakwut), Party leader and Leader of the Opposition Danielle Adams Nello Altomare Uzoma Asagwara Diljeet Brar Ian Bushie Nahanni Fontaine Amanda Lathlin Tom Lindsey Jim Maloway Malaya Marcelino Jamie Moses Lisa Naylor Adrien Sala Mintu Sandhu Bernadette Smith Mark Wasyliw Matt Wiebe Newfoundland and Labrador The New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador currently holds two seats in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly, and is the third party. Lorraine Michael Gerry Rogers Nova Scotia The Nova Scotia New Democratic Party currently holds five seats in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, and is the third party. Sterling Belliveau Denise Peterson-Rafuse Lisa Roberts Dave Wilson Lenore Zann Ontario The Ontario New Democratic Party holds 20 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and is the third party. Andrea Horwath, party leader Teresa Armstrong Gilles Bisson Sarah Campbell Cheri DiNovo Catherine Fife Cindy Forster Jennifer French Wayne Gates France Gélinas Lisa Gretzky Percy Hatfield Michael Mantha Paul Miller Taras Natyshak Peggy Sattler Jagmeet Singh Peter Tabuns Monique Taylor John Vanthof Saskatchewan The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party holds ten seats in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, forming the official opposition. Trent Wotherspoon, interim parliamentary leader and Leader of the Opposition Carla Beck Buckley Belanger Danielle Chartier David Forbes Warren McCall Nicole Rancourt Nicole Sarauer Cathy Sproule Doyle Vermette Yukon The Yukon New Democratic Party holds six seats in the Yukon Legislative Assembly, forming the official opposition. Elizabeth","title":"List of NDP members of provincial and territorial assemblies"},{"docid":"1166080","text":"David Joseph Levac (born April 6, 1954) is a retired Canadian politician who was the 41st speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2011 to 2018. Levac was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1999 as a member of the Ontario Liberal Party. He served as the member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Brant until 2018 and is the Ontario legislature's longest serving speaker. Background Born in Brantford, Ontario, Levac attended Wilfrid Laurier University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1976. He completed teacher's college at Queen's University in 1977, beginning to work a teacher in the early 1980s, and became a principal in Brantford in 1989. In 1992, he attended Niagara University to complete a master's degree in education. Levac received the Canada 125 Medal in 1993, was named OECTA Distinguished Teacher in 1994 for his work in conflict resolution programs, and was named Brantford's Citizen of the Year in 1997 by readers of the Brantford Expositor. He also served as co-ordinator of Queen Elizabeth II's Royal Visit to Brantford in 1997. He was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002. In 2011 he was awarded the Chevalier of the Order of Merit for his educational efforts with respect to the Ukrainian famine in the 1930s. Political career Levac was elected in the 1999 provincial election, defeating Progressive Conservative (PC) candidate Alayne Sokoloski by 956 votes in the riding of Brant. The PCs won a majority government in this election, and Levac sat as an opposition member for the next four years. The Liberals won a majority government in the 2003 provincial election and Levac again defeated Sokoloski, this time by over 10,000 votes. Levac was named chief government whip. Levac was re-elected in 2007, 2011, and 2014. On April 9, 2009 Levac, along with co-sponsors Cheri DiNovo and Frank Klees passed bill 147 – the Holodomor Memorial Day Act. This was the first piece of legislation in Ontario history to be introduced with tri-partisan sponsorship. This historic legislation recognizes Ukrainian man-made famine as an act of Genocide. On January 25, 2010, Levac was named parliamentary assistant to the minister of energy and infrastructure. After the 2011 election, Levac was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He beat three other Liberal members, David Zimmer, Kevin Flynn, and Donna Cansfield. Cansfield was an early favourite for the position but lost to Levac on a second ballot after the New Democratic Party (NDP) voted in a bloc for Levac. No NDP or PC members put their names forward due to the Liberal government's delicate one-seat minority status in the legislature. Levac was re-elected as speaker after the 2014 election defeating four other contenders. On May 5, 2017, Levac announced he would not run for his seat again in the 2018 Ontario general election after 19 years in the legislature and seven of those years as speaker. In 2022, Levac was appointed to the Order of Ontario. Electoral record References External links 1954 births","title":"Dave Levac"},{"docid":"3562661","text":"The 6th Parliament of the Province of Canada was summoned in January 1858, following the general election for the Legislative Assembly in December 1857. Sessions were held in Toronto in 1858 and then in Quebec City from 1859. The Parliament was dissolved in May 1861. The 1858 parliamentary session was one of the longest and nastiest in Canadian history, opening in January 1858, just as news arrived from London that Queen Victoria had chosen Ottawa as the permanent seat for the Canadian government. In August 1858 the Macdonald-Cartier ministry carried out the divisive \"double shuffle\" that allowed the ministry to stay in power without facing by-elections. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly was Sir Henry Smith. Electoral system Each voter could cast as many votes as there were seats to fill in the district (First-past-the-post voting). Montreal and Quebec City elected three members; Toronto elected two members. All others elected just one member. (Previous to the next election, all districts were changed to single-member districts.) Canada East - 65 seats Canada West - 65 seats References Upper Canadian politics in the 1850s, Underhill (and others), University of Toronto Press (1967) External links Ontario's parliament buildings ; or, A century of legislation, 1792-1892 : a historical sketch Assemblée nationale du Québec (French) 1858 in Canada 06","title":"6th Parliament of the Province of Canada"},{"docid":"14276269","text":"The 2011 Ontario general election was held on October 6, 2011, to elect members of the 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The Ontario Liberal Party was elected to a minority government, with the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC Party) serving as the Official Opposition and the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) serving as the third party. In the final result, Premier McGuinty's party fell one seat short of winning a majority government. Under amendments passed by the Legislature in December 2005, Ontario elections were now held on fixed dates, namely the first Thursday of October every four years. The writ of election was issued by Lieutenant Governor David Onley on September 7, 2011. The election saw a then–record low voter turnout of 48.2%, only to be surpassed by the 2022 Ontario general election with 43.53%. Timeline 2007 October 10, 2007: Elections held for members of the Ontario Legislature in the 39th Legislative Assembly of Ontario. November 29, 2007: The 39th Legislative Assembly of Ontario officially opens with the Speech from the Throne. 2008 February 23, 2008: John Tory's continued leadership of the Progressive Conservative party is endorsed by 66.9% of delegates at a leadership review. June 14, 2008: Premier Dalton McGuinty receives the support of 95.4% of delegates from the Ontario Liberal Party's mandatory leadership review. June 14, 2008: NDP leader Howard Hampton announces he will be stepping down as party leader at the March 7, 2009 NDP leadership convention. 2009 January 9, 2009: Progressive Conservative MPP Laurie Scott announces her resignation from the legislature to allow party leader John Tory, who has been without a seat since his defeat in Don Valley West in the 2007 election, to re-enter the legislature. March 5, 2009: In the Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock by-election following Scott's resignation, Tory is defeated by Liberal candidate Rick Johnson. March 6, 2009: John Tory resigns as Progressive Conservative leader pending the selection of an interim party leader. March 7, 2009: Andrea Horwath is elected leader of the Ontario NDP at the party's 2009 leadership convention. June 27, 2009: Tim Hudak is elected leader of the Progressive Conservative party at its 2009 leadership election and also becomes the new Leader of the Opposition. September 17, 2009: Eric Hoskins is elected as the MPP for the riding of St. Paul's following the resignation of Michael Bryant on June 7, 2009. November 4, 2009: Mike Schreiner is affirmed as the new leader of the Green Party of Ontario, receiving 97% approval from the party membership defeating the None of the Above ballot option, in the 2009 leadership election. 2010 January 29, 2010: Bob Runciman resigns his seat to accept appointment to the Senate of Canada. February 1, 2010: Jim Watson resigns his seat to run for Mayor in the 2010 Ottawa municipal election February 4, 2010: Glen Murray is elected as the MPP for the riding of Toronto Centre following the resignation of George Smitherman on January 4, 2010. March 4, 2010: Bob Chiarelli is elected as the MPP for","title":"2011 Ontario general election"},{"docid":"661462","text":"The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (OLA; ) is the legislative chamber of the Canadian province of Ontario. Its elected members are known as Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Ontario to become law. Together, the Legislative Assembly and Lieutenant Governor make up the unicameral Legislature of Ontario or Parliament of Ontario. The assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queen's Park in the provincial capital of Toronto. Ontario uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government in which members are elected to the Legislative Assembly through general elections using a \"first-past-the-post\" system. The premier of Ontario (the province's head of government) holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the Legislative Assembly, typically sitting as an MPP themselves and lead the largest party or a coalition in the Legislative Assembly. The largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as leader of the Opposition. The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the \"Ontario Provincial Parliament\". Members of the assembly refer to themselves as \"Members of the Provincial Parliament\" MPPs as opposed to \"Members of the Legislative Assembly\" (MLAs) as in many other provinces. Ontario is the only province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7, 1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to \"members of the Assembly\". The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec. The current assembly was elected on June 2, 2022, as part of the 43rd Parliament of Ontario. Owing to the location of the Legislative Building on the grounds of Queen's Park, the metonym \"Queen's Park\" is often used to refer to both the provincial government and the Legislative Assembly. Lawmaking In accordance with the traditions of the Westminster system, most laws originate in the provincial cabinet (government bills) and are passed by the legislature after multiple rounds of debate and decision-making. Backbench legislators may introduce private legislation (private-member bills) or amend bills presented to the legislature by cabinet, playing an integral role in scrutinizing bills both at the debate as well as committee stages. In the Ontario legislature, this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members' Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the work carried out by the Legislature's Standing Committees, which are made up of ordinary backbenchers. A member's day will typically be divided among participating in the business of the House, attending caucus and committee meetings, speaking in various debates, or returning to his or her constituency to address the concerns, problems and grievances of constituents. Depending on personal inclination and political circumstances, some Members concentrate most of their attention on House matters while others focus on constituency problems, taking on something of an ombudsman's role in the process. Finally, it is the task","title":"Legislative Assembly of Ontario"},{"docid":"445732","text":"The 1867 Canadian federal election was held from August 7 to September 20, 1867, and was the first election for the new country of Canada. It was held to elect members representing electoral districts in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec to the House of Commons of the 1st Canadian Parliament. The provinces of Manitoba (1870) and British Columbia (1871) were created during the term of the 1st Parliament of Canada and were not part of this election. Sir John A. Macdonald had been sworn in as prime minister by the Governor General, Lord Monck, when the new Canadian nation was founded on 1 July 1867. As leader of the Conservative Party of Canada (known as the Liberal-Conservative Party until 1873), he led his party in this election and continued as Prime Minister of Canada when the Conservatives won a majority of the seats in the election, including majorities of the seats (and votes) in the new provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The Liberal Party of Canada won the second most seats overall, including a majority of the seats (and votes) in the province of New Brunswick. The Liberals did not have a party leader in the election. George Brown, who was the leader of the Liberal Party of Ontario, was considered the \"elder statesman\" of the national party. Brown ran concurrently for seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the House of Commons of Canada, and might well have been Prime Minister in the unlikely event that the Liberals prevailed over the Conservatives in the national election. Brown failed to win a seat in either body, and the national Liberals remained officially leaderless until 1873. The Anti-Confederation Party, led by Joseph Howe, won the third most seats overall, based solely on a majority of seats (and votes) in the province of Nova Scotia. Their main desire was the reversal of the decision to join Confederation, which had become highly unpopular in that province. The goals of the Anti-Confederation Members of Parliament (MPs) were openly supported by five of the Liberal MPs of New Brunswick. The Anti-Confederation MPs sat with the Liberal caucus. When the government in Britain refused to allow Nova Scotia to secede, a majority of the Anti-Confederation MPs (11 of 18) moved to the Conservatives. Halifax was a two-member riding at the time of the election, while the City of Saint John was represented by its own district and the County of Saint John. The election in Kamouraska, Quebec was delayed due to rioting. Election The first Canadian election took place without a uniform set of election laws to govern the selection of members to the House of Commons, an interim measure until Parliament could pass its own election laws, which did not come until 1885. Instead, the election was contested under the rules set by each individual province prior to confederation, and future elections would be contested under provincial rules until a time when federal parliament set their own rules. Because","title":"1867 Canadian federal election"},{"docid":"14330061","text":"The 37th Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was in session from June 8, 1999, until May 5, 2003. Its membership was set by the general election of 1999. Majority was held by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party led by Mike Harris. During the 36th Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Harris' government had passed legislation which realigned provincial electoral districts to match the boundaries in use for federal districts; accordingly, the 37th Assembly had a reduced number of seats, with just 103 members compared to 130 in the previous session. In the March 2002 leadership convention, following Mike Harris' resignation announcement, Ernie Eves was elected party leader. Gary Carr served as speaker for the assembly. Members Notes References Members in Parliament 37 Terms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1999 establishments in Ontario 2003 disestablishments in Ontario","title":"37th Parliament of Ontario"},{"docid":"35667289","text":"Beauce was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada in Canada East, in a rural area south of Quebec City bordering on the United States. From 1841 to 1854, Beauce county had been included in the riding of Dorchester. In 1853, the provincial Parliament enacted a redistribution statute which enlarged the Legislative Assembly, from forty-two seats to sixty-five. The Beauce area was split off from Dorchester and made a separate riding. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The electoral district was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and Quebec. Boundaries The electoral district of Beauce was in a rural area south of Quebec City, bordering on the United States. Its territory is now included in the regional county municipalities of Beauce-Sartigan, Beauce-Centre and La Nouvelle-Beauce. The county of Beauce had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1829 to 1838, when the Lower Canada Parliament was suspended after the Lower Canada Rebellion. The Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, merged the two provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict. (UK), c. 35, s. 2. The Union Act provided that Beauce would be merged with the county of Dorchester to form the Dorchester riding, represented by one member. In 1853, the Parliament of the Province of Canada expanded the Legislative Assembly, to take effect in the next general elections in 1854. Canada East's representation was expanded from forty-two seats to sixty-five seats. As part of the redistribution, the Beauce region was split off from the Dorchester riding and created as a separate riding. The boundaries of the new riding of Beauce were as follows: Members of the Legislative Assembly (1854–1867) Beauce was a single-member constituency, represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly for Beauce. The party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly. \"Party\" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada. Abolition The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. See also List of elections in the Province of Canada References Electoral districts of Canada East 1854 establishments in Canada East 1867 disestablishments in Quebec","title":"Beauce (Province of Canada electoral district)"},{"docid":"397208","text":"This article provides a summary of results for the general elections to the Canadian province of Ontario's unicameral legislative body, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The number of seats has varied over time, from 82 for the first election in 1867, to a high of 130 for 1987, 1990 and 1995 elections. There are currently 124 seats. , Ontario elections are held every 4 years on the first Thursday in June. Prior to 1867, Canada's confederation, elections had been held in Ontario to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, starting in 1792. Results by general election See also Timeline of Canadian elections List of political parties in Ontario List of Ontario by-elections References Notes External links Elections Ontario Ontario general elections Elections, general","title":"List of Ontario general elections"},{"docid":"23312016","text":"The 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was a legislature of the government of the province of Ontario, Canada. The membership was set by the 2011 Ontario general election. It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority. The government was led by Premier Dalton McGuinty until his resignation resulted in the 2013 leadership election, which selected Kathleen Wynne as his successor. Wynne is the first woman ever to serve as Premier of Ontario. The Official Opposition was the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Tim Hudak, and the third party was the New Democrats, led by Andrea Horwath. On May 2, 2014, Premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne announced that she had formally requested that Lieutenant Governor of Ontario David Onley dissolve the 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario and call a provincial general election to occur on June 12, 2014. Timeline of the 40th Parliament of Ontario November 21, 2011 – Dave Levac (Liberal, Brant) is elected Speaker on the second ballot defeating three other candidates. November 22, 2011 – Speech from the Throne is delivered. March 29, 2012: Finance Minister Dwight Duncan delivers the provincial budget. April 23, 2012: After negotiations between the Liberals and the NDP, the minority government agrees to amend the budget by adding $242 million to child care funding, $20 million for northern and rural hospitals, increase welfare and disability benefits by 1 per cent at a cost of $55 million, and add a 2% surtax on the portion of individual income that exceeds $500,000 a year. April 24, 2012: Budget approved 52–37 with NDP MPPs abstaining. April 27, 2012: Progressive Conservative MPP Elizabeth Witmer (Kitchener—Waterloo) resigns her seat upon accepting a government appointment as chair of the Workplace Safety & Insurance Board. The vacancy results in the government and Opposition being tied in seats, however, as Speaker David Levac is a Liberal, the Opposition continues to have a one-seat advantage. A Liberal victory in this pending by-election and in the pending Vaughan by-election would give it a majority in the legislature. August 1, 2012: Liberal MPP Greg Sorbara (Vaughan) resigns his seat. September 6, 2012: By-elections held in the ridings of Kitchener—Waterloo and Vaughan. Catherine Fife (NDP) elected as MPP for Kitchener—Waterloo. Steven Del Duca (Liberal) elected as MPP for Vaughan. The NDP gains one seat in the Ontario Legislature while the Liberals retain their 53-seat minority. October 15, 2012: Premier McGuinty prorogues the legislature and announces his resignation as Liberal Party leader pending a leadership convention. February 11, 2013: Kathleen Wynne is sworn in as Premier, and a new cabinet in sworn in. February 14, 2013: Chris Bentley and Dwight Duncan, Liberal MPPs for London West and Windsor—Tecumseh, resign. June 11, 2013: Passage of the Wynne government's first budget, with the support of the NDP; legislature recesses for the summer. June 12, 2013: Former Premier Dalton McGuinty resigns his Ottawa South seat. June 27, 2013: Liberal MPP Margarett Best (Scarborough—Guildwood) resigns her seat. July 2, 2013: Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs Laurel Broten (Etobicoke—Lakeshore) resigns from Cabinet","title":"40th Parliament of Ontario"},{"docid":"13787585","text":"The 21st Legislative Assembly of Ontario was convened following the 1943 Ontario general election and was in session from August 4, 1943, until March 24, 1945, just prior to the 1945 general election. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, formerly the Ontario Conservative Party, led by George Drew formed a minority government. The Liberals, having lost seats to both the Conservatives and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, fell to third place. William James Stewart served as speaker for the assembly. Members elected to the Assembly Timeline References External links Members in Parliament 21 Terms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1943 establishments in Ontario 1945 disestablishments in Ontario","title":"21st Parliament of Ontario"},{"docid":"30201415","text":"Michel Borne (September 19, 1784 – October 19, 1853) was a merchant and political figure in Canada East (now Quebec). He represented Rimouski in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1841 to 1842. Borne resigned his seat to allow Robert Baldwin, the Reform leader from Canada West (now Ontario) to gain a seat in the Assembly. That manoeuvre was key to building the alliance between Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, which ultimately led to the establishment of responsible government in the Province of Canada. Biography Borne was born in Quebec City, the son of George Borne, a native of Grenoble, France, and Marie-Françoise Letellier. In 1808, Borne married Angélique Paquette. The couple had twelve children, six of whom died young. He was a merchant in Quebec City. In 1843, he was appointed the superintendent and collector of the Chambly Canal. On February 22, 1830, Borne married Charlotte Munro, also widowed, at Notre-Dame-de-Montréal. They had together five children. Michel Borne died in Chambly on October 19, 1853 after a short disease. Politics Lower Canada In 1828, Borne was an unsuccessful candidate for the Quebec Upper Town seat in the Lower Canada Legislative Assembly, losing to Thomas Lee. Borne was one of the first members of the new municipal council for Quebec City from 1840 to 1842. Province of Canada Following the Lower Canada Rebellion in 1837, and the similar rebellion in Upper Canada (now Ontario) the same year, the British government decided to merge the two provinces into a single province, as recommended by Lord Durham in the Durham Report. The Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, abolished the two provinces and their separate parliaments, and created the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament for the entire province, composed of an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council. The Governor General initially retained a strong position in the government. Borne stood for election to the new Legislative Assembly in the first general election, in 1841, on an anti-union platform. He was elected by acclamation for the Rimouski riding. Borne was frequently absent during the first session of the new Parliament, and did not participate in the debate and vote on the union. During the sessions of 1841 and 1842, he generally aligned with the French-Canadian Group, in opposition to the government of Lord Sydenham. In the run-up to the first elections for the Legislative Assembly, Robert Baldwin, leader of the Reform group in Canada West, and Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, a leader of moderate French-Canadian nationalists in Canada East, had been in discussions about an alliance, with the goal of implementing responsible government in the new Province of Canada. When LaFontaine was unable to win election, due to mob violence in his constituency, Baldwin arranged for his nomination to a vacant seat in the Toronto area. LaFontaine won the by-election and entered Parliament, where he became one of the leaders of the French-Canadian Group. The next year, when Baldwin was defeated in a ministerial by-election, LaFontaine returned","title":"Michel Borne"},{"docid":"35545023","text":"A caucus services bureau is a quasi-partisan legislative office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario that services members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Each officially recognized political party in the legislature has a similar service bureau. Appropriations for caucuses are set out in section 73 of the Legislative Assembly Act. Role Legislative office service bureaus are unique within the Ontario Government in that they operate as quasi-partisan entities, distributing communications material with their party's respective logos (Pursuant to the Government Advertising Act, 2004, a government office cannot publish, display, broadcast, or distribute a reviewable item that is deemed to be partisan). Although service bureaus are not required to brand their communications material with partisan logos they are expressly forbidden from using a Government of Ontario logo on material that could be considered to promote the party in power, or its members or negatively depict those who oppose the government. Funding Caucus appropriations are distributed to government and opposition parties proportionate to how many seats in the legislature they hold, and are intended for research, communication and administrative services. Payments to an individual or company that total more than $50,000 in any given fiscal year are listed with Ontario's public accounts. Service bureaus are not subject to freedom-of-information rules. Current caucus service bureaus References Legislative Assembly of Ontario","title":"Caucus services bureau"},{"docid":"65126398","text":"Hastings was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada West (now Ontario). Based on Hastings County, it fronted on the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario and extended north. It was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada by the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Hastings electoral district was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario. Boundaries Hastings electoral district was located on the north shore of the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario and extended north. It was based on Hastings County. The town of Belleville was the major centre. The Union Act, 1840 had merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself. Hastings County had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. Its boundaries were not altered by the Union Act. Those boundaries had originally been set by a proclamation of the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, in 1792: The boundaries had been further defined by a statute of Upper Canada in 1798: In 1821, the townships of Elzever, Madoc and Marmora were added to Hastings County. Since Hastings electoral district was not changed by the Union Act, those boundaries continued to be used for the new electoral district. Hastings was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. Members of the Legislative Assembly Hastings was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Hastings. Notes Significant elections Hastings was an important battleground during the first Parliament of the Province of Canada. Robert Baldwin, the leader of the Reform movement in Canada West, was elected in the general election of 1841, defeating Edmund Murney, who had represented Hastings in the last Parliament of Upper Canada. The next year, Baldwin and his political partner from Canada East, Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine both became members of the Executive Council, which was a significant step in the development of responsible government. However, the law at that time required that if a member of the Legislative Assembly took an office of profit under the Crown, they were required to vacate their seats and again stand for election. Baldwin did so, triggering a by-election. The by-election for Hastings was held in November, 1842 and became a significant battle between the Reform group and the Tories. Edmund Murney was again the candidate for the Tories, and he defeated Baldwin, which was a major loss for the Reformers. Lafontaine was able to persuade the sitting member of Rimouski in Canada East to retire, opening up the Rimouski seat. Baldwin then ran","title":"Hastings (Province of Canada electoral district)"},{"docid":"13410567","text":"The 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from October 20, 1919, until May 10, 1923, just prior to the 1923 general election. The leading party in the chamber after the election was the United Farmers of Ontario. It formed a coalition government with 11 Labour MLAs and three Independent candidates of varying stripes. The coalition held a slight majority of the seats and the parties it represented had taken about 34 percent of the vote in the 1919 election. The rest of the votes had been split between the Conservatives, the Liberals and others, many of which were unsuccessful candidates. (Under First past the post, any votes cast for unsuccessful candidates are simply disregarded.) The UFO derived a benefit from winning many rural seats where the number of votes involved were less than in the urban districts. In North Brant the UFO candidate won while receiving only 3600 votes while in Ottawa West the Conservative candidate took 9000 votes to win his seat. The party approached Ernest Charles Drury, who had not run in the election, to serve as party leader and premier. Drury had not run in the 1919 election and was elected in a by-election held in Halton in 1920. He made it known that the coalition government party should be known by the name \"The People's Party.\" Most of the seats the United Farmers won were taken at the expense of the Conservative party, who had formed the government in the preceding assembly and would again regain power in 1923. Nelson Parliament served as speaker for the assembly. The power wielded by the UFO-Labour coalition enabled the passage of progressive Labour and farmer legislation. The government created the first Department of Welfare for the province and brought in allowances for widows and children, a minimum wage for women and standardized adoption procedures. The government also expanded Ontario Hydro and promoted rural electrification, created the Province of Ontario Savings Office - a provincially owned bank that lent money to farmers at a lower rate - began the first major reforestation program in North America, and began construction of the modern highway system. The government was a strict enforcer of the Ontario Temperance Act, enacted in 1916, and Prohibition stayed in force until 1927. The 1923 election saw the UFO-Labour coalition government defeated by a re-energized Conservative Party. The UFO vote stayed solid as compared to 1919 but the UFO suffered under First past the post and took about half the seats it was due. In 1924 (after the 1923 election), the provincial treasurer was found guilty of conspiracy to defraud the government following a series of events known as the Ontario Bond Scandal. In the waning days of the UFO-Labour government, the government attempted to reform the province's electoral system (to introduce proportional representation) but the effort failed, in part due to Conservative opposition. The UFO suffered under the First past the post electoral system used in the 1923 election, taking just about half the seats","title":"15th Parliament of Ontario"},{"docid":"1458350","text":"Melville Carlyle \"Bud\" Germa (August 5, 1920 — June 17, 1993) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Sudbury from 1967 to 1968 in the House of Commons of Canada, and from 1971 to 1981 in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was a member of the New Democratic Party. Before entering politics, Germa was a labourer and union organizer in Sudbury, and served on Sudbury City Council. In 1964, while serving on city council, he advocated for Northern Ontario to separate from Ontario to become its own province. Federal politics Germa first ran as an NDP candidate in the 1965 election, losing to Liberal incumbent Rodger Mitchell. Mitchell died in 1967, however, and in the resulting byelection, Germa won the seat. The results were subject to a judicial recount, due to Germa's narrow margin of victory over Liberal candidate James Jerome, but the recount upheld Germa's victory. Unusually, but legally at the time, he did not resign his city council seat while serving as an MP, but held both positions concurrently. However, in the national election the following year, Jerome defeated Germa to reclaim the seat for the Liberals. Provincial politics Germa subsequently ran in the 1971 provincial election, winning the seat and representing Sudbury in the provincial legislative assembly as a member of the Ontario New Democratic Party. In 1972, he criticized the appointment of Jim Jessiman and Gaston Demers to the board of Ontario Northland. In 1975, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPP Frank Drea was forced to apologize in the legislature after claiming in a speech on gun control that some members of the opposition caucuses were members of \"Communist organizations\"; although Drea did not publicly name on the record who he was talking about, he was overheard by journalists in the press gallery telling a colleague that he was referring to Germa. He was reelected in the 1975 election, in a closely watched three-way race against Liberal Elmer Sopha, his predecessor as MPP, and Conservative Joe Fabbro, at the time the city's mayor. In this term, he served as chair of the legislature's standing committee on public accounts. In 1976, he strongly opposed the government's plan to sell off the former Burwash Industrial Farm site near Sudbury, although after a journalist from CKNC-TV interviewed him about the issue on the Burwash site, Progressive Conservative MPP Margaret Scrivener accused him of illegal trespassing. In 1977, after a list of doctors' billing fees to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan was released to the media, the Tories attempted to have Germa deposed as chair of the public accounts committee, although the move failed. He was reelected to a third term in the 1977 election. He was defeated in the 1981 election by Jim Gordon of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party. Electoral record References External links 1920 births 1993 deaths Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario New Democratic Party MPs Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs Sudbury, Ontario city councillors","title":"Bud Germa"},{"docid":"64792931","text":"Carleton was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada West. It was based on Carleton County, fronting on the Ottawa River. Carleton electoral district was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada by the merger of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario. Boundaries Carleton electoral district was located in eastern Canada West (now the province of Ontario), on the Ottawa River, which formed the boundary with Canada East (now the province of Quebec). It was based on the boundaries of Carleton County. The electoral district surrounded Bytown, the county seat, but Bytown was not part of Carleton electoral district, being represented by its own electoral district. The Union Act, 1840 had merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself. Carleton County had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada and was continued with the same boundaries. The boundaries for Carleton had been set by a statute of Upper Canada in 1838: The only change from those boundaries was that the county seat, Bytown, was no longer included in Carleton. The Union Act provided that Bytown was its own electoral district in the new Parliament. The boundaries of Bytown electoral district were defined by the Governor General, and any parts of the town which were not included in Bytown electoral district were included in Carleton. In the run-up to the first general election, in 1841, the Governor General, Lord Sydenham, took personal credit for the creation of Bytown as a separate electoral district from Carleton. Members of the Legislative Assembly Carleton was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Carleton. Abolition The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. References Electoral districts of Canada West Electoral districts of Ottawa","title":"Carleton (Province of Canada electoral district)"},{"docid":"43272247","text":"The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada was the shadow cabinet of the main Opposition party, responsible for holding Ministers to account and for developing and disseminating the party's policy positions. In the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario, which lasted from 2014 until 2018, the Official Opposition was formed by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. The Progressive Conservative MPP's not in the final shadow cabinet were former leader Tim Hudak and Jack MacLaren as well as Michael Harris. Elliott left politics and resigned her seat in 2015. See also Executive Council of Ontario Ontario New Democratic Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario","title":"Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario"},{"docid":"4851283","text":"Thomas Parke (1793 – January 29, 1864) was an architect, builder, journalist and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in County Wicklow in Ireland in 1793 and came to York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario) in 1820. He worked with John Ewart as a master carpenter on a number of construction projects, including the new parliament buildings at York, to replace the first parliament buildings, burnt by American invaders in the War of 1812. In 1832, he moved to London, Upper Canada. He invested in property there and built a gristmill on the Thames River in 1833. He was also involved in projects to establish a railway link to the city and improve navigation on the Thames below London. In 1834, he and Elias Moore from Yarmouth were elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, for the two-member constituency, Middlesex County. They supported the Reform movement, which sought to increase popular control of the provincial government and reduce the influence of the oligarchic Family Compact. The pair was re-elected in 1836, in a very volatile election, a year before the Rebellion of 1837 broke out. In 1838, he was involved with a group of Reformers, including Francis Hincks, who were unhappy with the political environment of the time. They were considering the development of a settlement in Iowa for discontented Canadians. This project did not advance much further than initial planning, although Parke did make one scouting trip to Iowa to evaluate land options. In 1839, he was a co-founder of the Canada Inquirer, later the London Inquirer, a reform-oriented newspaper. He was appointed justice of the peace in the London District in 1840. Parke supported the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. His support was credited for the passage of resolutions in support of the Union in the last sessions of the Upper Canada Legislative Assembly in 1840. In 1841, Parke was elected to the first Parliament of the Province of Canada, as a moderate Reformer. He supported the union of the Canadas and consistently supported the government of the Governor General, Lord Sydenham, in the first session of the Parliament, while supporting Robert Baldwin in subsequent sessions. On June 7, 1841, Parke was also appointed Surveyor-General for the Province of Canada. Since that was an office of profit under the Crown, he was required to resign his seat in the Assembly. He was returned to the Assembly in subsequent by-election on July 10, 1841. Parke stood for re-election in the general election of 1844, but came in third, splitting the Reform vote. Edward Ermatinger, the Tory candidate, won the seat. In 1845, when the position of surveyor general was abolished, he was named customs collector at Port Colborne. He was named to the same post at Port Dalhousie (St Catharines) in 1860. Parke was married twice, and it is not certain exactly how many children he had with his two wives. It is known that he had at least four sons, all of whom","title":"Thomas Parke (architect)"},{"docid":"1046331","text":"Vernon Milton Singer (March 26, 1919 – September 20, 2003) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1959 to 1977 who represented the North York ridings of York Centre, Downsview and Wilson Heights. Background Singer was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of lawyer and politician Joseph Singer who was the first Jewish-Canadian to be elected to the Toronto Board of Control. After serving in World War II with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, Singer returned to Canada and became president of the Young Liberals in 1947. He worked for a while as a lawyer before entering politics. He and his wife Elaine had three children. Politics He became a councillor in North York, Ontario eventually becoming reeve from 1957 to 1958. He ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party at the 1958 Ontario Liberal leadership convention, placing fourth. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1959 provincial election. Singer became deputy leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and, as a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP), pushed for reforms to municipal law, automobile insurance and electoral laws as well as for the establishment of a provincial ombudsman. He served as Liberal House Leader in the 1970s and, in 1973, sued fellow Liberal MPP Eddie Sargent for libel after Sargent made remarks about Singer's retainer fee from a developer while he was appearing before a legislative committee to explain how he obtained the contract to build Ontario Hydro's new headquarters in Toronto. Singer was deputy leader of the Liberals from 1966 until 1973, when he was asked to step down by leader Robert Nixon, after he filed the lawsuit but was allowed to remain in the shadow cabinet. Singer was re-elected to the legislature on four successive occasions before retiring in 1977. His retirement was controversial as he announced it on the eve of that year's election campaign without giving his Liberal colleagues advance notice. The Progressive Conservatives won Singer's previously safe seat in the election and, the next year, the government appointed Singer to the first of five two-year terms on the Ontario Municipal Board including several years as its chairman. The incident resulted in accusations by NDP MPP Ed Ziemba that the government had bought Singer's seat, and that of fellow Liberal Philip Givens who left in similar circumstances, through political patronage. Later life Following his retirement from the Ontario Municipal Board in 1989, Singer won election to North York's committee of adjustment filling a seat vacated by Patti Starr when she was forced to resign as the result of a wider political scandal. References External links 1919 births 2003 deaths Mayors of North York Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Jewish mayors of places in Canada Metropolitan Toronto councillors Canadian Army personnel of World War II Royal Canadian Dragoons soldiers","title":"Vernon Singer"},{"docid":"35648537","text":"The list of Ontario by-elections includes every by-election held in the Canadian province of Ontario. By-elections occur whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly, although an imminent general election may allow the vacancy to remain until the dissolution of parliament. Causes A by-election occurs whenever there is a vacancy in the Ontario legislature. Vacancies can occur for the following reasons: Death of a member. Resignation of a member. Voided results Expulsion from the legislature. Ineligibility to sit. When there is a vacancy, a by-election must be called within six months. Under amendments to the Election Act approved in 2016, a by-election is no longer required when a vacancy occurs in the 12 months leading up to a fixed general election date. Ministerial by-elections The list includes ministerial by-elections which occurred due to the requirement that incumbent members recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was amended in 1926 to exempt ministers appointed within three months after a general election. In 1941 it was abolished completely. 43rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2022–present 42nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2018–2022 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2014–2018 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2011–2014 39th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2007–2011 38th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2003–2007 37th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1999–2003 36th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1995–1999 35th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1990–1995 34th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1987–1990 33rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1985–1987 32nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1981–1985 31st Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1977–1981 30th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1975–1977 no by-elections 29th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1971–1975 28th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1967–1971 27th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1963–1967 26th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1959–1963 25th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1955–1959 † Won by acclamation 24th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1951–1955 23rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1948–1951 22nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1945–1948 21st Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1943–1945 20th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1937–1943 † Won by acclamation *Though nominally an \"Independent-Liberal\", MacBride was a supporter of the Liberal government and was a cabinet minister at the time of his death 19th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1934–1937 † Won by acclamation 18th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1929–1934 † Won by acclamation 17th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1926–1929 † Won by acclamation 16th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1923–1926 † Won by acclamation 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1919–1923 † Won by acclamation 14th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1914–1919 † Won by acclamation 13th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1911–1914 † Won by acclamation 12th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1908–1911 † Won by acclamation 11th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1905–1908 † Won by acclamation 10th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1902–1904 9th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1898–1902 † Won by acclamation 8th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1894–1898 † Won by acclamation 7th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1890–1894 † Won by acclamation 6th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1886–1890 † Won by acclamation 5th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1883–1886 † Won by acclamation 4th","title":"List of Ontario by-elections"},{"docid":"3098608","text":"The Adoption Information Disclosure Act, formally An Act respecting the disclosure of information and records to adopted persons and birth parents, also known as Bill 183, is an Ontario (Canada) law regarding the disclosure of information between parties involved in adoptions. The Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 2005 and put into force on September 17, 2007. Significant sections of it were quashed just two days later in a ruling by Judge Edward Belobaba of the Ontario Superior Court. On November 13, 2007, the Ontario government announced that instead of appealing Belobaba's decision, it would opt to amend the act to contain a universal disclosure veto. It accordingly introduced the Access to Adoption Records Act on December 10, 2007, which passed third reading in May 2008 and took effect in September 2008. Background From 1927 until the mid-1980s, certain measures existed in Ontario to preserve anonymity between birth parents and adoptees; this was consistent with adoption practice elsewhere in Canada and the United States at that time. The practice was reduced but not eliminated for current adoptions, but there remained the question of what to do with existing adoption records: how does the right to information for either party compare with the obligation of honouring past commitments to privacy? Adoptees and birth parents could apply to be put onto the government-run Adoption Disclosure Register, but the process was long, the resources for active searches for birth relatives were limited, and success was not guaranteed. NDP MPP Marilyn Churley introduced several bills into the Legislative Assembly starting in the late 1990s. Her strong stance for open records was personally motivated, as she had placed a child for adoption years earlier and was later reunited with him. None of these bills were passed. Bill 183 In 2005, Sandra Pupatello introduced Bill 183, the Adoption Information Disclosure Act. It permits the disclosure, to an adult adoptee, of that adoptee's original full name, birth certificate, and the names of birth parents. To birth parents, it permits the disclosure of an adoptee's legal (adoptive) name. The bill was supported by the Ontario Association of Children's Aid Societies. It was criticized by others, many of whom were opposed to its lack of a general disclosure veto (see below). Ontario Privacy Commissioner Ann Cavoukian stated that the bill was insufficiently respectful of implicit or explicit promises of anonymity made to birth mothers in the past. Several adoptees including Denbigh Patton and birth parents campaigned actively against the bill, Patton arguing that he alone should decide when, if ever, to release his identity to his birth parents. Bill 183 was passed 68 to 19 by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on November 1, 2005. All 19 votes against the bill came from the opposition Conservatives, who objected to the lack of a disclosure veto provision. Disclosure veto question Unlike several other retroactive adoption disclosure laws in Canada and unlike any of Churley's proposals, Bill 183 did not have any universal \"disclosure veto\" provision. Such","title":"Adoption Information Disclosure Act"},{"docid":"13458974","text":"The 16th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 25, 1923, until October 18, 1926, just prior to the 1926 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party led by George Howard Ferguson. The United Farmers of Ontario party, who had held the balance of power in the preceding assembly, lost most of their seats to Conservatives. The Liberals led by Wellington Hay were recognized as the Official Opposition following the 1923 election by the governing Conservatives, despite the fact that the United Farmers of Ontario had more seats. According to historian Peter Oliver, this was an arbitrary decision without basis in precedent or law. Conservative Premier G. Howard Ferguson used as justification an announcement by UFO general secretary James J. Morrison that the UFO would be withdrawing from party politics, though Oliver argues that this was facetious logic. UFO parliamentary leader Manning Doherty protested the decision, but to no avail. In the course of the parliament, most UFO MLAs reorganized themselves as the Progressive Party under the leadership of first Manning Doherty and then William Raney, with only Beniah Bowman and Leslie Warner Oke continuing as UFO MLAs. Joseph Elijah Thompson served as speaker for the assembly. Members elected to the Assembly Listing reflects the UFO/Progressive split in 1924. Italicized names indicate members returned by acclamation. Timeline External links Members in Parliament 16 References Terms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1923 establishments in Ontario 1926 disestablishments in Ontario","title":"16th Parliament of Ontario"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1662251\",\n \"text\": \"Joan Mary Fawcett (April 19, 1937 – August 16, 2015) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. She served as a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1995 who represented the eastern Ontario riding of Northumberland. Background Fawcett was educated at Ottawa Teachers' College and Queen's University in Kingston. She worked as a teacher after her graduation. She and her husband Robert raised three children. Politics Fawcett served as reeve of Colborne, Northumberland County, Ontario, before her provincial career. She ran for the Ontario legislature in the 1985 provincial election, but lost to Progressive Conservative Howard Sheppard by fewer than 2000 votes in the rural, eastern-Ontario riding of Northumberland. She ran again in the 1987 provincial election, and defeated Sheppard by 1376 votes amid a landslide majority victory for the Liberals under David Peterson. Fawcett was appointed Deputy Government Whip, served as chair of the Liberal rural caucus from 1988 to 1990, and was appointed as parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Skills Development in 1989. The Liberals were defeated by the New Democratic Party in the 1990 provincial election. Although the Liberals lost many of their marginal seats in this election, Fawcett was re-elected over Progressive Conservative candidate Angus Read by 1094 votes; the NDP candidate was a close third. Fawcett served as her party's caucus chair from 1990 to 1992, and held a variety of critic positions. The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in the 1995 provincial election, and Fawcett lost the Northumberland riding to Progressive Conservative Doug Galt by over 6000 votes. Fawcett retired from politics and moved to Howe Island with her husband and died in Cobourg, Ontario, on August 16, 2015, at Northumberland Hills Hospital at the age of 78 from a massive stroke. She was survived by her three children and a sister, as well as extended family. References External links 1937 births 2015 deaths Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Women MPPs in Ontario Politicians from Kingston, Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"Joan Fawcett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"489259\",\n \"text\": \"George Howard Ferguson, PC (June 18, 1870 – February 21, 1946) was the ninth premier of Ontario, from 1923 to 1930. He was a Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1905 to 1930 who represented the eastern provincial riding of Grenville. Background The son of Charles Frederick Ferguson, who served in the Canadian House of Commons, Ferguson studied at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall, was called to the Ontario bar in 1894, and returned to Kemptville to practise. Ferguson was elected to the municipal council and served three years as reeve of Kemptville. He married Ella Cumming in 1896. Early political career First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1905 election, Ferguson served as Minister of Lands, Forest, and Mines in the government of William Howard Hearst from 1914 to 1919. Ferguson approved the reservation of of pulpwood on crown land to the Mead Corporation, and a further to Abitibi Power and Paper Company although the Crown Timber Act required pulp limits to be sold by public tender. He declared, \\\"My ambition has been to see the largest paper industry in the world established in the Province, and my attitude towards the pulp and paper industry has been directed towards assisting in bringing this about.\\\" After becoming Premier of Ontario in 1923, Ferguson reserved a further to Abitibi. In addition, he sold timber limits to the Shevlin-Clarke Lumber Company (headed by the fellow Conservative James Arthur Mathieu) for less than half the price they would have normally fetched, and the company later paid a fine of $1.5 million for breaching the Crown Timber Act. The transactions were criticized in a subsequent inquiry, in which the commission reported: Ferguson became leader of the Conservative Party upon the defeat of the Hearst government that year. Premiership In the 1923 election, the Ontario Conservative Party came to power under Ferguson's leadership by defeating the United Farmers of Ontario-Labour coalition government of Ernest C. Drury. The Conservatives won 75 of the 111 seats in the legislature. Ferguson's government encouraged private investment in industry and the development of the province's natural resources as a means of achieving prosperity. It was re-elected in the 1926 election with 72 seats and in 1929 with 90 seats. French policy In 1911, Ferguson argued in the legislature that \\\"no language other than English should be used as a medium of instruction in the schools of this Province\\\" although that a significant proportion of the population was French-Canadian. Sectarian politics was still rife in Ontario, and the Conservatives relied on a base of Orange support. Ferguson was prepared to pander to the Orangemen with anti-Catholic and anti-French rhetoric. In 1912, the Ontario government passed Regulation 17, which greatly restricted the use of French language instruction. The legislation outraged Quebec and was an irritant to national unity during the First World War. When Ferguson became premier, he reversed himself by moderating the legislation and allowing more French-language instruction. His government, however, refused to\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Ferguson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5659808\",\n \"text\": \"George Bennett (March 10, 1887 - February 29, 1948) was the 19th Mayor of the City of Windsor and a Member of Provincial Parliament in Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1943 to 1945. He represented the riding of Windsor—Sandwich for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Bennett's time as a mayor was brief, from 1935 to 1936. He was preceded by David Croll and succeeded by Ernest S. Wigle. Bennett was elected in a surprise sweep by the CCF and Ted Jolliffe in 1943, where his party went from no seats to 34. He served on several Legislative Committees including Public Accounts, Municipal Law, and Game and Fish. He lost his seat in 1945, along with many of his fellow CCF MPP's. Windsor-Sandwich would not be represented by a social democrat until 1967 when Hugh Peacock was elected. In 1910 he married Hannah Elizabeth Hackney. He died in Windsor, Ontario at the age of 60. References External links 1888 births 1948 deaths 20th-century Canadian legislators Mayors of Windsor, Ontario Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPPs\",\n \"title\": \"George Bennett (Ontario politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57630563\",\n \"text\": \"The 42nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario was a legislature of the province of Ontario, Canada. The membership was set by the 2018 Ontario general election and sat for two sessions until it was dissolved on May 3, 2022 in advance of the 2022 Ontario general election. A majority government was formed by the Progressive Conservative Party with leader Doug Ford serving as Premier of Ontario. The Official Opposition, and the only other recognized party, was the Ontario New Democratic Party led by Andrea Horwath. The Ontario Liberal Party and Green Party of Ontario also elected members to seats in the legislature, but neither elected enough MPPs for official party status. At dissolution, the New Blue Party of Ontario and the Ontario Party each had one MPP, but also lacked official party status. Ford was officially sworn in as Premier of Ontario by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario on June 29, 2018. The first session of the 42nd Legislative Assembly was opened on July 11, 2018 with the election of Ted Arnott as Speaker. Election and appointments The Members of the Provincial Parliament (MPP) that served in the Legislative Assembly of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario were elected in the general election held on June 7, 2018. The election returned 76 Progressive Conservatives, 40 NDP members, 7 Liberals, and 1 Green. This allowed the Progressive Conservative Party to form a majority government with its leader Doug Ford becoming Premier and the NDP forming the Official Opposition. Neither the Liberals, nor the Green Party had sufficient number of seats to provide them with party status in the legislative assembly. Ford assembled a 21-member Cabinet which was sworn in by Lieutenant Governor Elizabeth Dowdeswell on June 29. The cabinet featured Ford as Premier and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs with former Progressive Conservative leadership candidates Christine Elliott as Deputy Premier and Minister of Health, and Caroline Mulroney as Attorney General. Former interim leaders of the Progressive Conservatives Vic Fedeli and Jim Wilson were assigned to be Minister of Finance and Minister of Economic Development, respectively. This initial cabinet also featured Lisa MacLeod as both Minister of Community and Social Services and Minister of Children and Youth Services, Lisa Thompson as Minister of Education, Rod Phillips as Minister of the Environment, and John Yakabuski as Minister of Transportation. In addition, 26 other Progressive Conservative MPPs were appointed to be parliamentary assistants. Todd Smith was appointed Government House Leader and Ted Arnott was elected Speaker. The first change to the Cabinet came on November 2, 2018, when Jim Wilson resigned to sit as an independent and Todd Smith assumed his role as Minister of Economic Development. The first major cabinet shuffle came on June 20, 2019, as the premier expanded the cabinet to 28 members with 31 other Progressive Conservative MPPs being parliamentary assistants. Doug Downey, Paul Calandra, Stephen Lecce and Ross Romano were promoted to cabinet to be Attorney General, Government House Leader, Minister of Education, and Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, respectively. Jill\",\n \"title\": \"42nd Parliament of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1046191\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Richard William Scott, (February 24, 1825 – April 23, 1913) was a Canadian politician and cabinet minister. Early life He was born in Prescott, Ontario, in 1825, a descendant of a family from County Clare. A lawyer by training, Scott was admitted to the bar in 1848 and established a practice in Bytown (now Ottawa). Political career Scott became a member of municipal council in 1851, was mayor of Bytown in 1852, and held a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1857 to 1863. With Canadian Confederation, Scott won a seat in the Ontario legislature as a Liberal representing Ottawa from 1867 to 1871. He was Speaker of the legislature briefly in December 1871 before he was appointed to the provincial cabinet as Commissioner of Crown Lands. Scott played a leading role in passing legislation ensuring the rights of separate schools in Ontario. In November 1873, he left provincial politics when he was appointed minister without portfolio by Alexander Mackenzie in the federal Cabinet. Mackenzie had become prime minister after Sir John A. Macdonald's government had been forced to resign because of the Pacific Scandal. Scott was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Mackenzie in January 1874 and became Secretary of State for Canada and Leader of the Government in the Senate. A supporter of temperance, he drafted the \\\"Scott Act,\\\" which allowed any county or municipality in Canada to prohibit the retail sale of liquor by majority vote. With the defeat of the Liberal government in the 1878 election, Scott became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate until the return of the Liberals to government, under Wilfrid Laurier. Scott resumed his old Cabinet position of Secretary of State. Scott retired from the cabinet in 1908 but remained in the Senate until his death in 1913. He was made a knight in 1909 by King Edward VII. Family Richard William Scott was married in Philadelphia, Pa., November 8, 1853, to Mary Heron, the daughter of John Heron and Frances, his wife. She was born and educated in Dublin, Ireland. The couple had two sons William L. Scott, Local Master in Chancery, and D Arcy Scott, Barrister, Ottawa and four daughters. Before her marriage, Mrs. Scott was a professional singer who toured in Canada and the United States as a member of \\\"The Heron sisters.\\\" The couple lived at 274 Daly Avenue, Ottawa. She served on the Executive Committee of the National Council of Women and as a Vice-President of the Local Council. Archives There is a Richard William Scott fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Electoral history References External links Member's Parliamentary History at the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Sir Richard Scott, PC , KC 1825 births 1913 deaths Mayors of Bytown Canadian Knights Bachelor Lawyers in Ontario Canadian King's Counsel Canadian senators from Ontario Canadian people of Irish descent Liberal Party of Canada senators Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West Members of the King's\",\n \"title\": \"Richard William Scott\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71430374\",\n \"text\": \"Section 69 of the Constitution Act, 1867 () is a provision of the Constitution of Canada creating the Legislature of the province of Ontario, which did not exist prior to 1867. The Constitution Act, 1867 created Ontario, including the institutions of the new provincial government, such as the Legislature. The Constitution Act, 1867 is the constitutional statute which established Canada. Originally named the British North America Act, 1867, the Act continues to be the foundational statute for the Constitution of Canada, although it has been amended many times since 1867. It is now recognised as part of the supreme law of Canada. Constitution Act, 1867 The Constitution Act, 1867 is part of the Constitution of Canada and thus part of the supreme law of Canada. It was the product of extensive negotiations by the governments of the British North American provinces in the 1860s. The Act sets out the constitutional framework of Canada, including the structure of the federal government and the powers of the federal government and the provinces. Originally enacted in 1867 by the British Parliament under the name the British North America Act, 1867, in 1982 the Act was brought under full Canadian control through the Patriation of the Constitution, and was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867. Since Patriation the Act can only be amended in Canada, under the amending formula set out in the Constitution Act, 1982. Text of section 69 Section 69 reads: Section 69 is found in Part V of the Constitution Act, 1867, dealing with provincial constitutions. It has not been amended since the Act was enacted in 1867. Purpose and interpretation The province of Ontario did not exist prior to 1867. From 1841 to Confederation in 1867, what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec formed the single Province of Canada. Section 6 of the Act split the Province of Canada into the two new and separate provinces. The Constitution Act, 1867 therefore had to create the government institutions for the two new provinces. Section 69 of the Act created the Legislature of Ontario as a unicameral legislature, consisting of the elected Legislative Assembly and the appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, the representative of the Crown. The Assembly originally had 82 seats, the same as the new federal House of Commons. The Legislative Assembly also used the same electoral map as the House of Commons, set out in the First Schedule of the Act. The unicameral legislature was the first in British North America. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald explained that it was sufficient to have a unicameral legislature for what he considered to be a \\\"subordinate Legislature\\\", in the nature of a municipal body. However, the courts have held that the provincial legislatures do not act as delegates of the federal Parliament. Instead, the provinces exercise plenary legislative powers. The purpose of the federation was not to subordinate the provinces to the federal government. Rather, with respect to matters assigned to the provinces, \\\"each province retain[s] its independence and autonomy.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Section 69 of the Constitution Act, 1867\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12097345\",\n \"text\": \"William Manley German (May 25, 1851 – March 31, 1933) was an Ontario barrister and political figure. He represented Welland in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1894 to 1900 and in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1892, from 1900 to 1917 and from 1921 to 1925 as a Liberal member. He was born in Hillier Township, Prince Edward County, Canada West, the son of George German whose parents were United Empire Loyalists from New York state. He studied at Victoria College in Cobourg. German articled in law with Lewis Wallbridge in Belleville and then Edward Fitzgerald in Toronto. He was called to the bar in 1883 and set up practice in Welland. In 1885, he married Henrietta Aylmer Macdonald. German was deputy reeve for Welland in 1890. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1891 but unseated after an appeal. German resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1900 to sit in the federal parliament. He ran unsuccessfully in 1917 and 1926 for the Welland seat in the House of Commons. German introduced legislation in the House of Commons to establish a bridge commission which led to the construction of the Peace Bridge between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York; similar legislation had been introduced in the United States Congress and the New York State Legislature. He was vice-president of the Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Company established to build the bridge. References The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 JA Gemmill Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario The History of the County of Welland, Ontario, its past and present (1887) 1851 births 1933 deaths Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario People from Prince Edward County, Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"William Manley German\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8857887\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of the Parliaments of the Ontario Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Canadian province of Ontario, since Canadian Confederation in 1867. The Legislative Assembly has existed since 1867 when the British North America Act, 1867 severed the Province of Canada into two new provinces, with the portion then called Canada West becoming Ontario. For the Parliaments prior to Confederation, see Parliament of the Province of Canada (1841 to 1867) and Parliament of Upper Canada (1791 to 1841). List of Parliaments Although they had fewer seats than the Conservatives, the Liberals formed a minority government with the support of the NDP. Sources Legislative Assemblies\",\n \"title\": \"List of Ontario Legislative Assemblies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3440342\",\n \"text\": \"The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada was the lower house of the Parliament of the Province of Canada. The Province of Canada consisted of the former province of Lower Canada, then known as Canada East (now Quebec), and Upper Canada, then known as Canada West (now Ontario). It was created by The Union Act, 1840. Canada East and Canada West each elected 42 members to the assembly for the first four parliaments. In 1853, following the 1851 Canadian census, the number of seats in the assembly was increased by the 4th Parliament of the Province of Canada from 84 to 130, 65 for each section, even though Canada West had a slightly larger population. The Parliamentary Representation Act of June 1853 was to take effect with the election for the 5th Parliament of the Province of Canada. The upper house of the legislature was called the Legislative Council. The two houses, the lower house and the upper house, constituted the Parliament of the Province of Canada. (See List of Parliaments below) The first session of parliament began in Kingston in Canada West in 1841. The second parliament and the first sessions of the third parliament were held in Montreal. On April 25, 1849, rioters protesting the Rebellion Losses Bill burned the parliament buildings. The remaining sessions of the third parliament were held in Toronto. Subsequent parliaments were held in Quebec City and Toronto, except for the last session June–August 1866 of the eighth and final parliament, which was held in the newly built Parliament building in Ottawa, the capital chosen for the Dominion of Canada. The British North America Act of 1867 divided the Province of Canada into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, each province having its own Legislative Assembly, as well as representation in the Parliament of Canada. Seat of Government and Parliament Buildings Parliament for the United Provinces of Canada drifted around the cities of Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, Quebec City and Ottawa. For exhaustive detail on how Parliament tried to resolve the issue of a permanent capital, see below David B. Knight, Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution in a Parliamentary System (Carleton Library Series, 1991). 1841–1843 three sessions were held at the three-storey Kingston General Hospital 1843 Parliament moves to Montreal and sites at renovated St. Anne's Market; burned down in 1849; rebuilt as market only and burned down again in 1902; site later was a parking lot and now public square called Place d'Youville. 1849 temporary sites for Parliament at Bonsecours Market and the Freemason's Hall, Montreal for single session. 1849–1850 Parliament returns to Toronto to the site of the Third Parliament Buildings at Front and Simcoe Streets. 1851 Parliament relocates to Quebec City in 1851 to the Quebec Parliament Building until fire destroys the building in 1854. 1854–1859 Parliament remains in Quebec City and relocates to Quebec Music Hall and Quebec City Courthouse. 1859 Parliament returns to Toronto to the site of the last parliament held there in 1849–1851 sessions. 1860–1865 Parliament returns\",\n \"title\": \"Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37547225\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Stewart Bevan-Baker (born 3 June 1962) is a Scottish-Canadian politician. He served as the leader of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island from 2012 to 2023. He is currently the member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island representing New Haven-Rocky Point (formerly representing Kellys Cross-Cumberland). He previously stood as a candidate for both the Green Party of Ontario and the Green Party of Canada. Bevan-Baker is a dentist by profession as well as being an active writer, musician and public speaker. Bevan-Baker served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in the 66th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 2019 to 2023. Personal life He is the second child of composer John Bevan Baker and June Findlay. He holds a Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree from the University of Glasgow. In 1985 he emigrated to Canada, living first in Lewisporte, Newfoundland and then Brockville, Ontario before settling in Prince Edward Island in 2003. He became a Canadian citizen in 1992. Political career Bevan-Baker joined the Green Party of Canada in 1992, and has run as a candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the elections of 1993, 1997 in the riding of Leeds—Grenville and provincially in 1995 in the riding of Leeds-Grenville in Ontario, and 2008 and 2011 in Malpeque, PEI. In 1997, he ran on a platform that advocated establishing a Genuine Progress Index (GPI). This was proposed to replace the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the standard measure for assessing national progress with an index that gauged the health and well-being of people, communities and eco-systems. Though not elected from 1997 to 2001, he forged an alliance with Liberal MP Joe Jordan to draft the Canada Well-Being Measurement Bill (C-268), which incorporated many of the central tenets of the GPI. The bill received first reading on 14 February 2001, but did not become law. Bevan-Baker has also run three times as a candidate in provincial elections in Ontario, and on Prince Edward Island in the riding of Kelly's Cross-Cumberland in 2007 and 2011. In 2012 he spearheaded a coalition from a broad spectrum of Islanders against a project known as \\\"Plan B\\\", which involved rerouting a portion of the Trans Canada Highway through a section of ancient Acadian forest, citing negative environmental and fiscal implications for the province. In 2015, Bevan-Baker was elected to the Prince Edward Island Legislative Assembly with 54% of the vote, winning the first-ever seat for the Green Party of Prince Edward Island. It was his tenth attempt at winning a seat. He is the third member of a provincial Green Party to win a seat in a provincial legislature in Canada, following Andrew Weaver in British Columbia and David Coon in New Brunswick. In 2019 the Green Party under Bevan-Baker's leadership witnessed the best electoral performance of any Green Party in Canada, finishing with enough seats to form the Official Opposition, marking the first time that the Green Party has formed the Official Opposition at any\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Bevan-Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72735022\",\n \"text\": \"The Ford family is a Canadian political family, who have English heritage. It includes the former Toronto Mayor Rob Ford and current Ontario Premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, Doug Ford. Notable members Doug Ford Sr. (1933 – 2006) Canadian businessperson and Ontario politician. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 1999 representing the riding of Etobicoke—Humber. He was the father of Rob Ford, and Doug Ford. Doug Ford (born 1964) Canadian politician and businessperson who has served as the 26th and current premier of Ontario since June 2018 and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario since March 2018. He represents the Toronto riding of Etobicoke North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Rob Ford (1969 – 2016) was a Canadian politician and businessperson who served as the 64th mayor of Toronto from 2010 to 2014. Before and after his term as mayor, Ford was a city councillor representing Ward 2 Etobicoke North. He was first elected to Toronto City Council in the 2000 Toronto municipal election, and was re-elected to his council seat twice. Krista Haynes (née Ford; born 1991) is a former Canadian professional women's American football player and conspiracy theorist. She is a daughter of Doug Ford. She was the captain the Legends Football League team Toronto Triumph. Michael Ford (born Michael Douglas Aldo Ford Stirpe; 1994) is a Canadian politician who has been the Ontario minister of citizenship and multiculturalism since June 24, 2022. A member of the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, he has represented York South—Weston in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 2022. Ford previously served on Toronto City Council from 2016 to 2022. First elected as a Toronto District School Board trustee in 2014, he later won a 2016 by-election for the council seat which was vacated upon the death of Rob Ford, before he was elected as a member of Provincial Parliament in 2022. He is the nephew of Doug Ford and Rob Ford. Ancestry The family have English heritage. The Toronto Sun cited online sources indicating that Doug and Rob Ford's paternal grandfather Ernest Ford moved from England to Canada in 1902 at the age of 11 as part of the Home Children immigration scheme. Offices held Legislative Assembly of Ontario member 1995 – 1996 (Doug Ford Sr.) 2018 – present (Doug Ford) 2022 – present (Michael Ford) Premier of Ontario 2018 – present Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leader 2018 – present Mayor of Toronto 2010 – 2014 Toronto city councillor 2000 – 2010, 2014 – 2016 (Rob Ford) 2010 – 2014 (Doug Ford) 2018 – 2022 (Michael Ford) Ontario Minister of Citizenship and Multiculturalism 2022 – present Toronto District School Board trustee 2014 – 2016 See also Trudeau family Mulroney family Hardisty family References Political families of Canada Politicians from Toronto\",\n \"title\": \"Ford family (Canada)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13496221\",\n \"text\": \"Ottawa West—Nepean () is a provincial electoral district in eastern Ontario, Canada. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The riding is represented in the Ontario legislature by the NDP's Chandra Pasma. The riding has been fairly solidly Liberal. In the 1999 provincial election, former Member of Provincial Parliament Alex Cullen lost the nomination to Rick Chiarelli following fierce party battles. Cullen instead ran for the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP). The seat was won by Tory Garry Guzzo. In the 2003 provincial election, former Ottawa mayor Jim Watson ousted Guzzo. Former Ottawa mayor Bob Chiarelli won the seat in a March 4, 2010, by-election, after Jim Watson left his seat to run in the 2010 Ottawa municipal election. Chiarelli lost his seat to PC Jeremy Roberts in 2018 which saw the former governing Liberals fall to third place in the legislature. In the 2022 provincial election the NDP's Chandra Pasma defeated Roberts, the only PC incumbent to lose his seat in the election. This marked the first time the NDP had ever won the seat, either provincially or federally. History The electoral district was created in 1999 from 77% of Ottawa West, 38% of Nepean and 21% of Ottawa—Rideau. Members of Provincial Parliament This riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario: Election results 2007 electoral reform referendum References External links Map of riding for 2018 election Provincial electoral districts of Ottawa\",\n \"title\": \"Ottawa West—Nepean (provincial electoral district)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4543928\",\n \"text\": \"Hermon (Herman) Henry Cook (April 26, 1837 – April 12, 1914) was an Ontario lumber merchant and political figure. He represented Simcoe North in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1878 and Simcoe East from 1882 to 1891. He also represented Simcoe East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1879 to 1882. Life He was born in Williamsburgh Township in Dundas County Upper Canada in 1826, the son of George Cook and Sarah Castleman, and was educated in Iroquois. He established himself as a lumber merchant in Simcoe County and set up a sawmill near the current site of the town of Midland, Ontario. With the completion of the Midland Railway of Canada, his timber business prospered. In 1861, he married Lydia White. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Ontario assembly in 1871. Cook resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1882 to run for a federal seat. He died in Toronto at the age of 76. Relatives His brother James William represented Dundas in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and his brother Simon represented Dundas in the House of Commons of Canada. His uncle John Cook had earlier represented Dundas in the legislative assembly for Upper Canada. Electoral record |- |Conservative |William Humphrey Bennett |align=\\\"right\\\"| 3,236 |Liberal |Hermon Henry Cook |align=\\\"right\\\"| 3,111 References External links Herman Henry Cook 1837 births 1914 deaths Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Ontario Liberal Party MPPs People from the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry\",\n \"title\": \"Hermon Henry Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1069313\",\n \"text\": \"Leopold Macaulay (November 25, 1887 – December 24, 1979) was a Canadian politician and lawyer, born in Peterborough, Ontario. Macaulay was a Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was first elected as Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the Toronto area riding of York South in 1926. He was brought into the cabinet as Provincial Secretary and Registrar in September 1930 in the last few weeks of the administration of Ontario Premier George Howard Ferguson. He was retained in that position when Ferguson's successor, George Henry formed his cabinet in December. Macaulay went on to serve as Minister of Highways from 1931 to 1934 and also Minister of Public Works for six months before the defeat of the Henry government by Mitchell Hepburn's Ontario Liberal Party in the 1934 Ontario election. Macaulay kept his seat through the election and, in 1936, he was a candidate in the Ontario Conservative leadership convention placing fourth. He remained in the legislature until losing his seat in the 1943 Ontario election to Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation leader Ted Jolliffe. He also served on the Board of Regents of Victoria University, University of Toronto from 1932 to 1972, serving as chair from 1942 to 1951. References External links 1887 births 1979 deaths Members of the Executive Council of Ontario People from Peterborough, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs Provincial Secretaries of Ontario University of Toronto people\",\n \"title\": \"Leopold Macaulay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1587237\",\n \"text\": \"The 1967 Ontario general election was held on October 17, 1967, to elect the 117 members of the 28th Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or \\\"MPPs\\\") of the Province of Ontario, Canada. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by John Robarts, won an eighth consecutive term in office, and maintained its majority in the legislature despite losing eight seats from its result in the previous election. The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Robert Nixon, increased its caucus from 24 to 28 members, and continued in the role of official opposition. T. Patrick Reid of Rainy River was elected as a Liberal-Labour MPP. He replaced Robert Gibson, the late MPP for Kenora as the legislature's sole Liberal-Labour MPP. The social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party, led by Donald C. MacDonald, increased its caucus in the legislature from 7 members to 20. Expansion of the Legislative Assembly The size of the Legislative Assembly was increased from 108 to 117 members, mainly through the reorganization of ridings outside Toronto: Results Summary |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MNAs ! colspan=4 | Votes |- ! Candidates !1963 !1967 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp) |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|John Robarts | 117 || 77 || 69 || 8 || 1,018,755 || 33,985 || 42.10% || 6.51 |rowspan=\\\"2\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Robert Nixon | 115 || 23 || 27 || 4 || 762,340 || 8,308 || 31.51% || 3.31 | 2 || 1 || 1 || || 5,051 || 1,723 || 0.21% || 0.10 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Donald C. MacDonald | 117 || 7 || 20 || 13 || 628,397 || 288,189 || 25.97% || 10.26 | || 5 || – || – || – || 2,382 || 377 || 0.10% || 0.03 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"|Harvey Lainson || 7 || – || – || – || 1,906 || 407 || 0.08% || 0.03 | || 2 || – || – || – || 592 || 1,062 || 0.02% || 0.06 | || 1 || – || – || – || 287 || 184 || 0.01% || 0.01 |- ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Total |366||108 ! \\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|117 ! \\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|2,419,710 ! \\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"| 100.00% |- | colspan=\\\"7\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Rejected ballots | 19,528 | 1.223 | colspan=\\\"2\\\"| |- | colspan=\\\"7\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Voter turnout | 2,439,238 | 255,160 | 66.18 | 2.65 |- | colspan=\\\"7\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Registered electors | 3,685,755 | 247,921 | colspan=\\\"2\\\"| |} Synopsis of results = open seat = turnout is above provincial average = winning candidate was in previous Legislature = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature = incumbent had switched allegiance = incumbency arose from byelection gain = previously incumbent in another riding = other incumbents renominated = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada = Liberal-Labour candidate = multiple candidates Analysis Incumbents standing in other ridings Eleven MPPs lost their seats in the current redistribution and sought reelection elsewhere. A further four chose to campaign in another riding. See also Politics\",\n \"title\": \"1967 Ontario general election\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64779550\",\n \"text\": \"Bytown was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada. The district represented the town of Bytown, in Canada West, which was re-named Ottawa in 1855. The electoral district was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada, from the merger of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. It was renamed to Ottawa following the renaming of the city. Bytown was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario. Boundaries Bytown electoral district was primarily centred on the town of Bytown, Canada West (now Ottawa, Ontario). It was located on the south shore of the Ottawa River, which was the boundary with Canada East, now the province of Quebec. The Union Act, 1840 merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2. Prior to the Union, Bytown had been included in the electoral district of the County of Carleton in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, but the Union Act provided that Bytown would constitute a separate electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of the new Parliament. The Union Act gave the Governor General of the Province of Canada the power to draw the boundaries for the electoral district. The first Governor General, Lord Sydenham, issued a proclamation shortly after the formation of the Province of Canada in early 1841, establishing the boundaries for the electoral district: Members of the Legislative Assembly Bytown was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Bytown. Significant elections In the first general election of 1841, Lord Sydenham was actively involved. He took all possible steps to ensure that a majority of the members elected to the Legislative Assembly would be supporters of the union of the Canadas. During a tour of Canada West, he stopped in Bytown and urged three of the declared candidates for the seat to withdraw in favour of his preferred candidate, Stewart Derbishire, even though Derbishire had no connection to Bytown. As part of his arguments, Sydenham told them that it was due to his influence that Bytown had received its own seat, separate from Carleton County. The three candidates withdraw, but a fourth, William Stewart continued in his candidacy. When the vote was held in March, 1841, Derbishire was elected, by a vote of 52 to 29. Stewart issued two public protests, accusing the returning officer of partisanship, but did not formally contest the result. Abolition The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly\",\n \"title\": \"Bytown (Province of Canada electoral district)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4353208\",\n \"text\": \"George Strange Boulton (September 11, 1797 – February 13, 1869) was a lawyer and political figure in Upper Canada. Life and career He was born near Albany, New York, in 1797, the son of D’Arcy Boulton, and came to Upper Canada with his family around 1800. He studied at John Strachan's school in Cornwall. He served during the War of 1812. In 1818, he was called to the bar and began work as a lawyer in Port Hope. In 1824, he was appointed registrar for Northumberland County and he moved to Cobourg, the county seat. At the start of the 1837 rebellion, he became a member of the militia. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Durham in 1824; his election was declared invalid in 1825. In 1830, he was elected in Durham and represented it in the legislative assembly until 1841. He was a loyal Conservative and supported the expulsion of William Lyon Mackenzie from the assembly. In 1847, he was appointed to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada. He died in Cobourg, Ontario, in 1869. His brother, Henry John Boulton, was Attorney General in Upper Canada. References 1797 births 1869 deaths Politicians from Albany, New York American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario Canadian people of English descent Lawyers in Ontario Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada People from Cobourg Politicians from Toronto Immigrants to Upper Canada\",\n \"title\": \"George Strange Boulton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10637884\",\n \"text\": \"James Clancy (July 21, 1844 – January 10, 1921) was an Ontario farmer, businessman and political figure. He represented Kent West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1883 to 1894 and Bothwell in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1904 as a Conservative member. He was born in Mosa Township, Middlesex County, Canada West in 1844, the son of Patrick Clancy, an Irish immigrant. In 1868, he married Emily McIntosh. He was a lumber merchant in Wallaceburg. Clancy served on the town council for Dresden and was reeve of Chatham. In 1896, he defeated David Mills to win a seat in the House of Commons. He ran unsuccessfully for the federal seat representing Lambton West in 1904 after the riding of Bothwell was redistributed, and for the provincial seat representing Kent West in 1905. Clancy served as provincial auditor from 1905 to 1920. Electoral record External links The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891 JA Gemmill Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Lambton County's Hundred Years, 1849 - 1949, V Lauriston (1949) Office of the Auditor General 1844 births 1921 deaths Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario Mayors of Chatham, Ontario People from Middlesex County, Ontario Canadian merchants\",\n \"title\": \"James Clancy (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1666735\",\n \"text\": \"The 1871 Ontario general election was the second general election held in the Province of Ontario, Canada. It was held on March 21, 1871, to elect the 82 Members of the 2nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario (\\\"MLAs\\\"). The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Edward Blake, won a slim majority of the seats, and formed the government. The Ontario Conservative Party, led by John Sandfield Macdonald, served as the official opposition. Electoral reforms Earlier in 1871, the Legislative Assembly passed an Act to give the courts jurisdiction to rule on petitions dealing with corrupt practices in elections. In 1872, the Parliament of Canada passed an Act to compel MPs who were also members of a provincial legislature to resign such seats if they wished to stand again in a federal election. Five MLAs in the 1871 election were thus obliged to leave the Legislative Assembly in order to stand in federal ridings in 1872. Results |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MLAs ! colspan=4 | Votes |- ! Candidates !1867 !1871 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp) |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| | 76 || 41 || 43 || 2 || 68,366 || 9,323 || 52.30% || 3.54 |style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\"| | 73 || 41 || 38 || 3 || 59,926 || 20,185 || 45.85% || 4.44 | || 1 || – || 1 || 1 || 1,116 || 1,116 || 0.85% || New | || 9 || – || – || – || 1,303 || 220 || 1.00% || 0.04 |- ! colspan=\\\"3\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Total |159||82 ! \\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|88 ! \\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"|130,711 ! \\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\"| 100.00% |- | colspan=\\\"7\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Voter turnout | 130,711 | 28,612 | 62.93 | 10.93 |- | colspan=\\\"7\\\" style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" | Registered electors | 207,717 | 8,005 | colspan=\\\"2\\\"| |- | style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" |Acclamations | style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" | ||7 |- | style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" | ||8 |- | style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\" |Other candidates receiving nil votes | style=\\\"text-align:left;\\\" colspan=\\\"2\\\" | ||2 |} Synopsis of results = open seat = turnout is above provincial average = winning candidate was in previous Legislature = incumbent had switched allegiance = previously incumbent in another riding = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature = incumbency arose from byelection gain = other incumbents renominated = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada = multiple candidates Analysis MLAs elected by region and riding Party designations are as follows: Northern Ontario Ottawa Valley Saint Lawrence Valley Central Ontario Georgian Bay Wentworth/Halton/Niagara Midwestern Ontario Southwestern Ontario Peel/York/Ontario Later resignations on campaigning at the federal level See also Politics of Ontario List of Ontario political parties Premier of Ontario Leader of the Opposition (Ontario) Notes and references Notes References 1871 1871 elections in Canada March 1871 events 1871 in Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"1871 Ontario general election\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4249649\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin Tett (Feb 14, 1798 - May 15, 1878) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Leeds South as a Conservative member of the 1st Parliament of Ontario. He was born in Hinton St. George in England in 1798, the son of John Tett who manufactured cloth for ships' sails, and came to Perth, Upper Canada in 1820, later moving to Newboro. He served on the district council of the Johnstown District representing North Crosby. Around 1830, he set up a sawmill north of Kingston at Bedford Mills, anticipating the completion of the Rideau Canal. In partnership with the Chaffey family and others, he established a booming timber business in the area. He also constructed a gristmill and opened a general store. In 1833, he married Julianna Poole. Tett ran unsuccessfully in Leeds for a seat in the legislative assembly of Upper Canada in 1838. He was again unsuccessful when he ran for the South Leeds seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1854 but went on to represent South Leeds in the assembly from 1858 to 1863. In 1863, he was defeated by Albert Norton Richards for the same seat. Tett also served as a justice of the peace. His daughter Elizabeth married doctor Robert Henry Preston, who later represented South Leeds in the provincial assembly. His great-grandson John Tett is the namesake of Kingston's Tett Centre for Creativity and Learning. Electoral history References External links History of Leeds and Grenville, Thaddeus William Henry Leavitt The Canadian parliamentary companion : first year HJ Morgan (1862) Member's parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1798 births 1878 deaths Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario Politicians from Somerset People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties Immigrants to Upper Canada\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin Tett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1586335\",\n \"text\": \"The Province of Ontario is governed by a unicameral legislature, the Parliament of Ontario, composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which operates in the Westminster system of government. The political party that wins the largest number of seats in the legislature normally forms the government, and the party's leader becomes premier of the province, i.e., the head of the government. Ontario's current primary political parties are the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC), the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP), the Ontario Liberal Party and the Green Party of Ontario. Crown , as monarch of Canada is also the King in Right of Ontario. As a Commonwealth realm, the Canadian monarch is shared with 14 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations. Within Canada, the monarch exercises power individually on behalf of the federal government, and the 10 provinces. The powers of the Crown are vested in the monarch and are exercised by the lieutenant governor. The advice of the premier and Executive Council is typically binding; the Constitution Act, 1867 requires executive power to be exercised only \\\"by and with the Advice of the Executive Council\\\". The lieutenant governor is appointed by the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister of Canada. Thus, it is typically the lieutenant governor whom the premier and ministers advise, exercising much of the royal prerogative and granting royal assent. While the advice of the premier and Executive Council is typically binding on the lieutenant governor, there are occasions when the lieutenant governor has refused advice. This usually occurs if the premier does not clearly command the confidence of the elected Legislative Assembly. In 2017 following the provincial election in British Columbia, Premier Christy Clark met with Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon and advised dissolution of the Legislature. Guichon declined the Clark's request. Clark then offered her resignation as Premier, and the leader of the Official Opposition, John Horgan, who was able to command the confidence of the elected Legislature, was invited to form government. Legislative power The unicameral 124-member Legislative Assembly of Ontario (), and the Crown-in-Parliament (represented by the lieutenant governor) comprise the Provincial Parliament of Ontario. As government power is vested in the Crown, the role of the lieutenant governor is to grant royal assent on behalf of the monarch to legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Crown does not participate in the legislative process save for signifying approval to a bill passed by the Assembly. Membership Officeholders, known as members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) are elected using the first-past-the-post system. Government The legislature plays a role in the election of governments, as the premier and Cabinet hold office by virtue of commanding the body's confidence. Per the tenets of responsible government, Cabinet ministers are almost always elected MPPs, and account to the Legislative Assembly. Opposition The second largest party of parliamentary caucus is known as the Official Opposition, who typically appoint MPPs as critics to shadow ministers, and scrutinize the work of the government. The\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1058370\",\n \"text\": \"Fred Matthews Young (14 February 1907 – 13 December 1993) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1963 to 1981 who represented the riding of Yorkview. He was an ordained minister and long time organizer for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Background Young was born in Long Reach, New Brunswick, near the port city of Saint John, in 1907. He attended Teachers College in Fredericton, New Brunswick and taught school in Woodstock, New Brunswick. Later on, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Mount Allison University. He attended the University of Toronto and received both a Master of Arts and a bachelor's degree in divinity. He served as a minister in the United Church of Canada, in both Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island from 1934 until 1940. He and his wife Winnifred raise two children, a boy and a girl. Politics After World War II, Young worked, as an organizer for the CCF in the Maritimes, being personally recruited by the CCF's national secretary, David Lewis. Though, officially, he was a staff representative for the United Steel Workers of America, he was co-opted by the party. He travelled throughout Atlantic Canada and Ontario mostly doing work for the party. In May 1951, the Ontario CCF hired him, at the urging of Donald C. MacDonald, then the CCF's national organizer, who persuade Young to relocate from the Maritimes. He became the Ontario party's full-time organizer. In 1953, he ran for the leadership of the Ontario CCF, losing by six votes to Donald C. MacDonald in the CCF leadership convention. After five unsuccessful attempts to gain a public office, he won election to the town council of North York, Ontario in 1955. He served as deputy reeve and chair of the executive committee. He attempted on several occasions to win a seat for the CCF and its successor, the New Democratic Party (NDP) either at the federal or provincial level. He finally won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1963 provincial election for the North York riding of Yorkview. Young sat as an Ontario New Democratic Party Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) from 1963 until 1981. He was a friend of consumer advocate Ralph Nader. Both Nader and Young, as a legislator, fought for highway safety and mandatory use of seat belts. He was also an early advocate of airbags. In 1975, the Ontario government enacted the mandatory seatbelt reforms that he was advocating for years. As a legislator, Young became one of the first MPPs to open a community office to help his riding constituents. He was also responsible for writing the daily prayer used in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario throughout the later half of the 20th century. Later life Following his career in politics, the City of North York honoured him by naming a small park adjacent to York University after him in 1990. Young was hospitalized for many weeks at\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Young (Ontario politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3093205\",\n \"text\": \"The First Ontario Parliament Buildings (or the Third Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada) were built between 1829 and 1832 near Front, John, Simcoe and Wellington Streets in what was then York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario). They served as the parliament buildings for Upper Canada, the Province of Canada, and the province of Ontario after Canadian Confederation in 1867. History The parliament buildings were the third legislature structures built by the Upper Canadian government in York, Upper Canada. Construction took place between 1829 and 1832, with J.G. Chewett, Cumberland & Storm (firm), Samuel Curry, John Ewart, John Howard and Thomas Rogers as the architects. Alterations took place in 1849. The buildings were the third constructed for the parliament of Upper Canada, which sat in them from 1832 to 1841. Upper Canada was absorbed into the Province of Canada in 1841, and its capital rotated among several locations. The buildings served as the seat of government for the new province at various times between 1849 and 1859. When the Province of Canada ceased to exist with the creation of Ontario at Confederation on July 1, 1867, Toronto was named the provincial capital, and these Front Street buildings were the first used by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Therefore, they are the Ontario legislature's first parliament buildings, but not the first parliament buildings ever built in present-day Ontario. The buildings were the last to have an upper chamber, as the new province of Ontario did not have a legislative council after 1866. The Front Street location served the Ontario legislature from Confederation until 1893, when the new Ontario Legislative Building was opened at Queen's Park. The old structure, left abandoned, rapidly degraded from the elements and from vandalism. By the turn of the century, the prevailing sentiment in Canada was in favour of progress and not sentimentality. The parliament buildings on Front Street were subsequently demolished between 1900 and 1903. The site of Ontario's first parliament buildings is now occupied by Simcoe Place and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. See also Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada Notes External links History of Ontario's Legislative Buildings (Government of Ontario site) References Ontario Legislature Legislative buildings in Upper Canada Buildings and structures demolished in 1903 Demolished buildings and structures in Toronto Legislative buildings in Canada Legislative Assembly of Ontario Government buildings completed in 1832 Upper Canada College\",\n \"title\": \"First Ontario Parliament Buildings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1036175\",\n \"text\": \"The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section) – The Farmer-Labor Party of Ontario, more commonly known as the Ontario CCF, was a democratic socialist provincial political party in Ontario that existed from 1932 to 1961. It was the provincial wing of the federal Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). The party had no leader in the beginning, and was governed by a provincial council and executive. The party's first Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) was elected by voters in the 1934 Ontario general election. In the 1937 general election, no CCF members were elected to the Ontario Legislature. In 1942, the party elected Toronto lawyer Ted Jolliffe as its first leader. He led the party to within a few seats of forming the government in the 1943 general election; instead, it formed the Official Opposition. In that election, the first two women were elected to the Ontario Legislature as CCFers: Agnes Macphail and Rae Luckock. The 1945 election was a setback, as the party lost most of its seats in the Legislature, including Jolliffe's seat. The party again became the Official Opposition after the 1948 general election, and defeated the Conservative premier George Drew in his seat, when Bill Temple unexpectedly won in the High Park constituency. The middle and late 1940s were the peak years for the Ontario CCF. After that time, its electoral performances were dismal, as it was reduced to a rump of two seats in the 1951 election, three seats in the 1955 election, and five seats in the 1959 election. Jolliffe stepped down as leader in 1953, and was replaced by Donald C. MacDonald. The period between the 1951 defeat and the founding of the Ontario New Democratic Party was one of much internal strife, but MacDonald managed to keep the party together, despite the constant electoral defeats. In October 1961, the party dissolved itself and became part of the New Democratic Party. History Origins The Ontario CCF was indirectly the successor to the 1919–23 United Farmers of Ontario–Labour coalition that formed the government in Ontario under Ernest C. Drury. While in 1934 several former United Farmer Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) became Liberal-Progressives aligned with the Ontario Liberal Party, the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO), as an organization, participated in the formation of the Ontario CCF, and was briefly affiliated with the party. After a meeting in Ottawa on May 26, 1932, that brought together all the Members of Parliament that belonged to the Ginger Group, and some members of the League for Social Reconstruction (LSR), the CCF was formed, making J. S. Woodsworth the de facto leader, and giving responsibility for organizing Ontario to Agnes Macphail of the UFO. Macphail, as president of the Ontario Provincial Council, persuaded her fellow delegates at the December 1932 UFO convention to affiliate with the CCF provincial council. After the 1933 Regina convention, the name of the party was introduced as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section) – The Farmer-Labor Party, though the shorter Ontario CCF was the\",\n \"title\": \"Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67750244\",\n \"text\": \"Changes to the Ontario Autism Programme in 2019 by the government of Ontario, led by Premier Doug Ford, caused significant controversy, resulting in a number of protests. After announcing the changes in February, aimed at clearing the long waiting list for the programme, but resulting in the potential loss of access to the service for many families, the government eventually partly reversed its reforms. Background In 2014, while a city councillor in Toronto, Ford came under criticism after opposing a group home for developmentally disabled people, including those with autism, in a west Etobicoke neighbourhood. He was first alleged to have told members of the home that they had \\\"ruined the community\\\", and then attempted to defend himself by stating that the presence of the home had dropped property prices in the neighbourhood and had been a \\\"nightmare\\\" for its neighbours. After the father of an autistic son filed an integrity complaint against Ford over the scandal, Ford told the Toronto Sun newspaper that the father had launched a jihad against him and that \\\"he can go to hell, I don't even care.\\\" The controversy was raised again during Ford's run in the 2014 Toronto mayoral election, to which Ford responded by stating that the media had distorted the issue. In 2016, the government of Ontario, then led by the Ontario Liberal Party and Premier Kathleen Wynne, announced that it would be eliminating government-funded access to intensive behaviour therapy for children aged five and above. After a significant outcry, the government reversed its decision and announced an additional $200 million in funding over the next four years. In the 2018 Ontario general election, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, led by Doug Ford, won a majority in the election, capturing 76 of the 124 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and returning to government for the first time since 2003. As part of their platform, the PCs to add 100 million $ in funding per year to the Ontario Autism Programme. At the time of the election, there were 23 000 children on the waiting list for access to autism-related services in Ontario. Ontario Autism Programme reforms In November 2018, along with other cuts such as the 2018 Franco-Ontarian Black Thursday, the Ford government announced that it would be eliminating the Office of the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth. On 4 February 2019, Progressive Conservative MPP Amy Fee published an article in the Toronto Star decrying the state of autism services in the province, stating that Two days later, Lisa MacLeod, the Minister of Children, Community and Social Services, held a press conference at Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital to announce a number of reforms to the Ontario Autism Programme, stating that \\\"we've heard how the autism program isn't working for the families who need support for their children.\\\" Among the reforms, the government would be doubling investment in autism diagnostic hubs up to $5,5 million a year, providing direct funding to families instead of to regional service\",\n \"title\": \"2019 Ontario Autism Program controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2606651\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of people who currently serve in one of the provincial or territorial legislative assemblies in Canada who are members of the New Democratic Party. The NDP does not currently hold any seats in the Legislative Assemblies of Quebec, Prince Edward Island or New Brunswick. The territorial assemblies in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, additionally, are non-partisan consensus government bodies. Alberta The Alberta New Democrats currently hold 24 (of the 87) seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, forming the official opposition. Rachel Notley, party leader and Leader of the Opposition Deron Bilous Jon Carson Joe Ceci Lorne Dach Thomas Dang Jasvir Deol David Eggen Richard Feehan Kathleen Ganley Nicole Goehring Christina Gray Janis Irwin Sarah Hoffman Rod Loyola Chris Nielsen Rakhi Pancholi Shannon Phillips Marie Renaud Irfan Sabir Marlin Schmidt David Shepherd Lori Sigurdson Heather Sweet British Columbia The British Columbia New Democratic Party currently hold 41 (of the 87) seats in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, forming the government. John Horgan, party leader and Premier Robin Austin Harry Bains Spencer Chandra Herbert Raj Chouhan Katrine Conroy Kathy Corrigan Judy Darcy Adrian Dix Doug Donaldson David Eby Mable Elmore Mike Farnworth Rob Fleming Scott Fraser Sue Hammell George Heyman Gary Holman Carole James Maurine Karagianis Leonard Krog Norm Macdonald Melanie Mark Michelle Mungall Lana Popham Bruce Ralston Jennifer Rice Selina Robinson Bill Routley Doug Routley Jane Shin Nicholas Simons Shane Simpson Claire Trevena Jodie Wickens Manitoba The Manitoba New Democratic Party holds 18 (of the 57) seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, forming the Official Opposition. Wab Kinew (Wabanakwut), Party leader and Leader of the Opposition Danielle Adams Nello Altomare Uzoma Asagwara Diljeet Brar Ian Bushie Nahanni Fontaine Amanda Lathlin Tom Lindsey Jim Maloway Malaya Marcelino Jamie Moses Lisa Naylor Adrien Sala Mintu Sandhu Bernadette Smith Mark Wasyliw Matt Wiebe Newfoundland and Labrador The New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador currently holds two seats in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly, and is the third party. Lorraine Michael Gerry Rogers Nova Scotia The Nova Scotia New Democratic Party currently holds five seats in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, and is the third party. Sterling Belliveau Denise Peterson-Rafuse Lisa Roberts Dave Wilson Lenore Zann Ontario The Ontario New Democratic Party holds 20 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and is the third party. Andrea Horwath, party leader Teresa Armstrong Gilles Bisson Sarah Campbell Cheri DiNovo Catherine Fife Cindy Forster Jennifer French Wayne Gates France Gélinas Lisa Gretzky Percy Hatfield Michael Mantha Paul Miller Taras Natyshak Peggy Sattler Jagmeet Singh Peter Tabuns Monique Taylor John Vanthof Saskatchewan The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party holds ten seats in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, forming the official opposition. Trent Wotherspoon, interim parliamentary leader and Leader of the Opposition Carla Beck Buckley Belanger Danielle Chartier David Forbes Warren McCall Nicole Rancourt Nicole Sarauer Cathy Sproule Doyle Vermette Yukon The Yukon New Democratic Party holds six seats in the Yukon Legislative Assembly, forming the official opposition. Elizabeth\",\n \"title\": \"List of NDP members of provincial and territorial assemblies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1166080\",\n \"text\": \"David Joseph Levac (born April 6, 1954) is a retired Canadian politician who was the 41st speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2011 to 2018. Levac was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1999 as a member of the Ontario Liberal Party. He served as the member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for Brant until 2018 and is the Ontario legislature's longest serving speaker. Background Born in Brantford, Ontario, Levac attended Wilfrid Laurier University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1976. He completed teacher's college at Queen's University in 1977, beginning to work a teacher in the early 1980s, and became a principal in Brantford in 1989. In 1992, he attended Niagara University to complete a master's degree in education. Levac received the Canada 125 Medal in 1993, was named OECTA Distinguished Teacher in 1994 for his work in conflict resolution programs, and was named Brantford's Citizen of the Year in 1997 by readers of the Brantford Expositor. He also served as co-ordinator of Queen Elizabeth II's Royal Visit to Brantford in 1997. He was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002. In 2011 he was awarded the Chevalier of the Order of Merit for his educational efforts with respect to the Ukrainian famine in the 1930s. Political career Levac was elected in the 1999 provincial election, defeating Progressive Conservative (PC) candidate Alayne Sokoloski by 956 votes in the riding of Brant. The PCs won a majority government in this election, and Levac sat as an opposition member for the next four years. The Liberals won a majority government in the 2003 provincial election and Levac again defeated Sokoloski, this time by over 10,000 votes. Levac was named chief government whip. Levac was re-elected in 2007, 2011, and 2014. On April 9, 2009 Levac, along with co-sponsors Cheri DiNovo and Frank Klees passed bill 147 – the Holodomor Memorial Day Act. This was the first piece of legislation in Ontario history to be introduced with tri-partisan sponsorship. This historic legislation recognizes Ukrainian man-made famine as an act of Genocide. On January 25, 2010, Levac was named parliamentary assistant to the minister of energy and infrastructure. After the 2011 election, Levac was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He beat three other Liberal members, David Zimmer, Kevin Flynn, and Donna Cansfield. Cansfield was an early favourite for the position but lost to Levac on a second ballot after the New Democratic Party (NDP) voted in a bloc for Levac. No NDP or PC members put their names forward due to the Liberal government's delicate one-seat minority status in the legislature. Levac was re-elected as speaker after the 2014 election defeating four other contenders. On May 5, 2017, Levac announced he would not run for his seat again in the 2018 Ontario general election after 19 years in the legislature and seven of those years as speaker. In 2022, Levac was appointed to the Order of Ontario. Electoral record References External links 1954 births\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Levac\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3562661\",\n \"text\": \"The 6th Parliament of the Province of Canada was summoned in January 1858, following the general election for the Legislative Assembly in December 1857. Sessions were held in Toronto in 1858 and then in Quebec City from 1859. The Parliament was dissolved in May 1861. The 1858 parliamentary session was one of the longest and nastiest in Canadian history, opening in January 1858, just as news arrived from London that Queen Victoria had chosen Ottawa as the permanent seat for the Canadian government. In August 1858 the Macdonald-Cartier ministry carried out the divisive \\\"double shuffle\\\" that allowed the ministry to stay in power without facing by-elections. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly was Sir Henry Smith. Electoral system Each voter could cast as many votes as there were seats to fill in the district (First-past-the-post voting). Montreal and Quebec City elected three members; Toronto elected two members. All others elected just one member. (Previous to the next election, all districts were changed to single-member districts.) Canada East - 65 seats Canada West - 65 seats References Upper Canadian politics in the 1850s, Underhill (and others), University of Toronto Press (1967) External links Ontario's parliament buildings ; or, A century of legislation, 1792-1892 : a historical sketch Assemblée nationale du Québec (French) 1858 in Canada 06\",\n \"title\": \"6th Parliament of the Province of Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14276269\",\n \"text\": \"The 2011 Ontario general election was held on October 6, 2011, to elect members of the 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The Ontario Liberal Party was elected to a minority government, with the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC Party) serving as the Official Opposition and the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) serving as the third party. In the final result, Premier McGuinty's party fell one seat short of winning a majority government. Under amendments passed by the Legislature in December 2005, Ontario elections were now held on fixed dates, namely the first Thursday of October every four years. The writ of election was issued by Lieutenant Governor David Onley on September 7, 2011. The election saw a then–record low voter turnout of 48.2%, only to be surpassed by the 2022 Ontario general election with 43.53%. Timeline 2007 October 10, 2007: Elections held for members of the Ontario Legislature in the 39th Legislative Assembly of Ontario. November 29, 2007: The 39th Legislative Assembly of Ontario officially opens with the Speech from the Throne. 2008 February 23, 2008: John Tory's continued leadership of the Progressive Conservative party is endorsed by 66.9% of delegates at a leadership review. June 14, 2008: Premier Dalton McGuinty receives the support of 95.4% of delegates from the Ontario Liberal Party's mandatory leadership review. June 14, 2008: NDP leader Howard Hampton announces he will be stepping down as party leader at the March 7, 2009 NDP leadership convention. 2009 January 9, 2009: Progressive Conservative MPP Laurie Scott announces her resignation from the legislature to allow party leader John Tory, who has been without a seat since his defeat in Don Valley West in the 2007 election, to re-enter the legislature. March 5, 2009: In the Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock by-election following Scott's resignation, Tory is defeated by Liberal candidate Rick Johnson. March 6, 2009: John Tory resigns as Progressive Conservative leader pending the selection of an interim party leader. March 7, 2009: Andrea Horwath is elected leader of the Ontario NDP at the party's 2009 leadership convention. June 27, 2009: Tim Hudak is elected leader of the Progressive Conservative party at its 2009 leadership election and also becomes the new Leader of the Opposition. September 17, 2009: Eric Hoskins is elected as the MPP for the riding of St. Paul's following the resignation of Michael Bryant on June 7, 2009. November 4, 2009: Mike Schreiner is affirmed as the new leader of the Green Party of Ontario, receiving 97% approval from the party membership defeating the None of the Above ballot option, in the 2009 leadership election. 2010 January 29, 2010: Bob Runciman resigns his seat to accept appointment to the Senate of Canada. February 1, 2010: Jim Watson resigns his seat to run for Mayor in the 2010 Ottawa municipal election February 4, 2010: Glen Murray is elected as the MPP for the riding of Toronto Centre following the resignation of George Smitherman on January 4, 2010. March 4, 2010: Bob Chiarelli is elected as the MPP for\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Ontario general election\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"661462\",\n \"text\": \"The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (OLA; ) is the legislative chamber of the Canadian province of Ontario. Its elected members are known as Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Ontario to become law. Together, the Legislative Assembly and Lieutenant Governor make up the unicameral Legislature of Ontario or Parliament of Ontario. The assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queen's Park in the provincial capital of Toronto. Ontario uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government in which members are elected to the Legislative Assembly through general elections using a \\\"first-past-the-post\\\" system. The premier of Ontario (the province's head of government) holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the Legislative Assembly, typically sitting as an MPP themselves and lead the largest party or a coalition in the Legislative Assembly. The largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as leader of the Opposition. The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the \\\"Ontario Provincial Parliament\\\". Members of the assembly refer to themselves as \\\"Members of the Provincial Parliament\\\" MPPs as opposed to \\\"Members of the Legislative Assembly\\\" (MLAs) as in many other provinces. Ontario is the only province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7, 1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to \\\"members of the Assembly\\\". The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec. The current assembly was elected on June 2, 2022, as part of the 43rd Parliament of Ontario. Owing to the location of the Legislative Building on the grounds of Queen's Park, the metonym \\\"Queen's Park\\\" is often used to refer to both the provincial government and the Legislative Assembly. Lawmaking In accordance with the traditions of the Westminster system, most laws originate in the provincial cabinet (government bills) and are passed by the legislature after multiple rounds of debate and decision-making. Backbench legislators may introduce private legislation (private-member bills) or amend bills presented to the legislature by cabinet, playing an integral role in scrutinizing bills both at the debate as well as committee stages. In the Ontario legislature, this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members' Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the work carried out by the Legislature's Standing Committees, which are made up of ordinary backbenchers. A member's day will typically be divided among participating in the business of the House, attending caucus and committee meetings, speaking in various debates, or returning to his or her constituency to address the concerns, problems and grievances of constituents. Depending on personal inclination and political circumstances, some Members concentrate most of their attention on House matters while others focus on constituency problems, taking on something of an ombudsman's role in the process. Finally, it is the task\",\n \"title\": \"Legislative Assembly of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"445732\",\n \"text\": \"The 1867 Canadian federal election was held from August 7 to September 20, 1867, and was the first election for the new country of Canada. It was held to elect members representing electoral districts in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec to the House of Commons of the 1st Canadian Parliament. The provinces of Manitoba (1870) and British Columbia (1871) were created during the term of the 1st Parliament of Canada and were not part of this election. Sir John A. Macdonald had been sworn in as prime minister by the Governor General, Lord Monck, when the new Canadian nation was founded on 1 July 1867. As leader of the Conservative Party of Canada (known as the Liberal-Conservative Party until 1873), he led his party in this election and continued as Prime Minister of Canada when the Conservatives won a majority of the seats in the election, including majorities of the seats (and votes) in the new provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The Liberal Party of Canada won the second most seats overall, including a majority of the seats (and votes) in the province of New Brunswick. The Liberals did not have a party leader in the election. George Brown, who was the leader of the Liberal Party of Ontario, was considered the \\\"elder statesman\\\" of the national party. Brown ran concurrently for seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the House of Commons of Canada, and might well have been Prime Minister in the unlikely event that the Liberals prevailed over the Conservatives in the national election. Brown failed to win a seat in either body, and the national Liberals remained officially leaderless until 1873. The Anti-Confederation Party, led by Joseph Howe, won the third most seats overall, based solely on a majority of seats (and votes) in the province of Nova Scotia. Their main desire was the reversal of the decision to join Confederation, which had become highly unpopular in that province. The goals of the Anti-Confederation Members of Parliament (MPs) were openly supported by five of the Liberal MPs of New Brunswick. The Anti-Confederation MPs sat with the Liberal caucus. When the government in Britain refused to allow Nova Scotia to secede, a majority of the Anti-Confederation MPs (11 of 18) moved to the Conservatives. Halifax was a two-member riding at the time of the election, while the City of Saint John was represented by its own district and the County of Saint John. The election in Kamouraska, Quebec was delayed due to rioting. Election The first Canadian election took place without a uniform set of election laws to govern the selection of members to the House of Commons, an interim measure until Parliament could pass its own election laws, which did not come until 1885. Instead, the election was contested under the rules set by each individual province prior to confederation, and future elections would be contested under provincial rules until a time when federal parliament set their own rules. Because\",\n \"title\": \"1867 Canadian federal election\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14330061\",\n \"text\": \"The 37th Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada's most populous province, was in session from June 8, 1999, until May 5, 2003. Its membership was set by the general election of 1999. Majority was held by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party led by Mike Harris. During the 36th Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Harris' government had passed legislation which realigned provincial electoral districts to match the boundaries in use for federal districts; accordingly, the 37th Assembly had a reduced number of seats, with just 103 members compared to 130 in the previous session. In the March 2002 leadership convention, following Mike Harris' resignation announcement, Ernie Eves was elected party leader. Gary Carr served as speaker for the assembly. Members Notes References Members in Parliament 37 Terms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1999 establishments in Ontario 2003 disestablishments in Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"37th Parliament of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35667289\",\n \"text\": \"Beauce was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada in Canada East, in a rural area south of Quebec City bordering on the United States. From 1841 to 1854, Beauce county had been included in the riding of Dorchester. In 1853, the provincial Parliament enacted a redistribution statute which enlarged the Legislative Assembly, from forty-two seats to sixty-five. The Beauce area was split off from Dorchester and made a separate riding. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The electoral district was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and Quebec. Boundaries The electoral district of Beauce was in a rural area south of Quebec City, bordering on the United States. Its territory is now included in the regional county municipalities of Beauce-Sartigan, Beauce-Centre and La Nouvelle-Beauce. The county of Beauce had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1829 to 1838, when the Lower Canada Parliament was suspended after the Lower Canada Rebellion. The Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, merged the two provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict. (UK), c. 35, s. 2. The Union Act provided that Beauce would be merged with the county of Dorchester to form the Dorchester riding, represented by one member. In 1853, the Parliament of the Province of Canada expanded the Legislative Assembly, to take effect in the next general elections in 1854. Canada East's representation was expanded from forty-two seats to sixty-five seats. As part of the redistribution, the Beauce region was split off from the Dorchester riding and created as a separate riding. The boundaries of the new riding of Beauce were as follows: Members of the Legislative Assembly (1854–1867) Beauce was a single-member constituency, represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly for Beauce. The party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly. \\\"Party\\\" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada. Abolition The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. See also List of elections in the Province of Canada References Electoral districts of Canada East 1854 establishments in Canada East 1867 disestablishments in Quebec\",\n \"title\": \"Beauce (Province of Canada electoral district)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"397208\",\n \"text\": \"This article provides a summary of results for the general elections to the Canadian province of Ontario's unicameral legislative body, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The number of seats has varied over time, from 82 for the first election in 1867, to a high of 130 for 1987, 1990 and 1995 elections. There are currently 124 seats. , Ontario elections are held every 4 years on the first Thursday in June. Prior to 1867, Canada's confederation, elections had been held in Ontario to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, starting in 1792. Results by general election See also Timeline of Canadian elections List of political parties in Ontario List of Ontario by-elections References Notes External links Elections Ontario Ontario general elections Elections, general\",\n \"title\": \"List of Ontario general elections\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23312016\",\n \"text\": \"The 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was a legislature of the government of the province of Ontario, Canada. The membership was set by the 2011 Ontario general election. It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority. The government was led by Premier Dalton McGuinty until his resignation resulted in the 2013 leadership election, which selected Kathleen Wynne as his successor. Wynne is the first woman ever to serve as Premier of Ontario. The Official Opposition was the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Tim Hudak, and the third party was the New Democrats, led by Andrea Horwath. On May 2, 2014, Premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne announced that she had formally requested that Lieutenant Governor of Ontario David Onley dissolve the 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario and call a provincial general election to occur on June 12, 2014. Timeline of the 40th Parliament of Ontario November 21, 2011 – Dave Levac (Liberal, Brant) is elected Speaker on the second ballot defeating three other candidates. November 22, 2011 – Speech from the Throne is delivered. March 29, 2012: Finance Minister Dwight Duncan delivers the provincial budget. April 23, 2012: After negotiations between the Liberals and the NDP, the minority government agrees to amend the budget by adding $242 million to child care funding, $20 million for northern and rural hospitals, increase welfare and disability benefits by 1 per cent at a cost of $55 million, and add a 2% surtax on the portion of individual income that exceeds $500,000 a year. April 24, 2012: Budget approved 52–37 with NDP MPPs abstaining. April 27, 2012: Progressive Conservative MPP Elizabeth Witmer (Kitchener—Waterloo) resigns her seat upon accepting a government appointment as chair of the Workplace Safety & Insurance Board. The vacancy results in the government and Opposition being tied in seats, however, as Speaker David Levac is a Liberal, the Opposition continues to have a one-seat advantage. A Liberal victory in this pending by-election and in the pending Vaughan by-election would give it a majority in the legislature. August 1, 2012: Liberal MPP Greg Sorbara (Vaughan) resigns his seat. September 6, 2012: By-elections held in the ridings of Kitchener—Waterloo and Vaughan. Catherine Fife (NDP) elected as MPP for Kitchener—Waterloo. Steven Del Duca (Liberal) elected as MPP for Vaughan. The NDP gains one seat in the Ontario Legislature while the Liberals retain their 53-seat minority. October 15, 2012: Premier McGuinty prorogues the legislature and announces his resignation as Liberal Party leader pending a leadership convention. February 11, 2013: Kathleen Wynne is sworn in as Premier, and a new cabinet in sworn in. February 14, 2013: Chris Bentley and Dwight Duncan, Liberal MPPs for London West and Windsor—Tecumseh, resign. June 11, 2013: Passage of the Wynne government's first budget, with the support of the NDP; legislature recesses for the summer. June 12, 2013: Former Premier Dalton McGuinty resigns his Ottawa South seat. June 27, 2013: Liberal MPP Margarett Best (Scarborough—Guildwood) resigns her seat. July 2, 2013: Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs Laurel Broten (Etobicoke—Lakeshore) resigns from Cabinet\",\n \"title\": \"40th Parliament of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13787585\",\n \"text\": \"The 21st Legislative Assembly of Ontario was convened following the 1943 Ontario general election and was in session from August 4, 1943, until March 24, 1945, just prior to the 1945 general election. The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, formerly the Ontario Conservative Party, led by George Drew formed a minority government. The Liberals, having lost seats to both the Conservatives and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, fell to third place. William James Stewart served as speaker for the assembly. Members elected to the Assembly Timeline References External links Members in Parliament 21 Terms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1943 establishments in Ontario 1945 disestablishments in Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"21st Parliament of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30201415\",\n \"text\": \"Michel Borne (September 19, 1784 – October 19, 1853) was a merchant and political figure in Canada East (now Quebec). He represented Rimouski in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1841 to 1842. Borne resigned his seat to allow Robert Baldwin, the Reform leader from Canada West (now Ontario) to gain a seat in the Assembly. That manoeuvre was key to building the alliance between Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, which ultimately led to the establishment of responsible government in the Province of Canada. Biography Borne was born in Quebec City, the son of George Borne, a native of Grenoble, France, and Marie-Françoise Letellier. In 1808, Borne married Angélique Paquette. The couple had twelve children, six of whom died young. He was a merchant in Quebec City. In 1843, he was appointed the superintendent and collector of the Chambly Canal. On February 22, 1830, Borne married Charlotte Munro, also widowed, at Notre-Dame-de-Montréal. They had together five children. Michel Borne died in Chambly on October 19, 1853 after a short disease. Politics Lower Canada In 1828, Borne was an unsuccessful candidate for the Quebec Upper Town seat in the Lower Canada Legislative Assembly, losing to Thomas Lee. Borne was one of the first members of the new municipal council for Quebec City from 1840 to 1842. Province of Canada Following the Lower Canada Rebellion in 1837, and the similar rebellion in Upper Canada (now Ontario) the same year, the British government decided to merge the two provinces into a single province, as recommended by Lord Durham in the Durham Report. The Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, abolished the two provinces and their separate parliaments, and created the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament for the entire province, composed of an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council. The Governor General initially retained a strong position in the government. Borne stood for election to the new Legislative Assembly in the first general election, in 1841, on an anti-union platform. He was elected by acclamation for the Rimouski riding. Borne was frequently absent during the first session of the new Parliament, and did not participate in the debate and vote on the union. During the sessions of 1841 and 1842, he generally aligned with the French-Canadian Group, in opposition to the government of Lord Sydenham. In the run-up to the first elections for the Legislative Assembly, Robert Baldwin, leader of the Reform group in Canada West, and Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, a leader of moderate French-Canadian nationalists in Canada East, had been in discussions about an alliance, with the goal of implementing responsible government in the new Province of Canada. When LaFontaine was unable to win election, due to mob violence in his constituency, Baldwin arranged for his nomination to a vacant seat in the Toronto area. LaFontaine won the by-election and entered Parliament, where he became one of the leaders of the French-Canadian Group. The next year, when Baldwin was defeated in a ministerial by-election, LaFontaine returned\",\n \"title\": \"Michel Borne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35545023\",\n \"text\": \"A caucus services bureau is a quasi-partisan legislative office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario that services members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Each officially recognized political party in the legislature has a similar service bureau. Appropriations for caucuses are set out in section 73 of the Legislative Assembly Act. Role Legislative office service bureaus are unique within the Ontario Government in that they operate as quasi-partisan entities, distributing communications material with their party's respective logos (Pursuant to the Government Advertising Act, 2004, a government office cannot publish, display, broadcast, or distribute a reviewable item that is deemed to be partisan). Although service bureaus are not required to brand their communications material with partisan logos they are expressly forbidden from using a Government of Ontario logo on material that could be considered to promote the party in power, or its members or negatively depict those who oppose the government. Funding Caucus appropriations are distributed to government and opposition parties proportionate to how many seats in the legislature they hold, and are intended for research, communication and administrative services. Payments to an individual or company that total more than $50,000 in any given fiscal year are listed with Ontario's public accounts. Service bureaus are not subject to freedom-of-information rules. Current caucus service bureaus References Legislative Assembly of Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"Caucus services bureau\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65126398\",\n \"text\": \"Hastings was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada West (now Ontario). Based on Hastings County, it fronted on the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario and extended north. It was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada by the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Hastings electoral district was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario. Boundaries Hastings electoral district was located on the north shore of the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario and extended north. It was based on Hastings County. The town of Belleville was the major centre. The Union Act, 1840 had merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself. Hastings County had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. Its boundaries were not altered by the Union Act. Those boundaries had originally been set by a proclamation of the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, in 1792: The boundaries had been further defined by a statute of Upper Canada in 1798: In 1821, the townships of Elzever, Madoc and Marmora were added to Hastings County. Since Hastings electoral district was not changed by the Union Act, those boundaries continued to be used for the new electoral district. Hastings was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. Members of the Legislative Assembly Hastings was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Hastings. Notes Significant elections Hastings was an important battleground during the first Parliament of the Province of Canada. Robert Baldwin, the leader of the Reform movement in Canada West, was elected in the general election of 1841, defeating Edmund Murney, who had represented Hastings in the last Parliament of Upper Canada. The next year, Baldwin and his political partner from Canada East, Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine both became members of the Executive Council, which was a significant step in the development of responsible government. However, the law at that time required that if a member of the Legislative Assembly took an office of profit under the Crown, they were required to vacate their seats and again stand for election. Baldwin did so, triggering a by-election. The by-election for Hastings was held in November, 1842 and became a significant battle between the Reform group and the Tories. Edmund Murney was again the candidate for the Tories, and he defeated Baldwin, which was a major loss for the Reformers. Lafontaine was able to persuade the sitting member of Rimouski in Canada East to retire, opening up the Rimouski seat. Baldwin then ran\",\n \"title\": \"Hastings (Province of Canada electoral district)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13410567\",\n \"text\": \"The 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from October 20, 1919, until May 10, 1923, just prior to the 1923 general election. The leading party in the chamber after the election was the United Farmers of Ontario. It formed a coalition government with 11 Labour MLAs and three Independent candidates of varying stripes. The coalition held a slight majority of the seats and the parties it represented had taken about 34 percent of the vote in the 1919 election. The rest of the votes had been split between the Conservatives, the Liberals and others, many of which were unsuccessful candidates. (Under First past the post, any votes cast for unsuccessful candidates are simply disregarded.) The UFO derived a benefit from winning many rural seats where the number of votes involved were less than in the urban districts. In North Brant the UFO candidate won while receiving only 3600 votes while in Ottawa West the Conservative candidate took 9000 votes to win his seat. The party approached Ernest Charles Drury, who had not run in the election, to serve as party leader and premier. Drury had not run in the 1919 election and was elected in a by-election held in Halton in 1920. He made it known that the coalition government party should be known by the name \\\"The People's Party.\\\" Most of the seats the United Farmers won were taken at the expense of the Conservative party, who had formed the government in the preceding assembly and would again regain power in 1923. Nelson Parliament served as speaker for the assembly. The power wielded by the UFO-Labour coalition enabled the passage of progressive Labour and farmer legislation. The government created the first Department of Welfare for the province and brought in allowances for widows and children, a minimum wage for women and standardized adoption procedures. The government also expanded Ontario Hydro and promoted rural electrification, created the Province of Ontario Savings Office - a provincially owned bank that lent money to farmers at a lower rate - began the first major reforestation program in North America, and began construction of the modern highway system. The government was a strict enforcer of the Ontario Temperance Act, enacted in 1916, and Prohibition stayed in force until 1927. The 1923 election saw the UFO-Labour coalition government defeated by a re-energized Conservative Party. The UFO vote stayed solid as compared to 1919 but the UFO suffered under First past the post and took about half the seats it was due. In 1924 (after the 1923 election), the provincial treasurer was found guilty of conspiracy to defraud the government following a series of events known as the Ontario Bond Scandal. In the waning days of the UFO-Labour government, the government attempted to reform the province's electoral system (to introduce proportional representation) but the effort failed, in part due to Conservative opposition. The UFO suffered under the First past the post electoral system used in the 1923 election, taking just about half the seats\",\n \"title\": \"15th Parliament of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1458350\",\n \"text\": \"Melville Carlyle \\\"Bud\\\" Germa (August 5, 1920 — June 17, 1993) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Sudbury from 1967 to 1968 in the House of Commons of Canada, and from 1971 to 1981 in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was a member of the New Democratic Party. Before entering politics, Germa was a labourer and union organizer in Sudbury, and served on Sudbury City Council. In 1964, while serving on city council, he advocated for Northern Ontario to separate from Ontario to become its own province. Federal politics Germa first ran as an NDP candidate in the 1965 election, losing to Liberal incumbent Rodger Mitchell. Mitchell died in 1967, however, and in the resulting byelection, Germa won the seat. The results were subject to a judicial recount, due to Germa's narrow margin of victory over Liberal candidate James Jerome, but the recount upheld Germa's victory. Unusually, but legally at the time, he did not resign his city council seat while serving as an MP, but held both positions concurrently. However, in the national election the following year, Jerome defeated Germa to reclaim the seat for the Liberals. Provincial politics Germa subsequently ran in the 1971 provincial election, winning the seat and representing Sudbury in the provincial legislative assembly as a member of the Ontario New Democratic Party. In 1972, he criticized the appointment of Jim Jessiman and Gaston Demers to the board of Ontario Northland. In 1975, Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPP Frank Drea was forced to apologize in the legislature after claiming in a speech on gun control that some members of the opposition caucuses were members of \\\"Communist organizations\\\"; although Drea did not publicly name on the record who he was talking about, he was overheard by journalists in the press gallery telling a colleague that he was referring to Germa. He was reelected in the 1975 election, in a closely watched three-way race against Liberal Elmer Sopha, his predecessor as MPP, and Conservative Joe Fabbro, at the time the city's mayor. In this term, he served as chair of the legislature's standing committee on public accounts. In 1976, he strongly opposed the government's plan to sell off the former Burwash Industrial Farm site near Sudbury, although after a journalist from CKNC-TV interviewed him about the issue on the Burwash site, Progressive Conservative MPP Margaret Scrivener accused him of illegal trespassing. In 1977, after a list of doctors' billing fees to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan was released to the media, the Tories attempted to have Germa deposed as chair of the public accounts committee, although the move failed. He was reelected to a third term in the 1977 election. He was defeated in the 1981 election by Jim Gordon of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party. Electoral record References External links 1920 births 1993 deaths Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario New Democratic Party MPs Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs Sudbury, Ontario city councillors\",\n \"title\": \"Bud Germa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64792931\",\n \"text\": \"Carleton was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada West. It was based on Carleton County, fronting on the Ottawa River. Carleton electoral district was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada by the merger of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario. Boundaries Carleton electoral district was located in eastern Canada West (now the province of Ontario), on the Ottawa River, which formed the boundary with Canada East (now the province of Quebec). It was based on the boundaries of Carleton County. The electoral district surrounded Bytown, the county seat, but Bytown was not part of Carleton electoral district, being represented by its own electoral district. The Union Act, 1840 had merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.Union Act, 1840, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35, s. 2. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself. Carleton County had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada and was continued with the same boundaries. The boundaries for Carleton had been set by a statute of Upper Canada in 1838: The only change from those boundaries was that the county seat, Bytown, was no longer included in Carleton. The Union Act provided that Bytown was its own electoral district in the new Parliament. The boundaries of Bytown electoral district were defined by the Governor General, and any parts of the town which were not included in Bytown electoral district were included in Carleton. In the run-up to the first general election, in 1841, the Governor General, Lord Sydenham, took personal credit for the creation of Bytown as a separate electoral district from Carleton. Members of the Legislative Assembly Carleton was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following were the members for Carleton. Abolition The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. References Electoral districts of Canada West Electoral districts of Ottawa\",\n \"title\": \"Carleton (Province of Canada electoral district)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43272247\",\n \"text\": \"The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada was the shadow cabinet of the main Opposition party, responsible for holding Ministers to account and for developing and disseminating the party's policy positions. In the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario, which lasted from 2014 until 2018, the Official Opposition was formed by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. The Progressive Conservative MPP's not in the final shadow cabinet were former leader Tim Hudak and Jack MacLaren as well as Michael Harris. Elliott left politics and resigned her seat in 2015. See also Executive Council of Ontario Ontario New Democratic Party Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4851283\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Parke (1793 – January 29, 1864) was an architect, builder, journalist and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in County Wicklow in Ireland in 1793 and came to York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario) in 1820. He worked with John Ewart as a master carpenter on a number of construction projects, including the new parliament buildings at York, to replace the first parliament buildings, burnt by American invaders in the War of 1812. In 1832, he moved to London, Upper Canada. He invested in property there and built a gristmill on the Thames River in 1833. He was also involved in projects to establish a railway link to the city and improve navigation on the Thames below London. In 1834, he and Elias Moore from Yarmouth were elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, for the two-member constituency, Middlesex County. They supported the Reform movement, which sought to increase popular control of the provincial government and reduce the influence of the oligarchic Family Compact. The pair was re-elected in 1836, in a very volatile election, a year before the Rebellion of 1837 broke out. In 1838, he was involved with a group of Reformers, including Francis Hincks, who were unhappy with the political environment of the time. They were considering the development of a settlement in Iowa for discontented Canadians. This project did not advance much further than initial planning, although Parke did make one scouting trip to Iowa to evaluate land options. In 1839, he was a co-founder of the Canada Inquirer, later the London Inquirer, a reform-oriented newspaper. He was appointed justice of the peace in the London District in 1840. Parke supported the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. His support was credited for the passage of resolutions in support of the Union in the last sessions of the Upper Canada Legislative Assembly in 1840. In 1841, Parke was elected to the first Parliament of the Province of Canada, as a moderate Reformer. He supported the union of the Canadas and consistently supported the government of the Governor General, Lord Sydenham, in the first session of the Parliament, while supporting Robert Baldwin in subsequent sessions. On June 7, 1841, Parke was also appointed Surveyor-General for the Province of Canada. Since that was an office of profit under the Crown, he was required to resign his seat in the Assembly. He was returned to the Assembly in subsequent by-election on July 10, 1841. Parke stood for re-election in the general election of 1844, but came in third, splitting the Reform vote. Edward Ermatinger, the Tory candidate, won the seat. In 1845, when the position of surveyor general was abolished, he was named customs collector at Port Colborne. He was named to the same post at Port Dalhousie (St Catharines) in 1860. Parke was married twice, and it is not certain exactly how many children he had with his two wives. It is known that he had at least four sons, all of whom\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Parke (architect)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1046331\",\n \"text\": \"Vernon Milton Singer (March 26, 1919 – September 20, 2003) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1959 to 1977 who represented the North York ridings of York Centre, Downsview and Wilson Heights. Background Singer was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of lawyer and politician Joseph Singer who was the first Jewish-Canadian to be elected to the Toronto Board of Control. After serving in World War II with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, Singer returned to Canada and became president of the Young Liberals in 1947. He worked for a while as a lawyer before entering politics. He and his wife Elaine had three children. Politics He became a councillor in North York, Ontario eventually becoming reeve from 1957 to 1958. He ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party at the 1958 Ontario Liberal leadership convention, placing fourth. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1959 provincial election. Singer became deputy leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and, as a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP), pushed for reforms to municipal law, automobile insurance and electoral laws as well as for the establishment of a provincial ombudsman. He served as Liberal House Leader in the 1970s and, in 1973, sued fellow Liberal MPP Eddie Sargent for libel after Sargent made remarks about Singer's retainer fee from a developer while he was appearing before a legislative committee to explain how he obtained the contract to build Ontario Hydro's new headquarters in Toronto. Singer was deputy leader of the Liberals from 1966 until 1973, when he was asked to step down by leader Robert Nixon, after he filed the lawsuit but was allowed to remain in the shadow cabinet. Singer was re-elected to the legislature on four successive occasions before retiring in 1977. His retirement was controversial as he announced it on the eve of that year's election campaign without giving his Liberal colleagues advance notice. The Progressive Conservatives won Singer's previously safe seat in the election and, the next year, the government appointed Singer to the first of five two-year terms on the Ontario Municipal Board including several years as its chairman. The incident resulted in accusations by NDP MPP Ed Ziemba that the government had bought Singer's seat, and that of fellow Liberal Philip Givens who left in similar circumstances, through political patronage. Later life Following his retirement from the Ontario Municipal Board in 1989, Singer won election to North York's committee of adjustment filling a seat vacated by Patti Starr when she was forced to resign as the result of a wider political scandal. References External links 1919 births 2003 deaths Mayors of North York Ontario Liberal Party MPPs Jewish mayors of places in Canada Metropolitan Toronto councillors Canadian Army personnel of World War II Royal Canadian Dragoons soldiers\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35648537\",\n \"text\": \"The list of Ontario by-elections includes every by-election held in the Canadian province of Ontario. By-elections occur whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly, although an imminent general election may allow the vacancy to remain until the dissolution of parliament. Causes A by-election occurs whenever there is a vacancy in the Ontario legislature. Vacancies can occur for the following reasons: Death of a member. Resignation of a member. Voided results Expulsion from the legislature. Ineligibility to sit. When there is a vacancy, a by-election must be called within six months. Under amendments to the Election Act approved in 2016, a by-election is no longer required when a vacancy occurs in the 12 months leading up to a fixed general election date. Ministerial by-elections The list includes ministerial by-elections which occurred due to the requirement that incumbent members recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was amended in 1926 to exempt ministers appointed within three months after a general election. In 1941 it was abolished completely. 43rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2022–present 42nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2018–2022 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2014–2018 40th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2011–2014 39th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2007–2011 38th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2003–2007 37th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1999–2003 36th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1995–1999 35th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1990–1995 34th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1987–1990 33rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1985–1987 32nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1981–1985 31st Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1977–1981 30th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1975–1977 no by-elections 29th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1971–1975 28th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1967–1971 27th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1963–1967 26th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1959–1963 25th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1955–1959 † Won by acclamation 24th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1951–1955 23rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1948–1951 22nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1945–1948 21st Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1943–1945 20th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1937–1943 † Won by acclamation *Though nominally an \\\"Independent-Liberal\\\", MacBride was a supporter of the Liberal government and was a cabinet minister at the time of his death 19th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1934–1937 † Won by acclamation 18th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1929–1934 † Won by acclamation 17th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1926–1929 † Won by acclamation 16th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1923–1926 † Won by acclamation 15th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1919–1923 † Won by acclamation 14th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1914–1919 † Won by acclamation 13th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1911–1914 † Won by acclamation 12th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1908–1911 † Won by acclamation 11th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1905–1908 † Won by acclamation 10th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1902–1904 9th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1898–1902 † Won by acclamation 8th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1894–1898 † Won by acclamation 7th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1890–1894 † Won by acclamation 6th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1886–1890 † Won by acclamation 5th Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1883–1886 † Won by acclamation 4th\",\n \"title\": \"List of Ontario by-elections\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3098608\",\n \"text\": \"The Adoption Information Disclosure Act, formally An Act respecting the disclosure of information and records to adopted persons and birth parents, also known as Bill 183, is an Ontario (Canada) law regarding the disclosure of information between parties involved in adoptions. The Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 2005 and put into force on September 17, 2007. Significant sections of it were quashed just two days later in a ruling by Judge Edward Belobaba of the Ontario Superior Court. On November 13, 2007, the Ontario government announced that instead of appealing Belobaba's decision, it would opt to amend the act to contain a universal disclosure veto. It accordingly introduced the Access to Adoption Records Act on December 10, 2007, which passed third reading in May 2008 and took effect in September 2008. Background From 1927 until the mid-1980s, certain measures existed in Ontario to preserve anonymity between birth parents and adoptees; this was consistent with adoption practice elsewhere in Canada and the United States at that time. The practice was reduced but not eliminated for current adoptions, but there remained the question of what to do with existing adoption records: how does the right to information for either party compare with the obligation of honouring past commitments to privacy? Adoptees and birth parents could apply to be put onto the government-run Adoption Disclosure Register, but the process was long, the resources for active searches for birth relatives were limited, and success was not guaranteed. NDP MPP Marilyn Churley introduced several bills into the Legislative Assembly starting in the late 1990s. Her strong stance for open records was personally motivated, as she had placed a child for adoption years earlier and was later reunited with him. None of these bills were passed. Bill 183 In 2005, Sandra Pupatello introduced Bill 183, the Adoption Information Disclosure Act. It permits the disclosure, to an adult adoptee, of that adoptee's original full name, birth certificate, and the names of birth parents. To birth parents, it permits the disclosure of an adoptee's legal (adoptive) name. The bill was supported by the Ontario Association of Children's Aid Societies. It was criticized by others, many of whom were opposed to its lack of a general disclosure veto (see below). Ontario Privacy Commissioner Ann Cavoukian stated that the bill was insufficiently respectful of implicit or explicit promises of anonymity made to birth mothers in the past. Several adoptees including Denbigh Patton and birth parents campaigned actively against the bill, Patton arguing that he alone should decide when, if ever, to release his identity to his birth parents. Bill 183 was passed 68 to 19 by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on November 1, 2005. All 19 votes against the bill came from the opposition Conservatives, who objected to the lack of a disclosure veto provision. Disclosure veto question Unlike several other retroactive adoption disclosure laws in Canada and unlike any of Churley's proposals, Bill 183 did not have any universal \\\"disclosure veto\\\" provision. Such\",\n \"title\": \"Adoption Information Disclosure Act\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13458974\",\n \"text\": \"The 16th Legislative Assembly of Ontario was in session from June 25, 1923, until October 18, 1926, just prior to the 1926 general election. The majority party was the Ontario Conservative Party led by George Howard Ferguson. The United Farmers of Ontario party, who had held the balance of power in the preceding assembly, lost most of their seats to Conservatives. The Liberals led by Wellington Hay were recognized as the Official Opposition following the 1923 election by the governing Conservatives, despite the fact that the United Farmers of Ontario had more seats. According to historian Peter Oliver, this was an arbitrary decision without basis in precedent or law. Conservative Premier G. Howard Ferguson used as justification an announcement by UFO general secretary James J. Morrison that the UFO would be withdrawing from party politics, though Oliver argues that this was facetious logic. UFO parliamentary leader Manning Doherty protested the decision, but to no avail. In the course of the parliament, most UFO MLAs reorganized themselves as the Progressive Party under the leadership of first Manning Doherty and then William Raney, with only Beniah Bowman and Leslie Warner Oke continuing as UFO MLAs. Joseph Elijah Thompson served as speaker for the assembly. Members elected to the Assembly Listing reflects the UFO/Progressive split in 1924. Italicized names indicate members returned by acclamation. Timeline External links Members in Parliament 16 References Terms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1923 establishments in Ontario 1926 disestablishments in Ontario\",\n \"title\": \"16th Parliament of Ontario\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["107"],"string":"[\n \"107\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":48,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45983"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"how many episodes in season 2 of luke cage"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"52476225","text":"The second and final season of the American streaming television series Luke Cage, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, sees Luke Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name, only to face a new threat. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner. Mike Colter stars as Cage, alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick, Theo Rossi, and Alfre Woodard. They are joined by Gabrielle Dennis and Mustafa Shakir, with Jessica Henwick, Finn Jones, and Stephen Rider reprising their roles from other Marvel Netflix series; Rosario Dawson also returns in a guest role. The season was ordered in December 2016, and filmed in New York City from June to November 2017. Coker again emphasized music in the season: Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad returned to compose the original score, using blues and reggae to represent the conflict between the Stokes family and Shakir's John \"Bushmaster\" McIver; the season again features performances from various artists; and each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song. Reg E. Cathey has a recurring role as Cage's father in one of his last performances, and the season is dedicated to his memory. The season premiered on June 21, 2018, before all 13 episodes were released on Netflix on June 22. It was widely praised as better than the first season, particularly for its narrative and cast—Woodard's performance especially—though there was again some criticism for its pacing. Netflix canceled the series on October 19, 2018. Episodes Cast and characters Main Mike Colter as Luke Cage Simone Missick as Mercedes \"Misty\" Knight Theo Rossi as Hernan \"Shades\" Alvarez Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson Mustafa Shakir as John \"Bushmaster\" McIver Alfre Woodard as Mariah Stokes-Dillard Featured Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist Stephen Rider as Blake Tower Recurring Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas Ron Cephas Jones as Bobby Fish Peter Jay Fernandez as Tom Ridenhour Dorian Crossmon Missick as Dontrell \"Cockroach\" Hamilton Kevin Mambo as Sheldon Thomas Q. Jones as Darius \"Comanche\" Jones Jeremiah Richard Craft as D. W. Griffith Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Raymond \"Piranha\" Jones Sean Ringgold as Sugar Tarah Rodgers as Stephanie / Billie Sahr Ngaujah as Paul \"Anansi\" Mackintosh Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan Antonique Smith as Nandi Tyler Justin Swain as Mark Bailey Heather Alicia Simms as Ingrid Mackintosh John Clarence Stewart as Alex Wesley Karen Pittman as Priscilla Ridley Notable guests Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson Frank Whaley as Rafael Scarfe Darius Kaleb as Lonnie Wilson Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace Jade Wu as Connie Lin Andrew Pang as Donnie Chang Joniece Abbott-Pratt as Esther \"Etta\" Lucas Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett LaTanya Richardson Jackson as \"Mama Mabel\" Stokes Curtiss Cook as","title":"Luke Cage season 2"},{"docid":"46536356","text":"The second season of the American streaming television series Daredevil, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Matt Murdock / Daredevil, a blind lawyer-by-day who fights crime at night, crossing paths with the deadly Frank Castle / Punisher along with the return of an old girlfriend—Elektra Natchios. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez serving as showrunners, and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant. Charlie Cox stars as Murdock, while Jon Bernthal and Élodie Yung are introduced as Castle and Natchios, respectively. Deborah Ann Woll, Elden Henson, Rosario Dawson, and Vincent D'Onofrio also return from the first season, with Stephen Rider joining them. The season was ordered in April 2015 after the successful release of the first, with Petrie and Ramirez replacing the season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight. Production on the season began in July 2015 and continued through December, with the season focusing on the nature of heroism through comparison of Murdock to Castle and Natchios, and showing how the latter two affect Murdock's life. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Paris on March 7, 2016, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on March 18. Critics praised the introduction of Castle and Natchios, as well as Bernthal's performance in particular, the season's action, and storylines. However, many missed the presence of Vondie Curtis-Hall's Ben Urich from season one, and D'Onofrio's Wilson Fisk during the first half of season two. The series was renewed for a third season in July 2016. Episodes Cast and characters Main Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page Elden Henson as Franklin \"Foggy\" Nelson Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher Élodie Yung as Elektra Natchios Stephen Rider as Blake Tower Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk / Kingpin Recurring Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney Susan Varon as Josie Michelle Hurd as Samantha Reyes Marilyn Torres as Louisa Delgado Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison Ron Nakahara as Hirochi John Pirkis as Stan Gibson Scott Glenn as Stick Peter Shinkoda as Nobu Yoshioka Notable guests Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett Matt Gerald as Melvin Potter Peter McRobbie as Paul Lantom Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl Kevin Nagle as Roscoe Sweeney Wai Ching Ho as Gao Suzanne H. Smart as Shirley Benson Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth Production Development When asked about the future of the series following the first season, showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said that Daredevil \"is one part of the bigger plan—Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, and then The Defenders. How that all fits together, and whether or not there will be a second season of this show—or if it will fold into the others—are questions nobody really has answers to yet.\" In November 2014, DeKnight","title":"Daredevil season 2"},{"docid":"30686067","text":"The third season of Australia's Greatest Athlete was broadcast on the Seven Network and was hosted by Mark Beretta, with last season's competitor Wendell Sailor. Mark Webber and past season winner Billy Slater presented occasional fitness tips and interviews with the competitors in video packages. Billy Slater, who won the first two seasons of the show, did not defend his title due to recovery from shoulder surgery, but was still involved in the show as a 'Rexona ambassador' alongside Mark Webber, where each also tips a player in each event. This season was filmed at the Novotel Twin Waters Resort on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. The season began on 13 February 2011 at 4:30pm for a total of six episodes. Participants Shannon Eckstein - Three-time world Ironman champion and runner up of season 2 Mark Winterbottom - V8 Supercar driver Quade Cooper - Rugby Union player Luke Hodge - Australian rules football player Kurt Gidley - Rugby league 4 time defending champion Eamon Sullivan - Olympic swimmer Fabrice Lapierre - athletics competitor (long jump) Ken Wallace - Olympic Kayaking competitor Episodes Episode 1 Mini Ironman Challenge Rugby Oz Tag Challenge Episode 2 Swimming Challenge Bench Press Challenge Episode 3 Jet Ski Challenge 40m Beach Sprint Challenge Episode 4 Surf Boat Rowing Challenge AFL Kick For Goal Challenge Episode 5 Basketball Challenge Boxing Challenge Episode 6 Final Assault Course Results table The following table shows how many points each competitor earned throughout the series. † indicates this event was the 'sports specific challenge' for this athlete The contestant won the challenge The contestant came second in the challenge The contestant came last in the challenge The contestant won the series The contestant came second overall in the series The contestant came last overall in the series References External links Official Website Preview of competition - The Roar 2011 Australian television seasons","title":"Australia's Greatest Athlete season 3"},{"docid":"46491472","text":"The first season of the American streaming television series Daredevil, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows the early days of Matt Murdock / Daredevil, a lawyer-by-day who fights crime at night, juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, DeKnight Productions and Goddard Textiles, with Steven S. DeKnight serving as showrunner, and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant. Charlie Cox stars as Murdock, while Vincent D'Onofrio plays Fisk. They are joined by principal cast members Deborah Ann Woll, Elden Henson, Toby Leonard Moore, Vondie Curtis-Hall, Bob Gunton, Ayelet Zurer, and Rosario Dawson. Daredevil entered development in late 2013, with Goddard hired in December. DeKnight replaced him as showrunner and Cox was hired to star in May 2014. Filmed in New York City from July to December 2014, the season focuses on the darker, more mature elements of the source material. Stephanie Maslansky designed the costumes for the season, with the final red suit for Daredevil designed by Ryan Meinerding and the costume artists at Marvel Studios. The season features links and references to other MCU projects, including future Netflix series. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Los Angeles on April 2, 2015, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on April 10 to an estimated high viewership. Critics praised the performances, particularly D'Onofrio's, and the darker tone and action sequences of the series compared to other properties set in the MCU. However, some of the pacing during the season and the final red Daredevil suit received criticism. The first season received three nominations at 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Special Visual Effects from Shade VFX, Outstanding Sound Editing for a One-Hour Series, and for Outstanding Main Title Design. The series was renewed for a second season on April 21, 2015. Episodes Cast and characters Main Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page Elden Henson as Franklin \"Foggy\" Nelson Toby Leonard Moore as James Wesley Vondie Curtis-Hall as Ben Urich Bob Gunton as Leland Owlsley Ayelet Zurer as Vanessa Marianna Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk Recurring Peter McRobbie as Paul Lantom Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney Daryl Edwards as Carl Hoffman Chris Tardio as Christian Blake Wai Ching Ho as Gao Peter Shinkoda as Nobu Yoshioka Nikolai Nikolaeff as Vladimir Ranskahov Susan Varon as Josie Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison Adriane Lenox as Doris Urich Judith Delgado as Elena Cardenas Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl Tom Walker as Francis Production Development In October 2013, Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to","title":"Daredevil season 1"},{"docid":"1872189","text":"The Pulse is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics, written by Brian Michael Bendis, about the people who work on \"The Pulse\", a weekly section in the fictional Daily Bugle newspaper, focusing on superheroes. The main star of the book is Jessica Jones, a former superhero and private investigator, previously seen in the Alias series. Jones works as a specialist consultant for \"The Pulse\" with journalists Ben Urich and Kat Farrell. Other cast members include Luke Cage, superhero and boyfriend to Jessica, the Bugle'''s publisher, J. Jonah Jameson, and senior editor Joseph \"Robbie\" Robertson. Story arcsThin Air (Issues #1-5) In the first story arc, the Green Goblin's true identity is revealed to the public after an investigation by The Daily Bugle into the murder of a Bugle journalist. After an extended battle with Spider-Man and Luke Cage, the Goblin is arrested and sent to prison for the first time in the character's 40-year history. Also, Ben Urich reveals to Peter Parker that he is aware that Peter is Spider-Man.Secret War (Issues #6-9) In the second story arc, in a tie-in to the Secret War mini-series, Jessica and Luke are attacked by Lucia von Bardas who leaves Luke in a coma. The hospital where Luke is being cared for is attacked and Luke disappears. Jessica fails to get help from the Bugle in locating him and must find him herself.House of M (Stand-alone issue #10) In a House of M tie-in, Kat Farrell meets Hawkeye, who is alive in this reality and despondent over recovering the memory of his life in the regular 616 universe (most specifically his death at the hands of the Scarlet Witch).The Pulse Special Edition #1 A 50-cent promo printed on cheap newsprint. Made to look like a copy of the Daily Bugle's Pulse publication, covering the events of the House of M universe. Articles are \"Headline News\", \"Global News\", \"Politics\", \"History Today\", \"Science\", \"Sports\", \"Arts and Leisure\" and \"Personal Growth\".Fear (Issues #11-13) Ben Urich starts to investigate a down and out \"C-list\" hero named D-Man. With Luke Cage now an Avenger, Jessica Jones's water breaks while she, Luke Cage and best friend Carol Danvers are picking out a new costume design for him. Carol Danvers rushes Jessica to the hospital. Jessica gives birth to a baby girl, and refuses to give The Daily Bugle the agreed upon exclusive story. At the same time J. Jonah Jameson's slanderous coverage of the Avengers' unveiling (in New Avengers #15) brings Jessica to quit her job at the Bugle.Finale (Stand-alone Issue #14) Jessica Jones tells her baby girl, Danielle, about the first time she met Luke Cage. Jessica decides to consent to be his wife, though she has not informed Luke. [She would marry him in New Avengers Annual #1] Collected editions The series has been collected into trade paperbacks:Volume 1: Thin Air (collects 1-5, 2004, )Volume 2: Secret War (collects 6-9, 2005, )Volume 3: Fear (collects 11-14 and New Avengers Annual #1, 2006, ) Also published in","title":"The Pulse (comics)"},{"docid":"63050370","text":"Love Life is an American romantic comedy anthology television series created by Sam Boyd and starring Anna Kendrick that premiered on the HBO Max streaming service on May 27, 2020. The series follows a different person each season from their first romance until their last romance and \"how the people we're with along the way make us into who we are when we finally end up with someone forever.\" In December 2022, Love Life was canceled after two seasons and removed from HBO Max. Cast Main Anna Kendrick as Darby Carter (season 1; special guest star season 2) Zoë Chao as Sara Yang (season 1; guest star season 2), Darby's roommate and best friend Sasha Compère as Mallory Moore (season 1; guest star season 2), Darby's other roommate and friend Peter Vack as Jim (season 1; guest star season 2), Sara's boyfriend and later ex-boyfriend William Jackson Harper as Marcus Watkins (season 2) Jessica Williams as Mia Hines (season 2) Comedian CP as Yogi (season 2) Punkie Johnson as Ida Watkins (season 2) The series is narrated by Lesley Manville (season 1) and Keith David (season 2). Recurring Jin Ha as Augie Jeong Hope Davis as Claudia Hoffman, Darby's mother Janet Hubert as Donna Watkins, Marcus' mother (season 2) Jordan Rock as Trae Lang (season 2) Leslie Bibb as Becca Evans (season 2) John Earl Jelks as Kirby Watkins (season 2) Arian Moayed as Kian Parsa (season 2) Steven Boyer as Josh (season 2) Guest Scoot McNairy as Bradley Field Maureen Sebastian as Kate Field Nadia Quinn as Lola Gus Halper as Danny Two-Phones Nick Thune as Magnus Lund James LeGros as Larry Carter Jackson Demott Hill as Hunter Carter Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Darby's therapist Courtney Grosbeck as teenager Darby Carter John Gallagher Jr. as Luke Ducharme Griffin Gluck portrays teenager Luke Ducharme Kingsley Ben-Adir as Grant Maya Kazan as Emily Hexton (season 2) Kimberly Elise as Suzanné Hayward (season 2) Ego Nwodim as Ola Adebayo (season 2) Blair Underwood as Leon Hines (season 2) Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2020) Season 2 (2021) Production Development On May 23, 2019, it was announced that WarnerMedia had ordered a romantic comedy anthology straight to series with the first season consisting of ten episodes for HBO Max. The series was created by Sam Boyd who was also expected to executive produce alongside Anna Kendrick, Paul Feig, Jessie Henderson, and Bridget Bedard. The pilot was also written and directed by Sam Boyd. Production companies involved with the series were slated to consist of Lionsgate Television and Feigco Entertainment. On June 11, 2020, HBO Max renewed the series for a second season. Janet Hubert, Jordan Rock, and Maya Kazan joined the second season as executive producers. Casting Alongside the initial series announcement, Anna Kendrick was also cast in a lead role. On August 13, 2019, it was reported that Zoë Chao, Sasha Compère and Peter Vack joined the cast in starring roles, with Scoot McNairy joining in a recurring role. On November 5,","title":"Love Life (American TV series)"},{"docid":"56227476","text":"I Want My Phone Back is an American game show web series that premiered on November 2, 2016, on Comcast Watchable. In 2017, it was subsequently picked up by Facebook Watch where it has since aired two seasons. The series was created by Luke Kelly-Clyne and is hosted by Alana Johnston. The show's team of improvisers include Blake Rosier, Inessa Frantowski, Brandon Gardner, Laci Mosely, Kausar Mohammed, and Oscar Montoya. Premise I Want My Phone Back follows host \"Alana Johnston and a cast of improv performers take to the streets of Los Angeles, giving passersby the chance to win up to $1,000 — by handing over their mobile phones and letting the show’s pranksters post to social media, and text and call their contacts. The longer contestants stay in the game, the more money they make.\" Production Development The series originated as a short video entitled I Want My Phone Back: The Scariest Game Show Ever that was produced by Big Breakfast for CollegeHumor and initially released on YouTube on November 13, 2015. The short was created by Luke Kelly-Clyne, directed by Todd G. Bieber, and featured Brandon Gardner as host. The video proved to be quite successful on CollegeHumor's YouTube channel where it quickly earned a million views. After testing how the idea could be turned into a 30-minute TV show or 10-minute web series, the series was sold to streaming service Comcast Watchable. On August 22, 2016, it was announced that the short had been developed into a series and that Comcast Watchable had ordered a first season consisting of ten episodes. It premiered on November 2, 2016. In September 2017, it was reported that Comcast was reassessing their Watchable platform and planning to de-emphasize over-the-top distribution, and halt future work centered on Watchable originals including I Want My Phone Back. Move to Facebook Watch In mid-2017, it was announced that the series had been picked up for two new seasons by Facebook Watch. The first of those ten episode seasons premiered on August 29, 2017. Episodes Season 1 (2016) Season 2 (2017) Season 3 (2017-18) Reception Viewers Since launching on Facebook Watch on August 29, 2017, I Want My Phone Back has accumulated more than 370,000 followers. By January 2018, the show's reach topped 12 million. In addition, the show ranks seventh in overall engagement, its interaction rate stands at 9%, and 11% of all followers like, share or comment on content. Awards and nominations The series was included in Paste Magazines list of the 10 Best Comedy Web Series in 2016. References External links Official Watchable website Facebook Watch original programming 2010s American reality television series 2016 American television series debuts American English-language television shows American non-fiction web series 2018 American television series endings","title":"I Want My Phone Back"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"52476225\",\n \"text\": \"The second and final season of the American streaming television series Luke Cage, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, sees Luke Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name, only to face a new threat. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner. Mike Colter stars as Cage, alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick, Theo Rossi, and Alfre Woodard. They are joined by Gabrielle Dennis and Mustafa Shakir, with Jessica Henwick, Finn Jones, and Stephen Rider reprising their roles from other Marvel Netflix series; Rosario Dawson also returns in a guest role. The season was ordered in December 2016, and filmed in New York City from June to November 2017. Coker again emphasized music in the season: Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad returned to compose the original score, using blues and reggae to represent the conflict between the Stokes family and Shakir's John \\\"Bushmaster\\\" McIver; the season again features performances from various artists; and each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song. Reg E. Cathey has a recurring role as Cage's father in one of his last performances, and the season is dedicated to his memory. The season premiered on June 21, 2018, before all 13 episodes were released on Netflix on June 22. It was widely praised as better than the first season, particularly for its narrative and cast—Woodard's performance especially—though there was again some criticism for its pacing. Netflix canceled the series on October 19, 2018. Episodes Cast and characters Main Mike Colter as Luke Cage Simone Missick as Mercedes \\\"Misty\\\" Knight Theo Rossi as Hernan \\\"Shades\\\" Alvarez Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson Mustafa Shakir as John \\\"Bushmaster\\\" McIver Alfre Woodard as Mariah Stokes-Dillard Featured Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist Stephen Rider as Blake Tower Recurring Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas Ron Cephas Jones as Bobby Fish Peter Jay Fernandez as Tom Ridenhour Dorian Crossmon Missick as Dontrell \\\"Cockroach\\\" Hamilton Kevin Mambo as Sheldon Thomas Q. Jones as Darius \\\"Comanche\\\" Jones Jeremiah Richard Craft as D. W. Griffith Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Raymond \\\"Piranha\\\" Jones Sean Ringgold as Sugar Tarah Rodgers as Stephanie / Billie Sahr Ngaujah as Paul \\\"Anansi\\\" Mackintosh Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan Antonique Smith as Nandi Tyler Justin Swain as Mark Bailey Heather Alicia Simms as Ingrid Mackintosh John Clarence Stewart as Alex Wesley Karen Pittman as Priscilla Ridley Notable guests Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson Frank Whaley as Rafael Scarfe Darius Kaleb as Lonnie Wilson Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace Jade Wu as Connie Lin Andrew Pang as Donnie Chang Joniece Abbott-Pratt as Esther \\\"Etta\\\" Lucas Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett LaTanya Richardson Jackson as \\\"Mama Mabel\\\" Stokes Curtiss Cook as\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Cage season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46536356\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of the American streaming television series Daredevil, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Matt Murdock / Daredevil, a blind lawyer-by-day who fights crime at night, crossing paths with the deadly Frank Castle / Punisher along with the return of an old girlfriend—Elektra Natchios. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez serving as showrunners, and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant. Charlie Cox stars as Murdock, while Jon Bernthal and Élodie Yung are introduced as Castle and Natchios, respectively. Deborah Ann Woll, Elden Henson, Rosario Dawson, and Vincent D'Onofrio also return from the first season, with Stephen Rider joining them. The season was ordered in April 2015 after the successful release of the first, with Petrie and Ramirez replacing the season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight. Production on the season began in July 2015 and continued through December, with the season focusing on the nature of heroism through comparison of Murdock to Castle and Natchios, and showing how the latter two affect Murdock's life. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Paris on March 7, 2016, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on March 18. Critics praised the introduction of Castle and Natchios, as well as Bernthal's performance in particular, the season's action, and storylines. However, many missed the presence of Vondie Curtis-Hall's Ben Urich from season one, and D'Onofrio's Wilson Fisk during the first half of season two. The series was renewed for a third season in July 2016. Episodes Cast and characters Main Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page Elden Henson as Franklin \\\"Foggy\\\" Nelson Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher Élodie Yung as Elektra Natchios Stephen Rider as Blake Tower Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk / Kingpin Recurring Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney Susan Varon as Josie Michelle Hurd as Samantha Reyes Marilyn Torres as Louisa Delgado Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison Ron Nakahara as Hirochi John Pirkis as Stan Gibson Scott Glenn as Stick Peter Shinkoda as Nobu Yoshioka Notable guests Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett Matt Gerald as Melvin Potter Peter McRobbie as Paul Lantom Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl Kevin Nagle as Roscoe Sweeney Wai Ching Ho as Gao Suzanne H. Smart as Shirley Benson Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth Production Development When asked about the future of the series following the first season, showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said that Daredevil \\\"is one part of the bigger plan—Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, and then The Defenders. How that all fits together, and whether or not there will be a second season of this show—or if it will fold into the others—are questions nobody really has answers to yet.\\\" In November 2014, DeKnight\",\n \"title\": \"Daredevil season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30686067\",\n \"text\": \"The third season of Australia's Greatest Athlete was broadcast on the Seven Network and was hosted by Mark Beretta, with last season's competitor Wendell Sailor. Mark Webber and past season winner Billy Slater presented occasional fitness tips and interviews with the competitors in video packages. Billy Slater, who won the first two seasons of the show, did not defend his title due to recovery from shoulder surgery, but was still involved in the show as a 'Rexona ambassador' alongside Mark Webber, where each also tips a player in each event. This season was filmed at the Novotel Twin Waters Resort on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. The season began on 13 February 2011 at 4:30pm for a total of six episodes. Participants Shannon Eckstein - Three-time world Ironman champion and runner up of season 2 Mark Winterbottom - V8 Supercar driver Quade Cooper - Rugby Union player Luke Hodge - Australian rules football player Kurt Gidley - Rugby league 4 time defending champion Eamon Sullivan - Olympic swimmer Fabrice Lapierre - athletics competitor (long jump) Ken Wallace - Olympic Kayaking competitor Episodes Episode 1 Mini Ironman Challenge Rugby Oz Tag Challenge Episode 2 Swimming Challenge Bench Press Challenge Episode 3 Jet Ski Challenge 40m Beach Sprint Challenge Episode 4 Surf Boat Rowing Challenge AFL Kick For Goal Challenge Episode 5 Basketball Challenge Boxing Challenge Episode 6 Final Assault Course Results table The following table shows how many points each competitor earned throughout the series. † indicates this event was the 'sports specific challenge' for this athlete The contestant won the challenge The contestant came second in the challenge The contestant came last in the challenge The contestant won the series The contestant came second overall in the series The contestant came last overall in the series References External links Official Website Preview of competition - The Roar 2011 Australian television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"Australia's Greatest Athlete season 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46491472\",\n \"text\": \"The first season of the American streaming television series Daredevil, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows the early days of Matt Murdock / Daredevil, a lawyer-by-day who fights crime at night, juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, DeKnight Productions and Goddard Textiles, with Steven S. DeKnight serving as showrunner, and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant. Charlie Cox stars as Murdock, while Vincent D'Onofrio plays Fisk. They are joined by principal cast members Deborah Ann Woll, Elden Henson, Toby Leonard Moore, Vondie Curtis-Hall, Bob Gunton, Ayelet Zurer, and Rosario Dawson. Daredevil entered development in late 2013, with Goddard hired in December. DeKnight replaced him as showrunner and Cox was hired to star in May 2014. Filmed in New York City from July to December 2014, the season focuses on the darker, more mature elements of the source material. Stephanie Maslansky designed the costumes for the season, with the final red suit for Daredevil designed by Ryan Meinerding and the costume artists at Marvel Studios. The season features links and references to other MCU projects, including future Netflix series. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Los Angeles on April 2, 2015, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on April 10 to an estimated high viewership. Critics praised the performances, particularly D'Onofrio's, and the darker tone and action sequences of the series compared to other properties set in the MCU. However, some of the pacing during the season and the final red Daredevil suit received criticism. The first season received three nominations at 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Special Visual Effects from Shade VFX, Outstanding Sound Editing for a One-Hour Series, and for Outstanding Main Title Design. The series was renewed for a second season on April 21, 2015. Episodes Cast and characters Main Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page Elden Henson as Franklin \\\"Foggy\\\" Nelson Toby Leonard Moore as James Wesley Vondie Curtis-Hall as Ben Urich Bob Gunton as Leland Owlsley Ayelet Zurer as Vanessa Marianna Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk Recurring Peter McRobbie as Paul Lantom Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett Royce Johnson as Brett Mahoney Daryl Edwards as Carl Hoffman Chris Tardio as Christian Blake Wai Ching Ho as Gao Peter Shinkoda as Nobu Yoshioka Nikolai Nikolaeff as Vladimir Ranskahov Susan Varon as Josie Geoffrey Cantor as Mitchell Ellison Adriane Lenox as Doris Urich Judith Delgado as Elena Cardenas Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl Tom Walker as Francis Production Development In October 2013, Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to\",\n \"title\": \"Daredevil season 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1872189\",\n \"text\": \"The Pulse is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics, written by Brian Michael Bendis, about the people who work on \\\"The Pulse\\\", a weekly section in the fictional Daily Bugle newspaper, focusing on superheroes. The main star of the book is Jessica Jones, a former superhero and private investigator, previously seen in the Alias series. Jones works as a specialist consultant for \\\"The Pulse\\\" with journalists Ben Urich and Kat Farrell. Other cast members include Luke Cage, superhero and boyfriend to Jessica, the Bugle'''s publisher, J. Jonah Jameson, and senior editor Joseph \\\"Robbie\\\" Robertson. Story arcsThin Air (Issues #1-5) In the first story arc, the Green Goblin's true identity is revealed to the public after an investigation by The Daily Bugle into the murder of a Bugle journalist. After an extended battle with Spider-Man and Luke Cage, the Goblin is arrested and sent to prison for the first time in the character's 40-year history. Also, Ben Urich reveals to Peter Parker that he is aware that Peter is Spider-Man.Secret War (Issues #6-9) In the second story arc, in a tie-in to the Secret War mini-series, Jessica and Luke are attacked by Lucia von Bardas who leaves Luke in a coma. The hospital where Luke is being cared for is attacked and Luke disappears. Jessica fails to get help from the Bugle in locating him and must find him herself.House of M (Stand-alone issue #10) In a House of M tie-in, Kat Farrell meets Hawkeye, who is alive in this reality and despondent over recovering the memory of his life in the regular 616 universe (most specifically his death at the hands of the Scarlet Witch).The Pulse Special Edition #1 A 50-cent promo printed on cheap newsprint. Made to look like a copy of the Daily Bugle's Pulse publication, covering the events of the House of M universe. Articles are \\\"Headline News\\\", \\\"Global News\\\", \\\"Politics\\\", \\\"History Today\\\", \\\"Science\\\", \\\"Sports\\\", \\\"Arts and Leisure\\\" and \\\"Personal Growth\\\".Fear (Issues #11-13) Ben Urich starts to investigate a down and out \\\"C-list\\\" hero named D-Man. With Luke Cage now an Avenger, Jessica Jones's water breaks while she, Luke Cage and best friend Carol Danvers are picking out a new costume design for him. Carol Danvers rushes Jessica to the hospital. Jessica gives birth to a baby girl, and refuses to give The Daily Bugle the agreed upon exclusive story. At the same time J. Jonah Jameson's slanderous coverage of the Avengers' unveiling (in New Avengers #15) brings Jessica to quit her job at the Bugle.Finale (Stand-alone Issue #14) Jessica Jones tells her baby girl, Danielle, about the first time she met Luke Cage. Jessica decides to consent to be his wife, though she has not informed Luke. [She would marry him in New Avengers Annual #1] Collected editions The series has been collected into trade paperbacks:Volume 1: Thin Air (collects 1-5, 2004, )Volume 2: Secret War (collects 6-9, 2005, )Volume 3: Fear (collects 11-14 and New Avengers Annual #1, 2006, ) Also published in\",\n \"title\": \"The Pulse (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63050370\",\n \"text\": \"Love Life is an American romantic comedy anthology television series created by Sam Boyd and starring Anna Kendrick that premiered on the HBO Max streaming service on May 27, 2020. The series follows a different person each season from their first romance until their last romance and \\\"how the people we're with along the way make us into who we are when we finally end up with someone forever.\\\" In December 2022, Love Life was canceled after two seasons and removed from HBO Max. Cast Main Anna Kendrick as Darby Carter (season 1; special guest star season 2) Zoë Chao as Sara Yang (season 1; guest star season 2), Darby's roommate and best friend Sasha Compère as Mallory Moore (season 1; guest star season 2), Darby's other roommate and friend Peter Vack as Jim (season 1; guest star season 2), Sara's boyfriend and later ex-boyfriend William Jackson Harper as Marcus Watkins (season 2) Jessica Williams as Mia Hines (season 2) Comedian CP as Yogi (season 2) Punkie Johnson as Ida Watkins (season 2) The series is narrated by Lesley Manville (season 1) and Keith David (season 2). Recurring Jin Ha as Augie Jeong Hope Davis as Claudia Hoffman, Darby's mother Janet Hubert as Donna Watkins, Marcus' mother (season 2) Jordan Rock as Trae Lang (season 2) Leslie Bibb as Becca Evans (season 2) John Earl Jelks as Kirby Watkins (season 2) Arian Moayed as Kian Parsa (season 2) Steven Boyer as Josh (season 2) Guest Scoot McNairy as Bradley Field Maureen Sebastian as Kate Field Nadia Quinn as Lola Gus Halper as Danny Two-Phones Nick Thune as Magnus Lund James LeGros as Larry Carter Jackson Demott Hill as Hunter Carter Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Darby's therapist Courtney Grosbeck as teenager Darby Carter John Gallagher Jr. as Luke Ducharme Griffin Gluck portrays teenager Luke Ducharme Kingsley Ben-Adir as Grant Maya Kazan as Emily Hexton (season 2) Kimberly Elise as Suzanné Hayward (season 2) Ego Nwodim as Ola Adebayo (season 2) Blair Underwood as Leon Hines (season 2) Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2020) Season 2 (2021) Production Development On May 23, 2019, it was announced that WarnerMedia had ordered a romantic comedy anthology straight to series with the first season consisting of ten episodes for HBO Max. The series was created by Sam Boyd who was also expected to executive produce alongside Anna Kendrick, Paul Feig, Jessie Henderson, and Bridget Bedard. The pilot was also written and directed by Sam Boyd. Production companies involved with the series were slated to consist of Lionsgate Television and Feigco Entertainment. On June 11, 2020, HBO Max renewed the series for a second season. Janet Hubert, Jordan Rock, and Maya Kazan joined the second season as executive producers. Casting Alongside the initial series announcement, Anna Kendrick was also cast in a lead role. On August 13, 2019, it was reported that Zoë Chao, Sasha Compère and Peter Vack joined the cast in starring roles, with Scoot McNairy joining in a recurring role. On November 5,\",\n \"title\": \"Love Life (American TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56227476\",\n \"text\": \"I Want My Phone Back is an American game show web series that premiered on November 2, 2016, on Comcast Watchable. In 2017, it was subsequently picked up by Facebook Watch where it has since aired two seasons. The series was created by Luke Kelly-Clyne and is hosted by Alana Johnston. The show's team of improvisers include Blake Rosier, Inessa Frantowski, Brandon Gardner, Laci Mosely, Kausar Mohammed, and Oscar Montoya. Premise I Want My Phone Back follows host \\\"Alana Johnston and a cast of improv performers take to the streets of Los Angeles, giving passersby the chance to win up to $1,000 — by handing over their mobile phones and letting the show’s pranksters post to social media, and text and call their contacts. The longer contestants stay in the game, the more money they make.\\\" Production Development The series originated as a short video entitled I Want My Phone Back: The Scariest Game Show Ever that was produced by Big Breakfast for CollegeHumor and initially released on YouTube on November 13, 2015. The short was created by Luke Kelly-Clyne, directed by Todd G. Bieber, and featured Brandon Gardner as host. The video proved to be quite successful on CollegeHumor's YouTube channel where it quickly earned a million views. After testing how the idea could be turned into a 30-minute TV show or 10-minute web series, the series was sold to streaming service Comcast Watchable. On August 22, 2016, it was announced that the short had been developed into a series and that Comcast Watchable had ordered a first season consisting of ten episodes. It premiered on November 2, 2016. In September 2017, it was reported that Comcast was reassessing their Watchable platform and planning to de-emphasize over-the-top distribution, and halt future work centered on Watchable originals including I Want My Phone Back. Move to Facebook Watch In mid-2017, it was announced that the series had been picked up for two new seasons by Facebook Watch. The first of those ten episode seasons premiered on August 29, 2017. Episodes Season 1 (2016) Season 2 (2017) Season 3 (2017-18) Reception Viewers Since launching on Facebook Watch on August 29, 2017, I Want My Phone Back has accumulated more than 370,000 followers. By January 2018, the show's reach topped 12 million. In addition, the show ranks seventh in overall engagement, its interaction rate stands at 9%, and 11% of all followers like, share or comment on content. Awards and nominations The series was included in Paste Magazines list of the 10 Best Comedy Web Series in 2016. References External links Official Watchable website Facebook Watch original programming 2010s American reality television series 2016 American television series debuts American English-language television shows American non-fiction web series 2018 American television series endings\",\n \"title\": \"I Want My Phone Back\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"51791914","text":"Erik LaRay Harvey (born 1972) is an American actor known for his roles as Dunn Purnsley in Boardwalk Empire, Willis Stryker / Diamondback in Luke Cage, and his role in The Charnel House (2016). Early life Erik LaRay Harvey was drawn into acting when he saw a theatrical performance of The Wiz. In his youth, he aspired to be a dentist. Career Harvey has performed in feature films, television series, and TV movies. Early TV roles include two episodes of Law & Order (1994 and 1998); two episodes of NYPD Blue (1997 and 2003); Now and Again; and Third Watch. He appears in two additional Law & Order series: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (two episodes; 2003 and 2013) and Law & Order: Criminal Intent (one episode; 2005). Roles in feature films include Twister, The Caveman's Valentine and Rounders. His two major roles have been on the HBO series Boardwalk Empire as Dunn Purnsley (2011–2013) and the Netflix series Luke Cage as Willis \"Diamondback\" Stryker. Filmography Film Television Video games References External links American male television actors Living people New York University alumni Place of birth missing (living people) 1972 births 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American male actors American male film actors American male video game actors People from Bainbridge, Georgia Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)","title":"Erik LaRay Harvey"},{"docid":"51061639","text":"\"The Devil in the Details\" is the 10th episode and midseason premiere of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 11, and the 228th overall. The episode was written by Andrew Dabb and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on January 20, 2016 on The CW. In the episode, Lucifer shows Sam his memories in an attempt for him to say yes to be his vessel. The title is a reference to the phrase \"The devil is in the detail\", meaning a mystery or loop on a detail. The episode received critical acclaim with critics praising the Castiel reveal. Plot Rowena (Ruth Connell) had a dream where Lucifer (Mark Pellegrino) showed up with the promise of rewards if she brought him Sam (Jared Padalecki). In the present, Lucifer shows Sam a memory of his childhood to show his changes and how he and Dean always take the decision to save each other instead of the world. Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) accuses Rowena of betraying him but she defends herself by claiming Lucifer will give her rewards. Dean (Jensen Ackles) is called by Crowley to notify him that Sam is in the Cage. Castiel (Misha Collins) and Ambriel (Valerie Tian) inspect the explosion area to find Amara. Amara (Emily Swallow) consumes Ambriel's soul but spares Castiel's life, sending him to Hell. Dean contacts Billie (Lisa Berry) to get him through Hell. He and Crowley then put Rowena in a witchcatcher so she can be Crowley's slave. Lucifer begins attacking Sam and when Dean and Castiel arrive, he transports them into the cage. They get into a fight while Rowena tries to invoke a spell. She manages to get them out of the cage before Lucifer kills them. Sam and Dean leave the Hell while Castiel stays behind. Sam tells Dean that Lucifer may have been right but Dean states that Lucifer and the Darkness in the same earth would be catastrophic. Castiel goes with Crowley and Crowley discovers to his shock that Castiel is none other than Lucifer. It turns out Castiel accepted to be his vessel so he could stop the Darkness. Lucifer frees Rowena and then kills her so he can't go back to the cage. He then sits next to Crowley, telling him they need to talk. Reception Viewers The episode was watched by 1.83 million viewers with a 0.7/2 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 4% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 1.90 million viewers from a 0.7/2 share in the 18-49 demographics. 0.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 2 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. Critical reviews \"The Devil in the Details\" received critical acclaim from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a \"great\" 8.6 out of 10 and wrote in her verdict, \"'The Devil in the Details' was scrumptious Supernatural. My one main gripe, however, isn't necessarily that Cas made a","title":"The Devil in the Details"},{"docid":"26702204","text":"The fourth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 22, 2008 and concluded on May 18, 2009. It consisted of 24 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the fourth season on Monday nights at 8:30 pm in the United States. The complete fourth season was released on Region 1 DVD on September 29, 2009. In the United Kingdom it aired on E4. The fourth season is the only season of How I Met Your Mother to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. Cast Main cast Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin Bob Saget (uncredited) as Future Ted Mosby (voice only) Recurring cast Sarah Chalke as Stella Zinman Lyndsy Fonseca as Penny, Ted's Daughter David Henrie as Luke, Ted's Son Charlene Amoia as Wendy the Waitress Bryan Callen as Bilson Jason Jones as Tony Grafanello Darcy Rose Byrnes as Lucy Zinman Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Joe Nieves as Carl, the owner of MacLarens Pub Matt Boren as Stuart Guest cast Regis Philbin as himself Bill Fagerbakke as Marvin Eriksen, Sr. David Burtka as Scooter Frances Conroy as Loretta Stinson Erin Cahill as Heather Mosby Brooke D'Orsay as Margaret (Betty - Barney's Wife) Laura Prepon as Karen Kendra Wilkinson as herself Kevin Michael Richardson as Stan Heidi Montag as herself Spencer Pratt as himself Kim Kardashian as herself Will Sasso as Doug Martin Episodes U.S. viewership This season is currently the second highest rated season of How I Met Your Mother in terms of viewership, at an average of 9.42 million viewers. However, it is currently the highest rated in terms of the important Adults 18-49 demographic, which is what advertisers use to determine how much a 30-second advertising spot costs. Season 4 averaged 4.0/10 in terms of rating/share in the Adults 18-49 demographic. Critical response Season 4 received highly positive reviews and is often considered to be the best season of the series. Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10. Michelle stated, \"This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother. While Ted was busy dating Stella, the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted's love life,\" later going on to say, \"A stellar Robin-Marshall episode, titled \"Little Minnesota,\" makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together. With Robin homesick and unemployed (and at risk of being deported), this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season, when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of \"Let's Go to the Mall!\" References External links 4 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons","title":"How I Met Your Mother season 4"},{"docid":"45083058","text":"Marvel's The Defenders is an American television miniseries created by Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez for the streaming service Netflix, based on the Marvel Comics characters Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist, who form the eponymous superhero team. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the franchise's films. The miniseries is a crossover event and the culmination for four previously released interconnected series from Marvel and Netflix. It was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, Nine and a Half Fingers, Inc., and Goddard Textiles, with Ramirez serving as showrunner. The series stars Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, Mike Colter as Luke Cage, and Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist, all reprising their roles from their individual series. It also stars Eka Darville, Elden Henson, Jessica Henwick, Simone Missick, Ramón Rodríguez, Rachael Taylor, Deborah Ann Woll, Élodie Yung, Rosario Dawson, and Scott Glenn, all also returning from previous series, as well as Sigourney Weaver. Development began in late 2013, with Cox the first actor cast in May 2014. Petrie and Ramirez joined as showrunners in April, after doing so for the second season of Daredevil. Petrie left with the start of filming, which took place in New York City from October 2016 to March 2017. Cinematography and design work established the different color palettes from the characters' individual series, and combined them as the team is formed. The Defenders premiered in New York on July 31, 2017, with all eight episodes released on Netflix on August 18. Critics were mostly positive about the crossover, highlighting the dynamics between the different Defenders as well as Weaver's performance, but were generally disappointed with the overall story, pacing, and the use of the Hand as villains. Third-party analysis indicated that the miniseries was the least-viewed Marvel Netflix series so far and had the largest week-over-week drop in viewership of them all, though it was the third-most \"Binge Raced\" series globally at the time of its release, according to Netflix. It received several award nominations. The Defenders, along with the other Marvel Netflix series, was removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, after Disney regained the license for the series. They began streaming on Disney+ from March 16. Premise Set a few months after the second season of Daredevil, and a month after the first season of Iron Fist, the vigilantes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist team up in New York City to fight a common enemy, the Hand. Cast and characters Main Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil: A blind pro-bono lawyer in Hell's Kitchen, with his remaining senses enhanced, who is secretly a vigilante. Cox felt the second season of Daredevil, in which Murdock fought alongside Elektra Natchios and Frank Castle, prepared the character to accept help in The Defenders, and that moving into the miniseries the death of Natchios would be weighing heavily on Murdock. Ramirez likened Murdock and","title":"The Defenders (miniseries)"},{"docid":"25438208","text":"\"Fizbo\" is the ninth episode of the first season of the American family sitcom television series Modern Family and the ninth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on ABC in the United States on November 25, 2009. The episode was written by Brad Walsh & Paul Corrigan and directed by Jason Winer. In the episode, Phil and Claire try to throw a party for Luke's birthday. Cameron decides to dress up as his clown character Fizbo to attend the party. Manny has a hard time impressing a girl after taking advice from Jay. Haley gets jealous when Dylan talks to the animal handler of the party and ignores her in the process. Everything seems to go fine, but after Haley frees a scorpion from its cage, things go wrong and the family ends up going to the emergency room. \"Fizbo\" has received positive reviews from critics with many naming it the best episode up to that point. Despite this, \"Fizbo\" was viewed in 7.12 million households when it premiered, becoming the lowest rated episode of the series. Ratings analysts attributed Fizbo’s low ratings to the episode airing the night before Thanksgiving. Eric Stonestreet won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance in this episode. Plot It is Luke's (Nolan Gould) birthday and Phil (Ty Burrell) and Claire (Julie Bowen) want to throw a big birthday party for him. Phil is the one who organizes things for the party. Among other things he ordered, he also asks for an animal handler, Jungle Tanya (Margo Harshman), who brings different animals to show them to the kids, including iguanas, a python and a scorpion. Claire sets up a comb sheath making stand but Phil says that it will be boring. Manny (Rico Rodriguez) wants to impress a girl he likes from school, Bianca (Kaitlyn Dever), and she is going to be at Luke's birthday party. He does not know what to do to get her attention and he asks for Jay's (Ed O'Neill) advice. Jay tells him that girls go for power and success and since he does not have any of those, he should be the funny guy. Manny's attempts to be funny do not have much of success. Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) dresses up as Fizbo the clown, despite Mitchell's (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) disagreement. But Cameron believes that there cannot be a party without a clown so he ignores him. On their way to the party though, Cameron defends Mitchell at the gas station, and Mitchell sees him in a different way. When they arrive at the party, it turns out Phil is afraid of clowns. Haley's (Sarah Hyland) boyfriend Dylan (Reid Ewing) is also at the party. When Dylan starts talking with Jungle Tanya ignoring Haley, Haley gets jealous and she frees the scorpion from its box to take her revenge. Everything is going well at the party until the moment the freed scorpion triggers a chain of events and the","title":"Fizbo"},{"docid":"2343740","text":"This is a list of episodes for the 1979–1985 CBS action-adventure/comedy series The Dukes of Hazzard. The show ran for seven seasons and a total of 147 episodes. Many of the episodes followed a similar structure: \"out-of-town crooks pull a robbery, Duke boys blamed, spend the rest of the hour clearing their names, the General Lee flies and the squad cars crash\". Also, almost every episode would begin with the Duke boys driving along in the General Lee, whether running an errand or just out on a leisurely drive, and inadvertently stumbling upon one of the sheriff's speed traps. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (1979) Season 2 (1979–80) Starting with this season, a new closing sequence was introduced. This time, it shows the General Lee and Enos' police car going around in circles. This remained in use until the end of the series in 1985. Also at the beginning of this season, the show is now produced by Lou Step Productions. Season 3 (1980–81) This season consisted of 21 episodes. Season 3 brought a big change to the show. Sonny Shroyer, who played the part of Deputy Enos Strate, was leaving the show to star in a short-lived Dukes of Hazzard spin-off series, called Enos. Rosco's pet dog Flash was introduced in this season. Flash would stay until the end of the series in 1985. In the second episode, Enos was written out of the show as moving to California to take a job with the Los Angeles Police Department. This is the last season to use the Season 2 closing theme. During the opening credits, Enos is out, and Cletus Hogg (Rick Hurst) is in. Season 4 (1981–82) Season 5 (1982–83) Byron Cherry and Christopher Mayer were promoted to opening titles starting with this season. Beginning with season 5, over a royalties dispute, John Schneider (Bo Duke) and Tom Wopat (Luke Duke) were fired from the series. They were replaced by their cousins Coy Duke and Vance Duke. The show's ratings nosedived and, after 18 episodes, Wopat and Schneider were hired back. According to the series bible, Luke and Bo's 18-episode absence was due to their competing (and, ultimately, winning big) in the NASCAR circuit. Their return episode has the distinction of featuring all four Duke boys. This season consisted of 22 episodes. Sonny Shroyer returns as Enos for the rest of the series after the cancellation of the spin-off Enos. Season 6 (1983–84) Season 7 (1984–85) References External links Episodes Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes","title":"List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes"},{"docid":"22650936","text":"Life Bites is a British adaptation of the Italian series Life Bites – Pillole di vita by Disney Channel Italy. It premiered on 6 September 2008. The show series looks at the everyday adventures of Chloe and Harvey, who are brother and sister and their relationships with family and friends. Each episode looks at variety of themes including school, dating, sport and music. The school which they attend is filmed at Brentside High School in Hanwell, West London. The first season premiered on 6 September 2008 and has 16 episodes; the second season started in July 2009 and has 12 episodes, including a Halloween special and a Christmas special. Cast Main Amy Wren as Chloe Benedict Smith as Harvey, brother of Chloe Tianna Webster as Molly, younger sister of Chloe and Harvey Nicola Posener as Pyper, Chloe's best friend Naomi Scott as Megan, Pyper's and Chloe's best friend Rupert Simonian as Frank, classmate Lucien Laviscount as Jake, Harvey's best friend Dominique Moore as Esther, Chloe's and Pyper's best friend Jeremy Irvine as Luke, Harvey and Frank's best friend Recurring Neil Roberts as Richard Andrea Spisto as Jenni Claire Cage as Mum Brad Kavanagh as band member in Harvey's, Frank's and Luke's band References External links Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel) original programming 2000s British children's television series 2008 British television series debuts 2009 British television series endings","title":"Life Bites"},{"docid":"44253420","text":"The Lucha Underground Championship was a professional wrestling world championship owned by the Lucha Underground promotion. The championship was the top championship of the promotion and was generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than in direct competition. The championship was introduced in episode 8 (\"A Unique Opportunity\") taped on October 4, 2014, and broadcast on December 17, 2014, with the first champion being determined on episode 9 (\"Aztec Warfare\") which was taped on October 5, 2014, and broadcast on television on January 7, 2015. The final champion was Jake Strong, who won the title on the last episode of Lucha Underground. As it was a professional wrestling championship, the title was not won by actual competition, but by a scripted ending to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion at that point in time. This can either be due to a storyline, or real life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company. History During Episode 8 (\"A Unique Opportunity\") of Lucha Underground's first season the storyline owner of Lucha Underground, Dario Cueto, announced that he was introducing the \"top prize\" in the promotion, the Lucha Underground Championship, revealing the belt to the audience in the arena and viewers at home. He explained that on the following week's show 20 wrestlers would compete in an Aztec Warfare match, featuring a mixture of male, female and Mini-Estrella competitors in the ring at the same time. During episode 8 Mil Muertes defeated Fénix in a match, earning him the number 20 spot, while forcing Fénix to be the first man in the match. Episode 9 (\"Aztec Warfare\") was dedicated to the championship match and saw Prince Puma pin Johnny Mundo to eliminate him from the match and become the inaugural Lucha Underground Champion. During the broadcast a couple weeks later (\"They Call Him Cage\") after Puma defeated Cage by disqualification to retain the championship, Cage tore the championship belt apart in a fit of anger, ripping the leather strap in half. As a result, Dario Cueto introduced a new Lucha Underground Championship belt in Episode 20 (\"The Art of War\") that was presented to Prince Puma. Prince Puma retained his championship in many matches for the title against Fénix, Cage, King Cuerno, Drago, Hernandez, Johnny Mundo, and Chavo Guerrero Jr. On Episode 31 (\"The Desolation of Drago\") Drago defeated King Cuerno, Cage and Hernandez to earn a match against Prince Puma at Ultima Lucha, Lucha Underground's season finale. Afterwards Cueto announced that Drago would face Mil Muertes on episode 33 for the right to challenge the champion. Episode 33 was taped on April 11, 2015 and had Muertes defeat Drago to earn the match against Prince Puma. At Ultima Lucha Mil Muertes defeated Prince Puma to win the title and end the last episode of the first season as","title":"Lucha Underground Championship"},{"docid":"51941959","text":"Luke Cage (Original Soundtrack Album) is the soundtrack album to the 2016 first season of the streaming television series Luke Cage, featuring music composed by Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad. The soundtrack was released on October 7, 2016, digitally and with a vinyl release by Mondo. Younge and Muhammad were asked to join the series by showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker, and strove to write a score inspired by hip hop. They were given a full orchestra to record the score with. In addition to their music, the soundtrack includes songs from various artists that gave onscreen performances during the season, including the original song \"Bulletproof Love\" featuring Method Man, which was also released before the album as a single. Background In April 2016, Luke Cage showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker revealed that Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad were composing the series' score, describing it as \"a '90s hip-hop vibe\" with \"a lot of different musical appearances\". Younge and Muhammad spotted each episode together with the episode's director, then went off and worked on certain cues each, though the two did work on some cues together. Marvel Television, Netflix, and ABC were extremely supportive of Younge and Muhammad's artistic process after hearing their first work for the series (the duo started by composing the bookending music of the second episode), asking them to \"push\" the sound of the score as far as they could, and allowing them the use of a full, 30-piece orchestra for recording. The score was orchestrated and conducted by Miguel Atwood-Ferguson, and recorded and mixed at Raphael Saadiq's studio. Marvel did criticize the initial theme music that Younge and Muhammad wrote for the series, which was inspired by the \"British library music\" of Alan Tew. Coker wanted to use the music, but the studio felt that it was too slow to play over the opening credits. They eventually agreed to use the music for the closing credits of each episode, and wrote a piece closer to \"classic\" theme music for the opening. They still made this \"more funky, and kind of crazy\" compared to traditional themes, and Marvel praised it. For Younge, it was important that the music for the series be recorded using analog technologies, comparing it to the music of Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder where \"you don't like it just because it's composed well. You don't like it just because they have great voices. You like it because of the way it makes you feel, sonically ... the deep, organic, soulful sound waves in it.\" He felt that music produced digitally could not replicate this quality and would be \"cutting corners\". The series features onscreen performances by various artists, which Coker wanted to use to help capture the vibe of the neighborhood. Several of these songs are included on the soundtrack album, including the single \"Bulletproof Love\", featuring Method Man, an original rap song featured in the episode \"Soliloquy of Chaos\". The track was arranged by Younge and Muhammad, and includes much of","title":"Luke Cage (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"26701861","text":"The second season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 18, 2006 and concluded on May 14, 2007. It consisted of 22 episodes, each approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the first three episodes of the second season on Monday nights at 8:30 pm in the United States, the remaining episodes were broadcast at 8:00pm. The complete second season was released on Region 1 DVD on October 2, 2007. In the United Kingdom it aired on E4 from October 2, 2009 weekdays at 7:30pm. Cast Main cast Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin Bob Saget (uncredited) as Future Ted Mosby (voice only) Recurring cast Lyndsy Fonseca as Penny, Ted's Daughter David Henrie as Luke, Ted's Son Joe Nieves as Carl Charlene Amoia as Wendy the Waitress Joe Manganiello as Brad Morris Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Guest cast Bryan Cranston as Hammond Druthers David Burtka as Scooter Bob Barker as himself Wayne Brady as James Stinson Michael Gross as Alfred Mosby Charles Robinson as Bank President Emmitt Smith as himself Lucy Hale as Katie Scherbatsky Ryan Pinkston as Kyle Candice King as Amy Episodes References 2 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons","title":"How I Met Your Mother season 2"},{"docid":"49047979","text":"The story of the Two Wolves is a memetic legend of unknown origin, commonly attributed to Cherokee or other indigenous American peoples in popular retelling. The legend is usually framed as a grandfather or elder passing wisdom to a young listener; the elder describes a battle between two wolves within one’s self, using the battle as a metaphor for inner conflict. When the listener asks which wolf wins, the grandfather answers \"whichever one you feed\". While many variations of the story exist (replacing wolves with dogs, changing the nature of the conflict, etc.) the usual conflict uses imagery of white vs black and good vs evil, As its origins cannot be credibly traced to authentic indigenous sources, the “Two Wolves” story is considered an example of fakelore. In media The story is quoted and referenced in various forms in media articles. The story is featured in the 2015 film Tomorrowland: Casey: \"There are two wolves\" ... You told me this story my entire life, and now I'm telling you: There are two wolves and they are always fighting. One is darkness and despair, the other is light and hope. Which wolf wins? Eddie: C'mon, Casey. Casey: Okay, fine, don't answer. Eddie: Whichever one you feed. Other examples include: In the television series Luke Cage (Season 2, Episode 2, at time-index 48:06) a pastor tells the story of a \"Cherokee Legend\", with the metaphor of two wolves fighting, where the boy in the story asks \"Which wolf is stronger?\" and his grandfather responds: \"It's the one you feed.\" In an issue of the Daredevil comic series, the character Echo encounters Wolverine while on a vision quest. He tells her a version of the Two Wolves story he learned from the Chief, albeit referring to them as dogs. Echo then reveals that her late father was the one who originally told that story to the Chief. In Knightfall (Season One, Episode Four, \"He Who Discovers His Own Self, Discovers God) Godfrey tells the story to Landry in a flashback. In the television series 12 Monkeys (Season 1, Episode 6, at time-index 29:14) Cole tells Aaron the story as he mentions that Cassie feeds the good wolf. The marquee of the Tarkovsky Theatre in John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum advertises a performance titled \"A Tale of Two Wolves.\" Versions with dogs There are similar stories told by Christian ministers appearing in print prior to the story of the Two Wolves that refer to dogs instead of wolves. An early variation of this story was published in The Daily Republican, Monongahela, Pennsylvania on November 16, 1962. William J. Turner Jr. prefaced a meditation on \"two natures within\" (Romans 7:18–19) with this illustration: \"A man traveling through the mountains came upon an old mountaineer who had two dogs. Both dogs were the same size, and they fought continually. The visitor asked the mountaineer which dog usually won. The old fellow studied for a moment, spat over the fence, and said, 'The one I feed","title":"Two Wolves"},{"docid":"47718585","text":"Blake Tower is a fictional supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. An attorney who often appears in stories featuring Spider-Man and Daredevil, he first appeared in Daredevil #124 and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Bob Brown. Blake Tower was a main character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) Netflix television series Daredevil where he was portrayed by Stephen Rider. He also appeared in guest appearances in two seasons of the series Luke Cage, and is credited as the main for his appearance in the second season. Publication history Blake Tower first appeared in Daredevil #124 and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Bob Brown. Fictional character biography Born in New York, Blake Tower became a brilliant lawyer and opened his own law firm. After watching the clash between Daredevil and the new Torpedo, Tower competed with Foggy Nelson for election as district attorney, and his campaign won in a landslide. Among his first tasks was the official presentation of the computer W.H.O. (Worldwide Habitual Offender) Dr. Armstrong Smith. After a brief meeting with the Heroes for Hire, Luke Cage and Iron Fist, Tower dealt with the acquittal of Spider-Man against charges for the death of George Stacy and Norman Osborn. He also tried to help Spider-Man against the attacks of J. Jonah Jameson, Spencer Smythe and the Spider-Slayer. Subsequently, Tower collected the deposition of Captain America regarding a case involving Batroc the Leaper. This made him several enemies in criminal circles and he became the target of a hit man, only being saved by the intervention of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Tower participated in trials against Boomerang and Punisher, afterwards convincing the supervillain Slyde to work with and engage his former employer for money laundering. After the murder of colleague Jean DeWolff, Tower assisted in the process of the only suspect, the Sin-Eater and the dissolution of Heroes for Hire, meanwhile following procedures to bring the body of Ned Leeds to the United States. Tower had a long association with She-Hulk which ended because of the heroine's hectic life. Tower later participated in the trial of Peter Parker during the \"Clone Saga\", and in the trial of Winter Soldier for his previous actions. In other media Blake Tower is a recurring character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's Netflix TV series, portrayed by Stephen Rider. Tower makes his debut in the second season of Daredevil. He is an Assistant District Attorney, who is a subordinate of Manhattan District Attorney Samantha Reyes. He becomes a reluctant ally to Nelson & Murdock after Grotto gets killed by the Punisher and Karen Page confronts Tower with evidence that Reyes will double-cross him. After Reyes is gunned down in her office by men working for the Blacksmith, Tower ends up taking her place as District Attorney. In Luke Cage, Tower shows up in \"Now You're Mine\" during Diamondback's hostage situation at Harlem's Paradise. He informs Inspector Priscilla Ridley about Mariah Dillard's negotiations with city","title":"Blake Tower"},{"docid":"28149971","text":"The Straight Edge Society was a villainous professional wrestling stable in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) that appeared on its SmackDown brand. The concept behind the group was the straight edge lifestyle, which promotes and abides to discipline—primarily no smoking, drinking, or drugs. The group acted as a militant organization, denouncing all people who did not live the straight edge lifestyle, even those who also abstain from substance abuse, so new members were required to shave their heads, which signified a \"new beginning\". The founder and leader of the group was CM Punk, who follows the straight edge lifestyle in real life. Members included Joey Mercury, Luke Gallows, and Serena. As of , Punk, and Gallows remain employed with the WWE, while Deeb is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). History Formation Before The Straight Edge Society was formed, CM Punk feuded with Jeff Hardy over the World Heavyweight Championship while making allusions to Hardy's real life drug usage. In the end, on the August 28 episode of SmackDown, Punk retained his World Heavyweight Championship in a Loser Leaves WWE steel cage match and Hardy left the WWE. The formation began on the November 27, 2009 episode of SmackDown where Punk transformed the formerly mentally disabled and unresponsive Festus into the focused and driven Luke Gallows, who explained that his friends got him hooked on prescription pain medication, which explained his behavior as Festus, and he also credited Punk with cleaning him up and \"showing him the way\", and became Punk's main enforcer. Gallows would assist Punk in his feuds with R-Truth and Matt Hardy. A few weeks later, the two began shaving the heads of (planted) fans in the audience who wished to follow the straight edge lifestyle, demonstrating a \"new beginning\" for their lives. Before Punk was able to find a third person to convert, a woman named Serena came out of the crowd begging to be saved by Punk, but instead of having security escort her out, he accepted Serena and shaved her head. From thereafter, Serena accompanied Punk and ran interference in his matches. Punk would interrupt many events in an attempt to recruit members to The Straight Edge Society, starting from the Royal Rumble, where he would preach while eliminating Dolph Ziggler, Evan Bourne, JTG, Beth Phoenix, and Zack Ryder, even though he was ultimately eliminated from the speaking platform by Triple H, whom he had tried to convert previously and who had espoused that he too avoided drugs, smoke, and alcohol, but he did not think it was right to be preaching like Punk was doing. On February 23, 2010 it was revealed that Punk would be mentoring Darren Young, a \"South Beach Party Boy\", on the first season of NXT. A few weeks later, Young became fascinated with The Straight Edge Society and decided to join them, only to quickly change his mind after finding out he had to shave his head as initiation. Feud with Rey Mysterio The Straight Edge Society would","title":"Straight Edge Society"},{"docid":"56489186","text":"How to Stay Married is an Australian television comedy series screening on Network 10. It premiered on 8 November 2018. The series is a spin-off of an episode of the 2013 anthology comedy series It's a Date on the ABC. The show is a Princess Pictures and Pablo Pictures co-production. The show was renewed for a second season on 22 August 2018, before the first episode aired. All episodes of season 2 were initially released on streaming service 10 Play on March 26, 2020 for two weeks as part of Network Ten's \"10 Shows in 10 Days\" promotion during the COVID-19 pandemic. It later premiered on Network Ten on Tuesday, 5 May 2020. A third season premiered on May 4, 2021. Synopsis After fifteen years of marriage, the lives of Greg and Em Butler and their two daughters change when Em returns to work, Greg is made redundant and his brother Brad moves in. Cast Main cast Recurring cast Guests Christopher Kirby as Luke Garrison Nicholas Bell as Brian Steve Bastoni as Lenny Main characters Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2018) Season 2 (2020) Season 3 (2021) References External links 2018 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian comedy television series Television shows set in Melbourne Network 10 original programming","title":"How to Stay Married"},{"docid":"34822117","text":"Luke Nguyen's Vietnam is an Australian television series first screened on SBS One in 2010. The series follows chef, Luke Nguyen, as he tours Vietnam seeking culinary delights and adventure. It is regularly broadcast on Good Food, a UK food-orientated TV channel. Luke Nguyen Luke Nguyen (born 1978) is a Vietnamese Australian chef, best known as the host of television series Luke Nguyen's Vietnam. The series is a food documentary, in which he travels through Vietnam, cooking in the ad hoc manner of the street vendors in the country, usually preparing the dish on the footpaths. He appeared on MasterChef Australia (season 2) as a guest chef. He is also the owner of Red Lantern restaurant in Surry Hills, Sydney and is the author of a number of cook books. He's a current judge of MasterChef Vietnam. Season One Episode 1: Saigon Episode 2: Saigon Episode 3: Mekong delta Episode 4: Phu Quoc Island Episode 5: Phan thiet and mui ne Episode 6: Dalat Episode 7: Nha trang Episode 8: Quy nhon Episode 9: Hoi an Episode 10: Hoi an 2 Season Two Episode 1: Hue Episode 2: Vinh Episode 3: Ninh Binh Episode 4: Hanoi Episode 5: Greater Hanoi Episode 6: Sapa Episode 7: Sapa 2 Episode 8: Bac Ha Episode 9: Halong Bay Episode 10: Mai Chau References External links Luke Nguyen's Vietnam on SBS Special Broadcasting Service original programming Australian cooking television series","title":"Luke Nguyen's Vietnam"},{"docid":"75438924","text":"\"Gang War\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with","title":"Gang War (comics)"},{"docid":"8134096","text":"Francis Luke Askew (March 26, 1932 – March 29, 2012) was an American actor. He appeared in many westerns, and had a lead role in the spaghetti Western Night of the Serpent (La notte dei serpenti; 1969). He also had a small but key part in the 1969 classic movie Easy Rider. Biography Askew was born on March 26, 1932, in Macon, Georgia, to Milton Dillard Askew (1904–1976) and Dorothy Doolittle (1910–1969). Askew attended the University of Georgia, Mercer University, and Walter F. George School of Law. In his collegiate years, Askew served in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War, serving in the intelligence division of Strategic Air Command. He started his professional career in radio and television, and as a rock and blues singer. He made his film debut in Hurry Sundown (1967), but was first noticed as an actor for his role in Cool Hand Luke (1967). The following year he worked with John Wayne in The Green Berets (with his hair cut short). The following year he worked with Dennis Hopper and Peter Fonda in Easy Rider. Askew continued to work as an actor after that, predominantly appearing in guest roles on television series. This includes work on such series as: Bonanza, The High Chaparral, Mission: Impossible, Cannon, The Rockford Files, Quincy, M.E., The Six Million Dollar Man, T. J. Hooker, L.A. Law, MacGyver, Walker, Texas Ranger, Murder She Wrote, and HBO's Big Love. He also took part in Easy Rider: Shaking the Cage (1999), a documentary about the making of Easy Rider, and the 2003 documentary Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex, Drugs and Rock 'N' Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. Askew sang Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf and Jimmy Reed songs at The Gaslight Cafe. According to Bob Dylan, when Luke sang at The Gaslight Cafe it was like a \"guy who sounded like Bobby Blue Bland\". Askew later moved to Lake Oswego, Oregon. He died at Lake Oswego on March 29, 2012, three days after his 80th birthday, due to lung cancer. Selected filmography Hurry Sundown (1967) .... Dolph Higginson The Happening (1967) .... Second Motorcycle Officer Cool Hand Luke (1967) .... Boss Paul Will Penny (1967) .... Foxy The Devil's Brigade (1968) .... Private Hubert Hixon The Green Berets (1968) .... Sergeant Provo Easy Rider (1969) .... Stranger on Highway Flareup (1969) .... Alan Moris Night of the Serpent (1969) .... Luke Angel Unchained (1970) .... Jonathan Tremaine The Culpepper Cattle Company (1972) .... Luke The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972) .... Jim Younger The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972) .... Mark Skinner Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) .... Eno Slipstream (1973) .... Mike Mallard A Matter of Wife... and Death (1975) .... Snell Posse (1975) .... Krag Walking Tall Part 2 (1975) .... Pinky Dobson Mackintosh and T.J. (1975) .... Cal Rolling Thunder (1977) .... Automatic Slim Wanda Nevada (1979) .... Ruby Muldoon The Beast Within (1982) .... Dexter Ward The Warrior and the Sorceress (1984) .... Zeg the Tyrant","title":"Luke Askew"},{"docid":"22094992","text":"Bully Beatdown is an American reality television series created by Mark Burnett which aired on MTV. In each episode, show host Jason \"Mayhem\" Miller challenged bullies to fight against a professional mixed martial artist for a chance to win $10,000. The money they would receive depended on their performance against their opponent, with any money they didn't win going to the bully's victims. If the bully managed to submit or knock out the martial artist at any time, they won a $5000 bonus. Format Episodes in the first season featured four segments. The first segment involved Mayhem revealing a video featuring the victims describing their bullying situation and asking for help. This was followed by the host meeting with the victims in person and briefly discussing their problems. Mayhem and the victims would then confront the bully, and Mayhem would offer the bully $10,000 to fight a professional MMA fighter. In all of the episodes that aired, the bully accepted. The next segment consisted of Mayhem bringing the bully into his gym to see how the bully fights in order to help him determine whom to put in the cage against him. During this segment, Mayhem introduced the bullies to their corner man, and would usually briefly discuss the fight with them. The segment would end with the victims meeting the fighter who would be challenging their bully, and the audience would be shown clips of the bully preparing in the locker room. The third segment would begin with Mayhem standing in the ring with the victims, introducing them to the crowd. After a brief introduction, the bully would be brought out to boos from the crowd. Mayhem would then let the bullies and victims have a few last words before bringing out the fighter. Once the professional fighter had entered the cage, the audience would be shown a short segment explaining the rules. Finally, long-time professional referee \"Big\" John McCarthy would begin the first round. Round 1 was a 3-minute grappling-only round. The bully would begin the round with $5,000, and would loses $1,000 every time they were forced to tap out (with the lost money going to the victims). The final segment began with an explanation of the rules for Round 2, a 3-minute kickboxing round. The bully wins $5,000 if they can survive the entire 3 minutes, but does not get any money if they quit or get KO'd or the referee stops the fight. After the round ends, Mayhem deals out the money, and asks the bully if there is anything they want to say to their victim(s). In most episodes, the bully offered an apology. In Season 2, the format of the first half of the show was changed significantly. The show starts with Mayhem in the cage. He first presents the victims' tape, and is then joined by the victims in the cage. This is followed by a video from the bully explaining why they pick on their victims, often intercut with footage of","title":"Bully Beatdown"},{"docid":"54196981","text":"Hollywood Darlings is an American comedy series starring Beverley Mitchell, Jodie Sweetin, and Christine Lakin that premiered on April 12, 2017 on Pop. On September 18, 2017, the show was renewed for a second season after it became the network’s number 1 original series debut ever among women 18–34 according to Nielsen. The second season premiered on April 18, 2018. Premise The series is an improv comedy-series which follows three lifelong friends who grew up together in \"the business,\" became household names, and now take on even bigger roles as moms, wives, and businesswomen. They play exaggerated versions of themselves. Cast Main Beverley Mitchell as herself Jodie Sweetin as herself Christine Lakin as herself Recurring Brandon Breaul as himself, Christine's husband Soleil Moon Frye as herself Tony Rodriguez as Tony Guest stars Andrea Barber as herself (\"How Christine Got Her Groove Back\") Andrew Keegan as himself (\"How Christine Got Her Groove Back\") Wanya Morris as himself (\"Driving Miss Jodie\") Tamera Mowry as herself (\"Driving Miss Jodie\") DeAnna Pappas as herself (\"Got Milk?\") Jaleel White as himself (\"Got Milk?\") Heather Tom as herself (\"The Bev Witch Project\") Nicholle Tom as herself (\"The Bev Witch Project\") Lance Bass as himself (\"The Luke Perry Incident\") Patrick Duffy as himself (\"The Luke Perry Incident\") Staci Keanan as herself (\"The Luke Perry Incident\") Lori Beth Denberg as herself (\"She's Not All That\") Will Friedle as himself (\"Y2K\") Marla Sokoloff as herself (\"Y2K\") Matthew Lawrence as himself (\"Star Crossed Mothers\") David Lascher as himself (\"Dry Spell\") Tatyana Ali as herself (\"White Little Lies\") Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2017) <onlyinclude> Season 2 (2018) <onlyinclude> Ratings Season 1 (2017) Season 2 (2018) Trivia The show started in season 1 out as a mockumentary style comedy, with the characters giving commentary during the scenes. Season 2 is a bit more stylized. References External links Official Site 2010s American comedy television series 2017 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings Television shows set in Los Angeles American English-language television shows Television series by All3Media Pop (American TV channel) original programming","title":"Hollywood Darlings"},{"docid":"44512264","text":"Luke Zachrich (born December 19, 1981) is a retired American mixed martial artist and professional boxer who formerly competed in the Middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship A professional mixed martial arts competitor since 2006 until his release from the UFC in 2014, Zachrich was a member of Team Forrest on the seventh season of The Ultimate Fighter, and has also fought for King of the Cage, Bellator, Xtreme Fighting Organization, and Ultimate Victory Challenge, the latter of which he was the inaugural Middleweight Champion. In the first few years of his career, he trained with professional wrestling and mixed martial arts legend Dan Severn at The Beast Academy in Coldwater, Michigan, before relocating to Team Jorge Gurgel in Cincinnati, Ohio. He now fights out his own training facility, the Ronin Training Center, where he is also one of the head instructors. During his professional career, he held a martial arts record of 14–4, with seven of his fourteen wins coming by way of submission. Zachrich is currently ineligible for the Tapology.com Middleweight rankings due to his retirement from mixed martial arts. Background Zachrich was born on October 1, 1981, in Defiance, Ohio. During his first year, Zachrich was a varsity football player at Bowling Green University in Bowling Green, Ohio. After sustaining an injury in one of the last scheduled games of the season, he chose to discontinue his upstart career in football and find a different profession. In the last couple of years in college, Zachrich was a part-time lacrosse player and then graduated with bachelor's degree in 2005. Around the same time, he stumbled upon mixed martial arts and began training with UFC legend and Hall of Famer Dan Severn at his gym, The Beast Academy, in Coldwater, Michigan and also trained with renowned Jujitsu practitioner Dave Morris. An upstart, Zachrich trained for two years under the tutelage of Severn and Jorge Gurgel's team, before accepting a last-minute offer to compete in an amateur bout in early 2006. During an interview with MMA.TV, he was asked about how he made the transition to mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career In the first combat bout of his career, Zachrich faced off against fellow fighting newcomer Ben Kelley at Mega Fighting Championship's premiere event on January 14, 2006. It was a showcase of heavy stand-up striking for a majority of the bout, with Zachrich coming out on top with a first round technical knockout victory. Following more training, Zachrich would receive the opportunity to turn pro three months later. On April 15, 2006, he made a successful transition to professional mixed martial arts, as he submitted Cliff Perillo with strikes at the Ultimate Fight Series. At 1–0, Zachrich continued his slow-and-steady climb up the divisional rankings, and would collect another victory on May 6, 2006, in the form of a thirty-one second TKO of Micah Bender in the preliminary portion of FightFest 3. King of the Cage (2006–2007) On September 29, 2006, Zachrich fought Jason Zazelenchuk at","title":"Luke Zachrich"},{"docid":"45082948","text":"Marvel's Luke Cage is an American television series created by Cheo Hodari Coker for the streaming service Netflix, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the franchise's films, and was the third Marvel Netflix series leading to the crossover miniseries The Defenders. The series was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Coker serving as showrunner. Mike Colter stars as Luke Cage, a former convict with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin who now fights crime and corruption. Simone Missick, Theo Rossi, Rosario Dawson, and Alfre Woodard also star, with Mahershala Ali and Erik LaRay Harvey joining them for season one, and Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis joining for season two. Development of the series began in late 2013. Colter was cast as Cage in December 2014, to appear in the series Jessica Jones before starring in his own series. Coker was hired as showrunner in March 2015, and focused on themes of race and black culture with a neo-blaxploitation, neo-Western tone. Filming for the series, which looked to replicate the unique culture and atmosphere of Harlem, took place in New York City. It features many musical guests as well as a \"'90s hip-hop\" score by Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad. The first season was released in its entirety on Netflix on September 30, 2016, followed by the second on June 22, 2018. They were met with positive reviews, and received numerous accolades including a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award. Following creative differences during the development of a third season, Netflix cancelled Luke Cage on October 19, 2018; all of the Marvel Netflix series were removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, after Disney regained the license for them. They began streaming on Disney+ from March 16. Premise When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city. After clearing his name, Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem, only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain. Cast and characters Main Mike Colter as Luke Cage: Former convict Carl Lucas was given superhuman strength and unbreakable skin, and now fights crime under the name Luke Cage. Colter portrayed the character differently in the series than he had previously in Jessica Jones, explaining, \"You're not always the same person around everyone you know ... you might not necessarily behave the same way around your mom that you would with your wife or your boss\". The character uses his signature catch phrase \"Sweet Christmas\" from the comics in the series, but sparingly, with the character often \"opting instead for pensive silence\"; composer Adrian Younge said, \"He's a black superhero, but he's a different type of black alpha male. He's not bombastic. You rarely see a modern","title":"Luke Cage (TV series)"},{"docid":"31641732","text":"\"Good Cop Bad Dog\" is the 22nd episode of the American comedy television series Modern Family's second season and the 46th episode overall. The episode originally aired on May 11, 2011, on American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was written by Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman and was guest directed by former child star Fred Savage. It guest starred Lin-Manuel Miranda as Guillermo, the Grocery Store worker who tries to convince Jay to invest with him. In the episode, Jay advises a dog trainer, while Phil and Claire switch parenting duties to the kids' chagrin. Mitchell has an extra Lady Gaga ticket when Cameron ends up sick. The episode introduces the Pritchetts' new dog that will appear for the rest of the season and for a majority of the third. \"Good Cop Bad Dog\" received positive reviews from critics with many praising Ty Burrell's performance. The episode was viewed by more than 10 million viewers and received a 4.2 rating/11% share in the 18–49 demographic, marking an 8 percent rise in the ratings from the previous episode, \"Mother's Day\". The episode was also the highest-rated scripted program of the original week it aired among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. Burrell eventually received an Emmy for his performance in the episode. Plot In the Dunphy household, Alex (Ariel Winter) and Haley (Sarah Hyland) are furious at Manny (Rico Rodriguez) and Luke (Nolan Gould) for barging into their room while they were changing. This leads to their mother, Claire (Julie Bowen) to yell at them, while their dad, Phil (Ty Burrell) attempts to push himself away from Claire's anger behind her back. Annoyed, Claire confronts Phil about how he always makes her play the 'bad cop' role in their family and keeps the 'good cop' role for himself. He reluctantly agrees to switch roles with her. Claire takes Manny and Luke go-karting (although Phil had been quite keen to go), while Phil has to stay and make the girls clean their bathroom. The go-karting goes horribly as Claire, whilst trying to be fun, crashes her kart into the boys, and pushes them into ordering large quantities of food. While driving home, Luke gets sick from drinking a milkshake he hadn't even wanted. At home, Phil goes berserk when the girls lie to him about cleaning the bathroom and jumps on their car to stop them from leaving. He then forces them to clean both their bathroom and his, under his direct supervision, whilst duct-taping their laptops shut. That evening, Phil and Claire admit that they cannot handle each other's natural parent roles, and agree to go back to normal. Meanwhile, Gloria (Sofía Vergara) wants to help a grocery-store worker, Guillermo (Lin-Manuel Miranda), so she convinces Jay (Ed O'Neill) to let Guillermo pitch him a business idea: a dog-training system labeled \"The Good-doggy / Bad-doggy Training System\", which consists of two sets of dog treats, one of them being bland and the other a tastier one with bacon. The pitch","title":"Good Cop Bad Dog"},{"docid":"34937504","text":"\"Egg Drop\" is the 12th episode of the third season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 60th episode overall. It was aired on January 11, 2012. The episode was written by Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh and directed by Jason Winer. Plot Luke (Nolan Gould) and Manny (Rico Rodriguez) have a school project where they have to find a way of how to drop an egg from a certain height and it will not break. They both struggle with it and when Manny tells Jay (Ed O'Neill) that Luke is going to nail the project because he is sure Claire (Julie Bowen) will help him. Jay calls Claire to make sure that she will not help Luke because it will be unfair. Claire, who was not planning to help, becomes convinced that Jay is helping Manny, and resolves to help Luke with his project. Phil (Ty Burrell) has a seminar about real estate and he needs Haley (Sarah Hyland) and Claire's help. Claire steps out asking him to find someone else to help because she has to help Luke with his project. Phil calls Gloria (Sofía Vergara) who immediately accepts. They all go to the place where the presentation is going to happen and rehearse Phil's speech and what everyone has to do. Haley is given the job of announcing Phil and placing a prize card under a chair while Gloria is expected to ask a loaded question as part of Phil's sales pitch. After the rehearsal, Gloria and Haley ask Phil to let them go for mani-pedis since they have time before the actual presentation. As they come out of the salon, Gloria and Haley find their car has been towed. Back at the seminar, things go disastrously for Phil; he awkwardly announces himself to the stage, Haley had forgotten to put the red card under a seat and without Gloria to set him up Phil stumbles through his prepared speech. When they get back, Phil is angry with Haley and Gloria. When he seems to back off when Gloria takes the full blame, Gloria gets mad herself at Phil always thinking more highly of her than she deserves, telling him this is not how families act. Phil tells Gloria how much she disappointed and embarrassed him, allowing the two to work through their issues. Meanwhile, Cam (Eric Stonestreet) and Mitch (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) welcome at their home a potential birth mother named Lindsay (Zoe Jarman). Lindsay seems impressed with the two of them, especially when she discovers that Cam is a musician. She asks them to sing something for her and the baby and when they do Lindsay makes a comment about Mitch being a better singer than Cam, as well as agreeing to let Mitch and Cam become the fathers of her baby. Offended by the singing comment, Cam later tries to prove that he is a good singer by singing \"If You Leave Me Now\". After the song ends, however, Lindsay changes her","title":"Egg Drop"},{"docid":"28583748","text":"Sean Ringgold, (born November 3, 1977) is an American actor and former bodyguard. He is best known for his role as Shaun Evans on the ABC daytime drama One Life to Live, Junior on The Family Business and portraying Suge Knight in the Notorious B.I.G. biopic Notorious. He also had a cameo in American Gangster and the Smurfs movie. Previously, he has had parts in multiple hit television series such as CW television drama Gossip Girl and Ugly Betty. Ringgold also had featured roles in Orange is the New Black, Billions, the Netflix series, Luke Cage, as the gangster Sugar, and as Correctional Officer Huey Cornell on the ABC drama For Life. Early life Sean Ringgold was raised in Rockaway Beach, Queens, New York. For many years he was known as a New York State Arm Wrestling Champion. His fans may remember him as the, \"Rockaway Flash.\" When he wasn't working in the arm wrestling sector, Ringgold worked as a Protection Specialist for BET's 106 and Park. In 2009 after working with many A List celebrities, Ringgold decided to retire from the Body Guard industry and start his acting career. After being cast for the role of Shaun Evans, Ringgold got his break into acting on ABC's One Life To Live. Since then, he has had acting roles in numerous hit TV shows and Series including Netflix's Luke Cage, Billions, Orange Is the New Black, Shades of Blue, Gotham, Gossip Girl , multiple episodes of Law & Order and in multiple episodes of Lady in the Lake (TV series). Ringgold has also been featured in commercials for Budweiser, Burger King, Dr. Scholl's, Dunkin Donuts, Delta Airlines, Kia, Fiat 500 by Gucci, Pfizer Nexium, Nike, Time Warner Cable and Spike TV. Philanthropy Sitting on the Board of Directors, Ringgold works with the nonprofit organization Heartshare St. Vincent's, which provides training, employment, case management, individual and family support, as well as health care services, for children and adults with intellectual and developmental disorders. Ringgold has also lent his time and voice to support and speak on behalf of several other causes, including The Men's Health Summit for The Whittier Street Health Center, Get Reel with Your Dreams, The Island of Grenada, and Susan G. Komen for the Cure. References External links Sean Ringgold Official Website 1977 births African-American male actors American male film actors Male actors from Queens, New York American male soap opera actors American male television actors Living people 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people","title":"Sean Ringgold"},{"docid":"59859526","text":"This is a list of supporting characters of Luke Cage and Iron Fist, appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Allies El Aguila – Mutant swashbuckler and costumed crime fighter. Noah Burstein – The scientist who gives Luke Cage his powers. Reva Connors - Reva Connors was friends with, and eventually started dating, Carl Lucas the man who would eventually become Luke Cage. Cage's former friend, Willis Stryker, was jealous of their romance and framed Cage with stolen drugs. When the Maggia came after Stryker, they inadvertently killed Connors. David \"D.W.\" Griffith – A theater owner and friend of Luke Cage. Jeryn Hogarth – Attorney and friend of Iron Fist's father. Jessica Jones – Wife and partner of Luke Cage Misty Knight – Frequent partner of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Lei Kung – Taught martial arts to Iron Fist. Joy Meachum – Blamed Iron Fist for the death of her father, and later became an ally of his. Claire Temple – Doctor and friend of Luke Cage. Colleen Wing – Frequent partner of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Yu-Ti – Immortal lord of K'un-L'un. Family Esther Lucas - Esther Lucas is the wife of James Lucas and the mother of James Lucas Jr. and Carl, the latter of whom would grow up to become Luke Cage. Despite loving Carl, she and her husband were also disappointed in his continuous run ins with the law and were embarrassed about having to bail him out. Esther was killed by one of Carl's gang members causing James and James Jr. to blame him. James Lucas - The father of Luke Cage. Heather Rand - Heather Duncan was a young wealthy socialite who met and fell in love with the mysterious Wendell Rand. The two married and Heather gave birth to Danny who would grow up to become Iron Fist. Wendell convinced Heather to bring Danny on their trip to the Himalayas. While there Wendell's business partner, Harold Meachum, kills Wendell claiming that he did it out of his love for Heather. Heather was sickened by his actions and was left for dead with Danny. While the two continued to venture towards K'un-L'un, they were attacked by a wolf pack with one of the wolves later becoming Ferocia. With nothing left to lose, Heather threw herself at the pack to save Danny giving up her life in the process. Heather found herself in Feng-Tu, the K'un-L'un afterlife. Startled by the realization that her husband was not from Earth, Heather fled until she found herself confronted by Dhasha Khan who transformed her into the Silver Dragon and was forced to fight her now grown up son. When Danny realized he was fighting his mother, Heather resisted and was incinerated by Khan. Later, Danny was able to free her mother's soul from Khan and she returned to Feng-Tu Later when Danny was on death's door, he is reunited with his parents who inform him that his time is not up and that they","title":"List of Luke Cage and Iron Fist supporting characters"},{"docid":"7109072","text":"\"Every Man for Himself\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American drama television series Lost, and the 53rd episode overall. It was directed by Stephen Williams and written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. It first aired on ABC in the United States on October 25, 2006. The character of Sawyer (Josh Holloway) is featured in the episode's flashbacks; on the island, his rebellious attitude causes Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) and the Others to conjure a plan to keep him in check. \"Every Man for Himself\" was intended to show how Ben was a character that could manipulate even the best confidence man on the island, and if Sawyer could care for another person, as Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) is making her attempts to escape captivity. When the episode first aired, it was watched by 17.09 million American viewers. Reviews were polarized; some critics praised the writing and the cliffhanger ending, while others deemed the episode repetitive and the \"outright stinker\" of season 3's early episodes. Plot Flashbacks Sawyer is in prison, trying to befriend Munson (Ian Gomez), a man who has hidden ten million dollars. He warns Munson that the warden (Bill Duke) is trying to con him out of his money. Eventually, Munson, worried that his wife will find where he has hidden the money, enlists Sawyer's help in moving the stash. Sawyer then reveals this information to the warden in exchange for a reduced sentence and a part of the money, which he puts in a bank account for Clementine Phillips, a baby that previous con victim Cassidy Phillips (Kim Dickens) has told him is his daughter. The warden sarcastically congratulates Sawyer on lying and cheating his way out of prison. At Hydra Island As Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) and Sawyer watch, the Others carry a critically injured Colleen (Paula Malcomson), who was shot by Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) the night before. Sawyer realizes that the injury was inflicted by someone back at camp, and then devises a plan to break out from the cage; he intends to electrocute an off-guard Danny Pickett (Michael Bowen) using a puddle he created outside his cage. However, Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) overhears him via surveillance and switches off the electricity prior to visiting him. When Sawyer attempts to carry out his plan, Ben knocks him unconscious and has him carried into the Hydra station. Sawyer wakes up to find himself strapped to a table, where Ben, Tom (M. C. Gainey) and two other Others watch over him. Sawyer is gagged before having a large hypodermic needle inserted into his chest. When Sawyer awakens, Ben and Tom come in, Tom carrying a rabbit in a cage; he shakes the cage vigorously, causing the rabbit to suddenly collapse, presumably dead. Ben informs Sawyer that they fitted him, like the rabbit, with a modified pacemaker; should his heart rate reach 140, his heart would explode. Ben threatens to implant one in Kate if Sawyer should tell her of his","title":"Every Man for Himself (Lost)"},{"docid":"20365813","text":"Mike Benson is an American comic book and television writer and showrunner. Career Benson worked as a writer and co-executive producer on The Bernie Mac Show and Entourage with his writing and producing partner Marc Abrams. In 2006, Benson and Abrams founded their own production company Catapult 360, which signed a two-year deal with Universal Media Studios to develop and produce drama, comedy and reality programming. In 2009, the company was reported to produce Scar Tissue with Anthony Kiedis for HBO, based on the book of the same name. Benson has also written for comics, where his credits include short stories about Punisher, Wolverine and Shang-Chi, a year-long run on Moon Knight, and a Luke Cage mini-series for the Marvel Noir line. Filmography Local Heroes (1996) The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer (1998) Big Wolf on Campus (2000) The Bernie Mac Show (2001–2006) Entourage: \"One Day in the Valley\" (2006) \"Strange Days\" (2006) \"Manic Monday\" (2007) Bibliography Marvel Comics The Punisher vol. 7 Annual #1: \"The Hunted\" (with Laurence Campbell, Marvel MAX, 2007) collected in Punisher MAX: The Complete Collection Volume 5 (tpb, 504 pages, 2017, ) Moon Knight vol. 2 (with issues #14–19 scripted by Benson from plots by Charlie Huston; art by Javier Saltares, Mark Texeira, Mike Deodato Jr. (#20) and Jefte Palo (#26–30), 2008–2009) collected as: God and Country (collects #14–20, hc, 184 pages, 2008, ; tpb, 2008, ) The Death of Marc Spector (collects #21–25, hc, 152 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, ) Down South (collects #26–30, hc, 120 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, ) Moon Knight by Huston, Benson and Hurwitz Omnibus (includes #14–30, hc, 1,184 pages, 2022, ) Wolverine: Chop Shop (with Roland Boschi, one-shot, 2009) collected in Wolverine: Flies to a Spider (tpb, 112 pages, 2009, ) Deadpool: Deadpool: Suicide Kings (hc, 152 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, ) collects: Deadpool: Games of Death (with Shawn Crystal, one-shot, 2009) Deadpool: Suicide Kings #1–5 (with Carlo Barberi; issues #3–5 are co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, 2009) Deadpool vol. 2 #900: \"Shrunken Master\" (with Damion Scott, co-feature, 2009) collected in Deadpool: Dead Head Redemption (tpb, 240 pages, 2011, ) Deadpool Team-Up #898: \"Bring Me the Head of Mickey Dobbs\" (with Carlo Barberi, 2009) collected in Deadpool Team-Up: Good Buddies (hc, 176 pages, 2010, ; tpb, 2010, ) Deadpool Pulp #1–4 (co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, art by Laurence Campbell, 2010–2011) collected as Deadpool Pulp (hc, 112 pages, 2011, ; tpb, 2011, ) Luke Cage: Luke Cage Noir #1–4 (co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, art by Shawn Martinbrough, 2009–2010) collected as Luke Cage Noir (hc, 112 pages, 2010, ; tpb, 2010, ) Avengers Origins: Luke Cage (co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, art by Dalibor Talajić, one-shot, 2012) collected in Avengers: Mythos (hc, 208 pages, 2012, ; tpb, 2013, ) Shang-Chi: Shang-Chi, Master of Kung Fu: Black and White: \"Once Upon a Time in Wan Chai\" (with Tomm Coker and C. P. Smith, anthology one-shot, 2009) Deadly Hands of Kung Fu vol. 2","title":"Mike Benson (screenwriter)"},{"docid":"52153124","text":"David \"D.W.\" Griffith is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as an ally of Luke Cage. The character was portrayed by Jeremiah Richard Craft in the television series Luke Cage set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Publication history The character, created by Archie Goodwin and George Tuska, first appeared in Hero for Hire #2 (Aug. 1972). Fictional character biography He operated the Gem Theater and rented out a room for Luke Cage when he needed a place to stay. Despite the theater being a constant source of destruction, Griffith remained a faithful friend to Cage mostly because he considered him his only friend. Griffith was also a film student and wanted to produce his own production company. When it seemed that he was going nowhere, Griffith attempted to commit suicide, but a mysterious stranger, implied to be Moon Knight, convinced him not to do himself in and be happy. His theater was used a base for the Mighty Avengers. In other media Dave Griffith makes a recurring appearance on Luke Cage played by Jeremiah Richard Craft. He is black, as opposed to Caucasian like in the comics, and is usually seen on the streets attempting to sell bootleg recordings of \"The Incident\". Cage approached him on the street and asked that he use his eyes to inform him about the goings on. Despite some reluctance, Dave gave in, acting as an informant. He appears in the episode \"You Know My Steez\", filming the street fight between Cage and Willis Stryker. He returns in season 2 where he has set up a Luke Cage merchandise store within Pop's Barber Shop, much to Cage and Bobby Fish's chagrin. He follows Cage around by using the Harlem's Hero app and films his many exploits. Following Cage's defeat at the hands of Bushmaster, Griffith begins selling tapes of the fight, despite still admitting support for Cage. Griffith is also present when Danny Rand arrives to visit Cage and he even gets to see him briefly use his powers. While at a party, Griffith and his girlfriend Aisha Axton witness two friends of theirs reacting violently to a drug labeled 'Bushmaster' and inform Cage. When Cage makes a bid to act as the \"sheriff\" of Harlem, Griffith voices his concern. He ultimately decides to use the money he earned from his Luke Cage gift shop to buy Pop's Barber Shop stating that Harlem needs a Switzerland. He is last seen putting a \"Help Wanted\" sign up on the window. References External links David Griffith at the Comic Book DB Characters created by Archie Goodwin (comics) Characters created by George Tuska Comics characters introduced in 1972 Luke Cage","title":"David Griffith (comics)"},{"docid":"51959374","text":"Benjamin \"Big Ben\" Donovan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Depending on his appearance in the comics, he can be depicted as either a lawyer or a criminal who has appeared in the comics that starred Daredevil and Luke Cage. Donovan was portrayed by Danny Johnson in the Marvel Television series Daredevil and Luke Cage, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Big Ben Donovan first appeared in Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #14 and was created by Steve Engelhart and Billy Graham. Fictional character biography Big Ben Donovan is a large man and a lawyer that is close to in height. Mrs. Jenks hired him to settle the last of Mr. Jenks' affairs. When Mrs. Jenks would be giving Big Ben Donovan the payoff, he drunkly went after Mrs. Jenks who ran to the office of Luke Cage. This led to a fight between Luke Cage and Big Ben Donovan which ended with Big Ben Donovan surrendering upon the misunderstanding being cleared up. Big Ben Donovan agreed to help Luke Cage out in any way. Big Ben Donovan later witnessed Mrs. Jenks' confession of killing a reporter named Phil Fox (who was actually killed by Billy Bob Rackham). He then informed Luke Cage about Mrs. Jenks' confession before she died. Big Ben Donovan acted as Claire Temple's lawyer in order to clear her of the murder charge. He then continued working as Luke Cage's lawyer until he started working with Jeryn Hogarth. Big Ben Donovan had a brother named Paul who just became the leader of the Thunderbolts Gang where they made the mistake of fighting the Maggia for control of their turf. After his brother was killed in prison by operatives of the Maggia, Big Ben Donovan's sanity broke where he vowed vengeance on those responsible starting with Assistant District Attorney William Carver's brother Lonnie. During the struggle with William Carver, a sniper tried to shoot them at Lonnie Carver's funeral only to end up orchestrating the event that turned Bill Carver into Thunderbolt. Then Big Ben Donovan hijacked a Maggia shipment that was under the supervision of Caesar Cicero. When Big Ben Donovan turned to Luke Cage for help, they defeated Caesar Cicero's men before being defeated by Man Mountain Marko who brought them to Caesar Cicero. Before Caesar Cicero's men could bury Luke Cage alive, Iron Fist and Thunderbolt arrived to help Luke Cage and Big Ben Donovan. Upon Thunderbolt realizing that Big Ben Donovan had Lonnie Carver killed, Thunderbolt removed his mask and advanced towards Big Ben Donovan as Luke Cage emerged from the ground to intervene. Before Thunderbolt died of his powers' side effects that aged him to an old man, he was happy that he now knows who killed his brother. Big Ben Donovan later came under the employ of Tombstone at the time when Tombstone was working for the Serbian Black Maria Gang. When the \"Marvel Knights\" investigated the criminal activity, Tombstone sent","title":"Big Ben Donovan"},{"docid":"1614892","text":"Three characters have taken the moniker of the supervillain Chemistro appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Curtis Carr version of Chemistro first appeared in Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #12 and was created by writer Steve Englehart and artist George Tuska. The Archibald Morton version of Chemistro first appeared in Power Man #37 and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Ron Wilson. The Calvin Carr version of Chemistro first appeared in Power Man and Iron Fist #93 and was created by writer Kurt Busiek and artist Ernie Chan. Fictional character biography Curtis Carr Curtis Carr was born in Kansas City, Kansas. While working as a chemist and research scientist for Mainstream Motors, he created an \"alchemy gun\" capable of transmuting matter from one form to another by an unknown process. Company president Horace Claymore was impressed until Curtis voiced his intent to keep the device. Claymore argued that since the gun was made on company time, it belonged to Mainstream. When Claymore fired him, Curtis adopted the persona of Chemistro to gain revenge and to extort his former employers. In combat with Luke Cage, Chemistro accidentally fired his alchemy gun at his right foot, turning it to steel and eventually disintegrating it due to the unstable nature of the transmutation. Carr was turned over to the police, and in prison was beaten by his cellmate Arch Morton into revealing how the alchemy gun worked. Morton took on the Chemistro persona, and Carr invented a \"nullifier\" device which enabled Cage to defeat Morton. Curtis's alchemy gun was later stolen by his younger brother Calvin, who became the third Chemistro. Curtis aided Cage and Iron Fist in defeating Calvin. Later, Curtis came to work at a division of Stark Enterprises as a research scientist and Director of Research and Development at Stark Prosthetics in Denver, Colorado, creating a prosthesis to replace his missing foot. Stark Prosthetics ended up attacked by the Wrecker during the \"Acts of Vengeance\" storyline when the Kingpin sent him to attack Iron Man. Curtis aided Iron Man and Jim Rhodes against the Wrecker and Calvin, although Calvin destroyed Curtis' left foot, forcing him to build another prostheses. Archibald Morton Archibald \"Arch\" Morton was born in Sheridan, Wyoming, and became a professional criminal and was sent to prison. He forced Curtis Carr to reveal the secret of his alchemy gun while they were cellmates. Upon leaving prison, Morton attempted to replicate the alchemy gun, but it exploded in his hand, granting him superhuman powers and enabling him to transmute substances via touch. He battled Luke Cage on behalf of the Baron. Morton was ultimately apprehended, thanks in large part to the help of the original Chemistro. Calvin Carr Curtis' younger brother Calvin Carr stole the alchemy gun and took the Chemistro name. He embarked on a criminal career and battled Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Curtis intervened, and helped the heroes foil his brother's plans. Calvin's alchemy gun was turned into","title":"Chemistro"},{"docid":"1826591","text":"Our Little Corner of the World: Music from Gilmore Girls is a 2002 soundtrack release from Rhino Records for The WB's Gilmore Girls. The album is a combination of selections from the score composed by Sam Phillips and the music of other musicians heard, mostly, during the first two seasons of the show. Also included on the album is the new version of \"Where You Lead\" by Carole King and her daughter Louise Goffin, a snippet of which serves as the theme song for the show. The album was originally scheduled for release on September 24, 2002 to coincide with the premiere of the third season however it was delayed for one week, until October 1, 2002. In her review of the album, Heather Phares of Allmusic said, \"Our Little Corner of the World is almost too good to be true, and one of the best television soundtracks released in recent memory.\" Noel Holston of the Long Island, New York newspaper Newsday found that for the selection of rock-pop songs, \"It's not appreciably better than the new Scrubs CD or the 1999 companion to Felicity\" however with the interspersed compositions from Sam Philips, \"It knits together like a bright teen's daydream.\" Mary Jacobi of The Village Voice noted that, \"Many tunes recall Rory's early romance with the reliable Dean and the confusion inspired by his bad-boy rival, Jess.\" Jacobi concluded by noting that, \"The Palladinos remember the first kiss, and they know how important it is to get the music right this time.\" Track listing \"Waltz #1 (Cue)\" – Sam Phillips (0:14) \"What a Wonderful World\" – Joey Ramone (2:21) Season 2, Episode 15, \"Lost and Found\"; plays when Luke knocks a hole in his apartment wall for Jess to have his own room. \"Child Psychology\" – Black Box Recorder (4:05) Season 1, Episode 19, \"Emily in Wonderland\"; the song Lane brings over that Rory likes because it makes her feel gloomy. \"Know Your Onion!\" – The Shins (2:27) Season 2, Episode 7, \"Like Mother, Like Daughter\"; the song Rory was listening to at lunch during the start of the episode when the Chilton guidance counselor interrupts her. \"I Found Love\" – The Free Design (2:40) Season 2, Episode 1, \"Sadie, Sadie\"; plays as the start as the Gilmore Girls walk around Stars Hollow where everybody has one of Lorelai's thousand daisies. \"Car Song\" – Elastica (2:25) Season 2, Episode 19, \"Teach Me Tonight\"; plays right before the Jess and Rory get into the car accident. \"Oh My Love\" – John Lennon (2:41) Season 1, Episode 16, \"Star-Crossed Lovers and Other Strangers\"; the song is playing when Dean tells Rory \"I love you\" and she says nothing. \"Getting Married (Cue)\" – Sam Phillips (0:29) \"Where You Lead I Will Follow\" – Carole King & daughter Louise Goffin (3:26) The theme song for the series. \"Clear Spot\" – the Pernice Brothers (2:20) At the time of the album release, had not yet been played on the show, but the group did","title":"Our Little Corner of the World: Music from Gilmore Girls"},{"docid":"29589647","text":"Unbearable is the fifth in a series of collections of short stories by Australian author Paul Jennings. It was first released in 1990. Half of season 2 of Round The Twist were adaptions of the short stories in this book. The stories Licked A boy who has bad table manners is often criticised by his father during meals. But when a visitor comes for tea, the father has made a promise not to talk about his son's faults, despite the fact that his son tries to make him crack and performs them in the worst ways possible. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist, was one of two adaptions to be combined into one episode. Little Black Balls A girl tells her mother the story of how she helped one of her friends, who is called the \"paper-man\" and likes watching the clouds and has many animals for friends, with an operation, and how she lost one of his jewels to a goat. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist, was one of two adaptions to be combined into one episode. Only Gilt A boy goes to school wearing a bird cage on his head. He explains to his teacher that it is a self-imposed punishment because he blames himself for the murder of his girlfriend's budgerigar, only to find out that the budgerigar had already died before the boy's dog played around with it. The only short story from this book not to be adapted into an episode of Round the Twist. Next Time Around A boy gains the ability to hypnotise chickens. He later tries it on his best friend, then takes it to the next level by making his best friend remember his past life, but with disastrous consequences. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist. Nails A boy gets stranded on an island with his father. But he has three other problems: one, he has never seen his mother; two, he is forced to watch his father die; and three, he has nails growing all over him. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist. Yuggles A boy enters a mushroom-picking competition to win a large Easter egg for his sick little sister. But all his mushrooms except one get stolen, and that one mushroom has the ability to change shape and scare off mean people. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist. Grandad's Gifts A boy finds a dead fox in a cupboard in his bedroom. But when he gets a call to pick lemons from his lemon tree and give them to the fox, it seems to come back to life. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist, and also re-published as a picture book with added illustrations. Smelly Feat A boy who has no sense of smell decides to wear his socks for three straight months, believing that doing so will cause nearby people to fall","title":"Unbearable (short story collection)"},{"docid":"53661921","text":"Instant Hotel is an Australian reality television series which began airing on the Seven Network on 7 November 2017. The series follows homeowners who have transformed their homes into hotels and are individually judged by each other to receive the highest scores with the winner to win an ultimate prize. The series is produced by the creators of Seven reality shows My Kitchen Rules and House Rules and the first season was hosted by Luke Jacobz. In November 2017, the series was renewed for a second season which aired in 2019. In December 2018, Seven announced Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen would replace Luke Jacobz as host in 2019. The second season aired on 11 February 2019. Netflix distributed the show internationally between 2018 and 2023. Format changes The first season contained two groups of five with the highest from each group going head to head in the grand final. The second season contained only four pairs of contestants with the highest two teams going head to head in the grand final. The prize for the first season was an all-expense-paid stay at a Californian Instant Hotel. The prize for the second season was $100,000. Series details Season 1 Teams Season One Details Instant Hotel Rounds Over two rounds, each team scored each other out of ten based on the house, location/nearby attractions, value for money, and quality of a good night's sleep. Series judge, Juliet Ashworth, also scored each team out of ten based on the quality of the house. In a twist, the hotel owners also scored the contestants overall on their stay as houseguests, which also went towards their final scores. The team that scored the highest at the end of each round went to the Grand Final. Round 1 Episodes 1 to 5 Air date — 7 to 14 November Description — The first of the two instant hotel groups are introduced into the competition in Round 1. The highest scoring team at the end of this round will go through to Grand Final. Round 2 Episodes 6 to 10 Air date — 15 to 27 November Description — The second of the two instant hotel groups are introduced into the competition in Round 2. The highest scoring team at the end of this round will go through to Grand Final. Grand Final Episodes 11 & 12 Air date — 28 to 29 November Description — Four eliminated contestants (two from each round) and the opposite grand finalist each stay at the house of one of the grand finalist. Each grand finalist made changes to their homes based on the comments from contestants in their round. The teams voted as a group on each criterion, being the value for money (VFM), location (L), night's sleep (NS), and the house (H). Juliet however did not score of night's sleep, instead scoring on how well they changed their home (CTH). The team that scored the highest were announced as the winners and received an all-expense-paid stay at an instant hotel in","title":"Instant Hotel"},{"docid":"52269720","text":"\"We Are Number One\" is a song from the English-language Icelandic children's television series LazyTown, composed by Máni Svavarsson. The song was featured in the twelfth episode of the show's fourth season, entitled \"Robbie's Dream Team\", which is the 76th episode overall. While the song was released in 2014, the song gained significant online popularity in late 2016 and became common among internet memes and comical remixes, especially in support of the lead singer, Stefán Karl Stefánsson (Robbie Rotten), who had been diagnosed with bile duct cancer and died on 21 August 2018. Music video The music video is composed of clips from the LazyTown episode \"Robbie's Dream Team\". Robbie Rotten, the primary antagonist of LazyTown, attempts to teach his \"dream team\" of villainous accomplices (three fictional doppelgänger actors for children's parties, named Bobbie, Tobbie, and Flobbie Rotten) how to successfully catch a superhero, specifically Sportacus. Robbie demonstrates different methods to his team: an overhead cage attached to a tree, a trapping pit, a large butterfly net, a false apple containing enough sugar to render the sugar-averse Sportacus unconscious, a somewhat small fishing net, and banana peels intended to cause Sportacus to slip while running. Almost all methods backfire, resulting in either Robbie or his team falling into the traps. The sugar apple is an effective trick, successfully fainting Sportacus and giving Robbie and his team a chance to put him in a portable cage. Robbie's three teammates relocate the trapped Sportacus to Robbie's underground headquarters while Robbie stays on the surface to set up a cannon, revealed in the full episode to be the way Robbie intends to run Sportacus out of town. His plans are thwarted when Stephanie and Stingy open the base's periscope and use its cylindrical interior to transport a real apple to Sportacus. The apple rolls towards the cage undetected by the now-sleeping Bobbie, Tobbie, and Flobbie. Sportacus regains consciousness, eats the apple, and regains his power lost to the sugar apple. He then uses his reclaimed strength to break free from the cage and coax his three captors to play sports with him on the surface of LazyTown. Robbie watches as his previous companions play sports with Sportacus. Outraged, he walks towards them and kicks a bucket, which hits and triggers Robbie's cannon, blasting him away from the scene on the cannonball. The video ends with Bobbie, Tobbie, and Flobbie accidentally falling into the trapping pit constructed to capture Sportacus, reinforcing for a final time the clumsiness of the team. The music video was officially uploaded on Lazy Town YouTube channel on 25 July 2015, and has gained more than 153 million views as of January 2024. History The song originally had the working title called \"Villain Number One\" before it was changed to \"We Are Number One\". During production there were many lyrics that were cut from the final version. These lyrics first surfaced to the public when it was revealed by Máni during the live stream that Stefán held on Facebook on","title":"We Are Number One"},{"docid":"43954597","text":"Too Bright is the third album by American singer Perfume Genius, released on September 23, 2014. The album reached number 77 on the UK Albums chart and peaked at number 83 in the United States. Critical reception Too Bright has received critical acclaim. Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, gave the album an average score of 87, which indicates \"universal acclaim\". Brandon Stosuy of Pitchfork gave the album a very positive review, stating, \"A huge part of what makes the work so strong is the generous human spirit that bleeds into it, and Too Bright is the best example to date of the lengths he goes to confront his fears and demons. These songs feel less like songs and more like treasures, ones that fill you with power and wisdom, and as a result, Too Bright seems capable of resonating with, comforting, and moving anyone who's ever felt alienated, discriminated against, or \"other-ized,\" regardless of sexual orientation.\" The album was given a score of 8.5 and was titled Best New Music. Artwork The album artwork was shot by Luke Gilford and it showcases an androgynous Perfume Genius. It would encompass a bold and proud theme throughout Too Bright. Conception and development In an interview for Refinery29, Perfume Genius said, \"I don’t know, for a long time I had been kind of constantly seeking reassurance and acceptance all over the place, and wanting to be taken seriously but waiting for someone else to do it for me, do you know what I mean?.” He explains that this was a more serious approach to making this album. Too Bright further explores topics on sexuality, empowerment, and queer identity. Track listing Personnel Main personnel Mike Hadreas – vocals, piano (1, 4, 6, 10), synth (3, 7, 9, 10), keyboards (2, 8), gong (5), handclaps (8), wurlitzer (11), composer, additional recording Adrian Utley – synth (2, 3, 5, 7, 8), bass guitar (2, 3, 5, 11), guitar (1, 11), winebox (5), fuzz bass (7), handclaps (8), engineer, mixing, producer Alan Wyffels – synth (3, 4, 8, 10), keyboards (2, 5), piano (6) Jim Barr – double bass (3, 4, 6) Herve Becart – drums (3, 5, 8) Ross Hughes – bass clarinet (3, 4, 10), saxophone (7) John Parish – drums (2, 7, 8, 11), shaker (5) Additional personnel Greg Calbi – mastering Ali Chant – engineer, mixing, producer, handclaps (8) Alison Fielding – design Luke Gilford – photography Charts Pop culture \"Too Bright\" was featured on the ABC legal drama How to Get Away with Murder's second season finale. \"Queen\" was featured in the season one episode \"eps1.3_da3m0ns.mp4\" and season four episode \"Hello, Elliot\" of the USA Network television series Mr. Robot. \"Queen\" was featured on the Hulu television series The Great in the season two episode titled \"Heads It's Me\". \"Queen\" was also featured as the closing song for HBO series \"Vice Principals\" Season 2 episode \"Think Change\". References 2014 albums Perfume Genius albums Matador","title":"Too Bright"},{"docid":"52011683","text":"The second season of the American science fiction western television series Westworld (subtitled The Door) premiered on HBO on April 22, 2018, and concluded on June 24, 2018, consisting of ten episodes. The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name, written and directed by Michael Crichton. The second season stars an ensemble cast led by Evan Rachel Wood, Thandiwe Newton, Jeffrey Wright, James Marsden, Tessa Thompson, and Ed Harris. The second season has received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for the performances. However, it received criticism for its plot, which was said to be confusing. Plot summary After killing Dr. Ford at the end of season one, Dolores converts and leads the other hosts in killing many of the other guests in the few weeks that follow. She seeks to find a way to get out of the park to continue her revenge, and knows she must recover her father Peter's \"pearl\" to do so and unlock Westworld's true secrets with it. Charlotte Hale, who was attempting to smuggle Westworld data through Peter, also seeks the host as she cannot call for extraction without that data. Bernard still struggles with the fact he is a host, and comes to learn that Dr. Ford still has significant influence on him and the park. Maeve is aided by Lee and Hector to find her daughter, while learning there are many other parks to Westworld. The Man in Black is forced to come to terms with why he has spent so much time in the park when he encounters his daughter Emily Grace. Cast and characters Main Evan Rachel Wood as Dolores Abernathy Thandiwe Newton as Maeve Millay Jeffrey Wright as Bernard Lowe / Arnold Weber James Marsden as Theodore \"Teddy\" Flood Tessa Thompson as Charlotte Hale Fares Fares as Antoine Costa Luke Hemsworth as Ashley Stubbs Louis Herthum as Peter Abernathy Simon Quarterman as Lee Sizemore Talulah Riley as Angela Rodrigo Santoro as Hector Escaton Gustaf Skarsgård as Karl Strand Ed Harris as William the Man in Black Ingrid Bolsø Berdal as Armistice Clifton Collins Jr. as Lawrence Gonzales Angela Sarafyan as Clementine Pennyfeather Katja Herbers as Emily Grace Shannon Woodward as Elsie Hughes Anthony Hopkins as Robert Ford Zahn McClarnon as Akecheta Recurring Betty Gabriel as Maling Jasmyn Rae as Maeve's Daughter Jimmi Simpson as young William Ben Barnes as Logan Delos / The Forge Peter Mullan as James Delos Jonathan Tucker as Major Craddock Izabella Alvarez as Lawrence's Daughter / Robert Ford Patrick Cage as Phil Leonardo Nam as Felix Lutz Ptolemy Slocum as Sylvester Martin Sensmeier as Wanahton Tao Okamoto as Hanaryo Rebecca Henderson as Goldberg Aaron Fili as Roland Guest Steven Ogg as Rebus Christopher May as Blaine Bellamy David Midthunder as Takoda Oliver Bell as Little Boy / Robert Ford Giancarlo Esposito as New El Lazo / Robert Ford Paul Riley Fox as young Robert Ford Neil Jackson as Nicholas","title":"Westworld season 2"},{"docid":"68862021","text":"Hard Times 2 was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). It took place on December 4, 2021, in Atlanta, Georgia, at the GPB Studios. It is the second event in the Hard Times chronology. Production Storylines The event featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The sixth season of the NWA's weekly flagship program, Power, featured storylines leading up to the event. For weeks, Melina has been lobbying to get a match for the NWA World Women's Championship against Kamille. After many denials and sneak attacks, Melina won a three-way match on the October 26 EmPowerrr edition of Power, defeating Chelsea Green and Kylie Rae to earn her title match with Kamille at Hard Times. After Austin Idol cost him an NWA World Television Championship #1 contender's match, Cyon, the NWA's masked mystery man, continued to demand a title match against Idol's main charge Tyrus. On October 27, it was officially announced that Tyrus will defend the television title against Cyon, using his title shot he earned by being on the winning team of the Champions Series, at Hard Times. On November 19, when NWA President Billy Corgan was running down the card for Hard Times, he revealed Tyrus request the match have no time limit and no disqualifications. To help balance this out, Corgan instilled The Pope - who Tyrus defeated to win the championship - as special guest referee. Since the September 7 episode of Power, an NWA World Tag Team Championship Eliminator tournament has been taking place, with the winners getting a shot against champions La Rebelión (Bestia 666 and Mecha Wolf 450) at Hard Times. The finals will take place on the November 16 episode of PowerrrSurge, where The End (Odinson and Parrow) defeated Hawx Aerie (Luke Hawx and PJ Hawx) to advance to Hard Times. After By Any Means Necessary, NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Trevor Murdoch was having a fan photo shoot inside a steel cage. However, the session was soon interrupted when Mike Knox appeared and attacked Murdoch, locking him and himself in the cage before battering Murdoch with a steel chair. He later would hold up the title over a crowd of wrestlers and Billy Corgan, making his title intentions clear. On November 11, Knox sent in a video, not seeing Murdoch as a true champion and that he's not half the man that his mentor Harley Race ever was. He eventually announced that he would make an appearance at Hard Times. Two days later, Murdoch sent a response to Knox, and demanded Billy Corgan and the NWA Board of Directors make a title match between him and Knox at Hard Times. The match would finally be set by the NWA on November 15 for the main event of Hard Times. At NWA 73, Judais","title":"NWA Hard Times 2"},{"docid":"51061352","text":"\"O Brother Where Art Thou?\" is the 9th episode and midseason finale of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 11, and the 227th overall. The episode was written by Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner and directed by Robert Singer. It was first broadcast on December 9, 2015, on The CW. In the episode, Sam decides to go with Crowley to Hell to face Lucifer in the Cage for answers about the Darkness while Dean meets with Amara, who is unleashing her power upon the world. The episode received positive reviews with critics praising the shocking ending but some noted God's absence. Plot Amara (Emily Swallow) kills a group of preachers in a park in an attempt to lure God. Sam (Jared Padalecki) is still trying to convince Dean (Jensen Ackles) to return to the Cage, stating that he can know how to kill the Darkness. They contact Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) who may know how to enter. He decides to use a spell from the Book of the Damned as a way to neutralize Lucifer from leaving the Cage. He captures Rowena (Ruth Connell) so she can translate it with their supervision. Dean investigates the killings and deduces Amara is responsible. While walking through a park, Dean encounters Amara. She transports them to an isolated land where they talk and she states that she killed the preachers so God could face her. Sam, Crowley and Rowena go through Hell, reaching the Cage point. Rowena prepares a ritual and the Cage emerges from the dark, revealing Lucifer (Mark Pellegrino) inside. He seems to be an expert about the Darkness and knows how to stop it, but only if Sam accepts to be his vessel again. Meanwhile, Dean attempts to kill Amara with the angel blade onto her but it shatters. Amara says he can't resist and they kiss. Soon, low-level angels arrive to escort Amara to Heaven for trial, otherwise, the angels in Heaven will unleash a powerful thunder. She kills all of them and transports Dean back to the park as the angels release the thunder onto her. In Hell, the Cage begins to lose the effect of the spell and Sam is immediately transported to the Cage. While Crowley stares in shock and confusion, Rowena tells them they need to leave. Lucifer reveals to Sam that he was in fact the one who gave him the visions and all the messages, not God. It was just a way to bring him to the Cage as the only way out is being his vessel. Reception Viewers The episode was watched by 1.90 million viewers with a 0.7/2 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 5% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.00 million viewers from a 0.9/3 share in the 18-49 demographics. 0.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 2 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. Supernatural ranked as the second most","title":"O Brother Where Art Thou? (Supernatural)"},{"docid":"27621733","text":"Caffe Reggio is a New York City coffeehouse first opened in 1927 at 119 Macdougal Street in the heart of Manhattan's Greenwich Village. Italian cappuccino was introduced in America by the founder of Caffe Reggio, Domenico Parisi, in the early 1920s. Inside the cafe, against the back wall, there is still the original espresso machine, made in 1902, that Domenico Parisi bought with his savings when he opened the cafe in 1927. This cafe was also one of the first American cafes to sell a cappuccino. The Caffe Reggio has been featured in many movies, including The Godfather Part II, Next Stop, Greenwich Village, The Kremlin Letter, Shaft, Serpico, The Next Man, In Good Company, Inside Llewyn Davis, The Sun Is Also a Star and others. Caffe Reggio is mentioned in the Luke Cage season 2 episode \"They Reminisce Over You\". Many celebrities have been spotted or photographed in this location. In 1959, presidential hopeful John F. Kennedy made a speech outside the coffee shop. In 2010, the cafe was honored with a Village Award by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation for its status as a beloved and essential part of the neighborhood. Caffe Reggio has a bench from a palazzo of the Florentine Medici family of Renaissance fame. The bench is not roped off and guests can sit on it and admire a painting from an artist of the school of Caravaggio. References External links \"Photos: Visiting Caffe Reggio, A Timeless Classic In A Changing Greenwich Village\" by Jen Carlson, Gothamist, December 8, 2014 Caffee Reggio in films; a photo of Al Pacino at Caffe Reggio by Annie Leibovitz Coffeehouses and cafés in Manhattan 1927 establishments in New York City Espresso Drinking establishments in Greenwich Village Italian-American culture in New York City","title":"Caffe Reggio"},{"docid":"4690987","text":"Jason Von Flue (born August 1, 1975) is a former American mixed martial artist who appeared on the second season of The Ultimate Fighter. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed for the UFC, WEC, Strikeforce and King of the Cage. In 2006, at UFC Ultimate Fight Night 3 against Alex Karalexis, Von Flue successfully applied a unique submission move to counter the guillotine choke that is now commonly referred to as the Von Flue choke. Additionally, since 2017, the \"Von Flue choke\" has occasionally been referred to as the \"Von Preux Choke\", due to its usage by Ovince Saint Preux. Mixed martial arts career Early career Von Flue made his professional MMA debut in June 1999, fighting and winning three times in one night on the International Fighting Championships WC 3: Warriors Challenge 3 show. Over the next six years, he amassed a record of 10 wins, 4 losses and 1 draw while fighting for promotions such as King of the Cage and World Extreme Cagefighting in his native California. The Ultimate Fighter 2 On episode three of The Ultimate Fighter 2, fighter Josh Burkman was asked to leave due to a broken arm and Von Flue came to the team of Matt Hughes as a replacement fighter. Considered the underdog, he went on to get an upset win in his first fight against Jorge Gurgel. Despite his performance, he was given to team Franklin when Hughes was forced to give up one of his members to the other team. He faced former teammate Joe Stevenson in the semifinals, losing due to an armbar submission. After his performance on the show, he was signed to a UFC contract. Ultimate Fighting Championship In his first match since the show, Von Flue fought at Ultimate Fight Night 3 where he defeated season one The Ultimate Fighter contestant Alex Karalexis via technical submission, as Karalexis was rendered unconscious by a shoulder choke from side control. This technique is now commonly known as a Von Flue Choke. Though this unique choke submission was around before Von Flue, he was perhaps the first person to get a technical submission on a large stage. In his second UFC match at Ultimate Fight Night 4, he was defeated by fellow TUF 2 contestant Luke Cummo via decision. For his third fight in the UFC, Von Flue faced Joe Riggs at UFC Fight Night 6 on August 17, 2006. He lost the fight via triangle choke submission, and was subsequently released from the promotion. Strikeforce Two months after his UFC release, Von Flue signed with now-defunct promotion Strikeforce. He debuted for the promotion on October 4, 2006, facing Eric Wray at Strikeforce: Tank vs. Buentello. He won the fight via arm-triangle choke. Von Flue then faced Cung Le at Strikeforce: Triple Threat on December 8, 2006. He lost the fight via doctor stoppage TKO, due to a cut that opened up on Von Flue. Von Flue faced Luke Stewart at Strikeforce Shamrock vs. Baroni and lost","title":"Jason Von Flue"},{"docid":"53057962","text":"Aubrey Omari Joseph (born November 26, 1997) is an American actor best known for his role as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak in Freeform's Cloak & Dagger. Career Aubrey started acting on the stage, portraying Simba in the Broadway musical The Lion King, a role he alternated with Judah Bellamy. Aubrey has his first major, starring role after being cast in January 2017 as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, one of the lead characters, in the Marvel's Cloak & Dagger television series. The show, set within the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe, aired on Freeform, jointly produced by the network, Marvel Television, based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name. Aubrey felt his casting was coincidental. \"At the time that I got the audition, I was in the middle of trying to watch season one of Luke Cage, so it was crazy just how ironic everything was at that moment.\" The series ran for two seasons, concluding in May 2019 and was canceled that October. Joseph and his Cloak & Dagger co-star Olivia Holt returned to voice their respective characters on the Disney XD animated series Spider-Man and reprised their roles for a two-episode crossover in the third and final season of Marvel's Runaways. Aubrey released his debut album, XXl, on July 24, 2020. Personal life Aubrey Joseph is the middle child of three boys. Filmography Accolades References External links Living people 1997 births 21st-century American male actors Place of birth missing (living people) American male television actors","title":"Aubrey Joseph"},{"docid":"67970643","text":"SurrealEstate is a Canadian paranormal drama television series that premiered on July 16, 2021, on CTV Sci-Fi Channel. In February 2024, it was renewed for a third season. Premise Real estate agent Luke Roman and an elite team of specialists handle the cases that no one else can: haunted and possessed houses that literally scare would-be buyers away. Cast Main Tim Rozon as Luke Roman, the head of a real estate agency which deals with haunted houses. Sarah Levy as Susan Ireland, a new agent of the Roman Agency. She's a people person, acting as the agency public relations. It's later revealed in Season 1 that she has telekinetic and pyrokinetic powers. Adam Korson as Phil Orley, a paranormal researcher and former Catholic priest. Maurice Dean Wint as August Ripley, a technology specialist who does the designs and the construction. He also studies how the architecture connects with supernatural energy. Savannah Basley as Zooey L'Enfant, the front desk manager. Tennille Read as Megan Donovan, the victim of a haunted house tied to Roman. (season 1, one episode season 2) Elena Juatco as Lomax, a former mortician who joins the Roman Agency as an agent. (season 2) Recurring Jennifer Dale as Victoria Roman, Luke's estranged mother. Art Hindle as Carl Roman, Luke's deceased father. Joy Tanner as Rochelle Decker, a scientist and August's former colleague/old flame. (season 2) Alison Brooks as Rita Weiss, the head of a competing real estate agency who has a rivalry with Luke. Guest Melanie Scrofano, reuniting with her Wynonna Earp co-star Rozon, appeared in one episode and directed four episodes. (season 1) Varun Saranga also joined his Wynonna Earp co-stars Rozon and Scrofano as a guest star in one episode, which was directed by Scrofano. (season 2) Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2021) Season 2 (2023) Notes Production The series, produced by Blue Ice Pictures was first announced in 2020, originally under the working title The Surrealtor, and was shot in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Tim Rozon was cast in the lead role of Luke Roman; he previously starred in Wynonna Earp for four seasons (2016–2021), with Melanie Scrofano in the title role, and she joined his new production as a director for two episodes (and one guest appearance) in the first season. Rozon also appeared in the main cast of Schitt's Creek, alongside Sarah Levy; Levy stars with Rozon in the main cast of SurrealEstate, in the role of Susan Ireland. The series premiered on July 16, 2021, on CTV Sci-Fi Channel. In October 2021, series creator George Olsen announced Syfy would not be picking up the series for a second season, adding that he would attempt to find a new home for the series. In May 2022, it was announced Syfy had reversed its cancellation. The second season moved to the fall, premiering on October 4, 2023. In February 2024, it was announced Syfy renewed the show for a third season. Broadcast In the United States, the first season of SurrealEstate was broadcast","title":"SurrealEstate"},{"docid":"15362707","text":"S. Robert Morgan is an American television actor and theatre director. He starred in the HBO drama series The Wire as Butchie from the second season until the show's fifth and final season. Personal life Morgan is from Fort Washington, Maryland and is a regular patron of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, which The Washington Post has described as \"A Haven for Sightless Readers\". He lost his sight in his twenties due to macular degeneration. Filmography Literary Visions (1992) (Actor) (2 episodes) The Wire (2003–08) (Butchie) (10 episodes) Blind Date (2009) (Fred) Luke Cage (2016) (Oliver) (Moment of Truth) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people African-American male actors Place of birth missing (living people) American male television actors American blind people Male actors from Washington, D.C. Blind actors American actors with disabilities 21st-century African-American people","title":"S. Robert Morgan"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"51791914\",\n \"text\": \"Erik LaRay Harvey (born 1972) is an American actor known for his roles as Dunn Purnsley in Boardwalk Empire, Willis Stryker / Diamondback in Luke Cage, and his role in The Charnel House (2016). Early life Erik LaRay Harvey was drawn into acting when he saw a theatrical performance of The Wiz. In his youth, he aspired to be a dentist. Career Harvey has performed in feature films, television series, and TV movies. Early TV roles include two episodes of Law & Order (1994 and 1998); two episodes of NYPD Blue (1997 and 2003); Now and Again; and Third Watch. He appears in two additional Law & Order series: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (two episodes; 2003 and 2013) and Law & Order: Criminal Intent (one episode; 2005). Roles in feature films include Twister, The Caveman's Valentine and Rounders. His two major roles have been on the HBO series Boardwalk Empire as Dunn Purnsley (2011–2013) and the Netflix series Luke Cage as Willis \\\"Diamondback\\\" Stryker. Filmography Film Television Video games References External links American male television actors Living people New York University alumni Place of birth missing (living people) 1972 births 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American male actors American male film actors American male video game actors People from Bainbridge, Georgia Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)\",\n \"title\": \"Erik LaRay Harvey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51061639\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Devil in the Details\\\" is the 10th episode and midseason premiere of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 11, and the 228th overall. The episode was written by Andrew Dabb and directed by Thomas J. Wright. It was first broadcast on January 20, 2016 on The CW. In the episode, Lucifer shows Sam his memories in an attempt for him to say yes to be his vessel. The title is a reference to the phrase \\\"The devil is in the detail\\\", meaning a mystery or loop on a detail. The episode received critical acclaim with critics praising the Castiel reveal. Plot Rowena (Ruth Connell) had a dream where Lucifer (Mark Pellegrino) showed up with the promise of rewards if she brought him Sam (Jared Padalecki). In the present, Lucifer shows Sam a memory of his childhood to show his changes and how he and Dean always take the decision to save each other instead of the world. Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) accuses Rowena of betraying him but she defends herself by claiming Lucifer will give her rewards. Dean (Jensen Ackles) is called by Crowley to notify him that Sam is in the Cage. Castiel (Misha Collins) and Ambriel (Valerie Tian) inspect the explosion area to find Amara. Amara (Emily Swallow) consumes Ambriel's soul but spares Castiel's life, sending him to Hell. Dean contacts Billie (Lisa Berry) to get him through Hell. He and Crowley then put Rowena in a witchcatcher so she can be Crowley's slave. Lucifer begins attacking Sam and when Dean and Castiel arrive, he transports them into the cage. They get into a fight while Rowena tries to invoke a spell. She manages to get them out of the cage before Lucifer kills them. Sam and Dean leave the Hell while Castiel stays behind. Sam tells Dean that Lucifer may have been right but Dean states that Lucifer and the Darkness in the same earth would be catastrophic. Castiel goes with Crowley and Crowley discovers to his shock that Castiel is none other than Lucifer. It turns out Castiel accepted to be his vessel so he could stop the Darkness. Lucifer frees Rowena and then kills her so he can't go back to the cage. He then sits next to Crowley, telling him they need to talk. Reception Viewers The episode was watched by 1.83 million viewers with a 0.7/2 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 4% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 1.90 million viewers from a 0.7/2 share in the 18-49 demographics. 0.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 2 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. Critical reviews \\\"The Devil in the Details\\\" received critical acclaim from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a \\\"great\\\" 8.6 out of 10 and wrote in her verdict, \\\"'The Devil in the Details' was scrumptious Supernatural. My one main gripe, however, isn't necessarily that Cas made a\",\n \"title\": \"The Devil in the Details\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26702204\",\n \"text\": \"The fourth season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 22, 2008 and concluded on May 18, 2009. It consisted of 24 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the fourth season on Monday nights at 8:30 pm in the United States. The complete fourth season was released on Region 1 DVD on September 29, 2009. In the United Kingdom it aired on E4. The fourth season is the only season of How I Met Your Mother to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. Cast Main cast Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin Bob Saget (uncredited) as Future Ted Mosby (voice only) Recurring cast Sarah Chalke as Stella Zinman Lyndsy Fonseca as Penny, Ted's Daughter David Henrie as Luke, Ted's Son Charlene Amoia as Wendy the Waitress Bryan Callen as Bilson Jason Jones as Tony Grafanello Darcy Rose Byrnes as Lucy Zinman Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Joe Nieves as Carl, the owner of MacLarens Pub Matt Boren as Stuart Guest cast Regis Philbin as himself Bill Fagerbakke as Marvin Eriksen, Sr. David Burtka as Scooter Frances Conroy as Loretta Stinson Erin Cahill as Heather Mosby Brooke D'Orsay as Margaret (Betty - Barney's Wife) Laura Prepon as Karen Kendra Wilkinson as herself Kevin Michael Richardson as Stan Heidi Montag as herself Spencer Pratt as himself Kim Kardashian as herself Will Sasso as Doug Martin Episodes U.S. viewership This season is currently the second highest rated season of How I Met Your Mother in terms of viewership, at an average of 9.42 million viewers. However, it is currently the highest rated in terms of the important Adults 18-49 demographic, which is what advertisers use to determine how much a 30-second advertising spot costs. Season 4 averaged 4.0/10 in terms of rating/share in the Adults 18-49 demographic. Critical response Season 4 received highly positive reviews and is often considered to be the best season of the series. Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10. Michelle stated, \\\"This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother. While Ted was busy dating Stella, the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted's love life,\\\" later going on to say, \\\"A stellar Robin-Marshall episode, titled \\\"Little Minnesota,\\\" makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together. With Robin homesick and unemployed (and at risk of being deported), this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season, when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of \\\"Let's Go to the Mall!\\\" References External links 4 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"How I Met Your Mother season 4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45083058\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's The Defenders is an American television miniseries created by Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez for the streaming service Netflix, based on the Marvel Comics characters Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist, who form the eponymous superhero team. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the franchise's films. The miniseries is a crossover event and the culmination for four previously released interconnected series from Marvel and Netflix. It was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, Nine and a Half Fingers, Inc., and Goddard Textiles, with Ramirez serving as showrunner. The series stars Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, Mike Colter as Luke Cage, and Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist, all reprising their roles from their individual series. It also stars Eka Darville, Elden Henson, Jessica Henwick, Simone Missick, Ramón Rodríguez, Rachael Taylor, Deborah Ann Woll, Élodie Yung, Rosario Dawson, and Scott Glenn, all also returning from previous series, as well as Sigourney Weaver. Development began in late 2013, with Cox the first actor cast in May 2014. Petrie and Ramirez joined as showrunners in April, after doing so for the second season of Daredevil. Petrie left with the start of filming, which took place in New York City from October 2016 to March 2017. Cinematography and design work established the different color palettes from the characters' individual series, and combined them as the team is formed. The Defenders premiered in New York on July 31, 2017, with all eight episodes released on Netflix on August 18. Critics were mostly positive about the crossover, highlighting the dynamics between the different Defenders as well as Weaver's performance, but were generally disappointed with the overall story, pacing, and the use of the Hand as villains. Third-party analysis indicated that the miniseries was the least-viewed Marvel Netflix series so far and had the largest week-over-week drop in viewership of them all, though it was the third-most \\\"Binge Raced\\\" series globally at the time of its release, according to Netflix. It received several award nominations. The Defenders, along with the other Marvel Netflix series, was removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, after Disney regained the license for the series. They began streaming on Disney+ from March 16. Premise Set a few months after the second season of Daredevil, and a month after the first season of Iron Fist, the vigilantes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist team up in New York City to fight a common enemy, the Hand. Cast and characters Main Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil: A blind pro-bono lawyer in Hell's Kitchen, with his remaining senses enhanced, who is secretly a vigilante. Cox felt the second season of Daredevil, in which Murdock fought alongside Elektra Natchios and Frank Castle, prepared the character to accept help in The Defenders, and that moving into the miniseries the death of Natchios would be weighing heavily on Murdock. Ramirez likened Murdock and\",\n \"title\": \"The Defenders (miniseries)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25438208\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Fizbo\\\" is the ninth episode of the first season of the American family sitcom television series Modern Family and the ninth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on ABC in the United States on November 25, 2009. The episode was written by Brad Walsh & Paul Corrigan and directed by Jason Winer. In the episode, Phil and Claire try to throw a party for Luke's birthday. Cameron decides to dress up as his clown character Fizbo to attend the party. Manny has a hard time impressing a girl after taking advice from Jay. Haley gets jealous when Dylan talks to the animal handler of the party and ignores her in the process. Everything seems to go fine, but after Haley frees a scorpion from its cage, things go wrong and the family ends up going to the emergency room. \\\"Fizbo\\\" has received positive reviews from critics with many naming it the best episode up to that point. Despite this, \\\"Fizbo\\\" was viewed in 7.12 million households when it premiered, becoming the lowest rated episode of the series. Ratings analysts attributed Fizbo’s low ratings to the episode airing the night before Thanksgiving. Eric Stonestreet won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance in this episode. Plot It is Luke's (Nolan Gould) birthday and Phil (Ty Burrell) and Claire (Julie Bowen) want to throw a big birthday party for him. Phil is the one who organizes things for the party. Among other things he ordered, he also asks for an animal handler, Jungle Tanya (Margo Harshman), who brings different animals to show them to the kids, including iguanas, a python and a scorpion. Claire sets up a comb sheath making stand but Phil says that it will be boring. Manny (Rico Rodriguez) wants to impress a girl he likes from school, Bianca (Kaitlyn Dever), and she is going to be at Luke's birthday party. He does not know what to do to get her attention and he asks for Jay's (Ed O'Neill) advice. Jay tells him that girls go for power and success and since he does not have any of those, he should be the funny guy. Manny's attempts to be funny do not have much of success. Cameron (Eric Stonestreet) dresses up as Fizbo the clown, despite Mitchell's (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) disagreement. But Cameron believes that there cannot be a party without a clown so he ignores him. On their way to the party though, Cameron defends Mitchell at the gas station, and Mitchell sees him in a different way. When they arrive at the party, it turns out Phil is afraid of clowns. Haley's (Sarah Hyland) boyfriend Dylan (Reid Ewing) is also at the party. When Dylan starts talking with Jungle Tanya ignoring Haley, Haley gets jealous and she frees the scorpion from its box to take her revenge. Everything is going well at the party until the moment the freed scorpion triggers a chain of events and the\",\n \"title\": \"Fizbo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2343740\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of episodes for the 1979–1985 CBS action-adventure/comedy series The Dukes of Hazzard. The show ran for seven seasons and a total of 147 episodes. Many of the episodes followed a similar structure: \\\"out-of-town crooks pull a robbery, Duke boys blamed, spend the rest of the hour clearing their names, the General Lee flies and the squad cars crash\\\". Also, almost every episode would begin with the Duke boys driving along in the General Lee, whether running an errand or just out on a leisurely drive, and inadvertently stumbling upon one of the sheriff's speed traps. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (1979) Season 2 (1979–80) Starting with this season, a new closing sequence was introduced. This time, it shows the General Lee and Enos' police car going around in circles. This remained in use until the end of the series in 1985. Also at the beginning of this season, the show is now produced by Lou Step Productions. Season 3 (1980–81) This season consisted of 21 episodes. Season 3 brought a big change to the show. Sonny Shroyer, who played the part of Deputy Enos Strate, was leaving the show to star in a short-lived Dukes of Hazzard spin-off series, called Enos. Rosco's pet dog Flash was introduced in this season. Flash would stay until the end of the series in 1985. In the second episode, Enos was written out of the show as moving to California to take a job with the Los Angeles Police Department. This is the last season to use the Season 2 closing theme. During the opening credits, Enos is out, and Cletus Hogg (Rick Hurst) is in. Season 4 (1981–82) Season 5 (1982–83) Byron Cherry and Christopher Mayer were promoted to opening titles starting with this season. Beginning with season 5, over a royalties dispute, John Schneider (Bo Duke) and Tom Wopat (Luke Duke) were fired from the series. They were replaced by their cousins Coy Duke and Vance Duke. The show's ratings nosedived and, after 18 episodes, Wopat and Schneider were hired back. According to the series bible, Luke and Bo's 18-episode absence was due to their competing (and, ultimately, winning big) in the NASCAR circuit. Their return episode has the distinction of featuring all four Duke boys. This season consisted of 22 episodes. Sonny Shroyer returns as Enos for the rest of the series after the cancellation of the spin-off Enos. Season 6 (1983–84) Season 7 (1984–85) References External links Episodes Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Dukes of Hazzard episodes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22650936\",\n \"text\": \"Life Bites is a British adaptation of the Italian series Life Bites – Pillole di vita by Disney Channel Italy. It premiered on 6 September 2008. The show series looks at the everyday adventures of Chloe and Harvey, who are brother and sister and their relationships with family and friends. Each episode looks at variety of themes including school, dating, sport and music. The school which they attend is filmed at Brentside High School in Hanwell, West London. The first season premiered on 6 September 2008 and has 16 episodes; the second season started in July 2009 and has 12 episodes, including a Halloween special and a Christmas special. Cast Main Amy Wren as Chloe Benedict Smith as Harvey, brother of Chloe Tianna Webster as Molly, younger sister of Chloe and Harvey Nicola Posener as Pyper, Chloe's best friend Naomi Scott as Megan, Pyper's and Chloe's best friend Rupert Simonian as Frank, classmate Lucien Laviscount as Jake, Harvey's best friend Dominique Moore as Esther, Chloe's and Pyper's best friend Jeremy Irvine as Luke, Harvey and Frank's best friend Recurring Neil Roberts as Richard Andrea Spisto as Jenni Claire Cage as Mum Brad Kavanagh as band member in Harvey's, Frank's and Luke's band References External links Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel) original programming 2000s British children's television series 2008 British television series debuts 2009 British television series endings\",\n \"title\": \"Life Bites\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44253420\",\n \"text\": \"The Lucha Underground Championship was a professional wrestling world championship owned by the Lucha Underground promotion. The championship was the top championship of the promotion and was generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than in direct competition. The championship was introduced in episode 8 (\\\"A Unique Opportunity\\\") taped on October 4, 2014, and broadcast on December 17, 2014, with the first champion being determined on episode 9 (\\\"Aztec Warfare\\\") which was taped on October 5, 2014, and broadcast on television on January 7, 2015. The final champion was Jake Strong, who won the title on the last episode of Lucha Underground. As it was a professional wrestling championship, the title was not won by actual competition, but by a scripted ending to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion at that point in time. This can either be due to a storyline, or real life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company. History During Episode 8 (\\\"A Unique Opportunity\\\") of Lucha Underground's first season the storyline owner of Lucha Underground, Dario Cueto, announced that he was introducing the \\\"top prize\\\" in the promotion, the Lucha Underground Championship, revealing the belt to the audience in the arena and viewers at home. He explained that on the following week's show 20 wrestlers would compete in an Aztec Warfare match, featuring a mixture of male, female and Mini-Estrella competitors in the ring at the same time. During episode 8 Mil Muertes defeated Fénix in a match, earning him the number 20 spot, while forcing Fénix to be the first man in the match. Episode 9 (\\\"Aztec Warfare\\\") was dedicated to the championship match and saw Prince Puma pin Johnny Mundo to eliminate him from the match and become the inaugural Lucha Underground Champion. During the broadcast a couple weeks later (\\\"They Call Him Cage\\\") after Puma defeated Cage by disqualification to retain the championship, Cage tore the championship belt apart in a fit of anger, ripping the leather strap in half. As a result, Dario Cueto introduced a new Lucha Underground Championship belt in Episode 20 (\\\"The Art of War\\\") that was presented to Prince Puma. Prince Puma retained his championship in many matches for the title against Fénix, Cage, King Cuerno, Drago, Hernandez, Johnny Mundo, and Chavo Guerrero Jr. On Episode 31 (\\\"The Desolation of Drago\\\") Drago defeated King Cuerno, Cage and Hernandez to earn a match against Prince Puma at Ultima Lucha, Lucha Underground's season finale. Afterwards Cueto announced that Drago would face Mil Muertes on episode 33 for the right to challenge the champion. Episode 33 was taped on April 11, 2015 and had Muertes defeat Drago to earn the match against Prince Puma. At Ultima Lucha Mil Muertes defeated Prince Puma to win the title and end the last episode of the first season as\",\n \"title\": \"Lucha Underground Championship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51941959\",\n \"text\": \"Luke Cage (Original Soundtrack Album) is the soundtrack album to the 2016 first season of the streaming television series Luke Cage, featuring music composed by Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad. The soundtrack was released on October 7, 2016, digitally and with a vinyl release by Mondo. Younge and Muhammad were asked to join the series by showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker, and strove to write a score inspired by hip hop. They were given a full orchestra to record the score with. In addition to their music, the soundtrack includes songs from various artists that gave onscreen performances during the season, including the original song \\\"Bulletproof Love\\\" featuring Method Man, which was also released before the album as a single. Background In April 2016, Luke Cage showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker revealed that Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad were composing the series' score, describing it as \\\"a '90s hip-hop vibe\\\" with \\\"a lot of different musical appearances\\\". Younge and Muhammad spotted each episode together with the episode's director, then went off and worked on certain cues each, though the two did work on some cues together. Marvel Television, Netflix, and ABC were extremely supportive of Younge and Muhammad's artistic process after hearing their first work for the series (the duo started by composing the bookending music of the second episode), asking them to \\\"push\\\" the sound of the score as far as they could, and allowing them the use of a full, 30-piece orchestra for recording. The score was orchestrated and conducted by Miguel Atwood-Ferguson, and recorded and mixed at Raphael Saadiq's studio. Marvel did criticize the initial theme music that Younge and Muhammad wrote for the series, which was inspired by the \\\"British library music\\\" of Alan Tew. Coker wanted to use the music, but the studio felt that it was too slow to play over the opening credits. They eventually agreed to use the music for the closing credits of each episode, and wrote a piece closer to \\\"classic\\\" theme music for the opening. They still made this \\\"more funky, and kind of crazy\\\" compared to traditional themes, and Marvel praised it. For Younge, it was important that the music for the series be recorded using analog technologies, comparing it to the music of Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder where \\\"you don't like it just because it's composed well. You don't like it just because they have great voices. You like it because of the way it makes you feel, sonically ... the deep, organic, soulful sound waves in it.\\\" He felt that music produced digitally could not replicate this quality and would be \\\"cutting corners\\\". The series features onscreen performances by various artists, which Coker wanted to use to help capture the vibe of the neighborhood. Several of these songs are included on the soundtrack album, including the single \\\"Bulletproof Love\\\", featuring Method Man, an original rap song featured in the episode \\\"Soliloquy of Chaos\\\". The track was arranged by Younge and Muhammad, and includes much of\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Cage (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26701861\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 18, 2006 and concluded on May 14, 2007. It consisted of 22 episodes, each approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the first three episodes of the second season on Monday nights at 8:30 pm in the United States, the remaining episodes were broadcast at 8:00pm. The complete second season was released on Region 1 DVD on October 2, 2007. In the United Kingdom it aired on E4 from October 2, 2009 weekdays at 7:30pm. Cast Main cast Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin Bob Saget (uncredited) as Future Ted Mosby (voice only) Recurring cast Lyndsy Fonseca as Penny, Ted's Daughter David Henrie as Luke, Ted's Son Joe Nieves as Carl Charlene Amoia as Wendy the Waitress Joe Manganiello as Brad Morris Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Guest cast Bryan Cranston as Hammond Druthers David Burtka as Scooter Bob Barker as himself Wayne Brady as James Stinson Michael Gross as Alfred Mosby Charles Robinson as Bank President Emmitt Smith as himself Lucy Hale as Katie Scherbatsky Ryan Pinkston as Kyle Candice King as Amy Episodes References 2 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"How I Met Your Mother season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49047979\",\n \"text\": \"The story of the Two Wolves is a memetic legend of unknown origin, commonly attributed to Cherokee or other indigenous American peoples in popular retelling. The legend is usually framed as a grandfather or elder passing wisdom to a young listener; the elder describes a battle between two wolves within one’s self, using the battle as a metaphor for inner conflict. When the listener asks which wolf wins, the grandfather answers \\\"whichever one you feed\\\". While many variations of the story exist (replacing wolves with dogs, changing the nature of the conflict, etc.) the usual conflict uses imagery of white vs black and good vs evil, As its origins cannot be credibly traced to authentic indigenous sources, the “Two Wolves” story is considered an example of fakelore. In media The story is quoted and referenced in various forms in media articles. The story is featured in the 2015 film Tomorrowland: Casey: \\\"There are two wolves\\\" ... You told me this story my entire life, and now I'm telling you: There are two wolves and they are always fighting. One is darkness and despair, the other is light and hope. Which wolf wins? Eddie: C'mon, Casey. Casey: Okay, fine, don't answer. Eddie: Whichever one you feed. Other examples include: In the television series Luke Cage (Season 2, Episode 2, at time-index 48:06) a pastor tells the story of a \\\"Cherokee Legend\\\", with the metaphor of two wolves fighting, where the boy in the story asks \\\"Which wolf is stronger?\\\" and his grandfather responds: \\\"It's the one you feed.\\\" In an issue of the Daredevil comic series, the character Echo encounters Wolverine while on a vision quest. He tells her a version of the Two Wolves story he learned from the Chief, albeit referring to them as dogs. Echo then reveals that her late father was the one who originally told that story to the Chief. In Knightfall (Season One, Episode Four, \\\"He Who Discovers His Own Self, Discovers God) Godfrey tells the story to Landry in a flashback. In the television series 12 Monkeys (Season 1, Episode 6, at time-index 29:14) Cole tells Aaron the story as he mentions that Cassie feeds the good wolf. The marquee of the Tarkovsky Theatre in John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum advertises a performance titled \\\"A Tale of Two Wolves.\\\" Versions with dogs There are similar stories told by Christian ministers appearing in print prior to the story of the Two Wolves that refer to dogs instead of wolves. An early variation of this story was published in The Daily Republican, Monongahela, Pennsylvania on November 16, 1962. William J. Turner Jr. prefaced a meditation on \\\"two natures within\\\" (Romans 7:18–19) with this illustration: \\\"A man traveling through the mountains came upon an old mountaineer who had two dogs. Both dogs were the same size, and they fought continually. The visitor asked the mountaineer which dog usually won. The old fellow studied for a moment, spat over the fence, and said, 'The one I feed\",\n \"title\": \"Two Wolves\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47718585\",\n \"text\": \"Blake Tower is a fictional supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. An attorney who often appears in stories featuring Spider-Man and Daredevil, he first appeared in Daredevil #124 and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Bob Brown. Blake Tower was a main character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) Netflix television series Daredevil where he was portrayed by Stephen Rider. He also appeared in guest appearances in two seasons of the series Luke Cage, and is credited as the main for his appearance in the second season. Publication history Blake Tower first appeared in Daredevil #124 and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Bob Brown. Fictional character biography Born in New York, Blake Tower became a brilliant lawyer and opened his own law firm. After watching the clash between Daredevil and the new Torpedo, Tower competed with Foggy Nelson for election as district attorney, and his campaign won in a landslide. Among his first tasks was the official presentation of the computer W.H.O. (Worldwide Habitual Offender) Dr. Armstrong Smith. After a brief meeting with the Heroes for Hire, Luke Cage and Iron Fist, Tower dealt with the acquittal of Spider-Man against charges for the death of George Stacy and Norman Osborn. He also tried to help Spider-Man against the attacks of J. Jonah Jameson, Spencer Smythe and the Spider-Slayer. Subsequently, Tower collected the deposition of Captain America regarding a case involving Batroc the Leaper. This made him several enemies in criminal circles and he became the target of a hit man, only being saved by the intervention of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Tower participated in trials against Boomerang and Punisher, afterwards convincing the supervillain Slyde to work with and engage his former employer for money laundering. After the murder of colleague Jean DeWolff, Tower assisted in the process of the only suspect, the Sin-Eater and the dissolution of Heroes for Hire, meanwhile following procedures to bring the body of Ned Leeds to the United States. Tower had a long association with She-Hulk which ended because of the heroine's hectic life. Tower later participated in the trial of Peter Parker during the \\\"Clone Saga\\\", and in the trial of Winter Soldier for his previous actions. In other media Blake Tower is a recurring character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's Netflix TV series, portrayed by Stephen Rider. Tower makes his debut in the second season of Daredevil. He is an Assistant District Attorney, who is a subordinate of Manhattan District Attorney Samantha Reyes. He becomes a reluctant ally to Nelson & Murdock after Grotto gets killed by the Punisher and Karen Page confronts Tower with evidence that Reyes will double-cross him. After Reyes is gunned down in her office by men working for the Blacksmith, Tower ends up taking her place as District Attorney. In Luke Cage, Tower shows up in \\\"Now You're Mine\\\" during Diamondback's hostage situation at Harlem's Paradise. He informs Inspector Priscilla Ridley about Mariah Dillard's negotiations with city\",\n \"title\": \"Blake Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28149971\",\n \"text\": \"The Straight Edge Society was a villainous professional wrestling stable in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) that appeared on its SmackDown brand. The concept behind the group was the straight edge lifestyle, which promotes and abides to discipline—primarily no smoking, drinking, or drugs. The group acted as a militant organization, denouncing all people who did not live the straight edge lifestyle, even those who also abstain from substance abuse, so new members were required to shave their heads, which signified a \\\"new beginning\\\". The founder and leader of the group was CM Punk, who follows the straight edge lifestyle in real life. Members included Joey Mercury, Luke Gallows, and Serena. As of , Punk, and Gallows remain employed with the WWE, while Deeb is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). History Formation Before The Straight Edge Society was formed, CM Punk feuded with Jeff Hardy over the World Heavyweight Championship while making allusions to Hardy's real life drug usage. In the end, on the August 28 episode of SmackDown, Punk retained his World Heavyweight Championship in a Loser Leaves WWE steel cage match and Hardy left the WWE. The formation began on the November 27, 2009 episode of SmackDown where Punk transformed the formerly mentally disabled and unresponsive Festus into the focused and driven Luke Gallows, who explained that his friends got him hooked on prescription pain medication, which explained his behavior as Festus, and he also credited Punk with cleaning him up and \\\"showing him the way\\\", and became Punk's main enforcer. Gallows would assist Punk in his feuds with R-Truth and Matt Hardy. A few weeks later, the two began shaving the heads of (planted) fans in the audience who wished to follow the straight edge lifestyle, demonstrating a \\\"new beginning\\\" for their lives. Before Punk was able to find a third person to convert, a woman named Serena came out of the crowd begging to be saved by Punk, but instead of having security escort her out, he accepted Serena and shaved her head. From thereafter, Serena accompanied Punk and ran interference in his matches. Punk would interrupt many events in an attempt to recruit members to The Straight Edge Society, starting from the Royal Rumble, where he would preach while eliminating Dolph Ziggler, Evan Bourne, JTG, Beth Phoenix, and Zack Ryder, even though he was ultimately eliminated from the speaking platform by Triple H, whom he had tried to convert previously and who had espoused that he too avoided drugs, smoke, and alcohol, but he did not think it was right to be preaching like Punk was doing. On February 23, 2010 it was revealed that Punk would be mentoring Darren Young, a \\\"South Beach Party Boy\\\", on the first season of NXT. A few weeks later, Young became fascinated with The Straight Edge Society and decided to join them, only to quickly change his mind after finding out he had to shave his head as initiation. Feud with Rey Mysterio The Straight Edge Society would\",\n \"title\": \"Straight Edge Society\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56489186\",\n \"text\": \"How to Stay Married is an Australian television comedy series screening on Network 10. It premiered on 8 November 2018. The series is a spin-off of an episode of the 2013 anthology comedy series It's a Date on the ABC. The show is a Princess Pictures and Pablo Pictures co-production. The show was renewed for a second season on 22 August 2018, before the first episode aired. All episodes of season 2 were initially released on streaming service 10 Play on March 26, 2020 for two weeks as part of Network Ten's \\\"10 Shows in 10 Days\\\" promotion during the COVID-19 pandemic. It later premiered on Network Ten on Tuesday, 5 May 2020. A third season premiered on May 4, 2021. Synopsis After fifteen years of marriage, the lives of Greg and Em Butler and their two daughters change when Em returns to work, Greg is made redundant and his brother Brad moves in. Cast Main cast Recurring cast Guests Christopher Kirby as Luke Garrison Nicholas Bell as Brian Steve Bastoni as Lenny Main characters Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2018) Season 2 (2020) Season 3 (2021) References External links 2018 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian comedy television series Television shows set in Melbourne Network 10 original programming\",\n \"title\": \"How to Stay Married\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34822117\",\n \"text\": \"Luke Nguyen's Vietnam is an Australian television series first screened on SBS One in 2010. The series follows chef, Luke Nguyen, as he tours Vietnam seeking culinary delights and adventure. It is regularly broadcast on Good Food, a UK food-orientated TV channel. Luke Nguyen Luke Nguyen (born 1978) is a Vietnamese Australian chef, best known as the host of television series Luke Nguyen's Vietnam. The series is a food documentary, in which he travels through Vietnam, cooking in the ad hoc manner of the street vendors in the country, usually preparing the dish on the footpaths. He appeared on MasterChef Australia (season 2) as a guest chef. He is also the owner of Red Lantern restaurant in Surry Hills, Sydney and is the author of a number of cook books. He's a current judge of MasterChef Vietnam. Season One Episode 1: Saigon Episode 2: Saigon Episode 3: Mekong delta Episode 4: Phu Quoc Island Episode 5: Phan thiet and mui ne Episode 6: Dalat Episode 7: Nha trang Episode 8: Quy nhon Episode 9: Hoi an Episode 10: Hoi an 2 Season Two Episode 1: Hue Episode 2: Vinh Episode 3: Ninh Binh Episode 4: Hanoi Episode 5: Greater Hanoi Episode 6: Sapa Episode 7: Sapa 2 Episode 8: Bac Ha Episode 9: Halong Bay Episode 10: Mai Chau References External links Luke Nguyen's Vietnam on SBS Special Broadcasting Service original programming Australian cooking television series\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Nguyen's Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75438924\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Gang War\\\" is a 2023 storyline published by Marvel Comics. It was created by Zeb Wells and John Romita Jr. The story involves Spider-Man and the local superheroes working to deal with a gang war between the different families after Tombstone was shot and the crime families plan to take over the criminal underworld. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #39, Deadly Hands of Kung Fu: Gang War #1, and Luke Cage: Gang War #2 were dedicated in memory of Keith Giffen who died from a stroke on October 9, 2023. Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 6 #40, Luke Cage: Gang War #3, Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #14, and Spider-Woman Vol. 8 #2 saluted the retirement of Alison Gill. The event overall received mixed reviews, with criticism directed towards the artwork, tie-ins, pacing, character arcs, and the lack of focus on Spider-Man. Publication history Gang War will detail the different crime families going to war after Tombstone was shot by Shotgun during the wedding of Janice Lincoln and Randy Robertson. With the crime families blaming each other for calling the hit and planning to take over the criminal underworld, Spider-Man works to keep the gang war from getting worse with help from the local superheroes while also dealing with the anti-vigilante laws that will cause all the sides to come into conflict with the NYPD. Plot Lead-up On the day when Tombstone's daughter Janice Lincoln was going to marry Robbie Robertson's son Randy Robertson, it is attended by Peter Parker, Aunt May, Martha Robertson, and the crime lords Hammerhead, Mister Negative, Crime Master, Diamondback, Madame Masque, Black Mariah, and Owl. Just then, Shotgun crashes the wedding on his motorcycle and uses special bullets to wound Tombstone. Peter Parker slips away to become Spider-Man and pursues Shotgun. He follows Shotgun through the forest until he loses him. As Tombstone is loaded into an ambulance, the crime lords blame each other for the attack. Madame Masque leaves in her limousine as Hammerhead sets off an explosive in it. As Spider-Man and Rek-Rap deal with Re-Po (who was made from Peter Parker's debt collector by Madelyne Pryor) in his mission to get Rek-Rap and the other demons back to Limbo, Hammerhead talks with his branch of the Maggia as one of them mentions about what happened to Madam Masque. Just then, they are visited by Count Nefaria who will take the blame on what happened with his daughter Madame Masque. While touching Hammerhead's head, Count Nefaria states that the crime lords will bow to the Maggia once again. As Hammerhead watches the news about Randy Robertson talking about Fisk's law, Hammerhead gets a call from his minion Jake about how they found Lady Yulan's grunts and how he speculated that Lady Yulan's grunts are either vampires or hate holy water. As Hammerhead orders Jake to take Father O'Neil home, he also tells them to lose the masks they got from the Inner Demons as they have a big day tomorrow. The next day, Hammerhead meets with\",\n \"title\": \"Gang War (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8134096\",\n \"text\": \"Francis Luke Askew (March 26, 1932 – March 29, 2012) was an American actor. He appeared in many westerns, and had a lead role in the spaghetti Western Night of the Serpent (La notte dei serpenti; 1969). He also had a small but key part in the 1969 classic movie Easy Rider. Biography Askew was born on March 26, 1932, in Macon, Georgia, to Milton Dillard Askew (1904–1976) and Dorothy Doolittle (1910–1969). Askew attended the University of Georgia, Mercer University, and Walter F. George School of Law. In his collegiate years, Askew served in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War, serving in the intelligence division of Strategic Air Command. He started his professional career in radio and television, and as a rock and blues singer. He made his film debut in Hurry Sundown (1967), but was first noticed as an actor for his role in Cool Hand Luke (1967). The following year he worked with John Wayne in The Green Berets (with his hair cut short). The following year he worked with Dennis Hopper and Peter Fonda in Easy Rider. Askew continued to work as an actor after that, predominantly appearing in guest roles on television series. This includes work on such series as: Bonanza, The High Chaparral, Mission: Impossible, Cannon, The Rockford Files, Quincy, M.E., The Six Million Dollar Man, T. J. Hooker, L.A. Law, MacGyver, Walker, Texas Ranger, Murder She Wrote, and HBO's Big Love. He also took part in Easy Rider: Shaking the Cage (1999), a documentary about the making of Easy Rider, and the 2003 documentary Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex, Drugs and Rock 'N' Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. Askew sang Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf and Jimmy Reed songs at The Gaslight Cafe. According to Bob Dylan, when Luke sang at The Gaslight Cafe it was like a \\\"guy who sounded like Bobby Blue Bland\\\". Askew later moved to Lake Oswego, Oregon. He died at Lake Oswego on March 29, 2012, three days after his 80th birthday, due to lung cancer. Selected filmography Hurry Sundown (1967) .... Dolph Higginson The Happening (1967) .... Second Motorcycle Officer Cool Hand Luke (1967) .... Boss Paul Will Penny (1967) .... Foxy The Devil's Brigade (1968) .... Private Hubert Hixon The Green Berets (1968) .... Sergeant Provo Easy Rider (1969) .... Stranger on Highway Flareup (1969) .... Alan Moris Night of the Serpent (1969) .... Luke Angel Unchained (1970) .... Jonathan Tremaine The Culpepper Cattle Company (1972) .... Luke The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972) .... Jim Younger The Magnificent Seven Ride! (1972) .... Mark Skinner Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) .... Eno Slipstream (1973) .... Mike Mallard A Matter of Wife... and Death (1975) .... Snell Posse (1975) .... Krag Walking Tall Part 2 (1975) .... Pinky Dobson Mackintosh and T.J. (1975) .... Cal Rolling Thunder (1977) .... Automatic Slim Wanda Nevada (1979) .... Ruby Muldoon The Beast Within (1982) .... Dexter Ward The Warrior and the Sorceress (1984) .... Zeg the Tyrant\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Askew\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22094992\",\n \"text\": \"Bully Beatdown is an American reality television series created by Mark Burnett which aired on MTV. In each episode, show host Jason \\\"Mayhem\\\" Miller challenged bullies to fight against a professional mixed martial artist for a chance to win $10,000. The money they would receive depended on their performance against their opponent, with any money they didn't win going to the bully's victims. If the bully managed to submit or knock out the martial artist at any time, they won a $5000 bonus. Format Episodes in the first season featured four segments. The first segment involved Mayhem revealing a video featuring the victims describing their bullying situation and asking for help. This was followed by the host meeting with the victims in person and briefly discussing their problems. Mayhem and the victims would then confront the bully, and Mayhem would offer the bully $10,000 to fight a professional MMA fighter. In all of the episodes that aired, the bully accepted. The next segment consisted of Mayhem bringing the bully into his gym to see how the bully fights in order to help him determine whom to put in the cage against him. During this segment, Mayhem introduced the bullies to their corner man, and would usually briefly discuss the fight with them. The segment would end with the victims meeting the fighter who would be challenging their bully, and the audience would be shown clips of the bully preparing in the locker room. The third segment would begin with Mayhem standing in the ring with the victims, introducing them to the crowd. After a brief introduction, the bully would be brought out to boos from the crowd. Mayhem would then let the bullies and victims have a few last words before bringing out the fighter. Once the professional fighter had entered the cage, the audience would be shown a short segment explaining the rules. Finally, long-time professional referee \\\"Big\\\" John McCarthy would begin the first round. Round 1 was a 3-minute grappling-only round. The bully would begin the round with $5,000, and would loses $1,000 every time they were forced to tap out (with the lost money going to the victims). The final segment began with an explanation of the rules for Round 2, a 3-minute kickboxing round. The bully wins $5,000 if they can survive the entire 3 minutes, but does not get any money if they quit or get KO'd or the referee stops the fight. After the round ends, Mayhem deals out the money, and asks the bully if there is anything they want to say to their victim(s). In most episodes, the bully offered an apology. In Season 2, the format of the first half of the show was changed significantly. The show starts with Mayhem in the cage. He first presents the victims' tape, and is then joined by the victims in the cage. This is followed by a video from the bully explaining why they pick on their victims, often intercut with footage of\",\n \"title\": \"Bully Beatdown\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54196981\",\n \"text\": \"Hollywood Darlings is an American comedy series starring Beverley Mitchell, Jodie Sweetin, and Christine Lakin that premiered on April 12, 2017 on Pop. On September 18, 2017, the show was renewed for a second season after it became the network’s number 1 original series debut ever among women 18–34 according to Nielsen. The second season premiered on April 18, 2018. Premise The series is an improv comedy-series which follows three lifelong friends who grew up together in \\\"the business,\\\" became household names, and now take on even bigger roles as moms, wives, and businesswomen. They play exaggerated versions of themselves. Cast Main Beverley Mitchell as herself Jodie Sweetin as herself Christine Lakin as herself Recurring Brandon Breaul as himself, Christine's husband Soleil Moon Frye as herself Tony Rodriguez as Tony Guest stars Andrea Barber as herself (\\\"How Christine Got Her Groove Back\\\") Andrew Keegan as himself (\\\"How Christine Got Her Groove Back\\\") Wanya Morris as himself (\\\"Driving Miss Jodie\\\") Tamera Mowry as herself (\\\"Driving Miss Jodie\\\") DeAnna Pappas as herself (\\\"Got Milk?\\\") Jaleel White as himself (\\\"Got Milk?\\\") Heather Tom as herself (\\\"The Bev Witch Project\\\") Nicholle Tom as herself (\\\"The Bev Witch Project\\\") Lance Bass as himself (\\\"The Luke Perry Incident\\\") Patrick Duffy as himself (\\\"The Luke Perry Incident\\\") Staci Keanan as herself (\\\"The Luke Perry Incident\\\") Lori Beth Denberg as herself (\\\"She's Not All That\\\") Will Friedle as himself (\\\"Y2K\\\") Marla Sokoloff as herself (\\\"Y2K\\\") Matthew Lawrence as himself (\\\"Star Crossed Mothers\\\") David Lascher as himself (\\\"Dry Spell\\\") Tatyana Ali as herself (\\\"White Little Lies\\\") Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2017) <onlyinclude> Season 2 (2018) <onlyinclude> Ratings Season 1 (2017) Season 2 (2018) Trivia The show started in season 1 out as a mockumentary style comedy, with the characters giving commentary during the scenes. Season 2 is a bit more stylized. References External links Official Site 2010s American comedy television series 2017 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings Television shows set in Los Angeles American English-language television shows Television series by All3Media Pop (American TV channel) original programming\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Darlings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44512264\",\n \"text\": \"Luke Zachrich (born December 19, 1981) is a retired American mixed martial artist and professional boxer who formerly competed in the Middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship A professional mixed martial arts competitor since 2006 until his release from the UFC in 2014, Zachrich was a member of Team Forrest on the seventh season of The Ultimate Fighter, and has also fought for King of the Cage, Bellator, Xtreme Fighting Organization, and Ultimate Victory Challenge, the latter of which he was the inaugural Middleweight Champion. In the first few years of his career, he trained with professional wrestling and mixed martial arts legend Dan Severn at The Beast Academy in Coldwater, Michigan, before relocating to Team Jorge Gurgel in Cincinnati, Ohio. He now fights out his own training facility, the Ronin Training Center, where he is also one of the head instructors. During his professional career, he held a martial arts record of 14–4, with seven of his fourteen wins coming by way of submission. Zachrich is currently ineligible for the Tapology.com Middleweight rankings due to his retirement from mixed martial arts. Background Zachrich was born on October 1, 1981, in Defiance, Ohio. During his first year, Zachrich was a varsity football player at Bowling Green University in Bowling Green, Ohio. After sustaining an injury in one of the last scheduled games of the season, he chose to discontinue his upstart career in football and find a different profession. In the last couple of years in college, Zachrich was a part-time lacrosse player and then graduated with bachelor's degree in 2005. Around the same time, he stumbled upon mixed martial arts and began training with UFC legend and Hall of Famer Dan Severn at his gym, The Beast Academy, in Coldwater, Michigan and also trained with renowned Jujitsu practitioner Dave Morris. An upstart, Zachrich trained for two years under the tutelage of Severn and Jorge Gurgel's team, before accepting a last-minute offer to compete in an amateur bout in early 2006. During an interview with MMA.TV, he was asked about how he made the transition to mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career In the first combat bout of his career, Zachrich faced off against fellow fighting newcomer Ben Kelley at Mega Fighting Championship's premiere event on January 14, 2006. It was a showcase of heavy stand-up striking for a majority of the bout, with Zachrich coming out on top with a first round technical knockout victory. Following more training, Zachrich would receive the opportunity to turn pro three months later. On April 15, 2006, he made a successful transition to professional mixed martial arts, as he submitted Cliff Perillo with strikes at the Ultimate Fight Series. At 1–0, Zachrich continued his slow-and-steady climb up the divisional rankings, and would collect another victory on May 6, 2006, in the form of a thirty-one second TKO of Micah Bender in the preliminary portion of FightFest 3. King of the Cage (2006–2007) On September 29, 2006, Zachrich fought Jason Zazelenchuk at\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Zachrich\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45082948\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's Luke Cage is an American television series created by Cheo Hodari Coker for the streaming service Netflix, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the franchise's films, and was the third Marvel Netflix series leading to the crossover miniseries The Defenders. The series was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Coker serving as showrunner. Mike Colter stars as Luke Cage, a former convict with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin who now fights crime and corruption. Simone Missick, Theo Rossi, Rosario Dawson, and Alfre Woodard also star, with Mahershala Ali and Erik LaRay Harvey joining them for season one, and Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis joining for season two. Development of the series began in late 2013. Colter was cast as Cage in December 2014, to appear in the series Jessica Jones before starring in his own series. Coker was hired as showrunner in March 2015, and focused on themes of race and black culture with a neo-blaxploitation, neo-Western tone. Filming for the series, which looked to replicate the unique culture and atmosphere of Harlem, took place in New York City. It features many musical guests as well as a \\\"'90s hip-hop\\\" score by Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad. The first season was released in its entirety on Netflix on September 30, 2016, followed by the second on June 22, 2018. They were met with positive reviews, and received numerous accolades including a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award. Following creative differences during the development of a third season, Netflix cancelled Luke Cage on October 19, 2018; all of the Marvel Netflix series were removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, after Disney regained the license for them. They began streaming on Disney+ from March 16. Premise When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city. After clearing his name, Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem, only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain. Cast and characters Main Mike Colter as Luke Cage: Former convict Carl Lucas was given superhuman strength and unbreakable skin, and now fights crime under the name Luke Cage. Colter portrayed the character differently in the series than he had previously in Jessica Jones, explaining, \\\"You're not always the same person around everyone you know ... you might not necessarily behave the same way around your mom that you would with your wife or your boss\\\". The character uses his signature catch phrase \\\"Sweet Christmas\\\" from the comics in the series, but sparingly, with the character often \\\"opting instead for pensive silence\\\"; composer Adrian Younge said, \\\"He's a black superhero, but he's a different type of black alpha male. He's not bombastic. You rarely see a modern\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Cage (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31641732\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Good Cop Bad Dog\\\" is the 22nd episode of the American comedy television series Modern Family's second season and the 46th episode overall. The episode originally aired on May 11, 2011, on American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was written by Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman and was guest directed by former child star Fred Savage. It guest starred Lin-Manuel Miranda as Guillermo, the Grocery Store worker who tries to convince Jay to invest with him. In the episode, Jay advises a dog trainer, while Phil and Claire switch parenting duties to the kids' chagrin. Mitchell has an extra Lady Gaga ticket when Cameron ends up sick. The episode introduces the Pritchetts' new dog that will appear for the rest of the season and for a majority of the third. \\\"Good Cop Bad Dog\\\" received positive reviews from critics with many praising Ty Burrell's performance. The episode was viewed by more than 10 million viewers and received a 4.2 rating/11% share in the 18–49 demographic, marking an 8 percent rise in the ratings from the previous episode, \\\"Mother's Day\\\". The episode was also the highest-rated scripted program of the original week it aired among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. Burrell eventually received an Emmy for his performance in the episode. Plot In the Dunphy household, Alex (Ariel Winter) and Haley (Sarah Hyland) are furious at Manny (Rico Rodriguez) and Luke (Nolan Gould) for barging into their room while they were changing. This leads to their mother, Claire (Julie Bowen) to yell at them, while their dad, Phil (Ty Burrell) attempts to push himself away from Claire's anger behind her back. Annoyed, Claire confronts Phil about how he always makes her play the 'bad cop' role in their family and keeps the 'good cop' role for himself. He reluctantly agrees to switch roles with her. Claire takes Manny and Luke go-karting (although Phil had been quite keen to go), while Phil has to stay and make the girls clean their bathroom. The go-karting goes horribly as Claire, whilst trying to be fun, crashes her kart into the boys, and pushes them into ordering large quantities of food. While driving home, Luke gets sick from drinking a milkshake he hadn't even wanted. At home, Phil goes berserk when the girls lie to him about cleaning the bathroom and jumps on their car to stop them from leaving. He then forces them to clean both their bathroom and his, under his direct supervision, whilst duct-taping their laptops shut. That evening, Phil and Claire admit that they cannot handle each other's natural parent roles, and agree to go back to normal. Meanwhile, Gloria (Sofía Vergara) wants to help a grocery-store worker, Guillermo (Lin-Manuel Miranda), so she convinces Jay (Ed O'Neill) to let Guillermo pitch him a business idea: a dog-training system labeled \\\"The Good-doggy / Bad-doggy Training System\\\", which consists of two sets of dog treats, one of them being bland and the other a tastier one with bacon. The pitch\",\n \"title\": \"Good Cop Bad Dog\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34937504\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Egg Drop\\\" is the 12th episode of the third season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 60th episode overall. It was aired on January 11, 2012. The episode was written by Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh and directed by Jason Winer. Plot Luke (Nolan Gould) and Manny (Rico Rodriguez) have a school project where they have to find a way of how to drop an egg from a certain height and it will not break. They both struggle with it and when Manny tells Jay (Ed O'Neill) that Luke is going to nail the project because he is sure Claire (Julie Bowen) will help him. Jay calls Claire to make sure that she will not help Luke because it will be unfair. Claire, who was not planning to help, becomes convinced that Jay is helping Manny, and resolves to help Luke with his project. Phil (Ty Burrell) has a seminar about real estate and he needs Haley (Sarah Hyland) and Claire's help. Claire steps out asking him to find someone else to help because she has to help Luke with his project. Phil calls Gloria (Sofía Vergara) who immediately accepts. They all go to the place where the presentation is going to happen and rehearse Phil's speech and what everyone has to do. Haley is given the job of announcing Phil and placing a prize card under a chair while Gloria is expected to ask a loaded question as part of Phil's sales pitch. After the rehearsal, Gloria and Haley ask Phil to let them go for mani-pedis since they have time before the actual presentation. As they come out of the salon, Gloria and Haley find their car has been towed. Back at the seminar, things go disastrously for Phil; he awkwardly announces himself to the stage, Haley had forgotten to put the red card under a seat and without Gloria to set him up Phil stumbles through his prepared speech. When they get back, Phil is angry with Haley and Gloria. When he seems to back off when Gloria takes the full blame, Gloria gets mad herself at Phil always thinking more highly of her than she deserves, telling him this is not how families act. Phil tells Gloria how much she disappointed and embarrassed him, allowing the two to work through their issues. Meanwhile, Cam (Eric Stonestreet) and Mitch (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) welcome at their home a potential birth mother named Lindsay (Zoe Jarman). Lindsay seems impressed with the two of them, especially when she discovers that Cam is a musician. She asks them to sing something for her and the baby and when they do Lindsay makes a comment about Mitch being a better singer than Cam, as well as agreeing to let Mitch and Cam become the fathers of her baby. Offended by the singing comment, Cam later tries to prove that he is a good singer by singing \\\"If You Leave Me Now\\\". After the song ends, however, Lindsay changes her\",\n \"title\": \"Egg Drop\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28583748\",\n \"text\": \"Sean Ringgold, (born November 3, 1977) is an American actor and former bodyguard. He is best known for his role as Shaun Evans on the ABC daytime drama One Life to Live, Junior on The Family Business and portraying Suge Knight in the Notorious B.I.G. biopic Notorious. He also had a cameo in American Gangster and the Smurfs movie. Previously, he has had parts in multiple hit television series such as CW television drama Gossip Girl and Ugly Betty. Ringgold also had featured roles in Orange is the New Black, Billions, the Netflix series, Luke Cage, as the gangster Sugar, and as Correctional Officer Huey Cornell on the ABC drama For Life. Early life Sean Ringgold was raised in Rockaway Beach, Queens, New York. For many years he was known as a New York State Arm Wrestling Champion. His fans may remember him as the, \\\"Rockaway Flash.\\\" When he wasn't working in the arm wrestling sector, Ringgold worked as a Protection Specialist for BET's 106 and Park. In 2009 after working with many A List celebrities, Ringgold decided to retire from the Body Guard industry and start his acting career. After being cast for the role of Shaun Evans, Ringgold got his break into acting on ABC's One Life To Live. Since then, he has had acting roles in numerous hit TV shows and Series including Netflix's Luke Cage, Billions, Orange Is the New Black, Shades of Blue, Gotham, Gossip Girl , multiple episodes of Law & Order and in multiple episodes of Lady in the Lake (TV series). Ringgold has also been featured in commercials for Budweiser, Burger King, Dr. Scholl's, Dunkin Donuts, Delta Airlines, Kia, Fiat 500 by Gucci, Pfizer Nexium, Nike, Time Warner Cable and Spike TV. Philanthropy Sitting on the Board of Directors, Ringgold works with the nonprofit organization Heartshare St. Vincent's, which provides training, employment, case management, individual and family support, as well as health care services, for children and adults with intellectual and developmental disorders. Ringgold has also lent his time and voice to support and speak on behalf of several other causes, including The Men's Health Summit for The Whittier Street Health Center, Get Reel with Your Dreams, The Island of Grenada, and Susan G. Komen for the Cure. References External links Sean Ringgold Official Website 1977 births African-American male actors American male film actors Male actors from Queens, New York American male soap opera actors American male television actors Living people 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people\",\n \"title\": \"Sean Ringgold\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59859526\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of supporting characters of Luke Cage and Iron Fist, appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Allies El Aguila – Mutant swashbuckler and costumed crime fighter. Noah Burstein – The scientist who gives Luke Cage his powers. Reva Connors - Reva Connors was friends with, and eventually started dating, Carl Lucas the man who would eventually become Luke Cage. Cage's former friend, Willis Stryker, was jealous of their romance and framed Cage with stolen drugs. When the Maggia came after Stryker, they inadvertently killed Connors. David \\\"D.W.\\\" Griffith – A theater owner and friend of Luke Cage. Jeryn Hogarth – Attorney and friend of Iron Fist's father. Jessica Jones – Wife and partner of Luke Cage Misty Knight – Frequent partner of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Lei Kung – Taught martial arts to Iron Fist. Joy Meachum – Blamed Iron Fist for the death of her father, and later became an ally of his. Claire Temple – Doctor and friend of Luke Cage. Colleen Wing – Frequent partner of Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Yu-Ti – Immortal lord of K'un-L'un. Family Esther Lucas - Esther Lucas is the wife of James Lucas and the mother of James Lucas Jr. and Carl, the latter of whom would grow up to become Luke Cage. Despite loving Carl, she and her husband were also disappointed in his continuous run ins with the law and were embarrassed about having to bail him out. Esther was killed by one of Carl's gang members causing James and James Jr. to blame him. James Lucas - The father of Luke Cage. Heather Rand - Heather Duncan was a young wealthy socialite who met and fell in love with the mysterious Wendell Rand. The two married and Heather gave birth to Danny who would grow up to become Iron Fist. Wendell convinced Heather to bring Danny on their trip to the Himalayas. While there Wendell's business partner, Harold Meachum, kills Wendell claiming that he did it out of his love for Heather. Heather was sickened by his actions and was left for dead with Danny. While the two continued to venture towards K'un-L'un, they were attacked by a wolf pack with one of the wolves later becoming Ferocia. With nothing left to lose, Heather threw herself at the pack to save Danny giving up her life in the process. Heather found herself in Feng-Tu, the K'un-L'un afterlife. Startled by the realization that her husband was not from Earth, Heather fled until she found herself confronted by Dhasha Khan who transformed her into the Silver Dragon and was forced to fight her now grown up son. When Danny realized he was fighting his mother, Heather resisted and was incinerated by Khan. Later, Danny was able to free her mother's soul from Khan and she returned to Feng-Tu Later when Danny was on death's door, he is reunited with his parents who inform him that his time is not up and that they\",\n \"title\": \"List of Luke Cage and Iron Fist supporting characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7109072\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Every Man for Himself\\\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American drama television series Lost, and the 53rd episode overall. It was directed by Stephen Williams and written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. It first aired on ABC in the United States on October 25, 2006. The character of Sawyer (Josh Holloway) is featured in the episode's flashbacks; on the island, his rebellious attitude causes Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) and the Others to conjure a plan to keep him in check. \\\"Every Man for Himself\\\" was intended to show how Ben was a character that could manipulate even the best confidence man on the island, and if Sawyer could care for another person, as Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) is making her attempts to escape captivity. When the episode first aired, it was watched by 17.09 million American viewers. Reviews were polarized; some critics praised the writing and the cliffhanger ending, while others deemed the episode repetitive and the \\\"outright stinker\\\" of season 3's early episodes. Plot Flashbacks Sawyer is in prison, trying to befriend Munson (Ian Gomez), a man who has hidden ten million dollars. He warns Munson that the warden (Bill Duke) is trying to con him out of his money. Eventually, Munson, worried that his wife will find where he has hidden the money, enlists Sawyer's help in moving the stash. Sawyer then reveals this information to the warden in exchange for a reduced sentence and a part of the money, which he puts in a bank account for Clementine Phillips, a baby that previous con victim Cassidy Phillips (Kim Dickens) has told him is his daughter. The warden sarcastically congratulates Sawyer on lying and cheating his way out of prison. At Hydra Island As Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) and Sawyer watch, the Others carry a critically injured Colleen (Paula Malcomson), who was shot by Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) the night before. Sawyer realizes that the injury was inflicted by someone back at camp, and then devises a plan to break out from the cage; he intends to electrocute an off-guard Danny Pickett (Michael Bowen) using a puddle he created outside his cage. However, Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) overhears him via surveillance and switches off the electricity prior to visiting him. When Sawyer attempts to carry out his plan, Ben knocks him unconscious and has him carried into the Hydra station. Sawyer wakes up to find himself strapped to a table, where Ben, Tom (M. C. Gainey) and two other Others watch over him. Sawyer is gagged before having a large hypodermic needle inserted into his chest. When Sawyer awakens, Ben and Tom come in, Tom carrying a rabbit in a cage; he shakes the cage vigorously, causing the rabbit to suddenly collapse, presumably dead. Ben informs Sawyer that they fitted him, like the rabbit, with a modified pacemaker; should his heart rate reach 140, his heart would explode. Ben threatens to implant one in Kate if Sawyer should tell her of his\",\n \"title\": \"Every Man for Himself (Lost)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20365813\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Benson is an American comic book and television writer and showrunner. Career Benson worked as a writer and co-executive producer on The Bernie Mac Show and Entourage with his writing and producing partner Marc Abrams. In 2006, Benson and Abrams founded their own production company Catapult 360, which signed a two-year deal with Universal Media Studios to develop and produce drama, comedy and reality programming. In 2009, the company was reported to produce Scar Tissue with Anthony Kiedis for HBO, based on the book of the same name. Benson has also written for comics, where his credits include short stories about Punisher, Wolverine and Shang-Chi, a year-long run on Moon Knight, and a Luke Cage mini-series for the Marvel Noir line. Filmography Local Heroes (1996) The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer (1998) Big Wolf on Campus (2000) The Bernie Mac Show (2001–2006) Entourage: \\\"One Day in the Valley\\\" (2006) \\\"Strange Days\\\" (2006) \\\"Manic Monday\\\" (2007) Bibliography Marvel Comics The Punisher vol. 7 Annual #1: \\\"The Hunted\\\" (with Laurence Campbell, Marvel MAX, 2007) collected in Punisher MAX: The Complete Collection Volume 5 (tpb, 504 pages, 2017, ) Moon Knight vol. 2 (with issues #14–19 scripted by Benson from plots by Charlie Huston; art by Javier Saltares, Mark Texeira, Mike Deodato Jr. (#20) and Jefte Palo (#26–30), 2008–2009) collected as: God and Country (collects #14–20, hc, 184 pages, 2008, ; tpb, 2008, ) The Death of Marc Spector (collects #21–25, hc, 152 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, ) Down South (collects #26–30, hc, 120 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, ) Moon Knight by Huston, Benson and Hurwitz Omnibus (includes #14–30, hc, 1,184 pages, 2022, ) Wolverine: Chop Shop (with Roland Boschi, one-shot, 2009) collected in Wolverine: Flies to a Spider (tpb, 112 pages, 2009, ) Deadpool: Deadpool: Suicide Kings (hc, 152 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, ) collects: Deadpool: Games of Death (with Shawn Crystal, one-shot, 2009) Deadpool: Suicide Kings #1–5 (with Carlo Barberi; issues #3–5 are co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, 2009) Deadpool vol. 2 #900: \\\"Shrunken Master\\\" (with Damion Scott, co-feature, 2009) collected in Deadpool: Dead Head Redemption (tpb, 240 pages, 2011, ) Deadpool Team-Up #898: \\\"Bring Me the Head of Mickey Dobbs\\\" (with Carlo Barberi, 2009) collected in Deadpool Team-Up: Good Buddies (hc, 176 pages, 2010, ; tpb, 2010, ) Deadpool Pulp #1–4 (co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, art by Laurence Campbell, 2010–2011) collected as Deadpool Pulp (hc, 112 pages, 2011, ; tpb, 2011, ) Luke Cage: Luke Cage Noir #1–4 (co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, art by Shawn Martinbrough, 2009–2010) collected as Luke Cage Noir (hc, 112 pages, 2010, ; tpb, 2010, ) Avengers Origins: Luke Cage (co-written by Benson and Adam Glass, art by Dalibor Talajić, one-shot, 2012) collected in Avengers: Mythos (hc, 208 pages, 2012, ; tpb, 2013, ) Shang-Chi: Shang-Chi, Master of Kung Fu: Black and White: \\\"Once Upon a Time in Wan Chai\\\" (with Tomm Coker and C. P. Smith, anthology one-shot, 2009) Deadly Hands of Kung Fu vol. 2\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Benson (screenwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52153124\",\n \"text\": \"David \\\"D.W.\\\" Griffith is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is depicted as an ally of Luke Cage. The character was portrayed by Jeremiah Richard Craft in the television series Luke Cage set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Publication history The character, created by Archie Goodwin and George Tuska, first appeared in Hero for Hire #2 (Aug. 1972). Fictional character biography He operated the Gem Theater and rented out a room for Luke Cage when he needed a place to stay. Despite the theater being a constant source of destruction, Griffith remained a faithful friend to Cage mostly because he considered him his only friend. Griffith was also a film student and wanted to produce his own production company. When it seemed that he was going nowhere, Griffith attempted to commit suicide, but a mysterious stranger, implied to be Moon Knight, convinced him not to do himself in and be happy. His theater was used a base for the Mighty Avengers. In other media Dave Griffith makes a recurring appearance on Luke Cage played by Jeremiah Richard Craft. He is black, as opposed to Caucasian like in the comics, and is usually seen on the streets attempting to sell bootleg recordings of \\\"The Incident\\\". Cage approached him on the street and asked that he use his eyes to inform him about the goings on. Despite some reluctance, Dave gave in, acting as an informant. He appears in the episode \\\"You Know My Steez\\\", filming the street fight between Cage and Willis Stryker. He returns in season 2 where he has set up a Luke Cage merchandise store within Pop's Barber Shop, much to Cage and Bobby Fish's chagrin. He follows Cage around by using the Harlem's Hero app and films his many exploits. Following Cage's defeat at the hands of Bushmaster, Griffith begins selling tapes of the fight, despite still admitting support for Cage. Griffith is also present when Danny Rand arrives to visit Cage and he even gets to see him briefly use his powers. While at a party, Griffith and his girlfriend Aisha Axton witness two friends of theirs reacting violently to a drug labeled 'Bushmaster' and inform Cage. When Cage makes a bid to act as the \\\"sheriff\\\" of Harlem, Griffith voices his concern. He ultimately decides to use the money he earned from his Luke Cage gift shop to buy Pop's Barber Shop stating that Harlem needs a Switzerland. He is last seen putting a \\\"Help Wanted\\\" sign up on the window. References External links David Griffith at the Comic Book DB Characters created by Archie Goodwin (comics) Characters created by George Tuska Comics characters introduced in 1972 Luke Cage\",\n \"title\": \"David Griffith (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51959374\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin \\\"Big Ben\\\" Donovan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Depending on his appearance in the comics, he can be depicted as either a lawyer or a criminal who has appeared in the comics that starred Daredevil and Luke Cage. Donovan was portrayed by Danny Johnson in the Marvel Television series Daredevil and Luke Cage, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Publication history Big Ben Donovan first appeared in Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #14 and was created by Steve Engelhart and Billy Graham. Fictional character biography Big Ben Donovan is a large man and a lawyer that is close to in height. Mrs. Jenks hired him to settle the last of Mr. Jenks' affairs. When Mrs. Jenks would be giving Big Ben Donovan the payoff, he drunkly went after Mrs. Jenks who ran to the office of Luke Cage. This led to a fight between Luke Cage and Big Ben Donovan which ended with Big Ben Donovan surrendering upon the misunderstanding being cleared up. Big Ben Donovan agreed to help Luke Cage out in any way. Big Ben Donovan later witnessed Mrs. Jenks' confession of killing a reporter named Phil Fox (who was actually killed by Billy Bob Rackham). He then informed Luke Cage about Mrs. Jenks' confession before she died. Big Ben Donovan acted as Claire Temple's lawyer in order to clear her of the murder charge. He then continued working as Luke Cage's lawyer until he started working with Jeryn Hogarth. Big Ben Donovan had a brother named Paul who just became the leader of the Thunderbolts Gang where they made the mistake of fighting the Maggia for control of their turf. After his brother was killed in prison by operatives of the Maggia, Big Ben Donovan's sanity broke where he vowed vengeance on those responsible starting with Assistant District Attorney William Carver's brother Lonnie. During the struggle with William Carver, a sniper tried to shoot them at Lonnie Carver's funeral only to end up orchestrating the event that turned Bill Carver into Thunderbolt. Then Big Ben Donovan hijacked a Maggia shipment that was under the supervision of Caesar Cicero. When Big Ben Donovan turned to Luke Cage for help, they defeated Caesar Cicero's men before being defeated by Man Mountain Marko who brought them to Caesar Cicero. Before Caesar Cicero's men could bury Luke Cage alive, Iron Fist and Thunderbolt arrived to help Luke Cage and Big Ben Donovan. Upon Thunderbolt realizing that Big Ben Donovan had Lonnie Carver killed, Thunderbolt removed his mask and advanced towards Big Ben Donovan as Luke Cage emerged from the ground to intervene. Before Thunderbolt died of his powers' side effects that aged him to an old man, he was happy that he now knows who killed his brother. Big Ben Donovan later came under the employ of Tombstone at the time when Tombstone was working for the Serbian Black Maria Gang. When the \\\"Marvel Knights\\\" investigated the criminal activity, Tombstone sent\",\n \"title\": \"Big Ben Donovan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1614892\",\n \"text\": \"Three characters have taken the moniker of the supervillain Chemistro appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Curtis Carr version of Chemistro first appeared in Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #12 and was created by writer Steve Englehart and artist George Tuska. The Archibald Morton version of Chemistro first appeared in Power Man #37 and was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Ron Wilson. The Calvin Carr version of Chemistro first appeared in Power Man and Iron Fist #93 and was created by writer Kurt Busiek and artist Ernie Chan. Fictional character biography Curtis Carr Curtis Carr was born in Kansas City, Kansas. While working as a chemist and research scientist for Mainstream Motors, he created an \\\"alchemy gun\\\" capable of transmuting matter from one form to another by an unknown process. Company president Horace Claymore was impressed until Curtis voiced his intent to keep the device. Claymore argued that since the gun was made on company time, it belonged to Mainstream. When Claymore fired him, Curtis adopted the persona of Chemistro to gain revenge and to extort his former employers. In combat with Luke Cage, Chemistro accidentally fired his alchemy gun at his right foot, turning it to steel and eventually disintegrating it due to the unstable nature of the transmutation. Carr was turned over to the police, and in prison was beaten by his cellmate Arch Morton into revealing how the alchemy gun worked. Morton took on the Chemistro persona, and Carr invented a \\\"nullifier\\\" device which enabled Cage to defeat Morton. Curtis's alchemy gun was later stolen by his younger brother Calvin, who became the third Chemistro. Curtis aided Cage and Iron Fist in defeating Calvin. Later, Curtis came to work at a division of Stark Enterprises as a research scientist and Director of Research and Development at Stark Prosthetics in Denver, Colorado, creating a prosthesis to replace his missing foot. Stark Prosthetics ended up attacked by the Wrecker during the \\\"Acts of Vengeance\\\" storyline when the Kingpin sent him to attack Iron Man. Curtis aided Iron Man and Jim Rhodes against the Wrecker and Calvin, although Calvin destroyed Curtis' left foot, forcing him to build another prostheses. Archibald Morton Archibald \\\"Arch\\\" Morton was born in Sheridan, Wyoming, and became a professional criminal and was sent to prison. He forced Curtis Carr to reveal the secret of his alchemy gun while they were cellmates. Upon leaving prison, Morton attempted to replicate the alchemy gun, but it exploded in his hand, granting him superhuman powers and enabling him to transmute substances via touch. He battled Luke Cage on behalf of the Baron. Morton was ultimately apprehended, thanks in large part to the help of the original Chemistro. Calvin Carr Curtis' younger brother Calvin Carr stole the alchemy gun and took the Chemistro name. He embarked on a criminal career and battled Luke Cage and Iron Fist. Curtis intervened, and helped the heroes foil his brother's plans. Calvin's alchemy gun was turned into\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistro\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1826591\",\n \"text\": \"Our Little Corner of the World: Music from Gilmore Girls is a 2002 soundtrack release from Rhino Records for The WB's Gilmore Girls. The album is a combination of selections from the score composed by Sam Phillips and the music of other musicians heard, mostly, during the first two seasons of the show. Also included on the album is the new version of \\\"Where You Lead\\\" by Carole King and her daughter Louise Goffin, a snippet of which serves as the theme song for the show. The album was originally scheduled for release on September 24, 2002 to coincide with the premiere of the third season however it was delayed for one week, until October 1, 2002. In her review of the album, Heather Phares of Allmusic said, \\\"Our Little Corner of the World is almost too good to be true, and one of the best television soundtracks released in recent memory.\\\" Noel Holston of the Long Island, New York newspaper Newsday found that for the selection of rock-pop songs, \\\"It's not appreciably better than the new Scrubs CD or the 1999 companion to Felicity\\\" however with the interspersed compositions from Sam Philips, \\\"It knits together like a bright teen's daydream.\\\" Mary Jacobi of The Village Voice noted that, \\\"Many tunes recall Rory's early romance with the reliable Dean and the confusion inspired by his bad-boy rival, Jess.\\\" Jacobi concluded by noting that, \\\"The Palladinos remember the first kiss, and they know how important it is to get the music right this time.\\\" Track listing \\\"Waltz #1 (Cue)\\\" – Sam Phillips (0:14) \\\"What a Wonderful World\\\" – Joey Ramone (2:21) Season 2, Episode 15, \\\"Lost and Found\\\"; plays when Luke knocks a hole in his apartment wall for Jess to have his own room. \\\"Child Psychology\\\" – Black Box Recorder (4:05) Season 1, Episode 19, \\\"Emily in Wonderland\\\"; the song Lane brings over that Rory likes because it makes her feel gloomy. \\\"Know Your Onion!\\\" – The Shins (2:27) Season 2, Episode 7, \\\"Like Mother, Like Daughter\\\"; the song Rory was listening to at lunch during the start of the episode when the Chilton guidance counselor interrupts her. \\\"I Found Love\\\" – The Free Design (2:40) Season 2, Episode 1, \\\"Sadie, Sadie\\\"; plays as the start as the Gilmore Girls walk around Stars Hollow where everybody has one of Lorelai's thousand daisies. \\\"Car Song\\\" – Elastica (2:25) Season 2, Episode 19, \\\"Teach Me Tonight\\\"; plays right before the Jess and Rory get into the car accident. \\\"Oh My Love\\\" – John Lennon (2:41) Season 1, Episode 16, \\\"Star-Crossed Lovers and Other Strangers\\\"; the song is playing when Dean tells Rory \\\"I love you\\\" and she says nothing. \\\"Getting Married (Cue)\\\" – Sam Phillips (0:29) \\\"Where You Lead I Will Follow\\\" – Carole King & daughter Louise Goffin (3:26) The theme song for the series. \\\"Clear Spot\\\" – the Pernice Brothers (2:20) At the time of the album release, had not yet been played on the show, but the group did\",\n \"title\": \"Our Little Corner of the World: Music from Gilmore Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29589647\",\n \"text\": \"Unbearable is the fifth in a series of collections of short stories by Australian author Paul Jennings. It was first released in 1990. Half of season 2 of Round The Twist were adaptions of the short stories in this book. The stories Licked A boy who has bad table manners is often criticised by his father during meals. But when a visitor comes for tea, the father has made a promise not to talk about his son's faults, despite the fact that his son tries to make him crack and performs them in the worst ways possible. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist, was one of two adaptions to be combined into one episode. Little Black Balls A girl tells her mother the story of how she helped one of her friends, who is called the \\\"paper-man\\\" and likes watching the clouds and has many animals for friends, with an operation, and how she lost one of his jewels to a goat. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist, was one of two adaptions to be combined into one episode. Only Gilt A boy goes to school wearing a bird cage on his head. He explains to his teacher that it is a self-imposed punishment because he blames himself for the murder of his girlfriend's budgerigar, only to find out that the budgerigar had already died before the boy's dog played around with it. The only short story from this book not to be adapted into an episode of Round the Twist. Next Time Around A boy gains the ability to hypnotise chickens. He later tries it on his best friend, then takes it to the next level by making his best friend remember his past life, but with disastrous consequences. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist. Nails A boy gets stranded on an island with his father. But he has three other problems: one, he has never seen his mother; two, he is forced to watch his father die; and three, he has nails growing all over him. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist. Yuggles A boy enters a mushroom-picking competition to win a large Easter egg for his sick little sister. But all his mushrooms except one get stolen, and that one mushroom has the ability to change shape and scare off mean people. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist. Grandad's Gifts A boy finds a dead fox in a cupboard in his bedroom. But when he gets a call to pick lemons from his lemon tree and give them to the fox, it seems to come back to life. Was later adapted as an episode of Round The Twist, and also re-published as a picture book with added illustrations. Smelly Feat A boy who has no sense of smell decides to wear his socks for three straight months, believing that doing so will cause nearby people to fall\",\n \"title\": \"Unbearable (short story collection)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53661921\",\n \"text\": \"Instant Hotel is an Australian reality television series which began airing on the Seven Network on 7 November 2017. The series follows homeowners who have transformed their homes into hotels and are individually judged by each other to receive the highest scores with the winner to win an ultimate prize. The series is produced by the creators of Seven reality shows My Kitchen Rules and House Rules and the first season was hosted by Luke Jacobz. In November 2017, the series was renewed for a second season which aired in 2019. In December 2018, Seven announced Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen would replace Luke Jacobz as host in 2019. The second season aired on 11 February 2019. Netflix distributed the show internationally between 2018 and 2023. Format changes The first season contained two groups of five with the highest from each group going head to head in the grand final. The second season contained only four pairs of contestants with the highest two teams going head to head in the grand final. The prize for the first season was an all-expense-paid stay at a Californian Instant Hotel. The prize for the second season was $100,000. Series details Season 1 Teams Season One Details Instant Hotel Rounds Over two rounds, each team scored each other out of ten based on the house, location/nearby attractions, value for money, and quality of a good night's sleep. Series judge, Juliet Ashworth, also scored each team out of ten based on the quality of the house. In a twist, the hotel owners also scored the contestants overall on their stay as houseguests, which also went towards their final scores. The team that scored the highest at the end of each round went to the Grand Final. Round 1 Episodes 1 to 5 Air date — 7 to 14 November Description — The first of the two instant hotel groups are introduced into the competition in Round 1. The highest scoring team at the end of this round will go through to Grand Final. Round 2 Episodes 6 to 10 Air date — 15 to 27 November Description — The second of the two instant hotel groups are introduced into the competition in Round 2. The highest scoring team at the end of this round will go through to Grand Final. Grand Final Episodes 11 & 12 Air date — 28 to 29 November Description — Four eliminated contestants (two from each round) and the opposite grand finalist each stay at the house of one of the grand finalist. Each grand finalist made changes to their homes based on the comments from contestants in their round. The teams voted as a group on each criterion, being the value for money (VFM), location (L), night's sleep (NS), and the house (H). Juliet however did not score of night's sleep, instead scoring on how well they changed their home (CTH). The team that scored the highest were announced as the winners and received an all-expense-paid stay at an instant hotel in\",\n \"title\": \"Instant Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52269720\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"We Are Number One\\\" is a song from the English-language Icelandic children's television series LazyTown, composed by Máni Svavarsson. The song was featured in the twelfth episode of the show's fourth season, entitled \\\"Robbie's Dream Team\\\", which is the 76th episode overall. While the song was released in 2014, the song gained significant online popularity in late 2016 and became common among internet memes and comical remixes, especially in support of the lead singer, Stefán Karl Stefánsson (Robbie Rotten), who had been diagnosed with bile duct cancer and died on 21 August 2018. Music video The music video is composed of clips from the LazyTown episode \\\"Robbie's Dream Team\\\". Robbie Rotten, the primary antagonist of LazyTown, attempts to teach his \\\"dream team\\\" of villainous accomplices (three fictional doppelgänger actors for children's parties, named Bobbie, Tobbie, and Flobbie Rotten) how to successfully catch a superhero, specifically Sportacus. Robbie demonstrates different methods to his team: an overhead cage attached to a tree, a trapping pit, a large butterfly net, a false apple containing enough sugar to render the sugar-averse Sportacus unconscious, a somewhat small fishing net, and banana peels intended to cause Sportacus to slip while running. Almost all methods backfire, resulting in either Robbie or his team falling into the traps. The sugar apple is an effective trick, successfully fainting Sportacus and giving Robbie and his team a chance to put him in a portable cage. Robbie's three teammates relocate the trapped Sportacus to Robbie's underground headquarters while Robbie stays on the surface to set up a cannon, revealed in the full episode to be the way Robbie intends to run Sportacus out of town. His plans are thwarted when Stephanie and Stingy open the base's periscope and use its cylindrical interior to transport a real apple to Sportacus. The apple rolls towards the cage undetected by the now-sleeping Bobbie, Tobbie, and Flobbie. Sportacus regains consciousness, eats the apple, and regains his power lost to the sugar apple. He then uses his reclaimed strength to break free from the cage and coax his three captors to play sports with him on the surface of LazyTown. Robbie watches as his previous companions play sports with Sportacus. Outraged, he walks towards them and kicks a bucket, which hits and triggers Robbie's cannon, blasting him away from the scene on the cannonball. The video ends with Bobbie, Tobbie, and Flobbie accidentally falling into the trapping pit constructed to capture Sportacus, reinforcing for a final time the clumsiness of the team. The music video was officially uploaded on Lazy Town YouTube channel on 25 July 2015, and has gained more than 153 million views as of January 2024. History The song originally had the working title called \\\"Villain Number One\\\" before it was changed to \\\"We Are Number One\\\". During production there were many lyrics that were cut from the final version. These lyrics first surfaced to the public when it was revealed by Máni during the live stream that Stefán held on Facebook on\",\n \"title\": \"We Are Number One\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43954597\",\n \"text\": \"Too Bright is the third album by American singer Perfume Genius, released on September 23, 2014. The album reached number 77 on the UK Albums chart and peaked at number 83 in the United States. Critical reception Too Bright has received critical acclaim. Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, gave the album an average score of 87, which indicates \\\"universal acclaim\\\". Brandon Stosuy of Pitchfork gave the album a very positive review, stating, \\\"A huge part of what makes the work so strong is the generous human spirit that bleeds into it, and Too Bright is the best example to date of the lengths he goes to confront his fears and demons. These songs feel less like songs and more like treasures, ones that fill you with power and wisdom, and as a result, Too Bright seems capable of resonating with, comforting, and moving anyone who's ever felt alienated, discriminated against, or \\\"other-ized,\\\" regardless of sexual orientation.\\\" The album was given a score of 8.5 and was titled Best New Music. Artwork The album artwork was shot by Luke Gilford and it showcases an androgynous Perfume Genius. It would encompass a bold and proud theme throughout Too Bright. Conception and development In an interview for Refinery29, Perfume Genius said, \\\"I don’t know, for a long time I had been kind of constantly seeking reassurance and acceptance all over the place, and wanting to be taken seriously but waiting for someone else to do it for me, do you know what I mean?.” He explains that this was a more serious approach to making this album. Too Bright further explores topics on sexuality, empowerment, and queer identity. Track listing Personnel Main personnel Mike Hadreas – vocals, piano (1, 4, 6, 10), synth (3, 7, 9, 10), keyboards (2, 8), gong (5), handclaps (8), wurlitzer (11), composer, additional recording Adrian Utley – synth (2, 3, 5, 7, 8), bass guitar (2, 3, 5, 11), guitar (1, 11), winebox (5), fuzz bass (7), handclaps (8), engineer, mixing, producer Alan Wyffels – synth (3, 4, 8, 10), keyboards (2, 5), piano (6) Jim Barr – double bass (3, 4, 6) Herve Becart – drums (3, 5, 8) Ross Hughes – bass clarinet (3, 4, 10), saxophone (7) John Parish – drums (2, 7, 8, 11), shaker (5) Additional personnel Greg Calbi – mastering Ali Chant – engineer, mixing, producer, handclaps (8) Alison Fielding – design Luke Gilford – photography Charts Pop culture \\\"Too Bright\\\" was featured on the ABC legal drama How to Get Away with Murder's second season finale. \\\"Queen\\\" was featured in the season one episode \\\"eps1.3_da3m0ns.mp4\\\" and season four episode \\\"Hello, Elliot\\\" of the USA Network television series Mr. Robot. \\\"Queen\\\" was featured on the Hulu television series The Great in the season two episode titled \\\"Heads It's Me\\\". \\\"Queen\\\" was also featured as the closing song for HBO series \\\"Vice Principals\\\" Season 2 episode \\\"Think Change\\\". References 2014 albums Perfume Genius albums Matador\",\n \"title\": \"Too Bright\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52011683\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of the American science fiction western television series Westworld (subtitled The Door) premiered on HBO on April 22, 2018, and concluded on June 24, 2018, consisting of ten episodes. The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name, written and directed by Michael Crichton. The second season stars an ensemble cast led by Evan Rachel Wood, Thandiwe Newton, Jeffrey Wright, James Marsden, Tessa Thompson, and Ed Harris. The second season has received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for the performances. However, it received criticism for its plot, which was said to be confusing. Plot summary After killing Dr. Ford at the end of season one, Dolores converts and leads the other hosts in killing many of the other guests in the few weeks that follow. She seeks to find a way to get out of the park to continue her revenge, and knows she must recover her father Peter's \\\"pearl\\\" to do so and unlock Westworld's true secrets with it. Charlotte Hale, who was attempting to smuggle Westworld data through Peter, also seeks the host as she cannot call for extraction without that data. Bernard still struggles with the fact he is a host, and comes to learn that Dr. Ford still has significant influence on him and the park. Maeve is aided by Lee and Hector to find her daughter, while learning there are many other parks to Westworld. The Man in Black is forced to come to terms with why he has spent so much time in the park when he encounters his daughter Emily Grace. Cast and characters Main Evan Rachel Wood as Dolores Abernathy Thandiwe Newton as Maeve Millay Jeffrey Wright as Bernard Lowe / Arnold Weber James Marsden as Theodore \\\"Teddy\\\" Flood Tessa Thompson as Charlotte Hale Fares Fares as Antoine Costa Luke Hemsworth as Ashley Stubbs Louis Herthum as Peter Abernathy Simon Quarterman as Lee Sizemore Talulah Riley as Angela Rodrigo Santoro as Hector Escaton Gustaf Skarsgård as Karl Strand Ed Harris as William the Man in Black Ingrid Bolsø Berdal as Armistice Clifton Collins Jr. as Lawrence Gonzales Angela Sarafyan as Clementine Pennyfeather Katja Herbers as Emily Grace Shannon Woodward as Elsie Hughes Anthony Hopkins as Robert Ford Zahn McClarnon as Akecheta Recurring Betty Gabriel as Maling Jasmyn Rae as Maeve's Daughter Jimmi Simpson as young William Ben Barnes as Logan Delos / The Forge Peter Mullan as James Delos Jonathan Tucker as Major Craddock Izabella Alvarez as Lawrence's Daughter / Robert Ford Patrick Cage as Phil Leonardo Nam as Felix Lutz Ptolemy Slocum as Sylvester Martin Sensmeier as Wanahton Tao Okamoto as Hanaryo Rebecca Henderson as Goldberg Aaron Fili as Roland Guest Steven Ogg as Rebus Christopher May as Blaine Bellamy David Midthunder as Takoda Oliver Bell as Little Boy / Robert Ford Giancarlo Esposito as New El Lazo / Robert Ford Paul Riley Fox as young Robert Ford Neil Jackson as Nicholas\",\n \"title\": \"Westworld season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68862021\",\n \"text\": \"Hard Times 2 was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). It took place on December 4, 2021, in Atlanta, Georgia, at the GPB Studios. It is the second event in the Hard Times chronology. Production Storylines The event featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The sixth season of the NWA's weekly flagship program, Power, featured storylines leading up to the event. For weeks, Melina has been lobbying to get a match for the NWA World Women's Championship against Kamille. After many denials and sneak attacks, Melina won a three-way match on the October 26 EmPowerrr edition of Power, defeating Chelsea Green and Kylie Rae to earn her title match with Kamille at Hard Times. After Austin Idol cost him an NWA World Television Championship #1 contender's match, Cyon, the NWA's masked mystery man, continued to demand a title match against Idol's main charge Tyrus. On October 27, it was officially announced that Tyrus will defend the television title against Cyon, using his title shot he earned by being on the winning team of the Champions Series, at Hard Times. On November 19, when NWA President Billy Corgan was running down the card for Hard Times, he revealed Tyrus request the match have no time limit and no disqualifications. To help balance this out, Corgan instilled The Pope - who Tyrus defeated to win the championship - as special guest referee. Since the September 7 episode of Power, an NWA World Tag Team Championship Eliminator tournament has been taking place, with the winners getting a shot against champions La Rebelión (Bestia 666 and Mecha Wolf 450) at Hard Times. The finals will take place on the November 16 episode of PowerrrSurge, where The End (Odinson and Parrow) defeated Hawx Aerie (Luke Hawx and PJ Hawx) to advance to Hard Times. After By Any Means Necessary, NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Trevor Murdoch was having a fan photo shoot inside a steel cage. However, the session was soon interrupted when Mike Knox appeared and attacked Murdoch, locking him and himself in the cage before battering Murdoch with a steel chair. He later would hold up the title over a crowd of wrestlers and Billy Corgan, making his title intentions clear. On November 11, Knox sent in a video, not seeing Murdoch as a true champion and that he's not half the man that his mentor Harley Race ever was. He eventually announced that he would make an appearance at Hard Times. Two days later, Murdoch sent a response to Knox, and demanded Billy Corgan and the NWA Board of Directors make a title match between him and Knox at Hard Times. The match would finally be set by the NWA on November 15 for the main event of Hard Times. At NWA 73, Judais\",\n \"title\": \"NWA Hard Times 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51061352\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"O Brother Where Art Thou?\\\" is the 9th episode and midseason finale of the paranormal drama television series Supernaturals season 11, and the 227th overall. The episode was written by Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner and directed by Robert Singer. It was first broadcast on December 9, 2015, on The CW. In the episode, Sam decides to go with Crowley to Hell to face Lucifer in the Cage for answers about the Darkness while Dean meets with Amara, who is unleashing her power upon the world. The episode received positive reviews with critics praising the shocking ending but some noted God's absence. Plot Amara (Emily Swallow) kills a group of preachers in a park in an attempt to lure God. Sam (Jared Padalecki) is still trying to convince Dean (Jensen Ackles) to return to the Cage, stating that he can know how to kill the Darkness. They contact Crowley (Mark A. Sheppard) who may know how to enter. He decides to use a spell from the Book of the Damned as a way to neutralize Lucifer from leaving the Cage. He captures Rowena (Ruth Connell) so she can translate it with their supervision. Dean investigates the killings and deduces Amara is responsible. While walking through a park, Dean encounters Amara. She transports them to an isolated land where they talk and she states that she killed the preachers so God could face her. Sam, Crowley and Rowena go through Hell, reaching the Cage point. Rowena prepares a ritual and the Cage emerges from the dark, revealing Lucifer (Mark Pellegrino) inside. He seems to be an expert about the Darkness and knows how to stop it, but only if Sam accepts to be his vessel again. Meanwhile, Dean attempts to kill Amara with the angel blade onto her but it shatters. Amara says he can't resist and they kiss. Soon, low-level angels arrive to escort Amara to Heaven for trial, otherwise, the angels in Heaven will unleash a powerful thunder. She kills all of them and transports Dean back to the park as the angels release the thunder onto her. In Hell, the Cage begins to lose the effect of the spell and Sam is immediately transported to the Cage. While Crowley stares in shock and confusion, Rowena tells them they need to leave. Lucifer reveals to Sam that he was in fact the one who gave him the visions and all the messages, not God. It was just a way to bring him to the Cage as the only way out is being his vessel. Reception Viewers The episode was watched by 1.90 million viewers with a 0.7/2 share among adults aged 18 to 49. This was a 5% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.00 million viewers from a 0.9/3 share in the 18-49 demographics. 0.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 2 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. Supernatural ranked as the second most\",\n \"title\": \"O Brother Where Art Thou? (Supernatural)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27621733\",\n \"text\": \"Caffe Reggio is a New York City coffeehouse first opened in 1927 at 119 Macdougal Street in the heart of Manhattan's Greenwich Village. Italian cappuccino was introduced in America by the founder of Caffe Reggio, Domenico Parisi, in the early 1920s. Inside the cafe, against the back wall, there is still the original espresso machine, made in 1902, that Domenico Parisi bought with his savings when he opened the cafe in 1927. This cafe was also one of the first American cafes to sell a cappuccino. The Caffe Reggio has been featured in many movies, including The Godfather Part II, Next Stop, Greenwich Village, The Kremlin Letter, Shaft, Serpico, The Next Man, In Good Company, Inside Llewyn Davis, The Sun Is Also a Star and others. Caffe Reggio is mentioned in the Luke Cage season 2 episode \\\"They Reminisce Over You\\\". Many celebrities have been spotted or photographed in this location. In 1959, presidential hopeful John F. Kennedy made a speech outside the coffee shop. In 2010, the cafe was honored with a Village Award by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation for its status as a beloved and essential part of the neighborhood. Caffe Reggio has a bench from a palazzo of the Florentine Medici family of Renaissance fame. The bench is not roped off and guests can sit on it and admire a painting from an artist of the school of Caravaggio. References External links \\\"Photos: Visiting Caffe Reggio, A Timeless Classic In A Changing Greenwich Village\\\" by Jen Carlson, Gothamist, December 8, 2014 Caffee Reggio in films; a photo of Al Pacino at Caffe Reggio by Annie Leibovitz Coffeehouses and cafés in Manhattan 1927 establishments in New York City Espresso Drinking establishments in Greenwich Village Italian-American culture in New York City\",\n \"title\": \"Caffe Reggio\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4690987\",\n \"text\": \"Jason Von Flue (born August 1, 1975) is a former American mixed martial artist who appeared on the second season of The Ultimate Fighter. A professional competitor since 1999, he has competed for the UFC, WEC, Strikeforce and King of the Cage. In 2006, at UFC Ultimate Fight Night 3 against Alex Karalexis, Von Flue successfully applied a unique submission move to counter the guillotine choke that is now commonly referred to as the Von Flue choke. Additionally, since 2017, the \\\"Von Flue choke\\\" has occasionally been referred to as the \\\"Von Preux Choke\\\", due to its usage by Ovince Saint Preux. Mixed martial arts career Early career Von Flue made his professional MMA debut in June 1999, fighting and winning three times in one night on the International Fighting Championships WC 3: Warriors Challenge 3 show. Over the next six years, he amassed a record of 10 wins, 4 losses and 1 draw while fighting for promotions such as King of the Cage and World Extreme Cagefighting in his native California. The Ultimate Fighter 2 On episode three of The Ultimate Fighter 2, fighter Josh Burkman was asked to leave due to a broken arm and Von Flue came to the team of Matt Hughes as a replacement fighter. Considered the underdog, he went on to get an upset win in his first fight against Jorge Gurgel. Despite his performance, he was given to team Franklin when Hughes was forced to give up one of his members to the other team. He faced former teammate Joe Stevenson in the semifinals, losing due to an armbar submission. After his performance on the show, he was signed to a UFC contract. Ultimate Fighting Championship In his first match since the show, Von Flue fought at Ultimate Fight Night 3 where he defeated season one The Ultimate Fighter contestant Alex Karalexis via technical submission, as Karalexis was rendered unconscious by a shoulder choke from side control. This technique is now commonly known as a Von Flue Choke. Though this unique choke submission was around before Von Flue, he was perhaps the first person to get a technical submission on a large stage. In his second UFC match at Ultimate Fight Night 4, he was defeated by fellow TUF 2 contestant Luke Cummo via decision. For his third fight in the UFC, Von Flue faced Joe Riggs at UFC Fight Night 6 on August 17, 2006. He lost the fight via triangle choke submission, and was subsequently released from the promotion. Strikeforce Two months after his UFC release, Von Flue signed with now-defunct promotion Strikeforce. He debuted for the promotion on October 4, 2006, facing Eric Wray at Strikeforce: Tank vs. Buentello. He won the fight via arm-triangle choke. Von Flue then faced Cung Le at Strikeforce: Triple Threat on December 8, 2006. He lost the fight via doctor stoppage TKO, due to a cut that opened up on Von Flue. Von Flue faced Luke Stewart at Strikeforce Shamrock vs. Baroni and lost\",\n \"title\": \"Jason Von Flue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53057962\",\n \"text\": \"Aubrey Omari Joseph (born November 26, 1997) is an American actor best known for his role as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak in Freeform's Cloak & Dagger. Career Aubrey started acting on the stage, portraying Simba in the Broadway musical The Lion King, a role he alternated with Judah Bellamy. Aubrey has his first major, starring role after being cast in January 2017 as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, one of the lead characters, in the Marvel's Cloak & Dagger television series. The show, set within the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe, aired on Freeform, jointly produced by the network, Marvel Television, based on the Marvel Comics characters of the same name. Aubrey felt his casting was coincidental. \\\"At the time that I got the audition, I was in the middle of trying to watch season one of Luke Cage, so it was crazy just how ironic everything was at that moment.\\\" The series ran for two seasons, concluding in May 2019 and was canceled that October. Joseph and his Cloak & Dagger co-star Olivia Holt returned to voice their respective characters on the Disney XD animated series Spider-Man and reprised their roles for a two-episode crossover in the third and final season of Marvel's Runaways. Aubrey released his debut album, XXl, on July 24, 2020. Personal life Aubrey Joseph is the middle child of three boys. Filmography Accolades References External links Living people 1997 births 21st-century American male actors Place of birth missing (living people) American male television actors\",\n \"title\": \"Aubrey Joseph\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67970643\",\n \"text\": \"SurrealEstate is a Canadian paranormal drama television series that premiered on July 16, 2021, on CTV Sci-Fi Channel. In February 2024, it was renewed for a third season. Premise Real estate agent Luke Roman and an elite team of specialists handle the cases that no one else can: haunted and possessed houses that literally scare would-be buyers away. Cast Main Tim Rozon as Luke Roman, the head of a real estate agency which deals with haunted houses. Sarah Levy as Susan Ireland, a new agent of the Roman Agency. She's a people person, acting as the agency public relations. It's later revealed in Season 1 that she has telekinetic and pyrokinetic powers. Adam Korson as Phil Orley, a paranormal researcher and former Catholic priest. Maurice Dean Wint as August Ripley, a technology specialist who does the designs and the construction. He also studies how the architecture connects with supernatural energy. Savannah Basley as Zooey L'Enfant, the front desk manager. Tennille Read as Megan Donovan, the victim of a haunted house tied to Roman. (season 1, one episode season 2) Elena Juatco as Lomax, a former mortician who joins the Roman Agency as an agent. (season 2) Recurring Jennifer Dale as Victoria Roman, Luke's estranged mother. Art Hindle as Carl Roman, Luke's deceased father. Joy Tanner as Rochelle Decker, a scientist and August's former colleague/old flame. (season 2) Alison Brooks as Rita Weiss, the head of a competing real estate agency who has a rivalry with Luke. Guest Melanie Scrofano, reuniting with her Wynonna Earp co-star Rozon, appeared in one episode and directed four episodes. (season 1) Varun Saranga also joined his Wynonna Earp co-stars Rozon and Scrofano as a guest star in one episode, which was directed by Scrofano. (season 2) Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2021) Season 2 (2023) Notes Production The series, produced by Blue Ice Pictures was first announced in 2020, originally under the working title The Surrealtor, and was shot in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Tim Rozon was cast in the lead role of Luke Roman; he previously starred in Wynonna Earp for four seasons (2016–2021), with Melanie Scrofano in the title role, and she joined his new production as a director for two episodes (and one guest appearance) in the first season. Rozon also appeared in the main cast of Schitt's Creek, alongside Sarah Levy; Levy stars with Rozon in the main cast of SurrealEstate, in the role of Susan Ireland. The series premiered on July 16, 2021, on CTV Sci-Fi Channel. In October 2021, series creator George Olsen announced Syfy would not be picking up the series for a second season, adding that he would attempt to find a new home for the series. In May 2022, it was announced Syfy had reversed its cancellation. The second season moved to the fall, premiering on October 4, 2023. In February 2024, it was announced Syfy renewed the show for a third season. Broadcast In the United States, the first season of SurrealEstate was broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"SurrealEstate\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15362707\",\n \"text\": \"S. Robert Morgan is an American television actor and theatre director. He starred in the HBO drama series The Wire as Butchie from the second season until the show's fifth and final season. Personal life Morgan is from Fort Washington, Maryland and is a regular patron of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, which The Washington Post has described as \\\"A Haven for Sightless Readers\\\". He lost his sight in his twenties due to macular degeneration. Filmography Literary Visions (1992) (Actor) (2 episodes) The Wire (2003–08) (Butchie) (10 episodes) Blind Date (2009) (Fred) Luke Cage (2016) (Oliver) (Moment of Truth) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people African-American male actors Place of birth missing (living people) American male television actors American blind people Male actors from Washington, D.C. Blind actors American actors with disabilities 21st-century African-American people\",\n \"title\": \"S. Robert Morgan\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["13"],"string":"[\n \"13\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":49,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45981"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the rocky mountain national park established"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"285954","text":"Rocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. The eastern and western slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the headwaters of the Colorado River located in the park's northwestern region. The main features of the park include mountains, alpine lakes and a wide variety of wildlife within various climates and environments, from wooded forests to mountain tundra. The Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson on January 26, 1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main automobile route, Trail Ridge Road, in the 1930s. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves. In 2023, 4.1 million recreational visitors entered the park. The park is one of the most visited in the National Park System, ranking as the third most visited national park in 2015. In 2019, the park saw record attendance yet again with 4,678,804 visitors, a 44% increase since 2012. The park has five visitor centers, with park headquarters located at the Beaver Meadows Visitor Centera National Historic Landmark designed by the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture at Taliesin West. National Forest lands surround the park on all sides, including Roosevelt National Forest to the north and east, Routt National Forest to the north and west, and Arapaho National Forest to the west and south, with the Indian Peaks Wilderness area located directly south of the park. History The history of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges, including the Bear Lake Trail School, and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The","title":"Rocky Mountain National Park"},{"docid":"52140863","text":"History of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The national park was established on January 26, 1915. Early history Paleo-Indians People have been visiting the area near Rocky Mountain National Park for at least 11,000 years, including the Lindenmeier and Dent sites where projectile points were found that were used to hunt Mammoth and Bison antiquus. Both Clovis and Folsom projectile points have been found in the park, some near Trail Ridge. This indicates that there were early hunters, or Paleo-Indians, of large and now extinct mammals, like mastodons and bison antiquus, that traveled through the park. Their shelters were animal hide tents, brush huts, or rock shelters. They traveled into the Rocky Mountain National Park area using a trail that is now Trail Ridge Road. The Paleo-Indians began hunting smaller, modern bison and looked for many sources of food in nature when they adopted the lifestyle of the Archaic period about eight thousand years ago. Projectile points have been found at Fall River Pass, on Flattop Mountain, at Forest Canyon Pass, on a slope above Chapin Pass, near Oldman Mountain, and other places in the park. Archeologist Wilfred M. Husted said, \"Evidence indicates intermittent occupation of the Park rather than continuous occupation. Travel back and forth across the Continental Divide was the primary reason why Indians entered the mountains. Small camps indicate seasonal hunting in the valleys and on the mountains.\" Within the park there are archeological remains from about 3,850 to 3,400 B.C. of 42 low-walled stone structures or cairns, up to hundreds of feet in length, built for game drive systems. Remains of such structures were found on Mount Ida, Tombstone Ridge, and on Trail Ridge Road. These slight walls served as devices that permitted hunters to direct or herd game animals—like bison, sheep, deer, or elk— toward","title":"History of Rocky Mountain National Park"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"285954\",\n \"text\": \"Rocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. The eastern and western slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the headwaters of the Colorado River located in the park's northwestern region. The main features of the park include mountains, alpine lakes and a wide variety of wildlife within various climates and environments, from wooded forests to mountain tundra. The Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson on January 26, 1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main automobile route, Trail Ridge Road, in the 1930s. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves. In 2023, 4.1 million recreational visitors entered the park. The park is one of the most visited in the National Park System, ranking as the third most visited national park in 2015. In 2019, the park saw record attendance yet again with 4,678,804 visitors, a 44% increase since 2012. The park has five visitor centers, with park headquarters located at the Beaver Meadows Visitor Centera National Historic Landmark designed by the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture at Taliesin West. National Forest lands surround the park on all sides, including Roosevelt National Forest to the north and east, Routt National Forest to the north and west, and Arapaho National Forest to the west and south, with the Indian Peaks Wilderness area located directly south of the park. History The history of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges, including the Bear Lake Trail School, and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The\",\n \"title\": \"Rocky Mountain National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52140863\",\n \"text\": \"History of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The national park was established on January 26, 1915. Early history Paleo-Indians People have been visiting the area near Rocky Mountain National Park for at least 11,000 years, including the Lindenmeier and Dent sites where projectile points were found that were used to hunt Mammoth and Bison antiquus. Both Clovis and Folsom projectile points have been found in the park, some near Trail Ridge. This indicates that there were early hunters, or Paleo-Indians, of large and now extinct mammals, like mastodons and bison antiquus, that traveled through the park. Their shelters were animal hide tents, brush huts, or rock shelters. They traveled into the Rocky Mountain National Park area using a trail that is now Trail Ridge Road. The Paleo-Indians began hunting smaller, modern bison and looked for many sources of food in nature when they adopted the lifestyle of the Archaic period about eight thousand years ago. Projectile points have been found at Fall River Pass, on Flattop Mountain, at Forest Canyon Pass, on a slope above Chapin Pass, near Oldman Mountain, and other places in the park. Archeologist Wilfred M. Husted said, \\\"Evidence indicates intermittent occupation of the Park rather than continuous occupation. Travel back and forth across the Continental Divide was the primary reason why Indians entered the mountains. Small camps indicate seasonal hunting in the valleys and on the mountains.\\\" Within the park there are archeological remains from about 3,850 to 3,400 B.C. of 42 low-walled stone structures or cairns, up to hundreds of feet in length, built for game drive systems. Remains of such structures were found on Mount Ida, Tombstone Ridge, and on Trail Ridge Road. These slight walls served as devices that permitted hunters to direct or herd game animals—like bison, sheep, deer, or elk— toward\",\n \"title\": \"History of Rocky Mountain National Park\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"2337885","text":"Lewis and Clark National Forest is located in west central Montana, United States. Spanning , the forest is managed as two separate zones. The eastern sections, under the Jefferson Division, is a mixture of grass and shrublands dotted with \"island\" pockets of forested areas. Here, cattle leases to local ranchers as well as timber harvesting are the norm. The western Rocky Mountain Division, which straddles the Continental divide, is managed chiefly for environmental preservation, as much of the land has been designated as wilderness. Forest headquarters are located in Great Falls, Montana. Local ranger district offices have been established in Choteau, Harlowton, Neihart, Stanford, and White Sulphur Springs. The forest lands were defined and established by the federal government in 1897, following its Treaty of 1896 with the Blackfeet establishing their adjacent reservation. This forest is one of the oldest forest preserves in the U.S. The forest is named in honor of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which passed through the forest between 1804 and 1806 while exploring the Louisiana Purchase for President Thomas Jefferson. Prior to that, the region was inhabited by various cultures of Native Americans for a period of at least 8,000–10,000 years. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition came to this area, different areas of the large forest territory were used by members of the Blackfeet, Sioux, Cheyenne, Flathead and Crow nations for hunting and as an area for their seasonal winter camps. The forests provided shelter from the winter. Description Altitudes range from to the top of Rocky Mountain Peak at . The forest is divided into seven separate sections and encompasses eight mountain ranges; the Judith, Big Snowy, Little Snowy, Crazy, Castle, Little Belt and Highwood Mountains. The westernmost section includes portions of the Scapegoat and the Bob Marshall wildernesses, and borders Glacier National Park to the north. The western Rocky Mountain Division, informally called the Rocky Mountain Front, consists of a dense coniferous forest and has numerous species of spruce, fir, and pine. The Jefferson Division is dominated by ponderosa and lodgepole pine which prefer a drier climate. The grizzly bear and timber wolf are found in the western sections of the forest, and are especially dense in the designated wilderness areas. In addition, the western section contains much of the wildlife present at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the region. Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, elk, cougars, Canadian lynxes, wolverines and black bears are most common nearest the Continental Divide. In other sections of the forest, black bears, mule deer and white-tailed deer are the largest mammals found. Coyotes, raccoons, beavers, minks, muskrats, river otters and Columbian white-tailed deer inhabit the up-stream inlands. Throughout the forest, bald eagles, grouse, peregrine falcon and red tailed hawks are increasing in numbers. Lakes and streams are more numerous in the western section due to a higher altitude and more precipitation, and are home to the native westslope cutthroat trout. In the of rivers and streams in the forest, rainbow","title":"Lewis and Clark National Forest"},{"docid":"73338629","text":"Whitehorse Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park in west-central Alberta, Canada. The park was established on 26 August 1998 and had an area of . On 23 July 2002, the area was changed slightly to . The park is included in the Upper Athabasca Region Land Use Framework. The park is named for the creek within the boundaries of the park. Location The park is in Yellowhead County in western Alberta, approximately southwest of Robb and south of Cadomin, Alberta. Jasper National Park borders the park to the west. Whitehorse Wildland is adjacent to Whitehorse Creek Provincial Recreation Area. Ecology In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Luscar and Ram River Foothills ecodistricts of the Western Alberta Upland ecoregion in the Boreal Foothills ecoprovince of the Boreal Plains ecozone. Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Northern Rockies Conifer Forests ecoregion of the Greater Rockies & Mountain Forests bioregion. Geography The northern part of the park contains the watershed of the Whitehorse Creek and the ridges of foothills forming the valley for the creek. The northern ridge that bounds the Whitehorse Creek valley is the Nikanassin Range while the southern is the Miette Range. Within the park, in the Nikanassin Range are four mountains: Luscar Mountain at elevation, Leyland Mountain (), Mount Gregg (). and Mount Sir Harold Mitchell (). The Miette Ranges contains several unnamed mountains in elevation. The southern arm of the park follows the Cardinal Divide Ridge. The Cardinal Divide, with an elevation of , is the continental divide between two major watersheds: the McLeod and Athabasca Rivers, which eventually drain into the Arctic Ocean; and the Cardinal, Brazeau, and North Saskatchewan Rivers, which eventually drain into Hudson Bay. In the southern arm contains several named mountains: Prospect Mountain (), Cheviot Mountain (), and Tripoli Mountain (). In addition, two mountains form the border with Jasper National Park and are thus partially in Whitehorse Wildland park: Blackface Mountain () and Climax Mountain (). The elevation of Whitehorse Creek when it leaves the park is . There is an extensive trail network in the park for hiking and horseback trail riding. Climate The Köppen climate classification of the park is Continental, Subarctic (Dfc) characterized by long, cold winters, and short, warm to cool summers. Using the data from a nearby weather stations (Luscar Creek), average daily temperatures for 1991 to 2020 exceeds only for June, July, and August while average daily temperatures are less than for November through March. At Luscar Creek, the long-run average precipitation from 1991 to 2020 for the wettest months, June and July, is per month; conversely, the station receive less than per month from October through March. Natural history The park is home to many wildlife species. Ungulates include bighorn sheep, elk, moose, and mule deer. Carnivores include grizzly bears, wolves, and cougars. Among the small mammals are hoary marmots and American pikas.","title":"Whitehorse Wildland Provincial Park"},{"docid":"6963071","text":"Austria has six national parks, all of them internationally accepted according to the IUCN standard. The first national park, Hohe Tauern, was established in 1981. They include each of Austria's most important natural landscape types — alluvial forest, Alpine massif, Pannonian steppe and rocky valleys. Development First plans for the protection of the Hohe Tauern mountain range were evolved by Austrian Alpine Club, which in 1915-18 acquired large mountainous areas. However, the national park project was abandoned in the late 1930s and not resumed until 1971, when the federal states of Salzburg, Tyrol and Carinthia signed the Heiligenblut Agreement, followed by similar initiatives in Lower and Upper Austria. The establishment of each national park took several years; as conflicts of use and the question of funding had to be resolved. The parks are managed by contracts between one or more of the federal states and the Federal Government, with the financing shared equally between the Austrian government and the respective province. The national park administrations offer more than 300 green jobs. The park centres provide the public with educational services on ecology and environmental protection, information and leisure activities. With about 400,000 visitors a year, they play an important role in Austrian tourism. National Parks Of the seven national parks, four are protecting Austrian Alpine regions and three are covering waters. The largest park by far is Hohe Tauern; at , it is also the largest national park in Central Europe. The Neusiedler See–Seewinkel and Thayatal national parks stretch across the border with Hungary and the Czech Republic respectively. All of Austria's national parks meet IUCN Category II standards. The Nock Mountains (formerly also one of Austria's National Parks) had been classified as a Protected Landscape (Category V), and in 2012 it was converted into the core zone of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. See also List of national parks Geography of Austria References External links https://www.nationalparksaustria.at/en/ Official site. Austria National parks National parks he:גאוגרפיה של אוסטריה#פארקים לאומיים","title":"National parks of Austria"},{"docid":"32414894","text":"The Siffleur Wilderness Area is a provincially designated wilderness area in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta. It was established in 1961 and it, as one of the three wilderness areas of Alberta, has the strictest form of government protection available in Canada. All development is forbidden and only travel by foot is permitted. Hunting and fishing are not allowed. The other two wilderness areas are White Goat Wilderness Area and Ghost River Wilderness Area and together the three areas total . Siffleur is located near the west end and south side of Canadian Highway 11 and slightly south of the White Goat Wilderness area. It is near the north end of Banff National Park and the south end of Jasper National Park. Mountains rise to . The area has rugged mountains, glacier-carved valleys, mountain lakes, and alpine meadows. There are two distinct vegetation zones. Above , the tree line, are grasses, sedges and wildflowers. Below that are subalpine forests of spruce, fir, and lodgepole pine. At even lower elevations there are aspen and balsam poplar. Animals in the lower regions include woodland caribou, moose, elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, grizzly bear, black bear, cougar, coyote, timber wolf, and wolverine. Animals in the upper regions include golden-mantled ground squirrels, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, hoary marmot, pika, white-tailed ptarmigan, grey-crowned rosy finch, water pipit and horned lark. Eagles are seen in both the lower and upper regions. Like Siffleur Mountain and Siffleur River, the name was chosen by James Hector in 1858 for the shrill whistles of the marmot which inhabit the area. References External links Alberta Parks Protected areas of Alberta Parks in the Canadian Rockies Protected areas established in 1961","title":"Siffleur Wilderness Area"},{"docid":"1852063","text":"Lawn Lake Dam was an earthen dam in Rocky Mountain National Park, United States that failed on July 15, 1982, at about 6 a.m., in an event known as the flood of 1982. The sudden release of of water resulted in a flash flood that killed three people camping in the park and caused $31 million in damage to the town of Estes Park, Colorado and other downstream areas. Lawn Lake Lawn Lake was originally a natural lake with a surface area of , located at an elevation of approximately in the Rocky Mountains. In 1903 a group of farmers from Loveland built a dam to increase it to a surface area of for the purpose of providing water for irrigation in Loveland. Dam failure Over the years the road that had been cut to permit construction of the dam fell into disrepair and ceased to exist. Because of the dam's remote and difficult location, inspection and repairs lapsed. The Colorado State Engineer determined that the probable cause of the dam failure was deterioration of lead caulking on the joint between the outlet pipe and the gate valve leading to internal erosion of the earth-fill dam. There had been issues reported during inspections in 1951, 1975, 1977 and 1978. When the dam failed the waters rushed down the Roaring River valley, which falls in , at a peak rate of , scouring a large gully out of the mountain stream and killing one person camping alongside it. At this rate, the lake emptied in about half an hour. When the waters reached the broader valley of Fall River at Horseshoe Park they spread out and slowed, leaving behind a large alluvial fan of debris. The flood continued down Fall River and hit the Cascade Dam which stored water to run a hydroelectric plant about a mile (2 km) downstream. Cascade Dam failed from the onslaught and added its waters to the flood. The Aspenglen campground was destroyed and two campers who returned to recover camping gear lost their lives, due to insufficient warning from park rangers. The flood entered the town of Estes Park and caused severe damage to 177 downtown businesses (75 percent of Estes Park's commercial activity). In Estes Park the flood joined the Big Thompson River and flowed into Lake Estes on the eastern edge of the city. Olympus Dam, part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project, there withstood the deluge and the flood was halted. Aftermath As a consequence of the dam failure, aging dams at Pear Reservoir, Bluebird Lake and Sandbeach Lake in the park were demolished and removed. References Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Dam-break Modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam Failures, Larimer County, Colorado. Dams in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado Buildings and structures in Rocky Mountain National Park Dam failures in the United States Disasters in Colorado Estes Park, Colorado 1982 in Colorado 1982 disasters in the United States 1903 establishments in Colorado 1982 disestablishments","title":"Lawn Lake Dam"},{"docid":"10090599","text":"The National Park-to-Park Highway was an auto trail in the United States in the 1910s and 1920s, plotted by A. L. Westgard. It followed a large loop through the West, connecting twelve national parks: Rocky Mountain National Park Yellowstone National Park Glacier National Park Mount Rainier National Park Crater Lake National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park Yosemite National Park General Grant National Park (now part of Kings Canyon) Sequoia National Park Zion National Park Grand Canyon National Park Mesa Verde National Park History In 1914, Secretary of the Interior Lane entered into an agreement with the Office of Public Roads to develop road access to Glacier, Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. When Stephen T. Mather became involved with the national parks, he invited the Office of Public Roads Engineer T. Warren Allen to speak at the 1915 Berkeley National Parks Conference. Mather had concerns over letting the Office of Public Roads develop highway systems within the national parks. While Allen's approach to public roads saw no difference between national forests and national parks, his involvement was an early indication of the public interest in driving. It was the following year that Mather joined the campaign for the Park-to-Park Highway. The National Park-to-Park Highway Association was formed in 1916 and began promoting roads and roadway improvements in the Northwest and Rocky Mountain states. Other highway associations had been supporting a variety of routes linking the scenic wonders of the western national parks. In 1915, a Denver group of motorists took off on a journey from Rocky Mountain National Park to Yellowstone. The Wonderland Trail Association was already promoting the next segment of the journey from Yellowstone to Glacier and then westward to Mount Rainier. In 1917, the Parks Highway Association began marking the route from Glacier to Mount Rainier and added a southern segment to Crater Lake. By 1919, there were annual meetings of the National Park-to-Park supporters. That same year, Charles Goodwin was assigned as Superintendent at Glacier. Here, he began to work on developing potential routes through the park. When Mather's preference for an east-west link across the park was made known, he began looking for a route to link the two sides that would complement the Park-to-Park Highway. This route would become the Going-to-the-Sun Road. By 1920, eleven states were involved in the Park-to-Park Highway program. The proposed route would cover of roads and numerous feeders to and from the various national parks. Notes External links Map of the National Park-to-Park Highway from 1924 National Parks Traveler: The National Park to Park Highway 2009 PBS documentary Auto trails in the United States National parks of the United States 1916 establishments in the United States","title":"National Park to Park Highway"},{"docid":"32873700","text":"The Timberline Cabin in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA was built in 1925 to house workers on the Fall River Road. The National Park Service rustic style cabin was designed by the National Park Service's Landscape Engineering Division under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint. The cabin was later used as a patrol cabin and as a caretaker's residence. The one-story cabin stood above the timberline. It was built of concrete with a stone veneer. The roof framing used peeled logs with an asphalt roll roofing weather surface, protected by a log lattice on top. The cabin had two doors and ten windows, and measured about by . The Timberline Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. It has since been demolished. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Residential buildings completed in 1925 Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1925 establishments in Colorado","title":"Timberline Cabin"},{"docid":"21052971","text":"The Twin Sisters Lookout, also known as the Twin Sisters Radio Tower and the Twin Sisters Shelter Cabin, was built by the U.S. Forest Service in 1914, the year before the establishment of Rocky Mountain National Park. The rustic stone structure was taken over by the National Park Service in 1925. The one-story building has an arched roof with a trap door to provide access when snow has drifted over the ground-level door. From 1914 to 1969 the shelter served as accommodations for fire observation crews at a nearby frame lookout, which has since vanished. The building is now used as a radio repeater station. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References External links at the National Park Service's NRHP database Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Government buildings completed in 1914 National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Geography of Larimer County, Colorado Rustic architecture in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1914 establishments in Colorado Roosevelt National Forest","title":"Twin Sisters Lookout"},{"docid":"4271630","text":"Height of the Rockies Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies of south eastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located west of the Continental Divide (in this region, the British Columbia/Alberta Border), adjacent to Elk Lakes Provincial Park. Description and access The park comprises in East Kootenay on the western side of the Continental Divide, which in this region forms the border between British Columbia and Alberta. It borders Elk Lakes Provincial Park, also in British Columbia, to which it is linked by a trail, and Banff National Park and Peter Lougheed Provincial Park in Alberta. The park lies east of Invermere; the closest communities are Elkford to the south and Canal Flats and Radium Hot Springs to the west. The park is accessible on foot or horseback via logging roads and trails to 6 trailheads. All mechanized access is forbidden, and there are no campgrounds or other park services in the park. The Great Divide Trail passes through the park. The park is an Alpine environment with forested bottomland. It includes several lakes, the Palliser River valley, the Middle Fork of the White River, and the Royal Group of mountains. It encompasses 26 peaks over . The highest peak, Mount Joffre (), is on the border with Alberta. There are seven important mountain passes. Wildlife The park is important habitat for wildlife, in particular grizzly bears, and also contains large numbers of black bears, moose, mule deer, bighorn sheep, timber wolves, and cougars. There are more than 2,000 elk and one of the highest densities of mountain goats in the world. Cutthroat trout are plentiful in many lakes and streams and are taken from the park for the Kootenay native species stocking program. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted at controlled levels. The park is at one end of the Southern Rocky Mountain Management Plan, aimed at coordinating ecosystem preservation and providing wildlife corridors, in particular for grizzly bears. Also to provide more comprehensive protection of the environment and wildlife habitat, British Columbia has considered asking the United Nations to add Height of the Rockies and 5 other provincial parks to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. History The passes through what is now the park were used by the Kootenai Indians and by mid-19th-century European explorers. Two archaeological sites over 8,000 years old have been identified on the Middle Fork of the White River. A national park was proposed early in the 20th century. In 1936 the White River Game Reserve was established. However, construction of logging roads and clearcutting became so extensive in the Southern Canadian Rockies that by 1986, the area that is now the park had become the last major refuge for wildlife in the region. Two provincial environmental organisations, BC Spaces for Nature and the Palliser Wilderness Society, with guide outfitter Hiram Cody Tegart, led a campaign to protect it permanently by making it a wilderness park, and in 1987, after a twelve-year process of negotiation between government, conservationists,","title":"Height of the Rockies Provincial Park"},{"docid":"1716007","text":"The Poudre Canyon is a narrow verdant canyon, approximately 40 miles (64 km) long, on the upper Cache la Poudre River (called the \"Poudre\" for short, which locals pronounce as \"Pooder\") in Larimer County, Colorado in the United States. The canyon is a glacier-formed valley through the foothills of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains northwest of Fort Collins. Description The canyon begins in northern Rocky Mountain National Park, at an elevation of approximately , where the Poudre descends from near the continental divide. It winds gently to the northeast, then east, descending the slope of the Colorado Tertiary Pediment, emerging through the southern end of the Laramie Foothills north of Bellvue at an elevation of approximately . Except for the small upper portion of the canyon north of Rocky Mountain National Park, State Highway 14 runs through the canyon. The route of the highway provides the principal vehicle access to the canyon and furnishes a road link between Fort Collins and North Park on the western side of Cameron Pass, which is accessible from the upper canyon. Most of the canyon is within the Canyon Lakes Ranger District of the Roosevelt National Forest, which is headquartered in nearby Fort Collins. The flanks of the canyon wall are gently sloping and forested along most of its length, with the exception of several \"narrows\", at which the river has carved through recent formations leaving behind large glacial debris. The canyon is inhabited along most of its length downstream from Kinikinik. All of the communities in the canyon are unincorporated. Most of the habitation is the form of small cabins, some of which are inhabited only during season. Resort cabin communities for fishing and hunting are found sporadically along the canyon downstream from Rustic, which at one time in the late 19th century was a bustling summer resort, and burned down in 2008. The relative isolation of the canyon compared to ones further south along the Colorado Front Range gives a tranquil atmosphere with only small-scale tourist enterprises. The canyon is distinctly less developed than the Big Thompson Canyon west of Loveland. The commercial establishments, notably in Poudre Park, cater mostly to local clientele except during the fishing and whitewater rafting season, when the canyon receives a modest number of regional and national visitors. Colorado State University operates a small campus in the mountains at Pingree Park, which is named for George Pingree, an early settler in the canyon in the 19th century. Near Pingree Park is Sky Ranch Lutheran Camp, a summer camp affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The national forest in the vicinity of the canyon is laced with numerous trails that follow side gulches into the surrounding mountains. The trails serve double seasonal duty, as hiking trails in the summer and as cross-country skiing trails in the winter. One such trailhead at Long Draw Reservoir leads over La Poudre Pass along the Never Summer Mountains to the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain","title":"Poudre Canyon"},{"docid":"36331105","text":"Lake Louise station is a railway station in Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. Historically served by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and Via Rail, it is now a stop for the Rocky Mountaineer and houses a restaurant. The station is on the CPR main line near Lower Lake Louise, downhill from the Chateau Lake Louise. The station was originally built for the CPR. The station was declared a heritage railway station by the federal government in 1991. Starting in 1909, it was the first of six mountain stations built by the Canadian Pacific in a rustic log building design, consistent with how the railway marketed the region as a wilderness tourist destination. The older depot that the 1910 building replaced continued to be used by the CPR for other purposes. The CPR donated it in 1976 to Heritage Park Historical Village in Calgary. The depot was moved to the park and restored to the era when the Lake Louise village was called Laggan. References External links Lake Louise Station Designated heritage railway stations in Alberta Canadian Pacific Railway stations in Alberta Rocky Mountaineer stations in Alberta Buildings and structures in Banff National Park Railway stations in Canada opened in 1910 1910 establishments in Alberta","title":"Lake Louise station"},{"docid":"5862809","text":"The Rocky Mountains Park Act () was enacted on June 23, 1887, by the Parliament of Canada, establishing Banff National Park which was then known as \"Rocky Mountains Park\". The act was modelled on the Yellowstone Park Act passed by the United States Congress in 1881. The Rocky Mountains Park Act outlined the national park concept, balancing conservation and development interests. References Further reading Banff National Park Environmental law in Canada 1880s in the environment Canadian federal legislation 1887 in Canadian law","title":"Rocky Mountains Park Act"},{"docid":"27846696","text":"Jasper House National Historic Site, in Jasper National Park, Alberta, is the site of a trading post on the Athabasca River that functioned in two different locations from 1813 to 1884 as a major staging and supply post for travel through the Canadian Rockies. The post was originally named Rocky Mountain House, but was renamed to avoid confusion with the Rocky Mountain House trading post on the North Saskatchewan River, becoming \"Jasper's House\" after the postmaster, Jasper Hawes, who operated the post from 1814 to 1817. The first location is believed to have been at the outlet of Brûlé Lake, downstream from the present site. The second Jasper House was established at the northern end of Jasper Lake in 1830, primarily serving travellers crossing Yellowhead Pass or Athabasca Pass. The site operated until 1853, and was occasionally used until 1858 when it was reopened seasonally by Henry John Moberly, who operated it into the 1860s. The post was officially closed in 1884 after years of inactivity. From 1891 or 1892 to 1894 the house was used by miner Lewis Swift. The building was destroyed in 1909 when its lumber was used to make a raft by surveyors for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Apart from a small cemetery, no significant ruins remain. It was designated a national historic site in 1924, and is marked by a commemorative stone and plaque. References External links Parks Canada site Management Plans, National Historic Sites of the Mountain Parks, evaluation of the Information Centre (Section 3.1) National Historic Sites in Alberta Jasper National Park North West Company Commercial buildings completed in 1830 Former buildings and structures in Canada Hudson's Bay Company trading posts Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register Fur trade National Historic Sites of Canada 1830 establishments in the British Empire","title":"Jasper House"},{"docid":"5717531","text":"The Canada National Parks Act () is a Canadian federal law that regulates protection of natural areas of national significance. As of March 2019, the Canada National Parks Act extended federal protection to 47 national parks and park reserves across the country covering more the 300,000 km2 of habitat. The current Canada National Parks Act received royal assent on October 20, 2000 and has been amended since. The first national parks act in Canada was created in 1887 shortly following the creation of the world's first national park, Yellowstone National Park, in the United States. In 1911, under a renewed national parks act, Canada became the first country in the world to establish their own national parks service. Over the course of its history, the predecessor National Parks Act struggled to define the primary intention of national parks by trying to balance parks as places both of conservation and public leisure. Remarks made by the Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change in 2018 signalled a renewed commitment by the Parks Canada agency to ecological conservation within national parks. Early legislation in Canada applied exclusionary policies and forcibly removed Indigenous peoples off lands in order to create national parks. With developments in the legal recognition of Aboriginal title and rights in Canada, provisions have been included within the National Parks Act to extend the right of traditional harvesting activities within national park reserves with some cases altering park management to be shared between the Parks Canada agency and local Indigenous groups. History of the Canada National Parks Act 1887—the Rocky Mountains Park Act Greatly inspired by the creation of Yellowstone National Park in the United States in 1872, the Rocky Mountains Park Act established the first distinctive national parks legislation in Canada and provided for the creation of the country's first national park, Rocky Mountain Park (now Banff National Park). Lobbied heavily for by the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Act outlined the national parks model which balanced conservation as well as development. The Act established the management of the park and its resources to be under the authority of the Minister of the Interior and the Governor in Council. The Rocky Mountains Park Act also prohibited the settlement or occupation of any of the park’s area, giving the Minister of the Interior and Governor in Council the right to remove trespassers. 1911—the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act Passed by the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act received royal assent on May 19, 1911. One of the most significant results of the Act was that it created the Dominion Parks Branch as a new branch of the Department of the Interior to oversee the administration of federal parks. Incidentally the Dominion Parks Branch was the first national parks service in the world to be established and James Bernard Harkin was made its first commissioner. Inspired by American environmentalist, John Muir, Harkin oversaw the number of parks in Canada triple (from 6–18). 1930—the National Parks","title":"Canada National Parks Act"},{"docid":"4324110","text":"Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located around Mount Assiniboine. History The park was established 1922. Some of the more recent history that is explorable within the park include Wheeler's Wonder Lodge (Naiset) (1924), Assiniboine Lodge (1928), the first ski lodge in the Canadian Rockies, and Sunburst (1928). World Heritage Site In 1990, this park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural beauty and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves and fossils. Conservation The park aims to protect a large variety of species. Eighty-four species of birds inhabit the park environs, based on sightings. Columbian ground squirrels are very common in the core area of the park. Ten species of carnivore including wolves, black bear, grizzly bear, weasel, cougar, lynx inhabit the park. Six species of ungulates: elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, moose, mountain goat, Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep roam within park boundaries. Recreation The following recreational activities are available: backcountry camping and hiking, horseback riding, cross country skiing and ski touring, fishing, and hunting. There are also climbing opportunities. Existing facilities include: 10 camping areas (75 campsites), including the main camp at Magog; 6 roofed accommodation sites (60 beds), including Mt. Assiniboine Lodge; day-use facilities at Rock Isle basin, including interpretive facilities and sanitation; 160 km of horse and hiking access trails: Assiniboine Pass, Wonder Pass, Mitchell River, Simpson River, Citadel Pass, Surprise Creek; and guide-outfitters cabins: Mitchell River and Police Meadows. Location Located 48 kilometres southwest of Banff, Alberta. No roads access the park. Backcountry hiking trails are the only access to the park, the quickest route being via Sunshine Village ski area in Banff National Park. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of Canadian provincial parks References External links Assiniboine Lodge Columbia Valley 1922 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1922","title":"Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park"},{"docid":"359836","text":"Mount Robson Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies with an area of 2,249 km. The park is located entirely within British Columbia, bordering Jasper National Park in Alberta. The B.C. legislature created the park in 1913, the same year as the first ascent of Mount Robson by a party led by Conrad Kain. It is the second oldest park in the provincial system. The park is named for Mount Robson, which has the highest point in the Canadian Rockies and is located entirely within the park. History The first recreational trail was built in 1913 by Jasper outfitter Donald \"Curly\" Phillips along the Robson River to Berg Lake. From May to September, the Mt. Robson Visitor Information Centre is open to the public, and is a common stop on the Yellowhead Highway. The only commercial services within the park are at a combination coffee-shop gas station complex at the same viewpoint. There are two government campgrounds near the Visitor Centre and one near Yellowhead Pass. Geography The park spans the Yellowhead Highway and is located 390 kilometres west of Edmonton or 290 kilometres east of Prince George. The source of the Fraser River is in Mount Robson Provincial Park. A dripping spring just west of a pond at Fraser Pass is the actual source of British Columbia's longest river. It is located south of the Yellowhead Highway at Lucerne Campground. There are no trails there and the best access is by helicopter from Valemount. Notable features Notable natural features found in the park include: Arctomys Cave Berg Lake Kinney Lake Yellowhead Lake World Heritage Site In 1990 Mount Robson Park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural beauty and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves and fossils. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of World Heritage Sites in Canada References Further reading Adams, Ansel (2013). Ansel Adams In The Canadian Rockies. Little, Brown and Company. External links 1913 establishments in British Columbia Parks in the Canadian Rockies Protected areas established in 1913 Robson Valley Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains","title":"Mount Robson Provincial Park"},{"docid":"358789","text":"Banff is a town in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, west of Calgary and east of Lake Louise, above Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within a Canadian national park. The town is a member of the Calgary Regional Partnership. Banff is a resort town and one of Canada's most popular tourist destinations. Known for its mountainous surroundings and hot springs, it is a destination for outdoor sports and hiking, biking, scrambling and skiing. Sunshine Village, Ski Norquay and Lake Louise Ski Resort are nearby ski resorts within the national park. Toponymy The area was named Banff in 1884 by George Stephen, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, recalling his birthplace near Banff, Scotland. The Canadian Pacific built a series of grand hotels along the rail line and advertised the Banff Springs Hotel as an international tourist resort. History Banff was first settled in the 1880s after the transcontinental railway was built through the Bow Valley. In 1883, three Canadian Pacific Railway workers stumbled upon a series of natural hot springs on the side of Sulphur Mountain. In 1885, Canada established a federal reserve of around the Cave and Basin hot springs and began promoting the area as an international resort and spa as a way to support the new railway. In 1887, the reserve area was increased to and named \"Rocky Mountain Park\". This was the beginning of Canada's National Park system. The Banff townsite was developed near the railway station as a service centre for tourists visiting the park. Services, such as St George-in-the-Pines church, were constructed through the late 19th century. It was administered by the Government of Canada's national parks system until 1990 when the Town of Banff became the only incorporated municipality within a Canadian national park. An internment camp was set up at Banff and Castle Mountain in Dominion Park from July 1915 to July 1917 mostly imprisoning Ukrainian immigrants. The prisoners of the internment camp were used as slave labour to build the infrastructure of the national park. In 1985, the United Nations declared Banff National Park, as one of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, a World Heritage Site. Banff remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Canada. One of the most notable figures of Banff was Norman Luxton, who was known as \"Mr. Banff\". He published the Crag and Canyon newspaper, built the King Edward Hotel and the Lux Theatre, and founded the Sign of the Goat Curio Shop, which led to the development of the Luxton Museum of Plains Indians, now the Buffalo Nations Museum. He and his family helped organize the Banff Indian Days and the Banff Winter Carnival. In 1976, the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) officially adopted the name Banff for a crater on Mars, after the town in Alberta. The crater is at latitude 17.7° north and longitude 30.8° west. Its diameter is . In 1991, Banff hosted the 1991 Winter Deaflympics,","title":"Banff, Alberta"},{"docid":"59951189","text":"White Pyramid is a mountain summit located between the Howse River valley and Mistaya River valley of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Howse Peak, to the south. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,460 meters (4,790 ft) above Chephren Lake in 2.5 km (1.5 mile). White Pyramid is visible from the Icefields Parkway in the vicinity of Waterfowl Lakes. History It was named in 1901 by J. Norman Collie to distinguish it from Mount Chephren, which back then was named Pyramid Mountain. The two peaks are nearly the same in height, and separated by only one kilometre. However, White Pyramid has a glacier on its north aspect, which Chephren does not. The first ascent of White Pyramid was made in 1939 by Kate (Katie) Gardiner and guide Edward Feuz Jr. The climbing duo made many first ascents in the Canadian Rockies during the 1930s. The mountain's name was made official in 1961 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, White Pyramid is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, White Pyramid is located in a subarctic climate zonewith cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from White Pyramid drains into the Mistaya River and Howse River which are both tributaries of the North Saskatchewan River. Gallery See also List of mountains in the Canadian Rockies Geography of Alberta References External links Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park White Pyramid weather: Mountain Forecast Three-thousanders of Alberta Mountains of Banff National Park Canadian Rockies Alberta's Rockies","title":"White Pyramid (Banff)"},{"docid":"13768180","text":"Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, also known as Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building, is the park headquarters and principal visitors center of Rocky Mountain National Park in central northern Colorado. Completed in 1967, it was designed by Taliesin Associated Architects, and was one of the most significant commissions for that firm in the years immediately following the death of founder Frank Lloyd Wright. It was also one of the last major projects completed under the Park Service Mission 66 project. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001. Description and history The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is located on the south side of United States Route 36 near the principal eastern entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park. As seen from visitor (north) side, the building presents as a single-story structure, but is actually two stories owing to the sloping terrain on which it is built. It is a rectangular structure, built with a steel frame and cast concrete panels, into which slabs of sandstone have been embedded. The upper level framing has Cor-Ten steel set in a zigzag pattern inspired by Native American artworks. The building's eastern end is devoted to visitor facilities, including a lobby, amphitheater, and shop, with an inside observation area and outside balcony providing views of the Rocky Mountains. The western end houses park offices in a modular design with movable partitions. Rocky Mountain National Park was founded in 1915. As part of the Park Service's Mission 66 program to revitalize the nation's park system, the Park Service hired the firm of Taliesin Associated Architects in 1964 to design a new visitors center for the park. Construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1967. The building has been relatively little altered since then: the shop occupies a former lobby area that included benches and a fireplace, and changes in equipment for the theater necessitated the closure of a balcony entrance. Map See also Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado List of National Historic Landmarks in Colorado References External links Rocky Mountain National Park Official Site Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Information Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, described in Fodors guidebook National Historic Landmarks in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Park Service visitor centers Mission 66 Tourist attractions in Larimer County, Colorado Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1967 establishments in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park","title":"Beaver Meadows Visitor Center"},{"docid":"8758460","text":"Alberta's Rockies comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. On the southwestern part of the province along the British Columbia border, the region covers all but the south of Census Division 15. The main industry in this region is tourism. Geography This human region is almost identical to the Alberta Mountain forests ecozone. The region contains the Central Front Ranges and the Continental Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and includes the Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, as well as the Kananaskis Country park system and the Willmore Wilderness. The main transportation corridors run through the Kicking Horse Pass and the Yellowhead Pass from east to west, while the Bow Valley and Athabasca River valley are followed by the longitudinal Icefields Parkway. Another important waterway that crosses this region is the North Saskatchewan River. Tourism Some of the best ski resorts of the Rockies are located in this region, and are important tourist destinations. They include Fortress Mountain Resort, Lake Louise, Marmot Basin, Mount Norquay, Nakiska and Sunshine Village. Other tourist attractions include the glaciers of the Columbia, Wapta and Waputik Icefields such as the Athabasca, Bow, Crowfoot, Hector, Peyto, Saskatchewan and Vulture Glaciers. Glacial lakes line the Icefields Parkway and dot the surrounding valleys. Some of the more spectacular are Bow, Hector, Louise, Maligne, Moraine, Peyto, Pyramid and Vermilion lakes. Infrastructure Banff and Jasper are the main communities in the region. The length is defined by the Icefields Parkway, and it is crossed by the Trans-Canada Highway and the Yellowhead Highway into British Columbia. David Thompson Highway leads from the Rockies into central Alberta from Saskatchewan River Crossing, and Banff Windermere Parkway leads from Castle Junction (south of Lake Louise) through the Kootenay National Park to the Columbia River valley. The Bighorn Highway defines most of the eastern limit of the region. Health care has been the responsibility of Alberta Health Services, since the province's health regions were amalgamated in 2008. Before then, Calgary Health Region was the health region ensuring well-being in the south of this region, while the north was supervised by the Aspen Regional Health Authority. Health care centres established in the area are: Seton Jasper Healthcare Centre - Jasper Hinton Healthcare Centre - Hinton Canmore General Hospital - Canmore Banff Mineral Springs Hospital - Banff Politics On a provincial level, southern Alberta is represented in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta by MLA's elected in the ridings of Banff-Cochrane and part of Rocky Mountain House and West Yellowhead. Communities The following communities are located in Alberta's Rockies. Towns of Banff and Canmore Municipality of Jasper (specialized municipality) Summer villages of Ghost Lake and Waiparous Hamlets of Lake Louise, Harvie Heights, Exshaw, Dead Man's Flats and Lac des Arcs Saskatchewan River Crossing (unincorporated community) Kananaskis Village (resort community) The towns of Grande Cache and Hinton, located on the eastern edge of the Rockies, are sometimes considered as part of this region. The following rural municipalities are located in Alberta's Rockies. Municipal District of Bighorn","title":"Alberta's Rockies"},{"docid":"21057192","text":"The Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations are a set of three historic public toilet facilities in Rocky Mountain National Park. Designed in 1935 by landscape architect Howard W. Baker of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, the National Park Service Rustic buildings were built with Civilian Conservation Corps labor in 1939. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Buildings and structures completed in 1939 National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado Restrooms in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1939 establishments in Colorado","title":"Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations"},{"docid":"70092153","text":"Bob Creek Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park located in the Municipal District of Ranchland, in southern Alberta, Canada. It was established on 12 May 1999, modified slightly on 24 June 2003, and is in area. The park is included in the South Saskatchewan Region Land Use Framework and administered by the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan. Because they are so intertwined, Bob Creek Wildland and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland are managed through the same Management Plan. The park gets its name from the Bob Creek that runs through the center of the park and drains the surrounding hills. Location The park is located approximately west of Claresholm and located between Alberta Highway 40 to the west and Highway 22 to the east and largely north of the Oldman River. Much of the eastern and southern borders of the park is shared with Black Creek Heritage Rangeland. The park is located on east of the Rocky Mountains on the eastern slopes of the Livingstone Range and contains \"The Whaleback\" ridge: \"The Whaleback[...] encompasses the most extensive, least disturbed and relatively unfragmented Montane landscape in Alberta’s Rocky Mountain natural region.\" The park is accessed through two points in the southern boundary. The Livingston Gap on the southwest corner of the park where the Oldman River cuts through the Livingstone Range as it leaves the Rocky Mountains. And Bob Creek Staging Area through the south-central boundary of the park. Ecology The park contains the Alpine, Sub-Alpine and Montane subregions of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region in the Alberta classification system. Together, Bob Creek Wildland and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland preserves the largest tract of montane ecosystems in Alberta. The Whaleback Ridge is the last remaining area of montane wilderness in Alberta. In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Blairmore Foothills and Crowsnest Mountains ecodistricts of the Northern Continental Divide ecoregion of the Columbia Montane Cordillera ecoprovince of the Montane Cordillera ecozone. Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Northern Rockies conifer forests ecoregion of the Greater Rockies & Mountain Forests bioregion. Geography The geography of the park is rolling fescue grasslands with steep ridges transitioning from grass to forests and many springs and streams along the valley bottoms. The park's geology is folded and faulted sedimentary rock with major fault lines creating ridges. This underlying rock underwent several glaciations and erosion events to create the current topography. The park contains three named ridges while wide valley floors separate the ridges. The eastern ridge, running north to south for approximately , is the Whaleback ridge. Whaleback Peak is at an elevation of , up from the eastern park boundary of . On the western boundary is two ridges. The Livingstone ridge, again running north to south, occupies the southern half of the west boundary. From an elevation of at the Oldman River at the Livingstone Gap, the Livingstone Ridge climbs going north to an","title":"Bob Creek Wildland Provincial Park"},{"docid":"21306333","text":"The Castle Mountain Internment Camp, located in Banff National Park, Alberta, was the largest internment facility in the Canadian Rockies, housing several hundred prisoners at any one time. Established on July 13, 1915, a total of 660 enemy aliens were interned at the facility during its entire operation. Internment Designated enemy aliens under Canada's 1914 War Measures Act, some 8,579 enemy aliens were interned during World War I as prisoners of war. Ostensibly nationals of countries at war with Canada, the vast majority however were settler immigrants, primarily of Ukrainian ethnic origin. The Castle Camp, which was built in 1915 at the base of Castle Mountain was a Canadian internment camp which held immigrant prisoners of Ukrainian, Austrian, Hungarian and German descent. Despite their civilian status, a great many were sent to prisoner of war camps located in the Canadian hinterland, to be used as military conscript labour on government work projects. Of particular note was the use of forced labour in Canada's national parks, where they were introduced there as a matter of policy to improve existing facilities and increase accessibility by developing the park system's infrastructure. By 1915 several internment camps in and around the Rocky Mountains were in full operation, including a camp at the foot of Castle Mountain, the terminal point of the then uncompleted Banff-Laggan (Lake Louise) road. Recognizing the value of future tourism, the main purpose of the camp was to push the Banff highway on through to Lake Louise, although, in addition, bridges, culverts and fireguards were also built. The camp consisted of tents within a dual barbed wire enclosure. The tents however proved inadequate during the severe winter climate, forcing the camp to relocate to military barracks built on the outskirts of the town of Banff, adjacent to the Cave and Basin, site of the original Hot Springs. While in Banff, the internees were engaged in a number of special projects: land fill and drainage of the Recreation Grounds; clearing the Buffalo Paddocks; cutting trails; land reclamation for tennis courts, golf links, shooting ranges and ski jumps; rock-crushing; quarrying stone for the Banff Springs Hotel (still under construction) and smaller public works projects such as street and sidewalk repair. With the onset of spring, the camp returned once more to the Castle Mountain site. This process of return and relocation would continue until August 1917 when the camp was finally closed when the internees were conditionally released to industry to meet the growing labour shortage. The Castle Mountain camp was a difficult facility to administer. Abuse was widespread, and although duly noted by the Directorate of Internment Operations in Ottawa, it was never corrected. Escapes were frequent. Conditions at the camp were roundly condemned by neutral observers and the Central Powers, charging Canada with violations of international norms governing the internment of enemy aliens. Understandably, the conditions at the camp would become of interest to the War Office in London and a point of discussion between the British Government and Ottawa. Legacy","title":"Castle Mountain Internment Camp"},{"docid":"32867145","text":"The East Inlet Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, was established in 1913 to provide access from Grand Lake to a series of lakes to the east of Grand Lake. The trail originates at the east stream inlet to Grand lake: confusingly, it is close to the west portal of the Alva B. Adams Tunnel which conveys water from the west side of the Continental Divide under the park to the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. The trail was developed further in the 1920s, but was still considered to be in poor condition. In the 1930s further improvements were made, and in 1934 workers from the Public Works Administration rebuilt the section between Lone Pine Lake and Lake Verna. In 1940 workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps improved of trail beyond Adam Falls, building causeway sections through swampy areas. The trail was rebuilt again in 1970, and was improved between 2000 and 2003 with stone steps and handrails at Adam Falls. The trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado Architects of the National Park Service References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1913 establishments in Colorado","title":"East Inlet Trail"},{"docid":"44868799","text":"The La Junta Railroaders were a minor league baseball team based in La Junta, Colorado. The Railroaders played in the 1912 season as members of the Class D level Rocky Mountain League. La Junta hosted home games at City Park. History In 1912, minor league baseball began in La Junta, Colorado, when the La Junta \"Railroaders\" became charter members of the four–team Class D level Rocky Mountain League. The league started the season with the Cañon City Swastikas, Colorado Springs Millionaires and Pueblo Indians teams joining the La Junta Railroaders in Rocky Mountain League play. The \"Railroaders\" moniker corresponds to local industry, with the city of La Junta located along the railroad line and the founding of the city being tied to the railroad access. Both freight and passenger trains accessed La Junta, which had a large rail yard, as well as a passenger depot built in 1895 called the El Otero. Today, the rail yard is still utilized by BNSF and the La Junta station serves Amtrak passengers. Before the 1912 season was scheduled to conclude, the Rocky Mountain League permanently folded on July 5, 1912. The La Junta Railroaders were in fourth place with a 11–22 record when the league disbanded. The Railroaders finished 13.0 games behind the first place Pueblo/Cheyenne Indians team in the final standings. The La Junta Railroaders were managed by J.F. Waller, Bill Annis and Tubby Graves. At the time he managed La Junta, Tubby Graves was serving as the head football, basketball and baseball coach at Alabama. La Junta was the only Rocky Mountain League franchise that did not relocate during the season. After 1912, La Junta has not hosted another minor league team. The ballpark The 1912 La Junta Railroaders played minor league home games at City Park. City Park was established in 1905 and is still in use today as a public park. The park is located at 10th Street and Colorado Avenue in La Junta, Colorado. Timeline Year–by–year records Notable alumni Bill Annis (1912, MGR) Tubby Graves (1912, MGR) J.F. Waller (1912, MGR) Complete roster information for the 1912 La Junta Railroaders is unknown. References External links La Junta - Baseball Reference Defunct minor league baseball teams Professional baseball teams in Colorado Defunct baseball teams in Colorado Baseball teams established in 1912 Baseball teams disestablished in 1912 Rocky Mountain League teams Otero County, Colorado 1912 establishments in Colorado 1912 disestablishments in Colorado","title":"La Junta Railroaders"},{"docid":"21018416","text":"The Fall River Pass Ranger Station in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull in the National Park Service Rustic style. Built in 1922, the stone structure is similar in design to the Chasm Lake Shelter. Between 1933 and 1937 the ranger station was converted to a museum. The ranger station is associated with the construction of the nearby Trail Ridge Road. Located above the tree line, the building has a trap door in the roof to allow access when the door is blocked by drifting snow. See also Fall River Pump House and Catchment Basin National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References External links Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Government buildings completed in 1922 National Park Service ranger stations Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Historic American Buildings Survey in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1922 establishments in Colorado National Park Service rustic in Colorado","title":"Fall River Pass Ranger Station"},{"docid":"60250418","text":"Tilted Mountain is a mountain summit located in Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Sawback Range. Its nearest higher peak is Lychnis Mountain, to the east in an area of exposed Skoki Formation limestone which is known for fossils such as brachiopods, gastropods, conodonts, cephalopods, trilobites, and echinoderm fragments. History Tilted Mountain was named in 1911 by James F. Porter for the tilted layers of rock strata. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1924 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, Tilted Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Tilted Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. See also Geography of Alberta Geology of Alberta References External links Weather forecast: Tilted Mountain Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park Two-thousanders of Alberta Mountains of Banff National Park Alberta's Rockies Canadian Rockies","title":"Tilted Mountain"},{"docid":"21052449","text":"The Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District in Rocky Mountain National Park documents the early administrative core of the park. Beginning in 1920 and continuing into the 1930s, park service and administrative structures were built in the National Park Service Rustic style. Most buildings were built of logs under a policy of blending with the natural landscape. Later construction has respected the materials and scale of the area. Structures include McLaren Hall, designed by landscape architect W.G. Hill, a number of employee residences including the superintendent's residence, equipment sheds, garages and utility buildings. Many of the buildings built in the 1930s were built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Park Service rustic in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1982 establishments in Colorado","title":"Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District"},{"docid":"6462572","text":"The Comanche Peak Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness Area located in the Roosevelt National Forest on the Canyon Lakes Ranger District in Colorado along the northern boundary of Rocky Mountain National Park. The wilderness named for its most prominent peak was established in 1980. There are of hiking trails inside the wilderness. Roosevelt National Forest and Rocky Mountain National Park officially maintain 19 trails within the Wilderness, 5 of which pass into Rocky Mountain National Park. There are also 7 named peaks, 6 named lakes (including Comanche Reservoir) and 16 named rivers and creeks within the wilderness boundaries. Climate References Protected areas of Larimer County, Colorado Wilderness areas of Colorado Protected areas established in 1980 Roosevelt National Forest","title":"Comanche Peak Wilderness"},{"docid":"76300843","text":"Esther Burnell Mills (August 1889–April 8, 1964) was an American pioneer and homesteader in Estes Park, Colorado. Esther Burnell and her sister became the National Park Service's first certified nature guides. She married Enos Mills, who led the establishment of the Rocky Mountain National Park. They ran the Longs Peak Inn, and after her husband's death, Mills continued to operate the inn. She edited and published three post-humous volumes and additional works by Enos Mills. With Hildegarde Hawthorne, she co-authored Enos Mills of the Rockies. Early life and education Esther A. Burnell, born in August 1889 in Eureka, Kansas, was the daughter of Mary A. (née Frayer) and Arthur Tappan Burnell, a professor and school principal with positions in the states of Washington, Kansas, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, and Oregon. Arthur was also a minister. Her siblings, born about every two years, were older brother Eugene, older sister Elizabeth (Bessie), and younger brother Bernico. Burnell studied at Lake Erie College in Cleveland, Ohio, and Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. Her sister Elizabeth graduated from the University of Michigan with master's degrees in mathematics and physics. Lake Erie College employed her as the head of the mathematics and physics department. Burnell worked at the Sherwin Williams Paint Company as a consulting decorator. Before moving to Colorado, she lived in Cleveland and then Des Moines, Iowa. She had been overworked at her job and had a nervous breakdown. In 1915, Burnell and Elizabeth Enos Mills the prior year during his speaking engagement in Cleveland, Ohio. Like other attendees, Mills invited them to visit Rocky Mountain National Park and Mills' nature study center at the inn. Dedicated in 1916, the park is located near Estes Park, Colorado. Homesteading Burnell and her sister Elizabeth vacationed at Longs Peak Inn in Estes Park, Colorado, in the summer of 1916. Burnell took walks in the area to observe nature, wearing knickerbockers for hiking and climbing rather than wearing city-appropriate dresses and high shoes. Her health improved in the mountain environment. Her friend, Katherine Garetson, met Burnell when she arrived in Estes Park. Concerned about her health, Garetson decided that Burnell was a frail city slicker, but after some time in the mountains she said her friend \"looked wonderfully pretty animation transforming her into a beauty\". Burnell extended her vacation to remain in Colorado. She homesteaded 120 acres near MacGregor Pass alongside Horseshoe Park. Burnell designed a five-room cabin and worked on the construction of her home, which she named Keewaydin. She built some of the furniture for her home and established a garden. Deer, mountain sheep, and birds visited her property. Burnell's closest neighbors were the Fall River Lodge and Horseshoe Inn, about from her land. Fellow homesteaders lived two or more miles away. Burnell walked east to town to visit friends, pick up her mail, and purchase groceries and supplies that she carried back to her cabin. She embraced the outdoor life, hiking in the day or night. She made long treks, wearing snowshoes in","title":"Esther Burnell Mills"},{"docid":"4324216","text":"Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the north-eastern part of the province, 90 km south-west from Fort Nelson and it is bordered to the north by the Alaska Highway. Access is mostly done by boat, aircraft, on horseback or by hiking. At 6,657.1 km2, it is the largest protected area in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area and the third largest provincial park in British Columbia. The park borders Stone Mountain Provincial Park to the north-west and Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park to the south-west, creating a large contiguous protected area in the Muskwa Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. History Northern Rockies Mountain Provincial Park is the largest protected site within the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area, a wilderness area established in 1998. The park is among seven sites that are recommended to be protected by the 1997 Fort Nelson Land and Resource Management Plan due to its unique ecological diversity. The park is established in December 1986. In June 1999, the park was expanded with the inclusion of the Wokkpash Recreational Area to protect the ecological heritages of the area. In 2000, a public advisory group was formed to initiate a management planning process for the park. The process was suspended for several years due to the need of increasing participation of Indigenous people but has been resumed since 2019. The public, stakeholder, and the First Nations were all included for the update of the plan. This allowed public to give extra information through mails, online forms, meeting and open houses. All information were gathered on the webpage and was used to draft the final management plan. Geography The area is notable for a range of water features including rivers, streams, waterfalls, rapids, small glaciers and lakes. Its rivers include the Tetsa, Chischa, and Muskwa, and its creeks include the Gathto, Kluachesi, Dead Dog and Chlotapecta. The largest water features in the area are the upper and lower Tuckodi Lakes , though other lakes such as Kluachesi and Tetsa exist. Ecology There are different kinds of animals at risk in Rocky Mountain National Park; at the same time, the park is also suitable for other species to live, as a habitat. It provides great environment for animals including moose, elk, stone sheep, and mountain goats. Grizzly bears and black bears are also commonly found in the area. The existence of different prey animals allow these bears to sustain within the habitat. Different types of species live around the park, including animals, plants, and others. More plants can be found rather than animals. Types of animals are included with mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians & reptiles. Plants are included with algae, lichens, mosses & liverworts, trees & shrubs and wildflowers. Lake trout, rainbow trout, bull trout, arctic grayling and lake whitefish are the important species in the park. Climate Change The remoteness and wilderness of Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park has made it potentially an area for the plants and species to adapt to","title":"Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park"},{"docid":"32879980","text":"The Fern Lake Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, runs from Moraine Park in the eastern part of the park westward to Fern Lake, the first portion of the trail following the course of the Big Thompson River. The trail was first informally established in the late 1880s as a way to get to \"The Pool,\" a wide spot in the Big Thompson where a small lodge predated the 1915 establishment of the park. The trail was improved by the Estes Park Protective and Improvement Association between 1907 and 1912, with a new bridge at The Pool. Two years later the trail was rebuilt to maintain no more than a 10% grade and to provide better access to Fern and Marguerite Falls. In the 1920s Fern Lake became a popular winter destination for skiing, complete with a lodge. From 1933 the trail was rebuilt over three years with Civilian Conservation Corps labor, building retaining walls and adjusting the trail's alignment. The Forest Inn at The Pool closed in 1951, and Fern Lake Lodge closed in 1960. Folksinger Judy Collins and her then-husband Peter Taylor ran the lodge in the summer of 1958, welcoming hikers a respite from the trail. It was demolished by the Park Service in 1968 as they eliminated concessions within the park. The trail is notable for its association with early tourism development in the park and for its Civilian Conservation Corps-executed construction. The Fern Lake Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park 1933 establishments in Colorado Transportation in Larimer County, Colorado Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado","title":"Fern Lake Trail"},{"docid":"221314","text":"The Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site consists of seven contiguous parks including four national parks (Banff, Jasper, Kootenay, and Yoho) and three British Columbia provincial parks (Hamber, Mount Assiniboine, and Mount Robson). These seven parks in the Canadian Rockies include mountains, glaciers, and hot springs and the headwaters of major North American river systems including the North Saskatchewan, Athabasca, Columbia, and Fraser rivers. The area is known for its natural environment and biological diversity. It includes the Burgess Shale site, a World Heritage Site in its own right from 1980 to 1984, when it was included in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks WHS designation. World Heritage Site In 1983 Canada nominated Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho national parks for inclusion on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. UNESCO accepted this nomination in 1984 on the basis of a recommendation by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The original nomination and IUCN's recommendation drew attention to the area's \"exceptional natural beauty\", \"habitats of rare and endangered species\" and its natural landforms such as mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, canyons, limestone caves, and the unique Burgess Shale fossils. That year the UNESCO World Heritage Committee \"requested the Canadian authorities to consider adding the adjacent Provincial Parks of Mount Robson, Hamber, Mount Assiniboine and Kananaskis\" to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks site. At a 1990 meeting, \"the Committee welcomed the Canadian proposal to include, in the Rocky Mountains Parks site, Mount Robson, Hamber and Assiniboine Provincial Parks, following its request at its Eighth Session in 1984.\" Kananaskis (renamed Peter Lougheed Provincial Park) has not been included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage site. See also List of National Parks of Canada List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas List of British Columbia provincial parks List of protected areas of Alberta References External links Park page at UNESCO World Heritage Site Climbing the clouds Virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering Canadian Rockies World Heritage Sites in Canada National parks of the Rocky Mountains Parks in the Canadian Rockies Parks in Alberta Parks in British Columbia Protected areas of the Rocky Mountains Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains","title":"Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site"},{"docid":"19736780","text":"The Colorado Mountain Club (CMC), formed in 1912, is a nonprofit, 501 (c)(3) outdoor education organization based in Golden, Colorado that gathers and disseminates information regarding Colorado's mountains in the areas of art, science, literature and recreation. The club advocates for the preservation of the alpine regions, and was instrumental in the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. The CMC has its own press with over 30 published titles, and has continuously published Trail & Timberline magazine since 1918. History From 25 charter members in 1912, the club rapidly grew to 200 members barely a year later, when the CMC became a nonprofit corporation. Charter members included such notable historic figures as Enos Mills, Roger Toll, and Carl Blaurock. In 1974, the club purchased its first permanent home in Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the CMC partnered with the American Alpine Club to found the American Mountaineering Center in Golden, Colorado. The building houses the largest mountaineering library in the world, as well as a state-of-the-art museum, which opened in February, 2008, and is named for famed mountaineer Henry Bradford Washburn Jr. Groups The CMC has a state-level organization along with 14 local groups, serving communities such as Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Aspen. Education The club first ventured into education by forming a mountaineering school in 1939. Today, the club offers classes in a variety of subjects, including wilderness trekking, nature photography, mountaineering, climbing, wilderness first aid, fly fishing, and leadership. Classes are taught by volunteers and often involve lectures and field days. Trips Members of the club are able to sign up for trips, most of which take place within the state of Colorado. Trips are led by volunteer trip leaders who handle the planning and organization as well as the execution. Trips may include such activities as hiking, climbing, fishing, and photography and are offered at various levels of difficulty. The club's adventure travel program also provides international travel opportunities. Stewardship The CMC has a conservation committee that is active in representing hiker interests in the state of Colorado. It also conducts volunteer trail work throughout the state to help maintain and build hiking trails. Fourteeners The CMC is the official repository for summit registers on Colorado's popular fourteeners. It also maintains the comprehensive list of each person who has climbed all 53 of these high peaks. It also provides a free online system called for hikers to report summits of Colorado's 100 highest peaks. Notable club members throughout history Carl Blaurock, one of a pair to first climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Mary Cronin, first woman to climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Albert Russell Ellingwood, pioneering Colorado mountaineer Dick Lamm, former Governor of Colorado Enos Mills, whose efforts were influential in establishing Rocky Mountain National Park James Grafton Rogers, Denver lawyer and outdoorsman who drafted legislation to create Rocky Mountain National Park Roger Toll, who held the positions of superintendent at Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, and Mount Rainier National Parks William Henry Jackson, famous photographer for the","title":"Colorado Mountain Club"},{"docid":"32852026","text":"The Wild Basin House was built in the southeastern corner of Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, USA in 1931. The log residence was built to plans provided by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs at a cost of $2500, in the National Park Service rustic style. The one-story house measures by , resting on a fieldstone foundation, with a shallow-pitched wood shingle roof. The interior comprises three rooms. The Wild Basin House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. The Wild Basin Ranger Station, also listed on the NRHP, is nearby. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Boulder County, Colorado References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Houses completed in 1931 National Park Service rustic in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Houses in Boulder County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Boulder County, Colorado 1931 establishments in Colorado","title":"Wild Basin House"},{"docid":"19899914","text":"Aspidotis densa is a species of fern in the Cheilanthoid subfamily, known by the common name Indian's dream or Serpentine fern or dense lace fern. It is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming; there is a disjunct population on serpentine soils in Quebec. Description This fern has leaves on long wiry brown to black petioles (stem below the leaf), with the leaf blade occupying less than half of the total length of the leaf when including the petiole. The leaves emerge from a short creeping rhizome covered with firm narrow scales. Where the petiole joins the leaf, the stem color grades to green and acquires a groove on its adaxial (top) surface. The leaf blades are medium to dark green, sometimes with a glaucous or bluish cast. The leaf blade is triangular and composed of many pinnae which are subdivided into narrow leaflets (pinnules). The undersides of leaflets on fertile fronds are covered with sori over which the edges of the leaflet are folded to form a false indusium. Plants often have only fertile fronds, but they sometimes exhibit frond dimorphism, with sterile fronds shorter and with broader and flatter leaflets than the fertile fronds, which rise above on long petioles. The fertile frond leaflets are folded under at the edges and appear narrow and lace-like. The flat leaflets on sterile fronds have a toothed edge, but on fertile fronds these teeth are often reduced and are not easily visible since the edges fold under to form the false indusium. Under some growth conditions only sterile fronds form. Like many ferns, new fronds are produced in spring by circinate vernation. Habitat A. densa grows in rocky areas, usually on serpentine soils on rocky mountain slopes, well-drained but seasonally moist. It is usually found in growing full sun, but it can tolerate some shade. It can grow in rock crevices and exposed rocky outcrops in mossy cracks, and over time may creep to fill in fissures, creating well-established colonies in the outcrop. Though it grows mostly on serpentine, A. densa is also found on other rocks and soil types. Range A. densa is native largely to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. There is a disjunct population on serpentine soil in Frontenac National Park in Quebec, and closer probably disjunct populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and in the Cuyamaca Mountains near San Diego California, neither apparently associated with serpentine. It typically grows in mountains from low elevations to about 3,000 meters. It also grows near sea level near coasts in a few locations associated with serpentine, notably in Marin County California and in Washington Park and Cypress Island near Anacortes Washington. As ecologic indicator Aspidotis densa is a regional ecologic indicator on areas where ultramafic rocks (serpentine) are patchy, such as the Klamath and Siskayou","title":"Aspidotis densa"},{"docid":"47700052","text":"Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park (RFSP) is a state park in Unicoi County in East Tennessee. It is situated in the Blue Ridge region of the Appalachian Mountains, close to the Tennessee-North Carolina state line. The park is adjacent to the Cherokee National Forest, and it is in close proximity to the Appalachian Trail. The Sampson Mountain Wilderness is also nearby. Rocky Fork State Park was established in 2013, and facilities have not been developed, however the park does have a ranger station and gift shop located outside the park in the Flag Pond community. Hiking and mountain biking are permitted on a network of old road beds, and fishing is allowed in Rocky Fork and South Indian Creeks, below and downstream of the State Park Main Entrance Gate. The park was renamed from \"Rocky Fork State Park\" in January 2019 in honor of then-Senator Lamar Alexander, who was in his last term. Nearby state parks The following state parks are within of Rocky Fork State Park: Roan Mountain State Park Mount Mitchell State Park, North Carolina References External links Rocky Fork State Park – Tennessee Eastman Hiking and Canoeing Club's Trail Wiki State parks of Tennessee State parks of the Appalachians Protected areas of Unicoi County, Tennessee Protected areas established in 2012","title":"Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park"},{"docid":"1415629","text":"Glacier National Park is part of a system of 43 parks and park reserves across Canada, and one of seven national parks in British Columbia. Established in 1886, the park encompasses , and includes a portion of the Selkirk Mountains which are part of the larger grouping of mountains, the Columbia Mountains. It also contains the Rogers Pass National Historic Site. The park's history is closely tied to two primary Canadian transportation routes, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), completed in 1885, and the Trans-Canada Highway, completed in 1963. Rogers Pass in the centre of the park eluded explorers until 1881. The railway brought with it tourism, the establishment of Glacier National Park and the construction of a popular alpine hotel. The heavy winter snows and steep, avalanche-prone valleys of the park have been a major obstacle to transportation, necessitating much railway engineering and avalanche control measures. The park contains high peaks, large, active glaciers, and one of Canada's largest cave systems. Its dense forests support populations of large mammals, birds, and alpine species. The region is noted for its heavy snowfall. The park has an extensive network of trails, three campgrounds, and four backcountry huts and cabins. Due to the major transportation routes that bisect it, Glacier National Park sees large numbers of visitors. History The Selkirk Mountains were first noted by Europeans when explorer David Thompson of the North West Company skirted around them on the Columbia River in 1811. He named them Nelson's Mountains, after Lord Horatio Nelson, but they were later renamed after an executive for the rival Hudson's Bay Company, Lord Thomas Douglas Selkirk. Finding a pass through the Selkirks became a priority after construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway began. Completion of the railway was a condition of the Colony of British Columbia upon entering Canadian Confederation in 1867. In 1865, Canadian Pacific Surveyor Walter Moberly led an expedition up the Illecillewaet River (which he named, using the Okanangan word for \"swift water\"). Despite recently discovering Eagle Pass through the nearby Monashees, Moberly failed to find a pass through the Selkirks after getting sidetracked in the Tangier Creek drainage. His party refused to explore further due to the lateness of the season, and Moberly was forced to retreat. Rogers Pass An expedition led by Major Albert Bowman Rogers up the Illecillewaet discovered a viable pass in 1881. Rogers was awarded a five thousand dollar prize for locating a route through the mountains. In 1885, the CPR constructed a line through Rogers Pass and the following year trains were travelling west to the Pacific for the first time in Canada. The federal government and the CPR quickly realized the tourism potential of the mountainous, heavily glaciated area. Following a trip by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his wife Agnes through the Rockies on the newly completed Trancontinental Railroad, he returned to Ottawa inspired, and led the creation of Glacier and Yoho National Parks, both established on October 10, 1886. They were the second and third","title":"Glacier National Park (Canada)"},{"docid":"28236537","text":"The northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus irremotus), also known as the northern Rocky Mountain timber wolf, is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the northern Rocky Mountains. It is a light-colored, medium to large-sized subspecies with a narrow, flattened frontal bone. The subspecies was initially listed as Endangered on March 9, 1978, but had the classification removed in the year 2000 due to the effects of the Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. On August 6, 2010, the northern Rocky Mountain wolf was ordered to be returned under Endangered Species Act protections by U.S. District Judge Donald Molloy in a decision overturning a previous ruling by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They were later removed on August 31, 2012 from the list because of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming meeting the population quotas for the species to be considered stable. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). Physiology Description This subspecies generally weighs and stands at 26–32 inches, making it one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It is a lighter-colored animal that inhabits the Rocky Mountains with a coat including far more white and less black. In general, the subspecies favors lighter colors, with black mixing in among them. Its population currently resides in western Montana, eastern Idaho, western Wyoming and southern Alberta. Dietary habits The northern Rocky Mountain wolf preys primarily on the bison, elk, the Rocky Mountain mule deer, and the beaver, though it is an opportunistic animal and will prey upon other species if the chance arises. But, for the most part, small prey animals do not make up a large part of its diet. When an individual or a pack is able to take down numerous prey, the amount a northern Rocky Mountain wolf eats daily will generally make up about 10–21% of its body mass, though there have been recorded instances of an individual eating up to 37% of its body mass. However, when prey is not as plentiful, northern Rocky Mountain wolves are able to survive for considerably long periods of time while eating only small amounts. Cannibalism, in times of severe food shortage, occurs, as a pack will kill and eat an injured or weak member of the group. History Early recorded history of the northern Rocky Mountain wolf found it roaming primarily in the forests that would later become known as Yellowstone National Park. They resided nearby Native Americans of the Tukudika tribe, who considered the wolf to be a sacred animal. As the American population began spreading west in the late 19th century, ranchers, farmers, and cattle drivers began to settle in the area. In due time, the northern Rocky Mountain wolf began preying on the livestock brought by the settlers. A practice of eradication was enacted in 1915, through the use of guns, traps, and poison. This policy was made even more all encompassing by the creation of the National Park Service","title":"Northern Rocky Mountain wolf"},{"docid":"27379984","text":"The High Trips were large annual wilderness excursions organized and led by the Sierra Club, beginning in 1901. The High Trips lasted until the early 1970s, and were replaced by a larger number of smaller trips to wilderness areas worldwide. Origin Sierra Club secretary William Colby initiated the High Trips, which usually traveled to the High Sierra, and led them from 1901 to 1929. Colby wrote, \"It was from John Muir, President of the Club, that I received the warmest encouragement. He was highly enthusiastic, and told me that he had long been trying to get the Club to undertake just such outings.\" Edward T. Parsons, a former member of The Mazamas, an Oregon mountaineering club, was also involved with the early logistics, as that club had conducted similar trips. Early outings lasted four full weeks, but eventually the trips were separated into two segments of two weeks each so that those with less time to spare could participate. Francis Farquhar wrote that the purpose of the High Trips was far more than to provide an enjoyable vacation to the participants, but also to \"lead them to know and appreciate the beauty and inspiration of the mountains, and to educate them to become defenders of the wilderness.\" The first High Trip in July, 1901 attracted 96 club members to Yosemite National Park. On the eve of the start of the trip, club co-founder and University of California, Berkeley geology professor Joseph LeConte died of a sudden heart attack in Yosemite Valley at age 78. Other than this sad event, the trip was a success, and the Sierra Club then began a successful fundraising drive to build LeConte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite Valley in his honor. The High Trip the next and subsequent years doubled in size. Logistics The high trips were complex affairs, with gear for approximately 200 participants packed in by mules, with a staff of up to 50 and elaborate food prepared by professional cooks. It served to establish rituals and folklore that bound the members of the club together. Participants wore bandannas around their necks, used the distinctive metal Sierra Club cup, and sang the same campfire songs year after year. When the Sierra Club was lobbying for the establishment of Kings Canyon National Park, the High Trips visited that area many times, so that more effective lobbyists for the park could become familiar with its remote beauty. Destinations and mountaineering Atthough most of the High Trips were in the Sierra Nevada, occasionally trips were scheduled to other mountain ranges of western North America, including Mount Rainier in 1905, Glacier National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and the Canadian Rockies in 1928. The July 1928 trip to the Canadian Rockies was a joint venture with The Mazamas of Oregon, and The Mountaineers of the state of Washington. A train was chartered from Oakland to Jasper Park Lodge. During this trip, participants climbed many peaks, including Redoubt Mountain, Mount Robson, Mount Edith Cavell, Mount Geikie, Mount Bastion, Mount Barbican","title":"High Trips"},{"docid":"60414786","text":"The Watchtower is a mountain summit located in the Maligne River valley of Jasper National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. It is situated in the Maligne Range and is visible from the Maligne Lake Road where it towers over Medicine Lake. Its nearest higher peak is Sirdar Mountain, to the north. History The mountain was named in 1916 by Morrison P. Bridgland (1878-1948), a Dominion Land Surveyor who named many peaks in Jasper Park and the Canadian Rockies. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1947 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The first ascent of The Watchtower was made in 1951 by R.K. Irvin, J. Mowat, and R. Strong. Geology The Watchtower is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Cambrian period and pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, The Watchtower is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into Excelsior Creek and Watchtower Creek, both tributaries of the Maligne River which in turn empties into the Athabasca River. See also Geography of Alberta References Gallery External links Parks Canada web site: Jasper National Park Two-thousanders of Alberta Canadian Rockies Mountains of Jasper National Park Alberta's Rockies","title":"The Watchtower (Alberta)"},{"docid":"21024883","text":"The Bear Lake Comfort Station, also known as the Bear Lake Generator Building, in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs is the National Park Service Rustic style and was built in 1940. It was converted for use as a generator house at an unknown date and apparently no longer serves its former purpose as a public toilet. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Government buildings completed in 1940 Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Restrooms in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1940 establishments in Colorado","title":"Bear Lake Comfort Station"},{"docid":"69045500","text":"Sofa Mountain is a 2,515-meter (8,251-foot) summit located in Waterton Lakes National Park, in Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Lewis Range which is a subset of the Canadian Rockies, and is the easternmost mountain in the Canadian Rockies, as well as the park. It is situated east of Vimy Peak, and the nearest higher neighbor is Crypt Peak, to the southwest. Topographic relief is significant as the north aspect rises over 1,220 meters (4,000 feet) above Middle Waterton Lake in approximately six kilometers (3.7 mi). History The mountain was named in 1865 by Kootenay Brown who wrote: \"Coming down from the mountain, where we got our first glimpse of the buffalo, we soon reached the prairie shore of a large lake at the further side of which a mountain rose to a sofa-like peak among the clouds. This mountain was afterwards called Sofa Mountain.\" This mountain's name was officially adopted in 1943 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Waterton Lakes National Park, Sofa Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks thick, wide and long over younger rock of the cretaceous period. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Sofa Mountain has an alpine subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Sofa Mountain drains to the Waterton River and Belly River. See also Geology of the Rocky Mountains Geology of Alberta References External links Parks Canada web site: Waterton Lakes National Park Weather forecast: Sofa Mountain Two-thousanders of Alberta Waterton Lakes National Park Alberta's Rockies","title":"Sofa Mountain"},{"docid":"4730589","text":"Torngat Mountains National Park () is a Canadian national park located on the Labrador Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The park encompasses of mountainous terrain between Northern Quebec and the Labrador Sea. It is the largest national park in Atlantic Canada and the southernmost national park in the Arctic Cordillera. It partially contains the Torngat Mountains, the highest mountains in mainland Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The Torngat Mountains National Park was created to honour the relationship that Inuit of Labrador and Nunavik have with the land. Parks Canada works with these groups in order to conserve the ecological integrity of the land, as well as to inform visitors of the park's history with Inuit groups. The subarctic mountains are part of the greater Inuit homeland, known as Inuit Nunangat. The area in and around the park is governed by Inuit and it has been named \"Nunatsiavut\", translating to \"our beautiful land\" in their native language. The mountains are an important place for the Inuit and have been known as the \"place of spirits\". An area called Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve was set aside with enactment of the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement on December 1, 2005, with the intention of creating a national park. When the Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement came into effect on July 10, 2008, the park was officially established, and the National Park Reserve became Torngat Mountains National Park, the first in Labrador. In the Torngat Mountains, there are diverse animal and plant species in ecological communities. Indigenous cultures are deeply connected to and dependent on caribou for their food resources and cultures. This park protects wildlife including: boreal woodland caribou, black bears, Labrador wolf packs, red and Arctic foxes, polar bears, peregrine falcon, and golden eagle among others. Four different climatic regions enable these different species to co-exist. As the temperature rises, the ice in this area shrinks and shrubs grow rapidly, affecting local residents, species and tourists. The park is open year-round and is accessible via charter air flight, cruise ship, or snowmobile. It offers wilderness-oriented recreational activities such as, hiking, scrambling, and kayaking. Creation of park During the 1970s, Parks Canada had a goal of creating national parks in 39 divided regions of the country, which were chosen based on vegetation and landscape. The Torngat Mountains were chosen to be conserved as part of this plan. Labrador and Nunavik Inuit also had interests in conserving the Torngat Mountains, as the land is embedded in their culture and history. The goal of collaborating with these Inuit groups was made to honour their rights, interests, and the relationship they have with the land. Being the tallest mountains in Canada, aside from the Rocky Mountains, the Torngat Mountains were a desired landscape to conserve. Usage of the park is meant for all Canadians to enjoy, with special interest being given to Nunavik and Labrador Inuit to use the designated land and its resources. These are some of the intended purposes","title":"Torngat Mountains National Park"},{"docid":"59362161","text":"Park Mountain is a mountain summit located above the southwest shore of Lake McArthur in Yoho National Park, in the Bow Range of the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Biddle, to the east. Park Mountain is situated four kilometres west of the Continental Divide, and southeast of Field, British Columbia. History The mountain was named in 1915 because of the \"park-like\" setting of the area. The Lake O'Hara area that the mountain is located in is a gem within a park, the best that the Canadian Rockies has to offer. The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1904 by a survey party. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1952 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Park Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Park Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Park Mountain drains into tributaries of the Kicking Horse River which is a tributary of the Columbia River. References See also Geography of British Columbia External links Parks Canada web site: Yoho National Park Park Mountain and Odaray Mountain panoramic photo: Flickr Two-thousanders of British Columbia Canadian Rockies Mountains of Yoho National Park Kootenay Land District","title":"Park Mountain"},{"docid":"19425093","text":"Eagle Nest Lake State Park is a state park in New Mexico, United States. The park is located outside Eagle Nest, approximately east of Taos. It was established on July 3, 2004. Its main attraction is a lake which is popular for fishing and boating in the summer, and ice fishing and snowmobiling in the winter. The lake itself is a man-made reservoir created when the Cimarron River was impounded by the Eagle Nest Dam in 1918. Before this, the St Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Railroad did some grading work in 1907 on an unfinished extension from its terminus at Ute Park to Taos, including boring a tunnel here. The lake is home to several species of fish, including rainbow trout, brown trout, kokanee salmon, yellow perch, common carp, white sucker, and northern pike, which were introduced into Eagle Nest Lake (by law, anglers must harvest/keep pike, because of their threat to the lake's gamefish populations). Eagle Nest Lake is at an elevation of , making it an alpine lake, and it is situated in a glacial valley on the slopes of Wheeler Peak, New Mexico's highest mountain. The surrounding mountains are rich in wildlife such as elk, deer, turkeys and bears. Gallery References External links Eagle Nest Lake State Park Friends of Eagle Nest Lake and Cimarron Canyon State Parks Lakes of the Rocky Mountains State parks of New Mexico Parks in Colfax County, New Mexico Protected areas established in 2004 Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains","title":"Eagle Nest Lake State Park"},{"docid":"42384289","text":"The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve is a tract of land owned by the government of the Canadian province of Alberta (called \"Crown land\") along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Albertan section of the Canadian Rockies. It is a long strip of land just east of the more famous Canadian Rocky Mountain parks, which is managed for forest and water conservation, public recreation, and industrial goals, rather than aesthetic and preservation goals, as in the Rocky Mountain parks. Forest reserves were established for \"...(1) the reserving of timber supplies, (2) the reserving of areas unsuited to agriculture so that they would not be homesteaded, and (3) the preserving of the water level in streams by conserving the timber on the upper watersheds\". Government of Canada (1911). \"All forest reserves are set aside and constituted for the conservation of the forests and other vegetation in the forests and for the maintenance of conditions favourable to an optimum water supply in those reserves.\" Province of Alberta (2004). The surveyor William Pearce was an early and influential advocate of preserving the region, and he convinced the government to set aside a large part of the region from the agricultural settlement occurring elsewhere in the Canadian West. His continued efforts persuaded the Canadian government, in 1902, to enlarge the adjacent Rocky Mountain Park (later Banff National Park) to , twice its modern size. The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve was first created in 1910 by the federal government of Canada by privy council order #939 to conserve forests and protect the headwaters of the rivers that supply most of the Canadian prairies from development. Since its inception, the area has been managed to conserve headwaters while allowing industrial activity, particularly logging and mining, with secondary importance placed on heavy tourist uses, in contrast to the neighbouring national parks. Nevertheless, water has been a recurring theme, with the protection of the headwaters always being the stated priority of government agencies. A 1911 report on the area by the Department of the Interior describes it as The size and shape of the reserve changed repeatedly and dramatically in its early years. In its original configuration in 1910, the forest reserve constituted two disconnected pieces of land, neither of which are part of the modern reserve. The more northerly part was north of Jasper National Park (today the Willmore Wilderness), and the southerly section was between Jasper National Park and Rocky Mountain Park (today the northern third of Banff National Park). In 1911, Jasper and Rocky Mountain parks were reduced in size and the land transferred to the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve. The reserve was expanded eastwards in 1913. In 1917, Rocky Mountain Park and in 1927 Jasper Park were greatly expanded at the expense of the reserve. In 1929 and 1930, the park boundaries were adjusted slightly, giving the Kananaskis valley back to the reserve. With the passage of the Alberta Natural Resources Act, 1930, management of the parks and reserve became separated, as all public","title":"Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve"},{"docid":"52119498","text":"Bierstadt Lake is located in Larimer County, Colorado and within the Rocky Mountain National Park. Near McHenrys Peak and Longs Peak, there are \"spectacular views\" of the Continental Divide at the lake. The Bierstadt Lake Trailhead is located about from the turn-off at U.S. Route 36 into the Rocky Mountain National Park. During the summer, shuttle buses provide transportation to the trailhead. The lake sits atop a lateral moraine on the side and end of Bartholf Glacier and drains into Mill Creek. It is named for Albert Bierstadt, a noted landscape artist, whose 1870s paintings of Longs Peak and Bierstadt Lake are among the Denver Art Museum's collection. Geology and hydrology Bierstadt Lake rests on a plateau on the Bierstadt Moraine, which is a \"massive\" moraine created by debris left from the receding Bartholf Glacier. The glacier, never more than long, \"originated on the highest mountain in the park\". Because it was a steep glacier, \"its gouging action was vigorous\". Glacial lobes at Glacier Gorge, Loch Vale, and Flattop Mountain joined and moved iced in Barthlolf Park. Debris trapped in the ice created the Bierstadt Moraine that lies between Glacier and Mill Creeks and is more than wide and is more than above the floor of Bartholf Park. The lake was formed when a dam was made from glacial debris deposits. Water from the lake drains into Mill Creek within the Mill Creek basin, which is a flat valley with a scenic meadow. Author Lisa Foster describes the long glacial ridge as \"one of the most dramatic lateral moraines in the Rocky Mountain National Park\". On the north side of the moraine is Hollowell Park and the Mill Creek Basin. The steep south side sits above Bear Creek Road. History It was first called \"Hanging Lake\" by Native Americans due to its \"perched condition\" on the side of Bartholf Glacier. Bierstadt Lake was officially given its name in 1932, prior to that the name was on a reprinted U.S. Geological Survey map created in 1922. Like Mount Bierstadt, it was named to honor Albert Bierstadt, a landscape artist, who visited and painted the Rocky Mountains. He may have become the first European to visit the summit of Mount Blue Sky when he climbed it in 1863. Mount Blue Sky is from Mount Bierstadt. In 1876, Bierstadt was commissioned by Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl to make an exceptionally large canvas painting of Longs Peak and Estes Park for $15,000, . Bierstadt traveled throughout the area with Theodore Whyte, the earl's associate, and created sketches and paintings. The two men also looked for a suitable site, with a great view of Longs Peak, to construct an English hotel for the earl. Bierstadt took a particular interest in the lake, and Whyte is credited for naming the lake in honor of the artist. He \"created one of his many spectacular images of the West\" at the lake. Harold Marion Dunning, an early historian, chronicled \"that Bierstadt's favorite place for","title":"Bierstadt Lake"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"2337885\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis and Clark National Forest is located in west central Montana, United States. Spanning , the forest is managed as two separate zones. The eastern sections, under the Jefferson Division, is a mixture of grass and shrublands dotted with \\\"island\\\" pockets of forested areas. Here, cattle leases to local ranchers as well as timber harvesting are the norm. The western Rocky Mountain Division, which straddles the Continental divide, is managed chiefly for environmental preservation, as much of the land has been designated as wilderness. Forest headquarters are located in Great Falls, Montana. Local ranger district offices have been established in Choteau, Harlowton, Neihart, Stanford, and White Sulphur Springs. The forest lands were defined and established by the federal government in 1897, following its Treaty of 1896 with the Blackfeet establishing their adjacent reservation. This forest is one of the oldest forest preserves in the U.S. The forest is named in honor of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which passed through the forest between 1804 and 1806 while exploring the Louisiana Purchase for President Thomas Jefferson. Prior to that, the region was inhabited by various cultures of Native Americans for a period of at least 8,000–10,000 years. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition came to this area, different areas of the large forest territory were used by members of the Blackfeet, Sioux, Cheyenne, Flathead and Crow nations for hunting and as an area for their seasonal winter camps. The forests provided shelter from the winter. Description Altitudes range from to the top of Rocky Mountain Peak at . The forest is divided into seven separate sections and encompasses eight mountain ranges; the Judith, Big Snowy, Little Snowy, Crazy, Castle, Little Belt and Highwood Mountains. The westernmost section includes portions of the Scapegoat and the Bob Marshall wildernesses, and borders Glacier National Park to the north. The western Rocky Mountain Division, informally called the Rocky Mountain Front, consists of a dense coniferous forest and has numerous species of spruce, fir, and pine. The Jefferson Division is dominated by ponderosa and lodgepole pine which prefer a drier climate. The grizzly bear and timber wolf are found in the western sections of the forest, and are especially dense in the designated wilderness areas. In addition, the western section contains much of the wildlife present at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the region. Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, elk, cougars, Canadian lynxes, wolverines and black bears are most common nearest the Continental Divide. In other sections of the forest, black bears, mule deer and white-tailed deer are the largest mammals found. Coyotes, raccoons, beavers, minks, muskrats, river otters and Columbian white-tailed deer inhabit the up-stream inlands. Throughout the forest, bald eagles, grouse, peregrine falcon and red tailed hawks are increasing in numbers. Lakes and streams are more numerous in the western section due to a higher altitude and more precipitation, and are home to the native westslope cutthroat trout. In the of rivers and streams in the forest, rainbow\",\n \"title\": \"Lewis and Clark National Forest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73338629\",\n \"text\": \"Whitehorse Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park in west-central Alberta, Canada. The park was established on 26 August 1998 and had an area of . On 23 July 2002, the area was changed slightly to . The park is included in the Upper Athabasca Region Land Use Framework. The park is named for the creek within the boundaries of the park. Location The park is in Yellowhead County in western Alberta, approximately southwest of Robb and south of Cadomin, Alberta. Jasper National Park borders the park to the west. Whitehorse Wildland is adjacent to Whitehorse Creek Provincial Recreation Area. Ecology In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Luscar and Ram River Foothills ecodistricts of the Western Alberta Upland ecoregion in the Boreal Foothills ecoprovince of the Boreal Plains ecozone. Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Northern Rockies Conifer Forests ecoregion of the Greater Rockies & Mountain Forests bioregion. Geography The northern part of the park contains the watershed of the Whitehorse Creek and the ridges of foothills forming the valley for the creek. The northern ridge that bounds the Whitehorse Creek valley is the Nikanassin Range while the southern is the Miette Range. Within the park, in the Nikanassin Range are four mountains: Luscar Mountain at elevation, Leyland Mountain (), Mount Gregg (). and Mount Sir Harold Mitchell (). The Miette Ranges contains several unnamed mountains in elevation. The southern arm of the park follows the Cardinal Divide Ridge. The Cardinal Divide, with an elevation of , is the continental divide between two major watersheds: the McLeod and Athabasca Rivers, which eventually drain into the Arctic Ocean; and the Cardinal, Brazeau, and North Saskatchewan Rivers, which eventually drain into Hudson Bay. In the southern arm contains several named mountains: Prospect Mountain (), Cheviot Mountain (), and Tripoli Mountain (). In addition, two mountains form the border with Jasper National Park and are thus partially in Whitehorse Wildland park: Blackface Mountain () and Climax Mountain (). The elevation of Whitehorse Creek when it leaves the park is . There is an extensive trail network in the park for hiking and horseback trail riding. Climate The Köppen climate classification of the park is Continental, Subarctic (Dfc) characterized by long, cold winters, and short, warm to cool summers. Using the data from a nearby weather stations (Luscar Creek), average daily temperatures for 1991 to 2020 exceeds only for June, July, and August while average daily temperatures are less than for November through March. At Luscar Creek, the long-run average precipitation from 1991 to 2020 for the wettest months, June and July, is per month; conversely, the station receive less than per month from October through March. Natural history The park is home to many wildlife species. Ungulates include bighorn sheep, elk, moose, and mule deer. Carnivores include grizzly bears, wolves, and cougars. Among the small mammals are hoary marmots and American pikas.\",\n \"title\": \"Whitehorse Wildland Provincial Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6963071\",\n \"text\": \"Austria has six national parks, all of them internationally accepted according to the IUCN standard. The first national park, Hohe Tauern, was established in 1981. They include each of Austria's most important natural landscape types — alluvial forest, Alpine massif, Pannonian steppe and rocky valleys. Development First plans for the protection of the Hohe Tauern mountain range were evolved by Austrian Alpine Club, which in 1915-18 acquired large mountainous areas. However, the national park project was abandoned in the late 1930s and not resumed until 1971, when the federal states of Salzburg, Tyrol and Carinthia signed the Heiligenblut Agreement, followed by similar initiatives in Lower and Upper Austria. The establishment of each national park took several years; as conflicts of use and the question of funding had to be resolved. The parks are managed by contracts between one or more of the federal states and the Federal Government, with the financing shared equally between the Austrian government and the respective province. The national park administrations offer more than 300 green jobs. The park centres provide the public with educational services on ecology and environmental protection, information and leisure activities. With about 400,000 visitors a year, they play an important role in Austrian tourism. National Parks Of the seven national parks, four are protecting Austrian Alpine regions and three are covering waters. The largest park by far is Hohe Tauern; at , it is also the largest national park in Central Europe. The Neusiedler See–Seewinkel and Thayatal national parks stretch across the border with Hungary and the Czech Republic respectively. All of Austria's national parks meet IUCN Category II standards. The Nock Mountains (formerly also one of Austria's National Parks) had been classified as a Protected Landscape (Category V), and in 2012 it was converted into the core zone of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. See also List of national parks Geography of Austria References External links https://www.nationalparksaustria.at/en/ Official site. Austria National parks National parks he:גאוגרפיה של אוסטריה#פארקים לאומיים\",\n \"title\": \"National parks of Austria\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32414894\",\n \"text\": \"The Siffleur Wilderness Area is a provincially designated wilderness area in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta. It was established in 1961 and it, as one of the three wilderness areas of Alberta, has the strictest form of government protection available in Canada. All development is forbidden and only travel by foot is permitted. Hunting and fishing are not allowed. The other two wilderness areas are White Goat Wilderness Area and Ghost River Wilderness Area and together the three areas total . Siffleur is located near the west end and south side of Canadian Highway 11 and slightly south of the White Goat Wilderness area. It is near the north end of Banff National Park and the south end of Jasper National Park. Mountains rise to . The area has rugged mountains, glacier-carved valleys, mountain lakes, and alpine meadows. There are two distinct vegetation zones. Above , the tree line, are grasses, sedges and wildflowers. Below that are subalpine forests of spruce, fir, and lodgepole pine. At even lower elevations there are aspen and balsam poplar. Animals in the lower regions include woodland caribou, moose, elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, grizzly bear, black bear, cougar, coyote, timber wolf, and wolverine. Animals in the upper regions include golden-mantled ground squirrels, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, hoary marmot, pika, white-tailed ptarmigan, grey-crowned rosy finch, water pipit and horned lark. Eagles are seen in both the lower and upper regions. Like Siffleur Mountain and Siffleur River, the name was chosen by James Hector in 1858 for the shrill whistles of the marmot which inhabit the area. References External links Alberta Parks Protected areas of Alberta Parks in the Canadian Rockies Protected areas established in 1961\",\n \"title\": \"Siffleur Wilderness Area\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1852063\",\n \"text\": \"Lawn Lake Dam was an earthen dam in Rocky Mountain National Park, United States that failed on July 15, 1982, at about 6 a.m., in an event known as the flood of 1982. The sudden release of of water resulted in a flash flood that killed three people camping in the park and caused $31 million in damage to the town of Estes Park, Colorado and other downstream areas. Lawn Lake Lawn Lake was originally a natural lake with a surface area of , located at an elevation of approximately in the Rocky Mountains. In 1903 a group of farmers from Loveland built a dam to increase it to a surface area of for the purpose of providing water for irrigation in Loveland. Dam failure Over the years the road that had been cut to permit construction of the dam fell into disrepair and ceased to exist. Because of the dam's remote and difficult location, inspection and repairs lapsed. The Colorado State Engineer determined that the probable cause of the dam failure was deterioration of lead caulking on the joint between the outlet pipe and the gate valve leading to internal erosion of the earth-fill dam. There had been issues reported during inspections in 1951, 1975, 1977 and 1978. When the dam failed the waters rushed down the Roaring River valley, which falls in , at a peak rate of , scouring a large gully out of the mountain stream and killing one person camping alongside it. At this rate, the lake emptied in about half an hour. When the waters reached the broader valley of Fall River at Horseshoe Park they spread out and slowed, leaving behind a large alluvial fan of debris. The flood continued down Fall River and hit the Cascade Dam which stored water to run a hydroelectric plant about a mile (2 km) downstream. Cascade Dam failed from the onslaught and added its waters to the flood. The Aspenglen campground was destroyed and two campers who returned to recover camping gear lost their lives, due to insufficient warning from park rangers. The flood entered the town of Estes Park and caused severe damage to 177 downtown businesses (75 percent of Estes Park's commercial activity). In Estes Park the flood joined the Big Thompson River and flowed into Lake Estes on the eastern edge of the city. Olympus Dam, part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project, there withstood the deluge and the flood was halted. Aftermath As a consequence of the dam failure, aging dams at Pear Reservoir, Bluebird Lake and Sandbeach Lake in the park were demolished and removed. References Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Dam-break Modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam Failures, Larimer County, Colorado. Dams in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado Buildings and structures in Rocky Mountain National Park Dam failures in the United States Disasters in Colorado Estes Park, Colorado 1982 in Colorado 1982 disasters in the United States 1903 establishments in Colorado 1982 disestablishments\",\n \"title\": \"Lawn Lake Dam\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10090599\",\n \"text\": \"The National Park-to-Park Highway was an auto trail in the United States in the 1910s and 1920s, plotted by A. L. Westgard. It followed a large loop through the West, connecting twelve national parks: Rocky Mountain National Park Yellowstone National Park Glacier National Park Mount Rainier National Park Crater Lake National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park Yosemite National Park General Grant National Park (now part of Kings Canyon) Sequoia National Park Zion National Park Grand Canyon National Park Mesa Verde National Park History In 1914, Secretary of the Interior Lane entered into an agreement with the Office of Public Roads to develop road access to Glacier, Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. When Stephen T. Mather became involved with the national parks, he invited the Office of Public Roads Engineer T. Warren Allen to speak at the 1915 Berkeley National Parks Conference. Mather had concerns over letting the Office of Public Roads develop highway systems within the national parks. While Allen's approach to public roads saw no difference between national forests and national parks, his involvement was an early indication of the public interest in driving. It was the following year that Mather joined the campaign for the Park-to-Park Highway. The National Park-to-Park Highway Association was formed in 1916 and began promoting roads and roadway improvements in the Northwest and Rocky Mountain states. Other highway associations had been supporting a variety of routes linking the scenic wonders of the western national parks. In 1915, a Denver group of motorists took off on a journey from Rocky Mountain National Park to Yellowstone. The Wonderland Trail Association was already promoting the next segment of the journey from Yellowstone to Glacier and then westward to Mount Rainier. In 1917, the Parks Highway Association began marking the route from Glacier to Mount Rainier and added a southern segment to Crater Lake. By 1919, there were annual meetings of the National Park-to-Park supporters. That same year, Charles Goodwin was assigned as Superintendent at Glacier. Here, he began to work on developing potential routes through the park. When Mather's preference for an east-west link across the park was made known, he began looking for a route to link the two sides that would complement the Park-to-Park Highway. This route would become the Going-to-the-Sun Road. By 1920, eleven states were involved in the Park-to-Park Highway program. The proposed route would cover of roads and numerous feeders to and from the various national parks. Notes External links Map of the National Park-to-Park Highway from 1924 National Parks Traveler: The National Park to Park Highway 2009 PBS documentary Auto trails in the United States National parks of the United States 1916 establishments in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"National Park to Park Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32873700\",\n \"text\": \"The Timberline Cabin in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA was built in 1925 to house workers on the Fall River Road. The National Park Service rustic style cabin was designed by the National Park Service's Landscape Engineering Division under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint. The cabin was later used as a patrol cabin and as a caretaker's residence. The one-story cabin stood above the timberline. It was built of concrete with a stone veneer. The roof framing used peeled logs with an asphalt roll roofing weather surface, protected by a log lattice on top. The cabin had two doors and ten windows, and measured about by . The Timberline Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. It has since been demolished. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Residential buildings completed in 1925 Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1925 establishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Timberline Cabin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21052971\",\n \"text\": \"The Twin Sisters Lookout, also known as the Twin Sisters Radio Tower and the Twin Sisters Shelter Cabin, was built by the U.S. Forest Service in 1914, the year before the establishment of Rocky Mountain National Park. The rustic stone structure was taken over by the National Park Service in 1925. The one-story building has an arched roof with a trap door to provide access when snow has drifted over the ground-level door. From 1914 to 1969 the shelter served as accommodations for fire observation crews at a nearby frame lookout, which has since vanished. The building is now used as a radio repeater station. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References External links at the National Park Service's NRHP database Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Government buildings completed in 1914 National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Geography of Larimer County, Colorado Rustic architecture in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1914 establishments in Colorado Roosevelt National Forest\",\n \"title\": \"Twin Sisters Lookout\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4271630\",\n \"text\": \"Height of the Rockies Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies of south eastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located west of the Continental Divide (in this region, the British Columbia/Alberta Border), adjacent to Elk Lakes Provincial Park. Description and access The park comprises in East Kootenay on the western side of the Continental Divide, which in this region forms the border between British Columbia and Alberta. It borders Elk Lakes Provincial Park, also in British Columbia, to which it is linked by a trail, and Banff National Park and Peter Lougheed Provincial Park in Alberta. The park lies east of Invermere; the closest communities are Elkford to the south and Canal Flats and Radium Hot Springs to the west. The park is accessible on foot or horseback via logging roads and trails to 6 trailheads. All mechanized access is forbidden, and there are no campgrounds or other park services in the park. The Great Divide Trail passes through the park. The park is an Alpine environment with forested bottomland. It includes several lakes, the Palliser River valley, the Middle Fork of the White River, and the Royal Group of mountains. It encompasses 26 peaks over . The highest peak, Mount Joffre (), is on the border with Alberta. There are seven important mountain passes. Wildlife The park is important habitat for wildlife, in particular grizzly bears, and also contains large numbers of black bears, moose, mule deer, bighorn sheep, timber wolves, and cougars. There are more than 2,000 elk and one of the highest densities of mountain goats in the world. Cutthroat trout are plentiful in many lakes and streams and are taken from the park for the Kootenay native species stocking program. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted at controlled levels. The park is at one end of the Southern Rocky Mountain Management Plan, aimed at coordinating ecosystem preservation and providing wildlife corridors, in particular for grizzly bears. Also to provide more comprehensive protection of the environment and wildlife habitat, British Columbia has considered asking the United Nations to add Height of the Rockies and 5 other provincial parks to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. History The passes through what is now the park were used by the Kootenai Indians and by mid-19th-century European explorers. Two archaeological sites over 8,000 years old have been identified on the Middle Fork of the White River. A national park was proposed early in the 20th century. In 1936 the White River Game Reserve was established. However, construction of logging roads and clearcutting became so extensive in the Southern Canadian Rockies that by 1986, the area that is now the park had become the last major refuge for wildlife in the region. Two provincial environmental organisations, BC Spaces for Nature and the Palliser Wilderness Society, with guide outfitter Hiram Cody Tegart, led a campaign to protect it permanently by making it a wilderness park, and in 1987, after a twelve-year process of negotiation between government, conservationists,\",\n \"title\": \"Height of the Rockies Provincial Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1716007\",\n \"text\": \"The Poudre Canyon is a narrow verdant canyon, approximately 40 miles (64 km) long, on the upper Cache la Poudre River (called the \\\"Poudre\\\" for short, which locals pronounce as \\\"Pooder\\\") in Larimer County, Colorado in the United States. The canyon is a glacier-formed valley through the foothills of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains northwest of Fort Collins. Description The canyon begins in northern Rocky Mountain National Park, at an elevation of approximately , where the Poudre descends from near the continental divide. It winds gently to the northeast, then east, descending the slope of the Colorado Tertiary Pediment, emerging through the southern end of the Laramie Foothills north of Bellvue at an elevation of approximately . Except for the small upper portion of the canyon north of Rocky Mountain National Park, State Highway 14 runs through the canyon. The route of the highway provides the principal vehicle access to the canyon and furnishes a road link between Fort Collins and North Park on the western side of Cameron Pass, which is accessible from the upper canyon. Most of the canyon is within the Canyon Lakes Ranger District of the Roosevelt National Forest, which is headquartered in nearby Fort Collins. The flanks of the canyon wall are gently sloping and forested along most of its length, with the exception of several \\\"narrows\\\", at which the river has carved through recent formations leaving behind large glacial debris. The canyon is inhabited along most of its length downstream from Kinikinik. All of the communities in the canyon are unincorporated. Most of the habitation is the form of small cabins, some of which are inhabited only during season. Resort cabin communities for fishing and hunting are found sporadically along the canyon downstream from Rustic, which at one time in the late 19th century was a bustling summer resort, and burned down in 2008. The relative isolation of the canyon compared to ones further south along the Colorado Front Range gives a tranquil atmosphere with only small-scale tourist enterprises. The canyon is distinctly less developed than the Big Thompson Canyon west of Loveland. The commercial establishments, notably in Poudre Park, cater mostly to local clientele except during the fishing and whitewater rafting season, when the canyon receives a modest number of regional and national visitors. Colorado State University operates a small campus in the mountains at Pingree Park, which is named for George Pingree, an early settler in the canyon in the 19th century. Near Pingree Park is Sky Ranch Lutheran Camp, a summer camp affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The national forest in the vicinity of the canyon is laced with numerous trails that follow side gulches into the surrounding mountains. The trails serve double seasonal duty, as hiking trails in the summer and as cross-country skiing trails in the winter. One such trailhead at Long Draw Reservoir leads over La Poudre Pass along the Never Summer Mountains to the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain\",\n \"title\": \"Poudre Canyon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36331105\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Louise station is a railway station in Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. Historically served by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and Via Rail, it is now a stop for the Rocky Mountaineer and houses a restaurant. The station is on the CPR main line near Lower Lake Louise, downhill from the Chateau Lake Louise. The station was originally built for the CPR. The station was declared a heritage railway station by the federal government in 1991. Starting in 1909, it was the first of six mountain stations built by the Canadian Pacific in a rustic log building design, consistent with how the railway marketed the region as a wilderness tourist destination. The older depot that the 1910 building replaced continued to be used by the CPR for other purposes. The CPR donated it in 1976 to Heritage Park Historical Village in Calgary. The depot was moved to the park and restored to the era when the Lake Louise village was called Laggan. References External links Lake Louise Station Designated heritage railway stations in Alberta Canadian Pacific Railway stations in Alberta Rocky Mountaineer stations in Alberta Buildings and structures in Banff National Park Railway stations in Canada opened in 1910 1910 establishments in Alberta\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Louise station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5862809\",\n \"text\": \"The Rocky Mountains Park Act () was enacted on June 23, 1887, by the Parliament of Canada, establishing Banff National Park which was then known as \\\"Rocky Mountains Park\\\". The act was modelled on the Yellowstone Park Act passed by the United States Congress in 1881. The Rocky Mountains Park Act outlined the national park concept, balancing conservation and development interests. References Further reading Banff National Park Environmental law in Canada 1880s in the environment Canadian federal legislation 1887 in Canadian law\",\n \"title\": \"Rocky Mountains Park Act\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27846696\",\n \"text\": \"Jasper House National Historic Site, in Jasper National Park, Alberta, is the site of a trading post on the Athabasca River that functioned in two different locations from 1813 to 1884 as a major staging and supply post for travel through the Canadian Rockies. The post was originally named Rocky Mountain House, but was renamed to avoid confusion with the Rocky Mountain House trading post on the North Saskatchewan River, becoming \\\"Jasper's House\\\" after the postmaster, Jasper Hawes, who operated the post from 1814 to 1817. The first location is believed to have been at the outlet of Brûlé Lake, downstream from the present site. The second Jasper House was established at the northern end of Jasper Lake in 1830, primarily serving travellers crossing Yellowhead Pass or Athabasca Pass. The site operated until 1853, and was occasionally used until 1858 when it was reopened seasonally by Henry John Moberly, who operated it into the 1860s. The post was officially closed in 1884 after years of inactivity. From 1891 or 1892 to 1894 the house was used by miner Lewis Swift. The building was destroyed in 1909 when its lumber was used to make a raft by surveyors for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Apart from a small cemetery, no significant ruins remain. It was designated a national historic site in 1924, and is marked by a commemorative stone and plaque. References External links Parks Canada site Management Plans, National Historic Sites of the Mountain Parks, evaluation of the Information Centre (Section 3.1) National Historic Sites in Alberta Jasper National Park North West Company Commercial buildings completed in 1830 Former buildings and structures in Canada Hudson's Bay Company trading posts Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register Fur trade National Historic Sites of Canada 1830 establishments in the British Empire\",\n \"title\": \"Jasper House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5717531\",\n \"text\": \"The Canada National Parks Act () is a Canadian federal law that regulates protection of natural areas of national significance. As of March 2019, the Canada National Parks Act extended federal protection to 47 national parks and park reserves across the country covering more the 300,000 km2 of habitat. The current Canada National Parks Act received royal assent on October 20, 2000 and has been amended since. The first national parks act in Canada was created in 1887 shortly following the creation of the world's first national park, Yellowstone National Park, in the United States. In 1911, under a renewed national parks act, Canada became the first country in the world to establish their own national parks service. Over the course of its history, the predecessor National Parks Act struggled to define the primary intention of national parks by trying to balance parks as places both of conservation and public leisure. Remarks made by the Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change in 2018 signalled a renewed commitment by the Parks Canada agency to ecological conservation within national parks. Early legislation in Canada applied exclusionary policies and forcibly removed Indigenous peoples off lands in order to create national parks. With developments in the legal recognition of Aboriginal title and rights in Canada, provisions have been included within the National Parks Act to extend the right of traditional harvesting activities within national park reserves with some cases altering park management to be shared between the Parks Canada agency and local Indigenous groups. History of the Canada National Parks Act 1887—the Rocky Mountains Park Act Greatly inspired by the creation of Yellowstone National Park in the United States in 1872, the Rocky Mountains Park Act established the first distinctive national parks legislation in Canada and provided for the creation of the country's first national park, Rocky Mountain Park (now Banff National Park). Lobbied heavily for by the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Act outlined the national parks model which balanced conservation as well as development. The Act established the management of the park and its resources to be under the authority of the Minister of the Interior and the Governor in Council. The Rocky Mountains Park Act also prohibited the settlement or occupation of any of the park’s area, giving the Minister of the Interior and Governor in Council the right to remove trespassers. 1911—the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act Passed by the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act received royal assent on May 19, 1911. One of the most significant results of the Act was that it created the Dominion Parks Branch as a new branch of the Department of the Interior to oversee the administration of federal parks. Incidentally the Dominion Parks Branch was the first national parks service in the world to be established and James Bernard Harkin was made its first commissioner. Inspired by American environmentalist, John Muir, Harkin oversaw the number of parks in Canada triple (from 6–18). 1930—the National Parks\",\n \"title\": \"Canada National Parks Act\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4324110\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located around Mount Assiniboine. History The park was established 1922. Some of the more recent history that is explorable within the park include Wheeler's Wonder Lodge (Naiset) (1924), Assiniboine Lodge (1928), the first ski lodge in the Canadian Rockies, and Sunburst (1928). World Heritage Site In 1990, this park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural beauty and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves and fossils. Conservation The park aims to protect a large variety of species. Eighty-four species of birds inhabit the park environs, based on sightings. Columbian ground squirrels are very common in the core area of the park. Ten species of carnivore including wolves, black bear, grizzly bear, weasel, cougar, lynx inhabit the park. Six species of ungulates: elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, moose, mountain goat, Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep roam within park boundaries. Recreation The following recreational activities are available: backcountry camping and hiking, horseback riding, cross country skiing and ski touring, fishing, and hunting. There are also climbing opportunities. Existing facilities include: 10 camping areas (75 campsites), including the main camp at Magog; 6 roofed accommodation sites (60 beds), including Mt. Assiniboine Lodge; day-use facilities at Rock Isle basin, including interpretive facilities and sanitation; 160 km of horse and hiking access trails: Assiniboine Pass, Wonder Pass, Mitchell River, Simpson River, Citadel Pass, Surprise Creek; and guide-outfitters cabins: Mitchell River and Police Meadows. Location Located 48 kilometres southwest of Banff, Alberta. No roads access the park. Backcountry hiking trails are the only access to the park, the quickest route being via Sunshine Village ski area in Banff National Park. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of Canadian provincial parks References External links Assiniboine Lodge Columbia Valley 1922 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1922\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"359836\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Robson Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies with an area of 2,249 km. The park is located entirely within British Columbia, bordering Jasper National Park in Alberta. The B.C. legislature created the park in 1913, the same year as the first ascent of Mount Robson by a party led by Conrad Kain. It is the second oldest park in the provincial system. The park is named for Mount Robson, which has the highest point in the Canadian Rockies and is located entirely within the park. History The first recreational trail was built in 1913 by Jasper outfitter Donald \\\"Curly\\\" Phillips along the Robson River to Berg Lake. From May to September, the Mt. Robson Visitor Information Centre is open to the public, and is a common stop on the Yellowhead Highway. The only commercial services within the park are at a combination coffee-shop gas station complex at the same viewpoint. There are two government campgrounds near the Visitor Centre and one near Yellowhead Pass. Geography The park spans the Yellowhead Highway and is located 390 kilometres west of Edmonton or 290 kilometres east of Prince George. The source of the Fraser River is in Mount Robson Provincial Park. A dripping spring just west of a pond at Fraser Pass is the actual source of British Columbia's longest river. It is located south of the Yellowhead Highway at Lucerne Campground. There are no trails there and the best access is by helicopter from Valemount. Notable features Notable natural features found in the park include: Arctomys Cave Berg Lake Kinney Lake Yellowhead Lake World Heritage Site In 1990 Mount Robson Park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural beauty and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves and fossils. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of World Heritage Sites in Canada References Further reading Adams, Ansel (2013). Ansel Adams In The Canadian Rockies. Little, Brown and Company. External links 1913 establishments in British Columbia Parks in the Canadian Rockies Protected areas established in 1913 Robson Valley Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Robson Provincial Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"358789\",\n \"text\": \"Banff is a town in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, west of Calgary and east of Lake Louise, above Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within a Canadian national park. The town is a member of the Calgary Regional Partnership. Banff is a resort town and one of Canada's most popular tourist destinations. Known for its mountainous surroundings and hot springs, it is a destination for outdoor sports and hiking, biking, scrambling and skiing. Sunshine Village, Ski Norquay and Lake Louise Ski Resort are nearby ski resorts within the national park. Toponymy The area was named Banff in 1884 by George Stephen, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, recalling his birthplace near Banff, Scotland. The Canadian Pacific built a series of grand hotels along the rail line and advertised the Banff Springs Hotel as an international tourist resort. History Banff was first settled in the 1880s after the transcontinental railway was built through the Bow Valley. In 1883, three Canadian Pacific Railway workers stumbled upon a series of natural hot springs on the side of Sulphur Mountain. In 1885, Canada established a federal reserve of around the Cave and Basin hot springs and began promoting the area as an international resort and spa as a way to support the new railway. In 1887, the reserve area was increased to and named \\\"Rocky Mountain Park\\\". This was the beginning of Canada's National Park system. The Banff townsite was developed near the railway station as a service centre for tourists visiting the park. Services, such as St George-in-the-Pines church, were constructed through the late 19th century. It was administered by the Government of Canada's national parks system until 1990 when the Town of Banff became the only incorporated municipality within a Canadian national park. An internment camp was set up at Banff and Castle Mountain in Dominion Park from July 1915 to July 1917 mostly imprisoning Ukrainian immigrants. The prisoners of the internment camp were used as slave labour to build the infrastructure of the national park. In 1985, the United Nations declared Banff National Park, as one of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, a World Heritage Site. Banff remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Canada. One of the most notable figures of Banff was Norman Luxton, who was known as \\\"Mr. Banff\\\". He published the Crag and Canyon newspaper, built the King Edward Hotel and the Lux Theatre, and founded the Sign of the Goat Curio Shop, which led to the development of the Luxton Museum of Plains Indians, now the Buffalo Nations Museum. He and his family helped organize the Banff Indian Days and the Banff Winter Carnival. In 1976, the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) officially adopted the name Banff for a crater on Mars, after the town in Alberta. The crater is at latitude 17.7° north and longitude 30.8° west. Its diameter is . In 1991, Banff hosted the 1991 Winter Deaflympics,\",\n \"title\": \"Banff, Alberta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59951189\",\n \"text\": \"White Pyramid is a mountain summit located between the Howse River valley and Mistaya River valley of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Howse Peak, to the south. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,460 meters (4,790 ft) above Chephren Lake in 2.5 km (1.5 mile). White Pyramid is visible from the Icefields Parkway in the vicinity of Waterfowl Lakes. History It was named in 1901 by J. Norman Collie to distinguish it from Mount Chephren, which back then was named Pyramid Mountain. The two peaks are nearly the same in height, and separated by only one kilometre. However, White Pyramid has a glacier on its north aspect, which Chephren does not. The first ascent of White Pyramid was made in 1939 by Kate (Katie) Gardiner and guide Edward Feuz Jr. The climbing duo made many first ascents in the Canadian Rockies during the 1930s. The mountain's name was made official in 1961 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, White Pyramid is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, White Pyramid is located in a subarctic climate zonewith cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from White Pyramid drains into the Mistaya River and Howse River which are both tributaries of the North Saskatchewan River. Gallery See also List of mountains in the Canadian Rockies Geography of Alberta References External links Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park White Pyramid weather: Mountain Forecast Three-thousanders of Alberta Mountains of Banff National Park Canadian Rockies Alberta's Rockies\",\n \"title\": \"White Pyramid (Banff)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13768180\",\n \"text\": \"Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, also known as Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building, is the park headquarters and principal visitors center of Rocky Mountain National Park in central northern Colorado. Completed in 1967, it was designed by Taliesin Associated Architects, and was one of the most significant commissions for that firm in the years immediately following the death of founder Frank Lloyd Wright. It was also one of the last major projects completed under the Park Service Mission 66 project. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001. Description and history The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is located on the south side of United States Route 36 near the principal eastern entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park. As seen from visitor (north) side, the building presents as a single-story structure, but is actually two stories owing to the sloping terrain on which it is built. It is a rectangular structure, built with a steel frame and cast concrete panels, into which slabs of sandstone have been embedded. The upper level framing has Cor-Ten steel set in a zigzag pattern inspired by Native American artworks. The building's eastern end is devoted to visitor facilities, including a lobby, amphitheater, and shop, with an inside observation area and outside balcony providing views of the Rocky Mountains. The western end houses park offices in a modular design with movable partitions. Rocky Mountain National Park was founded in 1915. As part of the Park Service's Mission 66 program to revitalize the nation's park system, the Park Service hired the firm of Taliesin Associated Architects in 1964 to design a new visitors center for the park. Construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1967. The building has been relatively little altered since then: the shop occupies a former lobby area that included benches and a fireplace, and changes in equipment for the theater necessitated the closure of a balcony entrance. Map See also Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado List of National Historic Landmarks in Colorado References External links Rocky Mountain National Park Official Site Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Information Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, described in Fodors guidebook National Historic Landmarks in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Park Service visitor centers Mission 66 Tourist attractions in Larimer County, Colorado Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1967 establishments in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park\",\n \"title\": \"Beaver Meadows Visitor Center\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8758460\",\n \"text\": \"Alberta's Rockies comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. On the southwestern part of the province along the British Columbia border, the region covers all but the south of Census Division 15. The main industry in this region is tourism. Geography This human region is almost identical to the Alberta Mountain forests ecozone. The region contains the Central Front Ranges and the Continental Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and includes the Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, as well as the Kananaskis Country park system and the Willmore Wilderness. The main transportation corridors run through the Kicking Horse Pass and the Yellowhead Pass from east to west, while the Bow Valley and Athabasca River valley are followed by the longitudinal Icefields Parkway. Another important waterway that crosses this region is the North Saskatchewan River. Tourism Some of the best ski resorts of the Rockies are located in this region, and are important tourist destinations. They include Fortress Mountain Resort, Lake Louise, Marmot Basin, Mount Norquay, Nakiska and Sunshine Village. Other tourist attractions include the glaciers of the Columbia, Wapta and Waputik Icefields such as the Athabasca, Bow, Crowfoot, Hector, Peyto, Saskatchewan and Vulture Glaciers. Glacial lakes line the Icefields Parkway and dot the surrounding valleys. Some of the more spectacular are Bow, Hector, Louise, Maligne, Moraine, Peyto, Pyramid and Vermilion lakes. Infrastructure Banff and Jasper are the main communities in the region. The length is defined by the Icefields Parkway, and it is crossed by the Trans-Canada Highway and the Yellowhead Highway into British Columbia. David Thompson Highway leads from the Rockies into central Alberta from Saskatchewan River Crossing, and Banff Windermere Parkway leads from Castle Junction (south of Lake Louise) through the Kootenay National Park to the Columbia River valley. The Bighorn Highway defines most of the eastern limit of the region. Health care has been the responsibility of Alberta Health Services, since the province's health regions were amalgamated in 2008. Before then, Calgary Health Region was the health region ensuring well-being in the south of this region, while the north was supervised by the Aspen Regional Health Authority. Health care centres established in the area are: Seton Jasper Healthcare Centre - Jasper Hinton Healthcare Centre - Hinton Canmore General Hospital - Canmore Banff Mineral Springs Hospital - Banff Politics On a provincial level, southern Alberta is represented in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta by MLA's elected in the ridings of Banff-Cochrane and part of Rocky Mountain House and West Yellowhead. Communities The following communities are located in Alberta's Rockies. Towns of Banff and Canmore Municipality of Jasper (specialized municipality) Summer villages of Ghost Lake and Waiparous Hamlets of Lake Louise, Harvie Heights, Exshaw, Dead Man's Flats and Lac des Arcs Saskatchewan River Crossing (unincorporated community) Kananaskis Village (resort community) The towns of Grande Cache and Hinton, located on the eastern edge of the Rockies, are sometimes considered as part of this region. The following rural municipalities are located in Alberta's Rockies. Municipal District of Bighorn\",\n \"title\": \"Alberta's Rockies\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21057192\",\n \"text\": \"The Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations are a set of three historic public toilet facilities in Rocky Mountain National Park. Designed in 1935 by landscape architect Howard W. Baker of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, the National Park Service Rustic buildings were built with Civilian Conservation Corps labor in 1939. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Buildings and structures completed in 1939 National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado Restrooms in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1939 establishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70092153\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Creek Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park located in the Municipal District of Ranchland, in southern Alberta, Canada. It was established on 12 May 1999, modified slightly on 24 June 2003, and is in area. The park is included in the South Saskatchewan Region Land Use Framework and administered by the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan. Because they are so intertwined, Bob Creek Wildland and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland are managed through the same Management Plan. The park gets its name from the Bob Creek that runs through the center of the park and drains the surrounding hills. Location The park is located approximately west of Claresholm and located between Alberta Highway 40 to the west and Highway 22 to the east and largely north of the Oldman River. Much of the eastern and southern borders of the park is shared with Black Creek Heritage Rangeland. The park is located on east of the Rocky Mountains on the eastern slopes of the Livingstone Range and contains \\\"The Whaleback\\\" ridge: \\\"The Whaleback[...] encompasses the most extensive, least disturbed and relatively unfragmented Montane landscape in Alberta’s Rocky Mountain natural region.\\\" The park is accessed through two points in the southern boundary. The Livingston Gap on the southwest corner of the park where the Oldman River cuts through the Livingstone Range as it leaves the Rocky Mountains. And Bob Creek Staging Area through the south-central boundary of the park. Ecology The park contains the Alpine, Sub-Alpine and Montane subregions of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region in the Alberta classification system. Together, Bob Creek Wildland and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland preserves the largest tract of montane ecosystems in Alberta. The Whaleback Ridge is the last remaining area of montane wilderness in Alberta. In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Blairmore Foothills and Crowsnest Mountains ecodistricts of the Northern Continental Divide ecoregion of the Columbia Montane Cordillera ecoprovince of the Montane Cordillera ecozone. Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Northern Rockies conifer forests ecoregion of the Greater Rockies & Mountain Forests bioregion. Geography The geography of the park is rolling fescue grasslands with steep ridges transitioning from grass to forests and many springs and streams along the valley bottoms. The park's geology is folded and faulted sedimentary rock with major fault lines creating ridges. This underlying rock underwent several glaciations and erosion events to create the current topography. The park contains three named ridges while wide valley floors separate the ridges. The eastern ridge, running north to south for approximately , is the Whaleback ridge. Whaleback Peak is at an elevation of , up from the eastern park boundary of . On the western boundary is two ridges. The Livingstone ridge, again running north to south, occupies the southern half of the west boundary. From an elevation of at the Oldman River at the Livingstone Gap, the Livingstone Ridge climbs going north to an\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Creek Wildland Provincial Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21306333\",\n \"text\": \"The Castle Mountain Internment Camp, located in Banff National Park, Alberta, was the largest internment facility in the Canadian Rockies, housing several hundred prisoners at any one time. Established on July 13, 1915, a total of 660 enemy aliens were interned at the facility during its entire operation. Internment Designated enemy aliens under Canada's 1914 War Measures Act, some 8,579 enemy aliens were interned during World War I as prisoners of war. Ostensibly nationals of countries at war with Canada, the vast majority however were settler immigrants, primarily of Ukrainian ethnic origin. The Castle Camp, which was built in 1915 at the base of Castle Mountain was a Canadian internment camp which held immigrant prisoners of Ukrainian, Austrian, Hungarian and German descent. Despite their civilian status, a great many were sent to prisoner of war camps located in the Canadian hinterland, to be used as military conscript labour on government work projects. Of particular note was the use of forced labour in Canada's national parks, where they were introduced there as a matter of policy to improve existing facilities and increase accessibility by developing the park system's infrastructure. By 1915 several internment camps in and around the Rocky Mountains were in full operation, including a camp at the foot of Castle Mountain, the terminal point of the then uncompleted Banff-Laggan (Lake Louise) road. Recognizing the value of future tourism, the main purpose of the camp was to push the Banff highway on through to Lake Louise, although, in addition, bridges, culverts and fireguards were also built. The camp consisted of tents within a dual barbed wire enclosure. The tents however proved inadequate during the severe winter climate, forcing the camp to relocate to military barracks built on the outskirts of the town of Banff, adjacent to the Cave and Basin, site of the original Hot Springs. While in Banff, the internees were engaged in a number of special projects: land fill and drainage of the Recreation Grounds; clearing the Buffalo Paddocks; cutting trails; land reclamation for tennis courts, golf links, shooting ranges and ski jumps; rock-crushing; quarrying stone for the Banff Springs Hotel (still under construction) and smaller public works projects such as street and sidewalk repair. With the onset of spring, the camp returned once more to the Castle Mountain site. This process of return and relocation would continue until August 1917 when the camp was finally closed when the internees were conditionally released to industry to meet the growing labour shortage. The Castle Mountain camp was a difficult facility to administer. Abuse was widespread, and although duly noted by the Directorate of Internment Operations in Ottawa, it was never corrected. Escapes were frequent. Conditions at the camp were roundly condemned by neutral observers and the Central Powers, charging Canada with violations of international norms governing the internment of enemy aliens. Understandably, the conditions at the camp would become of interest to the War Office in London and a point of discussion between the British Government and Ottawa. Legacy\",\n \"title\": \"Castle Mountain Internment Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32867145\",\n \"text\": \"The East Inlet Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, was established in 1913 to provide access from Grand Lake to a series of lakes to the east of Grand Lake. The trail originates at the east stream inlet to Grand lake: confusingly, it is close to the west portal of the Alva B. Adams Tunnel which conveys water from the west side of the Continental Divide under the park to the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. The trail was developed further in the 1920s, but was still considered to be in poor condition. In the 1930s further improvements were made, and in 1934 workers from the Public Works Administration rebuilt the section between Lone Pine Lake and Lake Verna. In 1940 workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps improved of trail beyond Adam Falls, building causeway sections through swampy areas. The trail was rebuilt again in 1970, and was improved between 2000 and 2003 with stone steps and handrails at Adam Falls. The trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado Architects of the National Park Service References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1913 establishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"East Inlet Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44868799\",\n \"text\": \"The La Junta Railroaders were a minor league baseball team based in La Junta, Colorado. The Railroaders played in the 1912 season as members of the Class D level Rocky Mountain League. La Junta hosted home games at City Park. History In 1912, minor league baseball began in La Junta, Colorado, when the La Junta \\\"Railroaders\\\" became charter members of the four–team Class D level Rocky Mountain League. The league started the season with the Cañon City Swastikas, Colorado Springs Millionaires and Pueblo Indians teams joining the La Junta Railroaders in Rocky Mountain League play. The \\\"Railroaders\\\" moniker corresponds to local industry, with the city of La Junta located along the railroad line and the founding of the city being tied to the railroad access. Both freight and passenger trains accessed La Junta, which had a large rail yard, as well as a passenger depot built in 1895 called the El Otero. Today, the rail yard is still utilized by BNSF and the La Junta station serves Amtrak passengers. Before the 1912 season was scheduled to conclude, the Rocky Mountain League permanently folded on July 5, 1912. The La Junta Railroaders were in fourth place with a 11–22 record when the league disbanded. The Railroaders finished 13.0 games behind the first place Pueblo/Cheyenne Indians team in the final standings. The La Junta Railroaders were managed by J.F. Waller, Bill Annis and Tubby Graves. At the time he managed La Junta, Tubby Graves was serving as the head football, basketball and baseball coach at Alabama. La Junta was the only Rocky Mountain League franchise that did not relocate during the season. After 1912, La Junta has not hosted another minor league team. The ballpark The 1912 La Junta Railroaders played minor league home games at City Park. City Park was established in 1905 and is still in use today as a public park. The park is located at 10th Street and Colorado Avenue in La Junta, Colorado. Timeline Year–by–year records Notable alumni Bill Annis (1912, MGR) Tubby Graves (1912, MGR) J.F. Waller (1912, MGR) Complete roster information for the 1912 La Junta Railroaders is unknown. References External links La Junta - Baseball Reference Defunct minor league baseball teams Professional baseball teams in Colorado Defunct baseball teams in Colorado Baseball teams established in 1912 Baseball teams disestablished in 1912 Rocky Mountain League teams Otero County, Colorado 1912 establishments in Colorado 1912 disestablishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"La Junta Railroaders\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21018416\",\n \"text\": \"The Fall River Pass Ranger Station in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull in the National Park Service Rustic style. Built in 1922, the stone structure is similar in design to the Chasm Lake Shelter. Between 1933 and 1937 the ranger station was converted to a museum. The ranger station is associated with the construction of the nearby Trail Ridge Road. Located above the tree line, the building has a trap door in the roof to allow access when the door is blocked by drifting snow. See also Fall River Pump House and Catchment Basin National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References External links Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Government buildings completed in 1922 National Park Service ranger stations Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Historic American Buildings Survey in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1922 establishments in Colorado National Park Service rustic in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Fall River Pass Ranger Station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60250418\",\n \"text\": \"Tilted Mountain is a mountain summit located in Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Sawback Range. Its nearest higher peak is Lychnis Mountain, to the east in an area of exposed Skoki Formation limestone which is known for fossils such as brachiopods, gastropods, conodonts, cephalopods, trilobites, and echinoderm fragments. History Tilted Mountain was named in 1911 by James F. Porter for the tilted layers of rock strata. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1924 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, Tilted Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Tilted Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. See also Geography of Alberta Geology of Alberta References External links Weather forecast: Tilted Mountain Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park Two-thousanders of Alberta Mountains of Banff National Park Alberta's Rockies Canadian Rockies\",\n \"title\": \"Tilted Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21052449\",\n \"text\": \"The Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District in Rocky Mountain National Park documents the early administrative core of the park. Beginning in 1920 and continuing into the 1930s, park service and administrative structures were built in the National Park Service Rustic style. Most buildings were built of logs under a policy of blending with the natural landscape. Later construction has respected the materials and scale of the area. Structures include McLaren Hall, designed by landscape architect W.G. Hill, a number of employee residences including the superintendent's residence, equipment sheds, garages and utility buildings. Many of the buildings built in the 1930s were built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Park Service rustic in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1982 establishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6462572\",\n \"text\": \"The Comanche Peak Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness Area located in the Roosevelt National Forest on the Canyon Lakes Ranger District in Colorado along the northern boundary of Rocky Mountain National Park. The wilderness named for its most prominent peak was established in 1980. There are of hiking trails inside the wilderness. Roosevelt National Forest and Rocky Mountain National Park officially maintain 19 trails within the Wilderness, 5 of which pass into Rocky Mountain National Park. There are also 7 named peaks, 6 named lakes (including Comanche Reservoir) and 16 named rivers and creeks within the wilderness boundaries. Climate References Protected areas of Larimer County, Colorado Wilderness areas of Colorado Protected areas established in 1980 Roosevelt National Forest\",\n \"title\": \"Comanche Peak Wilderness\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76300843\",\n \"text\": \"Esther Burnell Mills (August 1889–April 8, 1964) was an American pioneer and homesteader in Estes Park, Colorado. Esther Burnell and her sister became the National Park Service's first certified nature guides. She married Enos Mills, who led the establishment of the Rocky Mountain National Park. They ran the Longs Peak Inn, and after her husband's death, Mills continued to operate the inn. She edited and published three post-humous volumes and additional works by Enos Mills. With Hildegarde Hawthorne, she co-authored Enos Mills of the Rockies. Early life and education Esther A. Burnell, born in August 1889 in Eureka, Kansas, was the daughter of Mary A. (née Frayer) and Arthur Tappan Burnell, a professor and school principal with positions in the states of Washington, Kansas, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, and Oregon. Arthur was also a minister. Her siblings, born about every two years, were older brother Eugene, older sister Elizabeth (Bessie), and younger brother Bernico. Burnell studied at Lake Erie College in Cleveland, Ohio, and Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. Her sister Elizabeth graduated from the University of Michigan with master's degrees in mathematics and physics. Lake Erie College employed her as the head of the mathematics and physics department. Burnell worked at the Sherwin Williams Paint Company as a consulting decorator. Before moving to Colorado, she lived in Cleveland and then Des Moines, Iowa. She had been overworked at her job and had a nervous breakdown. In 1915, Burnell and Elizabeth Enos Mills the prior year during his speaking engagement in Cleveland, Ohio. Like other attendees, Mills invited them to visit Rocky Mountain National Park and Mills' nature study center at the inn. Dedicated in 1916, the park is located near Estes Park, Colorado. Homesteading Burnell and her sister Elizabeth vacationed at Longs Peak Inn in Estes Park, Colorado, in the summer of 1916. Burnell took walks in the area to observe nature, wearing knickerbockers for hiking and climbing rather than wearing city-appropriate dresses and high shoes. Her health improved in the mountain environment. Her friend, Katherine Garetson, met Burnell when she arrived in Estes Park. Concerned about her health, Garetson decided that Burnell was a frail city slicker, but after some time in the mountains she said her friend \\\"looked wonderfully pretty animation transforming her into a beauty\\\". Burnell extended her vacation to remain in Colorado. She homesteaded 120 acres near MacGregor Pass alongside Horseshoe Park. Burnell designed a five-room cabin and worked on the construction of her home, which she named Keewaydin. She built some of the furniture for her home and established a garden. Deer, mountain sheep, and birds visited her property. Burnell's closest neighbors were the Fall River Lodge and Horseshoe Inn, about from her land. Fellow homesteaders lived two or more miles away. Burnell walked east to town to visit friends, pick up her mail, and purchase groceries and supplies that she carried back to her cabin. She embraced the outdoor life, hiking in the day or night. She made long treks, wearing snowshoes in\",\n \"title\": \"Esther Burnell Mills\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4324216\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the north-eastern part of the province, 90 km south-west from Fort Nelson and it is bordered to the north by the Alaska Highway. Access is mostly done by boat, aircraft, on horseback or by hiking. At 6,657.1 km2, it is the largest protected area in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area and the third largest provincial park in British Columbia. The park borders Stone Mountain Provincial Park to the north-west and Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park to the south-west, creating a large contiguous protected area in the Muskwa Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. History Northern Rockies Mountain Provincial Park is the largest protected site within the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area, a wilderness area established in 1998. The park is among seven sites that are recommended to be protected by the 1997 Fort Nelson Land and Resource Management Plan due to its unique ecological diversity. The park is established in December 1986. In June 1999, the park was expanded with the inclusion of the Wokkpash Recreational Area to protect the ecological heritages of the area. In 2000, a public advisory group was formed to initiate a management planning process for the park. The process was suspended for several years due to the need of increasing participation of Indigenous people but has been resumed since 2019. The public, stakeholder, and the First Nations were all included for the update of the plan. This allowed public to give extra information through mails, online forms, meeting and open houses. All information were gathered on the webpage and was used to draft the final management plan. Geography The area is notable for a range of water features including rivers, streams, waterfalls, rapids, small glaciers and lakes. Its rivers include the Tetsa, Chischa, and Muskwa, and its creeks include the Gathto, Kluachesi, Dead Dog and Chlotapecta. The largest water features in the area are the upper and lower Tuckodi Lakes , though other lakes such as Kluachesi and Tetsa exist. Ecology There are different kinds of animals at risk in Rocky Mountain National Park; at the same time, the park is also suitable for other species to live, as a habitat. It provides great environment for animals including moose, elk, stone sheep, and mountain goats. Grizzly bears and black bears are also commonly found in the area. The existence of different prey animals allow these bears to sustain within the habitat. Different types of species live around the park, including animals, plants, and others. More plants can be found rather than animals. Types of animals are included with mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians & reptiles. Plants are included with algae, lichens, mosses & liverworts, trees & shrubs and wildflowers. Lake trout, rainbow trout, bull trout, arctic grayling and lake whitefish are the important species in the park. Climate Change The remoteness and wilderness of Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park has made it potentially an area for the plants and species to adapt to\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32879980\",\n \"text\": \"The Fern Lake Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, runs from Moraine Park in the eastern part of the park westward to Fern Lake, the first portion of the trail following the course of the Big Thompson River. The trail was first informally established in the late 1880s as a way to get to \\\"The Pool,\\\" a wide spot in the Big Thompson where a small lodge predated the 1915 establishment of the park. The trail was improved by the Estes Park Protective and Improvement Association between 1907 and 1912, with a new bridge at The Pool. Two years later the trail was rebuilt to maintain no more than a 10% grade and to provide better access to Fern and Marguerite Falls. In the 1920s Fern Lake became a popular winter destination for skiing, complete with a lodge. From 1933 the trail was rebuilt over three years with Civilian Conservation Corps labor, building retaining walls and adjusting the trail's alignment. The Forest Inn at The Pool closed in 1951, and Fern Lake Lodge closed in 1960. Folksinger Judy Collins and her then-husband Peter Taylor ran the lodge in the summer of 1958, welcoming hikers a respite from the trail. It was demolished by the Park Service in 1968 as they eliminated concessions within the park. The trail is notable for its association with early tourism development in the park and for its Civilian Conservation Corps-executed construction. The Fern Lake Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park 1933 establishments in Colorado Transportation in Larimer County, Colorado Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Fern Lake Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"221314\",\n \"text\": \"The Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site consists of seven contiguous parks including four national parks (Banff, Jasper, Kootenay, and Yoho) and three British Columbia provincial parks (Hamber, Mount Assiniboine, and Mount Robson). These seven parks in the Canadian Rockies include mountains, glaciers, and hot springs and the headwaters of major North American river systems including the North Saskatchewan, Athabasca, Columbia, and Fraser rivers. The area is known for its natural environment and biological diversity. It includes the Burgess Shale site, a World Heritage Site in its own right from 1980 to 1984, when it was included in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks WHS designation. World Heritage Site In 1983 Canada nominated Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho national parks for inclusion on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. UNESCO accepted this nomination in 1984 on the basis of a recommendation by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The original nomination and IUCN's recommendation drew attention to the area's \\\"exceptional natural beauty\\\", \\\"habitats of rare and endangered species\\\" and its natural landforms such as mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, canyons, limestone caves, and the unique Burgess Shale fossils. That year the UNESCO World Heritage Committee \\\"requested the Canadian authorities to consider adding the adjacent Provincial Parks of Mount Robson, Hamber, Mount Assiniboine and Kananaskis\\\" to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks site. At a 1990 meeting, \\\"the Committee welcomed the Canadian proposal to include, in the Rocky Mountains Parks site, Mount Robson, Hamber and Assiniboine Provincial Parks, following its request at its Eighth Session in 1984.\\\" Kananaskis (renamed Peter Lougheed Provincial Park) has not been included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage site. See also List of National Parks of Canada List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas List of British Columbia provincial parks List of protected areas of Alberta References External links Park page at UNESCO World Heritage Site Climbing the clouds Virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering Canadian Rockies World Heritage Sites in Canada National parks of the Rocky Mountains Parks in the Canadian Rockies Parks in Alberta Parks in British Columbia Protected areas of the Rocky Mountains Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19736780\",\n \"text\": \"The Colorado Mountain Club (CMC), formed in 1912, is a nonprofit, 501 (c)(3) outdoor education organization based in Golden, Colorado that gathers and disseminates information regarding Colorado's mountains in the areas of art, science, literature and recreation. The club advocates for the preservation of the alpine regions, and was instrumental in the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. The CMC has its own press with over 30 published titles, and has continuously published Trail & Timberline magazine since 1918. History From 25 charter members in 1912, the club rapidly grew to 200 members barely a year later, when the CMC became a nonprofit corporation. Charter members included such notable historic figures as Enos Mills, Roger Toll, and Carl Blaurock. In 1974, the club purchased its first permanent home in Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the CMC partnered with the American Alpine Club to found the American Mountaineering Center in Golden, Colorado. The building houses the largest mountaineering library in the world, as well as a state-of-the-art museum, which opened in February, 2008, and is named for famed mountaineer Henry Bradford Washburn Jr. Groups The CMC has a state-level organization along with 14 local groups, serving communities such as Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Aspen. Education The club first ventured into education by forming a mountaineering school in 1939. Today, the club offers classes in a variety of subjects, including wilderness trekking, nature photography, mountaineering, climbing, wilderness first aid, fly fishing, and leadership. Classes are taught by volunteers and often involve lectures and field days. Trips Members of the club are able to sign up for trips, most of which take place within the state of Colorado. Trips are led by volunteer trip leaders who handle the planning and organization as well as the execution. Trips may include such activities as hiking, climbing, fishing, and photography and are offered at various levels of difficulty. The club's adventure travel program also provides international travel opportunities. Stewardship The CMC has a conservation committee that is active in representing hiker interests in the state of Colorado. It also conducts volunteer trail work throughout the state to help maintain and build hiking trails. Fourteeners The CMC is the official repository for summit registers on Colorado's popular fourteeners. It also maintains the comprehensive list of each person who has climbed all 53 of these high peaks. It also provides a free online system called for hikers to report summits of Colorado's 100 highest peaks. Notable club members throughout history Carl Blaurock, one of a pair to first climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Mary Cronin, first woman to climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Albert Russell Ellingwood, pioneering Colorado mountaineer Dick Lamm, former Governor of Colorado Enos Mills, whose efforts were influential in establishing Rocky Mountain National Park James Grafton Rogers, Denver lawyer and outdoorsman who drafted legislation to create Rocky Mountain National Park Roger Toll, who held the positions of superintendent at Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, and Mount Rainier National Parks William Henry Jackson, famous photographer for the\",\n \"title\": \"Colorado Mountain Club\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32852026\",\n \"text\": \"The Wild Basin House was built in the southeastern corner of Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, USA in 1931. The log residence was built to plans provided by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs at a cost of $2500, in the National Park Service rustic style. The one-story house measures by , resting on a fieldstone foundation, with a shallow-pitched wood shingle roof. The interior comprises three rooms. The Wild Basin House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. The Wild Basin Ranger Station, also listed on the NRHP, is nearby. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Boulder County, Colorado References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Houses completed in 1931 National Park Service rustic in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Houses in Boulder County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Boulder County, Colorado 1931 establishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Basin House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19899914\",\n \"text\": \"Aspidotis densa is a species of fern in the Cheilanthoid subfamily, known by the common name Indian's dream or Serpentine fern or dense lace fern. It is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming; there is a disjunct population on serpentine soils in Quebec. Description This fern has leaves on long wiry brown to black petioles (stem below the leaf), with the leaf blade occupying less than half of the total length of the leaf when including the petiole. The leaves emerge from a short creeping rhizome covered with firm narrow scales. Where the petiole joins the leaf, the stem color grades to green and acquires a groove on its adaxial (top) surface. The leaf blades are medium to dark green, sometimes with a glaucous or bluish cast. The leaf blade is triangular and composed of many pinnae which are subdivided into narrow leaflets (pinnules). The undersides of leaflets on fertile fronds are covered with sori over which the edges of the leaflet are folded to form a false indusium. Plants often have only fertile fronds, but they sometimes exhibit frond dimorphism, with sterile fronds shorter and with broader and flatter leaflets than the fertile fronds, which rise above on long petioles. The fertile frond leaflets are folded under at the edges and appear narrow and lace-like. The flat leaflets on sterile fronds have a toothed edge, but on fertile fronds these teeth are often reduced and are not easily visible since the edges fold under to form the false indusium. Under some growth conditions only sterile fronds form. Like many ferns, new fronds are produced in spring by circinate vernation. Habitat A. densa grows in rocky areas, usually on serpentine soils on rocky mountain slopes, well-drained but seasonally moist. It is usually found in growing full sun, but it can tolerate some shade. It can grow in rock crevices and exposed rocky outcrops in mossy cracks, and over time may creep to fill in fissures, creating well-established colonies in the outcrop. Though it grows mostly on serpentine, A. densa is also found on other rocks and soil types. Range A. densa is native largely to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. There is a disjunct population on serpentine soil in Frontenac National Park in Quebec, and closer probably disjunct populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and in the Cuyamaca Mountains near San Diego California, neither apparently associated with serpentine. It typically grows in mountains from low elevations to about 3,000 meters. It also grows near sea level near coasts in a few locations associated with serpentine, notably in Marin County California and in Washington Park and Cypress Island near Anacortes Washington. As ecologic indicator Aspidotis densa is a regional ecologic indicator on areas where ultramafic rocks (serpentine) are patchy, such as the Klamath and Siskayou\",\n \"title\": \"Aspidotis densa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47700052\",\n \"text\": \"Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park (RFSP) is a state park in Unicoi County in East Tennessee. It is situated in the Blue Ridge region of the Appalachian Mountains, close to the Tennessee-North Carolina state line. The park is adjacent to the Cherokee National Forest, and it is in close proximity to the Appalachian Trail. The Sampson Mountain Wilderness is also nearby. Rocky Fork State Park was established in 2013, and facilities have not been developed, however the park does have a ranger station and gift shop located outside the park in the Flag Pond community. Hiking and mountain biking are permitted on a network of old road beds, and fishing is allowed in Rocky Fork and South Indian Creeks, below and downstream of the State Park Main Entrance Gate. The park was renamed from \\\"Rocky Fork State Park\\\" in January 2019 in honor of then-Senator Lamar Alexander, who was in his last term. Nearby state parks The following state parks are within of Rocky Fork State Park: Roan Mountain State Park Mount Mitchell State Park, North Carolina References External links Rocky Fork State Park – Tennessee Eastman Hiking and Canoeing Club's Trail Wiki State parks of Tennessee State parks of the Appalachians Protected areas of Unicoi County, Tennessee Protected areas established in 2012\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1415629\",\n \"text\": \"Glacier National Park is part of a system of 43 parks and park reserves across Canada, and one of seven national parks in British Columbia. Established in 1886, the park encompasses , and includes a portion of the Selkirk Mountains which are part of the larger grouping of mountains, the Columbia Mountains. It also contains the Rogers Pass National Historic Site. The park's history is closely tied to two primary Canadian transportation routes, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), completed in 1885, and the Trans-Canada Highway, completed in 1963. Rogers Pass in the centre of the park eluded explorers until 1881. The railway brought with it tourism, the establishment of Glacier National Park and the construction of a popular alpine hotel. The heavy winter snows and steep, avalanche-prone valleys of the park have been a major obstacle to transportation, necessitating much railway engineering and avalanche control measures. The park contains high peaks, large, active glaciers, and one of Canada's largest cave systems. Its dense forests support populations of large mammals, birds, and alpine species. The region is noted for its heavy snowfall. The park has an extensive network of trails, three campgrounds, and four backcountry huts and cabins. Due to the major transportation routes that bisect it, Glacier National Park sees large numbers of visitors. History The Selkirk Mountains were first noted by Europeans when explorer David Thompson of the North West Company skirted around them on the Columbia River in 1811. He named them Nelson's Mountains, after Lord Horatio Nelson, but they were later renamed after an executive for the rival Hudson's Bay Company, Lord Thomas Douglas Selkirk. Finding a pass through the Selkirks became a priority after construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway began. Completion of the railway was a condition of the Colony of British Columbia upon entering Canadian Confederation in 1867. In 1865, Canadian Pacific Surveyor Walter Moberly led an expedition up the Illecillewaet River (which he named, using the Okanangan word for \\\"swift water\\\"). Despite recently discovering Eagle Pass through the nearby Monashees, Moberly failed to find a pass through the Selkirks after getting sidetracked in the Tangier Creek drainage. His party refused to explore further due to the lateness of the season, and Moberly was forced to retreat. Rogers Pass An expedition led by Major Albert Bowman Rogers up the Illecillewaet discovered a viable pass in 1881. Rogers was awarded a five thousand dollar prize for locating a route through the mountains. In 1885, the CPR constructed a line through Rogers Pass and the following year trains were travelling west to the Pacific for the first time in Canada. The federal government and the CPR quickly realized the tourism potential of the mountainous, heavily glaciated area. Following a trip by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his wife Agnes through the Rockies on the newly completed Trancontinental Railroad, he returned to Ottawa inspired, and led the creation of Glacier and Yoho National Parks, both established on October 10, 1886. They were the second and third\",\n \"title\": \"Glacier National Park (Canada)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28236537\",\n \"text\": \"The northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus irremotus), also known as the northern Rocky Mountain timber wolf, is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the northern Rocky Mountains. It is a light-colored, medium to large-sized subspecies with a narrow, flattened frontal bone. The subspecies was initially listed as Endangered on March 9, 1978, but had the classification removed in the year 2000 due to the effects of the Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. On August 6, 2010, the northern Rocky Mountain wolf was ordered to be returned under Endangered Species Act protections by U.S. District Judge Donald Molloy in a decision overturning a previous ruling by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They were later removed on August 31, 2012 from the list because of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming meeting the population quotas for the species to be considered stable. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). Physiology Description This subspecies generally weighs and stands at 26–32 inches, making it one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It is a lighter-colored animal that inhabits the Rocky Mountains with a coat including far more white and less black. In general, the subspecies favors lighter colors, with black mixing in among them. Its population currently resides in western Montana, eastern Idaho, western Wyoming and southern Alberta. Dietary habits The northern Rocky Mountain wolf preys primarily on the bison, elk, the Rocky Mountain mule deer, and the beaver, though it is an opportunistic animal and will prey upon other species if the chance arises. But, for the most part, small prey animals do not make up a large part of its diet. When an individual or a pack is able to take down numerous prey, the amount a northern Rocky Mountain wolf eats daily will generally make up about 10–21% of its body mass, though there have been recorded instances of an individual eating up to 37% of its body mass. However, when prey is not as plentiful, northern Rocky Mountain wolves are able to survive for considerably long periods of time while eating only small amounts. Cannibalism, in times of severe food shortage, occurs, as a pack will kill and eat an injured or weak member of the group. History Early recorded history of the northern Rocky Mountain wolf found it roaming primarily in the forests that would later become known as Yellowstone National Park. They resided nearby Native Americans of the Tukudika tribe, who considered the wolf to be a sacred animal. As the American population began spreading west in the late 19th century, ranchers, farmers, and cattle drivers began to settle in the area. In due time, the northern Rocky Mountain wolf began preying on the livestock brought by the settlers. A practice of eradication was enacted in 1915, through the use of guns, traps, and poison. This policy was made even more all encompassing by the creation of the National Park Service\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Rocky Mountain wolf\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27379984\",\n \"text\": \"The High Trips were large annual wilderness excursions organized and led by the Sierra Club, beginning in 1901. The High Trips lasted until the early 1970s, and were replaced by a larger number of smaller trips to wilderness areas worldwide. Origin Sierra Club secretary William Colby initiated the High Trips, which usually traveled to the High Sierra, and led them from 1901 to 1929. Colby wrote, \\\"It was from John Muir, President of the Club, that I received the warmest encouragement. He was highly enthusiastic, and told me that he had long been trying to get the Club to undertake just such outings.\\\" Edward T. Parsons, a former member of The Mazamas, an Oregon mountaineering club, was also involved with the early logistics, as that club had conducted similar trips. Early outings lasted four full weeks, but eventually the trips were separated into two segments of two weeks each so that those with less time to spare could participate. Francis Farquhar wrote that the purpose of the High Trips was far more than to provide an enjoyable vacation to the participants, but also to \\\"lead them to know and appreciate the beauty and inspiration of the mountains, and to educate them to become defenders of the wilderness.\\\" The first High Trip in July, 1901 attracted 96 club members to Yosemite National Park. On the eve of the start of the trip, club co-founder and University of California, Berkeley geology professor Joseph LeConte died of a sudden heart attack in Yosemite Valley at age 78. Other than this sad event, the trip was a success, and the Sierra Club then began a successful fundraising drive to build LeConte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite Valley in his honor. The High Trip the next and subsequent years doubled in size. Logistics The high trips were complex affairs, with gear for approximately 200 participants packed in by mules, with a staff of up to 50 and elaborate food prepared by professional cooks. It served to establish rituals and folklore that bound the members of the club together. Participants wore bandannas around their necks, used the distinctive metal Sierra Club cup, and sang the same campfire songs year after year. When the Sierra Club was lobbying for the establishment of Kings Canyon National Park, the High Trips visited that area many times, so that more effective lobbyists for the park could become familiar with its remote beauty. Destinations and mountaineering Atthough most of the High Trips were in the Sierra Nevada, occasionally trips were scheduled to other mountain ranges of western North America, including Mount Rainier in 1905, Glacier National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and the Canadian Rockies in 1928. The July 1928 trip to the Canadian Rockies was a joint venture with The Mazamas of Oregon, and The Mountaineers of the state of Washington. A train was chartered from Oakland to Jasper Park Lodge. During this trip, participants climbed many peaks, including Redoubt Mountain, Mount Robson, Mount Edith Cavell, Mount Geikie, Mount Bastion, Mount Barbican\",\n \"title\": \"High Trips\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60414786\",\n \"text\": \"The Watchtower is a mountain summit located in the Maligne River valley of Jasper National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. It is situated in the Maligne Range and is visible from the Maligne Lake Road where it towers over Medicine Lake. Its nearest higher peak is Sirdar Mountain, to the north. History The mountain was named in 1916 by Morrison P. Bridgland (1878-1948), a Dominion Land Surveyor who named many peaks in Jasper Park and the Canadian Rockies. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1947 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The first ascent of The Watchtower was made in 1951 by R.K. Irvin, J. Mowat, and R. Strong. Geology The Watchtower is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Cambrian period and pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, The Watchtower is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into Excelsior Creek and Watchtower Creek, both tributaries of the Maligne River which in turn empties into the Athabasca River. See also Geography of Alberta References Gallery External links Parks Canada web site: Jasper National Park Two-thousanders of Alberta Canadian Rockies Mountains of Jasper National Park Alberta's Rockies\",\n \"title\": \"The Watchtower (Alberta)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21024883\",\n \"text\": \"The Bear Lake Comfort Station, also known as the Bear Lake Generator Building, in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs is the National Park Service Rustic style and was built in 1940. It was converted for use as a generator house at an unknown date and apparently no longer serves its former purpose as a public toilet. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Government buildings completed in 1940 Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Restrooms in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1940 establishments in Colorado\",\n \"title\": \"Bear Lake Comfort Station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69045500\",\n \"text\": \"Sofa Mountain is a 2,515-meter (8,251-foot) summit located in Waterton Lakes National Park, in Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Lewis Range which is a subset of the Canadian Rockies, and is the easternmost mountain in the Canadian Rockies, as well as the park. It is situated east of Vimy Peak, and the nearest higher neighbor is Crypt Peak, to the southwest. Topographic relief is significant as the north aspect rises over 1,220 meters (4,000 feet) above Middle Waterton Lake in approximately six kilometers (3.7 mi). History The mountain was named in 1865 by Kootenay Brown who wrote: \\\"Coming down from the mountain, where we got our first glimpse of the buffalo, we soon reached the prairie shore of a large lake at the further side of which a mountain rose to a sofa-like peak among the clouds. This mountain was afterwards called Sofa Mountain.\\\" This mountain's name was officially adopted in 1943 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Waterton Lakes National Park, Sofa Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks thick, wide and long over younger rock of the cretaceous period. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Sofa Mountain has an alpine subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Sofa Mountain drains to the Waterton River and Belly River. See also Geology of the Rocky Mountains Geology of Alberta References External links Parks Canada web site: Waterton Lakes National Park Weather forecast: Sofa Mountain Two-thousanders of Alberta Waterton Lakes National Park Alberta's Rockies\",\n \"title\": \"Sofa Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4730589\",\n \"text\": \"Torngat Mountains National Park () is a Canadian national park located on the Labrador Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The park encompasses of mountainous terrain between Northern Quebec and the Labrador Sea. It is the largest national park in Atlantic Canada and the southernmost national park in the Arctic Cordillera. It partially contains the Torngat Mountains, the highest mountains in mainland Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The Torngat Mountains National Park was created to honour the relationship that Inuit of Labrador and Nunavik have with the land. Parks Canada works with these groups in order to conserve the ecological integrity of the land, as well as to inform visitors of the park's history with Inuit groups. The subarctic mountains are part of the greater Inuit homeland, known as Inuit Nunangat. The area in and around the park is governed by Inuit and it has been named \\\"Nunatsiavut\\\", translating to \\\"our beautiful land\\\" in their native language. The mountains are an important place for the Inuit and have been known as the \\\"place of spirits\\\". An area called Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve was set aside with enactment of the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement on December 1, 2005, with the intention of creating a national park. When the Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement came into effect on July 10, 2008, the park was officially established, and the National Park Reserve became Torngat Mountains National Park, the first in Labrador. In the Torngat Mountains, there are diverse animal and plant species in ecological communities. Indigenous cultures are deeply connected to and dependent on caribou for their food resources and cultures. This park protects wildlife including: boreal woodland caribou, black bears, Labrador wolf packs, red and Arctic foxes, polar bears, peregrine falcon, and golden eagle among others. Four different climatic regions enable these different species to co-exist. As the temperature rises, the ice in this area shrinks and shrubs grow rapidly, affecting local residents, species and tourists. The park is open year-round and is accessible via charter air flight, cruise ship, or snowmobile. It offers wilderness-oriented recreational activities such as, hiking, scrambling, and kayaking. Creation of park During the 1970s, Parks Canada had a goal of creating national parks in 39 divided regions of the country, which were chosen based on vegetation and landscape. The Torngat Mountains were chosen to be conserved as part of this plan. Labrador and Nunavik Inuit also had interests in conserving the Torngat Mountains, as the land is embedded in their culture and history. The goal of collaborating with these Inuit groups was made to honour their rights, interests, and the relationship they have with the land. Being the tallest mountains in Canada, aside from the Rocky Mountains, the Torngat Mountains were a desired landscape to conserve. Usage of the park is meant for all Canadians to enjoy, with special interest being given to Nunavik and Labrador Inuit to use the designated land and its resources. These are some of the intended purposes\",\n \"title\": \"Torngat Mountains National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59362161\",\n \"text\": \"Park Mountain is a mountain summit located above the southwest shore of Lake McArthur in Yoho National Park, in the Bow Range of the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Biddle, to the east. Park Mountain is situated four kilometres west of the Continental Divide, and southeast of Field, British Columbia. History The mountain was named in 1915 because of the \\\"park-like\\\" setting of the area. The Lake O'Hara area that the mountain is located in is a gem within a park, the best that the Canadian Rockies has to offer. The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1904 by a survey party. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1952 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Park Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Park Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Park Mountain drains into tributaries of the Kicking Horse River which is a tributary of the Columbia River. References See also Geography of British Columbia External links Parks Canada web site: Yoho National Park Park Mountain and Odaray Mountain panoramic photo: Flickr Two-thousanders of British Columbia Canadian Rockies Mountains of Yoho National Park Kootenay Land District\",\n \"title\": \"Park Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19425093\",\n \"text\": \"Eagle Nest Lake State Park is a state park in New Mexico, United States. The park is located outside Eagle Nest, approximately east of Taos. It was established on July 3, 2004. Its main attraction is a lake which is popular for fishing and boating in the summer, and ice fishing and snowmobiling in the winter. The lake itself is a man-made reservoir created when the Cimarron River was impounded by the Eagle Nest Dam in 1918. Before this, the St Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Railroad did some grading work in 1907 on an unfinished extension from its terminus at Ute Park to Taos, including boring a tunnel here. The lake is home to several species of fish, including rainbow trout, brown trout, kokanee salmon, yellow perch, common carp, white sucker, and northern pike, which were introduced into Eagle Nest Lake (by law, anglers must harvest/keep pike, because of their threat to the lake's gamefish populations). Eagle Nest Lake is at an elevation of , making it an alpine lake, and it is situated in a glacial valley on the slopes of Wheeler Peak, New Mexico's highest mountain. The surrounding mountains are rich in wildlife such as elk, deer, turkeys and bears. Gallery References External links Eagle Nest Lake State Park Friends of Eagle Nest Lake and Cimarron Canyon State Parks Lakes of the Rocky Mountains State parks of New Mexico Parks in Colfax County, New Mexico Protected areas established in 2004 Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Nest Lake State Park\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42384289\",\n \"text\": \"The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve is a tract of land owned by the government of the Canadian province of Alberta (called \\\"Crown land\\\") along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Albertan section of the Canadian Rockies. It is a long strip of land just east of the more famous Canadian Rocky Mountain parks, which is managed for forest and water conservation, public recreation, and industrial goals, rather than aesthetic and preservation goals, as in the Rocky Mountain parks. Forest reserves were established for \\\"...(1) the reserving of timber supplies, (2) the reserving of areas unsuited to agriculture so that they would not be homesteaded, and (3) the preserving of the water level in streams by conserving the timber on the upper watersheds\\\". Government of Canada (1911). \\\"All forest reserves are set aside and constituted for the conservation of the forests and other vegetation in the forests and for the maintenance of conditions favourable to an optimum water supply in those reserves.\\\" Province of Alberta (2004). The surveyor William Pearce was an early and influential advocate of preserving the region, and he convinced the government to set aside a large part of the region from the agricultural settlement occurring elsewhere in the Canadian West. His continued efforts persuaded the Canadian government, in 1902, to enlarge the adjacent Rocky Mountain Park (later Banff National Park) to , twice its modern size. The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve was first created in 1910 by the federal government of Canada by privy council order #939 to conserve forests and protect the headwaters of the rivers that supply most of the Canadian prairies from development. Since its inception, the area has been managed to conserve headwaters while allowing industrial activity, particularly logging and mining, with secondary importance placed on heavy tourist uses, in contrast to the neighbouring national parks. Nevertheless, water has been a recurring theme, with the protection of the headwaters always being the stated priority of government agencies. A 1911 report on the area by the Department of the Interior describes it as The size and shape of the reserve changed repeatedly and dramatically in its early years. In its original configuration in 1910, the forest reserve constituted two disconnected pieces of land, neither of which are part of the modern reserve. The more northerly part was north of Jasper National Park (today the Willmore Wilderness), and the southerly section was between Jasper National Park and Rocky Mountain Park (today the northern third of Banff National Park). In 1911, Jasper and Rocky Mountain parks were reduced in size and the land transferred to the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve. The reserve was expanded eastwards in 1913. In 1917, Rocky Mountain Park and in 1927 Jasper Park were greatly expanded at the expense of the reserve. In 1929 and 1930, the park boundaries were adjusted slightly, giving the Kananaskis valley back to the reserve. With the passage of the Alberta Natural Resources Act, 1930, management of the parks and reserve became separated, as all public\",\n \"title\": \"Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52119498\",\n \"text\": \"Bierstadt Lake is located in Larimer County, Colorado and within the Rocky Mountain National Park. Near McHenrys Peak and Longs Peak, there are \\\"spectacular views\\\" of the Continental Divide at the lake. The Bierstadt Lake Trailhead is located about from the turn-off at U.S. Route 36 into the Rocky Mountain National Park. During the summer, shuttle buses provide transportation to the trailhead. The lake sits atop a lateral moraine on the side and end of Bartholf Glacier and drains into Mill Creek. It is named for Albert Bierstadt, a noted landscape artist, whose 1870s paintings of Longs Peak and Bierstadt Lake are among the Denver Art Museum's collection. Geology and hydrology Bierstadt Lake rests on a plateau on the Bierstadt Moraine, which is a \\\"massive\\\" moraine created by debris left from the receding Bartholf Glacier. The glacier, never more than long, \\\"originated on the highest mountain in the park\\\". Because it was a steep glacier, \\\"its gouging action was vigorous\\\". Glacial lobes at Glacier Gorge, Loch Vale, and Flattop Mountain joined and moved iced in Barthlolf Park. Debris trapped in the ice created the Bierstadt Moraine that lies between Glacier and Mill Creeks and is more than wide and is more than above the floor of Bartholf Park. The lake was formed when a dam was made from glacial debris deposits. Water from the lake drains into Mill Creek within the Mill Creek basin, which is a flat valley with a scenic meadow. Author Lisa Foster describes the long glacial ridge as \\\"one of the most dramatic lateral moraines in the Rocky Mountain National Park\\\". On the north side of the moraine is Hollowell Park and the Mill Creek Basin. The steep south side sits above Bear Creek Road. History It was first called \\\"Hanging Lake\\\" by Native Americans due to its \\\"perched condition\\\" on the side of Bartholf Glacier. Bierstadt Lake was officially given its name in 1932, prior to that the name was on a reprinted U.S. Geological Survey map created in 1922. Like Mount Bierstadt, it was named to honor Albert Bierstadt, a landscape artist, who visited and painted the Rocky Mountains. He may have become the first European to visit the summit of Mount Blue Sky when he climbed it in 1863. Mount Blue Sky is from Mount Bierstadt. In 1876, Bierstadt was commissioned by Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl to make an exceptionally large canvas painting of Longs Peak and Estes Park for $15,000, . Bierstadt traveled throughout the area with Theodore Whyte, the earl's associate, and created sketches and paintings. The two men also looked for a suitable site, with a great view of Longs Peak, to construct an English hotel for the earl. Bierstadt took a particular interest in the lake, and Whyte is credited for naming the lake in honor of the artist. He \\\"created one of his many spectacular images of the West\\\" at the lake. Harold Marion Dunning, an early historian, chronicled \\\"that Bierstadt's favorite place for\",\n \"title\": \"Bierstadt Lake\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["January 26 , 1915"],"string":"[\n \"January 26 , 1915\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":50,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45982"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who sings vocals on sunshine of your love"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"2902739","text":"Live Cream Volume II is the second live album by the British rock band Cream, released in March 1972 by Polydor Records (Atco Records in the US). This album contains six tracks recorded at various performances from 9 March to 4 October 1968. Reception Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic stated that Volume 2 had more songs on it than its predecessor, including two songs whose album versions were released as singles. He also commented on how the sound quality was some of the best at the time. He did not like, however, that there were not as many extended jams as there were on the predecessor and that Jack Bruce and Eric Clapton's singing is not good on \"White Room\" and \"Sunshine of Your Love.\" Greenwald felt that the live version of \"Deserted Cities of the Heart\" is better than the studio version. \"Steppin' Out\" was used in the dramatic climax of Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese. Track listing Personnel ''Per liner notes Eric Clapton – vocals, guitar Jack Bruce – vocals, bass, harmonica Ginger Baker – drums Felix Pappalardi – producer Tom Dowd – recording engineer Bill Halverson – recording engineer Gene Paul – re-mix engineer Kevin Brady – re-mix engineer Jim Marshall – cover photography Gene Trindl – backliner photography Stanisław Zagórski – album design Charts References Cream (band) live albums 1972 live albums Polydor Records live albums Albums produced by Felix Pappalardi","title":"Live Cream Volume II"},{"docid":"3030331","text":"Sunshine of Your Love is a 1969 live album by Ella Fitzgerald. Recorded at the Venetian Room, The Fairmont San Francisco, in October 1968. The main body of works performed here are contemporary pop songs from the late 1960s. Originally released on the German found jazz label MPS Records the album was re-issued on CD, with alternative artwork, in 1996 by Verve Records. Track listing For the 1969 LP on MPS Records; MPS 15010; Re-issued by PolyGram-Verve in 1996 on CD, Verve 314 533 102-2 Side One: \"Hey Jude\" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 3:54 \"Sunshine of Your Love\" (Pete Brown, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton) – 3:21 \"This Girl's in Love With You\" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 4:30 \"Watch What Happens\" (Norman Gimbel, Michel Legrand) – 4:00 \"Alright, Okay, You Win\" (Mayme Watts, Sidney Wyche) – 3:51 \"Give Me the Simple Life\" (Rube Bloom, Harry Ruby) – 2:05 Side Two: \"Inútil Paisagem\" (\"Useless Landscape\") (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Ray Gilbert, Aloysio Oliveira) – 5:13 \"Old Devil Moon\" (Yip Harburg, Burton Lane) – 4:21 \"Don'cha Go 'Way Mad\" (Illinois Jacquet, Jimmy Mundy, Al Stillman) – 3:37 \"A House Is Not a Home\" (Bacharach, David) – 4:14 \"Trouble Is a Man\" (Alec Wilder) – 4:14 \"Love You Madly\" (Duke Ellington) – 3:04 Personnel Tracks 1-6 Ernie Hecksher's Big Band Track 7-12 Tommy Flanagan Trio Ella Fitzgerald – vocals Tommy Flanagan – piano, conductor Frank DeLaRosa – double bass Ed Thigpen – drums Marty Paich – arranger (Tracks 1, 2, 5) Frank De Vol – arranger (Track 3) Dee Carson – arranger (Track 4) Bill Holman – arranger (Track 6) Ernie Heckscher - bandleader Allen Smith (tracks 1-6) - trumpet Wally Heider – engineer References Ella Fitzgerald live albums Albums produced by Norman Granz 1969 live albums MPS Records live albums Albums conducted by Frank De Vol Albums arranged by Frank De Vol Albums conducted by Tommy Flanagan Verve Records live albums PolyGram live albums","title":"Sunshine of Your Love (album)"},{"docid":"591620","text":"The Age of Aquarius is the fourth album by the American pop group the 5th Dimension, released in 1969. It was their biggest commercial success in the United States, peaking at number two on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B Albums charts. Track listing Side One \"Medley: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)\" (Galt MacDermot, James Rado, Gerome Ragni) – 4:51 \"Blowing Away\" (Laura Nyro) – 2:32 \"Skinny Man\" (Michael Kollander, Ginger Kollander) – 2:51 \"Wedding Bell Blues\" (Laura Nyro) – 2:44 \"Don'tcha Hear Me Callin' to Ya\" (Rudy Stevenson) – 3:56 \"The Hideaway\" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:45 Side Two \"Workin' On a Groovy Thing\" (Roger Atkins, Neil Sedaka) – 3:10 \"Let It Be Me\" (Gilbert Bécaud, Mann Curtis, Pierre Delanoë) – 3:54 \"Sunshine of Your Love\" (Pete Brown, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton) – 3:18 \"The Winds of Heaven\" (Bob Dorough, Fran Landesman) – 3:14 \"Those Were the Days\" (Gene Raskin) – 3:03 \"Let the Sunshine In (Reprise)\" (MacDermot, Rado, Ragni) – 1:29 Bonus tracks \"Chissa Se Tornera (Who Knows If He Will Return)\" (Mario De Sanctis, Antonio Salis, Lucio Salis) – 3:00 [Bonus track; 2000 CD reissue only] Personnel Billy Davis Jr. - lead vocals (tracks 1, 8), background vocals Florence LaRue - lead vocals (track 2), background vocals Marilyn McCoo - lead vocals (tracks 2, 4), background vocals Lamonte McLemore - background vocals Ron Townson - background vocals Additional personnel Dennis Budimir - guitar Mike Deasy - guitar Bill Fulton - guitar Tommy Tedesco - guitar Joe Osborn - bass Hal Blaine - drums, percussion Larry Bunker - mallets, congas, percussion Milt Holland - percussion Pete Jolly - keyboards Larry Knechtel - keyboards Jimmy Rowles - keyboards Bill Holman - Strings & Brass - string section, horn section Tony Terran - Trumpet Production Producer: Bones Howe Engineer: Bones Howe Mastering: Elliot Federman Digital transfers: Mike Hartry Reissue producer: Rob Santos Production coordination: Jeremy Holiday Production assistant: Ann McClelland, Tom Tierney, Russ Wapensky Project coordinator: Arlessa Barnes, Glenn Delgado, Christina DeSimone, Robin Diamond, Karyn Friedland, Felicia Gearhart, Laura Gregory, Robin Manning, Brooke Nochomson, Ed Osborne, Larry Parra, Dana Renert, Bill Stafford, Steve Strauss Archives coordinator: Joanne Feltman, Glenn Korman Musical arrangements: Bob Alcivar, Bill Holman, Bones Howe Vocal arrangement: Bob Alcivar Art direction: Ron Wolin Reissue art director: Mathieu Bitton Design: Mathieu Bitton, Ron Wolin Photography: Ed Caraeff Liner notes: Mike Ragogna Charts and awards Album Billboard (United States) Singles Billboard (United States) Grammys |- | rowspan=\"5\" | 1970 || rowspan=\"2\" | The Age of Aquarius || Album of the Year || |- | Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical || |- | rowspan=\"3\" | \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" || Record of the Year || |- | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals || |- | Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals || Certifications References 1969 albums The 5th Dimension albums Albums produced by Bones Howe Soul City Records (American label) albums","title":"The Age of Aquarius (album)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"2902739\",\n \"text\": \"Live Cream Volume II is the second live album by the British rock band Cream, released in March 1972 by Polydor Records (Atco Records in the US). This album contains six tracks recorded at various performances from 9 March to 4 October 1968. Reception Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic stated that Volume 2 had more songs on it than its predecessor, including two songs whose album versions were released as singles. He also commented on how the sound quality was some of the best at the time. He did not like, however, that there were not as many extended jams as there were on the predecessor and that Jack Bruce and Eric Clapton's singing is not good on \\\"White Room\\\" and \\\"Sunshine of Your Love.\\\" Greenwald felt that the live version of \\\"Deserted Cities of the Heart\\\" is better than the studio version. \\\"Steppin' Out\\\" was used in the dramatic climax of Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese. Track listing Personnel ''Per liner notes Eric Clapton – vocals, guitar Jack Bruce – vocals, bass, harmonica Ginger Baker – drums Felix Pappalardi – producer Tom Dowd – recording engineer Bill Halverson – recording engineer Gene Paul – re-mix engineer Kevin Brady – re-mix engineer Jim Marshall – cover photography Gene Trindl – backliner photography Stanisław Zagórski – album design Charts References Cream (band) live albums 1972 live albums Polydor Records live albums Albums produced by Felix Pappalardi\",\n \"title\": \"Live Cream Volume II\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3030331\",\n \"text\": \"Sunshine of Your Love is a 1969 live album by Ella Fitzgerald. Recorded at the Venetian Room, The Fairmont San Francisco, in October 1968. The main body of works performed here are contemporary pop songs from the late 1960s. Originally released on the German found jazz label MPS Records the album was re-issued on CD, with alternative artwork, in 1996 by Verve Records. Track listing For the 1969 LP on MPS Records; MPS 15010; Re-issued by PolyGram-Verve in 1996 on CD, Verve 314 533 102-2 Side One: \\\"Hey Jude\\\" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 3:54 \\\"Sunshine of Your Love\\\" (Pete Brown, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton) – 3:21 \\\"This Girl's in Love With You\\\" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 4:30 \\\"Watch What Happens\\\" (Norman Gimbel, Michel Legrand) – 4:00 \\\"Alright, Okay, You Win\\\" (Mayme Watts, Sidney Wyche) – 3:51 \\\"Give Me the Simple Life\\\" (Rube Bloom, Harry Ruby) – 2:05 Side Two: \\\"Inútil Paisagem\\\" (\\\"Useless Landscape\\\") (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Ray Gilbert, Aloysio Oliveira) – 5:13 \\\"Old Devil Moon\\\" (Yip Harburg, Burton Lane) – 4:21 \\\"Don'cha Go 'Way Mad\\\" (Illinois Jacquet, Jimmy Mundy, Al Stillman) – 3:37 \\\"A House Is Not a Home\\\" (Bacharach, David) – 4:14 \\\"Trouble Is a Man\\\" (Alec Wilder) – 4:14 \\\"Love You Madly\\\" (Duke Ellington) – 3:04 Personnel Tracks 1-6 Ernie Hecksher's Big Band Track 7-12 Tommy Flanagan Trio Ella Fitzgerald – vocals Tommy Flanagan – piano, conductor Frank DeLaRosa – double bass Ed Thigpen – drums Marty Paich – arranger (Tracks 1, 2, 5) Frank De Vol – arranger (Track 3) Dee Carson – arranger (Track 4) Bill Holman – arranger (Track 6) Ernie Heckscher - bandleader Allen Smith (tracks 1-6) - trumpet Wally Heider – engineer References Ella Fitzgerald live albums Albums produced by Norman Granz 1969 live albums MPS Records live albums Albums conducted by Frank De Vol Albums arranged by Frank De Vol Albums conducted by Tommy Flanagan Verve Records live albums PolyGram live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Sunshine of Your Love (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"591620\",\n \"text\": \"The Age of Aquarius is the fourth album by the American pop group the 5th Dimension, released in 1969. It was their biggest commercial success in the United States, peaking at number two on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B Albums charts. Track listing Side One \\\"Medley: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)\\\" (Galt MacDermot, James Rado, Gerome Ragni) – 4:51 \\\"Blowing Away\\\" (Laura Nyro) – 2:32 \\\"Skinny Man\\\" (Michael Kollander, Ginger Kollander) – 2:51 \\\"Wedding Bell Blues\\\" (Laura Nyro) – 2:44 \\\"Don'tcha Hear Me Callin' to Ya\\\" (Rudy Stevenson) – 3:56 \\\"The Hideaway\\\" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:45 Side Two \\\"Workin' On a Groovy Thing\\\" (Roger Atkins, Neil Sedaka) – 3:10 \\\"Let It Be Me\\\" (Gilbert Bécaud, Mann Curtis, Pierre Delanoë) – 3:54 \\\"Sunshine of Your Love\\\" (Pete Brown, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton) – 3:18 \\\"The Winds of Heaven\\\" (Bob Dorough, Fran Landesman) – 3:14 \\\"Those Were the Days\\\" (Gene Raskin) – 3:03 \\\"Let the Sunshine In (Reprise)\\\" (MacDermot, Rado, Ragni) – 1:29 Bonus tracks \\\"Chissa Se Tornera (Who Knows If He Will Return)\\\" (Mario De Sanctis, Antonio Salis, Lucio Salis) – 3:00 [Bonus track; 2000 CD reissue only] Personnel Billy Davis Jr. - lead vocals (tracks 1, 8), background vocals Florence LaRue - lead vocals (track 2), background vocals Marilyn McCoo - lead vocals (tracks 2, 4), background vocals Lamonte McLemore - background vocals Ron Townson - background vocals Additional personnel Dennis Budimir - guitar Mike Deasy - guitar Bill Fulton - guitar Tommy Tedesco - guitar Joe Osborn - bass Hal Blaine - drums, percussion Larry Bunker - mallets, congas, percussion Milt Holland - percussion Pete Jolly - keyboards Larry Knechtel - keyboards Jimmy Rowles - keyboards Bill Holman - Strings & Brass - string section, horn section Tony Terran - Trumpet Production Producer: Bones Howe Engineer: Bones Howe Mastering: Elliot Federman Digital transfers: Mike Hartry Reissue producer: Rob Santos Production coordination: Jeremy Holiday Production assistant: Ann McClelland, Tom Tierney, Russ Wapensky Project coordinator: Arlessa Barnes, Glenn Delgado, Christina DeSimone, Robin Diamond, Karyn Friedland, Felicia Gearhart, Laura Gregory, Robin Manning, Brooke Nochomson, Ed Osborne, Larry Parra, Dana Renert, Bill Stafford, Steve Strauss Archives coordinator: Joanne Feltman, Glenn Korman Musical arrangements: Bob Alcivar, Bill Holman, Bones Howe Vocal arrangement: Bob Alcivar Art direction: Ron Wolin Reissue art director: Mathieu Bitton Design: Mathieu Bitton, Ron Wolin Photography: Ed Caraeff Liner notes: Mike Ragogna Charts and awards Album Billboard (United States) Singles Billboard (United States) Grammys |- | rowspan=\\\"5\\\" | 1970 || rowspan=\\\"2\\\" | The Age of Aquarius || Album of the Year || |- | Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical || |- | rowspan=\\\"3\\\" | \\\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\\\" || Record of the Year || |- | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals || |- | Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals || Certifications References 1969 albums The 5th Dimension albums Albums produced by Bones Howe Soul City Records (American label) albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Age of Aquarius (album)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"18832193","text":"Wovoka is the fifth album by the American rock band Redbone. It was recorded between June and October 1973, and released in November 1973 on Epic Records. The album was produced by brothers Pat Vegas (bass, vocals) and Lolly Vegas (guitars, vocals), in addition to sound engineer Alex Kazanegras. It was the last Redbone album to feature Peter DePoe on drums. Wovoka was recorded with the help of multiple session musicians, including several additional backing vocalists. All main members of the band notably contributed to vocals. As with the band's other releases, Wovoka features songs with Native American themes; each of the band members at the time had either Native American or Mexican American heritage. Wovoka peaked on the US Billboard 200 at number 66 in 1974. The single \"Come and Get Your Love\" reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100. The single \"We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee\" topped the Belgian and Dutch charts in 1973, but was absent from the American release after it was deemed too offensive for some audiences. Track listing LP The track \"We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee\" was dropped from the US/Canadian release (KE 32462) due to its controversial theme. The song did appear on the European release (EPC 65500), and was moderately successful on the continent (see main Redbone entry). The LP version of \"Come and Get Your Love\" starts with a slow rendition of the chorus. This intro was cut from the single release. CD Released on the Columbia label in 1990, several edits were made to the album. The CD featured the single version of Come and Get Your Love; the track boundary on the short Chant Wovoka vocal was moved; and the last track 23rd and Mad was cut down. \"Wovoka\" (P. Vegas/L. Vegas) – 3:00 \"Sweet Lady of Love\" (L. Vegas) – 3:08 \"Someday (A Good Song)\" (P. Vegas/T. Bellamy) – 4:12 \"Liquid Truth\" (L. Vegas) – 5:03 \"Come and Get Your Love\" (L. Vegas) – 3:27 \"Day to Day Life\" / \"Chant Wovoka\" (P. Vegas/T. Bellamy) – 3:04 \"Clouds In My Sunshine\" (P. Vegas) – 3:44 \"23rd and Mad\" (L. Vegas/P. DePoe) - 3:08 Charts Album Personnel Lolly Vegas – lead guitar, electric sitar, leslie guitar, vocals Tony Bellamy – rhythm guitar, wah wah guitar, piano, vocals Pat Vegas – bass, fuzz bass, vocals Butch Rillera – drums, background vocals Peter DePoe – drums, background vocals Additional personnel Gene Page – orchestrator Joe Sample – piano, vibraphone Sherry Williams – background vocals Eddie Caciedo – percussion Johnny Lopez – background vocals References 1974 albums Redbone (band) albums Epic Records albums","title":"Wovoka (album)"},{"docid":"4803756","text":"Then and Now was David Cassidy's 16th solo album, released in 2002. It became a big hit in the UK, where it reached #5 in the album charts and ultimately achieved Platinum sales status. It contained new recordings of songs previously released in other albums. The US version of the album moved away from the emphasis on David Cassidy's UK music career and featured a different track listing, one that was more reflective of his hits in the USA. Gone were the songs \"Daydreamer\", \"I Write the Songs\", \"Some Kind Of A Summer\", \"If I Didn't Care\" and \"The Last Kiss\". These were replaced with updated versions of Cassidy's recordings of \"No Bridge I Wouldn't Cross (Young & Gifted Mix)\" and The Partridge Family theme \"C'mon, Get Happy\" plus a new recording of the song \"Do You Believe In Magic\" which David had also performed in a Christmas television advertisement for the Mervyn's department store. The different versions of this album ensured both were eagerly sought after by fans worldwide. Track listing \"I Think I Love You\" \"Could It Be Forever\" \"How Can I Be Sure\" \"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\" \"Daydreamer\" \"I Can Feel Your Heartbeat\" \"It's One of Those Nights (Yes Love)\" \"I Write the Songs\" \"Rock Me Baby\" \"Some Kind Of A Summer\" \"Looking Through the Eyes of Love\" \"I'll Meet You Halfway\" \"If I Didn't Care\" \"Cherish\" \"The Last Kiss\" \"Ain't No Sunshine\" \"Lyin' To Myself\" \"Cry\" \"No Bridge I Wouldn't Cross\" \"Sheltered In Your Arms\" \"Ricky's Tune\" \"Could It Be Forever (Feat. Hear'Say) Personnel Musicians: Drums - Mike Bradley, Hal Blaine Bass - Steve Pearce, Max Bennett Piano/Keyboards - Pete Murray Fender Rhodes - Michael Smith Guitars - Hugh Burns, Fridrick Karlsson, Jimmy McIntosh, Dennis Budimir, Louie Shelton Percussion - Frank Ricotti, Gary Coleman Piano Accordion - Eddie Hession Harmonica - Brenden Power Harpsichord - Alexander Skeaping Recorder - Paul Fawcus Violins: Harvey De Souza, Laurence Jackson, Darrell Kok, Jan Schmolk, Ralph De Souza, Simon Smith, Sarah Ewins, Steve Morris Viola: Bob Smissen, Tim Grant Cello: Jo Knight, William Schofield Woodwind: Saxophone and Flute - Paul Fawcus, Scott Garland Brass: Trumpet and Flugal - Pat White, Mark Cumberland Trombone - Dennis Rollins Background vocals: David Cassidy - Background vocals on \"Ain't No Sunshine\" Ted Carfrae - Harmony vocal on \"I Write The Songs\" Mae McKenna, Janet Mooney, Lance Ellington, Phil Nicholl, Candace Davis Martin, Lisa Mayer, John Bahlor, Tom Bahlor, Randy Crenshaw, Jackie Ward References David Cassidy albums 2001 compilation albums","title":"Then and Now (David Cassidy album)"},{"docid":"36218472","text":"Nice N' Wild, also known as Nice & Wild, was a U.S. freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of \"Diamond Girl\". Band members included David Torres, Reggie Pierre and Remy Palacios. Although these three bandmates \"performed\" the song publicly, they did not sing the original vocals for \"Diamond Girl\", rather lip syncing the song's vocals during performances. However, David Torres did sing the Spanish parts himself after completing vocal training. The final and original voice of “Diamond Girl” vocal track on the hit recording was performed by John Minnis (with David L Cook having sung the demo vocal). Because of mistitled videos on the internet, many believe that Stevie B is the original vocalist of the song, but that of course is false. The song was written and produced by Arthur Lammoglia and Joe Granda in 1986. \"Diamond Girl\" was featured on the band's debut full-length album, Energy, Love and Unity, released the following year (1987). The album also featured follow-up singles \"Obsession\" and \"Oh Baby (I Want to Make Love Tonight)\", which were less successful than the debut hit. Nearly a decade later, the band released a follow-up album, Infatuation, again featuring Minnis prominently as the lead vocalist, along with songwriting contributions from Granda, who also served as executive producer for the project. Despite the title track and a cover of the Bill Withers classic \"Ain't No Sunshine\" being released as singles, further commercial success proved elusive. Discography Albums Energy, Love and Unity (LP, Atlantic, 1987) Infatuation (CD, Right Touch Production, 1996) Singles and EPs \"Diamond Girl\" (Top Hits, 1986) \"Obsession\" (Atlantic, 1987) \"Oh Baby (I Want to Make Love Tonight)\" (7\", promo, Atlantic, 1987) \"Infatuation\"(Freestyle Records, 1995) \"Ain't No Sunshine\" (12\", Right Touch Production, 1996) References Atlantic Records artists American Eurodance groups American dance music groups Musical groups established in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 1996 American musical trios","title":"Nice & Wild"},{"docid":"6130335","text":"Natural Wonder is a live album by American musician Stevie Wonder, released in 1995 and recorded in Osaka, Japan and Tel Aviv, Israel. The tour featured different symphony orchestras at some venues, conducted by touring conductor Henry Panion III. It is his fourth live album after Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius (1963), Stevie Wonder Live (1970), and Live at the Talk of the Town (also 1970), and his only one as a mature artist. Content The album comprises songs from throughout his career, spanning 1969's My Cherie Amour to 1995's Conversation Peace, in addition to the debut of three new songs – \"Dancing to the Rhythm\", the Stevie Ray Vaughan tribute \"Stevie Ray Blues\", and \"Ms. & Mr. Little Ones\". Wonder also performs \"Stay Gold\", a song he sang and co-write with composer Carmine Coppola for Coppola's score to The Outsiders. Track listing Disc one \"Dancing to the Rhythm\" – 7:07 \"Love's in Need of Love Today\" – 6:02 \"Master Blaster (Jammin')\" – 3:36 \"Stevie Ray Blues\" – 2:27 \"Higher Ground\" – 3:59 \"Rocket Love\" – 4:47 \"Stay Gold\" – 4:21 \"Ribbon in the Sky\" – 8:37 \"Pastime Paradise\" – 3:22 \"If It's Magic\" – 3:34 \"Ms. & Mr. Little Ones\" – 4:17 \"Village Ghetto Land\" – 3:26 \"Tomorrow Robins Will Sing\" – 4:20 Disc two \"Overjoyed\" – 3:59 \"My Cherie Amour\" – 3:20 \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours\" – 2:45 \"Living for the City\" – 4:26 \"Sir Duke\" – 2:46 \"I Wish\" – 4:06 \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\" – 2:21 \"Superstition\" – 5:37 \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" – 4:38 \"For Your Love\" – 5:06 \"Another Star\" – 5:55 Personnel Stevie Wonder – vocals, keyboards, grand piano, harmonica Band Herman Jackson – keyboards Isaiah Sanders – keyboards Rick Zunigar – guitars Nathan Watts – bass, musical director Gerry Brown – drums Munyungo Jackson – percussion Keith John – backing vocals Panzie Johnson – backing vocals Marva King – backing vocals Orchestra Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra Paul Riser – orchestrations and arrangements Dr. Henry Panion, III – conductor Fredrick Charley – orchestra librarian Steve Torok – orchestra librarian Production Stevie Wonder – producer, arrangements Peter Edmonds – production manager George Packer – production manager Danny Leake – recording engineer, FOH engineer Tohru \"Kiku\" Kikuchi – system engineer Gary Adante – editing, mixing Robert A. Arbittier – editing, mixing Chris Bellman – mastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California) Brian O'Neal – liner notes Jackie Salway – art direction, design James Minchin III – photography David Safian – photography Eddie Wolfl – photography References 1995 live albums Stevie Wonder live albums Motown live albums Albums produced by Stevie Wonder","title":"Natural Wonder"},{"docid":"41580236","text":"The Michael Jackson Mix is a compilation album by American singer and recording artist Michael Jackson, released in 1987. Available as a double LP, double cassette and double CD, the album contains 40 songs from Jackson's Motown career – solo and with The Jackson 5 – edited together in four separate megamixes: \"Love Mix 1\" and \"Love Mix 2\" on the first LP, cassette and CD, and \"Dance Mix 1\" and \"Dance Mix 2\" on the second LP, cassette and CD. Track listing \"Love Mix 1\" (LP & cassette side one; CD one – 23:06) \"Ben\" (Don Black, Walter Scharf) \"Ain't No Sunshine\" (Bill Withers) \"One Day in Your Life\" (Sam Brown III, Renée Armand) \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" (Clifton Davis) \"Got to Be There\" (Hal Davis, The Corporation, Willie Hutch) \"Happy (Love Theme from 'Lady Sings the Blues')\" (Michel Legrand, Smokey Robinson) \"I'll Be There\" (Berry Gordy, Bob West, Willie Hutch, Hal Davis) \"We're Almost There\" (Brian Holland, Edward Holland Jr.) \"People Make the World Go Round\" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) \"Love Mix 2\" (LP & cassette side two; CD one – 20:15) \"Who's Lovin' You\" (Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy) \"I Was Made to Love Her\" (Stevie Wonder, Lula Mae Hardaway, Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy) \"You've Really Got a Hold on Me\" (Smokey Robinson) \"Music and Me\" (Jerry Marcellino, Mel Larson, Don Fenceton, Mike Cannon) \"Call on Me\" (Fonce Mizell, Larry Mizell) \"Lonely Teardrops\" (Gordy, Roquel \"Billy\" Davis, Gwendolyn Gordy) \"You've Got a Friend\" (Carole King) \"Girl Don't Take Your Love from Me\" (Willie Hutch) \"We've Got a Good Thing Going\" (The Corporation) \"I'll Come Home to You\" (Freddie Perren, Christine Yarian) \"Dance Mix 1\" (LP & cassette side three; CD two – 21:10) \"ABC\" (The Corporation) \"I Want You Back\" (The Corporation) \"Get It Together\" (Hal Davis, Norman Whitfield) \"The Boogie Man\" (Deke Richards) \"Just a Little Bit of You\" (Brian Holland, Edward Holland Jr.) \"The Love You Save\" (The Corporation) \"Farewell My Summer Love\" (Keni St. Lewis) \"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\" (Holland, Lamont Dozier) \"Hallelujah Day\" (Freddie Perren, Christine Yarian) \"Skywriter\" (Mel Larson, Jerry Marcellino) \"Lookin' Through the Windows\" (The Corporation, Davis) \"Dance Mix 2\" (LP & cassette side four; CD two – 21:02) \"Sugar Daddy\" (The Corporation) \"Don't Let It Get You Down\" (Jerry Marcellino, Mel Larson, Deke Richards) \"Girl You're So Together\" (Keni St. Lewis) \"Mama's Pearl\" (The Corporation) \"My Girl\" (Smokey Robinson, Ronald White) \"Dancing Machine\" (Hal Davis, Don Fletcher, Dean Parks) \"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day\" (Stevie Wonder, Sylvia Moy, Henry Cosby) \"Doctor My Eyes\" (Jackson Browne, Richard Sanford Orshoff) \"Rockin' Robin\" (Leon René) \"Little Bitty Pretty One (Bobby Day) UK 7\" promo \"Dance Mix 1\" – Promo Edit (Side A – 3:18) \"ABC\" \"I Want You Back\" \"Get It Together\" \"The Boogie Man\" \"Love Mix 1\" – Promo Edit (Side B – 3:56) \"Ben\" \"Ain't No Sunshine\" \"One Day in Your Life\" Production Compiled by DMC Dakeyne – DJ mix (megamix) Ceri Berry – liner notes Charts and certifications Weekly charts Certifications References","title":"The Michael Jackson Mix"},{"docid":"26191004","text":"The Troubadour Reunion Tour was a 2010 international concert tour by Carole King and James Taylor. It celebrated the 40th anniversary of their first performance together at The Troubadour in November 1970, and was a continuation of their reunion at the Troubadour in November 2007. History The tour was announced on November 12, 2009. Over 50 dates were scheduled in Australia and New Zealand, Japan, and North America. The tour began on March 26, 2010 at the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Australia. The touring band included the original support band from The Troubadour: Danny Kortchmar (guitar), Leland Sklar (bass) and Russ Kunkel (drums). Other members were Robbie Kondor (keyboards, piano, organ, accordion, chromatic harmonica), Arnold McCuller (vocals), Kate Markowitz (vocals) and Andrea Zonn (vocals and fiddle). For secondary ticket sales, for the week of January 24, 2010, it was estimated to be the best selling ticket event in the world, beating out even the Super Bowl. These ticket sales were based on sales from the TicketNetwork Exchange, the largest secondary ticket exchange in the world. This does not include primary ticket sellers such as Ticketmaster. The North America leg of the tour incorporated a stage design that included intimate nightclub-style seating. The proceeds from these seats benefit various charities. The Oceania leg of the tour was promoted by Michael Coppel, who was also promoting Lady Gaga's The Monster Ball Tour at the same time. Lady Gaga attended one of the Troubadour Reunion concerts in Sydney. The final performance of the tour was on July 20, 2010 at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. In an interview with Carole King and James Taylor for Billboard Magazine, Taylor stated there will probably never be another Troubadour Reunion Tour. However, he mentioned that a European tour was possible. Tour dates Box office score data Set list One typical set list for the tour has been: First set \"Blossom\" \"So Far Away\" \"Machine Gun Kelly\" \"Carolina in My Mind\" \"Sunshine Sunshine\" \"Smackwater Jack\" \"Country Road\" \"Where You Lead\" \"Your Smiling Face\" \"Song of Long Ago\" → \"Long Ago and Far Away\" \"Beautiful\" \"Shower the People\" \"Way Over Yonder\" Second set \"Copperline\" \"Crying in the Rain\" \"Mexico\" \"Sweet Baby James\" \"Jazzman\" \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" \"Steamroller Blues\" \"It's Too Late\" \"Fire and Rain\" \"I Feel the Earth Move\" \"You've Got a Friend\" Encore \"Up on the Roof\" \"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)\" \"You Can Close Your Eyes\" \"The Loco-Motion\" Other songs played included \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\", \"Sweet Seasons\", and \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" (as the first-set closer). The second or third song of the second set was a \"fan request\" slot, taken from a web poll for that show from a constrained list and alternating between King and Taylor. Notes While in the beginning of the tour (until May 18, 2010) “The Loco-Motion\" was the final song, in later concerts (starting on May 19, 2010) the final song was \"You Can Close Your Eyes\"","title":"Troubadour Reunion Tour"},{"docid":"2374497","text":"Fireflies is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Faith Hill. The album was released on August 2, 2005 via Warner Bros. Records Nashville. Her first album since her 2002 crossover album Cry, Fireflies marked a return to traditional country music for Hill. Hill co-produced the album with Byron Gallimore and Dann Huff. Husband Tim McGraw is featured on the single \"Like We Never Loved at All\". Five singles in total were released from the album. The lead single, \"Mississippi Girl\", marked Hill's ninth and final country number one hit and her first since 2000's \"The Way You Love Me\"'; it spent two weeks atop the Hot Country Songs chart. Follow-up singles \"Like We Never Loved at All\", \"The Lucky One\", and \"Sunshine and Summertime\" (which was her last solo top ten hit at country radio) all peaked within the top ten, with the first two peaking within the top five. \"Stealing Kisses\" was also a top 40 hit. In its first week, Fireflies debuted atop both the all-genre Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums, selling 329,000 copies. Fireflies marked Hill's third consecutive album to top both of the charts simultaneously after 1999's Breathe and 2002's Cry. The album has been certified two times platinum by the RIAA for selling two million copies. Despite the commercial success, it was met with mixed reviews with many complaining that the album was bland. \"Like We Never Loved at All\" won the Grammy for Best Country Collaboration at the 48th Grammy Awards in 2006 while \"Mississippi Girl\" and Fireflies were nominated for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Album. Content Singles from the album include, in order of release: \"Mississippi Girl\", \"Like We Never Loved at All\", \"The Lucky One\", \"Sunshine and Summertime\" and \"Stealing Kisses\". Of these, \"Mississippi Girl\" was a Number One on the US Billboard country charts. The other singles peaked at numbers 5, 5, 7 and 36 on that chart, respectively. Of the singles, \"Mississippi Girl\", \"Like We Never Loved at All\" and \"Sunshine and Summertime\" were co-written by John Rich of Big & Rich, while The Warren Brothers (Brad and Brett) co-wrote \"The Lucky One\", a song on which Brett also sings backing vocals. Other backing vocalists on this album include Hill's husband, Tim McGraw (on \"Like We Never Loved at All\"), Bekka Bramlett, Rhonda Vincent, and Kelly Willis. Hill produced the entire album, with co-production from Byron Gallimore on tracks 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12, Dann Huff on 7, 8, 13, and 14, and both Gallimore and Huff on 2 and 11. Critical reception At Metacritic, the album has an average score of 57, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Track listing Personnel As listed in liner notes. Musicians Greg Barnhill - background vocals (1, 9, 10, 11, 12) Bruce Bouton - steel guitar (2, 7, 8, 11), Dobro (8) Bekka Bramlett - background vocals (1, 2, 11) Tom Bukovac - electric guitar (1, 2, 3, 5-11, 13, 14), acoustic","title":"Fireflies (Faith Hill album)"},{"docid":"3391107","text":"Cameron Thane Muncey (born 8 February 1980) is an Australian guitarist and vocalist. He is the mainstay lead guitarist and one of the songwriters of Melbourne-based rock band Jet which formed in 2001. Muncey co-wrote many of Jet's hits with Nic and Chris Cester, including \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\", \"Radio Song\", \"Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is\" and \"Cold Hard Bitch\". Biography Muncey was born in Melbourne, and attended St Bedes College (high school) with future bandmates Nic and Chris Cester. Muncey took up guitar after hearing \"Sunshine Of Your Love\" by Cream. The song \"Timothy\" from \"Get Born\" was written about an older brother named Timothy who died in infancy before Muncey was born. Muncey and Nic Cester became best friends at school, with Cester declaring \"He had 'Led Zeppelin' written on his bag, and so did I, so it was inevitable, I guess\", on the band's documentary recorded on their DVD, Right! Right! Right!. Muncey's trademark guitar for Get Born was a Gibson Flying V, and he has used it in concert and in many of the videos. He has since switched to Gibson Les Pauls and SGs. Since Shaka Rock, Muncey mainly plays a Gibson ES137. Muncey uses Marshall amps as seen in the \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" video, as well as Orange Amplification as seen in the \"Take it or Leave it\" video. In the video for \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" he can be seen wearing an AC/DC T-shirt. In addition to playing lead guitar, Muncey sings lead vocals on a number of Jet's songs, including \"Hey Kids\", \"Radio Song\" and more recently \"She Holds A Grudge\". Muncey married his girlfriend Sarah Rumbelow, on 18 August 2009. APRA Awards The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2006 || \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || |- | \"Cold Hard Bitch\" – Nicholas Cester, Christopher Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || |- | 2007 || \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || References General Note: [on-line] version established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition. Specific External links JET official website JET at MySpace 1980 births APRA Award winners Australian rock guitarists Jet (band) members Lead guitarists Living people 21st-century guitarists Musicians from Melbourne People educated at St Bede's College (Mentone)","title":"Cameron Muncey"},{"docid":"19072268","text":"\"Angel\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Natasha Bedingfield for her second North American album Pocketful of Sunshine (2007). It was released as the album's third single in North America on 11 August 2008. The song was produced by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins, hence the \"Darkchild forever\" line at the beginning of the song, he also sings the chorus. The song is written in the key of B minor and set in time. Bedingfield's vocals range from F3 to C5. It utilizes a prominent spelling out of the word 'angel' as its hook. In the song, Bedingfield sings of being a guardian angel of sorts for her companion, stating in the chorus, \"I'll be your A-N-G-E-L.\" On 18 September 2008 she performed the song live on America's Got Talent. This song is featured in the rhythmic, singing video game Boogie Superstar, but only as the Moto Blanco Club Remix and as an online exclusive song. Critical reception Chris Williams of Billboard praised \"Angel\", noting that it takes on \"a decidedly more urban slant\", and saying, \"Vocally, Bedingfield has no difficulty adjusting to the production, confidently delivering with sass and swagger.\" He also thought the track would do well, claiming, \"With angelic harmonies throughout, a catchy chorus with a fun spell-out of \"a-n-g-e-l\" and a sing-rap bridge, Bedingfield is on her way again to the airwaves' high heavens.\" Chart performance \"Angel\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at #93, the chart week of 4 October 2008. It has debuted on the Pop 100 at #91, and has climbed to #35. Since its release date it has been one of the most added tracks at U.S. Mainstream Top 40 radio. It has already climbed to #25 on BDS CHR/Top 40 chart. The song debuted at #96 on the Canadian Hot 100 and peaked at #41. Music video Phil Griffin shot the music video for the song. The video features Bedingfield in several different rooms and outfits, with multiple versions of her suddenly appearing and then disappearing. The music video uses the Radio Edit of the song which alters the bridge: the lyrics \"I wish somebody would disrespect my man, they gon' have to come see me. I go hard for my baby...\" being changed to \"if someone ever should disrespect my love, they gon' have to come see me. I fight hard for my baby...\" Charts Release history References 2000s ballads 2008 singles Natasha Bedingfield songs Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Contemporary R&B ballads Pop ballads Songs written by Rodney Jerkins Songs written by Crystal Nicole Songs written by Rico Love Songs written by LaShawn Daniels","title":"Angel (Natasha Bedingfield song)"},{"docid":"2698786","text":"DeVotchKa is an American four-piece multi-instrumental and vocal ensemble. They take their name from the Russian word devochka (девочка), meaning \"girl\". Based in Denver, Colorado, the quartet is made up of Nick Urata, who sings and plays theremin, guitar, bouzouki, piano, and trumpet; Tom Hagerman, who plays violin, accordion, and piano; Jeanie Schroder, who sings and plays sousaphone, double bass, and flute; and Shawn King, who plays percussion and trumpet. History Originally a backing band for burlesque shows, in their early years DeVotchKa also toured with burlesque performer and model Dita Von Teese. Numerous nationwide tours in support of self-released records earned the band an underground following. Their song \"How It Ends\", from the 2004 album of the same name, introduced the band to a wider audience after being featured in the trailer for Everything Is Illuminated, in a 2008 Gears of War 2 trailer called \"The Last Day\", and in an episode of Everwood. \"How It Ends\" reached Number 101 in the UK Singles Charts. Their performance at the 2006 Bonnaroo music festival was considered a breakout event. In 2006, Arcade Fire singer Win Butler suggested to DeVotchKa that they arrange the Siouxsie and the Banshees song \"The Last Beat of My Heart\". The musicians found the idea interesting and they recorded that song for 2006's Curse Your Little Heart EP. In between tours, the band was picked by first time film directors Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris to score Little Miss Sunshine, a 2006 film that would go on to garner four Academy Award nominations. DeVotchKa, along with composer Mychael Danna, composed and performed the majority of the music for the film's soundtrack and were nominated for a 2006 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack. The main song, \"The Winner Is\", was also used in a commercial by the French-based environment and energy company Suez and the Dutch pension fund PGGM. Their 2008 album, A Mad & Faithful Telling, reached No. 9 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 29 on the Top Independent Albums chart. \"New World\" and \"Head Honcho\" were featured in a season 4 episode of the Showtime television show Weeds. In 2008, Boston newspaper The Phoenix named them the Best New Band from Colorado. The band supported Muse at the Stade de France on June 12, 2010, playing to over 80,000 people. The band's newest album, This Night Falls Forever, was released on August 24, 2018, via Concord Records. On July 13, 2018, DeVotchKa released \"Straight Shot\", which is the first track on the album. Members Nick Urata – vocals, guitars, piano, trumpet, theremin, bouzouki Tom Hagerman – violin, accordion, piano, Melodica Jeanie Schroder – sousaphone (currently), upright bass, vocals, flute Shawn King – drums, percussion, trumpet, accordion, organ Discography SuperMelodrama (2000) Triple X Tango (2002) Una Volta (2003) How It Ends (2004) Curse Your Little Heart (EP) (2006) Little Miss Sunshine (soundtrack) (2006) A Mad & Faithful Telling (2008) No. 29 Independent Albums Chart/ No. 9 Heatseakers (Billboard U.S.) I Love You, Phillip","title":"DeVotchKa"},{"docid":"13712560","text":"Dance Nation is a Dutch Electronic Dance Music formation founded in 2001 by songwriters, producers and DJs Rob Janssen & Brad Grobler. Dutch singers and performers Sean & Kim are the live act fronting Dance Nation since their first and highly successful single \"Sunshine\". Biography Early years (2001-2003) Dance Nation released their debut single 'Sunshine' in 2001. This was followed by singles such as \"Dance\", \"Words\", and \"You Take Me Away\". In 2004, they switched to the name \"Double Nation\" due to legal proceedings. In 2003, they also collaborated with The Lovestern Galaktika Project for the single \"My First Love\". 2003-2005 In this period, following the label crisis Noculan Music (after inglobed into Jamie Lewis by his Purple Eye Entertainment), that struck not only Dance Nation, but also other trance artists such as Noémi and 666 and the general mutation of the music genres in Europe, going House, Hard House and Elektro, lead Dance Nation to land in Japan, where they still have a great deal of success and their production focused in the last years. From this moment on, the group had a sort of split life, releasing Trance projects for Japanese market and House ones for the European one. In this climate born singles like \"Beachtime\" in Japan and \"I'm Gonna Get You\" and the House/Elektro track \"Move Your Love\" in Europe. It's because their production are more Asian based than European, that it is difficult to find their releases outside Japan, both in online and retail stores and it's because of that too that no one knows about the release of two albums and a compilation. Titles are Trance Champion, released in 2005 by the Japanese label Avex Productions, containing all the past-released singles, including \"Celebrate Your Life\", that, listening to some people, should have been the next single; One Nation in 2007 always by the same label; and Christmas Trance in winter 2006, including a lot of popular Christmas melodies rearranged in Trance style, like Dance Nation always did. 2006 - 2021 Just before summer 2006 Dance Nation released their single \"Ridin' High\", which confirmed a general move towards House music sounds of the European market. An album was going to be produced too, with an undisclosed release date, containing some remixes of their first single, \"Sunshine\". Remixes were being collected from their numerous fans all over the world but sadly such a remix Lp never happened. Continuing the house music sound in 2007 they released the single 'Move Your Love', a collaborative rework of the popular year 2000 released 'On The Move' by Barthezz. It was not until two years later that new material were published in the form of the two compilation albums 'Vocal Trance Years 2001-2004 // 2004-2009'. Compilations containing the early singles, 'Move Your Love' as well as additional singles in the form of 'Celebrate Your Life', 'Reach For The Light' and 'I'm Gonna Get You'. In addition popular tracks such as 'Fired Up', 'Lovin Arms' and 'Summer Rain'. 2010 saw the","title":"Dance Nation (dance group)"},{"docid":"46869731","text":"\"Hold Me Up\" is the debut solo single by Australian singer Conrad Sewell. It was released on 3 March 2015 and taken from his debut extended play, All I Know. The song is co-written and co-produced by Sewell and Brian Lee (who has previously worked with Lady Gaga and Icona Pop), The Euroz and Louis Bell. The song was released in Australia on 3 March 2015 and peaked at number 39 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The track was released in the United Kingdom on 24 July. The remixes were released on 20 November. Background Sewell moved from Brisbane to Los Angeles to work on his music and in late 2014, provided the vocals on Kygo’s 2014 tropical house hit \"Firestone\". On March 2, 2015 Sewell announced his opening slot on Ed Sheeran's 13-date Australian X tour throughout March and April via a video posted on his Facebook page. \"Hold Me Up\" was released the next day. \"Hold Me Up\" emerged from a late-night, free-form session in the studio. Sewell said; \"I’ve been doing this thing lately where I set up a mic live, put on some reverb so I feel like I’m singing in front of people, put on a track and just flow a melody over it. It’s been hard for me to get up-tempo songs, because I love nothing more than sitting at the piano and melting your heart—that’s definitely what I’ll tend to do in a writing situation. So when that one came, it was just a fun track that you can dance, drive, sing to, and we can worry about the serious stuff later.\" Music video The monochrome video features Sewell, chilling out and enjoying life down by the beach. The video was released on 12 May 2015. Reviews Mike Wass from Idolator said ‘Hold Me Up’ is a \"soulful, vaguely disco-tinged pop anthem\" and is a huge song with an instantly hummable chorus\". Madison Vain of Entertainment Weekly called the song \"an upbeat, anthemic, just-about-impossible-to-not-get-swept-away-in pop track.\" AuspOp said ‘Hold Me Up’ is \"effortlessly cool, eternally optimistic, vocally impressive and filled with enough pop sunshine to brighten even the greyest of days.\" Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2015 singles Conrad Sewell songs Songs written by Brian Lee (songwriter) 2015 songs Songs written by Louis Bell Songs written by Conrad Sewell","title":"Hold Me Up (song)"},{"docid":"24579094","text":"There's a Hippo in My Tub, rereleased as Anne Murray Sings for the Sesame Street Generation is a 1977 children's album and the thirteenth studio album by Anne Murray. Although the album did not make any of the major charts in the US or Canada, it was certified Platinum in Canada. The album was initially reissued in 1979 by Sesame Street Records retitled Anne Murray Sings for the Sesame Street Generation. It was again reissued in 2001 in CD format by EMI Music Canada, including three extra songs that were not on the original album. It was produced by Pat Riccio Jr. As Anne Murray Sings for the Sesame Street Generation, the album was nominated for the 1980 Grammy Awards in the Best Children's Album category, where it was up against two other Sesame Street-branded albums and the soundtrack of The Muppet Movie, which won. The synthesizer line from “Teddy Bears’ Picnic” was sampled by the American hip hop group Ugly Duckling as part of the song “Down the Road.” Track listing (1977) \"Hey, Daddy\" (Bob Ruzicka) \"Stars are the Windows of Heaven\" (Jimmy Steiger, Tommie Malie) \"Animal Crackers\" (Irving Caesar, Ted Koehler) \"Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo\" (Bronisław Kaper, Helen Deutsch) \"Why, Oh, Why (Why, Why, Why)\" (Woody Guthrie) \"Teddy Bears' Picnic\" (Jimmy Kennedy, John Walter Bratton) \"Inchworm\" (Frank Loesser) \"You Are My Sunshine/Open Up Your Heart\" (Stuart Hamblen, Charles Mitchell) \"Sleepytime\" (John Renton) \"Lullaby Medley: Hush Little Baby/Sleep Child/Brahms Lullaby\" (Traditional, Robbie MacNeill) Track listing (2001 reissue) \"Hey, Daddy\" (Bob Ruzicka) \"Stars Are the Windows of Heaven\" (Jimmy Steiger, Tommie Malie) \"Animal Crackers\" (Irving Caesar, Ted Koehler) \"Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo\" (Bronisław Kaper, Helen Deutsch) \"Why, Oh, Why (Why, Why, Why)\" (Woody Guthrie) \"Teddy Bears' Picnic\" (Jimmy Kennedy, John Walter Bratton) \"Sing High, Sing Low\" (Brent Titcomb) \"Inchworm\" (Frank Loesser) \"You Are My Sunshine/Open Up Your Heart\" (Stuart Hamblen, Charles Mitchell) \"I Can See Clearly Now\" (Johnny Nash) \"What a Wonderful World\" (Robert Thiele Jr., George David Weiss) \"Sleepytime\" (John Renton) \"Lullaby Medley: Hush Little Baby/Sleep Child/Brahms Lullaby\" (Traditional, Robbie MacNeill) Chart performance Personnel Anne Murray—lead vocals Lisa Dryburgh, Christine MacIntosh, Kathleen Langstroth, Aidan Mason, Anne Murray, Pat Riccio Jr., Lisa Wonnacott—backing vocals Pete Cardinali—bass guitar Paul Beedham—drums Sid Beckwith—flute Bob Mann, Aidan Mason, Miles Wilkinson—guitar John Mills Cockell, Pat Riccio Jr.—keyboards Bob Lucier—steel guitar Rick Wilkins—string arrangements References 1977 albums Anne Murray albums Capitol Records albums Children's music albums by Canadian artists Juno Award for Children's Album of the Year albums","title":"There's a Hippo in My Tub"},{"docid":"170509","text":"Crossword Puzzle is the seventh and penultimate studio album by The Partridge Family. Released in June 1973, it was the last Partridge Family album to chart in the US, entering Billboard's Top LP's chart in July and peaking at no. 167 in its second of just five weeks in the Top 200. Bell Records, losing faith in the group after oversaturating the market with product, chose not to release a US single from the album, though \"Sunshine\" was released as a single in Japan. The LP cover featured a crossword puzzle, with the answers given inside on one side of the dust sleeve. As with previous release The Partridge Family Notebook, the American album cover of Crossword Puzzle included no group photo, but did feature small black-and-white photos of Shirley Jones (at left) and David Cassidy (at right). In 2003 the album was released on CD on Arista's BMG Heritage Records label. Track listing All tracks, except \"It's A Long Way To Heaven\", \"Now That You Got Me Where You Want Me\" and \"Let Your Love Go\", were featured on the TV show (mainly from Season 3). Personnel John Bahler - vocal arrangement, background vocals Tom Bahler - background vocals Stan Farber - background vocals - uncredited (A6) Jerry Whitman - background vocals - uncredited (B2) Max Bennett - bass Hal Blaine - drums Dennis Budimir - guitar Larry Carlton - guitar David Cassidy - vocals Pete Ciccone - re-design Wes Farrell - rhythm arrangements Elliott Federman - mastering Mike Hartry - digital transfers Ron Hicklin - background vocals Jeremy Holiday - production coordination John Hudson - product manager Shirley Jones - vocals Larry Knechtel - keyboards Bob Kovach - engineer Mike Melvoin - string and horn arrangements, keyboards Joe Osborn - bass Rob Santos - re-issue producer Louie Shelton - guitar Lisa Sutton - liner notes Tommy Tedesco - guitar Jackie Ward - background vocals Beverly Weinstein - art direction Winston Wong - assistant engineer Track information and credits adapted from AllMusic Releases CD Crossword Puzzle Buddha Records 2001 CD Crossword Puzzle BMG Heritage 2003 CD Crossword Puzzle Sbme Special Mkts. 2008 CD Crossword Puzzle BMG Heritage Recording dates 4 September 1971 \"As Long As There's You\" \"Come On Love\" 1 May 1972 \"One Day at a Time\" \"It Means I'm in Love with You\" (see 23 May 1972) \"It Sounds Like You're Saying Hello\" \"It's You\" 23 May 1972 \"It Means I'm In Love With You\" (Re-Record, see 1 May 1972) 4 September 1972 \"Sunshine\" \"Let Your Love Go\" 22 September 1972 \"It's a Long Way to Heaven\" \"Now That You've Got Me Where You Want Me\" \"I've Got Your Love All Over Me\" See recording dates for this and other Partridge Family albums at The Partridge Family Recording Sessions Charts References The Partridge Family albums 1973 albums Albums arranged by Mike Melvoin Albums produced by Wes Farrell Bell Records albums Albums recorded at United Western Recorders","title":"Crossword Puzzle"},{"docid":"23217330","text":"The Zircons were a vocal-based, doo-wop style musical group from Harlem and later the Bronx, New York, in the late 1950s and 1960s. Zircons (1959–1963) Vocal doo wop group from East Harlem, New York. Active between 1959 and 1964. The original members of The Zircons (spelled with a c) included: Jimmy Gerenetski (lead) Neil Colello John Loiacono Ken Pulicine Donald Lewis Their biggest hit was a 1963 cover of \"Lonely Way\", The Sky-liner's 1959 recording. They followed it up with \"Your Way\" on Mellomood Record Co. The Zirkons (1964–1967) In 1964, six singers from the Bronx, New York, formed an a cappella (or doo-wop) group. The Zirkons (spelt with k) had the following line-up: Mario Ibañez (lead) Carlos Infante (baritone) Leo Perez (1st tenor) Robert McInerney (2nd tenor) Neal Stuart (Schoenberg) (1st/2nd tenor, falsetto lead) Barry Zakir (baritone/bass) The Zirkons recorded on various record labels, including Old Timer / Cat-Time / Catamount / Amber (as The Zirkons) and on Snowflake Records (as The Zirkons). Their repertory included: 1964: \"You Are My Sunshine\", \"Silver Bells\" and \"Stormy Weather\" [Old Timer Records] 1965: \"Blue Moon\", \"Remember Then\", \"Unchained Melody\", \"You Baby You\" [Catamount Records] 1966: \"One Summer Night\", \"Lone Stranger\" 1967: \"Here in My Heart\" Other songs included \"Come Dance With Me\", \"Crazy For You\", \"Glory of Love\", \"My Own True Love\", \"Never\", \"Blue Moon\", \"Once In A While\", \"Sincerely\", \"Smile\", \"Sunday Kind Of Love\", and \"The Wind.” References Further reading J. Santiago, Steven J. Dunham, and Jerry Lawson, Capella Street Corner Vocal Groups: A Brief History and Discography of 1960s Singing Groups, Mellow Sound Press (2006), Dr. Anthony J. Grebin & Dr. Matthew M. Schiff, The Complete Book of Doo Wop, Collectables (2006), Doo-wop groups Entertainers from the Bronx Musical groups from New York City","title":"The Zircons"},{"docid":"71133875","text":"Look at Love is an album by the Jamaican musician Judy Mowatt, released in 1991. Mowatt supported the album with a North American tour. Production The album was produced by Sly and Robbie and Michael Bennett. After realizing that she could tour successfully without new music to promote, Mowatt took her time thinking about the album and selecting its songs. Many of the songs touch on themes of female equality and empowerment. \"Watchdogs\" is a cover of the UB40 song. Groovin' is a cover of the Young Rascals song. \"Jah Love\" is a cover of the Bob Marley song; \"Jah Love\" is the song that Marley asked the I-Threes to sing at their audition for him. Critical reception The Gazette determined that \"there's little to recommend Look at Love unless your tastes are reggae MOR.\" The Washington Post noted that, \"despite its pop ambitions and the dance hall grooves carved out by producers Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare, there's no mistaking the album's inspirational and feminist bent.\" The Chicago Tribune stated that Mowatt \"never loses sight of the classic reggae sound or its concern for socially conscious messages.\" The Star Tribune thought that the album \"finds her moving closer to a pop sound.\" The St. Louis Post-Dispatch concluded that the album \"presses Mowatt's search for a fusion between reggae and contemporary American black music... She uses heavily electronic percussion beats with a pervasive undercurrent of hip-hop.\" AllMusic wrote: \"Breezy seems a word tailor-made for Judy Mowatt, and her sweet vocals, bouncy delivery, and bright as sunshine optimism make Look at Love an upbeat charmer.\" Track listing References Judy Mowatt albums 1991 albums Shanachie Records albums","title":"Look at Love"},{"docid":"17658533","text":"United We Stand is the debut album by The Brotherhood of Man. It was released in 1970 on Deram. Background Songwriter and producer Tony Hiller formed The Brotherhood of Man in 1969 from a selection of session-singers and songwriters. Originally a five-member group (although they became a quartet soon after), they began recording and writing together with the resultant first single \"Love One Another\" being released late in the year. The single failed to chart anywhere, but early in 1970, the second single \"United We Stand\" became a major hit worldwide. Encouraged by this, the group, with Hiller as producer, began putting together an album. Along with a third single, the hit \"Where are You Going to My Love\", United We Stand was released. Despite the last two singles charting in the UK, the album met with little British success when it was released in August. In the US (released two months earlier), the album reached a peak of #168, spending eight weeks on the Billboard Hot 200. The style of songs on this album was very much of its time, with an overall optimistic slant to the lyrics and sound – later reviewers commenting on its \"hippy vibe\". Many of the tracks from this album were later released on a compilation CD also titled United We Stand in 1998. In February 2008, the album with its original track listing order and cover was released on CD for the first time. Added to this however were 13 bonus tracks, giving it the feel of a compilation. Some of these bonus tracks were actually by the group's female members as the duo Sue and Sunny. Track listing Side one \"Love Is a Good Foundation\" (Ralph Murphy) – 2:48 \"Say a Prayer\" (Peter Simons, Tony Hiller) – 3:11 \"A Little Bit of Heaven\" (Simons, Hiller) – 2:35 \"For the Rest of Our Lives\" (Chris Arnold, David Martin, Geoff Morrow, John Goodison, Hiller) – 3:09 \"Sing in the Sunshine\" (Hiller, Goodison) – 2:07 \"Where Are You Going to My Love\" (Billy Day, Mike Leslie, Goodison, Hiller) – 3:20 Side two \"For Old Times Sake\" (Tony Waddington, Wayne Bickerton) – 3:00 \"Living in the Land of Love\" (Tony Burrows, Goodison, Hiller) – 3:19 \"Too Many Heartaches\" (Simons, Hiller) – 3:22 \"Love One Another\" (Simons, Hiller) – 3:41 \"United We Stand\" (Simons, Hiller) – 2:52 2008 CD re-issue bonus tracks \"This Boy\" \"You Can Depend on Me\" \"Ain't That Tellin' You People\" \"Didn't I Blow Your Mind\" \"Reach out Your Hand\" \"A Better Tomorrow\" \"Freedom\" \"Break Up\" \"You and I\" \"California Sunday Morning\" \"Do Your Thing\" \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" \"High on the Thought of You\" Personnel Tony Burrows – vocals Sue Glover – vocals Sunny Leslie – vocals John Goodison – vocals Roger Greenaway – vocals Tony Hiller – producer Cy Payne – Musical Director Terry Johnson – Engineer Stephen Brown – Assistant engineer H. Ghia – Cover artwork Ira Howard, Tony Blackburn – Original sleeve notes References 1970 debut albums Brotherhood","title":"United We Stand (Brotherhood of Man album)"},{"docid":"9418110","text":"\"Sunshine\" is a song by Australian singer Ricki-Lee Coulter from her self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee (2005). It was released both physically and digitally on 26 September 2005, as the second single from the album. \"Sunshine\" peaked at number eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. The music video for the song was directed by Bart Borghesi. Background and release \"Sunshine\" was written by Kara DioGuardi, Lukas Burton, Zukhan Bey, Norman Johnson, Gregory Perry, Ricki-Lee Coulter and Jarrad Rogers. It was co-produced by Rogers and Burton. In an interview with The Age, Coulter said \"Sunshine\" is a \"happy and in love song\" with a motown feel. \"Sunshine\" contains elements of the 1971 song \"Want Ads\" by American R&B girl group Honey Cone. Coulter said the sample gives the song \"that happy 70s feel\". \"Sunshine\" was released as a CD single and digital extended play (EP) on 26 September 2005, as the second single from Coulter's self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee. \"Sunshine\" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 on 3 October 2005. It peaked at number eight in its fourth week on the chart. \"Sunshine\" was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. Music video The music video for \"Sunshine\" was directed by Bart Borghesi and filmed in Melbourne. It features Coulter singing in a house, which is 3D animated, surrounded by animated spotlights. Track listing CD single and digital EP \"Sunshine\" – 3:02 \"Gotta Know\" – 3:27 \"Sunshine\" (instrumental) – 3:02 Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Ricki-Lee: The Singles. Locations Mixed at Sing Sing Studios Mastered at Crystal Mastering Personnel Songwriting – Kara DioGuardi, Lukas Burton, Zukhan Bey, Norman Johnson, Gregory Perry, Ricki-Lee Coulter, Jarrad Rogers Production – Jarrad Rogers, Lukas Burton Additional vocals – Kushy Mixing – Andy Baldwin Mastering – John Ruberto Charts Weekly chart Year-end charts Certifications Release history References 2005 songs 2005 singles Ricki-Lee Coulter songs Shock Records singles Songs written by Kara DioGuardi Songs written by Jarrad Rogers Songs written by Lukas Burton Songs written by Ricki-Lee Coulter","title":"Sunshine (Ricki-Lee Coulter song)"},{"docid":"2193860","text":"Michael Wayne Watford (July 20, 1959 – January 26, 2024) was an American dance music singer, who was born in Virginia and raised in New Jersey. He was best known for his gospel-influenced vocals on house records throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Biography Watford was born in Suffolk, Virginia, on July 20, 1959, and was raised in Newark, New Jersey. His mother was a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and a gospel singer, and Watford's early musical experiences came from singing in church. Watford's first single, \"Holdin' On\", was released in 1991. Four of his singles charted on the United States Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the mid-1990s, including \"So into You\" which hit number one in 1994. The same track peaked at No. 53 on the UK Singles Chart. Watford's career faltered after 1995, when he was dropped by his label, East West Records, amid administrative turnover. He withdrew from his performing career in the years afterward, running karaoke bars in Newark before a stint working at a welfare office, though he harbored interest in returning to music. Watford died from dementia at a hospital in Newark on January 26, 2024, at the age of 64. Discography Albums Michael Watford (1994, East West America/Atlantic) Singles \"Holdin' On\" (1991, Atlantic) \"Luv 4-2\" (1993, EastWest Records America) \"Happy Man\" (1994, EastWest) \"Love to the World\" (1994, EastWest) \"So into You\" (1994, EastWest) - UK No. 53 Love to the World\"/\"Michael's Prayer\" (1994, EastWest) \"Come Together\" - Michael Watford & Robert Owens (1995, Hard Times) - UK No. 94 \"Love Change Over\" (1995, Hard Times) - UK No. 86 \"Say Something\" (1996, Free Bass) \"Sunshine\" - GTS feat. Michael Watford (1996, Artimage Vinyls) \"Return Your Love to Me\" (1996, Music Station) \"Mighty Love\" (1996, Music Station) \"You Got It\" - Deep Bros. feat. Michael Watford (1997, Azuli Records) \"For Your Love\" (1997, Free Bass) \"I'm Coming Home\" - Vice Versa feat. Michael Watford (1997, Azuli) \"Heaven Is Calling You\" (1997, Ulterior Records) \"As\" (1998, Soundmen On Wax) \"For You\" - Jamie Lewis feat. Michael Watford (1999, Purple Music) \"Reach On Up\" (with Tuff Jam) (1999, Locked On) \"Understand Me\" - I-D feat. Michael Watford(1999, Hole) \"Watcha Gonna Do\" - Jon Cutler & Michael Watford (2005, MN2S) \"It's Over\" - Jamie Lewis & Michael Watford (2006, Purple Music) \"One More Time\" - John Made vs Michael Watford (2006, Dream Beat) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart References External links 1959 births 2024 deaths Singers from Newark, New Jersey 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singers American house musicians Locked On Records artists Deaths from dementia in New Jersey","title":"Michael Watford"},{"docid":"33295518","text":"Steppin' Out is a 1976 album containing the works of Neil Sedaka. In America it was the third and final album of a trilogy of albums issued by The Rocket Record Company. (Rocket would issue a compilation album, Neil Sedaka's Greatest Hits, in 1977; but it contained no new material.) Outside America Steppin' Out was issued on the Polydor label. In 1998, the Varèse Sarabande label reissued Steppin' Out and included four bonus tracks. The title track, a #36 hit in the U.S., featured backing vocals by Sedaka's labelmate, Elton John. Track listing Side One \"Sing Me\" \"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\" \"No. 1 with a Heartache\" \"Steppin' Out\" \"Love in the Shadows\" \"Cardboard California\" Side Two \"Here We Are Falling In Love Again\" \"I Let You Walk Away\" \"Good Times, Good Music, Good Friends\" \"Perfect Strangers\" \"Bad and Beautiful\" \"Summer Nights\" Singles and EPs Many of the songs on this album were released on 45 rpm singles; some were even included on a 33-1/3 rpm EP album in the UK. Those songs that saw such a release are as follows: \"Love in the Shadows\" (No. 16 on US pop charts in 1976) \"Steppin' Out\" (No. 36 on US pop charts in 1976) \"I Let You Walk Away\" (B-side of \"Steppin' Out\") \"No. 1 With A Heartache\" (issued as a 45 rpm single in the UK on Polydor label; not issued on a 45 in the US) \"Good Times, Good Music, Good Friends\" (B-side of \"No. 1 With A Heartache\" in the UK) \"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\" (No. 52 on US pop charts in late 1976-early 1977) \"Perfect Strangers\" (B-side of \"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\") In 1976, Polydor issued an EP in the UK entitled, \"Make Your Own Sunshine\". This EP included \"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\" and \"Summer Nights\" along with \"Tit For Tat\" and \"New York City Blues\", two songs from earlier Neil Sedaka albums. Varese Sarabande re-release In 1998, Varèse Sarabande reissued Steppin' Out and included the following bonus tracks: (13) \"(Baby) Don't Let It Mess Your Mind\" (B-side of \"Love in the Shadows\" in the US) (14) \"Time Waits For No One\" (it is unknown when this song was recorded) (15) \"(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\" (from the Elektra album A Song; No. 44 on US pop charts in 1977) (16) \"Should've Never Let You Go\" (duet with daughter Dara Sedaka; from the Elektra album In the Pocket; No. 19 on US pop charts in 1980) Notes The songs \"Sing Me\" and \"Cardboard California\" were new versions of songs that Sedaka had originally recorded in 1971 for the RCA album Emergence The bonus song \"(Baby) Don't Let It Mess Your Mind\" was a new version of a song that had originally been recorded in 1972 for the RCA album Solitaire \"Sing Me\" was covered by other artists such as Lou Christie and Helen Reddy, while \"Baby, Don't Let It Mess Your Mind\" has been covered by other artists, including","title":"Steppin' Out (Neil Sedaka album)"},{"docid":"44338402","text":"Mr. Johnson, Your Room is on Fire is a 2005 Andreas Johnson studio album. In 2006, the album was rereleased, including the song \"Sing for Me\". Track listing Fools Like Us Show Me XXXX Sunshine of Mine Caravan Life Is How Big Is America Drop in the Ocean Not Afraid Exit New York What If Nobody Told Me (Such a Fool) Still My World Mr. Johnson, Your Room is on Fire, 2 Sing for Me Fools Like Us Show Me XXXX Sunshine of Mine Caravan Life Is How Big Is America Drop in the Ocean Not Afraid Exit New York What If Nobody Told Me (Such a Fool) Still My World Sing for Me (acoustic demo version) Contributors Andreas Johnson - vocals Peter Kvint - producer, guitar, bass, keyboard, melodica, pedal steel, vibraphone, organ, percussion Jerker Odelholm - bass Johan Lindström - guitar, piano, pedal steel Andreas Dahlbäck - drums, percussion Charts References External links 2005 albums Andreas Johnson albums","title":"Mr. Johnson, Your Room is on Fire"},{"docid":"76197705","text":"\"Imperfect for You\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Ariana Grande, taken from her seventh studio album, Eternal Sunshine (2024). It was released alongside the album on March 8, 2024, through Republic Records. The song with written and produced by Grande, Max Martin, and Ilya Salmanzadeh, with Peter Kahm receiving writing credits. An acoustic version was released on March 10, 2024, as part of the \"Slightly Deluxe\" edition of Eternal Sunshine. Music and lyrics \"Imperfect for You\" runs for a total duration of three minutes and two seconds. As the twelfth track on the album, Grande told Zane Lowe in an interview that \"Imperfect for You\" was an ode to friends, family, and loved ones who are \"accepting and real\", and that it was an important song which \"demands room for nuance and humanness.\" The song has been described as alternative rock, as well as a ballad. In an interview with Zach Sang, Grande mentioned how the song was the last to be finished, deeming it one of her own favorites from the album. Grande sings about accepting the imperfections of a relationship, which is described as a love story eventually becoming a \"happy disaster\" by Billboard. Live performance \"Imperfect for You\" was performed live for the first time on March 9, 2024, during an episode of Saturday Night Live with her mother Joan introducing the performance, alongside Eternal Sunshines second single, \"We Can't Be Friends (Wait for Your Love)\". Credits and personnel Recording Mixed at Mixstar Studios (Virginia Beach) Mastered at Sterling Sound (New York City) Personnel Ariana Grande – vocals, lyrics, composition, production Max Martin – lyrics, production, composition, guitar, drums, keyboards, bass, programming, background vocals Ilya Salmanzadeh – production, composition, guitar, drums, keyboards, bass, programming, background vocals Peter Kahm – composition Sam Holland – engineering Lou Carrao – engineering Eric Eylands – engineering assistance Rob Sellens – engineering assistance Randy Merrill – mastering Serban Ghenea – mixing Bryce Bordone – mixing assistance Charts References 2024 songs Ariana Grande songs","title":"Imperfect for You"},{"docid":"13783578","text":"The Fun Sessions is the 8th studio album by Dread Zeppelin, and the first made with Imago Records. It is described as “Tortelvis sings the classics”, where “classics” are songs from the late-1960s and early-1970s particularly loved by the band. The album title is a wordplay on Elvis's The Sun Sessions. This album brings the band away from Led Zeppelin covers, like they did with It's Not Unusual, which was criticized by many fans because of its disco style and Tortelvis was not singing on it. At the time of release, Dread Zeppelin had covered most of Led Zeppelin's successful songs; they have now produced more albums than the band they mostly cover. Only two of the original band members, Tortelvis and Butt Boy, are still in the band for this album. Unlike all previous albums, this album was not produced by Jah Paul Jo. Most of the original band members do make \"special guest appearance\" (Carl Jah on guitar, Rasta-mon and Ed Zeppelin on vocal). Track listing \"Baba O'Riley\" (Townshend) - 4:04 \"Sunshine of Your Love\" (Brown, Bruce, Clapton) - 5:41 \"Born on the Bayou\" (Fogerty) - 4:20 \"Light My Fire\" (The Doors) - 4:28 \"Smoke on the Water\" (Blackmore, Gillan, Glover, Paice, Lord) - 5:17 \"Freebird\" (Collins, VanZant, Dutchess) - 6:09 \"Feel Like Making Love\" (Paul Rodgers, Mick Ralphs) - 4:19 \"BBWAGS\" (Putman, Tortell, Johnson, Burke, Boerin) - 3:58 \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" (Stephen Stills) - 7:06 \"Golden Slumbers, Carry That Weight, The End\" (Lennon, McCartney) - 5:31 Band members Tortelvis: lead vocal Butt Boy: six-string and pedal pusher Fuzzy Buzzman: bass Spice: drums Fernandez: percussion and vocals Notes Dread Zeppelin albums 1996 albums","title":"The Fun Sessions"},{"docid":"39851083","text":"\"Alice Everyday\" is the eighth single released by the American synth-pop band Book of Love. The song was released prior to the band's third album, 1991's Candy Carol, as the first single. \"Alice Everyday\" was released to radio in the fall of 1990 and features sing-song lyrics and a refrain consisting of a laundry list of girls' names. In the dance clubs, the song was a moderate hit, and made it to no. 21 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, spending nine weeks on the chart. The track was remixed for the 12\" single and CD single into three different remixes by Ben Grosse, and was released in stores on Jan. 18, 1991. All three remixes were also edited down into single mixes and released on the promo CD. \"Alice Everyday\" (Sam The Butcher Mix) contains samples from The Brady Bunch TV series, a drumbeat sample from Nitzer Ebb's \"Let Your Body Learn\", and other industrial music samples. Also appearing on the single are the album version of title track \"Candy Carol\" and a 1990 remix by Ben Grosse of \"With A Little Love\", a song originally on the band's previous album, 1988's Lullaby. A promotional video was shot and released for \"Alice Everyday\" by director Rocky Schenck. There are two versions of the video; one that uses the album version of \"Alice Everyday\" and the other, the 'Everyday-Glo Mix' version of the song. The video emulates the Candy Carol album cover, with the band dancing and performing inside of snow globes and wearing outfits similar to the album cover. Track listings 1990 12\" Maxi-Single (Sire Records 9 21767-0) Side A: \"Alice Everyday\" (Everyday-Glo Mix) - 6:45 \"Alice Everyday\" (Sunshine Day Mix) - 7:33 \"With A Little Love\" (1990 Version) - 3:17 Side B: \"Alice Everyday\" (Sam The Butcher Mix) - 7:16 \"Candy Carol\" (Album Version) - 3:11 1990 CD Maxi-Single (Sire Records 9 21767-2) \"Alice Everyday\" (Album Version) - 3:40 \"Alice Everyday\" (Everyday-Glo Mix) - 6:45 \"With A Little Love\" (1990 Version) - 3:17 \"Alice Everyday\" (Sam The Butcher Mix) - 7:16 \"Alice Everyday\" (Sunshine Day Mix) - 7:33 \"Candy Carol\" (Album Version) - 3:11 1990 Promo CD Single (Sire Records PRO-CD-4479) \"Alice Everyday\" (Album Version) - 3:41 \"Alice Everyday\" (Everyday-Glo Single Mix) - 4:06 \"Alice Everyday\" (Sam The Butcher Single Mix) - 3:59 \"Alice Everyday\" (Sunshine Day Single Mix) - 4:04 Personnel \"Alice Everyday\" and \"Candy Carol\" written by Theodore Ottaviano. All instruments arranged, programmed, and performed by Book of Love. Susan Ottaviano - Lead vocals Ted Ottaviano - Keyboards, backing vocals Lauren Roselli - Keyboards, backing vocals Jade Lee - Keyboards, backing vocals Credits Produced by Ted Ottaviano and Ben Grosse. Remix and Postproduction on 'Everyday-Glo Mix', 'Sam The Butcher Mix', 'Sunshine Day Mix' and single remix versions by Ben Grosse. Programming on 'Everyday-Glo Mix', 'Sam The Butcher Mix', 'Sunshine Day Mix' and single remix versions by Ben Grosse, John Vitale, David Klinger, Mark Bass. Assistant Engineers on 'Everyday-Glo Mix', 'Sam The Butcher Mix', 'Sunshine Day","title":"Alice Everyday"},{"docid":"32469801","text":"Up the Junction is the first soundtrack and fourth studio album by Manfred Mann, consisting of songs written by Mann and Mike Hugg for the 1968 film of the same name. The album was released on 16 March 1968 on Fontana Records (TL/STL 546023/2/68). Track listing Side one \"Up the Junction\" vocal (Mike Hugg, Manfred Mann) – 4:38 \"Sing Songs of Love\" (Mick Gill, Hugg, Mann) – 2:01 \"Walking Round\" (Hugg) – 2:17 \"Up the Junction\" instrumental (Hugg) – 1:12 \"Love Theme\" instrumental (Hugg, Mann) – 2:15 \"Up the Junction\" vocal and instrumental (Hugg) – 1:48 Side two \"Just for Me\" (Hugg) – 2:26 \"Love Theme\" instrumental (Hugg, Mann) – 2:03 \"Sheila's Dance\" (Hugg, Mann) – 2:04 \"Belgravia\" (Hugg, Mann) – 2:46 \"Wailing Horn\" (Hugg, Mann) – 2:24 \"I Need Your Love\" (Hugg) – 1:41 \"Up the Junction\" vocal (Hugg) – 2:15 2004 CD bonus tracks \"Eastern Street\" (Peter Cowap) - 2:28 \"Mohair Sam\" (Dallas Frazier) - 3:16 \"Love Bird\" - 3:03 \"Brown and Porters (Meat Exporters)\" (Geoff Stephens, John Carter) - 2:31 \"I Love You\" - 2:48 \"I Think It's Going to Rain Today\" (Randy Newman) - 3:30 \"Budgie\" (Mike d'Abo) - 2:38 \"Sitting Alone in the Sunshine\" - 2:24 \"Please Mrs. Henry\" (Bob Dylan) - 3:09 All tracks previously released on the 1997 compilation Ascent of Mann. References Manfred Mann albums Drama film soundtracks 1968 soundtrack albums Albums produced by Shel Talmy Fontana Records soundtracks Single-artist film soundtracks","title":"Up the Junction (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"216073","text":"KC and the Sunshine Band is an American disco and funk band that was founded in 1973 in Hialeah, Florida. Their best-known songs include the hits \"Get Down Tonight\", \"That's the Way (I Like It)\", \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\", \"I'm Your Boogie Man\", \"Keep It Comin' Love\", \"Boogie Shoes\", \"Please Don't Go\", and \"Give It Up\". The band took its name from lead vocalist Harry Wayne Casey's last name ('KC') and the 'Sunshine Band' from KC's home state of Florida, the Sunshine State. The group had five number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 1970s. History 1970s The band was formed in 1973 by Harry Wayne Casey (KC) and Richard Finch. Casey was a record store employee and part-timer at TK Records in Hialeah, Florida The band was originally called KC & The Sunshine Junkanoo Band because KC used studio musicians from TK and a local Junkanoo band called the Miami Junkanoo Band. Meantime, bassist Richard Finch had been engineering records for TK, which is how the Casey-Finch musical collaboration began. They were soon joined by guitarist Jerome Smith and drummer Robert Johnson, both TK studio musicians. The first few songs, \"Blow Your Whistle\" (September 1973) and \"Sound Your Funky Horn\" (February 1974), were released as singles, and did well enough on the U.S. R&B chart and overseas that TK wanted a follow-up single and album. In the meantime, while working on demos for KC & the Sunshine Band, the song \"Rock Your Baby\" (George McCrae) was created. Written by Casey and Finch, it featured Smith on guitar and became a number one hit in 51 countries in mid-1974. The band's \"Queen of Clubs\", which featured uncredited vocals by McCrae, was a hit in the UK, peaking at number 7, and they went on a tour there in 1975. KC and other band members were frequent guests on WHYI-FM, branded as Y-100, one of southeast Florida's more powerful FM pop stations, that covered Dade and Broward Counties and beyond. This gave the band significant hometown exposure, during the rise of the disco genre in one of the music's epicenters. With the release of the self-titled second album KC and the Sunshine Band in 1975 came the group's first major U.S. hit with \"Get Down Tonight\". It topped the R&B chart in April and hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in August. \"That's the Way (I Like It)\" also became a number one hit in November 1975 and the group received four nominations and one win at the 1976 Grammy Awards. The 1976 album Part 3 yielded two number one singles: \"I'm Your Boogie Man\" and \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\". Another hit, \"Keep It Comin' Love\"(1977), peaked at number two. Their success lasted until the fifth album from 1979; their last chart topping hit was \"Please Don't Go\", hitting number one for one week in January 1980, and becoming the first number one hit of the 1980s. With the explosion of","title":"KC and the Sunshine Band"},{"docid":"24633954","text":"Acoustic – Friends & Total Strangers is both a live acoustic album and a music DVD by Canadian rock band The Trews. The CD is the fifth commercial album and second live album by the band. The DVD is the first from the band. Both were released October 6, 2009 on Bumstead Records. It was recorded January 30–31, 2009 at the Glenn Gould Studio in Toronto. CD track listing \"Poor Ol' Broken Hearted Me\" – 4:14 (originally from Den of Thieves) \"Den of Thieves\" – 3:57 (Den of Thieves) \"The Traveling Kind\" – 3:14 (Den of Thieves) \"When You Leave\" – 4:14 (House of Ill Fame) \"I Can't Stop Laughing\" – 3:57 (No Time for Later) \"Locked Doors\" – 3:59 (Never released on an album) \"Fleeting Trust\" – 3:21 (House of Ill Fame) \"Gun Control\" – 4:03 (No Time for Later) \"Tired of Waiting\" – 4:18 (House of Ill Fame) \"The Love You Save\" – 3:59 (cover of the 1966 Joe Tex song \"The Love You Save (May Be Your Own)\") \"Sing Your Heart Out\" – 5:24 (Never released on an album) \"Man of Two Minds\" – 4:36 (No Time for Later) \"Ishmael and Maggie\" – 4:40 (Den of Thieves) \"So She's Leaving\" – 3:31 (Den of Thieves) \"Hold Me in Your Arms\" – 3:35 (No Time for Later) DVD track listing A DVD was also released by the band, which was recorded concurrently with the CD. \"Poor Ol' Broken Hearted Me\" \"Paranoid Freak\" \"Den of Thieves\" \"Yearning\" \"The Travelling Kind\" \"When You Leave\" \"I Can't Stop Laughing\" \"Locked Doors\" \"Hollis & Morris\" \"Fleeting Trust\" \"Gun Control\" \"Montebello Park\" \"Tired of Waiting\" \"The Love You Save\" \"Sing Your Heart Out\" \"Man Of Two Minds\" \"Ishmael & Maggie\" \"So She’s Leaving\" \"Hold Me In Your Arms\" \"You’re So Sober\" \"The Pearl\" \"How’s Everything?\" \"Served My Time\" Deluxe Edition track listing On November 27, 2015, a deluxe edition was announced with a re-release of the songs from the original album, but including four new songs that were not included on the original album or the DVD. \"Poor Ol' Broken Hearted Me\" \"Den Of Thieves\" \"The Travelling Kind\" \"When You Leave\" \"I Can't Stop Laughing\" \"Locked Doors\" \"Fleeting Trust\" \"Gun Control\" \"Tired Of Waiting\" \"The Love You Save\" \"Sing Your Heart Out\" \"Man Of Two Minds\" \"Ishmael & Maggie\" \"So She’s Leaving\" \"Hold Me In Your Arms\" \"Every Inambition\" \"Makin' Sunshine\" \"No Time For Later\" \"Not Ready To Go\" Personnel Colin MacDonald – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica John-Angus MacDonald – lead guitar, vocals, bouzouki Jack Syperek – bass, vocals Sean Dalton – percussion, vocals Jeff Heisholt – accordion References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110717035955/http://www.thetrewsmusic.com/%E2%80%93 The Official Website of The Trews The Trews albums 2009 live albums","title":"Acoustic – Friends & Total Strangers"},{"docid":"25235095","text":"20 Golden Greats is a 1977 compilation album by Diana Ross & the Supremes, released on the Motown label in the United Kingdom. The release spent seven weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart, selling over 1,000,000 copies. Despite the album's title and that Ross & the Supremes had scored 21 UK chart hit singles, the compilation included two tracks that had never been hit singles in the UK: \"My World Is Empty Without You\" and \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\", which were top 10 hits on the US Hot 100. All the other 18 tracks had made the UK singles chart. The three other hits scored by the group in partnership with The Temptations, were all excluded. Motown expanded the track list to include hits from The Supremes after Ross left the trio in 1970, also including her solo work up to 1981, for the 1998 40 Golden Motown Greats CD. The same album artwork was used and this collection earned a gold disc for sales exceeding 100,000 copies. Track listing Side one \"Where Did Our Love Go\" from Where Did Our Love Go \"Baby Love\" from Where Did Our Love Go \"Come See About Me\" from Where Did Our Love Go \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" from More Hits by The Supremes \"Back in My Arms Again\" from More Hits by The Supremes \"I Hear a Symphony\" from I Hear a Symphony \"My World Is Empty Without You\" from I Hear a Symphony \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\" from The Supremes A' Go-Go \"You Can't Hurry Love\" from The Supremes A' Go-Go \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" from The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland Side two \"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\" from The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland \"The Happening\" from Greatest Hits \"Reflections\" from Reflections \"In and Out of Love\" from Reflections \"Forever Came Today\" from Reflections \"Some Things You Never Get Used To\" from Love Child \"Love Child\" from Love Child \"I'm Livin' in Shame\" from Let the Sunshine In \"No Matter What Sign You Are\" from Let the Sunshine In \"Someday We'll Be Together\" from Cream of the Crop Personnel Diana Ross: lead vocals Mary Wilson: background vocals from \"Where Did Our Love Go\" through \"In and Out of Love\" Florence Ballard: background vocals from \"Where Did Our Love Go\" through \"In and Out of Love\" The Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps): background vocals on \"In and Out of Love\" (shared with The Supremes), \"Forever Came Today\", \"Love Child\" and \"I'm Livin' in Shame\" Maxine Waters and Julia Waters: background vocals on \"Someday We'll Be Together\" Johnny Bristol: male vocal and background vocals on \"Someday We'll Be Together\" Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson: background vocals on \"Some Things You Never Get Used To\" The Blackberries (Venetta Fields, Clydie King and Sherlie Matthews): background vocals on \"No Matter What Sign You Are\" Credits Nick Ashford—Composer Jackey Beavers—Composer Johnny Bristol—Composer Henry Cosby—Composer Frank DeVol—Composer Lamont Dozier—Composer Harvey","title":"Diana Ross & the Supremes: 20 Golden Greats"},{"docid":"2073711","text":"Timothy James Rice-Oxley (born 2 June 1976) is an English musician, best known for being the keyboardist, backing vocalist and songwriter of the alternative rock band Keane. In 2010, he formed a side-project, Mt. Desolation, with his Keane bandmate Jesse Quin. Life and career Timothy James Rice-Oxley was born in Oxford to Charles Patrick and Margaret Rice-Oxley. He has a younger brother, Tom, born in 1979. He had piano lessons when he was a teenager but admitted to hating them and never practising pieces because they were all classical music, which he found boring. After his parents stopped his lessons, Rice-Oxley developed a liking for piano and so taught himself how to play, mainly because of the Beatles. Keane Rice-Oxley provides live and studio backing vocals for Keane, except for the studio songs \"Sunshine\", \"This Is the Last Time\" (demo version) and \"Your Love\" where he sings the lead vocals, as well as some Under the Iron Sea DVD and Perfect Symmetry demos. Compositions In 2006, Rice-Oxley co-wrote the songs \"Early Winter\", and \"The Girl Inside\" (unreleased) on Gwen Stefani's second solo album, The Sweet Escape. \"Early Winter\" has been performed by Keane live. The song \"Perfect Symmetry\" from the album of the same name is considered by Chaplin to be one of the best Rice-Oxley has written. In 2009, he co-wrote the song \"Everything Is Beautiful\" for Kylie Minogue's eleventh studio album, Aphrodite. Rice-Oxley composed all the songs for the side-project Mt. Desolation with Jesse Quin in 2010. That same year Rice-Oxley provided the main vocal in Keane for the first time on the song \"Your Love\", which appeared on the experimental EP Night Train. He sang the song live. In 2013, he co-wrote the song \"Jump\" with Gary Barlow for the latter's solo album, Since I Saw You Last. In 2016 he co-wrote the song \"Magnificent Time\" by Travis. Mt. Desolation Mt. Desolation is an alt-country side-project that Rice-Oxley formed with bassist Jesse Quin. The band also consists of members of Mumford & Sons, The Killers and The Staves. Mt. Desolation released their self-titled debut album on 18 October 2010. The band toured the UK and Ireland in September 2010 and the US and Canada in October 2010. The band's second album, When the Night Calls, was released on 25 May 2018. It was followed by a short tour of the UK in June 2018. Personal life Rice-Oxley lives in Polegate, East Sussex. He has two daughters, Lilac and Anna. Reportedly, the effects of touring took their toll on Rice-Oxley's marriage to Jayne, and they split up in 2012 after seven years of marriage. Awards Rice-Oxley won an Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year in May 2005. Discography With Keane Studio albums Hopes and Fears (2004) Under the Iron Sea (2006) Perfect Symmetry (2008) Strangeland (2012) Cause and Effect (2019) EPs Retrospective EP1 (2008) Night Train (2010) Retrospective EP2 (2010) Retroactive – EP1 (2019) Compilations album The Best of Keane (2013) With Mt. Desolation Studio albums","title":"Tim Rice-Oxley"},{"docid":"1680716","text":"\"Medley: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)\" (commonly called \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\", \"The Age of Aquarius\" or \"Let the Sunshine In\") is a medley of two songs written for the 1967 musical Hair by James Rado and Gerome Ragni (lyrics), and Galt MacDermot (music), released as a single by American R&B group the 5th Dimension. The song spent six weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in the spring of 1969 and was eventually certified platinum in the US by the RIAA. Instrumental backing was written by Bill Holman and provided by session musicians commonly known as the Wrecking Crew. The actual recording was novel at the time, being recorded in two cities, Los Angeles and Las Vegas, and being mixed down to a final version later. The song is listed at number 66 on Billboards \"Greatest Songs of All Time\". History The recording was led by veteran American producer and engineer Bones Howe, who had previously worked with the 5th Dimension as well as the Mamas & the Papas and Elvis Presley. As Howe tells it, the recording can be traced to an incident in which 5th Dimension lead singer Billy Davis Jr. left his wallet in a New York City cab; the man who found the wallet was involved in the production of Hair and invited the group to see the show: \"After they'd seen it I received a phone call in which they were all talking over one another, saying 'We've got to cut this song \"Aquarius\". It's the best thing ever.'\" Howe was skeptical (\"This isn't a complete song. It's an introduction.\"), but after seeing the show on stage got the idea to create a medley with another musical moment from the show, a few bars from the song \"The Flesh Failures\" that consist of the repeated words \"let the sunshine in.\" Although the two song fragments are in different keys and tempos, Howe resolved to \"jam them together like two trains.\" The instrumental track was set to tape at Wally Heider's Studio 3 in Hollywood by the Wrecking Crew members including Hal Blaine on drums, Joe Osborn on bass, Larry Knechtel on keyboards, Tommy Tedesco and Dennis Budimir on guitars and Tony Terran on trumpet. It also featured strings, winds, and brass instrumentations. However, the vocals were recorded separately in Las Vegas, where the 5th Dimension was performing at the time, using only two microphones for the five singers. Davis' solo during \"Let the Sunshine In\" was improvised during the session; songwriter Jimmy Webb, who happened into the studio during the recording, remarked to Howe, \"My God, that's a number one record.\" Among the counterpoint phrases sung by Davis are: \"Oh, let it shine\", \"Open up your heart\", \"You got to feel it\" and \"I want you to sing along with the 5th Dimension\". This song was one of the most popular songs of 1969 worldwide, and in the United States it reached the number one position","title":"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In"},{"docid":"6455193","text":"Floy Joy is the twenty-fifth studio album released by The Supremes on the Motown label. This was the only Supremes album solely produced and arranged by Smokey Robinson and included the U.S. top 20 hit, \"Floy Joy\" and the U.S. top 40 hit, \"Automatically Sunshine\", both of which were top 10 hits in the U.K. Overview Following the aborted album Promises Kept, Motown handed-over production duties for the Supremes to in-house songwriter, producer, artist, and company vice-president William \"Smokey\" Robinson. At this time the group included original Supreme Mary Wilson, Cindy Birdsong, and Jean Terrell. Appearing on the album cover alongside Terrell and Wilson was new member Lynda Laurence, brought in to replace Cindy Birdsong, who was noticeably pregnant at the time of the photo shoot. Despite appearing on the album cover, Laurence's vocals are not on the album. Floy Joy marks for the first time that Mary Wilson had several leads on an album. Wilson takes solo lead on the ballad \"A Heart Like Mine.\" Wilson and Terrell trade-off lead vocals on \"Floy Joy\" and \"Automatically Sunshine\", whilst Terrell has sole lead on the album's third single, \"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\". Cindy Birdsong provides a rare co-lead vocal on \"Now the Bitter, Now the Sweet\" and a spoken passage in \"The Wisdom of Time\". The \"Floy Joy\" single was the Supremes' final Top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching as high as #9 in the UK. Its follow-ups, \"Automatically Sunshine\" and \"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\" were not as successful, with \"Automatically Sunshine\" peaking at 37 on the Billboard Hot 100, 21 on the Top Soul Singles and being the group's final Top 10 hit in the U.K. (#10, the fifth in little over two years for the post-Ross line-up), and \"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\" peaking at 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 21 on the Top Soul Singles, and missing the UK Charts altogether. Mary Wilson praised Robinson in her second auto-biography \"Supreme Faith\" for finding a good vocal blend between she, Terrell and Birdsong. However, on the back cover of the album, Robinson listed Motown's in-house backing vocalists The Andantes for contributing to the set. In fact, the Andantes are audible in the background vocals partially or in full on all but one track, Precious Little Things, which only features Wilson and Birdsong behind Terrell. Track listing Side one Superscripts denote lead singers for each track: (a) Jean Terrell, (b) Mary Wilson, (c) Cindy Birdsong. \"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\" (Smokey Robinson)a \"Floy Joy\" (Robinson)a, b \"A Heart Like Mine\" (Robinson, Ronald White)b \"Over and Over\" (Robinson)a \"Precious Little Things\" (Robinson, Marvin Tarplin, Pam Moffett)a Side two \"Now the Bitter, Now the Sweet\" (Robinson, Cecil Franklin)a,b,c \"Automatically Sunshine\" (Robinson)a, b \"The Wisdom of Time\" (Robinson, Moffett, Clifford Burston)a, c \"Oh Be My Love\" (Robinson, Warren Moore)a Personnel Jean Terrell, Mary Wilson, & Cindy Birdsong - lead vocals and background vocals The Andantes (Louvain Demps, Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow) - additional background vocals","title":"Floy Joy (album)"},{"docid":"46838715","text":"The Sunshine of Your Youth is the debut album by American indie pop band Cheerleader, released in 2015 by Bright Antenna Records. The album release was supported by a nationwide tour with UK act The Wombats. Critical reception Spin wrote that the album \"showcases a series of fizzy, blurry-eyed tracks: 'A Million Ways' combines dream-rock guitar riffs with sugary-sweet melodies, while the whimsically synthy 'Dreamer' glides into shoegaze territory with frontman Joe Haller’s lo-fi vocals at the forefront.\" The Saratogian wrote that \"the band stays true to their sunny, optimistic name throughout, delivering a record full of hope, wonder, and undeniable warmth.\" Track listing New Daze - 3:31 The Sunshine of Your Youth - 3:28 On Your Side - 4:06 Do What You Want - 3:55 Perfect Vision - 4:12 Haunted Love - 3:50 A Million Ways - 4:04 Dreamer - 3:12 The Quiet Life - 3:48 Little Bird - 3:23 Personnel Produced and mixed by Mark Needham Assistant Engineer: Will Brierre Mastered by Emily Lazar at The Lodge in NYC, assisted by Rich Morales Additional vocals on \"On Your Side,\" \"Perfect Vision,\" and \"Dreamer\" courtesy of Christa Tubach Art Direction & Design: Ryan Penn Band Photo: Carrie Davenport References External links Official Site Band's Official Facebook Band's Official Twitter 2015 debut albums Albums recorded at EastWest Studios","title":"The Sunshine of Your Youth"},{"docid":"70397401","text":"\"Sunshine\" is a song by American rapper Latto from her second studio album 777 (2022). It features American rappers Lil Wayne and Childish Gambino. Produced by Ant Clemons, BongoByTheWay, Luke Crowder, and Mike Dean, the song was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio on April 26, 2022, as the album's fourth single. Background Latto told Apple Music about how the collaboration came about: I still can't even believe that I got them both on the song. I had originally recorded it as a solo song, but I felt like it was bigger than me. I wanted a feature on it. So, I'm thinking out loud. I'm thinking of very \"artistic\" artists. I want somebody who has a universal sound and someone who can go more in-depth and play on the word \"sunshine\". Who is the clever rapper? I'm thinking of these names and I'm shooting for the stars. And to my surprise, both of them did the song request, which is like huge, huge, huge. I'm still a new artist. I'm from Atlanta, so Childish is extra special, and I just grew up on Wayne. In an interview with Complex, Latto said that they did not record in the studio together; instead, her team sent the song to her collaborators. She added, \"I was pretty much just shooting for the stars, like, 'I hope they can do it. If not, no pressure. I understand.' But they both actually sent verses back, so that was super cool. A Childish Gambino verse is rare as hell anyway, so that was super dope within itself. And then Wayne is just a GOAT, so that's super dope, too. To be stamped by them at this early stage in my career, it meant a lot.\" Composition Latto has described the song's musical style as \"hood gospel\"; in that same interview with Complex, she stated, It's very artistic. It's a fresh sound, fresh topic. It feels good. I personally think this sound on \"Sunshine\" could be a movie soundtrack, or on a TV show. It just feels so good. I could see it being background music for so many different scenes, and I think it's very commercial. Your grandma can listen to it or your ratchet cousin that stays in the hood. The production of the song contains brass and backing choir vocals. Lyrically, \"Sunshine\" focuses on the artists' successes as they challenge their enemies. In the chorus, Latto half-sings and half-raps about people who were disloyal to her during her come-up: \"Pray for my enemies, Lord, I need clarity / They ain't got empathy for me, they stare at me / They used my couch when they needed the therapy / Took what they needed but never took care of me / They saw a dollar sign, treat me like currency / Kill all they hopes and dreams if they want murder me / Sunshine on me\". She continues her verse with a melodic delivery and criticism to her haters, in addition to a triple","title":"Sunshine (Latto song)"},{"docid":"31363973","text":"The Supremes ('70s): Greatest Hits and Rare Classics is a 1991 compilation album by The Supremes, released on the Motown label. The compilation features a majority of the group's 1970's hits, as well as one solo song by Jean Terrell \"I Had To Fall In Love\", which was released in 1978 on A&M Records, and two solo tracks by Scherrie Payne, \"When I Looked At Your Face\" and \"Another Life From Now\". Three tracks \"Everybody's Got the Right to Love\" \"Floy Joy\" and \"Automatically Sunshine\" also appear in alternate versions. This release did not include the single \"Your Wonderful Sweet, Sweet Love\" or any of the duet singles the Supremes recorded with The Four Tops. A cassette version was also released with a different track listing and only 19 tracks. Track listing \"Up the Ladder to the Roof\" – 3:15 taken from the album 'Right On' \"Nathan Jones\" – 3:02 taken from the album 'Touch' \"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\" – 2:37 taken from the album 'The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \"Stoned Love\" – 2:57 taken from the album 'New Ways But Love Stays' \"Everybody's Got the Right to Love\" – 2:40 taken from the album 'Right On' \"Floy Joy\" – 2:46 alternate version \"Bad Weather\" – 3:16 non-album single \"Automatically Sunshine\" – 3:04 alternate version \"Paradise\" – 4:20 taken from the album 'Produced And Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" – 3:00 taken from the album 'Produced And Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \"Il Voce de Silenzio (Silent Voices)\" – 3:40 taken from the album 'Produced And Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \"Love Train\" – 3:21 non-album track. \"I Had to Fall in Love\" (Jean Terrell solo) – 3:24 \"He's My Man\" – 3:02 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \"Color My World Blue\" – 2:34 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \"You Turn Me Around\" – 2:34 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \"The Sha-La Bandit\" – 3:17 non-album track. \"This Is Why I Believe in You\" – 3:10 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking\" – 3:10 taken from the album 'High Energy' \"You're My Driving Wheel\" – 3:24 taken from the album 'Mary, Scherrie & Susaye' \"When I Looked at Your Face\" (Scherrie Payne solo) – 4:12 \"Another Life from Now\" (Scherrie Payne solo) – 5:46 taken from the album 'Partners' Cassette Tape listing Side 1: \"Up the Ladder to the Roof\" \"Everybody's Got the Right to Love\" \"Stoned Love\" \"Nathan Jones\" \"Touch\" \"Floy Joy\" \"Automatically Sunshine\" \"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\" \"Bad Weather\" \"I Had to Fall in Love\" Side 2: \"It's All Been Said Before\" \"He's My Man\" \"Where Do I Go From Here\" \"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking\" \"High Energy\" \"You're My Driving Wheel\" \"Let Yourself Go\" \"Fly\" \"When I Looked At Your Face\" Personnel Mary Wilson: vocals Cindy Birdsong: vocals Jean Terrell: vocals Scherrie Payne: vocals Lynda Laurence: vocals Susaye Greene: vocals References 1991 compilation albums The Supremes","title":"The Supremes ('70s): Greatest Hits and Rare Classics"},{"docid":"12844628","text":"\"Old Devil Moon\" is a popular song composed by Burton Lane with lyrics by Yip Harburg for the 1947 musical Finian's Rainbow. It was introduced by Ella Logan and Donald Richards in the Broadway show. The song takes its title from a phrase in \"Fun to Be Fooled\", a song that Harburg wrote with Harold Arlen and Ira Gershwin for the 1934 musical Life Begins at 8:40. In the 1968 film version, the song was performed by Don Francks and Petula Clark. Notable recordings Margaret Whiting - her single release reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1947. Ella Fitzgerald recorded it live in 1969 on her Sunshine of Your Love album. Gene Krupa and His Orchestra (vocal by Carolyn Grey) - this also reached the Billboard charts briefly in 1947 in the No. 21 position. Charlie Spivak feat. Margaret Manning - (1946) Miles Davis – Blue Haze (1954) Sarah Vaughan - a single release (1954). Mickey Baker (1955) Jack Pleis, His Piano, Orchestra and Chorus – Broadway Goes Hollywood (1955) Bob Dorough - Devil May Care (1956) Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers (1956) Jay Jay Johnson - Jay (1956) Andrew Hill Trio – So in Love (1956) Morton Gould & His Orchestra - Blues in the Night (1957) Sonny Rollins - A Night at the Village Vanguard (1957) Anita O'Day - Anita Sings the Most (1957) Jimmy Smith - Plays Pretty Just for You (1957) Chet Baker - (Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You (1958) Totlyn Jackson [with Lance Hayward] - Lance Hayward at the Half Moon (1958), Jamaica Jazz 1931-1962 Lurlean Hunter - Stepping Out (1958) Peggy Lee - Jump for Joy (1958) Judy Garland - That's Entertainment (1960) Mel Torme - Mel Tormé Swings Shubert Alley (1960) McCoy Tyner Trio - Reaching Fourth (1962) Ahmad Jamal - Poinciana (1963) Nancy Sinatra - As vinyl 7\" single / Reprise Records 0789 (1969). Also on her Nancy CD re-issue by Sundazed Records (1996) SC 6058 Milt Jackson with Hubert Laws - Goodbye (1974) George Benson & Joe Farrell - Benson & Farrell (1976) Peter Magadini - Bones Blues featuring Don Menza, Wray Downs (1977) Carmen McRae - The Carmen McRae-Betty Carter Duets (1987) Carmen Lundy – Old Devil Moon (1997) David Campbell - Taking the Wheel (1997) Rosemary Clooney - At Long Last (with the Count Basie Orchestra) (1998) Bobby Caldwell - Come Rain Or Come Shine (1999) Stan Kenton - At the Rendezvous, Vol 2 (2000) (vocal by Ann Richards) Jamie Cullum – Twentysomething (2003) Cheyenne Jackson - The Power of Two (2009) (who also starred as Woody in the 2009 revival of Finian's Rainbow) Josh Groban - Stages (2015) References External links SoundCloud performance by the late Piero Cusato 1947 songs Carmen McRae songs Frank Sinatra songs Lena Horne songs Songs from musicals Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg Songs with music by Burton Lane","title":"Old Devil Moon"},{"docid":"39237477","text":"\"The Sunshine of Your Smile\" is a British popular song published in London in 1913 just before the First World War by Francis, Day and Hunter. The lyrics were by Leonard Cooke and the music by Lilian Ray. It became a top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1980, sung by Mike Berry. Lyrics The following lyrics are taken from the sheet music published in 1913: Verse 1: Dear face that holds so sweet a smile for me, Were you not mine, how dark the world would be! I know no light above that could replace Love's radiant sunshine in your dear, dear face. Refrain: Give me your smile, the love-light in your eyes, Life could not hold a fairer Paradise! Give me the right to love you all the while, My world for ever, the sunshine of your smile! Verse 2: Shadows may fall upon the land and sea, Sunshine from all the world may hidden be; But I shall see no cloud across the sun; Your smile shall light my life, till life is done! Refrain: Give me your smile, the love-light in your eyes, Life could not hold a fairer Paradise! Give me the right to love you all the while, My world for ever, the sunshine of your smile! Recordings Below is a list of artists who have recorded the song and the recording date and record information (where known): Olga, Elga and Eli Hudson, 1914 Fred Douglas, 1914 Ernest Pike, 1914 Jessie Broughton, c. 1915 William Thomas, c. 1915, Regal G6745 Gertie Dickeson, 1915 Lambert Murphy, 1916, Victor 55069 John McCormack, 1916, Victor 64622 Norah Johnson, 1916 Riccardo Stracciari, 1919, Columbia 49590 Tamaki Miura, 1922, Nipponophone 15065 Charles Hackett, 1927, Columbia 4042 Tito Schipa, 1930, Victor 1451 (Sung in Spanish) Jussi Björling, 1931, Swedish HMV X3724 (Sung in Swedish) Django Reinhardt & Le Quintette du Hot Club De France, April 1935 Lilian Davies, 1930 Frank Sinatra, 1941, Victor 27638 Vera Lynn, from the film Rhythm Serenade, 1943 James Melton, 1950 Mike Berry, 1980 References 1913 songs 1980 singles Songs of World War I British songs Mike Berry (singer) songs","title":"The Sunshine of Your Smile"},{"docid":"47672177","text":"The Journeyman World Tour was a -year concert tour by English musician Eric Clapton that began on July 6, 1989, in The Hague and concluded on March 9, 1991, in London. The tour was Clapton's first tour following the release of his 1989 studio album Journeyman. The guitarist played a total of 165 shows throughout Europe, North America, Asia, South America and Africa. Setlist This set list is representative of the tour's average setlist as conducted by Setlist.fm, which represents all concerts for the duration of the tour. \"Pretending\" \"Running on Faith\" \"No Alibis\" \"I Shot the Sheriff\" \"White Room\" \"Can't Find My Way Home\" \"Bad Love\" \"Before You Accuse Me\" \"Old Love\" \"Badge\" \"Wonderful Tonight\" \"Cocaine\" \"Layla\" \"Cross Road Blues\" \"Sunshine of Your Love\" Personnel Eric Clapton–guitar, lead vocals Alan Clark–keyboards (U.S. and Europe only) Ray Cooper–percussion, shouted vocal during Sunshine of Your Love percussion solo Nathan East–bass guitar, vocals Steve Ferrone–drums Katie Kissoon–backing vocals Tessa Niles–backing vocals Phil Palmer–guitar Greg Phillinganes–keyboards, vocals Chuck Leavell–keyboards (1991 Ireland and U.K. dates) Tour dates Reception LGN music critics liked the world tour and especially recognised Eric Clapton's guitar tone throughout the whole Journeyman World Tour, stating: \"this period saw a resurrection of Clapton going back to basics. The tones he captured during this era are really amazing. [...] Eric was mainly using a Soldano SLO-100 amp head giving him a very saturated blues tone\". Fellow guitar slinger Joe Bonamassa recalled a great Journeyman show, he saw as a teenager and also liked the way Eric Clapton made things sound at the time, calling Eric Clapton's Journeyman tone \"one of the best tones Clapton has ever had\". References Eric Clapton 1989 concert tours 1990 concert tours 1991 concert tours","title":"Journeyman World Tour"},{"docid":"70105155","text":"Samira Manners (born 9 July 2000), is a bilingual British-Swedish singer-songwriter. Samira has an English father and a Swedish mother. She learnt her first English in pre-school in Southern England and grew up speaking English at home in Sweden. She signed to Cardiac Records / Sony Music Sweden in 2020 and has since released 8 singles. She participated in Melodifestivalen 2022 with the song \"I Want to Be Loved\". She performed in Heat 2 on 12 February 2022, finishing in fourth place in the phone vote, fifth place overall, and failing to qualify. She performed onstage with her band: Alice Castell (bass), Kajsa Westergren (drums), and Agnes Roslund (guitar). Career Samira studied at Lund's Dance and Musical Gymnasium (LDMG) 2016-2019, Malmö Academy of Music 2021-2022, and Folkhögskolan Skurup and Fridhem Malmö since 2022. Live Performances TV4 Nyhetsmorgon: 2 January 2021, Samira's TV debut singing \"Do It All Again\" and \"Hard To Love\" The Sunset Festival: 7 August 2021. Woman in Red, Malmö Live: 8 October 2021. Melodifestivalen 2022: 12 February 2022. Lotta på Liseberg: 18 July 2022 - Samira singing \"Thankful\"; \"I Want To Be Loved\"; and \"Walking on Sunshine\" SVT Sommarlov 2022: 22 July 2022 - Samira singing \"I Want To Be Loved\"; and \"Thankful\". Single Releases \"Do It All Again\": 15 May 2020. Video by Benjamin Zadig (Eremit Produktion). 'Pop professor' journalist Jan Gradvall reviewing for TV4 morning news program described the single as \"A 19 year old Swedish debutante named Samira Manners who has an English father who colours her perfect English. Excellent, I think.\" Lucas Palmans reviewing for Dansende beren stated that “Do It All Again” is a perfect example of an oasis of peace, but Samira knows how to give it her own twist. The song starts quietly with an acoustic guitar, while the young singer immediately puts her beautiful voice in the spotlight. She seems to put her soul on the table, singing about love. Many new elements are added throughout the song. For example, synths provide a euphoric effect and the percussion gives a slightly bombastic impression. Bombastic in its intimacy, that is, because “Do It All Again” puts a smile on our faces. In any case, we are already impressed by her voice and the soothing atmosphere that the young lady knows how to create.\" \"Hard To Love\": 30 October 2020. Because of the Covid-19 restrictions, the video was made by Samira Manners herself. Lucas Palmans reviewing for Dansende beren stated that the atmosphere of “Hard To Love” \"became one for the campfire on a pleasant evening. An acoustic guitar creates a nice atmosphere, while the Swedish one enchants you with her powerful voice. The song is an alternation between insecurities and straightening your back. For example, she wonders if it is difficult to love her because of her outspoken opinions and such, but in the end she is very satisfied with herself. A nice meaning and a nice song, especially when some backing vocals are added towards the end.\" \"Last Christmas","title":"Samira Manners"},{"docid":"964757","text":"Dohnyale Sharon \"Deni\" Hines (born 4 September 1970) is an Australian singer who has been releasing music since the early 1990s, with chart success in Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Europe. She is the daughter of American-born Australian singer Marcia Hines. Hines released her first single with the Australian band Rockmelons with a cover version of the Bill Withers 1971 hit \"Ain't No Sunshine\". She then went on to release solo material, including the top-five single \"It's Alright\" and the top-20 album Imagination (1996), which sold more than 55,000 copies worldwide. A remix album, which included brand-new tracks, became Remix Your Imagination. Her third studio album was titled Water for Chocolate, which was released on 19 August 2006 and features the singles \"Water for Chocolate\", \"Son of a Preacher Man\" and \"5 Days of Rain\". In 2007, Hines recorded a successful jazz album with Australian jazz artist James Morrison. The pair toured Australia to sold-out shows. In 2012, she played singer Neri Rogers in \"The Green Mill Murder\", S1:E3 of Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries. On 18 November 2016, her fourth studio album, The Soul Sessions, was released, with the lead single \"What About Love\" co-written by Hines and Edward Said. In 2019, Hines competed on The Masked Singer under the alias of Unicorn. She was knocked out in finals week and ended up placing fourth. Music career 1985–1993: Career launch, The Rockmelons and Jesus Christ Superstar Hines was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and was inspired by her mother's success as a singer to follow a career in show business. She was discovered by a friend when she was singing to the radio and then was encouraged to pursue singing as a career. Her earliest employment was as a backing vocalist for such artists as Kylie Minogue (her Rhythm of Love Tour, Australia and Far East 1991), Jimmy Barnes, Wa Wa Nee and Peter Blakeley before she was approached by the band Rockmelons to provide vocals for several of their songs. The first song that Hines released with the Rockmelons collaboration was a cover version of the Bill Withers 1970s hit \"Ain't No Sunshine\" in 1991. The song proved to be a success, charting at number five on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. With the success of the first single, the reggae-inspired \"That Word (L.O.V.E.)\" was the second song released with the collaboration and became another top-five single, charting at number four in Australia. The third and final song Hines released with the band was the ballad \"It's Not Over\". The song was also a success but was not as big as the previous two, charting at number 15 in Australia. With the success with the Rockmelons, Hines became one of the most well-known faces, and voices, in Australia. In 1992, entrepreneur Harry M. Miller signed Hines for the role of Mary Magdalene in a revival of the stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Miller had discovered and signed her mother Marcia twenty years earlier, and the role of Mary","title":"Deni Hines"},{"docid":"59938506","text":"Sunshine is an album by American girl group the Emotions, released in November 1977 by Stax Records. The album reached No. 39 on the Billboard Top Soul Albums chart. The Emotions covered Bill Withers' \"Ain't No Sunshine\" and Carla Thomas' \"Gee Whiz (Look at His Eyes)\" on the album. Critical reception Andrew Hamilton of AllMusic wrote: \"Sunshine has some excellent cuts and some that don't quite fit the Chicagoans' style.\" John Storm Roberts of High Fidelity wrote: \"Fantasy Records has begun reissuing some of the old Stax catalog, and \"Sunshine\" is part of that venture-a bunch of singles backed by Stax house musicians, none of them previously released on albums. The result is pure and amazingly cohesive joy. Without once departing from the classic framework of female group rhythm & blues, \"Sunshine\" is as rich and varied as anything I've heard in months. With only one exception, Any Way You Look at It, every number positively drips with tasty touches in arrangement, singing. and playing.\" With a 3.5 out of 5 stars rating John Shearlaw of Record Mirror exclaimed \"Old Emotions, new Emotions-they're just as good.\" Phyl Garland of Stereo Review commented: \"Sunshine sounds amazingly fresh. Vocal artistry prevails over background effects as the Emotions weave their way in and out of cool, melodious songs.\" Singles The song \"Shouting Out Love\" peaked at No. 31 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart. Track listing Personnel The Emotions Sheila Hutchinson - vocals Theresa Davis - vocals Wanda Hutchinson - vocals with: Bobby Manuel, Michael Toles - guitar Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Earl Thomas - bass Lester Snell, Marvell Thomas, Ronnie Williams - keyboards Al Jackson Jr., Willie Hall - drums The Memphis Horns - brass The Detroit Strings - strings The Memphis Symphony - orchestra Dale Warren, James Mitchell, Johnny Allen - arrangements References 1977 albums The Emotions albums Albums produced by Jim Stewart (record producer) Albums produced by Al Bell Albums produced by Marvell Thomas Stax Records albums","title":"Sunshine (The Emotions album)"},{"docid":"13118576","text":"\"Love Like This\" is a song performed by British singer Natasha Bedingfield. It was included as the lead single of Bedingfield's second North American album, Pocketful of Sunshine, and features vocals from Jamaican-American reggae singer Sean Kingston. The song was written by Bedingfield, Kingston, Louis Biancaniello, Rico Love, Ryan Tedder, Sam Watters, and Wayne Wilkins, while production was handled by Biancaniello, Love, Tedder, and Watters under their production group, the Runawayz. Its lyrics discuss finding love with a person who has \"been there all your life and has always loved you, but you've never noticed it until now\". The official remix features vocals from rapper Lil Wayne and a slightly different beat, produced by Jim Jonsin. The song was released in North America on 2 October 2007 to mixed reviews from critics. It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 7 April 2008. The song was a commercial success, reaching the top 20 on the majority of the charts it entered, and topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States. On 12 March 2008, \"Love Like This\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Background In 2007, Bedingfield began writing and recording new material for her second North American album Pocketful of Sunshine. Producer J. R. Rotem had been working with Bedingfield on the album. Rotem introduced Bedingfield to reggae pop singer/rapper Sean Kingston, who was also recording with Rotem. Bedingfield decided to work with Kingston because she \"just Liked his thing\". In an interview with Digital Spy, she said that she respected rappers and seemed to \"have a little thing with rappers\" since she had previously worked with Estelle, Eve and Bizarre from D12. Composition The song was written by Bedingfield, Kingston, Wayne Wilkins, Louis Biancaniello, Rico Love, Ryan Tedder from the band OneRepublic, and Sam Watters—an original member of American R&B group Color Me Badd. It was also produced by Biancaniello, Love, Tedder, and Watters together as the Runawayz. The song is composed in the key of F major and set in common time. Bedingfield's vocals span from C4 to F5. The Auto Tune effect is heard in a few parts of the song. In the song, Bedingfield discusses finding love with a person who has always \"been there all your life\", but that \"you've never noticed it until now\". According to her, it is all about realizing how that person is actually the \"love of your life\". Critical reception \"Love Like This\" received mixed reviews from critics. Chuck Taylor in a review for Billboard described the song as a \"jaunty, youthful track that clears home base and should propel Nat forward\", while Chris Boeckmann of Stylus Magazine called it \"useless\" and a \"dud\". Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly found the song left him \"feeling absolutely nothing\". Slezak was unimpressed with the pairing of Bedingfield and Kingston, writing \"it's as if two people who I'm not entirely convinced can sing got together and recorded a heavily focus-grouped song, then","title":"Love Like This (Natasha Bedingfield song)"},{"docid":"29011773","text":"\"Girls with Guitars\" is a song written by Mary Chapin Carpenter, and recorded by American country music artist Wynonna. It was released in June 1994 as the fifth single from the album Tell Me Why. The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Judd's mother, Naomi Judd, and Lyle Lovett sing background vocals on the song. Content The song is about a young woman who pursues her desire to become a rock musician (particularly as a guitarist), despite her parents assuming more practical roles for her. The second and third choruses begin with a reference of the famous guitar riffs of Deep Purple's \"Smoke on the Water\" and Cream's \"Sunshine of Your Love,\" respectively. Chart performance References 1994 singles 1993 songs Wynonna Judd songs Songs written by Mary Chapin Carpenter Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer) MCA Records singles Curb Records singles Songs with feminist themes Songs about guitars","title":"Girls with Guitars"},{"docid":"47778406","text":"Rarities from the Capitol Vaults is a compilation album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 2009 by EMI Music Special Markets and boasts 10 previously unreleased songs (tracks 1-10) as well as two lesser-known recordings. Reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic writes, \"The biggest surprise here is that a fair number of the unreleased songs tend to have a prominent backbeat -- usually some sort of play on disco, but 'Tell Jack' is a pretty terrific slice of Elton John-styled glam rock.\" Track listing \"I Am Woman\" (alternate version) (Ray Burton, Helen Reddy) – 2:24 from sessions for the 1971 album I Don't Know How to Love Him \"Me and My Love\" (Bruce Roberts, Carole Bayer Sager) – 3:28 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \"Together\" (Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel) – 3:23 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \"Rhythm Rhapsody\" (Ralph Schuckett, John Siegler) – 4:15 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \"Blue\" (alternate version) (Joe Raposo) – 4:34 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \"Tell Jack\" (Phil Galdston, Peter Thorn) – 4:24 no recording information provided \"Exhaustion\" (Robin Sinclair) – 2:28 from sessions for the 1979 album Reddy \"Don't Mess with a Woman\" (alternate version) (Michael Curtis, Richard Curtis, Patty Moan) – 3:38 from the session in which \"I Am Woman\" was rerecorded for single release \"Lullaby\" (Helen Reddy, Carole Bayer Sager) – 3:02 no recording information provided \"Songs\" (alternate version) (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) – 3:11 from sessions for the 1974 album Love Song for Jeffrey \"Take What You Find\" (extended mix) (Julie Didier, Casey Kelly) – 5:01 promotional-only, extended 12\" disco edition \"Plus de Chansons Tristes (No Sad Song)\" (Carole King, Toni Stern) – 3:01 English-language version appears on the 1971 album Helen Reddy Personnel Original albums Helen Reddy – vocals Tom Catalano – producer (\"Songs\") Frank Day – producer (\"Exhaustion\") Kim Fowley – producer (\"Me and My Love\", \"Together\", \"Rhythm Rhapsody\", \"Blue\") Ron Haffkine – producer (\"Take What You Find\") Larry Marks – producer (\"I Am Woman\", \"Plus de Chansons Tristes\") Jay Senter – producer (\"Don't Mess with a Woman\") Compilation Kevin Flaherty – producer Peter Borsari – photography Gunther – photography Douglas Kirkland – cover photo, photography Susan Lavoie – art direction David McEowen – mastering Helen Reddy – track notes Steve Silvas – design Jordan Sommers – music consultant Jim Pierson – compilation producer Matt Tunia – associate producer Gordon Anderson – executive producer mastered at Capitol Mastering Studios, Hollywood, California Notes 2009 compilation albums Helen Reddy albums Albums produced by Tom Catalano","title":"Rarities from the Capitol Vaults"},{"docid":"24228845","text":"The Blues Busters was a vocal duo from Jamaica formed in 1960, consisting of Philip James (9 March 1941 – 1989) and Lloyd Osbourne Campbell (31 December 1941 – 1992). The Blues Busters was the most consistently popular Jamaican male duo of the early 1960s, and among the Jamaican artists who performed at the 1964 New York World's Fair. They initially worked in cabaret shows to tourists in Kingston and Jamaica's north coast, but got their big break when they were asked to accompany Sam Cooke on his tour of the island in March, 1961. Taking inspiration from Cooke, on returning to the cabaret circuit they emulated the soulful harmonies of his performances and recorded a number of soul and reggae cover versions, having minor hits with \"Thinking\" and \"Privilege\". They continued until the mid-1980s, by which time they had released several albums, one of which was a tribute to Cooke. In the late 1960s the pair moved to New York City. There James reportedly died from asthma at age 47 in 1989, and Campbell from a heart attack at age 50 in 1992. The duo are buried with one grave between them in the Pye River Cemetery in Montego Bay, Jamaica, the city of their births. In 2015 Campbell and James were posthumously honoured with keys to the City Of Montego Bay by the St. James Parish Council. Discography Albums Behold How Sweet It Is (1964), Sunshine The Best of the Blues Busters (1965), Sunshine Each One Teach One (1970/1971), Dynamic Philip and Lloyd (1975), Scepter Truth (1979), Sarge Tribute to Sam Cooke (1980), Sarge Top of the Pops (1982), Echo How Sweet It Is (1997), Kingston Gold Compilations The Best of the Blues Busters, Dynamic In Memory of the Blues Busters: Their Best Ska and Soul Hits 1964-1966 (1993), Jamaican Gold Behold! The Anthology (2005), Trojan Singles \"Little Vilma\" (1960), Limbo \"I Need Some Lovin'\" (1961), Limbo \"Early One Morning\" (1961), Limbo \"Donna\" (1961), Coxsone, Blue Beat \"Your Love\" (1961), Island, Starlite \"There's Always Sunshine\" (1962), Blue Beat, Supreme, Coxsone \"Behold!\" (1962), Island Records, Sunshine \"Tell Me Why\" (1962), Blue Beat, Supreme \"How Many Times\" (1963), Supreme \"Behold!\" (1964), Kentone \"Love And Emotion\" (1964), Starline \"Don't Take Your Love Away\" (1964), BMN \"You're No Good\" (1965), BMN \"I Won't Let You Go\" (1965), Kentone \"Wings Of A Dove\" (1965), Soul, Island \"How Sweet It Is\" (1965), BMN \"My Girl\" (1965), Bra, Soul \"Happy Man\" (1966), Bra \"I've Been Trying\" (1966), BMN, Dr. Bird \"Irreplaceable You\" (1967), Sunshine \"There's Always Sunshine\" (1967), Sunshine, Dr. Bird \"Ain't That Loving You\" (1967), Sunshine \"Unless\" (1967), BMN \"I Can't Stop\" (1967), BMN, Jay Boy \"Each One Teach One\" (1967), Dynamic \"Inspired To Love You\" (1968), Shout \"Love is the Answer\" (1970), Minit \"Each One Teach One\" (1971), Lion, Dynamic Sounds \"Baby I'm Sorry\" (1975), Dynamic, Scepter \"Here I am Come And Take Me (Reggae)\" (1975), Scepter \"Sweetest Little Thing\" (1976), Dynamic Sounds \"Just Don't Want To Be Lonely\" (1977), Dynamic Sounds \"Are","title":"The Blues Busters"},{"docid":"35105673","text":"\"Fine Line\" is a 1984 single by Barry Gibb. The song was written by Gibb and keyboardist George Bitzer. It is the second and final single from his debut solo album Now Voyager. It was released in October 1984 in North America by MCA Records and in most countries by Polydor Records. The song was failed to chart in the United States, but it did manage to reach #50 on the Hot Dance Club Songs. The 12\" version of this song was remixed by Larry Patterson. This single was less successful than his previous single, \"Shine, Shine\". Recording \"Fine Line\" was recorded as a demo in November or December 1983 in Miami Beach with \"Face to Face\", \"The Hunter\", \"One Night (For Lovers)\" and \"The Hunter\". The song features The Who's lead singer Roger Daltrey singing backing vocals along with Olivia Newton-John and Harry Wayne Casey of KC and the Sunshine Band. The song also contains a rap section by Gibb himself: Music video The music video of \"Fine Line\" was made as a part of Gibb's movie Now Voyager on which all songs on his album of the same name was featured. For \"Fine Line\", it was filmed in a black and white. Gibb had his trademark beard shaven off in this video. He also shaved his beard on the Bee Gees' music video \"Night Fever\" and the alternative music videos of \"How Deep Is Your Love\" and \"Stayin' Alive\". Track listing Charts References 1984 singles Barry Gibb songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Polydor Records singles MCA Records singles 1984 songs","title":"Fine Line (Barry Gibb song)"},{"docid":"67421089","text":"Ode to Sunshine is an album by American rock band Delta Spirit, released August 26, 2008, on Rounder Records. It is the band's debut album, following their 2006 EP I Think I've Found It. Reception AllMusics Hal Horowitz wrote, \"The ex-Noise Ratchet founders shift to more rootsy territory with their new band, yielding impressive results\", and that \"Ode to Sunshine was recorded in a cabin in Julian, CA, and those surroundings seem to have brought a raw, rootsy, almost Basement Tapes-styled feel to the stripped-down songs and production.\" The A.V. Clubs Chris Martins said the album \"is brimming with gritty, staggering soul that floods the gap between the Stones' R&B-inflected; early oeuvre and Cold War Kids' world-weary keening. That said, Ode is impressively measured, and neither the rollicking shambolics of \"Trashcan\" nor the slow, whiskey-seeping grind of \"Parade\" would be half as effective without a certain tautness.\" NMEs Tessa Harris said the band's \"sound is timeworn and instantly familiar: the \"set me free\" chorus of 'Streetwalker' is pure Springsteen, while the honky-tonk of 'Trashcan' is classic Stones, made more remarkable by the sandpaper snarl of their frontman.\" PopMatters Andrew Martin wrote that \"Every year there is one album that comes out of nowhere, kicks you in the ass, and demands your attention. It finds itself on your iPod, inside your CD player, and blaring out of your headphones or speakers. Then, you commit to spreading the word about the album to anyone and everyone. Because, just like how misery loves company, so does a music lover who has just discovered a fantastic new album. For me, and others I am sure, Delta Spirit's Ode to Sunshine is just that album.\" Prefix Magazine said \"it would be easy to christen the Delta Spirit's sonically referential sound as the Violent Femmes gone sepia. Many already have\", and \"Despite Delta Spirit's anarchic (i.e., creatively opportunistic) sampling of everything from cold war folk to the Cold War Kids, when the band members hit their stride — as on the rumbling, locomotive grooves of piano-stung epic Americana on \"Trashcan\" — Sunshine becomes nothing less than an ode to musical joy.\" Slants Nate Adams wrote that \"The songs on Sunshine range from vaguely spiritual (the groove-heavy first single \"Trashcan\") to openly Christian (the passable but forgettable \"Children\"), and while this is by no means a bad thing, it can be distracting at times: No one likes to be preached at, even if the message is wrapped up inside bluesy pop songs\", and that \"Sadly, the guitars are buried low in the mix, forcing the vocals and piano to do most of the work.\" Spins Nate Adams said \"Whether it's a happy accident or a painstaking work of art, the rousing debut of this San Diego quintet impresses mightily. Despite passing echoes of Spoon and Violent Femmes, Delta Spirit's rough barroom pop is its own creature, with jangly pianos, rattling drums, and scruffy acoustic guitars making a thrilling ruckus.\" Track listing Personnel Jon Jameson – bass Brandon","title":"Ode to Sunshine"},{"docid":"4395381","text":"Part 3 is the fourth studio album by the funk and disco group KC and the Sunshine Band. The album was produced by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and was released in October 1976 on the TK label. History Part 3 contains three of the band's biggest hits, \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\", \"I'm Your Boogie Man\", and \"Keep It Comin' Love\". The first two reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 while the third peaked at number two. Two other singles, \"I Like to Do It\" and \"Wrap Your Arms Around Me\" found moderate success on the charts. Record World said of \"I Like to Do It\" that \"What this group likes to do is race up the charts and as long as they continue to produce material such as this, they should remain on top.\" The album was remastered in 1994 as “Part 3…And More” with additional bonus tracks by Rhino. The album was remastered and reissued with bonus tracks in 2012 by Big Break Records. Track listing Personnel Harry Wayne Casey – keyboards, vocal Jerome Smith – guitar Richard Finch – bass guitar, drums, percussion Robert Johnson – drums Fermin Goytisolo – percussion Oliver C. Brown – percussion Ken Faulk – trumpet Vinnie Tanno – trumpet Mike Lewis – tenor saxophone Whit Sidener – baritone saxophone Beverly Champion – background vocals Margaret Reynolds – background vocals Jeanette Williams – background vocals References External links Part 3 at Discogs 1976 albums KC and the Sunshine Band albums TK Records albums","title":"Part 3 (KC and the Sunshine Band album)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"18832193\",\n \"text\": \"Wovoka is the fifth album by the American rock band Redbone. It was recorded between June and October 1973, and released in November 1973 on Epic Records. The album was produced by brothers Pat Vegas (bass, vocals) and Lolly Vegas (guitars, vocals), in addition to sound engineer Alex Kazanegras. It was the last Redbone album to feature Peter DePoe on drums. Wovoka was recorded with the help of multiple session musicians, including several additional backing vocalists. All main members of the band notably contributed to vocals. As with the band's other releases, Wovoka features songs with Native American themes; each of the band members at the time had either Native American or Mexican American heritage. Wovoka peaked on the US Billboard 200 at number 66 in 1974. The single \\\"Come and Get Your Love\\\" reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100. The single \\\"We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee\\\" topped the Belgian and Dutch charts in 1973, but was absent from the American release after it was deemed too offensive for some audiences. Track listing LP The track \\\"We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee\\\" was dropped from the US/Canadian release (KE 32462) due to its controversial theme. The song did appear on the European release (EPC 65500), and was moderately successful on the continent (see main Redbone entry). The LP version of \\\"Come and Get Your Love\\\" starts with a slow rendition of the chorus. This intro was cut from the single release. CD Released on the Columbia label in 1990, several edits were made to the album. The CD featured the single version of Come and Get Your Love; the track boundary on the short Chant Wovoka vocal was moved; and the last track 23rd and Mad was cut down. \\\"Wovoka\\\" (P. Vegas/L. Vegas) – 3:00 \\\"Sweet Lady of Love\\\" (L. Vegas) – 3:08 \\\"Someday (A Good Song)\\\" (P. Vegas/T. Bellamy) – 4:12 \\\"Liquid Truth\\\" (L. Vegas) – 5:03 \\\"Come and Get Your Love\\\" (L. Vegas) – 3:27 \\\"Day to Day Life\\\" / \\\"Chant Wovoka\\\" (P. Vegas/T. Bellamy) – 3:04 \\\"Clouds In My Sunshine\\\" (P. Vegas) – 3:44 \\\"23rd and Mad\\\" (L. Vegas/P. DePoe) - 3:08 Charts Album Personnel Lolly Vegas – lead guitar, electric sitar, leslie guitar, vocals Tony Bellamy – rhythm guitar, wah wah guitar, piano, vocals Pat Vegas – bass, fuzz bass, vocals Butch Rillera – drums, background vocals Peter DePoe – drums, background vocals Additional personnel Gene Page – orchestrator Joe Sample – piano, vibraphone Sherry Williams – background vocals Eddie Caciedo – percussion Johnny Lopez – background vocals References 1974 albums Redbone (band) albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Wovoka (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4803756\",\n \"text\": \"Then and Now was David Cassidy's 16th solo album, released in 2002. It became a big hit in the UK, where it reached #5 in the album charts and ultimately achieved Platinum sales status. It contained new recordings of songs previously released in other albums. The US version of the album moved away from the emphasis on David Cassidy's UK music career and featured a different track listing, one that was more reflective of his hits in the USA. Gone were the songs \\\"Daydreamer\\\", \\\"I Write the Songs\\\", \\\"Some Kind Of A Summer\\\", \\\"If I Didn't Care\\\" and \\\"The Last Kiss\\\". These were replaced with updated versions of Cassidy's recordings of \\\"No Bridge I Wouldn't Cross (Young & Gifted Mix)\\\" and The Partridge Family theme \\\"C'mon, Get Happy\\\" plus a new recording of the song \\\"Do You Believe In Magic\\\" which David had also performed in a Christmas television advertisement for the Mervyn's department store. The different versions of this album ensured both were eagerly sought after by fans worldwide. Track listing \\\"I Think I Love You\\\" \\\"Could It Be Forever\\\" \\\"How Can I Be Sure\\\" \\\"I Woke Up In Love This Morning\\\" \\\"Daydreamer\\\" \\\"I Can Feel Your Heartbeat\\\" \\\"It's One of Those Nights (Yes Love)\\\" \\\"I Write the Songs\\\" \\\"Rock Me Baby\\\" \\\"Some Kind Of A Summer\\\" \\\"Looking Through the Eyes of Love\\\" \\\"I'll Meet You Halfway\\\" \\\"If I Didn't Care\\\" \\\"Cherish\\\" \\\"The Last Kiss\\\" \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" \\\"Lyin' To Myself\\\" \\\"Cry\\\" \\\"No Bridge I Wouldn't Cross\\\" \\\"Sheltered In Your Arms\\\" \\\"Ricky's Tune\\\" \\\"Could It Be Forever (Feat. Hear'Say) Personnel Musicians: Drums - Mike Bradley, Hal Blaine Bass - Steve Pearce, Max Bennett Piano/Keyboards - Pete Murray Fender Rhodes - Michael Smith Guitars - Hugh Burns, Fridrick Karlsson, Jimmy McIntosh, Dennis Budimir, Louie Shelton Percussion - Frank Ricotti, Gary Coleman Piano Accordion - Eddie Hession Harmonica - Brenden Power Harpsichord - Alexander Skeaping Recorder - Paul Fawcus Violins: Harvey De Souza, Laurence Jackson, Darrell Kok, Jan Schmolk, Ralph De Souza, Simon Smith, Sarah Ewins, Steve Morris Viola: Bob Smissen, Tim Grant Cello: Jo Knight, William Schofield Woodwind: Saxophone and Flute - Paul Fawcus, Scott Garland Brass: Trumpet and Flugal - Pat White, Mark Cumberland Trombone - Dennis Rollins Background vocals: David Cassidy - Background vocals on \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" Ted Carfrae - Harmony vocal on \\\"I Write The Songs\\\" Mae McKenna, Janet Mooney, Lance Ellington, Phil Nicholl, Candace Davis Martin, Lisa Mayer, John Bahlor, Tom Bahlor, Randy Crenshaw, Jackie Ward References David Cassidy albums 2001 compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Then and Now (David Cassidy album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36218472\",\n \"text\": \"Nice N' Wild, also known as Nice & Wild, was a U.S. freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of \\\"Diamond Girl\\\". Band members included David Torres, Reggie Pierre and Remy Palacios. Although these three bandmates \\\"performed\\\" the song publicly, they did not sing the original vocals for \\\"Diamond Girl\\\", rather lip syncing the song's vocals during performances. However, David Torres did sing the Spanish parts himself after completing vocal training. The final and original voice of “Diamond Girl” vocal track on the hit recording was performed by John Minnis (with David L Cook having sung the demo vocal). Because of mistitled videos on the internet, many believe that Stevie B is the original vocalist of the song, but that of course is false. The song was written and produced by Arthur Lammoglia and Joe Granda in 1986. \\\"Diamond Girl\\\" was featured on the band's debut full-length album, Energy, Love and Unity, released the following year (1987). The album also featured follow-up singles \\\"Obsession\\\" and \\\"Oh Baby (I Want to Make Love Tonight)\\\", which were less successful than the debut hit. Nearly a decade later, the band released a follow-up album, Infatuation, again featuring Minnis prominently as the lead vocalist, along with songwriting contributions from Granda, who also served as executive producer for the project. Despite the title track and a cover of the Bill Withers classic \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" being released as singles, further commercial success proved elusive. Discography Albums Energy, Love and Unity (LP, Atlantic, 1987) Infatuation (CD, Right Touch Production, 1996) Singles and EPs \\\"Diamond Girl\\\" (Top Hits, 1986) \\\"Obsession\\\" (Atlantic, 1987) \\\"Oh Baby (I Want to Make Love Tonight)\\\" (7\\\", promo, Atlantic, 1987) \\\"Infatuation\\\"(Freestyle Records, 1995) \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" (12\\\", Right Touch Production, 1996) References Atlantic Records artists American Eurodance groups American dance music groups Musical groups established in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 1996 American musical trios\",\n \"title\": \"Nice & Wild\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6130335\",\n \"text\": \"Natural Wonder is a live album by American musician Stevie Wonder, released in 1995 and recorded in Osaka, Japan and Tel Aviv, Israel. The tour featured different symphony orchestras at some venues, conducted by touring conductor Henry Panion III. It is his fourth live album after Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius (1963), Stevie Wonder Live (1970), and Live at the Talk of the Town (also 1970), and his only one as a mature artist. Content The album comprises songs from throughout his career, spanning 1969's My Cherie Amour to 1995's Conversation Peace, in addition to the debut of three new songs – \\\"Dancing to the Rhythm\\\", the Stevie Ray Vaughan tribute \\\"Stevie Ray Blues\\\", and \\\"Ms. & Mr. Little Ones\\\". Wonder also performs \\\"Stay Gold\\\", a song he sang and co-write with composer Carmine Coppola for Coppola's score to The Outsiders. Track listing Disc one \\\"Dancing to the Rhythm\\\" – 7:07 \\\"Love's in Need of Love Today\\\" – 6:02 \\\"Master Blaster (Jammin')\\\" – 3:36 \\\"Stevie Ray Blues\\\" – 2:27 \\\"Higher Ground\\\" – 3:59 \\\"Rocket Love\\\" – 4:47 \\\"Stay Gold\\\" – 4:21 \\\"Ribbon in the Sky\\\" – 8:37 \\\"Pastime Paradise\\\" – 3:22 \\\"If It's Magic\\\" – 3:34 \\\"Ms. & Mr. Little Ones\\\" – 4:17 \\\"Village Ghetto Land\\\" – 3:26 \\\"Tomorrow Robins Will Sing\\\" – 4:20 Disc two \\\"Overjoyed\\\" – 3:59 \\\"My Cherie Amour\\\" – 3:20 \\\"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours\\\" – 2:45 \\\"Living for the City\\\" – 4:26 \\\"Sir Duke\\\" – 2:46 \\\"I Wish\\\" – 4:06 \\\"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\\\" – 2:21 \\\"Superstition\\\" – 5:37 \\\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\\\" – 4:38 \\\"For Your Love\\\" – 5:06 \\\"Another Star\\\" – 5:55 Personnel Stevie Wonder – vocals, keyboards, grand piano, harmonica Band Herman Jackson – keyboards Isaiah Sanders – keyboards Rick Zunigar – guitars Nathan Watts – bass, musical director Gerry Brown – drums Munyungo Jackson – percussion Keith John – backing vocals Panzie Johnson – backing vocals Marva King – backing vocals Orchestra Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra Paul Riser – orchestrations and arrangements Dr. Henry Panion, III – conductor Fredrick Charley – orchestra librarian Steve Torok – orchestra librarian Production Stevie Wonder – producer, arrangements Peter Edmonds – production manager George Packer – production manager Danny Leake – recording engineer, FOH engineer Tohru \\\"Kiku\\\" Kikuchi – system engineer Gary Adante – editing, mixing Robert A. Arbittier – editing, mixing Chris Bellman – mastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California) Brian O'Neal – liner notes Jackie Salway – art direction, design James Minchin III – photography David Safian – photography Eddie Wolfl – photography References 1995 live albums Stevie Wonder live albums Motown live albums Albums produced by Stevie Wonder\",\n \"title\": \"Natural Wonder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41580236\",\n \"text\": \"The Michael Jackson Mix is a compilation album by American singer and recording artist Michael Jackson, released in 1987. Available as a double LP, double cassette and double CD, the album contains 40 songs from Jackson's Motown career – solo and with The Jackson 5 – edited together in four separate megamixes: \\\"Love Mix 1\\\" and \\\"Love Mix 2\\\" on the first LP, cassette and CD, and \\\"Dance Mix 1\\\" and \\\"Dance Mix 2\\\" on the second LP, cassette and CD. Track listing \\\"Love Mix 1\\\" (LP & cassette side one; CD one – 23:06) \\\"Ben\\\" (Don Black, Walter Scharf) \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" (Bill Withers) \\\"One Day in Your Life\\\" (Sam Brown III, Renée Armand) \\\"Never Can Say Goodbye\\\" (Clifton Davis) \\\"Got to Be There\\\" (Hal Davis, The Corporation, Willie Hutch) \\\"Happy (Love Theme from 'Lady Sings the Blues')\\\" (Michel Legrand, Smokey Robinson) \\\"I'll Be There\\\" (Berry Gordy, Bob West, Willie Hutch, Hal Davis) \\\"We're Almost There\\\" (Brian Holland, Edward Holland Jr.) \\\"People Make the World Go Round\\\" (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) \\\"Love Mix 2\\\" (LP & cassette side two; CD one – 20:15) \\\"Who's Lovin' You\\\" (Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy) \\\"I Was Made to Love Her\\\" (Stevie Wonder, Lula Mae Hardaway, Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy) \\\"You've Really Got a Hold on Me\\\" (Smokey Robinson) \\\"Music and Me\\\" (Jerry Marcellino, Mel Larson, Don Fenceton, Mike Cannon) \\\"Call on Me\\\" (Fonce Mizell, Larry Mizell) \\\"Lonely Teardrops\\\" (Gordy, Roquel \\\"Billy\\\" Davis, Gwendolyn Gordy) \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\" (Carole King) \\\"Girl Don't Take Your Love from Me\\\" (Willie Hutch) \\\"We've Got a Good Thing Going\\\" (The Corporation) \\\"I'll Come Home to You\\\" (Freddie Perren, Christine Yarian) \\\"Dance Mix 1\\\" (LP & cassette side three; CD two – 21:10) \\\"ABC\\\" (The Corporation) \\\"I Want You Back\\\" (The Corporation) \\\"Get It Together\\\" (Hal Davis, Norman Whitfield) \\\"The Boogie Man\\\" (Deke Richards) \\\"Just a Little Bit of You\\\" (Brian Holland, Edward Holland Jr.) \\\"The Love You Save\\\" (The Corporation) \\\"Farewell My Summer Love\\\" (Keni St. Lewis) \\\"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\\\" (Holland, Lamont Dozier) \\\"Hallelujah Day\\\" (Freddie Perren, Christine Yarian) \\\"Skywriter\\\" (Mel Larson, Jerry Marcellino) \\\"Lookin' Through the Windows\\\" (The Corporation, Davis) \\\"Dance Mix 2\\\" (LP & cassette side four; CD two – 21:02) \\\"Sugar Daddy\\\" (The Corporation) \\\"Don't Let It Get You Down\\\" (Jerry Marcellino, Mel Larson, Deke Richards) \\\"Girl You're So Together\\\" (Keni St. Lewis) \\\"Mama's Pearl\\\" (The Corporation) \\\"My Girl\\\" (Smokey Robinson, Ronald White) \\\"Dancing Machine\\\" (Hal Davis, Don Fletcher, Dean Parks) \\\"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day\\\" (Stevie Wonder, Sylvia Moy, Henry Cosby) \\\"Doctor My Eyes\\\" (Jackson Browne, Richard Sanford Orshoff) \\\"Rockin' Robin\\\" (Leon René) \\\"Little Bitty Pretty One (Bobby Day) UK 7\\\" promo \\\"Dance Mix 1\\\" – Promo Edit (Side A – 3:18) \\\"ABC\\\" \\\"I Want You Back\\\" \\\"Get It Together\\\" \\\"The Boogie Man\\\" \\\"Love Mix 1\\\" – Promo Edit (Side B – 3:56) \\\"Ben\\\" \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" \\\"One Day in Your Life\\\" Production Compiled by DMC Dakeyne – DJ mix (megamix) Ceri Berry – liner notes Charts and certifications Weekly charts Certifications References\",\n \"title\": \"The Michael Jackson Mix\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26191004\",\n \"text\": \"The Troubadour Reunion Tour was a 2010 international concert tour by Carole King and James Taylor. It celebrated the 40th anniversary of their first performance together at The Troubadour in November 1970, and was a continuation of their reunion at the Troubadour in November 2007. History The tour was announced on November 12, 2009. Over 50 dates were scheduled in Australia and New Zealand, Japan, and North America. The tour began on March 26, 2010 at the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Australia. The touring band included the original support band from The Troubadour: Danny Kortchmar (guitar), Leland Sklar (bass) and Russ Kunkel (drums). Other members were Robbie Kondor (keyboards, piano, organ, accordion, chromatic harmonica), Arnold McCuller (vocals), Kate Markowitz (vocals) and Andrea Zonn (vocals and fiddle). For secondary ticket sales, for the week of January 24, 2010, it was estimated to be the best selling ticket event in the world, beating out even the Super Bowl. These ticket sales were based on sales from the TicketNetwork Exchange, the largest secondary ticket exchange in the world. This does not include primary ticket sellers such as Ticketmaster. The North America leg of the tour incorporated a stage design that included intimate nightclub-style seating. The proceeds from these seats benefit various charities. The Oceania leg of the tour was promoted by Michael Coppel, who was also promoting Lady Gaga's The Monster Ball Tour at the same time. Lady Gaga attended one of the Troubadour Reunion concerts in Sydney. The final performance of the tour was on July 20, 2010 at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. In an interview with Carole King and James Taylor for Billboard Magazine, Taylor stated there will probably never be another Troubadour Reunion Tour. However, he mentioned that a European tour was possible. Tour dates Box office score data Set list One typical set list for the tour has been: First set \\\"Blossom\\\" \\\"So Far Away\\\" \\\"Machine Gun Kelly\\\" \\\"Carolina in My Mind\\\" \\\"Sunshine Sunshine\\\" \\\"Smackwater Jack\\\" \\\"Country Road\\\" \\\"Where You Lead\\\" \\\"Your Smiling Face\\\" \\\"Song of Long Ago\\\" → \\\"Long Ago and Far Away\\\" \\\"Beautiful\\\" \\\"Shower the People\\\" \\\"Way Over Yonder\\\" Second set \\\"Copperline\\\" \\\"Crying in the Rain\\\" \\\"Mexico\\\" \\\"Sweet Baby James\\\" \\\"Jazzman\\\" \\\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\\\" \\\"Steamroller Blues\\\" \\\"It's Too Late\\\" \\\"Fire and Rain\\\" \\\"I Feel the Earth Move\\\" \\\"You've Got a Friend\\\" Encore \\\"Up on the Roof\\\" \\\"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)\\\" \\\"You Can Close Your Eyes\\\" \\\"The Loco-Motion\\\" Other songs played included \\\"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\\\", \\\"Sweet Seasons\\\", and \\\"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\\\" (as the first-set closer). The second or third song of the second set was a \\\"fan request\\\" slot, taken from a web poll for that show from a constrained list and alternating between King and Taylor. Notes While in the beginning of the tour (until May 18, 2010) “The Loco-Motion\\\" was the final song, in later concerts (starting on May 19, 2010) the final song was \\\"You Can Close Your Eyes\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Troubadour Reunion Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2374497\",\n \"text\": \"Fireflies is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Faith Hill. The album was released on August 2, 2005 via Warner Bros. Records Nashville. Her first album since her 2002 crossover album Cry, Fireflies marked a return to traditional country music for Hill. Hill co-produced the album with Byron Gallimore and Dann Huff. Husband Tim McGraw is featured on the single \\\"Like We Never Loved at All\\\". Five singles in total were released from the album. The lead single, \\\"Mississippi Girl\\\", marked Hill's ninth and final country number one hit and her first since 2000's \\\"The Way You Love Me\\\"'; it spent two weeks atop the Hot Country Songs chart. Follow-up singles \\\"Like We Never Loved at All\\\", \\\"The Lucky One\\\", and \\\"Sunshine and Summertime\\\" (which was her last solo top ten hit at country radio) all peaked within the top ten, with the first two peaking within the top five. \\\"Stealing Kisses\\\" was also a top 40 hit. In its first week, Fireflies debuted atop both the all-genre Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums, selling 329,000 copies. Fireflies marked Hill's third consecutive album to top both of the charts simultaneously after 1999's Breathe and 2002's Cry. The album has been certified two times platinum by the RIAA for selling two million copies. Despite the commercial success, it was met with mixed reviews with many complaining that the album was bland. \\\"Like We Never Loved at All\\\" won the Grammy for Best Country Collaboration at the 48th Grammy Awards in 2006 while \\\"Mississippi Girl\\\" and Fireflies were nominated for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Album. Content Singles from the album include, in order of release: \\\"Mississippi Girl\\\", \\\"Like We Never Loved at All\\\", \\\"The Lucky One\\\", \\\"Sunshine and Summertime\\\" and \\\"Stealing Kisses\\\". Of these, \\\"Mississippi Girl\\\" was a Number One on the US Billboard country charts. The other singles peaked at numbers 5, 5, 7 and 36 on that chart, respectively. Of the singles, \\\"Mississippi Girl\\\", \\\"Like We Never Loved at All\\\" and \\\"Sunshine and Summertime\\\" were co-written by John Rich of Big & Rich, while The Warren Brothers (Brad and Brett) co-wrote \\\"The Lucky One\\\", a song on which Brett also sings backing vocals. Other backing vocalists on this album include Hill's husband, Tim McGraw (on \\\"Like We Never Loved at All\\\"), Bekka Bramlett, Rhonda Vincent, and Kelly Willis. Hill produced the entire album, with co-production from Byron Gallimore on tracks 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12, Dann Huff on 7, 8, 13, and 14, and both Gallimore and Huff on 2 and 11. Critical reception At Metacritic, the album has an average score of 57, indicating \\\"mixed or average reviews\\\". Track listing Personnel As listed in liner notes. Musicians Greg Barnhill - background vocals (1, 9, 10, 11, 12) Bruce Bouton - steel guitar (2, 7, 8, 11), Dobro (8) Bekka Bramlett - background vocals (1, 2, 11) Tom Bukovac - electric guitar (1, 2, 3, 5-11, 13, 14), acoustic\",\n \"title\": \"Fireflies (Faith Hill album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3391107\",\n \"text\": \"Cameron Thane Muncey (born 8 February 1980) is an Australian guitarist and vocalist. He is the mainstay lead guitarist and one of the songwriters of Melbourne-based rock band Jet which formed in 2001. Muncey co-wrote many of Jet's hits with Nic and Chris Cester, including \\\"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\\\", \\\"Radio Song\\\", \\\"Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is\\\" and \\\"Cold Hard Bitch\\\". Biography Muncey was born in Melbourne, and attended St Bedes College (high school) with future bandmates Nic and Chris Cester. Muncey took up guitar after hearing \\\"Sunshine Of Your Love\\\" by Cream. The song \\\"Timothy\\\" from \\\"Get Born\\\" was written about an older brother named Timothy who died in infancy before Muncey was born. Muncey and Nic Cester became best friends at school, with Cester declaring \\\"He had 'Led Zeppelin' written on his bag, and so did I, so it was inevitable, I guess\\\", on the band's documentary recorded on their DVD, Right! Right! Right!. Muncey's trademark guitar for Get Born was a Gibson Flying V, and he has used it in concert and in many of the videos. He has since switched to Gibson Les Pauls and SGs. Since Shaka Rock, Muncey mainly plays a Gibson ES137. Muncey uses Marshall amps as seen in the \\\"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\\\" video, as well as Orange Amplification as seen in the \\\"Take it or Leave it\\\" video. In the video for \\\"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\\\" he can be seen wearing an AC/DC T-shirt. In addition to playing lead guitar, Muncey sings lead vocals on a number of Jet's songs, including \\\"Hey Kids\\\", \\\"Radio Song\\\" and more recently \\\"She Holds A Grudge\\\". Muncey married his girlfriend Sarah Rumbelow, on 18 August 2009. APRA Awards The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). |- |rowspan=\\\"2\\\"| 2006 || \\\"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\\\" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || |- | \\\"Cold Hard Bitch\\\" – Nicholas Cester, Christopher Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || |- | 2007 || \\\"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\\\" – Nicholas Cester, Cameron Muncey || Most Performed Australian Work Overseas || References General Note: [on-line] version established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition. Specific External links JET official website JET at MySpace 1980 births APRA Award winners Australian rock guitarists Jet (band) members Lead guitarists Living people 21st-century guitarists Musicians from Melbourne People educated at St Bede's College (Mentone)\",\n \"title\": \"Cameron Muncey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19072268\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Angel\\\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Natasha Bedingfield for her second North American album Pocketful of Sunshine (2007). It was released as the album's third single in North America on 11 August 2008. The song was produced by Rodney \\\"Darkchild\\\" Jerkins, hence the \\\"Darkchild forever\\\" line at the beginning of the song, he also sings the chorus. The song is written in the key of B minor and set in time. Bedingfield's vocals range from F3 to C5. It utilizes a prominent spelling out of the word 'angel' as its hook. In the song, Bedingfield sings of being a guardian angel of sorts for her companion, stating in the chorus, \\\"I'll be your A-N-G-E-L.\\\" On 18 September 2008 she performed the song live on America's Got Talent. This song is featured in the rhythmic, singing video game Boogie Superstar, but only as the Moto Blanco Club Remix and as an online exclusive song. Critical reception Chris Williams of Billboard praised \\\"Angel\\\", noting that it takes on \\\"a decidedly more urban slant\\\", and saying, \\\"Vocally, Bedingfield has no difficulty adjusting to the production, confidently delivering with sass and swagger.\\\" He also thought the track would do well, claiming, \\\"With angelic harmonies throughout, a catchy chorus with a fun spell-out of \\\"a-n-g-e-l\\\" and a sing-rap bridge, Bedingfield is on her way again to the airwaves' high heavens.\\\" Chart performance \\\"Angel\\\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at #93, the chart week of 4 October 2008. It has debuted on the Pop 100 at #91, and has climbed to #35. Since its release date it has been one of the most added tracks at U.S. Mainstream Top 40 radio. It has already climbed to #25 on BDS CHR/Top 40 chart. The song debuted at #96 on the Canadian Hot 100 and peaked at #41. Music video Phil Griffin shot the music video for the song. The video features Bedingfield in several different rooms and outfits, with multiple versions of her suddenly appearing and then disappearing. The music video uses the Radio Edit of the song which alters the bridge: the lyrics \\\"I wish somebody would disrespect my man, they gon' have to come see me. I go hard for my baby...\\\" being changed to \\\"if someone ever should disrespect my love, they gon' have to come see me. I fight hard for my baby...\\\" Charts Release history References 2000s ballads 2008 singles Natasha Bedingfield songs Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Contemporary R&B ballads Pop ballads Songs written by Rodney Jerkins Songs written by Crystal Nicole Songs written by Rico Love Songs written by LaShawn Daniels\",\n \"title\": \"Angel (Natasha Bedingfield song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2698786\",\n \"text\": \"DeVotchKa is an American four-piece multi-instrumental and vocal ensemble. They take their name from the Russian word devochka (девочка), meaning \\\"girl\\\". Based in Denver, Colorado, the quartet is made up of Nick Urata, who sings and plays theremin, guitar, bouzouki, piano, and trumpet; Tom Hagerman, who plays violin, accordion, and piano; Jeanie Schroder, who sings and plays sousaphone, double bass, and flute; and Shawn King, who plays percussion and trumpet. History Originally a backing band for burlesque shows, in their early years DeVotchKa also toured with burlesque performer and model Dita Von Teese. Numerous nationwide tours in support of self-released records earned the band an underground following. Their song \\\"How It Ends\\\", from the 2004 album of the same name, introduced the band to a wider audience after being featured in the trailer for Everything Is Illuminated, in a 2008 Gears of War 2 trailer called \\\"The Last Day\\\", and in an episode of Everwood. \\\"How It Ends\\\" reached Number 101 in the UK Singles Charts. Their performance at the 2006 Bonnaroo music festival was considered a breakout event. In 2006, Arcade Fire singer Win Butler suggested to DeVotchKa that they arrange the Siouxsie and the Banshees song \\\"The Last Beat of My Heart\\\". The musicians found the idea interesting and they recorded that song for 2006's Curse Your Little Heart EP. In between tours, the band was picked by first time film directors Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris to score Little Miss Sunshine, a 2006 film that would go on to garner four Academy Award nominations. DeVotchKa, along with composer Mychael Danna, composed and performed the majority of the music for the film's soundtrack and were nominated for a 2006 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack. The main song, \\\"The Winner Is\\\", was also used in a commercial by the French-based environment and energy company Suez and the Dutch pension fund PGGM. Their 2008 album, A Mad & Faithful Telling, reached No. 9 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 29 on the Top Independent Albums chart. \\\"New World\\\" and \\\"Head Honcho\\\" were featured in a season 4 episode of the Showtime television show Weeds. In 2008, Boston newspaper The Phoenix named them the Best New Band from Colorado. The band supported Muse at the Stade de France on June 12, 2010, playing to over 80,000 people. The band's newest album, This Night Falls Forever, was released on August 24, 2018, via Concord Records. On July 13, 2018, DeVotchKa released \\\"Straight Shot\\\", which is the first track on the album. Members Nick Urata – vocals, guitars, piano, trumpet, theremin, bouzouki Tom Hagerman – violin, accordion, piano, Melodica Jeanie Schroder – sousaphone (currently), upright bass, vocals, flute Shawn King – drums, percussion, trumpet, accordion, organ Discography SuperMelodrama (2000) Triple X Tango (2002) Una Volta (2003) How It Ends (2004) Curse Your Little Heart (EP) (2006) Little Miss Sunshine (soundtrack) (2006) A Mad & Faithful Telling (2008) No. 29 Independent Albums Chart/ No. 9 Heatseakers (Billboard U.S.) I Love You, Phillip\",\n \"title\": \"DeVotchKa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13712560\",\n \"text\": \"Dance Nation is a Dutch Electronic Dance Music formation founded in 2001 by songwriters, producers and DJs Rob Janssen & Brad Grobler. Dutch singers and performers Sean & Kim are the live act fronting Dance Nation since their first and highly successful single \\\"Sunshine\\\". Biography Early years (2001-2003) Dance Nation released their debut single 'Sunshine' in 2001. This was followed by singles such as \\\"Dance\\\", \\\"Words\\\", and \\\"You Take Me Away\\\". In 2004, they switched to the name \\\"Double Nation\\\" due to legal proceedings. In 2003, they also collaborated with The Lovestern Galaktika Project for the single \\\"My First Love\\\". 2003-2005 In this period, following the label crisis Noculan Music (after inglobed into Jamie Lewis by his Purple Eye Entertainment), that struck not only Dance Nation, but also other trance artists such as Noémi and 666 and the general mutation of the music genres in Europe, going House, Hard House and Elektro, lead Dance Nation to land in Japan, where they still have a great deal of success and their production focused in the last years. From this moment on, the group had a sort of split life, releasing Trance projects for Japanese market and House ones for the European one. In this climate born singles like \\\"Beachtime\\\" in Japan and \\\"I'm Gonna Get You\\\" and the House/Elektro track \\\"Move Your Love\\\" in Europe. It's because their production are more Asian based than European, that it is difficult to find their releases outside Japan, both in online and retail stores and it's because of that too that no one knows about the release of two albums and a compilation. Titles are Trance Champion, released in 2005 by the Japanese label Avex Productions, containing all the past-released singles, including \\\"Celebrate Your Life\\\", that, listening to some people, should have been the next single; One Nation in 2007 always by the same label; and Christmas Trance in winter 2006, including a lot of popular Christmas melodies rearranged in Trance style, like Dance Nation always did. 2006 - 2021 Just before summer 2006 Dance Nation released their single \\\"Ridin' High\\\", which confirmed a general move towards House music sounds of the European market. An album was going to be produced too, with an undisclosed release date, containing some remixes of their first single, \\\"Sunshine\\\". Remixes were being collected from their numerous fans all over the world but sadly such a remix Lp never happened. Continuing the house music sound in 2007 they released the single 'Move Your Love', a collaborative rework of the popular year 2000 released 'On The Move' by Barthezz. It was not until two years later that new material were published in the form of the two compilation albums 'Vocal Trance Years 2001-2004 // 2004-2009'. Compilations containing the early singles, 'Move Your Love' as well as additional singles in the form of 'Celebrate Your Life', 'Reach For The Light' and 'I'm Gonna Get You'. In addition popular tracks such as 'Fired Up', 'Lovin Arms' and 'Summer Rain'. 2010 saw the\",\n \"title\": \"Dance Nation (dance group)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46869731\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hold Me Up\\\" is the debut solo single by Australian singer Conrad Sewell. It was released on 3 March 2015 and taken from his debut extended play, All I Know. The song is co-written and co-produced by Sewell and Brian Lee (who has previously worked with Lady Gaga and Icona Pop), The Euroz and Louis Bell. The song was released in Australia on 3 March 2015 and peaked at number 39 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The track was released in the United Kingdom on 24 July. The remixes were released on 20 November. Background Sewell moved from Brisbane to Los Angeles to work on his music and in late 2014, provided the vocals on Kygo’s 2014 tropical house hit \\\"Firestone\\\". On March 2, 2015 Sewell announced his opening slot on Ed Sheeran's 13-date Australian X tour throughout March and April via a video posted on his Facebook page. \\\"Hold Me Up\\\" was released the next day. \\\"Hold Me Up\\\" emerged from a late-night, free-form session in the studio. Sewell said; \\\"I’ve been doing this thing lately where I set up a mic live, put on some reverb so I feel like I’m singing in front of people, put on a track and just flow a melody over it. It’s been hard for me to get up-tempo songs, because I love nothing more than sitting at the piano and melting your heart—that’s definitely what I’ll tend to do in a writing situation. So when that one came, it was just a fun track that you can dance, drive, sing to, and we can worry about the serious stuff later.\\\" Music video The monochrome video features Sewell, chilling out and enjoying life down by the beach. The video was released on 12 May 2015. Reviews Mike Wass from Idolator said ‘Hold Me Up’ is a \\\"soulful, vaguely disco-tinged pop anthem\\\" and is a huge song with an instantly hummable chorus\\\". Madison Vain of Entertainment Weekly called the song \\\"an upbeat, anthemic, just-about-impossible-to-not-get-swept-away-in pop track.\\\" AuspOp said ‘Hold Me Up’ is \\\"effortlessly cool, eternally optimistic, vocally impressive and filled with enough pop sunshine to brighten even the greyest of days.\\\" Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2015 singles Conrad Sewell songs Songs written by Brian Lee (songwriter) 2015 songs Songs written by Louis Bell Songs written by Conrad Sewell\",\n \"title\": \"Hold Me Up (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24579094\",\n \"text\": \"There's a Hippo in My Tub, rereleased as Anne Murray Sings for the Sesame Street Generation is a 1977 children's album and the thirteenth studio album by Anne Murray. Although the album did not make any of the major charts in the US or Canada, it was certified Platinum in Canada. The album was initially reissued in 1979 by Sesame Street Records retitled Anne Murray Sings for the Sesame Street Generation. It was again reissued in 2001 in CD format by EMI Music Canada, including three extra songs that were not on the original album. It was produced by Pat Riccio Jr. As Anne Murray Sings for the Sesame Street Generation, the album was nominated for the 1980 Grammy Awards in the Best Children's Album category, where it was up against two other Sesame Street-branded albums and the soundtrack of The Muppet Movie, which won. The synthesizer line from “Teddy Bears’ Picnic” was sampled by the American hip hop group Ugly Duckling as part of the song “Down the Road.” Track listing (1977) \\\"Hey, Daddy\\\" (Bob Ruzicka) \\\"Stars are the Windows of Heaven\\\" (Jimmy Steiger, Tommie Malie) \\\"Animal Crackers\\\" (Irving Caesar, Ted Koehler) \\\"Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo\\\" (Bronisław Kaper, Helen Deutsch) \\\"Why, Oh, Why (Why, Why, Why)\\\" (Woody Guthrie) \\\"Teddy Bears' Picnic\\\" (Jimmy Kennedy, John Walter Bratton) \\\"Inchworm\\\" (Frank Loesser) \\\"You Are My Sunshine/Open Up Your Heart\\\" (Stuart Hamblen, Charles Mitchell) \\\"Sleepytime\\\" (John Renton) \\\"Lullaby Medley: Hush Little Baby/Sleep Child/Brahms Lullaby\\\" (Traditional, Robbie MacNeill) Track listing (2001 reissue) \\\"Hey, Daddy\\\" (Bob Ruzicka) \\\"Stars Are the Windows of Heaven\\\" (Jimmy Steiger, Tommie Malie) \\\"Animal Crackers\\\" (Irving Caesar, Ted Koehler) \\\"Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo\\\" (Bronisław Kaper, Helen Deutsch) \\\"Why, Oh, Why (Why, Why, Why)\\\" (Woody Guthrie) \\\"Teddy Bears' Picnic\\\" (Jimmy Kennedy, John Walter Bratton) \\\"Sing High, Sing Low\\\" (Brent Titcomb) \\\"Inchworm\\\" (Frank Loesser) \\\"You Are My Sunshine/Open Up Your Heart\\\" (Stuart Hamblen, Charles Mitchell) \\\"I Can See Clearly Now\\\" (Johnny Nash) \\\"What a Wonderful World\\\" (Robert Thiele Jr., George David Weiss) \\\"Sleepytime\\\" (John Renton) \\\"Lullaby Medley: Hush Little Baby/Sleep Child/Brahms Lullaby\\\" (Traditional, Robbie MacNeill) Chart performance Personnel Anne Murray—lead vocals Lisa Dryburgh, Christine MacIntosh, Kathleen Langstroth, Aidan Mason, Anne Murray, Pat Riccio Jr., Lisa Wonnacott—backing vocals Pete Cardinali—bass guitar Paul Beedham—drums Sid Beckwith—flute Bob Mann, Aidan Mason, Miles Wilkinson—guitar John Mills Cockell, Pat Riccio Jr.—keyboards Bob Lucier—steel guitar Rick Wilkins—string arrangements References 1977 albums Anne Murray albums Capitol Records albums Children's music albums by Canadian artists Juno Award for Children's Album of the Year albums\",\n \"title\": \"There's a Hippo in My Tub\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"170509\",\n \"text\": \"Crossword Puzzle is the seventh and penultimate studio album by The Partridge Family. Released in June 1973, it was the last Partridge Family album to chart in the US, entering Billboard's Top LP's chart in July and peaking at no. 167 in its second of just five weeks in the Top 200. Bell Records, losing faith in the group after oversaturating the market with product, chose not to release a US single from the album, though \\\"Sunshine\\\" was released as a single in Japan. The LP cover featured a crossword puzzle, with the answers given inside on one side of the dust sleeve. As with previous release The Partridge Family Notebook, the American album cover of Crossword Puzzle included no group photo, but did feature small black-and-white photos of Shirley Jones (at left) and David Cassidy (at right). In 2003 the album was released on CD on Arista's BMG Heritage Records label. Track listing All tracks, except \\\"It's A Long Way To Heaven\\\", \\\"Now That You Got Me Where You Want Me\\\" and \\\"Let Your Love Go\\\", were featured on the TV show (mainly from Season 3). Personnel John Bahler - vocal arrangement, background vocals Tom Bahler - background vocals Stan Farber - background vocals - uncredited (A6) Jerry Whitman - background vocals - uncredited (B2) Max Bennett - bass Hal Blaine - drums Dennis Budimir - guitar Larry Carlton - guitar David Cassidy - vocals Pete Ciccone - re-design Wes Farrell - rhythm arrangements Elliott Federman - mastering Mike Hartry - digital transfers Ron Hicklin - background vocals Jeremy Holiday - production coordination John Hudson - product manager Shirley Jones - vocals Larry Knechtel - keyboards Bob Kovach - engineer Mike Melvoin - string and horn arrangements, keyboards Joe Osborn - bass Rob Santos - re-issue producer Louie Shelton - guitar Lisa Sutton - liner notes Tommy Tedesco - guitar Jackie Ward - background vocals Beverly Weinstein - art direction Winston Wong - assistant engineer Track information and credits adapted from AllMusic Releases CD Crossword Puzzle Buddha Records 2001 CD Crossword Puzzle BMG Heritage 2003 CD Crossword Puzzle Sbme Special Mkts. 2008 CD Crossword Puzzle BMG Heritage Recording dates 4 September 1971 \\\"As Long As There's You\\\" \\\"Come On Love\\\" 1 May 1972 \\\"One Day at a Time\\\" \\\"It Means I'm in Love with You\\\" (see 23 May 1972) \\\"It Sounds Like You're Saying Hello\\\" \\\"It's You\\\" 23 May 1972 \\\"It Means I'm In Love With You\\\" (Re-Record, see 1 May 1972) 4 September 1972 \\\"Sunshine\\\" \\\"Let Your Love Go\\\" 22 September 1972 \\\"It's a Long Way to Heaven\\\" \\\"Now That You've Got Me Where You Want Me\\\" \\\"I've Got Your Love All Over Me\\\" See recording dates for this and other Partridge Family albums at The Partridge Family Recording Sessions Charts References The Partridge Family albums 1973 albums Albums arranged by Mike Melvoin Albums produced by Wes Farrell Bell Records albums Albums recorded at United Western Recorders\",\n \"title\": \"Crossword Puzzle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23217330\",\n \"text\": \"The Zircons were a vocal-based, doo-wop style musical group from Harlem and later the Bronx, New York, in the late 1950s and 1960s. Zircons (1959–1963) Vocal doo wop group from East Harlem, New York. Active between 1959 and 1964. The original members of The Zircons (spelled with a c) included: Jimmy Gerenetski (lead) Neil Colello John Loiacono Ken Pulicine Donald Lewis Their biggest hit was a 1963 cover of \\\"Lonely Way\\\", The Sky-liner's 1959 recording. They followed it up with \\\"Your Way\\\" on Mellomood Record Co. The Zirkons (1964–1967) In 1964, six singers from the Bronx, New York, formed an a cappella (or doo-wop) group. The Zirkons (spelt with k) had the following line-up: Mario Ibañez (lead) Carlos Infante (baritone) Leo Perez (1st tenor) Robert McInerney (2nd tenor) Neal Stuart (Schoenberg) (1st/2nd tenor, falsetto lead) Barry Zakir (baritone/bass) The Zirkons recorded on various record labels, including Old Timer / Cat-Time / Catamount / Amber (as The Zirkons) and on Snowflake Records (as The Zirkons). Their repertory included: 1964: \\\"You Are My Sunshine\\\", \\\"Silver Bells\\\" and \\\"Stormy Weather\\\" [Old Timer Records] 1965: \\\"Blue Moon\\\", \\\"Remember Then\\\", \\\"Unchained Melody\\\", \\\"You Baby You\\\" [Catamount Records] 1966: \\\"One Summer Night\\\", \\\"Lone Stranger\\\" 1967: \\\"Here in My Heart\\\" Other songs included \\\"Come Dance With Me\\\", \\\"Crazy For You\\\", \\\"Glory of Love\\\", \\\"My Own True Love\\\", \\\"Never\\\", \\\"Blue Moon\\\", \\\"Once In A While\\\", \\\"Sincerely\\\", \\\"Smile\\\", \\\"Sunday Kind Of Love\\\", and \\\"The Wind.” References Further reading J. Santiago, Steven J. Dunham, and Jerry Lawson, Capella Street Corner Vocal Groups: A Brief History and Discography of 1960s Singing Groups, Mellow Sound Press (2006), Dr. Anthony J. Grebin & Dr. Matthew M. Schiff, The Complete Book of Doo Wop, Collectables (2006), Doo-wop groups Entertainers from the Bronx Musical groups from New York City\",\n \"title\": \"The Zircons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71133875\",\n \"text\": \"Look at Love is an album by the Jamaican musician Judy Mowatt, released in 1991. Mowatt supported the album with a North American tour. Production The album was produced by Sly and Robbie and Michael Bennett. After realizing that she could tour successfully without new music to promote, Mowatt took her time thinking about the album and selecting its songs. Many of the songs touch on themes of female equality and empowerment. \\\"Watchdogs\\\" is a cover of the UB40 song. Groovin' is a cover of the Young Rascals song. \\\"Jah Love\\\" is a cover of the Bob Marley song; \\\"Jah Love\\\" is the song that Marley asked the I-Threes to sing at their audition for him. Critical reception The Gazette determined that \\\"there's little to recommend Look at Love unless your tastes are reggae MOR.\\\" The Washington Post noted that, \\\"despite its pop ambitions and the dance hall grooves carved out by producers Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare, there's no mistaking the album's inspirational and feminist bent.\\\" The Chicago Tribune stated that Mowatt \\\"never loses sight of the classic reggae sound or its concern for socially conscious messages.\\\" The Star Tribune thought that the album \\\"finds her moving closer to a pop sound.\\\" The St. Louis Post-Dispatch concluded that the album \\\"presses Mowatt's search for a fusion between reggae and contemporary American black music... She uses heavily electronic percussion beats with a pervasive undercurrent of hip-hop.\\\" AllMusic wrote: \\\"Breezy seems a word tailor-made for Judy Mowatt, and her sweet vocals, bouncy delivery, and bright as sunshine optimism make Look at Love an upbeat charmer.\\\" Track listing References Judy Mowatt albums 1991 albums Shanachie Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Look at Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17658533\",\n \"text\": \"United We Stand is the debut album by The Brotherhood of Man. It was released in 1970 on Deram. Background Songwriter and producer Tony Hiller formed The Brotherhood of Man in 1969 from a selection of session-singers and songwriters. Originally a five-member group (although they became a quartet soon after), they began recording and writing together with the resultant first single \\\"Love One Another\\\" being released late in the year. The single failed to chart anywhere, but early in 1970, the second single \\\"United We Stand\\\" became a major hit worldwide. Encouraged by this, the group, with Hiller as producer, began putting together an album. Along with a third single, the hit \\\"Where are You Going to My Love\\\", United We Stand was released. Despite the last two singles charting in the UK, the album met with little British success when it was released in August. In the US (released two months earlier), the album reached a peak of #168, spending eight weeks on the Billboard Hot 200. The style of songs on this album was very much of its time, with an overall optimistic slant to the lyrics and sound – later reviewers commenting on its \\\"hippy vibe\\\". Many of the tracks from this album were later released on a compilation CD also titled United We Stand in 1998. In February 2008, the album with its original track listing order and cover was released on CD for the first time. Added to this however were 13 bonus tracks, giving it the feel of a compilation. Some of these bonus tracks were actually by the group's female members as the duo Sue and Sunny. Track listing Side one \\\"Love Is a Good Foundation\\\" (Ralph Murphy) – 2:48 \\\"Say a Prayer\\\" (Peter Simons, Tony Hiller) – 3:11 \\\"A Little Bit of Heaven\\\" (Simons, Hiller) – 2:35 \\\"For the Rest of Our Lives\\\" (Chris Arnold, David Martin, Geoff Morrow, John Goodison, Hiller) – 3:09 \\\"Sing in the Sunshine\\\" (Hiller, Goodison) – 2:07 \\\"Where Are You Going to My Love\\\" (Billy Day, Mike Leslie, Goodison, Hiller) – 3:20 Side two \\\"For Old Times Sake\\\" (Tony Waddington, Wayne Bickerton) – 3:00 \\\"Living in the Land of Love\\\" (Tony Burrows, Goodison, Hiller) – 3:19 \\\"Too Many Heartaches\\\" (Simons, Hiller) – 3:22 \\\"Love One Another\\\" (Simons, Hiller) – 3:41 \\\"United We Stand\\\" (Simons, Hiller) – 2:52 2008 CD re-issue bonus tracks \\\"This Boy\\\" \\\"You Can Depend on Me\\\" \\\"Ain't That Tellin' You People\\\" \\\"Didn't I Blow Your Mind\\\" \\\"Reach out Your Hand\\\" \\\"A Better Tomorrow\\\" \\\"Freedom\\\" \\\"Break Up\\\" \\\"You and I\\\" \\\"California Sunday Morning\\\" \\\"Do Your Thing\\\" \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\" \\\"High on the Thought of You\\\" Personnel Tony Burrows – vocals Sue Glover – vocals Sunny Leslie – vocals John Goodison – vocals Roger Greenaway – vocals Tony Hiller – producer Cy Payne – Musical Director Terry Johnson – Engineer Stephen Brown – Assistant engineer H. Ghia – Cover artwork Ira Howard, Tony Blackburn – Original sleeve notes References 1970 debut albums Brotherhood\",\n \"title\": \"United We Stand (Brotherhood of Man album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9418110\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Sunshine\\\" is a song by Australian singer Ricki-Lee Coulter from her self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee (2005). It was released both physically and digitally on 26 September 2005, as the second single from the album. \\\"Sunshine\\\" peaked at number eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. The music video for the song was directed by Bart Borghesi. Background and release \\\"Sunshine\\\" was written by Kara DioGuardi, Lukas Burton, Zukhan Bey, Norman Johnson, Gregory Perry, Ricki-Lee Coulter and Jarrad Rogers. It was co-produced by Rogers and Burton. In an interview with The Age, Coulter said \\\"Sunshine\\\" is a \\\"happy and in love song\\\" with a motown feel. \\\"Sunshine\\\" contains elements of the 1971 song \\\"Want Ads\\\" by American R&B girl group Honey Cone. Coulter said the sample gives the song \\\"that happy 70s feel\\\". \\\"Sunshine\\\" was released as a CD single and digital extended play (EP) on 26 September 2005, as the second single from Coulter's self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee. \\\"Sunshine\\\" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 on 3 October 2005. It peaked at number eight in its fourth week on the chart. \\\"Sunshine\\\" was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. Music video The music video for \\\"Sunshine\\\" was directed by Bart Borghesi and filmed in Melbourne. It features Coulter singing in a house, which is 3D animated, surrounded by animated spotlights. Track listing CD single and digital EP \\\"Sunshine\\\" – 3:02 \\\"Gotta Know\\\" – 3:27 \\\"Sunshine\\\" (instrumental) – 3:02 Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Ricki-Lee: The Singles. Locations Mixed at Sing Sing Studios Mastered at Crystal Mastering Personnel Songwriting – Kara DioGuardi, Lukas Burton, Zukhan Bey, Norman Johnson, Gregory Perry, Ricki-Lee Coulter, Jarrad Rogers Production – Jarrad Rogers, Lukas Burton Additional vocals – Kushy Mixing – Andy Baldwin Mastering – John Ruberto Charts Weekly chart Year-end charts Certifications Release history References 2005 songs 2005 singles Ricki-Lee Coulter songs Shock Records singles Songs written by Kara DioGuardi Songs written by Jarrad Rogers Songs written by Lukas Burton Songs written by Ricki-Lee Coulter\",\n \"title\": \"Sunshine (Ricki-Lee Coulter song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2193860\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Wayne Watford (July 20, 1959 – January 26, 2024) was an American dance music singer, who was born in Virginia and raised in New Jersey. He was best known for his gospel-influenced vocals on house records throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Biography Watford was born in Suffolk, Virginia, on July 20, 1959, and was raised in Newark, New Jersey. His mother was a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and a gospel singer, and Watford's early musical experiences came from singing in church. Watford's first single, \\\"Holdin' On\\\", was released in 1991. Four of his singles charted on the United States Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the mid-1990s, including \\\"So into You\\\" which hit number one in 1994. The same track peaked at No. 53 on the UK Singles Chart. Watford's career faltered after 1995, when he was dropped by his label, East West Records, amid administrative turnover. He withdrew from his performing career in the years afterward, running karaoke bars in Newark before a stint working at a welfare office, though he harbored interest in returning to music. Watford died from dementia at a hospital in Newark on January 26, 2024, at the age of 64. Discography Albums Michael Watford (1994, East West America/Atlantic) Singles \\\"Holdin' On\\\" (1991, Atlantic) \\\"Luv 4-2\\\" (1993, EastWest Records America) \\\"Happy Man\\\" (1994, EastWest) \\\"Love to the World\\\" (1994, EastWest) \\\"So into You\\\" (1994, EastWest) - UK No. 53 Love to the World\\\"/\\\"Michael's Prayer\\\" (1994, EastWest) \\\"Come Together\\\" - Michael Watford & Robert Owens (1995, Hard Times) - UK No. 94 \\\"Love Change Over\\\" (1995, Hard Times) - UK No. 86 \\\"Say Something\\\" (1996, Free Bass) \\\"Sunshine\\\" - GTS feat. Michael Watford (1996, Artimage Vinyls) \\\"Return Your Love to Me\\\" (1996, Music Station) \\\"Mighty Love\\\" (1996, Music Station) \\\"You Got It\\\" - Deep Bros. feat. Michael Watford (1997, Azuli Records) \\\"For Your Love\\\" (1997, Free Bass) \\\"I'm Coming Home\\\" - Vice Versa feat. Michael Watford (1997, Azuli) \\\"Heaven Is Calling You\\\" (1997, Ulterior Records) \\\"As\\\" (1998, Soundmen On Wax) \\\"For You\\\" - Jamie Lewis feat. Michael Watford (1999, Purple Music) \\\"Reach On Up\\\" (with Tuff Jam) (1999, Locked On) \\\"Understand Me\\\" - I-D feat. Michael Watford(1999, Hole) \\\"Watcha Gonna Do\\\" - Jon Cutler & Michael Watford (2005, MN2S) \\\"It's Over\\\" - Jamie Lewis & Michael Watford (2006, Purple Music) \\\"One More Time\\\" - John Made vs Michael Watford (2006, Dream Beat) See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart References External links 1959 births 2024 deaths Singers from Newark, New Jersey 20th-century African-American male singers 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singers American house musicians Locked On Records artists Deaths from dementia in New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Watford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33295518\",\n \"text\": \"Steppin' Out is a 1976 album containing the works of Neil Sedaka. In America it was the third and final album of a trilogy of albums issued by The Rocket Record Company. (Rocket would issue a compilation album, Neil Sedaka's Greatest Hits, in 1977; but it contained no new material.) Outside America Steppin' Out was issued on the Polydor label. In 1998, the Varèse Sarabande label reissued Steppin' Out and included four bonus tracks. The title track, a #36 hit in the U.S., featured backing vocals by Sedaka's labelmate, Elton John. Track listing Side One \\\"Sing Me\\\" \\\"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\\\" \\\"No. 1 with a Heartache\\\" \\\"Steppin' Out\\\" \\\"Love in the Shadows\\\" \\\"Cardboard California\\\" Side Two \\\"Here We Are Falling In Love Again\\\" \\\"I Let You Walk Away\\\" \\\"Good Times, Good Music, Good Friends\\\" \\\"Perfect Strangers\\\" \\\"Bad and Beautiful\\\" \\\"Summer Nights\\\" Singles and EPs Many of the songs on this album were released on 45 rpm singles; some were even included on a 33-1/3 rpm EP album in the UK. Those songs that saw such a release are as follows: \\\"Love in the Shadows\\\" (No. 16 on US pop charts in 1976) \\\"Steppin' Out\\\" (No. 36 on US pop charts in 1976) \\\"I Let You Walk Away\\\" (B-side of \\\"Steppin' Out\\\") \\\"No. 1 With A Heartache\\\" (issued as a 45 rpm single in the UK on Polydor label; not issued on a 45 in the US) \\\"Good Times, Good Music, Good Friends\\\" (B-side of \\\"No. 1 With A Heartache\\\" in the UK) \\\"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\\\" (No. 52 on US pop charts in late 1976-early 1977) \\\"Perfect Strangers\\\" (B-side of \\\"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\\\") In 1976, Polydor issued an EP in the UK entitled, \\\"Make Your Own Sunshine\\\". This EP included \\\"You Gotta Make Your Own Sunshine\\\" and \\\"Summer Nights\\\" along with \\\"Tit For Tat\\\" and \\\"New York City Blues\\\", two songs from earlier Neil Sedaka albums. Varese Sarabande re-release In 1998, Varèse Sarabande reissued Steppin' Out and included the following bonus tracks: (13) \\\"(Baby) Don't Let It Mess Your Mind\\\" (B-side of \\\"Love in the Shadows\\\" in the US) (14) \\\"Time Waits For No One\\\" (it is unknown when this song was recorded) (15) \\\"(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\\\" (from the Elektra album A Song; No. 44 on US pop charts in 1977) (16) \\\"Should've Never Let You Go\\\" (duet with daughter Dara Sedaka; from the Elektra album In the Pocket; No. 19 on US pop charts in 1980) Notes The songs \\\"Sing Me\\\" and \\\"Cardboard California\\\" were new versions of songs that Sedaka had originally recorded in 1971 for the RCA album Emergence The bonus song \\\"(Baby) Don't Let It Mess Your Mind\\\" was a new version of a song that had originally been recorded in 1972 for the RCA album Solitaire \\\"Sing Me\\\" was covered by other artists such as Lou Christie and Helen Reddy, while \\\"Baby, Don't Let It Mess Your Mind\\\" has been covered by other artists, including\",\n \"title\": \"Steppin' Out (Neil Sedaka album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44338402\",\n \"text\": \"Mr. Johnson, Your Room is on Fire is a 2005 Andreas Johnson studio album. In 2006, the album was rereleased, including the song \\\"Sing for Me\\\". Track listing Fools Like Us Show Me XXXX Sunshine of Mine Caravan Life Is How Big Is America Drop in the Ocean Not Afraid Exit New York What If Nobody Told Me (Such a Fool) Still My World Mr. Johnson, Your Room is on Fire, 2 Sing for Me Fools Like Us Show Me XXXX Sunshine of Mine Caravan Life Is How Big Is America Drop in the Ocean Not Afraid Exit New York What If Nobody Told Me (Such a Fool) Still My World Sing for Me (acoustic demo version) Contributors Andreas Johnson - vocals Peter Kvint - producer, guitar, bass, keyboard, melodica, pedal steel, vibraphone, organ, percussion Jerker Odelholm - bass Johan Lindström - guitar, piano, pedal steel Andreas Dahlbäck - drums, percussion Charts References External links 2005 albums Andreas Johnson albums\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Johnson, Your Room is on Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76197705\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Imperfect for You\\\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Ariana Grande, taken from her seventh studio album, Eternal Sunshine (2024). It was released alongside the album on March 8, 2024, through Republic Records. The song with written and produced by Grande, Max Martin, and Ilya Salmanzadeh, with Peter Kahm receiving writing credits. An acoustic version was released on March 10, 2024, as part of the \\\"Slightly Deluxe\\\" edition of Eternal Sunshine. Music and lyrics \\\"Imperfect for You\\\" runs for a total duration of three minutes and two seconds. As the twelfth track on the album, Grande told Zane Lowe in an interview that \\\"Imperfect for You\\\" was an ode to friends, family, and loved ones who are \\\"accepting and real\\\", and that it was an important song which \\\"demands room for nuance and humanness.\\\" The song has been described as alternative rock, as well as a ballad. In an interview with Zach Sang, Grande mentioned how the song was the last to be finished, deeming it one of her own favorites from the album. Grande sings about accepting the imperfections of a relationship, which is described as a love story eventually becoming a \\\"happy disaster\\\" by Billboard. Live performance \\\"Imperfect for You\\\" was performed live for the first time on March 9, 2024, during an episode of Saturday Night Live with her mother Joan introducing the performance, alongside Eternal Sunshines second single, \\\"We Can't Be Friends (Wait for Your Love)\\\". Credits and personnel Recording Mixed at Mixstar Studios (Virginia Beach) Mastered at Sterling Sound (New York City) Personnel Ariana Grande – vocals, lyrics, composition, production Max Martin – lyrics, production, composition, guitar, drums, keyboards, bass, programming, background vocals Ilya Salmanzadeh – production, composition, guitar, drums, keyboards, bass, programming, background vocals Peter Kahm – composition Sam Holland – engineering Lou Carrao – engineering Eric Eylands – engineering assistance Rob Sellens – engineering assistance Randy Merrill – mastering Serban Ghenea – mixing Bryce Bordone – mixing assistance Charts References 2024 songs Ariana Grande songs\",\n \"title\": \"Imperfect for You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13783578\",\n \"text\": \"The Fun Sessions is the 8th studio album by Dread Zeppelin, and the first made with Imago Records. It is described as “Tortelvis sings the classics”, where “classics” are songs from the late-1960s and early-1970s particularly loved by the band. The album title is a wordplay on Elvis's The Sun Sessions. This album brings the band away from Led Zeppelin covers, like they did with It's Not Unusual, which was criticized by many fans because of its disco style and Tortelvis was not singing on it. At the time of release, Dread Zeppelin had covered most of Led Zeppelin's successful songs; they have now produced more albums than the band they mostly cover. Only two of the original band members, Tortelvis and Butt Boy, are still in the band for this album. Unlike all previous albums, this album was not produced by Jah Paul Jo. Most of the original band members do make \\\"special guest appearance\\\" (Carl Jah on guitar, Rasta-mon and Ed Zeppelin on vocal). Track listing \\\"Baba O'Riley\\\" (Townshend) - 4:04 \\\"Sunshine of Your Love\\\" (Brown, Bruce, Clapton) - 5:41 \\\"Born on the Bayou\\\" (Fogerty) - 4:20 \\\"Light My Fire\\\" (The Doors) - 4:28 \\\"Smoke on the Water\\\" (Blackmore, Gillan, Glover, Paice, Lord) - 5:17 \\\"Freebird\\\" (Collins, VanZant, Dutchess) - 6:09 \\\"Feel Like Making Love\\\" (Paul Rodgers, Mick Ralphs) - 4:19 \\\"BBWAGS\\\" (Putman, Tortell, Johnson, Burke, Boerin) - 3:58 \\\"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\\\" (Stephen Stills) - 7:06 \\\"Golden Slumbers, Carry That Weight, The End\\\" (Lennon, McCartney) - 5:31 Band members Tortelvis: lead vocal Butt Boy: six-string and pedal pusher Fuzzy Buzzman: bass Spice: drums Fernandez: percussion and vocals Notes Dread Zeppelin albums 1996 albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Fun Sessions\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39851083\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Alice Everyday\\\" is the eighth single released by the American synth-pop band Book of Love. The song was released prior to the band's third album, 1991's Candy Carol, as the first single. \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" was released to radio in the fall of 1990 and features sing-song lyrics and a refrain consisting of a laundry list of girls' names. In the dance clubs, the song was a moderate hit, and made it to no. 21 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, spending nine weeks on the chart. The track was remixed for the 12\\\" single and CD single into three different remixes by Ben Grosse, and was released in stores on Jan. 18, 1991. All three remixes were also edited down into single mixes and released on the promo CD. \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sam The Butcher Mix) contains samples from The Brady Bunch TV series, a drumbeat sample from Nitzer Ebb's \\\"Let Your Body Learn\\\", and other industrial music samples. Also appearing on the single are the album version of title track \\\"Candy Carol\\\" and a 1990 remix by Ben Grosse of \\\"With A Little Love\\\", a song originally on the band's previous album, 1988's Lullaby. A promotional video was shot and released for \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" by director Rocky Schenck. There are two versions of the video; one that uses the album version of \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" and the other, the 'Everyday-Glo Mix' version of the song. The video emulates the Candy Carol album cover, with the band dancing and performing inside of snow globes and wearing outfits similar to the album cover. Track listings 1990 12\\\" Maxi-Single (Sire Records 9 21767-0) Side A: \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Everyday-Glo Mix) - 6:45 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sunshine Day Mix) - 7:33 \\\"With A Little Love\\\" (1990 Version) - 3:17 Side B: \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sam The Butcher Mix) - 7:16 \\\"Candy Carol\\\" (Album Version) - 3:11 1990 CD Maxi-Single (Sire Records 9 21767-2) \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Album Version) - 3:40 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Everyday-Glo Mix) - 6:45 \\\"With A Little Love\\\" (1990 Version) - 3:17 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sam The Butcher Mix) - 7:16 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sunshine Day Mix) - 7:33 \\\"Candy Carol\\\" (Album Version) - 3:11 1990 Promo CD Single (Sire Records PRO-CD-4479) \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Album Version) - 3:41 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Everyday-Glo Single Mix) - 4:06 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sam The Butcher Single Mix) - 3:59 \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" (Sunshine Day Single Mix) - 4:04 Personnel \\\"Alice Everyday\\\" and \\\"Candy Carol\\\" written by Theodore Ottaviano. All instruments arranged, programmed, and performed by Book of Love. Susan Ottaviano - Lead vocals Ted Ottaviano - Keyboards, backing vocals Lauren Roselli - Keyboards, backing vocals Jade Lee - Keyboards, backing vocals Credits Produced by Ted Ottaviano and Ben Grosse. Remix and Postproduction on 'Everyday-Glo Mix', 'Sam The Butcher Mix', 'Sunshine Day Mix' and single remix versions by Ben Grosse. Programming on 'Everyday-Glo Mix', 'Sam The Butcher Mix', 'Sunshine Day Mix' and single remix versions by Ben Grosse, John Vitale, David Klinger, Mark Bass. Assistant Engineers on 'Everyday-Glo Mix', 'Sam The Butcher Mix', 'Sunshine Day\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Everyday\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32469801\",\n \"text\": \"Up the Junction is the first soundtrack and fourth studio album by Manfred Mann, consisting of songs written by Mann and Mike Hugg for the 1968 film of the same name. The album was released on 16 March 1968 on Fontana Records (TL/STL 546023/2/68). Track listing Side one \\\"Up the Junction\\\" vocal (Mike Hugg, Manfred Mann) – 4:38 \\\"Sing Songs of Love\\\" (Mick Gill, Hugg, Mann) – 2:01 \\\"Walking Round\\\" (Hugg) – 2:17 \\\"Up the Junction\\\" instrumental (Hugg) – 1:12 \\\"Love Theme\\\" instrumental (Hugg, Mann) – 2:15 \\\"Up the Junction\\\" vocal and instrumental (Hugg) – 1:48 Side two \\\"Just for Me\\\" (Hugg) – 2:26 \\\"Love Theme\\\" instrumental (Hugg, Mann) – 2:03 \\\"Sheila's Dance\\\" (Hugg, Mann) – 2:04 \\\"Belgravia\\\" (Hugg, Mann) – 2:46 \\\"Wailing Horn\\\" (Hugg, Mann) – 2:24 \\\"I Need Your Love\\\" (Hugg) – 1:41 \\\"Up the Junction\\\" vocal (Hugg) – 2:15 2004 CD bonus tracks \\\"Eastern Street\\\" (Peter Cowap) - 2:28 \\\"Mohair Sam\\\" (Dallas Frazier) - 3:16 \\\"Love Bird\\\" - 3:03 \\\"Brown and Porters (Meat Exporters)\\\" (Geoff Stephens, John Carter) - 2:31 \\\"I Love You\\\" - 2:48 \\\"I Think It's Going to Rain Today\\\" (Randy Newman) - 3:30 \\\"Budgie\\\" (Mike d'Abo) - 2:38 \\\"Sitting Alone in the Sunshine\\\" - 2:24 \\\"Please Mrs. Henry\\\" (Bob Dylan) - 3:09 All tracks previously released on the 1997 compilation Ascent of Mann. References Manfred Mann albums Drama film soundtracks 1968 soundtrack albums Albums produced by Shel Talmy Fontana Records soundtracks Single-artist film soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Up the Junction (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"216073\",\n \"text\": \"KC and the Sunshine Band is an American disco and funk band that was founded in 1973 in Hialeah, Florida. Their best-known songs include the hits \\\"Get Down Tonight\\\", \\\"That's the Way (I Like It)\\\", \\\"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\\\", \\\"I'm Your Boogie Man\\\", \\\"Keep It Comin' Love\\\", \\\"Boogie Shoes\\\", \\\"Please Don't Go\\\", and \\\"Give It Up\\\". The band took its name from lead vocalist Harry Wayne Casey's last name ('KC') and the 'Sunshine Band' from KC's home state of Florida, the Sunshine State. The group had five number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 1970s. History 1970s The band was formed in 1973 by Harry Wayne Casey (KC) and Richard Finch. Casey was a record store employee and part-timer at TK Records in Hialeah, Florida The band was originally called KC & The Sunshine Junkanoo Band because KC used studio musicians from TK and a local Junkanoo band called the Miami Junkanoo Band. Meantime, bassist Richard Finch had been engineering records for TK, which is how the Casey-Finch musical collaboration began. They were soon joined by guitarist Jerome Smith and drummer Robert Johnson, both TK studio musicians. The first few songs, \\\"Blow Your Whistle\\\" (September 1973) and \\\"Sound Your Funky Horn\\\" (February 1974), were released as singles, and did well enough on the U.S. R&B chart and overseas that TK wanted a follow-up single and album. In the meantime, while working on demos for KC & the Sunshine Band, the song \\\"Rock Your Baby\\\" (George McCrae) was created. Written by Casey and Finch, it featured Smith on guitar and became a number one hit in 51 countries in mid-1974. The band's \\\"Queen of Clubs\\\", which featured uncredited vocals by McCrae, was a hit in the UK, peaking at number 7, and they went on a tour there in 1975. KC and other band members were frequent guests on WHYI-FM, branded as Y-100, one of southeast Florida's more powerful FM pop stations, that covered Dade and Broward Counties and beyond. This gave the band significant hometown exposure, during the rise of the disco genre in one of the music's epicenters. With the release of the self-titled second album KC and the Sunshine Band in 1975 came the group's first major U.S. hit with \\\"Get Down Tonight\\\". It topped the R&B chart in April and hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in August. \\\"That's the Way (I Like It)\\\" also became a number one hit in November 1975 and the group received four nominations and one win at the 1976 Grammy Awards. The 1976 album Part 3 yielded two number one singles: \\\"I'm Your Boogie Man\\\" and \\\"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\\\". Another hit, \\\"Keep It Comin' Love\\\"(1977), peaked at number two. Their success lasted until the fifth album from 1979; their last chart topping hit was \\\"Please Don't Go\\\", hitting number one for one week in January 1980, and becoming the first number one hit of the 1980s. With the explosion of\",\n \"title\": \"KC and the Sunshine Band\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24633954\",\n \"text\": \"Acoustic – Friends & Total Strangers is both a live acoustic album and a music DVD by Canadian rock band The Trews. The CD is the fifth commercial album and second live album by the band. The DVD is the first from the band. Both were released October 6, 2009 on Bumstead Records. It was recorded January 30–31, 2009 at the Glenn Gould Studio in Toronto. CD track listing \\\"Poor Ol' Broken Hearted Me\\\" – 4:14 (originally from Den of Thieves) \\\"Den of Thieves\\\" – 3:57 (Den of Thieves) \\\"The Traveling Kind\\\" – 3:14 (Den of Thieves) \\\"When You Leave\\\" – 4:14 (House of Ill Fame) \\\"I Can't Stop Laughing\\\" – 3:57 (No Time for Later) \\\"Locked Doors\\\" – 3:59 (Never released on an album) \\\"Fleeting Trust\\\" – 3:21 (House of Ill Fame) \\\"Gun Control\\\" – 4:03 (No Time for Later) \\\"Tired of Waiting\\\" – 4:18 (House of Ill Fame) \\\"The Love You Save\\\" – 3:59 (cover of the 1966 Joe Tex song \\\"The Love You Save (May Be Your Own)\\\") \\\"Sing Your Heart Out\\\" – 5:24 (Never released on an album) \\\"Man of Two Minds\\\" – 4:36 (No Time for Later) \\\"Ishmael and Maggie\\\" – 4:40 (Den of Thieves) \\\"So She's Leaving\\\" – 3:31 (Den of Thieves) \\\"Hold Me in Your Arms\\\" – 3:35 (No Time for Later) DVD track listing A DVD was also released by the band, which was recorded concurrently with the CD. \\\"Poor Ol' Broken Hearted Me\\\" \\\"Paranoid Freak\\\" \\\"Den of Thieves\\\" \\\"Yearning\\\" \\\"The Travelling Kind\\\" \\\"When You Leave\\\" \\\"I Can't Stop Laughing\\\" \\\"Locked Doors\\\" \\\"Hollis & Morris\\\" \\\"Fleeting Trust\\\" \\\"Gun Control\\\" \\\"Montebello Park\\\" \\\"Tired of Waiting\\\" \\\"The Love You Save\\\" \\\"Sing Your Heart Out\\\" \\\"Man Of Two Minds\\\" \\\"Ishmael & Maggie\\\" \\\"So She’s Leaving\\\" \\\"Hold Me In Your Arms\\\" \\\"You’re So Sober\\\" \\\"The Pearl\\\" \\\"How’s Everything?\\\" \\\"Served My Time\\\" Deluxe Edition track listing On November 27, 2015, a deluxe edition was announced with a re-release of the songs from the original album, but including four new songs that were not included on the original album or the DVD. \\\"Poor Ol' Broken Hearted Me\\\" \\\"Den Of Thieves\\\" \\\"The Travelling Kind\\\" \\\"When You Leave\\\" \\\"I Can't Stop Laughing\\\" \\\"Locked Doors\\\" \\\"Fleeting Trust\\\" \\\"Gun Control\\\" \\\"Tired Of Waiting\\\" \\\"The Love You Save\\\" \\\"Sing Your Heart Out\\\" \\\"Man Of Two Minds\\\" \\\"Ishmael & Maggie\\\" \\\"So She’s Leaving\\\" \\\"Hold Me In Your Arms\\\" \\\"Every Inambition\\\" \\\"Makin' Sunshine\\\" \\\"No Time For Later\\\" \\\"Not Ready To Go\\\" Personnel Colin MacDonald – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica John-Angus MacDonald – lead guitar, vocals, bouzouki Jack Syperek – bass, vocals Sean Dalton – percussion, vocals Jeff Heisholt – accordion References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20110717035955/http://www.thetrewsmusic.com/%E2%80%93 The Official Website of The Trews The Trews albums 2009 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Acoustic – Friends & Total Strangers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25235095\",\n \"text\": \"20 Golden Greats is a 1977 compilation album by Diana Ross & the Supremes, released on the Motown label in the United Kingdom. The release spent seven weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart, selling over 1,000,000 copies. Despite the album's title and that Ross & the Supremes had scored 21 UK chart hit singles, the compilation included two tracks that had never been hit singles in the UK: \\\"My World Is Empty Without You\\\" and \\\"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\\\", which were top 10 hits on the US Hot 100. All the other 18 tracks had made the UK singles chart. The three other hits scored by the group in partnership with The Temptations, were all excluded. Motown expanded the track list to include hits from The Supremes after Ross left the trio in 1970, also including her solo work up to 1981, for the 1998 40 Golden Motown Greats CD. The same album artwork was used and this collection earned a gold disc for sales exceeding 100,000 copies. Track listing Side one \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" from Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Baby Love\\\" from Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Come See About Me\\\" from Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Stop! In the Name of Love\\\" from More Hits by The Supremes \\\"Back in My Arms Again\\\" from More Hits by The Supremes \\\"I Hear a Symphony\\\" from I Hear a Symphony \\\"My World Is Empty Without You\\\" from I Hear a Symphony \\\"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\\\" from The Supremes A' Go-Go \\\"You Can't Hurry Love\\\" from The Supremes A' Go-Go \\\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\\\" from The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland Side two \\\"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\\\" from The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland \\\"The Happening\\\" from Greatest Hits \\\"Reflections\\\" from Reflections \\\"In and Out of Love\\\" from Reflections \\\"Forever Came Today\\\" from Reflections \\\"Some Things You Never Get Used To\\\" from Love Child \\\"Love Child\\\" from Love Child \\\"I'm Livin' in Shame\\\" from Let the Sunshine In \\\"No Matter What Sign You Are\\\" from Let the Sunshine In \\\"Someday We'll Be Together\\\" from Cream of the Crop Personnel Diana Ross: lead vocals Mary Wilson: background vocals from \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" through \\\"In and Out of Love\\\" Florence Ballard: background vocals from \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" through \\\"In and Out of Love\\\" The Andantes (Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps): background vocals on \\\"In and Out of Love\\\" (shared with The Supremes), \\\"Forever Came Today\\\", \\\"Love Child\\\" and \\\"I'm Livin' in Shame\\\" Maxine Waters and Julia Waters: background vocals on \\\"Someday We'll Be Together\\\" Johnny Bristol: male vocal and background vocals on \\\"Someday We'll Be Together\\\" Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson: background vocals on \\\"Some Things You Never Get Used To\\\" The Blackberries (Venetta Fields, Clydie King and Sherlie Matthews): background vocals on \\\"No Matter What Sign You Are\\\" Credits Nick Ashford—Composer Jackey Beavers—Composer Johnny Bristol—Composer Henry Cosby—Composer Frank DeVol—Composer Lamont Dozier—Composer Harvey\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross & the Supremes: 20 Golden Greats\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2073711\",\n \"text\": \"Timothy James Rice-Oxley (born 2 June 1976) is an English musician, best known for being the keyboardist, backing vocalist and songwriter of the alternative rock band Keane. In 2010, he formed a side-project, Mt. Desolation, with his Keane bandmate Jesse Quin. Life and career Timothy James Rice-Oxley was born in Oxford to Charles Patrick and Margaret Rice-Oxley. He has a younger brother, Tom, born in 1979. He had piano lessons when he was a teenager but admitted to hating them and never practising pieces because they were all classical music, which he found boring. After his parents stopped his lessons, Rice-Oxley developed a liking for piano and so taught himself how to play, mainly because of the Beatles. Keane Rice-Oxley provides live and studio backing vocals for Keane, except for the studio songs \\\"Sunshine\\\", \\\"This Is the Last Time\\\" (demo version) and \\\"Your Love\\\" where he sings the lead vocals, as well as some Under the Iron Sea DVD and Perfect Symmetry demos. Compositions In 2006, Rice-Oxley co-wrote the songs \\\"Early Winter\\\", and \\\"The Girl Inside\\\" (unreleased) on Gwen Stefani's second solo album, The Sweet Escape. \\\"Early Winter\\\" has been performed by Keane live. The song \\\"Perfect Symmetry\\\" from the album of the same name is considered by Chaplin to be one of the best Rice-Oxley has written. In 2009, he co-wrote the song \\\"Everything Is Beautiful\\\" for Kylie Minogue's eleventh studio album, Aphrodite. Rice-Oxley composed all the songs for the side-project Mt. Desolation with Jesse Quin in 2010. That same year Rice-Oxley provided the main vocal in Keane for the first time on the song \\\"Your Love\\\", which appeared on the experimental EP Night Train. He sang the song live. In 2013, he co-wrote the song \\\"Jump\\\" with Gary Barlow for the latter's solo album, Since I Saw You Last. In 2016 he co-wrote the song \\\"Magnificent Time\\\" by Travis. Mt. Desolation Mt. Desolation is an alt-country side-project that Rice-Oxley formed with bassist Jesse Quin. The band also consists of members of Mumford & Sons, The Killers and The Staves. Mt. Desolation released their self-titled debut album on 18 October 2010. The band toured the UK and Ireland in September 2010 and the US and Canada in October 2010. The band's second album, When the Night Calls, was released on 25 May 2018. It was followed by a short tour of the UK in June 2018. Personal life Rice-Oxley lives in Polegate, East Sussex. He has two daughters, Lilac and Anna. Reportedly, the effects of touring took their toll on Rice-Oxley's marriage to Jayne, and they split up in 2012 after seven years of marriage. Awards Rice-Oxley won an Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year in May 2005. Discography With Keane Studio albums Hopes and Fears (2004) Under the Iron Sea (2006) Perfect Symmetry (2008) Strangeland (2012) Cause and Effect (2019) EPs Retrospective EP1 (2008) Night Train (2010) Retrospective EP2 (2010) Retroactive – EP1 (2019) Compilations album The Best of Keane (2013) With Mt. Desolation Studio albums\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Rice-Oxley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1680716\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Medley: Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)\\\" (commonly called \\\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\\\", \\\"The Age of Aquarius\\\" or \\\"Let the Sunshine In\\\") is a medley of two songs written for the 1967 musical Hair by James Rado and Gerome Ragni (lyrics), and Galt MacDermot (music), released as a single by American R&B group the 5th Dimension. The song spent six weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in the spring of 1969 and was eventually certified platinum in the US by the RIAA. Instrumental backing was written by Bill Holman and provided by session musicians commonly known as the Wrecking Crew. The actual recording was novel at the time, being recorded in two cities, Los Angeles and Las Vegas, and being mixed down to a final version later. The song is listed at number 66 on Billboards \\\"Greatest Songs of All Time\\\". History The recording was led by veteran American producer and engineer Bones Howe, who had previously worked with the 5th Dimension as well as the Mamas & the Papas and Elvis Presley. As Howe tells it, the recording can be traced to an incident in which 5th Dimension lead singer Billy Davis Jr. left his wallet in a New York City cab; the man who found the wallet was involved in the production of Hair and invited the group to see the show: \\\"After they'd seen it I received a phone call in which they were all talking over one another, saying 'We've got to cut this song \\\"Aquarius\\\". It's the best thing ever.'\\\" Howe was skeptical (\\\"This isn't a complete song. It's an introduction.\\\"), but after seeing the show on stage got the idea to create a medley with another musical moment from the show, a few bars from the song \\\"The Flesh Failures\\\" that consist of the repeated words \\\"let the sunshine in.\\\" Although the two song fragments are in different keys and tempos, Howe resolved to \\\"jam them together like two trains.\\\" The instrumental track was set to tape at Wally Heider's Studio 3 in Hollywood by the Wrecking Crew members including Hal Blaine on drums, Joe Osborn on bass, Larry Knechtel on keyboards, Tommy Tedesco and Dennis Budimir on guitars and Tony Terran on trumpet. It also featured strings, winds, and brass instrumentations. However, the vocals were recorded separately in Las Vegas, where the 5th Dimension was performing at the time, using only two microphones for the five singers. Davis' solo during \\\"Let the Sunshine In\\\" was improvised during the session; songwriter Jimmy Webb, who happened into the studio during the recording, remarked to Howe, \\\"My God, that's a number one record.\\\" Among the counterpoint phrases sung by Davis are: \\\"Oh, let it shine\\\", \\\"Open up your heart\\\", \\\"You got to feel it\\\" and \\\"I want you to sing along with the 5th Dimension\\\". This song was one of the most popular songs of 1969 worldwide, and in the United States it reached the number one position\",\n \"title\": \"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6455193\",\n \"text\": \"Floy Joy is the twenty-fifth studio album released by The Supremes on the Motown label. This was the only Supremes album solely produced and arranged by Smokey Robinson and included the U.S. top 20 hit, \\\"Floy Joy\\\" and the U.S. top 40 hit, \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\", both of which were top 10 hits in the U.K. Overview Following the aborted album Promises Kept, Motown handed-over production duties for the Supremes to in-house songwriter, producer, artist, and company vice-president William \\\"Smokey\\\" Robinson. At this time the group included original Supreme Mary Wilson, Cindy Birdsong, and Jean Terrell. Appearing on the album cover alongside Terrell and Wilson was new member Lynda Laurence, brought in to replace Cindy Birdsong, who was noticeably pregnant at the time of the photo shoot. Despite appearing on the album cover, Laurence's vocals are not on the album. Floy Joy marks for the first time that Mary Wilson had several leads on an album. Wilson takes solo lead on the ballad \\\"A Heart Like Mine.\\\" Wilson and Terrell trade-off lead vocals on \\\"Floy Joy\\\" and \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\", whilst Terrell has sole lead on the album's third single, \\\"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\\\". Cindy Birdsong provides a rare co-lead vocal on \\\"Now the Bitter, Now the Sweet\\\" and a spoken passage in \\\"The Wisdom of Time\\\". The \\\"Floy Joy\\\" single was the Supremes' final Top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching as high as #9 in the UK. Its follow-ups, \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\" and \\\"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\\\" were not as successful, with \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\" peaking at 37 on the Billboard Hot 100, 21 on the Top Soul Singles and being the group's final Top 10 hit in the U.K. (#10, the fifth in little over two years for the post-Ross line-up), and \\\"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\\\" peaking at 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 21 on the Top Soul Singles, and missing the UK Charts altogether. Mary Wilson praised Robinson in her second auto-biography \\\"Supreme Faith\\\" for finding a good vocal blend between she, Terrell and Birdsong. However, on the back cover of the album, Robinson listed Motown's in-house backing vocalists The Andantes for contributing to the set. In fact, the Andantes are audible in the background vocals partially or in full on all but one track, Precious Little Things, which only features Wilson and Birdsong behind Terrell. Track listing Side one Superscripts denote lead singers for each track: (a) Jean Terrell, (b) Mary Wilson, (c) Cindy Birdsong. \\\"Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love\\\" (Smokey Robinson)a \\\"Floy Joy\\\" (Robinson)a, b \\\"A Heart Like Mine\\\" (Robinson, Ronald White)b \\\"Over and Over\\\" (Robinson)a \\\"Precious Little Things\\\" (Robinson, Marvin Tarplin, Pam Moffett)a Side two \\\"Now the Bitter, Now the Sweet\\\" (Robinson, Cecil Franklin)a,b,c \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\" (Robinson)a, b \\\"The Wisdom of Time\\\" (Robinson, Moffett, Clifford Burston)a, c \\\"Oh Be My Love\\\" (Robinson, Warren Moore)a Personnel Jean Terrell, Mary Wilson, & Cindy Birdsong - lead vocals and background vocals The Andantes (Louvain Demps, Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow) - additional background vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Floy Joy (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46838715\",\n \"text\": \"The Sunshine of Your Youth is the debut album by American indie pop band Cheerleader, released in 2015 by Bright Antenna Records. The album release was supported by a nationwide tour with UK act The Wombats. Critical reception Spin wrote that the album \\\"showcases a series of fizzy, blurry-eyed tracks: 'A Million Ways' combines dream-rock guitar riffs with sugary-sweet melodies, while the whimsically synthy 'Dreamer' glides into shoegaze territory with frontman Joe Haller’s lo-fi vocals at the forefront.\\\" The Saratogian wrote that \\\"the band stays true to their sunny, optimistic name throughout, delivering a record full of hope, wonder, and undeniable warmth.\\\" Track listing New Daze - 3:31 The Sunshine of Your Youth - 3:28 On Your Side - 4:06 Do What You Want - 3:55 Perfect Vision - 4:12 Haunted Love - 3:50 A Million Ways - 4:04 Dreamer - 3:12 The Quiet Life - 3:48 Little Bird - 3:23 Personnel Produced and mixed by Mark Needham Assistant Engineer: Will Brierre Mastered by Emily Lazar at The Lodge in NYC, assisted by Rich Morales Additional vocals on \\\"On Your Side,\\\" \\\"Perfect Vision,\\\" and \\\"Dreamer\\\" courtesy of Christa Tubach Art Direction & Design: Ryan Penn Band Photo: Carrie Davenport References External links Official Site Band's Official Facebook Band's Official Twitter 2015 debut albums Albums recorded at EastWest Studios\",\n \"title\": \"The Sunshine of Your Youth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70397401\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Sunshine\\\" is a song by American rapper Latto from her second studio album 777 (2022). It features American rappers Lil Wayne and Childish Gambino. Produced by Ant Clemons, BongoByTheWay, Luke Crowder, and Mike Dean, the song was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio on April 26, 2022, as the album's fourth single. Background Latto told Apple Music about how the collaboration came about: I still can't even believe that I got them both on the song. I had originally recorded it as a solo song, but I felt like it was bigger than me. I wanted a feature on it. So, I'm thinking out loud. I'm thinking of very \\\"artistic\\\" artists. I want somebody who has a universal sound and someone who can go more in-depth and play on the word \\\"sunshine\\\". Who is the clever rapper? I'm thinking of these names and I'm shooting for the stars. And to my surprise, both of them did the song request, which is like huge, huge, huge. I'm still a new artist. I'm from Atlanta, so Childish is extra special, and I just grew up on Wayne. In an interview with Complex, Latto said that they did not record in the studio together; instead, her team sent the song to her collaborators. She added, \\\"I was pretty much just shooting for the stars, like, 'I hope they can do it. If not, no pressure. I understand.' But they both actually sent verses back, so that was super cool. A Childish Gambino verse is rare as hell anyway, so that was super dope within itself. And then Wayne is just a GOAT, so that's super dope, too. To be stamped by them at this early stage in my career, it meant a lot.\\\" Composition Latto has described the song's musical style as \\\"hood gospel\\\"; in that same interview with Complex, she stated, It's very artistic. It's a fresh sound, fresh topic. It feels good. I personally think this sound on \\\"Sunshine\\\" could be a movie soundtrack, or on a TV show. It just feels so good. I could see it being background music for so many different scenes, and I think it's very commercial. Your grandma can listen to it or your ratchet cousin that stays in the hood. The production of the song contains brass and backing choir vocals. Lyrically, \\\"Sunshine\\\" focuses on the artists' successes as they challenge their enemies. In the chorus, Latto half-sings and half-raps about people who were disloyal to her during her come-up: \\\"Pray for my enemies, Lord, I need clarity / They ain't got empathy for me, they stare at me / They used my couch when they needed the therapy / Took what they needed but never took care of me / They saw a dollar sign, treat me like currency / Kill all they hopes and dreams if they want murder me / Sunshine on me\\\". She continues her verse with a melodic delivery and criticism to her haters, in addition to a triple\",\n \"title\": \"Sunshine (Latto song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31363973\",\n \"text\": \"The Supremes ('70s): Greatest Hits and Rare Classics is a 1991 compilation album by The Supremes, released on the Motown label. The compilation features a majority of the group's 1970's hits, as well as one solo song by Jean Terrell \\\"I Had To Fall In Love\\\", which was released in 1978 on A&M Records, and two solo tracks by Scherrie Payne, \\\"When I Looked At Your Face\\\" and \\\"Another Life From Now\\\". Three tracks \\\"Everybody's Got the Right to Love\\\" \\\"Floy Joy\\\" and \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\" also appear in alternate versions. This release did not include the single \\\"Your Wonderful Sweet, Sweet Love\\\" or any of the duet singles the Supremes recorded with The Four Tops. A cassette version was also released with a different track listing and only 19 tracks. Track listing \\\"Up the Ladder to the Roof\\\" – 3:15 taken from the album 'Right On' \\\"Nathan Jones\\\" – 3:02 taken from the album 'Touch' \\\"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\\\" – 2:37 taken from the album 'The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \\\"Stoned Love\\\" – 2:57 taken from the album 'New Ways But Love Stays' \\\"Everybody's Got the Right to Love\\\" – 2:40 taken from the album 'Right On' \\\"Floy Joy\\\" – 2:46 alternate version \\\"Bad Weather\\\" – 3:16 non-album single \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\" – 3:04 alternate version \\\"Paradise\\\" – 4:20 taken from the album 'Produced And Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" – 3:00 taken from the album 'Produced And Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \\\"Il Voce de Silenzio (Silent Voices)\\\" – 3:40 taken from the album 'Produced And Arranged by Jimmy Webb' \\\"Love Train\\\" – 3:21 non-album track. \\\"I Had to Fall in Love\\\" (Jean Terrell solo) – 3:24 \\\"He's My Man\\\" – 3:02 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \\\"Color My World Blue\\\" – 2:34 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \\\"You Turn Me Around\\\" – 2:34 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \\\"The Sha-La Bandit\\\" – 3:17 non-album track. \\\"This Is Why I Believe in You\\\" – 3:10 taken from the album 'The Supremes' \\\"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking\\\" – 3:10 taken from the album 'High Energy' \\\"You're My Driving Wheel\\\" – 3:24 taken from the album 'Mary, Scherrie & Susaye' \\\"When I Looked at Your Face\\\" (Scherrie Payne solo) – 4:12 \\\"Another Life from Now\\\" (Scherrie Payne solo) – 5:46 taken from the album 'Partners' Cassette Tape listing Side 1: \\\"Up the Ladder to the Roof\\\" \\\"Everybody's Got the Right to Love\\\" \\\"Stoned Love\\\" \\\"Nathan Jones\\\" \\\"Touch\\\" \\\"Floy Joy\\\" \\\"Automatically Sunshine\\\" \\\"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\\\" \\\"Bad Weather\\\" \\\"I Had to Fall in Love\\\" Side 2: \\\"It's All Been Said Before\\\" \\\"He's My Man\\\" \\\"Where Do I Go From Here\\\" \\\"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking\\\" \\\"High Energy\\\" \\\"You're My Driving Wheel\\\" \\\"Let Yourself Go\\\" \\\"Fly\\\" \\\"When I Looked At Your Face\\\" Personnel Mary Wilson: vocals Cindy Birdsong: vocals Jean Terrell: vocals Scherrie Payne: vocals Lynda Laurence: vocals Susaye Greene: vocals References 1991 compilation albums The Supremes\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes ('70s): Greatest Hits and Rare Classics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12844628\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Old Devil Moon\\\" is a popular song composed by Burton Lane with lyrics by Yip Harburg for the 1947 musical Finian's Rainbow. It was introduced by Ella Logan and Donald Richards in the Broadway show. The song takes its title from a phrase in \\\"Fun to Be Fooled\\\", a song that Harburg wrote with Harold Arlen and Ira Gershwin for the 1934 musical Life Begins at 8:40. In the 1968 film version, the song was performed by Don Francks and Petula Clark. Notable recordings Margaret Whiting - her single release reached the No. 11 spot in the Billboard charts in 1947. Ella Fitzgerald recorded it live in 1969 on her Sunshine of Your Love album. Gene Krupa and His Orchestra (vocal by Carolyn Grey) - this also reached the Billboard charts briefly in 1947 in the No. 21 position. Charlie Spivak feat. Margaret Manning - (1946) Miles Davis – Blue Haze (1954) Sarah Vaughan - a single release (1954). Mickey Baker (1955) Jack Pleis, His Piano, Orchestra and Chorus – Broadway Goes Hollywood (1955) Bob Dorough - Devil May Care (1956) Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers (1956) Jay Jay Johnson - Jay (1956) Andrew Hill Trio – So in Love (1956) Morton Gould & His Orchestra - Blues in the Night (1957) Sonny Rollins - A Night at the Village Vanguard (1957) Anita O'Day - Anita Sings the Most (1957) Jimmy Smith - Plays Pretty Just for You (1957) Chet Baker - (Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You (1958) Totlyn Jackson [with Lance Hayward] - Lance Hayward at the Half Moon (1958), Jamaica Jazz 1931-1962 Lurlean Hunter - Stepping Out (1958) Peggy Lee - Jump for Joy (1958) Judy Garland - That's Entertainment (1960) Mel Torme - Mel Tormé Swings Shubert Alley (1960) McCoy Tyner Trio - Reaching Fourth (1962) Ahmad Jamal - Poinciana (1963) Nancy Sinatra - As vinyl 7\\\" single / Reprise Records 0789 (1969). Also on her Nancy CD re-issue by Sundazed Records (1996) SC 6058 Milt Jackson with Hubert Laws - Goodbye (1974) George Benson & Joe Farrell - Benson & Farrell (1976) Peter Magadini - Bones Blues featuring Don Menza, Wray Downs (1977) Carmen McRae - The Carmen McRae-Betty Carter Duets (1987) Carmen Lundy – Old Devil Moon (1997) David Campbell - Taking the Wheel (1997) Rosemary Clooney - At Long Last (with the Count Basie Orchestra) (1998) Bobby Caldwell - Come Rain Or Come Shine (1999) Stan Kenton - At the Rendezvous, Vol 2 (2000) (vocal by Ann Richards) Jamie Cullum – Twentysomething (2003) Cheyenne Jackson - The Power of Two (2009) (who also starred as Woody in the 2009 revival of Finian's Rainbow) Josh Groban - Stages (2015) References External links SoundCloud performance by the late Piero Cusato 1947 songs Carmen McRae songs Frank Sinatra songs Lena Horne songs Songs from musicals Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg Songs with music by Burton Lane\",\n \"title\": \"Old Devil Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39237477\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Sunshine of Your Smile\\\" is a British popular song published in London in 1913 just before the First World War by Francis, Day and Hunter. The lyrics were by Leonard Cooke and the music by Lilian Ray. It became a top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1980, sung by Mike Berry. Lyrics The following lyrics are taken from the sheet music published in 1913: Verse 1: Dear face that holds so sweet a smile for me, Were you not mine, how dark the world would be! I know no light above that could replace Love's radiant sunshine in your dear, dear face. Refrain: Give me your smile, the love-light in your eyes, Life could not hold a fairer Paradise! Give me the right to love you all the while, My world for ever, the sunshine of your smile! Verse 2: Shadows may fall upon the land and sea, Sunshine from all the world may hidden be; But I shall see no cloud across the sun; Your smile shall light my life, till life is done! Refrain: Give me your smile, the love-light in your eyes, Life could not hold a fairer Paradise! Give me the right to love you all the while, My world for ever, the sunshine of your smile! Recordings Below is a list of artists who have recorded the song and the recording date and record information (where known): Olga, Elga and Eli Hudson, 1914 Fred Douglas, 1914 Ernest Pike, 1914 Jessie Broughton, c. 1915 William Thomas, c. 1915, Regal G6745 Gertie Dickeson, 1915 Lambert Murphy, 1916, Victor 55069 John McCormack, 1916, Victor 64622 Norah Johnson, 1916 Riccardo Stracciari, 1919, Columbia 49590 Tamaki Miura, 1922, Nipponophone 15065 Charles Hackett, 1927, Columbia 4042 Tito Schipa, 1930, Victor 1451 (Sung in Spanish) Jussi Björling, 1931, Swedish HMV X3724 (Sung in Swedish) Django Reinhardt & Le Quintette du Hot Club De France, April 1935 Lilian Davies, 1930 Frank Sinatra, 1941, Victor 27638 Vera Lynn, from the film Rhythm Serenade, 1943 James Melton, 1950 Mike Berry, 1980 References 1913 songs 1980 singles Songs of World War I British songs Mike Berry (singer) songs\",\n \"title\": \"The Sunshine of Your Smile\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47672177\",\n \"text\": \"The Journeyman World Tour was a -year concert tour by English musician Eric Clapton that began on July 6, 1989, in The Hague and concluded on March 9, 1991, in London. The tour was Clapton's first tour following the release of his 1989 studio album Journeyman. The guitarist played a total of 165 shows throughout Europe, North America, Asia, South America and Africa. Setlist This set list is representative of the tour's average setlist as conducted by Setlist.fm, which represents all concerts for the duration of the tour. \\\"Pretending\\\" \\\"Running on Faith\\\" \\\"No Alibis\\\" \\\"I Shot the Sheriff\\\" \\\"White Room\\\" \\\"Can't Find My Way Home\\\" \\\"Bad Love\\\" \\\"Before You Accuse Me\\\" \\\"Old Love\\\" \\\"Badge\\\" \\\"Wonderful Tonight\\\" \\\"Cocaine\\\" \\\"Layla\\\" \\\"Cross Road Blues\\\" \\\"Sunshine of Your Love\\\" Personnel Eric Clapton–guitar, lead vocals Alan Clark–keyboards (U.S. and Europe only) Ray Cooper–percussion, shouted vocal during Sunshine of Your Love percussion solo Nathan East–bass guitar, vocals Steve Ferrone–drums Katie Kissoon–backing vocals Tessa Niles–backing vocals Phil Palmer–guitar Greg Phillinganes–keyboards, vocals Chuck Leavell–keyboards (1991 Ireland and U.K. dates) Tour dates Reception LGN music critics liked the world tour and especially recognised Eric Clapton's guitar tone throughout the whole Journeyman World Tour, stating: \\\"this period saw a resurrection of Clapton going back to basics. The tones he captured during this era are really amazing. [...] Eric was mainly using a Soldano SLO-100 amp head giving him a very saturated blues tone\\\". Fellow guitar slinger Joe Bonamassa recalled a great Journeyman show, he saw as a teenager and also liked the way Eric Clapton made things sound at the time, calling Eric Clapton's Journeyman tone \\\"one of the best tones Clapton has ever had\\\". References Eric Clapton 1989 concert tours 1990 concert tours 1991 concert tours\",\n \"title\": \"Journeyman World Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70105155\",\n \"text\": \"Samira Manners (born 9 July 2000), is a bilingual British-Swedish singer-songwriter. Samira has an English father and a Swedish mother. She learnt her first English in pre-school in Southern England and grew up speaking English at home in Sweden. She signed to Cardiac Records / Sony Music Sweden in 2020 and has since released 8 singles. She participated in Melodifestivalen 2022 with the song \\\"I Want to Be Loved\\\". She performed in Heat 2 on 12 February 2022, finishing in fourth place in the phone vote, fifth place overall, and failing to qualify. She performed onstage with her band: Alice Castell (bass), Kajsa Westergren (drums), and Agnes Roslund (guitar). Career Samira studied at Lund's Dance and Musical Gymnasium (LDMG) 2016-2019, Malmö Academy of Music 2021-2022, and Folkhögskolan Skurup and Fridhem Malmö since 2022. Live Performances TV4 Nyhetsmorgon: 2 January 2021, Samira's TV debut singing \\\"Do It All Again\\\" and \\\"Hard To Love\\\" The Sunset Festival: 7 August 2021. Woman in Red, Malmö Live: 8 October 2021. Melodifestivalen 2022: 12 February 2022. Lotta på Liseberg: 18 July 2022 - Samira singing \\\"Thankful\\\"; \\\"I Want To Be Loved\\\"; and \\\"Walking on Sunshine\\\" SVT Sommarlov 2022: 22 July 2022 - Samira singing \\\"I Want To Be Loved\\\"; and \\\"Thankful\\\". Single Releases \\\"Do It All Again\\\": 15 May 2020. Video by Benjamin Zadig (Eremit Produktion). 'Pop professor' journalist Jan Gradvall reviewing for TV4 morning news program described the single as \\\"A 19 year old Swedish debutante named Samira Manners who has an English father who colours her perfect English. Excellent, I think.\\\" Lucas Palmans reviewing for Dansende beren stated that “Do It All Again” is a perfect example of an oasis of peace, but Samira knows how to give it her own twist. The song starts quietly with an acoustic guitar, while the young singer immediately puts her beautiful voice in the spotlight. She seems to put her soul on the table, singing about love. Many new elements are added throughout the song. For example, synths provide a euphoric effect and the percussion gives a slightly bombastic impression. Bombastic in its intimacy, that is, because “Do It All Again” puts a smile on our faces. In any case, we are already impressed by her voice and the soothing atmosphere that the young lady knows how to create.\\\" \\\"Hard To Love\\\": 30 October 2020. Because of the Covid-19 restrictions, the video was made by Samira Manners herself. Lucas Palmans reviewing for Dansende beren stated that the atmosphere of “Hard To Love” \\\"became one for the campfire on a pleasant evening. An acoustic guitar creates a nice atmosphere, while the Swedish one enchants you with her powerful voice. The song is an alternation between insecurities and straightening your back. For example, she wonders if it is difficult to love her because of her outspoken opinions and such, but in the end she is very satisfied with herself. A nice meaning and a nice song, especially when some backing vocals are added towards the end.\\\" \\\"Last Christmas\",\n \"title\": \"Samira Manners\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"964757\",\n \"text\": \"Dohnyale Sharon \\\"Deni\\\" Hines (born 4 September 1970) is an Australian singer who has been releasing music since the early 1990s, with chart success in Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Europe. She is the daughter of American-born Australian singer Marcia Hines. Hines released her first single with the Australian band Rockmelons with a cover version of the Bill Withers 1971 hit \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\". She then went on to release solo material, including the top-five single \\\"It's Alright\\\" and the top-20 album Imagination (1996), which sold more than 55,000 copies worldwide. A remix album, which included brand-new tracks, became Remix Your Imagination. Her third studio album was titled Water for Chocolate, which was released on 19 August 2006 and features the singles \\\"Water for Chocolate\\\", \\\"Son of a Preacher Man\\\" and \\\"5 Days of Rain\\\". In 2007, Hines recorded a successful jazz album with Australian jazz artist James Morrison. The pair toured Australia to sold-out shows. In 2012, she played singer Neri Rogers in \\\"The Green Mill Murder\\\", S1:E3 of Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries. On 18 November 2016, her fourth studio album, The Soul Sessions, was released, with the lead single \\\"What About Love\\\" co-written by Hines and Edward Said. In 2019, Hines competed on The Masked Singer under the alias of Unicorn. She was knocked out in finals week and ended up placing fourth. Music career 1985–1993: Career launch, The Rockmelons and Jesus Christ Superstar Hines was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and was inspired by her mother's success as a singer to follow a career in show business. She was discovered by a friend when she was singing to the radio and then was encouraged to pursue singing as a career. Her earliest employment was as a backing vocalist for such artists as Kylie Minogue (her Rhythm of Love Tour, Australia and Far East 1991), Jimmy Barnes, Wa Wa Nee and Peter Blakeley before she was approached by the band Rockmelons to provide vocals for several of their songs. The first song that Hines released with the Rockmelons collaboration was a cover version of the Bill Withers 1970s hit \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" in 1991. The song proved to be a success, charting at number five on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. With the success of the first single, the reggae-inspired \\\"That Word (L.O.V.E.)\\\" was the second song released with the collaboration and became another top-five single, charting at number four in Australia. The third and final song Hines released with the band was the ballad \\\"It's Not Over\\\". The song was also a success but was not as big as the previous two, charting at number 15 in Australia. With the success with the Rockmelons, Hines became one of the most well-known faces, and voices, in Australia. In 1992, entrepreneur Harry M. Miller signed Hines for the role of Mary Magdalene in a revival of the stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Miller had discovered and signed her mother Marcia twenty years earlier, and the role of Mary\",\n \"title\": \"Deni Hines\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59938506\",\n \"text\": \"Sunshine is an album by American girl group the Emotions, released in November 1977 by Stax Records. The album reached No. 39 on the Billboard Top Soul Albums chart. The Emotions covered Bill Withers' \\\"Ain't No Sunshine\\\" and Carla Thomas' \\\"Gee Whiz (Look at His Eyes)\\\" on the album. Critical reception Andrew Hamilton of AllMusic wrote: \\\"Sunshine has some excellent cuts and some that don't quite fit the Chicagoans' style.\\\" John Storm Roberts of High Fidelity wrote: \\\"Fantasy Records has begun reissuing some of the old Stax catalog, and \\\"Sunshine\\\" is part of that venture-a bunch of singles backed by Stax house musicians, none of them previously released on albums. The result is pure and amazingly cohesive joy. Without once departing from the classic framework of female group rhythm & blues, \\\"Sunshine\\\" is as rich and varied as anything I've heard in months. With only one exception, Any Way You Look at It, every number positively drips with tasty touches in arrangement, singing. and playing.\\\" With a 3.5 out of 5 stars rating John Shearlaw of Record Mirror exclaimed \\\"Old Emotions, new Emotions-they're just as good.\\\" Phyl Garland of Stereo Review commented: \\\"Sunshine sounds amazingly fresh. Vocal artistry prevails over background effects as the Emotions weave their way in and out of cool, melodious songs.\\\" Singles The song \\\"Shouting Out Love\\\" peaked at No. 31 on the Billboard Hot Soul Songs chart. Track listing Personnel The Emotions Sheila Hutchinson - vocals Theresa Davis - vocals Wanda Hutchinson - vocals with: Bobby Manuel, Michael Toles - guitar Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn, Earl Thomas - bass Lester Snell, Marvell Thomas, Ronnie Williams - keyboards Al Jackson Jr., Willie Hall - drums The Memphis Horns - brass The Detroit Strings - strings The Memphis Symphony - orchestra Dale Warren, James Mitchell, Johnny Allen - arrangements References 1977 albums The Emotions albums Albums produced by Jim Stewart (record producer) Albums produced by Al Bell Albums produced by Marvell Thomas Stax Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Sunshine (The Emotions album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13118576\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love Like This\\\" is a song performed by British singer Natasha Bedingfield. It was included as the lead single of Bedingfield's second North American album, Pocketful of Sunshine, and features vocals from Jamaican-American reggae singer Sean Kingston. The song was written by Bedingfield, Kingston, Louis Biancaniello, Rico Love, Ryan Tedder, Sam Watters, and Wayne Wilkins, while production was handled by Biancaniello, Love, Tedder, and Watters under their production group, the Runawayz. Its lyrics discuss finding love with a person who has \\\"been there all your life and has always loved you, but you've never noticed it until now\\\". The official remix features vocals from rapper Lil Wayne and a slightly different beat, produced by Jim Jonsin. The song was released in North America on 2 October 2007 to mixed reviews from critics. It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 7 April 2008. The song was a commercial success, reaching the top 20 on the majority of the charts it entered, and topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States. On 12 March 2008, \\\"Love Like This\\\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Background In 2007, Bedingfield began writing and recording new material for her second North American album Pocketful of Sunshine. Producer J. R. Rotem had been working with Bedingfield on the album. Rotem introduced Bedingfield to reggae pop singer/rapper Sean Kingston, who was also recording with Rotem. Bedingfield decided to work with Kingston because she \\\"just Liked his thing\\\". In an interview with Digital Spy, she said that she respected rappers and seemed to \\\"have a little thing with rappers\\\" since she had previously worked with Estelle, Eve and Bizarre from D12. Composition The song was written by Bedingfield, Kingston, Wayne Wilkins, Louis Biancaniello, Rico Love, Ryan Tedder from the band OneRepublic, and Sam Watters—an original member of American R&B group Color Me Badd. It was also produced by Biancaniello, Love, Tedder, and Watters together as the Runawayz. The song is composed in the key of F major and set in common time. Bedingfield's vocals span from C4 to F5. The Auto Tune effect is heard in a few parts of the song. In the song, Bedingfield discusses finding love with a person who has always \\\"been there all your life\\\", but that \\\"you've never noticed it until now\\\". According to her, it is all about realizing how that person is actually the \\\"love of your life\\\". Critical reception \\\"Love Like This\\\" received mixed reviews from critics. Chuck Taylor in a review for Billboard described the song as a \\\"jaunty, youthful track that clears home base and should propel Nat forward\\\", while Chris Boeckmann of Stylus Magazine called it \\\"useless\\\" and a \\\"dud\\\". Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly found the song left him \\\"feeling absolutely nothing\\\". Slezak was unimpressed with the pairing of Bedingfield and Kingston, writing \\\"it's as if two people who I'm not entirely convinced can sing got together and recorded a heavily focus-grouped song, then\",\n \"title\": \"Love Like This (Natasha Bedingfield song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29011773\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Girls with Guitars\\\" is a song written by Mary Chapin Carpenter, and recorded by American country music artist Wynonna. It was released in June 1994 as the fifth single from the album Tell Me Why. The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Judd's mother, Naomi Judd, and Lyle Lovett sing background vocals on the song. Content The song is about a young woman who pursues her desire to become a rock musician (particularly as a guitarist), despite her parents assuming more practical roles for her. The second and third choruses begin with a reference of the famous guitar riffs of Deep Purple's \\\"Smoke on the Water\\\" and Cream's \\\"Sunshine of Your Love,\\\" respectively. Chart performance References 1994 singles 1993 songs Wynonna Judd songs Songs written by Mary Chapin Carpenter Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer) MCA Records singles Curb Records singles Songs with feminist themes Songs about guitars\",\n \"title\": \"Girls with Guitars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47778406\",\n \"text\": \"Rarities from the Capitol Vaults is a compilation album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 2009 by EMI Music Special Markets and boasts 10 previously unreleased songs (tracks 1-10) as well as two lesser-known recordings. Reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic writes, \\\"The biggest surprise here is that a fair number of the unreleased songs tend to have a prominent backbeat -- usually some sort of play on disco, but 'Tell Jack' is a pretty terrific slice of Elton John-styled glam rock.\\\" Track listing \\\"I Am Woman\\\" (alternate version) (Ray Burton, Helen Reddy) – 2:24 from sessions for the 1971 album I Don't Know How to Love Him \\\"Me and My Love\\\" (Bruce Roberts, Carole Bayer Sager) – 3:28 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \\\"Together\\\" (Charles Fox, Norman Gimbel) – 3:23 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \\\"Rhythm Rhapsody\\\" (Ralph Schuckett, John Siegler) – 4:15 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \\\"Blue\\\" (alternate version) (Joe Raposo) – 4:34 from sessions for the 1978 album We'll Sing in the Sunshine \\\"Tell Jack\\\" (Phil Galdston, Peter Thorn) – 4:24 no recording information provided \\\"Exhaustion\\\" (Robin Sinclair) – 2:28 from sessions for the 1979 album Reddy \\\"Don't Mess with a Woman\\\" (alternate version) (Michael Curtis, Richard Curtis, Patty Moan) – 3:38 from the session in which \\\"I Am Woman\\\" was rerecorded for single release \\\"Lullaby\\\" (Helen Reddy, Carole Bayer Sager) – 3:02 no recording information provided \\\"Songs\\\" (alternate version) (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) – 3:11 from sessions for the 1974 album Love Song for Jeffrey \\\"Take What You Find\\\" (extended mix) (Julie Didier, Casey Kelly) – 5:01 promotional-only, extended 12\\\" disco edition \\\"Plus de Chansons Tristes (No Sad Song)\\\" (Carole King, Toni Stern) – 3:01 English-language version appears on the 1971 album Helen Reddy Personnel Original albums Helen Reddy – vocals Tom Catalano – producer (\\\"Songs\\\") Frank Day – producer (\\\"Exhaustion\\\") Kim Fowley – producer (\\\"Me and My Love\\\", \\\"Together\\\", \\\"Rhythm Rhapsody\\\", \\\"Blue\\\") Ron Haffkine – producer (\\\"Take What You Find\\\") Larry Marks – producer (\\\"I Am Woman\\\", \\\"Plus de Chansons Tristes\\\") Jay Senter – producer (\\\"Don't Mess with a Woman\\\") Compilation Kevin Flaherty – producer Peter Borsari – photography Gunther – photography Douglas Kirkland – cover photo, photography Susan Lavoie – art direction David McEowen – mastering Helen Reddy – track notes Steve Silvas – design Jordan Sommers – music consultant Jim Pierson – compilation producer Matt Tunia – associate producer Gordon Anderson – executive producer mastered at Capitol Mastering Studios, Hollywood, California Notes 2009 compilation albums Helen Reddy albums Albums produced by Tom Catalano\",\n \"title\": \"Rarities from the Capitol Vaults\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24228845\",\n \"text\": \"The Blues Busters was a vocal duo from Jamaica formed in 1960, consisting of Philip James (9 March 1941 – 1989) and Lloyd Osbourne Campbell (31 December 1941 – 1992). The Blues Busters was the most consistently popular Jamaican male duo of the early 1960s, and among the Jamaican artists who performed at the 1964 New York World's Fair. They initially worked in cabaret shows to tourists in Kingston and Jamaica's north coast, but got their big break when they were asked to accompany Sam Cooke on his tour of the island in March, 1961. Taking inspiration from Cooke, on returning to the cabaret circuit they emulated the soulful harmonies of his performances and recorded a number of soul and reggae cover versions, having minor hits with \\\"Thinking\\\" and \\\"Privilege\\\". They continued until the mid-1980s, by which time they had released several albums, one of which was a tribute to Cooke. In the late 1960s the pair moved to New York City. There James reportedly died from asthma at age 47 in 1989, and Campbell from a heart attack at age 50 in 1992. The duo are buried with one grave between them in the Pye River Cemetery in Montego Bay, Jamaica, the city of their births. In 2015 Campbell and James were posthumously honoured with keys to the City Of Montego Bay by the St. James Parish Council. Discography Albums Behold How Sweet It Is (1964), Sunshine The Best of the Blues Busters (1965), Sunshine Each One Teach One (1970/1971), Dynamic Philip and Lloyd (1975), Scepter Truth (1979), Sarge Tribute to Sam Cooke (1980), Sarge Top of the Pops (1982), Echo How Sweet It Is (1997), Kingston Gold Compilations The Best of the Blues Busters, Dynamic In Memory of the Blues Busters: Their Best Ska and Soul Hits 1964-1966 (1993), Jamaican Gold Behold! The Anthology (2005), Trojan Singles \\\"Little Vilma\\\" (1960), Limbo \\\"I Need Some Lovin'\\\" (1961), Limbo \\\"Early One Morning\\\" (1961), Limbo \\\"Donna\\\" (1961), Coxsone, Blue Beat \\\"Your Love\\\" (1961), Island, Starlite \\\"There's Always Sunshine\\\" (1962), Blue Beat, Supreme, Coxsone \\\"Behold!\\\" (1962), Island Records, Sunshine \\\"Tell Me Why\\\" (1962), Blue Beat, Supreme \\\"How Many Times\\\" (1963), Supreme \\\"Behold!\\\" (1964), Kentone \\\"Love And Emotion\\\" (1964), Starline \\\"Don't Take Your Love Away\\\" (1964), BMN \\\"You're No Good\\\" (1965), BMN \\\"I Won't Let You Go\\\" (1965), Kentone \\\"Wings Of A Dove\\\" (1965), Soul, Island \\\"How Sweet It Is\\\" (1965), BMN \\\"My Girl\\\" (1965), Bra, Soul \\\"Happy Man\\\" (1966), Bra \\\"I've Been Trying\\\" (1966), BMN, Dr. Bird \\\"Irreplaceable You\\\" (1967), Sunshine \\\"There's Always Sunshine\\\" (1967), Sunshine, Dr. Bird \\\"Ain't That Loving You\\\" (1967), Sunshine \\\"Unless\\\" (1967), BMN \\\"I Can't Stop\\\" (1967), BMN, Jay Boy \\\"Each One Teach One\\\" (1967), Dynamic \\\"Inspired To Love You\\\" (1968), Shout \\\"Love is the Answer\\\" (1970), Minit \\\"Each One Teach One\\\" (1971), Lion, Dynamic Sounds \\\"Baby I'm Sorry\\\" (1975), Dynamic, Scepter \\\"Here I am Come And Take Me (Reggae)\\\" (1975), Scepter \\\"Sweetest Little Thing\\\" (1976), Dynamic Sounds \\\"Just Don't Want To Be Lonely\\\" (1977), Dynamic Sounds \\\"Are\",\n \"title\": \"The Blues Busters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35105673\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Fine Line\\\" is a 1984 single by Barry Gibb. The song was written by Gibb and keyboardist George Bitzer. It is the second and final single from his debut solo album Now Voyager. It was released in October 1984 in North America by MCA Records and in most countries by Polydor Records. The song was failed to chart in the United States, but it did manage to reach #50 on the Hot Dance Club Songs. The 12\\\" version of this song was remixed by Larry Patterson. This single was less successful than his previous single, \\\"Shine, Shine\\\". Recording \\\"Fine Line\\\" was recorded as a demo in November or December 1983 in Miami Beach with \\\"Face to Face\\\", \\\"The Hunter\\\", \\\"One Night (For Lovers)\\\" and \\\"The Hunter\\\". The song features The Who's lead singer Roger Daltrey singing backing vocals along with Olivia Newton-John and Harry Wayne Casey of KC and the Sunshine Band. The song also contains a rap section by Gibb himself: Music video The music video of \\\"Fine Line\\\" was made as a part of Gibb's movie Now Voyager on which all songs on his album of the same name was featured. For \\\"Fine Line\\\", it was filmed in a black and white. Gibb had his trademark beard shaven off in this video. He also shaved his beard on the Bee Gees' music video \\\"Night Fever\\\" and the alternative music videos of \\\"How Deep Is Your Love\\\" and \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\". Track listing Charts References 1984 singles Barry Gibb songs Songs written by Barry Gibb Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Polydor Records singles MCA Records singles 1984 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Fine Line (Barry Gibb song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67421089\",\n \"text\": \"Ode to Sunshine is an album by American rock band Delta Spirit, released August 26, 2008, on Rounder Records. It is the band's debut album, following their 2006 EP I Think I've Found It. Reception AllMusics Hal Horowitz wrote, \\\"The ex-Noise Ratchet founders shift to more rootsy territory with their new band, yielding impressive results\\\", and that \\\"Ode to Sunshine was recorded in a cabin in Julian, CA, and those surroundings seem to have brought a raw, rootsy, almost Basement Tapes-styled feel to the stripped-down songs and production.\\\" The A.V. Clubs Chris Martins said the album \\\"is brimming with gritty, staggering soul that floods the gap between the Stones' R&B-inflected; early oeuvre and Cold War Kids' world-weary keening. That said, Ode is impressively measured, and neither the rollicking shambolics of \\\"Trashcan\\\" nor the slow, whiskey-seeping grind of \\\"Parade\\\" would be half as effective without a certain tautness.\\\" NMEs Tessa Harris said the band's \\\"sound is timeworn and instantly familiar: the \\\"set me free\\\" chorus of 'Streetwalker' is pure Springsteen, while the honky-tonk of 'Trashcan' is classic Stones, made more remarkable by the sandpaper snarl of their frontman.\\\" PopMatters Andrew Martin wrote that \\\"Every year there is one album that comes out of nowhere, kicks you in the ass, and demands your attention. It finds itself on your iPod, inside your CD player, and blaring out of your headphones or speakers. Then, you commit to spreading the word about the album to anyone and everyone. Because, just like how misery loves company, so does a music lover who has just discovered a fantastic new album. For me, and others I am sure, Delta Spirit's Ode to Sunshine is just that album.\\\" Prefix Magazine said \\\"it would be easy to christen the Delta Spirit's sonically referential sound as the Violent Femmes gone sepia. Many already have\\\", and \\\"Despite Delta Spirit's anarchic (i.e., creatively opportunistic) sampling of everything from cold war folk to the Cold War Kids, when the band members hit their stride — as on the rumbling, locomotive grooves of piano-stung epic Americana on \\\"Trashcan\\\" — Sunshine becomes nothing less than an ode to musical joy.\\\" Slants Nate Adams wrote that \\\"The songs on Sunshine range from vaguely spiritual (the groove-heavy first single \\\"Trashcan\\\") to openly Christian (the passable but forgettable \\\"Children\\\"), and while this is by no means a bad thing, it can be distracting at times: No one likes to be preached at, even if the message is wrapped up inside bluesy pop songs\\\", and that \\\"Sadly, the guitars are buried low in the mix, forcing the vocals and piano to do most of the work.\\\" Spins Nate Adams said \\\"Whether it's a happy accident or a painstaking work of art, the rousing debut of this San Diego quintet impresses mightily. Despite passing echoes of Spoon and Violent Femmes, Delta Spirit's rough barroom pop is its own creature, with jangly pianos, rattling drums, and scruffy acoustic guitars making a thrilling ruckus.\\\" Track listing Personnel Jon Jameson – bass Brandon\",\n \"title\": \"Ode to Sunshine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4395381\",\n \"text\": \"Part 3 is the fourth studio album by the funk and disco group KC and the Sunshine Band. The album was produced by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and was released in October 1976 on the TK label. History Part 3 contains three of the band's biggest hits, \\\"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\\\", \\\"I'm Your Boogie Man\\\", and \\\"Keep It Comin' Love\\\". The first two reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 while the third peaked at number two. Two other singles, \\\"I Like to Do It\\\" and \\\"Wrap Your Arms Around Me\\\" found moderate success on the charts. Record World said of \\\"I Like to Do It\\\" that \\\"What this group likes to do is race up the charts and as long as they continue to produce material such as this, they should remain on top.\\\" The album was remastered in 1994 as “Part 3…And More” with additional bonus tracks by Rhino. The album was remastered and reissued with bonus tracks in 2012 by Big Break Records. Track listing Personnel Harry Wayne Casey – keyboards, vocal Jerome Smith – guitar Richard Finch – bass guitar, drums, percussion Robert Johnson – drums Fermin Goytisolo – percussion Oliver C. Brown – percussion Ken Faulk – trumpet Vinnie Tanno – trumpet Mike Lewis – tenor saxophone Whit Sidener – baritone saxophone Beverly Champion – background vocals Margaret Reynolds – background vocals Jeanette Williams – background vocals References External links Part 3 at Discogs 1976 albums KC and the Sunshine Band albums TK Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Part 3 (KC and the Sunshine Band album)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Jack Bruce"],"string":"[\n \"Jack Bruce\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":51,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55308"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who is hannah married to in the bible"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"6745715","text":"Peninnah ( Pəninnā; sometimes transliterated Penina) was one of Elkanah's two wives, briefly mentioned in the first Book of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:2). Her name derives from the word (pəninā), meaning \"pearl.\" Biblical account Peninnah was less favored than Elkanah's other wife, Hannah; although she had borne him children whilst Hannah was childless, Peninnah also brought grief and disharmony to the household by her mocking of the infertile Hannah. Every year, when Elkanah offered up a sacrifice at Shiloh, he would share out the portions of meat and give Hannah a double portion, which incited the jealousy of Peninnah. Peninnah would taunt Hannah for being childless. She would grieve Hannah by means of ordinary everyday activities, taking pains to remind her, at all hours of the day, of the difference between them. According to Jewish writer Lillian Klein, \"Because the reader’s sympathies are directed toward the childless Hannah, Peninnah comes across as a malicious woman. In fact, she is probably a literary convention, a foil for the independence and goodness of Hannah, and should be regarded as such.\" Eventually, in answer to her desperate prayer, Hannah's womb was opened, and she bore Samuel, and later another three sons and two daughters. After the birth of Samuel, Peninnah is not mentioned again, and 1 Samuel 2:20 says that Eli \"would bless Elkanah and his wife\", referring to Hannah. Midrash According to the midrash, Hannah was Elkanah's first wife; after they had been married for ten years, he also took Peninnah as a wife (Pesikta Rabbati 43). The midrash explains that Elkanah was compelled to marry Peninnah because of Hannah's barrenness, which explains his preference for Hannah, his first wife. Another tradition has the initiative to marry Peninnah coming from Hannah, thus comparing her to Sarah and Hagar, and Rachel and Leah, in which the beloved wife, who is barren, initiates the taking of an additional wife in order to produce offspring. The different midrashim highlight the difficulty Peninnah faced living in the shadow of another woman. A different midrash suggests that Peninnah's actions were in fact noble, and that Peninnah \"mocked\" the barren Hannah in order to further drive Hannah to pray even harder to God to give her children. She vexed Hannah at Shiloh, thereby causing her distraught rival wife to pray fervently. Thanks to Peninnah, Hannah's prayer was answered, and she gave birth to children. See also Fenenna of Kuyavia References External links Online text of 1 Samuel 1 Books of Samuel people Women in the Hebrew Bible Samuel","title":"Peninnah"},{"docid":"622837","text":"Hannah (; Ḥannā \"favor, grace\") is one of the wives of Elkanah mentioned in the First Book of Samuel. According to the Hebrew Bible she was the mother of Samuel. Biblical narrative The narrative about Hannah can be found in . Outside of the first two chapters of 1 Samuel, she is not otherwise mentioned in the Bible. In the biblical narrative, Hannah is one of two wives of Elkanah. The other, Peninnah, had given birth to Elkanah's children, but Hannah remained childless. Nevertheless, Elkanah preferred Hannah. According to Lillian Klein, the use of this chiasmus underscores the standing of the women: Hannah is the primary wife, yet Peninnah has succeeded in bearing children. Hannah's status as primary wife and her barrenness recall Sarah and Rebecca in Genesis 17 and Genesis 25 respectively. Klein suggests that Elkanah took Peninnah as a second wife because of Hannah's barrenness. Every year, Elkanah would offer a sacrifice at the Shiloh sanctuary, and give Peninnah and her children a portion but he gave Hannah a double portion \"because he loved her, and the LORD had closed her womb\" (1 Samuel 1:5, NIV). One day Hannah went up to the Tabernacle and prayed with great weeping (I Samuel 1:10), while Eli the High Priest was sitting on a chair near the doorpost. In her prayer, she asked God for a son and in return she vowed to give the son back to God for the service of God. She promised he would remain a Nazarite all the days of his life. According to Lillian Klein, the value of women is demonstrably enhanced by their child-bearing capacities. The narrative takes her pain and places it in her personal failure and then draws it out in a communal context. The desperation of Hannah's vow indicates that merely bearing a male child would establish her in the community. Eli thought she was drunk and questioned her. When she explained herself, he blessed her and sent her home. Hannah conceived and bore a son, and named him Samuel, literally Heard by God, \"since she had asked the Lord for him\" (1 Samuel 1:20 NAB). The role of women giving names in premonarchic Israel suggests an authoritative social role, at least within the family. She raised him until he was weaned and brought him to the temple along with a sacrifice. Hannah is also considered to be a prophetess: in her song of thanksgiving () she is inspired “to discern in her own individual experience the universal laws of the divine economy, and to recognise its significance for the whole course of the Kingdom of God\". This song may be compared to the Magnificat, Mary's song of thanksgiving in the New Testament (), but biblical commentator A. F. Kirkpatrick notes that \"the Magnificat should be carefully compared with Hannah’s song, of which it is an echo rather than an imitation. The resemblance lies in thought and tone more than in actual language, and supplies a most delicate and valuable testimony","title":"Hannah (biblical figure)"},{"docid":"36524740","text":"1 Samuel 1 is the first chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. Chapters 1 to 7 of 1 Samuel depict Samuel's life: this chapter focuses on his birth. Text This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 28 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150–75 BCE) with extant verses 28–31. Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century). Old Testament references : : (annual pilgrimage) : (Nazirite vow) : (husband's approval of wife's vow) : (offerings of bull, flour and wine) Period The event in this chapter happened at the end of judges period in Israel, about 1100 BC. Elkanah's family (1:1–8) Elkanah came from a prestigious Levite family in Ramah (verse 1) in the land of Zuph (cf. ). Elkanah's first wife, Hannah, was barren so he had decided to take a second wife, Peninnah (cf. ). When Peninnah had children, tension and rivalry arose between the two women, with Hannah being constantly provoked and distressed. The inability of Elkanah to control the situation of his wives pushes Hannah to take the initiative, especially when her plight was made more obvious by receiving only one portion of the sacrifice (verse 5). The opportunity cames when Elkanah and his family attended annual worship feast in Shiloh (Judges 21:19–24), one of the most important sanctuaries and the home of the ark (1 Samuel 3:3), which was regulated by the high priest Eli and his two sons. Verse 1 Now there was a certain man of Ramathaimzophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: \"Ramathaimzophim\": can be translated as \"Ramathaim\" in the \"district of Zuph\". A \"land of Zuph\" was mentioned only once in 1 Samuel 9:5, an area in which Samuel is said to have been found. Greek Septuagint renders the phrase as \"a man from Ramathaim, a Zuphite\". The name \"Ramathaim\" means \"the two heights\" is found in the whole Bible only in this verse, and without doubt points to Ramah (meaning \"the height\"), which is the birthplace (1 Samuel 1:19), residence (1 Samuel 7:17), and burial-place (1","title":"1 Samuel 1"},{"docid":"10969126","text":"Ramah (from Hebrew: \"height\") was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a city in ancient Israel in the land allocated to the tribe of Benjamin. It was located near Gibeon and Mizpah to the West, Gibeah to the South, and Geba to the East. Ramah has been commonly identified with modern al-Ram, about north of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aharoni|first=Y. |author-link=Yohanan Aharoni |title=The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography|edition=2 |publisher=Westminster Press |location=Philadelphia|year=1979|page=441 |language=en|isbn=0664242669 |oclc=6250553}} (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))</ref>, p. 13, s.v. Er Râm. Ne'eman preferred to identify Ramah with the nearby site of Nabi Samwil. Biblical accounts The city is first mentioned in , near Gibeah of Benjamin. In the Book of Judges, a Levite came traveling to Gibeah, with Ramah just ahead (). Ramathaim-zophim is the town that was home to Samuel's mother Hannah and his father Elkanah, from which they journeyed to the sanctuary at Shiloh, where Hannah prayed to God to end her barrenness and give her a child (). Ramah is mentioned in in reference to a meeting place during Samuel's rule. Ramah was later fortified by Baasha, king of the northern kingdom, in order to control access to Jerusalem (; ). Asa, king of the southern kingdom of Judah, employed Ben-Hadad I, the Syrian king, successfully to attack Baasha at home and draw his forces away from this city (). The biblical account states that the fortifications were later dismantled by decree of King Asa and the materials used to fortify Judah's defenses at nearby Geba and Mizpah (; ). When Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians, those taken captive were assembled in Ramah before being moved to Babylon (Jeremiah 40:1). Jeremiah said:A voice is heard in Ramah, mourning and great weeping, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more (Jeremiah 31:15 NIV). Rachel – the ancestress of the three tribes, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin – had so desired children that she considered herself dead without them (). Jeremiah said that she was figuratively weeping because of the loss of the people killed or taken in captivity. And since she was the mother of Benjamin, it would fit because those in Ramah were Benjamites. In the New Testament, Ramah is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (2:18), where it is stated that Jeremiah's prophecy about Rachel received \"a second accomplishment\" in the slaughter of boy children carried out when Herod was king:Then what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled:A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more.'' See also Ramathaim-zophim References External links The Bible Dictionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: \"Ramah\" Hebrew Bible cities Former populated places in Southwest Asia","title":"Ramah in Benjamin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"6745715\",\n \"text\": \"Peninnah ( Pəninnā; sometimes transliterated Penina) was one of Elkanah's two wives, briefly mentioned in the first Book of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:2). Her name derives from the word (pəninā), meaning \\\"pearl.\\\" Biblical account Peninnah was less favored than Elkanah's other wife, Hannah; although she had borne him children whilst Hannah was childless, Peninnah also brought grief and disharmony to the household by her mocking of the infertile Hannah. Every year, when Elkanah offered up a sacrifice at Shiloh, he would share out the portions of meat and give Hannah a double portion, which incited the jealousy of Peninnah. Peninnah would taunt Hannah for being childless. She would grieve Hannah by means of ordinary everyday activities, taking pains to remind her, at all hours of the day, of the difference between them. According to Jewish writer Lillian Klein, \\\"Because the reader’s sympathies are directed toward the childless Hannah, Peninnah comes across as a malicious woman. In fact, she is probably a literary convention, a foil for the independence and goodness of Hannah, and should be regarded as such.\\\" Eventually, in answer to her desperate prayer, Hannah's womb was opened, and she bore Samuel, and later another three sons and two daughters. After the birth of Samuel, Peninnah is not mentioned again, and 1 Samuel 2:20 says that Eli \\\"would bless Elkanah and his wife\\\", referring to Hannah. Midrash According to the midrash, Hannah was Elkanah's first wife; after they had been married for ten years, he also took Peninnah as a wife (Pesikta Rabbati 43). The midrash explains that Elkanah was compelled to marry Peninnah because of Hannah's barrenness, which explains his preference for Hannah, his first wife. Another tradition has the initiative to marry Peninnah coming from Hannah, thus comparing her to Sarah and Hagar, and Rachel and Leah, in which the beloved wife, who is barren, initiates the taking of an additional wife in order to produce offspring. The different midrashim highlight the difficulty Peninnah faced living in the shadow of another woman. A different midrash suggests that Peninnah's actions were in fact noble, and that Peninnah \\\"mocked\\\" the barren Hannah in order to further drive Hannah to pray even harder to God to give her children. She vexed Hannah at Shiloh, thereby causing her distraught rival wife to pray fervently. Thanks to Peninnah, Hannah's prayer was answered, and she gave birth to children. See also Fenenna of Kuyavia References External links Online text of 1 Samuel 1 Books of Samuel people Women in the Hebrew Bible Samuel\",\n \"title\": \"Peninnah\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"622837\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah (; Ḥannā \\\"favor, grace\\\") is one of the wives of Elkanah mentioned in the First Book of Samuel. According to the Hebrew Bible she was the mother of Samuel. Biblical narrative The narrative about Hannah can be found in . Outside of the first two chapters of 1 Samuel, she is not otherwise mentioned in the Bible. In the biblical narrative, Hannah is one of two wives of Elkanah. The other, Peninnah, had given birth to Elkanah's children, but Hannah remained childless. Nevertheless, Elkanah preferred Hannah. According to Lillian Klein, the use of this chiasmus underscores the standing of the women: Hannah is the primary wife, yet Peninnah has succeeded in bearing children. Hannah's status as primary wife and her barrenness recall Sarah and Rebecca in Genesis 17 and Genesis 25 respectively. Klein suggests that Elkanah took Peninnah as a second wife because of Hannah's barrenness. Every year, Elkanah would offer a sacrifice at the Shiloh sanctuary, and give Peninnah and her children a portion but he gave Hannah a double portion \\\"because he loved her, and the LORD had closed her womb\\\" (1 Samuel 1:5, NIV). One day Hannah went up to the Tabernacle and prayed with great weeping (I Samuel 1:10), while Eli the High Priest was sitting on a chair near the doorpost. In her prayer, she asked God for a son and in return she vowed to give the son back to God for the service of God. She promised he would remain a Nazarite all the days of his life. According to Lillian Klein, the value of women is demonstrably enhanced by their child-bearing capacities. The narrative takes her pain and places it in her personal failure and then draws it out in a communal context. The desperation of Hannah's vow indicates that merely bearing a male child would establish her in the community. Eli thought she was drunk and questioned her. When she explained herself, he blessed her and sent her home. Hannah conceived and bore a son, and named him Samuel, literally Heard by God, \\\"since she had asked the Lord for him\\\" (1 Samuel 1:20 NAB). The role of women giving names in premonarchic Israel suggests an authoritative social role, at least within the family. She raised him until he was weaned and brought him to the temple along with a sacrifice. Hannah is also considered to be a prophetess: in her song of thanksgiving () she is inspired “to discern in her own individual experience the universal laws of the divine economy, and to recognise its significance for the whole course of the Kingdom of God\\\". This song may be compared to the Magnificat, Mary's song of thanksgiving in the New Testament (), but biblical commentator A. F. Kirkpatrick notes that \\\"the Magnificat should be carefully compared with Hannah’s song, of which it is an echo rather than an imitation. The resemblance lies in thought and tone more than in actual language, and supplies a most delicate and valuable testimony\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah (biblical figure)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36524740\",\n \"text\": \"1 Samuel 1 is the first chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. Chapters 1 to 7 of 1 Samuel depict Samuel's life: this chapter focuses on his birth. Text This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 28 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150–75 BCE) with extant verses 28–31. Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century). Old Testament references : : (annual pilgrimage) : (Nazirite vow) : (husband's approval of wife's vow) : (offerings of bull, flour and wine) Period The event in this chapter happened at the end of judges period in Israel, about 1100 BC. Elkanah's family (1:1–8) Elkanah came from a prestigious Levite family in Ramah (verse 1) in the land of Zuph (cf. ). Elkanah's first wife, Hannah, was barren so he had decided to take a second wife, Peninnah (cf. ). When Peninnah had children, tension and rivalry arose between the two women, with Hannah being constantly provoked and distressed. The inability of Elkanah to control the situation of his wives pushes Hannah to take the initiative, especially when her plight was made more obvious by receiving only one portion of the sacrifice (verse 5). The opportunity cames when Elkanah and his family attended annual worship feast in Shiloh (Judges 21:19–24), one of the most important sanctuaries and the home of the ark (1 Samuel 3:3), which was regulated by the high priest Eli and his two sons. Verse 1 Now there was a certain man of Ramathaimzophim, of mount Ephraim, and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: \\\"Ramathaimzophim\\\": can be translated as \\\"Ramathaim\\\" in the \\\"district of Zuph\\\". A \\\"land of Zuph\\\" was mentioned only once in 1 Samuel 9:5, an area in which Samuel is said to have been found. Greek Septuagint renders the phrase as \\\"a man from Ramathaim, a Zuphite\\\". The name \\\"Ramathaim\\\" means \\\"the two heights\\\" is found in the whole Bible only in this verse, and without doubt points to Ramah (meaning \\\"the height\\\"), which is the birthplace (1 Samuel 1:19), residence (1 Samuel 7:17), and burial-place (1\",\n \"title\": \"1 Samuel 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10969126\",\n \"text\": \"Ramah (from Hebrew: \\\"height\\\") was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a city in ancient Israel in the land allocated to the tribe of Benjamin. It was located near Gibeon and Mizpah to the West, Gibeah to the South, and Geba to the East. Ramah has been commonly identified with modern al-Ram, about north of Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aharoni|first=Y. |author-link=Yohanan Aharoni |title=The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography|edition=2 |publisher=Westminster Press |location=Philadelphia|year=1979|page=441 |language=en|isbn=0664242669 |oclc=6250553}} (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))</ref>, p. 13, s.v. Er Râm. Ne'eman preferred to identify Ramah with the nearby site of Nabi Samwil. Biblical accounts The city is first mentioned in , near Gibeah of Benjamin. In the Book of Judges, a Levite came traveling to Gibeah, with Ramah just ahead (). Ramathaim-zophim is the town that was home to Samuel's mother Hannah and his father Elkanah, from which they journeyed to the sanctuary at Shiloh, where Hannah prayed to God to end her barrenness and give her a child (). Ramah is mentioned in in reference to a meeting place during Samuel's rule. Ramah was later fortified by Baasha, king of the northern kingdom, in order to control access to Jerusalem (; ). Asa, king of the southern kingdom of Judah, employed Ben-Hadad I, the Syrian king, successfully to attack Baasha at home and draw his forces away from this city (). The biblical account states that the fortifications were later dismantled by decree of King Asa and the materials used to fortify Judah's defenses at nearby Geba and Mizpah (; ). When Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians, those taken captive were assembled in Ramah before being moved to Babylon (Jeremiah 40:1). Jeremiah said:A voice is heard in Ramah, mourning and great weeping, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more (Jeremiah 31:15 NIV). Rachel – the ancestress of the three tribes, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin – had so desired children that she considered herself dead without them (). Jeremiah said that she was figuratively weeping because of the loss of the people killed or taken in captivity. And since she was the mother of Benjamin, it would fit because those in Ramah were Benjamites. In the New Testament, Ramah is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (2:18), where it is stated that Jeremiah's prophecy about Rachel received \\\"a second accomplishment\\\" in the slaughter of boy children carried out when Herod was king:Then what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled:A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more.'' See also Ramathaim-zophim References External links The Bible Dictionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: \\\"Ramah\\\" Hebrew Bible cities Former populated places in Southwest Asia\",\n \"title\": \"Ramah in Benjamin\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26508902","text":"Capt. John Jeffries Burial Marker is a historic burial monument in the cemetery at Scullville Bible Church in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, along County Route 559 near Somers Point. It was built in 1887 and added to both the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Capt. Jeffries (1829-1887) is known for his association with the ship Twenty One Friends, which, following an incident at sea, floated without crew across the Atlantic Ocean for two years before being claimed and returned to service. The Monument The Capt. John Jeffries burial marker is approximately tall and the largest marker in the Scullville Bible Church cemetery. The church was built in 1866 and, at the time of his death, was named Palestine Bible Protestant Church. The monument is made of marble and stands on a square brick base approximately on each side. It is located in the Jeffries family plot behind the church, surrounded by other local-area family plots, many of which also date back to the 19th century. The square center section features an inscription, and above that a bas-relief engraving of the ship associated with Jeffries—and the source of his historical fame—the Twenty One Friends. Another smaller section above bears the initials “J.J.” and a draped urn is carved at the top of the monument. The center inscription reads: Capt. John Jeffries. Born Nov. 15, 1829. Died March 17th 1887. A member of the K. of P. The Jeffries of Great Egg Harbor The Jeffries family can trace its genealogy back to 18th-century European settlers of Rhode Island. John Jeffries Sr. (1735-1810) from Egg Harbor earned a pension for his service during the American Revolutionary War. The family owned land where Patcong Creek empties into Great Egg Harbor River, and it was here they built a two-storey plantation house. The area became known as Jeffries Landing and was an active port as well as later becoming a popular destination area for bathers. The settlement that formed inland, north of Jeffries Landing, came to be called Jeffers, also named after the family. In the early 1900s, Jeffers was renamed Scullville, honoring a different family, the Sculls. Currently, where Patcong Creek meets Great Egg Harbor River is still called Jeffries Landing. John Sr. and his wife, Judiah, had three sons, one of whom was John Jeffries Jr. (1789-1834). In 1819 John Jeffries Jr. was named wharf master at Jeffries Landing, responsible for collecting the wharfage of 30 cents per day to dock there. In 1829, John Jr.’s wife, Isabell, gave birth to John III (1829-1887), who would grow up to become a sea captain. Capt. John Jeffries III later lived along English Creek, upstream from Jeffries Landing along the Great Egg Harbor River. He was married to Hannah Barrett Jeffries. Variations of the name The family name can be seen spelled different ways; Jeffries, Jeffryes, Jeffrys and Jeffers appear with interchangeability although all reasonably refer to the same family. Some evidence of this","title":"Capt. John Jeffries Burial Marker"},{"docid":"35870816","text":"Susan Norris Fitkin (March 31, 1870 – October 18, 1951) was a Canadian ordained minister, who served successively in the Society of Friends, the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America, and finally in the Church of the Nazarene. Fitkin was the founder and first president of the Church of the Nazarene's Women's Foreign Missionary Society (now Nazarene Missions International) from September 1915 until her retirement in June 1948. Fitkin served twenty-four years on the General Board of the Church of the Nazarene. In 1924 Fitkin and her husband Abram Fitkin funded and founded the Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, Swaziland, and also funded and founded Nazarene Bible Training Schools in China, and Beirut, Lebanon. Early life and family Susanah W. \"Susie\" Norris was born March 31, 1870, on a farm in Ely, Quebec, Canada, the fourth oldest of the nine children of John Norris (born June 25, 1835, in Russelltown, Châteauguay, Quebec, Canada East; died December 20, 1887, in East Farnham, Quebec, Canada), a farmer and the foreman of a lumber camp, and his wife, Susannah Townsend Hall (born March 16, 1834, in East Farnham, Quebec, Canada East; died March 28, 1918, in Cliftondale, Massachusetts). John Norris and Susannah Hall were married on April 10, 1855, in Farnham East. Her siblings were George Miron Norris (born July 1, 1859, in East Farnham, Quebec), Hannah Norris (born August 8, 1861, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec; died August 23, 1897, in Shefford, Quebec), Annie Louise Norris (born May 2, 1865, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), Jane \"Janie\" May Norris (born March 4, 1872, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), John Milton \"Johnny\" Norris (born November 15, 1873, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), Emma Norris (born April 11, 1875, in Quebec, Canada), Charles Newel Norris (born January 29, 1877, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), Alice \"Nellie\" Norris (born June 15, 1880, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec). By the time of the first Canadian census in April 1871, the Norris family had been living on a farm in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec for about eleven years, with John described as a Methodist farmer, while Susannah and their four children (including one-year-old \"Suza\") were described as Episcopalians. Later Norris' parents were members of the Society of Friends, who were active in the temperance reform movement. Her mother served once as a delegate to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union convention in Ottawa. At the time of the second Canadian census in April 1881, John and Suzanne Norris and their nine children (including 11-year-old \"Suza\") were still living on a farm in Ely South, in Shefford, Quebec, and were described as Episcopalians. However, later in 1881, the Norris family moved back to East Farnham, Quebec, where Susanna's parents George C. Hall and Hannah Hall held longstanding membership in a Quaker meeting house. The Norris family attended Quaker worship but also attended the local Church of England. On February 23, 1886, five of John and Susanna's younger children were baptized by Revd John Merrick in the Church of England at Adamsville in East Farnham. On June 19, 1887, Anna Louise was baptized by","title":"Susan Norris Fitkin"},{"docid":"22969858","text":"The Woman's Bible is a two-part non-fiction book, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and a committee of 26 women, published in 1895 and 1898 to challenge the traditional position of religious orthodoxy that woman should be subservient to man. By producing the book, Stanton wished to promote a radical liberating theology, one that stressed self-development. The book attracted a great deal of controversy and antagonism at its introduction. Many women's rights activists who worked with Stanton were opposed to the publication of The Woman's Bible; they felt it would harm the drive for women's suffrage. Although it was never accepted by Bible scholars as a major work, much to the dismay of suffragists who worked alongside Stanton within the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), it became a popular best-seller. Susan B. Anthony tried to calm the younger suffragists, but they issued a formal denunciation of the book at NAWSA's January 1896 convention, and worked to distance the suffrage movement from Stanton's broader scope which included attacks on traditional religion. Because of the widespread negative reaction, including that of suffragists who had been close to her, publication of the book effectively ended Stanton's influence in the suffrage movement. Background In the early 19th century advocates of women's rights began to accumulate rebuttals to arguments used against them founded on traditional interpretations of Bible scriptures. Lucretia Mott countered those who would put her in her place by quoting other Bible passages, or by challenging the original interpretation of the scripture. In 1849, Mott wrote Discourse on Woman which discussed Adam and Eve, the activities of various women who appear in the Bible, and argued that the Bible supported woman's right to speak aloud her spiritual beliefs. Independently from Mott, Lucy Stone determined for herself that the male-dominant interpretations of the Bible must be faulty—she worked to learn Greek and Hebrew and thereby gain insight into the earlier Bible translations which she believed would contain wording more favorable to women's equality. In New York, aided by Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped draft the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 and included two Resolutions which protested against man's usurpation of rights relating to her position in church and to her role under God. By the 1850s, Mott had become expert at disarming men who used Scripture against her. At the National Women's Rights Convention in 1852, and again in 1854, she stood up to debate men who came prepared with Scripture in hand. Reverend Henry Grew told the 1854 convention audience that the Bible proved men were naturally superior to women. He was countered point-by-point by Hannah Tracy Cutler, then in broad societal and political terms by Mott who began by saying: \"It is not Christianity, but priestcraft that has subjected woman as we find her. The Church and State have been united, and it is well for us to see it so.\" Revising Committee In 1881, 1885 and 1894, the Church of England published a Revised Version of the Bible, the first new","title":"The Woman's Bible"},{"docid":"54958809","text":"Tagoe Sisters is the name of a musical duo consisting of twins Lydia Dedei Yawson Nee Tagoe and Elizabeth Korkoi Tagoe. They have been singing in the gospel music industry since 1983. In March 2021, the group was honored by the organizers of 3Music Awards in an event called the 3Music Women's Brunch. Early life Lydia Dedei Yawson (née Tagoe) and Elizabeth Korkoi Tagoe, who are twins, were born to the late Hammond Ayikwei Tagoe and Madam Theresa Aidoo on 27 July 1965. Their father, Hammond Ayikwei Tagoe, was from Korle-Wokon, a suburb of Accra and their mother, Theresa Aidoo, was from Dunkwa-on-Offin in the Central Region. They had their education at the Alogboshie primary and middle school, near Achimota in Accra. Later, they went to the YMCA to learn dressmaking, which they abandoned to venture into singing. Career In the early days of their career, the duo worked in a group of three, with Hannah Tsia Mensah, called the \"I am Three Sisters\". They sang backup for musicians like Felix Bell and G Man and made appearances on Mr Picus Laryea's shows in the 1970s. In 1983, they joined the Open Bible Church International where they met the male singing group, the Advent Heralds. They backed the Heralds at their public performances. In 1985 they met the late Rev. Francis Akwasi Amoako who became their mentor. Under his guidance, they toured far and wide both in and out of Ghana and gained fame. Their first album 'Nyame ye Kese' which was written by the Advent Heralds, was released in 1987. Orekyekye and Stay in my Heart followed in 1988. In 1990, they lost their mentor in a fatal accident as they were returning to Accra after performing at a crusade in Takoradi. Rev. Dr Thomas Harry Yawson came into their lives and became their songwriter and director. Personal lives Rev Thomas Yawson married Lydia and they have three children. Elizabeth also has two children with her late husband. Lydia is a caterer and Elizabeth is an event planner. They established the Tagoe Twin Foundation to support mothers who use their twin children to beg for alms. They also have the Tagoe Sisters Association which was created with the vision to be an enabler for twins' mothers to support each other. Awards and nominations References Ga-Adangbe people Ghanaian women singers Ghanaian musical groups Living people Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Tagoe Sisters"},{"docid":"11439150","text":"Hannah spelled Hanna, Hana, Hanah, or Chana, is a feminine given name of Hebrew origin. It is derived from the root ḥ-n-n, meaning \"favour\" or \"grace\"; A Dictionary of First Names attributes the name to a word meaning 'He (God) has favoured me with a child'. Anne, Ana, Ann, and other variants of the name derive from the Hellenized Hebrew: Anna (romanization [transcription/transliteration] of Ἅννα [from Greek to Roman {Latin} letters]). The Phoenician (Punic) name Hannibal derives from the same Canaanite root and means \"My grace is Baal\". In the Books of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible, Hannah is the mother of the prophet Samuel. Hannah People Hannah Adams (1755–1831), American author Hannah Aldworth (died 1778), English philanthropist Hannah Allen (1638–1668x1708), British writer Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), German philosopher Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo (1915–2015), Nigerian businesswoman and politician Hannah Brier (born 1998), British sprinter Hannah Brown (born 1994), American television personality and model Hannah Callowhill Penn (1671–1727), second wife of William Penn Hannah Clarke (1988–2020), Australian sportsperson and murder victim Hannah Cowley (1743–1809), American dramatist and poet Hannah Dodd (born 1995), English actress Hannah Dreier, American journalist Hannah Duston (1657–c. 1736), Indian fighter Hannah Dakota Fanning (born 1994), American actress, known as Dakota Fanning Hannah Ferguson (born 1992), American model Hannah Foster (1985–2003), British murder victim Hannah Friedman (born 1986), American writer, director, and musician Hannah Fry (born 1984), British mathematician Hannah Gadsby (born 1978), Australian comedian Hannah Glasse (1708–1770), English cookbook writer Hannah Gordon (born 1941), Scottish actress Hannah Flagg Gould (1789–1864), American poet Hannah Gross (born 1992), Canadian actress Hannah Hart (born 1986), American internet personality, comedian, actress and author Hannah Hauxwell (1926–2018), Yorkshire Dales farmer Hannah Höch (1889–1978), German Dada artist Hannah Hodson (born 1991), American actress, journalist Hannah Ild (born 1981), Estonian singer Hannah Jones, multiple people Hannah Kallem (1865–1937), Norwegian-born American army nurse Hannah T. King (1808–1886), British-American writer, pioneer Hannah Lowe (born 1976), British writer Hannah Lyman (1816–1871), American educator, biographer Hannah Mancini (born 1980), American-Slovenian singer Hannah Marks (born 1993), American actress, writer Hannah Miley (born 1989), Scottish swimmer Hannah More (1745–1833), English religious writer and philanthropist Hannah Peel (born 1984), Northern Irish musician Hannah Maynard Pickard (1812–1844), American school teacher, preceptress, author Hannah Pingree (born 1976), majority leader and Speaker of the House in the Maine House of Representatives Hannah Pritchard (1711–1768), English actress Hannah Reid (born 1989), English singer of London Grammar Hannah Reynolds (soccer) (born 1998), American soccer player Hannah Rigby (c.1794–1853), Australian convict Hannah Robinson, British songwriter Hannah Rueben (born 1994), Nigerian wrestler Hannah Semer (1925–2003), Israeli journalist Hannah Spearritt (born 1981), English singer and actress Hannah Stockbauer (born 1982), German swimmer Hannah Stocking (born 1992), American internet personality, comedian, model and actress Hannah Storm (born 1962), American co-host of The Early Show Hannah Stuelke (born c. 2004), American basketball player Hannah Szenes (1921–1944), Hungarian Jew arrested during the Second World War Hannah Tan (born 1981), Malaysian singer-songwriter Hannah Taylor-Gordon (born 1987) English actress, Anne Frank: The Whole Story Hannah","title":"Hannah (name)"},{"docid":"2323382","text":"Prayer in the Hebrew Bible is an evolving means of interacting with God, most frequently through a spontaneous, individual or collective, unorganized form of petitioning and/or thanking. Standardized prayer such as is done today is non-existent. However, beginning in Deuteronomy, the Bible lays the groundwork for organized prayer including basic liturgical guidelines, and by the Bible's later books, prayer has evolved to a more standardized form, although still radically different from the form practiced by modern Jews. Individual prayer is described by the Tanakh two ways. The first of these is when prayer is described as occurring, and a result is achieved, but no further information regarding a person's prayer is given. In these instances, such as with Isaac, Moses, Samuel, and Job, the act of praying is a method of changing a situation for the better. The second way in which prayer is depicted is through fully fleshed out episodes of prayer, where a person's prayer is related in full. Many famous biblical personalities have such a prayer, including every major character from Hannah to Hezekiah. Individual prayer Often in the Hebrew Bible, individuals spontaneously pray to God when faced with difficulty or having avoided it. As mentioned above, these prayers are not always given in full, however, many are. Certain themes appear throughout the Tanakh's portrayal of this prayer type. One of the most significant is the idea of an argumentation, which is frequently described by the text or its interpreters. Listed chronologically below are these occurrences of recorded individual prayer. Abraham The first notable prayer whose text is recorded in the Torah and Hebrew Bible occurs when Abraham pleads with God not to destroy the people of Sodom, where his nephew Lot lives. He bargains with God not to destroy the city if there are fifty good men within, and eventually lowers the total to ten. God sends two angels to the city, which is ultimately destroyed with \"burning sulfur\" when they cannot find the ten requisite good people. Eliezer When Abraham is an old man, he makes his head servant, who while not named specifically, is almost certainly Eliezer of Damascus, promise to find his son Isaac a wife from his people to marry. Eliezer expresses uncertainty that a woman will agree to return to Abraham's household, especially since he is told not to take Isaac with him. In response, Abraham tells Eliezer that God will send an angel to assure his success in his mission. Eliezer, however, upon reaching the town of Nahor's well during evening, when the women of the city would draw water, begins to pray. Eliezer's prayer makes very specific of God, hoping that God will make clear which woman is to be Isaac's wife. It takes on a petitioning tone, as opposed to the argumentative one prominent in the prayers of other characters, including his master, whose relationship and interactions with God are very different. Before he has finished with his prayer, his requests begin to be granted, and sees that","title":"Prayer in the Hebrew Bible"},{"docid":"28139796","text":"Joseph Curr (1793 – 29 June 1847) was a Roman Catholic priest and author who was called a \"martyr of charity\" for his work in Leeds in the typhus epidemic of 1847. Biography The son of civil engineer John Curr and Hannah Curr (née Wilson), he was born in Sheffield on 14 April 1793, baptized by his godfather, Richard Rimmer, at the Catholic Chapel in Norfolk Row on 6 May. He had one brother, John, and six sisters. Curr was educated at Crook Hall, County Durham, and in 1808 went to the seminary at Ushaw College. After being ordained he served in a number of different locations: Old St. Chad mission in Rook Street, Manchester (until 1820) St. Augustine mission in Granby Row, Manchester (1820-1822) Stockton-on-Tees (1822-1826) Ashton in Makerfield (1826-1830) La Trappe Abbey in France (1830-?) Ushaw (?-1833) Callaby Castle in Northumberland (1833-1837) Sheffield mission (1837-1839) St. Alban's mission, Blackburn (1839-1842) Whitby (1842-1846) In 1847, St. Ann's in Leeds was suffering from a shortage of Catholic priests, due to an epidemic; Curr volunteered to serve there, where he died from typhus on 29 June 1847. He was buried at St. Patrick's on York road, along with the other four priests who died in the epidemic. Works Curr was a prolific writer, particularly in his feud with the local Bible Association. Among his notable opponents were and William Roby, whom Curr debated on topics including his opposition to lay Christians reading and interpreting the Bible themselves. His principal works include: A Discourse delivered at St. Augustine's Chapel, Manchester, at the funeral of the Rev. Rowland Broomhead The Instructor's Assistant Visits to the Blessed Sacrament and to the Blessed Virgin Spiritual Retreat (adapted from Bourdaloue) Familiar Instructions in the Faith and Morality of the Catholic Church A Letter to Sir Oswald Mosley, Baronet, President of the Manchester and Salford Auxiliary Bible Society An address to the Public occasioned by the recent letters of the Rev. Melville Home and the Rev. Nathaniel Gilbert on the subject of bible associations Catholicism: or the old rule of faith vindicated from the attack of W. Rob References Attribution 1793 births 1847 deaths 19th-century English Roman Catholic priests Clergy from Sheffield Deaths from typhus in the United Kingdom Alumni of Ushaw College","title":"Joseph Curr"},{"docid":"5749529","text":"Hannah Elizabeth Milhous Nixon (March 7, 1885 – September 30, 1967) was the mother of U.S. president Richard Nixon. Richard described his mother as \"a Quaker saint\". On May 9, 1970 (Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial), he insisted on stopping at the United States Capitol, where he took his former seat in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives and instructed his valet Manolo Sanchez to make a speech. Sanchez spoke of his pride in being a citizen of the United States and Richard and some female cleaners who were present applauded. One of the women present, Carrie Moore, asked Richard to sign her bible, which he did, and holding her hand told her that his mother \"was a saint\" and \"you be a saint too\". Hannah Nixon is acknowledged to have exerted a tremendous effect on her son's outlook throughout his life. In Richard's final remarks at the White House on August 9, 1974, he said, \"Nobody will ever write a book, probably, about my mother. Well, I guess all of you would say this about your mother – my mother was a saint. And I think of her, two boys dying of tuberculosis, nursing four others in order that she could take care of my older brother for three years in Arizona, and seeing each of them die, and when they died, it was like one of her own. Yes, she will have no books written about her. But she was a saint.\" Early life She was born Hannah Elizabeth Milhous near Butlerville, Indiana, the daughter of Almira Park (née Burdg; 1849–1943), who was from Columbiana County, Ohio, and Franklin Milhous (1848–1919), a native of Colerain Township, Belmont County, Ohio. Family She was married to Francis A. Nixon and had five sons: Harold Samuel Nixon (June 1, 1909 – March 7, 1933) Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994), 37th president of the United States, married to Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan and had two daughters. Francis Donald Nixon (November 23, 1914 – June 27, 1987), married to Clara Jane Lemke and had three children, including Donald A. Nixon Arthur Burdg Nixon (May 26, 1918 – August 10, 1925) Edward Calvert Nixon (May 3, 1930 – February 27, 2019) In popular culture Mary Steenburgen portrayed Hannah Nixon in the 1995 Oliver Stone film Nixon. References 1885 births 1967 deaths American Quakers Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park Housewives Mothers of presidents of the United States Mothers of vice presidents of the United States Nixon family People from Jennings County, Indiana","title":"Hannah Milhous Nixon"},{"docid":"2741","text":"Abigail () was an Israelite woman in the Hebrew Bible married to Nabal; she married the future King David after Nabal's death (1 Samuel ). Abigail was David's third wife, after Ahinoam and Saul's daughter, Michal, whom Saul later married to Palti, son of Laish, when David went into hiding. Abigail became the mother of one of David's sons, who is listed in the Book of Chronicles under the name Daniel, in the Masoretic Text of the Books of Samuel as Chileab, and in the Septuagint text of 2 Samuel 3:3 as Δαλουια, Dalouia. Her name is spelled Abigal in in the American Standard Version. Name Derived from the Hebrew word ab, \"father\", and the Hebrew root g-y-l, \"to rejoice,\" the name Abigail has a variety of possible meanings including \"my father's joy\" and \"source of joy\". Biblical narrative In 1 Samuel 25, Nabal demonstrates ingratitude towards David, the son of Jesse (from the tribe of Judah), and Abigail attempts to placate David, in order to stop the future King from taking revenge. She gives him food, and speaks to him, urging him not to \"have on his conscience the staggering burden of needless bloodshed\" (verse 31, NIV) and reminding him that God will make him a \"lasting dynasty\" (verse 28). Jon Levenson calls this an \"undeniable adumbration\" of Nathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 7. Alice Bach notes that Abigail pronounces a \"crucial prophecy,\" and the Talmud regards her as one of the Tanakh's seven female prophets. Levenson, however, suggests that she \"senses the drift of history\" from intelligence rather than from special revelation. After Abigail reveals to Nabal what she has done, \"God struck Nabal and he died\" (v. 38), after which David married her. Abigail is described as intelligent and beautiful. The Talmud amplifies this idea, mentioning her as being one of the \"four women of surpassing beauty in the world\" (the other three being Rahab, Sarah, and Esther). Being married to the wealthy Nabal, she is also a woman of high socioeconomic status. Whether David married her because he was attracted to her, or as an astute political move, or both is unclear. Abigail and David's second wife, Ahinoam the Jezreelite, accompany David and his war band as they seek refuge in Philistine territory. While David and his men are encamped near Jezreel, the women are captured by Amalekites who raided the town of Ziklag and carried off the women and children. David led the pursuit, and they were subsequently rescued. Both wives then settle with David in Hebron, where Abigail gives birth to David's second son, Chileab (also called Daniel). Abigail is also listed as one of the seven Jewish women prophets, the other six being Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Sarah, Huldah, and Esther. In terms of her moral character, Abraham Kuyper argues that Abigail's conduct indicates \"a most appealing character and unwavering faith,\" but Alice Bach regards her as subversive. Adele Berlin contrasts the story of Abigail with that of Bathsheba. In one, the wife prevents","title":"Abigail"},{"docid":"53582340","text":"David Brown (1763–1812) was an English chaplain in Bengal and founder of the Calcutta Bible Society. Life He was born in Yorkshire, and was educated first under private tuition at Scarborough, and then at a grammar school at Hull under Joseph Milner. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1782 as a sizar. Brown did not take a degree, but was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1785, by Richard Watson. He was appointed to a chaplaincy in Bengal. Brown reached Calcutta in 1786, and was placed in charge of an orphanage. At the same time he was appointed chaplain to the brigade at Fort William. In addition to these duties Brown took charge of the Old Mission Church of Calcutta. That year he met Charles Grant, and put together a \"Proposal for Establishing a Protestant Mission in Bengal\". It was passed to Charles Simeon, and then to William Wilberforce. Grant returned to Great Britain, and recruitment of evangelical chaplains for India got under way. In 1788 Brown gave up the orphanage position, incompatible with his work as pastor at the Old Mission Church, founded by John Kiernander. In 1794 Brown was appointed presidency chaplain. Among his close friends were Henry Martyn, Claudius Buchanan, and Thomas Thomason. He became senior chaplain in 1797, when Thomas Blanshard left. In 1803 Brown bought Aldeen House in Serampore, and made it his home. The grounds included a deserted temple. At this time Serampore was a colony of Danish India, and while the East India Company opposed missionary activity, the Lutheran Danish government was sympathetic, in particular to William Carey. Under the name the Pagoda, the abandoned Radha-vallabha temple next to the River Hooghly was used as an oratory by Henry Martyn, who often stayed with Brown. Aldeen House became a place of meeting of Baptist missionaries such as Carey, and the group of evangelical Anglican chaplains in Bengal. While personal relations were good, there were also tensions: Brown opposed Baptist efforts with the Calcutta Benevolent Institution, a free school, and there was a power struggle within the Serampore mission. Brown's health was failing in 1812. He embarked, for the benefit of sea air, in a vessel bound for Madras, which was wrecked on the voyage down the Bay of Bengal. The passengers and crew were rescued by another vessel and taken back to Calcutta. Brown died on 14 June 1812, at the house in Chowringhee of John Herbert Harington, president of the Calcutta Bible Society set up in 1811, as he was the secretary. Funeral sermons were preached by Daniel Corrie and Thomas Thomason. Family Brown married, first, a Miss Robinson of Hull, who died in 1794; and then in 1796, to Frances Cowley, daughter of Hannah Cowley. On his death he left nine children. Buchanan mentioned three sons, who had been schooled in languages. The family received support from the East India Company, moved to London, and Frances Brown died in Bristol, in 1822. Brown's children were: Jane Grant (1792–1821), the","title":"David Brown (East India Company chaplain)"},{"docid":"69166601","text":"Hannah Tamaki JP (née Lee; born 1960) is the wife of Brian Tamaki, the leader of the Pentecostal fundamentalist movement Destiny Church. She is also the leader of the Christian fundamentalist political party Vision NZ. Personal life Hannah Lee was born in Tokoroa in 1960 as the daughter of a European father named Basil Lee and a Māori mother named Polly. She has seven half-brothers and half-sisters. Basil worked as the foreman of the Tokoroa cheese factory. Hannah is the wife of Brian Tamaki, the leader of Destiny Church. The couple have three children and six grandchildren. Meeting Brian and religious conversion Hannah attended Tokoroa High School where she played netball, softball and hash harriers. In 1976, she dropped out of school at the age of 15 and found work at the SuperValue supermarket in Tokoroa. She met her future husband Brian Tamaki (who was two years older) and the two developed a romantic relationship. In August 1978, the couple moved to Te Awamutu where Brian became the manager at a dairy farm belonging to one of his relatives. In February 1979, Hannah gave birth to the couple's first child, Jasmine. Hannah bore a second daughter, named Jamie, 14 months later. In early 1979, Hannah underwent a \"born-again\" experience after Brian's parents Duke and Margaret Tamaki underwent a born-again experience following a meeting with Pastor Roy Beach, a former motorcycle-gang member turned pastor. The couple subsequently returned to Tokoroa in August 1979, staying with Basil. Hannah resumed her supermarket job while Brian found work tree-felling. Brian subsequently underwent a similar born-again experience in late 1979. The couple married on 22 March 1980. In January 1982, Hannah and her daughters accompanied her husband Brian to Te Nikau Bible College near Paraparaumu, which was affiliated with Pentecostal and Charismatic movements. During that period, Hannah gave birth to a son named Samuel. Hannah also took two courses at the Bible college, gaining an understanding of Christian theology. After Brian completed his ministerial training at Te Nikau Bible College, Hannah returned to her supermarket job. Brian took up a leadership role at Tokoroa Apostolic Church and became the manager of government employment-scheme. Hannah accompanied her husband as he pastored Rosetown Community Church in Te Awamutu and Lake City Church in Rotorua during the 1980s and 1990s. While in Te Awamutu, Hannah coached a netball team in order to increase their church's local contacts. In 1994, Brian seceded from the Apostolic Church denomination and founded his own movement, which subsequently became known as Destiny Church. Destiny Church In 1998, the Tamakis moved to Auckland and established City Church Auckland, which opened on 4 July. Destiny Church regards this date as its official commencement. Around 2002, Hannah Tamaki founded the Healing Hands Ministry as a small organisation to earn money from the Destiny women's meetings and to support people undergoing treatment, particularly for cancer. According to the historian Peter Lineham, Hannah served as the \"business brains\" of Destiny Church, complementing her husband Brian who was primarily","title":"Hannah Tamaki"},{"docid":"30613315","text":"Samuel Kneeland ( 1696 – 14 December 1769) was an American printer and publisher of The Boston Gazette and Weekly Journal. Kneeland obtained much of his work printing laws and other official documents for the Province of Massachusetts Bay colonial government for about two decades. He printed the first Bible in the English language ever produced in the American colonies, along with many other religious and spiritual works, including the Book of Psalms. He was also noted for introducing a number of innovations to newspaper printing and journalism. He was one of many colonial printers who were strongly opposed to and outspoken against the Stamp Act in 1765. Kneeland, primarily, along with his sons, were responsible for printing the greater majority of books, magazines and pamphlets published in Boston during his lifetime. Early life and family heritage Samuel Kneeland was born in Boston and entered into the printing business around 1718. His parents were John Kneeland and Mary (Green) Kneeland, who had eight children, of which he was the third born. He was named after his grandfather, Samuel Green, a printer in Boston, and his great-grandfather, Samuel Green, of Cambridge, England, the publisher of the Cambridge Bible. His printing shop was located on Prison lane, now called Court Street, at the corner of Dorset's alley in Boston. This building was used for eighty years as a printing house by Kneeland and his sons and grandsons. On February 8, 1721, Kneeland married Mary Alden, of Boston, a granddaughter of Captain John Alden, a merchant, politician and sailor of Boston. He had respectable friends, who helped him get started in the printing business with the capitol to acquire the necessary printing materials when he became of age. His younger sister, Hannah Kneeland, born 1703, married Jeremiah Townsend, of Boston, on April 16, 1734. Kneeland was the father of four sons, all of whom became printers. Two of them, John and Daniel set up a press, and entered into partnership before their father's death, while other two were never to established their own businesses. Samuel Kneeland and his sons, with their various partnerships, continued to capture the greater large share of the printing business in Boston. It is estimated that between 1705 and 1785, three out of four books printed and published in Boston bore the Kneeland imprint. Career Kneeland was apprenticed to Bartholomew Green, and was considered a good workman, industrious and earnest in his business manner. For many years he was a printer to the Province of Massachusetts Bay government and council, printing their laws, acts charters and journals and other legal documents. Sometime before 1740, Kneeland took on Daniel Fowle as an apprentice, who went on to become a successful printer. Kneeland, proposed to add a number of new features in his practice of journalism, including the introduction of an organized corps of correspondents of \"the most knowing and ingenious gentlemen in several noted towns\", to seek out and gather news. He also made proposed to publish on a weekly","title":"Samuel Kneeland (printer)"},{"docid":"50850893","text":"The Smiths of Glastonbury were two generations of women—a mother and her five daughters—residing in Glastonbury, Connecticut, in the late 18th and 19th century who were early champions of education, abolition, and women's rights. Kimberly Mansion, their former home on Main Street, is now a designated National Historic Landmark, and the family as a whole was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. The family The mother of the family, Hannah Hadassah (Hickok) Smith (1767–1850), was married to a prosperous Nonconformist clergyman, Zephaniah Smith. Zephaniah left the ministry due to a religious dispute and became a farmer and lawyer in Glastonbury. Hannah was conversant in the classics and saw to it that her daughters were exceptionally well educated. The author of an early anti-slavery petition, she was an abolitionist who helped slaves escape through the Underground Railroad. The five daughters were: Hancy Zephinia Smith (1787–1871), an active abolitionist Cyrinthia Sacretia Smith (1788–1864), a horticulturalist Laurilla Aleroyla Smith (1789–1837), a teacher at Catharine Beecher's seminary Julia Evelina Smith (1792–1886), a teacher at Emma Willard's school who became the first woman to translate the entire Bible from its original languages; a suffragist; and the author of a book, Abby Smith and Her Cows, about a suffrage-related tax battle with the Glastonbury authorities Abby Hadassah Smith (1797–1878), a public speaker on suffrage and a protagonist in the tax battle detailed in her sister Julia's book Unusually for the period, four of the daughters did not marry, while the fifth (Julia) married only at the age of 87. Glastonbury's middle school, Smith Middle School, is named after the family. See also Julia E. Smith Parker Translation References American families Suffragists from Connecticut American women's rights activists People from Glastonbury, Connecticut","title":"Smiths of Glastonbury"},{"docid":"20733244","text":"The Bulwark is a 1946 (posthumous) novel by Theodore Dreiser. Plot summary Hannah and Rufus Barnes, both Quakers, move out of Maine to Trenton, New Jersey, where Hannah's widowed sister lives. Their son Solon, the protagonist, meets Benecia Wallin; although she is affluent and he is not, they get married. Solon works in a bank in Philadelphia, where his Quaker values are contrary to financial ethos. He summons a bank examiner from Washington DC to stop the corrupt practices of some chief executives. Eventually, he resigns. Meanwhile, two of his offspring, Etta and Stewart, repudiate their Quaker upbringing. While Orville gets married and Isobel works in a college, Etta moves to Wisconsin and then Greenwich Village under the influence of one of her friends, Volida La Porte. She has an affair with a painter, until he decides to go West to further his career. Moreover, Stewart accidentally kills one of his dates and commits suicide shortly after. Eventually, Benecia dies upon Etta's return; Solon dies of cancer as Etta watches over him. Allusions to actual history Quaker figures by George Fox and John Woolman, with his Journals, are mentioned. Financiers such as Nicholas Biddle, Anthony Joseph Drexel I, George Dunton Widener, the Vanderbilt family, Jay Gould, J. P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller are mentioned. Allusions to other works The Quaker Book of Discipline and the Bible are mentioned. Mrs Tennet tells Orville about Fairy Berulyne. Later, Volida lends Etta a copy of The Lady of the Camellias by Alexandre Dumas, fils. Later, Etta also reads La Cousine Bette by Balzac, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and Daudet's Sappho. Jack and the Beanstalk, Charles Perrault's Bluebeard, and Sinbad the Sailor are also mentioned. Literary significance and criticism Theodore Dreiser started working on this novel as early as 1914. It was published posthumously, one year after Dreiser's death. Dreiser read John Woolman's Journals in 1939. It has been suggested that Dreiser's reading of Thoreau in 1938 influenced some passages. The novel has been described as an allegory, where Solon is the figure of a saint. Moreover, it has been suggested that Solon Barnes was informed by Theodore Dreiser's own father, John Paul Dreiser. References 1946 American novels Novels by Theodore Dreiser Novels published posthumously Doubleday (publisher) books","title":"The Bulwark (novel)"},{"docid":"61275579","text":"George Brown (January 10, 1746 – June 19, 1836) was a Rhode Island politician and judge who served as a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from May 1796 to June 1799, and as the first lieutenant governor of Rhode Island from 1799 to 1800. Early life Brown was born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, on January 10, 1746. He was the eldest of four sons born to Robert Brown, Esq. and his first wife, Sarah (née Franklin) Brown, who married in 1745. His younger brothers were William, John and Franklin Brown. Some sources indicate Brown's mother, Sarah Franklin was a relative of Benjamin Franklin. Career Like his father Robert, George was an attorney at law in Rhode Island. He served as a representative in the Rhode Island General Assembly and in 1796 was elected by the Legislature as the second justice of the state supreme court, holding that office until 1799. From 1799 to 1800, Brown served as the lieutenant governor of Rhode Island under Governor Arthur Fenner. Brown defeated the incumbent lieutenant governor Samuel J. Potter, served his term and was in turn defeated by Potter who succeeded him. Brown owned a nearly four hundred acre farm in South Kingstown, which \"formerly constituted one of the most eligible tracts of the Hazards' Boston Neck estates.\" The head farmer on his estate was John Perry, father of Robinson Perry, and a cousin of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. Personal life On April 24, 1768, Brown was married to Hannah Robinson (1751–1822) in Narragansett, Rhode Island. Hannah was the daughter of William Robinson and Hannah (née Brown) Robinson and the granddaughter of William Robinson who served as the 28th and 30th Deputy Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. George and Hannah were the parents of nine children together, including: Elizabeth Brown (1769–1855), who married Benjamin Robinson in 1791. George Brown (d. 1864), who married Mary Brown (d. 1842). Abby Brown (d. 1852) William Brown (1776–1824), who married Ann Dockray (1779–1845). Sarah Brown (1778–1804), who married John J. Watson (1774–1852) in 1798. Ann Brown (1783–1872) Hannah Brown (1785–1872), who married Rowse Babcock (1773–1841) in 1801. John Brown (1792–1833), who married Mary Elizabeth Robinson (1794–1866). Brown died on June 19, 1836, and was buried in River Bend Cemetery in Westerly, Rhode Island. References External links 1746 births 1836 deaths People from South Kingstown, Rhode Island Members of the Rhode Island General Assembly Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court Lieutenant Governors of Rhode Island","title":"George Brown (Rhode Island politician)"},{"docid":"46502410","text":"Hannah and John Edward Peck were an American married couple that were poisoned with arsenic by their son-in-law Arthur Warren Waite in 1916. The murders Arthur Warren Waite married Clara Louise Peck, the daughter of Hannah M. Peck (nee Carpenter) and John Edward Peck on September 9, 1915, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Hannah Peck was poisoned with arsenic and died on January 30, 1916, at the home of Waite and his wife and the victim's daughter Clara Peck. John Peck travelled from Grand Rapids, Michigan to Manhattan, New York City and he died on March 21, 1916. Waite poisoned him during a dental exam and gave him additional arsenic in his food. When the death was too slow he gave him ether and smothered him with a pillow. Waite was found guilty and sentenced to death via electrocution at Sing Sing on May 24, 1917. Perpetrator Arthur Warren Waite (December 2, 1887 – May 24, 1917) He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan to Warren W. Wait and Sarah Jane Haines. He claimed to be a physician and took a course in dentistry at the University of Michigan and then studied at the University of Glasgow. Subsequently, despite the fact that he was listed in directories as \"Dr. Waite\", he was never a registered physician, nor practiced dentistry. Victims John Edward Peck (March 4, 1844 – March 21, 1916) He was born in Newburg, New York, to Elias Peck and Catherine Millard. He married Hannah M. Carpenter in 1876. He died at 435 Riverside Drive in Manhattan, New York City at the home of Arthur. He founded Peck Brothers Drug Co. with his brother Thomas M. Peck and sold it for several million dollars. He was a director of several banks and held stocks in Furniture companies. Hannah M. Carpenter Peck (April 24, 1854 – January 30, 1916) was born in New York City. She married John Edward Peck. She was poisoned by Arthur Warren Waite. Family of victims Percy Seaman Peck (1878–1974) was the son of Hannah and John Edward Peck. He testified at the murder trial of Arthur Warren Waite. Waite's wife Clara Louise Peck Waite (1887–1964) was the daughter of Hannah and John Edward Peck, and the wife of Arthur Warren Waite. She was poisoned, and became ill, but recovered. She later married John J. Caulfield (1883–1952). Margaret Horton Margaret Horton was a cabaret singer who was having an affair with the married Arthur Warren Waite. References 1916 murders in the United States Murder in New Jersey Peck, Hannah M. Carpenter Peck, John Edward American murder victims Deaths by poisoning 1916 in New Jersey","title":"Murder of Hannah and John E. Peck"},{"docid":"74065435","text":"Hannah Gifford was the teacher at a free school that was \"one of the most striking achievements of puritan Dorchester\" that operated between 1651 and 1668. The town paid for her salary, books, bibles and clothing for dozens of poor children. Life Gifford came to notice in 1651 when the town of Dorchester decided to create and fund a school. The Thomas Hardye School (for boys) was already operating but there was no school for the poor. The corporation agreed to pay her £10 a year to look after 30 pupils and to make that up to £12 if there was more than thirty children. In the event there were more than sixty prospective pupils who came either for the education or the offer of free clothing. A few of the recipients of the clothing lost interest after it was received. Gifford had been born Hannah Gilpin and her father Bernard Galpin had left for America in 1630 on board the Mary and John. She had married Robert Gifford the year before and she and Robert decided to stay. However they were not rich, but they were religious. Robert Gifford was given a charity payment in the 1640s. Her teaching at the new school was commended. She taught the children to read and to know the catechism. The school had been formed to improve the moral and spiritual well-being and the town paid for bibles and books which were supplied by John Long and William Churchill. The school was said to be \"one of the most striking achievements of puritan Dorchester\". It was maintained by a payment made on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot. The school was operating in 1668 with her as teacher but the school had stopped by 1676. References School principals and headteachers People from Dorchester, Dorset 17th-century English women","title":"Hannah Gifford"},{"docid":"55263809","text":"Eunice Hale Cobb (; January 27, 1803 – May 2, 1880) was an American writer, public speaker, and activist. She was born in Kennebunk, Maine, in 1803 and she married Rev. Sylvanus Cobb in Hallowell, Maine, in 1822. She was a devoted and efficient assistant to his religious work as a Universalist preacher. Her eldest son, Sylvanus, Jr., derived much of his noted faculty for story-telling from her practice of telling him stories – often continued from evening to evening, as he sat at her feet when a child. She wrote hymns, and occasional poems, and obituary lines. Her faith in God was expressed in all her poetry. As a public speaker, she was very persuasive and convincing. She was the first female president of the Ladies Physiological Institute, of Boston, and served it in that capacity for some 15 years. She died in 1880. Early life and education Eunice Hale Waite was born in Kennebunk, January 27, 1803, the second child of Elizabeth Stanwood and Captain Hale Waite. Her father had removed to Kennebunk from Ipswich, Massachusetts, a short time before Cobb was born, and he returned there soon after her birth, so that Ipswich was associated with her earliest childhood. Captain Waite died when Cobb was five years old, leaving a widowed mother and four children, two of whom died at a very early age. After her father's death, Cobb was cared for by her maternal grandparents, who were Calvinists. At the age of ten, her mother married Samuel Locke (1784-1873), of Hallowell, a man of liberal education who was a school preceptor by profession. He was known to have exerted an influence on his stepdaughter. Thoroughly imbued with the Calvinistic doctrine by her grandparents, Cobb, at an early age, became a prominent member of the Baptist church of Hallowell. Asking her stepfather for spiritual guidance, he responded: \"I will not try to shake your faith, but I would have you study candidly, patiently, intelligently, fearlessly, the Bible.\" Family Of her genealogy, the following was contained in a son's memoir: — Thomas Waite of Ipswich is first mentioned in 1658. He was appointed sergeant in 1664. His wife was complained of before the court for wearing a silk dress, but it was decided that she was entitled to do so. From various circumstances, it is supposed that Thomas Waite was of the same family with the Maiden Waites, and with'them descended from Samuel Waite of Wethersfield, Essex County, England; but the evidence of such descent seems unattainable. Of his five children, the second son, John, was born in 1658, died May 21, 1736. He married for his first wife, Kathren Carroll, August 14, 1685; for second wife, Hannah Dorr, November 16, 1712. Their children numbered eight. Jonadab, the third son, was born February 20, 1690, married Hannah Adams, September 11, 1725, and died July 6, 1761. They had one child, John, baptized August 17, 1729. He was married to Sarah Kimball, November 30, 1749; died in February 1752,","title":"Eunice Hale Cobb"},{"docid":"14881268","text":"The Conversion of Sum Loo is a short story by Willa Cather. It was first published in Library in August 1900. Plot summary After his first wife dies without giving him the progeny his recently deceased father strongly wished him to have, Sum Chin, who grew up in China and now lives in San Francisco, decides to marry the daughter of a friend he had in China. They have a child together, Sum Wing, and baptise him. The child dies, and Sum Chin becomes very mournful; this was his last chance of living up to his patronym. His wife also keeps away from other people. Once, Sister Hannah follows her into a joss house and sees her tear away pages from the Bible. Characters Sum Chin, a trader of 'Chinese bronzes and bric-a-brac in San Francisco'. He grew up in Nanjing, where he liked to read Chinese literature. Sum Loo, Sum Chin's wife. Sister Hannah Norman Girrard, a theological student at the Mission of the Heavenly Rest. He liked to do charcoal drawings in his youth. Later, he took to drinking absinthe and doing profane paintings. Te Wing, a 'purchasing agent' from Canton. He is Sum Loo's father. Sum Wing, Sum Chin and Loo's child, who dies soon after being baptised. Literary significance and criticism The Conversion of Sum Loo is a rewriting of Cather's earlier story, A Son of the Celestial. References External links Full Text at the Willa Cather Archive 1900 short stories Short stories by Willa Cather Works originally published in Library (journal)","title":"The Conversion of Sum Loo"},{"docid":"704445","text":"Zachary Macaulay (; 2 May 1768 – 13 May 1838) was a Scottish statistician and abolitionist who was a founder of London University and of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, and a Governor of British Sierra Leone. Early life Macaulay was born in Inveraray, Scotland, to Margaret Campbell and John Macaulay (1720 – 1789), who was a minister of the Church of Scotland and a grandson of Dòmhnall Cam. He had two brothers: Aulay Macaulay, who was an antiquary, and Colin Macaulay, who was a general and an abolitionist. Zachary Macaulay was not educated in, but taught himself, Greek and Latin and English literature. Career Macaulay worked in a merchant's office in Glasgow, where he fell into bad company and began to indulge in excessive drinking. In late 1784, when aged 16 years, he emigrated to Jamaica, where he worked as an assistant manager at a sugar plantation, at which he objected to slavery as a consequence of which he, contrary to the preference of his father, renounced his job and returned in 1789 to London, where he reduced his alcoholism and became a bookkeeper. He was influenced by Thomas Babington of Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, an evangelical Whig abolitionist whom his sister Jean had married, and by whom he was influenced and introduced to William Wilberforce and Henry Thornton. Macaulay in 1790 visited Sierra Leone, the West African colony that was founded by the Sierra Leone Company for emancipated slaves. He returned in 1792 to serve on its Council, by which he was invested as Governor in 1794, as which he remained until 1799. Macaulay became a member of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, with William Wilberforce, to campaign for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. He later became the secretary of the African Institution. He and Wilberforce also became members of the Clapham Sect of evangelical Whigs, that included Henry Thornton and Edward Eliot, for whom he edited the magazine, the Christian Observer, from 1802 to 1816. Macaulay served on committees that established London University, and that established the Society for the Suppression of Vice. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society, and an active supporter of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and of the Cheap Repository Tracts, and of the Church Missionary Society. Macaulay contributed to the 1823 foundation of the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery, and he was editor of its publication, the Anti-Slavery Reporter, in which he censured the analysis of indentured labour by the British Colonial Office expert Thomas Moody However, Zachary Macaulay desired a 'free black peasantry' rather than equality for Africans. Macaulay died on 13 May 1838 in London, where he was buried in St George's Gardens, Bloomsbury, and where a memorial to him was erected in Westminster Abbey. Personal life Macaulay married Selina Mills, who was the daughter of the Quaker printer Thomas Mills. They were introduced by Hannah More on 26 August 1799. They settled in","title":"Zachary Macaulay"},{"docid":"76801546","text":"John Edwards Caldwell (February 2, 1769March 9, 1819) was an American author, philanthropist, and politician who co-founded the American Bible Society and the Christian Herald. Early life and family Caldwell was born in 1769, the son of James Caldwell and Hannah Ogden. His father was a Presbyterian minister who played a prominent part in the American Revolution and was known as the \"Fighting Parson\". Caldwell's family home was burned by Loyalists in 1780. After his father's murder in 1781, Caldwell was placed under the care of his legal guardian Elias Boudinot, who sent him to live in the home of Rev. Alexander MacWhorter. Caldwell was later adopted by Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who took him with his family upon his return to France in 1782. Caldwell was educated in a French boarding school during that period. In 1785, Caldwell and the family of Lafayette dined with John Adams. In 1791, Caldwell returned to America and settled in Philadelphia, where his guardian Boudinot was living. Marriage In 1801, Caldwell married Hanna Wyck, and they had one daughter. Career In June 1801, Caldwell received a recess appointment by President Thomas Jefferson as Consular Agent for the West Indies and San Domingo. His appointment was confirmed by the United States Senate in January 1802. In 1802, he wrote to then-Secretary of State James Madison and provided an account of American vessels in port. Caldwell later moved to New York City. Caldwell was an early founder of the American Bible Society, and served as its general agent from 1878 until the rest of his life. In 1816, Caldwell made a founding donation to the society of $10,000. Caldwell was also the founder of the Christian Herald, and he served as editor and publisher of the first five volumes. In 1809, Caldwell published his first book, A Tour through Part of Virginia, In the Summer of 1808. Death and legacy Caldwell died in 1819 aged 50. He is buried at Middle Dutch Church. His portrait is in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery. The John Edwards Caldwell Papers are in the permanent collection of the Library of Congress, and his 1809 book A Tour through Part of Virginia is in the collection of the United States National Library of Medicine. Works A Tour through Part of Virginia, In the Summer of 1808, 1809. Some Account of the Islands of the Azores, 1809. Scenes from a Cave Tour, 1808. The Christian Herald: Volume I, 1816. The Christian Herald: Volume II, 1816. The Christian Herald: Volume III, 1817. The Christian Herald: Volume IV, 1817. The Christian Herald: Volume V, 1818. References 1769 births 1819 deaths People from Elizabeth, New Jersey Historians of Virginia Historians of Colonial North America 18th-century American writers 19th-century American writers 19th-century American politicians 18th-century American politicians American Presbyterians","title":"John Edwards Caldwell"},{"docid":"44513342","text":"Serena Lake (née Thorne) (28 October 1842 – 9 July 1902) was an English Australian suffragist, temperance activist, and evangelical preacher in South Australia. Early life Serena Thorne was born in England at Shebbear, Devon. She was the daughter of Bible Christian Methodist preachers, Samuel and Mary Thorne. Her grandfather, William O’Bryan was the founder of the Bible Christian Church. Bible Christians allowed women preachers and by the age of 21 she was a widely known preacher through Devon, Cornwall and South Wales. Australia Serena Thorne was sent to preach and help establish Bible Christianity in Queensland, Australia in 1865 and in 1870 she was invited by Samuel Way and Dr Allan Campbell to preach at Bible Christian Churches in Adelaide, South Australia. She preached to large crowds in Adelaide and travelled widely amongst the parishes of South Australia. In March 1871 Lake married Reverend Octavius Lake (1841 – 9 September 1922), whom she had previously known in England. They were married by Rev. James Way in Samuel Way's house in Adelaide on 2 March 1871. Between 1873 and 1883 she gave birth to seven children only one of whom survived to adulthood. Women's Suffrage League In 1888 Lake was involved in the foundation meeting of the South Australian Women's Suffrage League and was appointed to the council. Lake believed gender equality was \"the original design of the Creator\" and combined her passion for women's suffrage with her evangelical passion. Lake shared platforms with suffragists such as Mary Lee, and used logic, wit and evangelical fervour to argue in favour of women's suffrage. Lake was a strong believer in the evils of alcohol and felt confident that once women had the vote it would help to end the liquor trade. Woman's Christian Temperance Union In 1889 Lake was appointed to the position of Colonial Organiser of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia as well as Suffrage superintendent of the Union. Lake travelled widely across South Australia, as well as to Broken Hill, to enrol new members and establish branches of the Union throughout country South Australia. She was, with Elizabeth Webb Nicholls (1850–1943), Maria Peacock Henderson, Mary Jane George, Hannah Chewings, and Sarah Lindsay Evans a trustee of the Union when it was incorporated in 1891. She also spread the women's suffrage message through the Union in her role as Suffrage superintendent. In an 1890 report to the Union, Lake recorded 27 new Unions she had organised across South Australia. Lake requested each of the 65 South Australian Unions to report on the works of their women's suffrage departments, however, in her 1891 report she noted that only half replied and some did not have suffrage departments. The 1891 report provided information on the progress of women's suffrage legislation and contained an appeal from Lake to members to spread the suffrage work. A quote from Lake's 1891 report states: \"The aim of our work is to wake both men and women up to the injustice and absurdity of","title":"Serena Lake"},{"docid":"58006058","text":"Lyman Burt Peet (March 1, 1809 - January 11, 1878; Chinese: 弼利民 or 弼來滿; Pinyin: Bì Lìmín or Bì Láimǎn; Foochow Romanized: Bĭk Lé-mìng or Bĭk Lài-muāng) was one of the first Congregationalist missionaries to Fuzhou, China. Life Lyman Burt Peet was born on March 1, 1809, in Cornwall, Vermont to Lemuel and Roxalany (Stebbins) Peet. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1834 and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1837. On December 13, 1837, he was ordained in South Dennis, Massachusetts, and sailed as a missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. for Siam on July 6, 1839. In August 1846 he was transferred to Fuzhou and reached there in September 1847. Peet retired in 1871, and resided in West Haven, Connecticut until he died of dysentery on January 11, 1878. Peet married twice. In 1839 he married his first wife, Rebecca Clemence Sherrill, who died in Fuzhou in 1856. On June 6, 1858, he married Hannah Louisa Plimpton, who, after Peet's death, married to another ABCFM missionary in Fuzhou, Charles Hartwell. During his years in Fuzhou, he helped translate several portions of the Bible including the Book of Psalms, the Proverbs, and the Book of Job into the local Fuzhou dialect. References Presbyterian missionaries in China Christian missionaries in Fujian Presbyterian writers Middlebury College alumni Andover Theological Seminary alumni People from Cornwall, Vermont 1809 births 1878 deaths American expatriates in China American Presbyterian missionaries","title":"Lyman Burt Peet"},{"docid":"42750662","text":"Sarah Ewing Hall (October 30, 1761 – April 8, 1830) was an American educator, poet, and essayist of Christian literature. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of the Reverend John Ewing, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church and Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, and Hannah (Sergeant) Ewing. She was taught at home by her father and by his learned guests' instructive dialogues. Her favorite subject was astronomy, where her father was an expert. She also gained vast knowledge of Greek and Latin when listening to her brothers recite. In 1782, she married John Hall, who was the son of a wealthy Maryland planter, and they had eleven children, residing in relative solitude on his farm in Maryland for the next eight years. In 1790 the family returned to Philadelphia where John Hall served as secretary of the Pennsylvania land office and a U.S. marshal from 1799 to 1801. In 1805 they moved to New Jersey, but later financial changes forced them to move back to Maryland, from where they returned to Philadelphia in 1811. Two of her sons were John Elihu Hall and James Hall, both of whom were prominent publishers and writers. She died in Philadelphia in 1830 and was buried in the Third Presbyterian Church burial ground. Writing career Hall was an essayist and wrote for Joseph Dennie's Port Folio, a Philadelphia Federalist magazine. In 1818 shw wrote Conversations on the Bible, which became her most notable work. in 1833, her essays and letters were compiled and published as Mrs. Sarah Hall, Author of Conversations on the Bible. Bibliography Conversations on the Bible (1818) Mrs. Sarah Hall, Author of Conversations on the Bible (1833) References 1761 births 1830 deaths Poets from Philadelphia American women poets 19th-century American poets 18th-century American poets American Christian writers American women essayists 19th-century American women writers 18th-century essayists 19th-century American essayists 18th-century American women writers Educators from Pennsylvania American women educators","title":"Sarah Ewing Hall"},{"docid":"5369370","text":"Black & Blue is a 1997 crime novel by Ian Rankin. The eighth of the Inspector Rebus novels, it was the first to be adapted in the Rebus television series starring John Hannah, airing in 2000. It is considered a landmark entry in the Tartan Noir genre. Plot summary Detective Inspector John Rebus is working on four cases at once trying to catch a killer he suspects of being the infamous Bible John. He has to do it while under an internal inquiry led by a man he has accused of taking bribes from Glasgow's \"Mr Big\". TV journalists are meanwhile investigating Rebus over a miscarriage of justice. Rebus travels between Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen and then on to Shetland and the North Sea. Full summary Set in Scotland around the mid-1990s, Black & Blue focuses on Detective Inspector Rebus. Transferred to Craigmillar, Rebus is investigating the Johnny Bible case. (The spree of recent killings bears a striking similarity to the factual \"Bible John\" case of the late 1960s.) Rebus resolves an ambiguous incident with his colleague Brian Holmes, regarding the alleged assault on the criminal Mental Minto. He becomes involved in investigating the brutal death of Allan Mitchison. At home, Rebus is fascinated by the Bible John killings, and studies them off-duty through old newspapers and reports. Rebus had also worked on the Spaven case with a former boss, Geddes; despite having arrested Spaven and found him with the victim's handbag, Rebus (and the press) are not convinced that the evidence wasn't planted. Spaven had continued to protest his innocence, including in a best-selling biography, before committing suicide in prison. Rebus starts investigating Mitchison's death, while assigning Holmes to research Geddes’ notes in the Spaven case, to return the favour for resolving the earlier incident with Minto. Suspecting Tony El of murdering Mitchison, Rebus puts out his description before heading to Partick to see Joseph Toal, a local crime boss who used to employ Tony El. The book switches to Bible John's viewpoint, who arrives in Scotland, apparently to pursue Johnny Bible, whom he calls \"the Upstart\". Investigating libraries, Bible John starts tracing anyone who has researched him. In Partick with CI Ancram and an old friend, DI Jack Morton, Rebus continues investigating Johnny Bible, and calls on his relationship with Cafferty, a gang lord in Edinburgh now behind bars. Because of his respect for Rebus despite his being a police officer, Cafferty arranges a meeting for him with Uncle Joe, where Rebus learns that Tony El is no longer working for Uncle Joe and apparently headed south. After a dispute with Ancram, Rebus heads back home. After meeting with Gill Templer, Rebus attempts to visit one of his colleague's snitches, only to find him dead in the canal. In an attempt to satisfy the press, the police open an inquiry into the Spaven case, and bring Rebus in as he is the only surviving person to have been closely involved. Attempting to stall talking to them, Rebus heads","title":"Black & Blue (Rankin novel)"},{"docid":"3359455","text":"Hannah O'Brien Chaplin Conant (, Chaplin; pen name, H. C. Conant; September 5, 1809February 18, 1865) was an American biblical scholar. Biography Hannah O'Brien Chaplin was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, September 5, 1809. Her father was a clergyman. In 1830, she was married to Thomas Jefferson Conant, and in 1838 she became the editor of The Mother's Journal. She translated from the German Strauss' Baptism in Jordan, Neander's commentary on Philippians, and works by other authors. Her works are The Earnest Man, an excellent biography of Adoniram Judson (1855), and a Popular History of English Bible Translation (1856). She was an able assistant in her husband's Hebrew studies. Selected works The earnest man : a sketch of the character and labors of Adoniram Judson, first missionary to Burmah (1855) Popular History of English Bible Translation (1856) The English Bible. History of the translation of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue. With specimens of the old English versions (1856) The popular history of the translation of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue. With specimens of the old English versions (1880) References 1809 births 1865 deaths Hannah People from Danvers, Massachusetts American biblical scholars German–English translators American magazine editors American women magazine editors 19th-century American journalists 19th-century American women journalists 19th-century American translators Female biblical scholars 19th-century pseudonymous writers","title":"Hannah O'Brien Chaplin"},{"docid":"11038490","text":"Lewis Sperry Chafer (February 27, 1871 – August 22, 1952) was an American theologian. He co-founded Dallas Theological Seminary with his older brother Rollin Thomas Chafer (1868-1940), served as its first president, and was an influential proponent of Christian Dispensationalism in the early 20th century. John Hannah described Chafer as a visionary Bible teacher, a minister of the gospel, a man of prayer with strong piety. One of his students, Charles Caldwell Ryrie, who went on to become a world renowned theologian and scholar, stated that Chafer was an evangelist who was also \"an eminent theologian.\" Biography Early life Chafer was born in Rock Creek, Ohio to Thomas and Lomira Chafer and was the second of three children. His father, a parson, died from tuberculosis when Lewis was 11 years old, and his mother supported the family by teaching school and keeping boarders in the family home. Chafer attended the Rock Creek Public School as a young boy, and the New Lyme Institution in New Lyme, Ohio from 1885 to 1888. Here he discovered a talent for music and choir. Chafer quit his studies at Oberlin to work with YMCA evangelist, Arthur T. Reed of Ohio. From 1889 to 1891, Chafer attended Oberlin College, where he met Ella Loraine Case. They were married April 22, 1896 and formed a traveling evangelistic music ministry, he singing or preaching and she playing the organ. Their marriage lasted until she died in 1944. Ministry Ordained in 1900 by a Council of Congregational Ministers in the First Congregational Church in Buffalo and in 1903 he ministered as an evangelist in the Presbytery of Troy in Massachusetts and became associated with the ministry of Cyrus Scofield, who became his mentor. During this early period, Chafer began writing and developing his theology. He taught Bible classes and music at the Mount Hermon School for Boys from 1906 to 1910. He joined the Orange Presbytery in 1912 due to the increasing influence of his ministry in the south. He aided Scofield in establishing the Philadelphia School of the Bible in 1913. From 1923 to 1925, he served as general secretary of the Central American Mission. When Scofield died in 1921, Chafer moved to Dallas, Texas to pastor the First Congregational Church of Dallas, an independent church where Scofield had ministered. Then, in 1924, Chafer and his friend William Henry Griffith Thomas realized their vision of a simple, Bible-teaching theological seminary and founded Dallas Theological Seminary (originally Evangelical Theological College). Chafer served as president of the seminary and professor of Systematic Theology from 1924 until his death. He died with friends while away at a conference in Seattle, Washington in August 1952. In 1953, the newly built chapel was designated the Lewis Sperry Chafer Chapel after the recently passed leader. During his life, Chafer received three honorary doctorates: Doctor of Divinity from Wheaton in 1926, Doctor of Letters from Dallas in 1942, and Doctor of Theology from the Aix-en-Province, France, Protestant Seminary in 1946. Chafer had a tremendous","title":"Lewis Sperry Chafer"},{"docid":"392071","text":"Major-General Sir Henry Havelock (5 April 1795 – 24 November 1857) was a British general who is particularly associated with India and his recapture of Cawnpore during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Early life Henry Havelock was born at Ford Hall, Bishopwearmouth (now in Sunderland), the son of William Havelock, a wealthy shipbuilder, and Jane, daughter of John Carter, solicitor, of Stockton-on-Tees. He was the second of four brothers, all of whom entered the army. The family moved to Ingress Park, Greenhithe, Kent, when Henry was still a child, and here his mother died in 1811. From January 1800 until August 1804 Henry attended Dartford Grammar School as a parlour boarder with the Master, Rev John Bradley, after which he was placed with his elder brother in the boarding-house of Dr. Raine, headmaster of Charterhouse School until he was 17. Among his contemporaries at Charterhouse were Connop Thirlwall, George Grote, William Hale, Julius Hare, and William Norris (Recorder of Penang), the last two being his special friends. Shortly after leaving Charterhouse his father lost his fortune by unsuccessful speculation, sold Ingress Hall, and removed to Clifton. In accordance with the desire of his mother he entered the Middle Temple in 1813, and became a pupil of Joseph Chitty; his fellow-student was Thomas Talfourd. Havelock was thrown upon his own resources, and obliged to abandon the law as a profession. By the good offices of his brother William, who had distinguished himself in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo, he obtained on 30 July 1815, at the age of 20, a post as second lieutenant in the 95th Regiment of Foot, Rifle Brigade, and was posted to the company of Captain Harry Smith, who encouraged him to study military history and the art of war. He was promoted lieutenant on 24 October 1821. During the following eight years of service in Britain he read extensively all the standard works and acquired a good acquaintance with the theory of war. India Seeing no prospect of active service, he resolved to go to India, and at the end of 1822 transferred into the 13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment (Light Infantry), then commanded by Major Robert Sale, and embarked on the General Kyd in January 1823 for India. Before embarkation he studied the Persian and Hindustani languages with success under John Borthwick Gilchrist. During the voyage a brother officer, Lieutenant James Gardner, awakened in Havelock religious convictions which had slumbered since his mother's death, but henceforth became the guiding principle of his life. Havelock served with distinction in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), after which he returned to England and married Hannah Shepherd Marshman, the daughter of eminent Christian missionaries Dr. and Mrs. Joshua Marshman. At about the same time he became a Baptist, being baptized by John Mack at Serampore. He introduced some of his new family's missionary ideas to the army and began the distribution of bibles to all soldiers. He also introduced all-rank bible study classes and established the first non-church services","title":"Henry Havelock"},{"docid":"11184831","text":"Hana Catherine Mullens (1826–1861) was a European Christian missionary, educator, translator and writer. She was a leader of zenana missions, setting up schools for girls and writing what is arguably the first novel in Bengali. She spent most of her life in Calcutta, then the capital of British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal), and was fluent in the Bengali language. Early life and education Hana Catherine Lacroix was born in Calcutta. Her father was Alphonse François Lacroix, a Swiss Protestant missionary who went to Chinsurah in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the London Missionary Society (LMS). Her mother, Hannah Herklots, was from a Dutch colonial family. Hana grew up in the mission in Bhowanipore, one of the Dihi Panchannagram villages then on the suburbs of the capital of the Raj. She learned Bengali, the language of her amah and other servants, at a period when Sanskrit was used only for liturgical and religious purposes; and Bengali was only a language of conversation. At the age of 12 she started teaching Bengali in a newly established school. She was educated mostly by her parents until the family travelled back to Europe when she was 15. Living in London gave her the opportunity to study at the Home and Colonial School Society, where she trained to be a teacher, and then returned to Calcutta. Career Educator In 1845, she married Joseph Mullens also of the LMS, who had travelled out to India on the same ship as her father. The missionary couple continued their work in Calcutta for a dozen years. Using her fluency in Bengali, Hana Catherine Mullens was head of a girls' boarding school, and taught Bible classes to women. It was at the invitation of Rev. Mullens, chairing the Bengal Missionary Conference of 1855, that Rev. John Fordyce first reported on his female teaching initiative in the zenana. (The word refers to the secluded living quarters of girls and women, similar to purdah.) Hana Catherine Mullens became known for her devotion to the outreach programme of the zenana missions. Shortly after the conference, she persuaded the widow of a Hindu doctor to accommodate zenana teaching in her home, and then negotiated other similar arrangements. These Indian Christians were known as Bible women. In 1858, she and her husband visited Britain to spread the word about their missionary work in India. By the time of her death in 1861, she had four zenanas under her care and was visiting a further eleven every afternoon. Writer She is credited by some with having written the first novel in the Bengali language, Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran (Description of Phulmani and Karuna), in 1852. It was aimed at native Christian women. This book was published six years before Peary Chand Mitra published his Alaler Gharer Dulal. There are other claimants to earlier novels. Nabababubilas published by Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay in 1825 is claimed as one but others think of it as being merely a story. Similar reservation has also been expressed","title":"Hana Catherine Mullens"},{"docid":"63305492","text":"Bible translations into Geʽez, an ancient South Semitic language of the Ethiopian branch, date back to the 6th century at least, making them one of the world's oldest Bible translations. Translations of the Bible in Ge'ez, in a predecessor of the Ge'ez script which did not possess vowels, were created between the 5th and 7th century, soon after the Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century. The milestones of the modern editions were the Roman edition of the New Testament in 1548 edited by Tasfa Seyon, which is the editio princeps, and the critical edition of the New Testament by Thomas P. Platt in 1830 (his edition of the Geʽez four Gospels was first published in 1826). The Garima Gospels are the oldest translation of the Bible in Ge'ez and the world's earliest complete illustrated Christian manuscript. Monastic tradition holds that they were composed close to the year 500, a date supported by recent radiocarbon analysis; samples from Garima 2 proposed a date of 390–570, while counterpart dating of samples from Garima 1 proposed a date of 530–660. The Garima Gospels is also thought to be the oldest surviving Geʽez manuscript. Ge'ez Bible manuscripts existed until at least the late 17th century. In 2009, the Ethiopian Catholic Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church associated themselves with the Bible Society of Ethiopia to produce a printed version of the Bible in Ge'ez. The New Testament was released in 2017. References Further reading Piovanelli, Pierluigi. \"Aksum and the Bible: Old Assumptions and New Perspectives.\" Aethiopica 21 (2018): 7-27. Open access Hannah, Darrell. \"The Vorlage of the Ethiopic Version of the Epistula Apostolorum: Greek or Arabic?.\" Beyond Canon: Early Christianity and the Ethiopic Textual Tradition (2020): 97ff. Knibb, Michael A. 2000. Translating the Bible: The Ethiopic Version of the Old Testament, by Michael A. Knibb. The Schweich Lectures for 1995. New York: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. Ullendorff, Edward, Ethiopia and the Bible: The Schweich Lectures (Oxford: British Academy, 1968) Zuurmond, Rochus. \"The Ethiopic Version of the New Testament.\" The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (1995): 142–56. External links VETERIS TESTAMENTI AETHIOPICA, Ran HaCohen's text digitization of Augustus Dillmann's edited OT Apocrypha History of Christianity in Ethiopia Bible versions and translations Texts in Ge'ez","title":"Bible translations into Geʽez"},{"docid":"10133","text":"Elias Boudinot ( ; May 2, 1740 – October 24, 1821), a Founding Father of the United States, was a lawyer, statesman, and early abolitionist and women's rights advocate from Elizabeth, New Jersey. During the Revolutionary War, Boudinot was an intelligence officer and prisoner-of-war commissary under general George Washington, working to improve conditions for prisoners on both the American and British sides. In 1779, he was elected to the Continental Congress and then to its successor, the Congress of the Confederation, serving as President of Congress in 1782—1783, the final years of the war. After being elected to the first, second, and third U.S. Congresses, where he served from 1789—1795, Boudinot was appointed director of the United States Mint by president Washington and held the position through 1805 under the presidencies of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. An advocate for women’s rights, he led a Federalist campaign in New Jersey during the early 1790s to encourage women to become active in politics. Boudinot, a devout Presbyterian, spoke out frequently against slavery, both as a member of Congress and as a private citizen. In 1816, he helped found the American Bible Society and served as its first president for five years. Boudinot was also a member of the board of trustees of Princeton College from 1772-1821, the year of his death. Early life and education Elias Boudinot was born in Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania on May 2, 1740. His father, Elias Boudinot III, was a merchant and silversmith; he was a neighbor and friend of Benjamin Franklin. His mother, Mary Catherine Williams, was born in the British West Indies; her father was from Wales. Elias' paternal grandfather, Elie (sometimes called Elias) Boudinot, was the son of Jean Boudinot and Marie Suire of Marans, Aunis, France. They were a Huguenot (French Protestant) family who fled to New York about 1687 to avoid the religious persecutions of King Louis XIV. Mary Catherine Williams and Elias Boudinot Sr. were married on August 8, 1729. Over the next twenty years, they had nine children. The first, John, was born in the British West Indies-Antigua. Of the others, only the younger Elias and his siblings Annis, Mary, and Elisha reached adulthood. Annis became one of the first published women poets in the Thirteen Colonies, and her work appeared in leading newspapers and magazines. Elisha Boudinot became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. After studying and being tutored at home, Elias Boudinot went to Princeton, New Jersey to read the law as a legal apprentice to Richard Stockton, an attorney who married Elias' older sister Annis Boudinot. Stockton would also become a Founding Father as a signatory to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Career In 1760, Boudinot was admitted to the bar, and began his practice in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He owned land adjacent to the road from Elizabethtown to Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. Marriage and family After getting established, on April 21, 1762, Boudinot married Hannah Stockton (1736–1808), Richard's younger","title":"Elias Boudinot"},{"docid":"30368344","text":"William Swan (21 June 1791, in Leven, Fife – 18 January 1866) was a Scottish missionary in Siberia and one of the translators of the Bible into Mongolian. Swan's first period in Siberia was relatively successful, working with Edward Stallybrass and , and preparing the Mongolian Bible. From Siberia he published Letters on Missions (1830) which the disappointed book reviewer of the Imperial Magazine found to be edifying, but totally lacking in any local colour from Siberia. In 1831 Swan returned to Britain for publication of the Mongolian Bible (New Testament printed) and to visit Great Britain and married Hannah Cullen. However, when the couple attempted to return to Siberia via Saint Petersburg, Swan was arrested and held until the end of 1833. The Russian government finally suppressed the Protestant Siberian mission in 1840 and expelled the Swans and others. References 1791 births 1866 deaths Scottish Congregationalist missionaries Translators of the Bible into Mongolian Translators to Buryat Congregationalist missionaries in Russia 19th-century translators Missionary linguists","title":"William Swan (missionary)"},{"docid":"2662485","text":"The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a children's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, published in 1958. The story takes place in late 17th-century New England. It won the Newbery Medal in 1959. Plot summary In April 1687, 16-year-old Katherine Tyler (known as Kit) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50-year-old man tries to marry her. She relocates to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel, Uncle Matthew, and her two cousins, Judith and Mercy, in their Puritan community. A brief stop is made in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, to pick up four new passengers. As the small rowboat returns to the ship, a young girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her harsh mother, Goodwife Cruff, to get it back for her. Impulsively, Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll. She is then met with astonished suspicion, as few white people in Connecticut could swim so well. Cruff is the most skeptical of them all, believing Kit is a witch, commenting, \"No respectable woman could stay afloat like that.\" On the slow trip upriver, Kit befriends John Holbrook, another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with the Reverend Gershom Bulkeley. Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados. Unlike at her previous home, where Kit's family owned servants and slaves, she is expected to work here along with the rest of the family. Her cousin Mercy has a lame leg and is on crutches. Kit is required to attend the Sabbath church meetings twice each Sunday, which she finds dull. Kit meets a rich young man, William Ashby. He begins courting her, though she does not care for him. Originally, her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William, but she focuses on John Holbrook, a divinity student studying with Bulkeley. Kit's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching some young children of Wethersfield, who are preparing for traditional school. Everything proceeds well until one day, bored with the normal lessons, Kit decides the children will reenact a passage from the Bible: the parable of the Good Samaritan. The head of the school, Eleazer Kimberly, enters the house just as things get out of hand. He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school. Heartbroken, Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind, elderly Hannah Tupper, who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker and does not attend church meetings, as well as being suspected of being a witch. With Hannah's support, Kit convinces Kimberly to give the school another chance. As fellow outcasts, Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond, and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship, she keeps visiting Hannah. During one of her visits, Kit again meets the handsome Nathaniel (Nat) Eaton, son of the captain of the Dolphin. Without realizing it, she falls in love with him, and though","title":"The Witch of Blackbird Pond"},{"docid":"16188332","text":"1 Samuel 2 is the second chapter of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible (or the \"First Book of Samuel\" in the Christian Bible). It recounts the Song of Hannah, the corruption of the priests descended from Eli, Samuel's ministry to God 'even as a child' and the prophecy of a \"man of God\" against Eli's household. Text The original text of this chapter, as with the rest of the Books of Samuel, was written in Hebrew. Since the division of the Bible into chapters in the late medieval period, this chapter is divided into 36 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSam; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–10, 16–36. There is also a difference into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century). Period The event in this chapter happened at the end of judges period in Israel, about 1100 BC. Structure The New Revised Standard Version organises this chapter as follows: = Hannah's Prayer = Eli’s Wicked Sons = The Child Samuel at Shiloh = Prophecy Against Eli’s Household Prophecy against Eli's household Verses 22 to 25 introduce a topic dealing with the condemnation of the house of Eli on account of his sons' transgressions. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, Targum, and Vulgate translation refer to Hophni and Phinehas' sins including both the misappropriation of food brought to sacrifice at the shrine in Shiloh and also their sexual relations with \"the women who assembled at the door of the tabernacle of meeting\". The Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls omit the latter issue. Eli hears of his sons' behaviour and challenges them to reform, but they take no account of his pleading. Then a \"man of God\" comes to Eli, a prophet of whom, says Donald Spence Jones, \"we know nothing\". See also Hophni and Phinehas Notes References Bibliography Commentaries on Samuel Shmuel I – Samuel I (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org General External links Masoretic Text שמואל א Shmuel Aleph – Samuel A (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org) Jewish translations 1 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation) Christian translations Samuel 1 at Bible Gateway Related articles Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible 02 Eli (biblical figure)","title":"1 Samuel 2"},{"docid":"34678793","text":"Hannah Ward Barron (14 July 1829 – 10 November 1898) was a successful businesswoman, hotel proprietor and landowner in New Zealand. Biography She was born in Cork, County Cork, Ireland on 14 July 1829, the oldest daughter and third child of Elizabeth Lynch and shopkeeper Thomas Dorney. Initially, she was given the first name of Joanna, but soon she chose Hannah, instead. In Ireland, she learned how to read, write, sing and play piano and she was raised a devout Roman Catholic, \"which sustained her all her life.\" Hannah survived an Irish famine (1845 to 1849) and married William Ward \"probably on 7 October 1850\" in Cork, Ireland. Only a few years later, William Ward set out to London and then Melbourne, Australia, arriving in August 1853. Soon thereafter, while pregnant and toting two infants, Hannah followed him, arriving on 24 October 1853. The young family lived in the Melbourne area but William \"did not prosper.\" To support the family, Hannah went to work, operating a small shop and then a lodging house on Abbotsford Street, providing housing for miners. In time, she gave birth to more children, but her husband and seven of her eight sons died, succumbing to the many diseases that spread throughout the overcrowded city. She married again on 31 December 1862 to a butcher from Northumberland, England, named John Barron, and from then on was known as Hannah Ward Barron. However, her second marriage was not successful and nine months later, in September 1863, Hannah and her three surviving children sailed for New Zealand. They settled in Campbelltown (now known as Bluff), situated in a southern-most point of New Zealand. Hannah soon opened a shop for miners who worked in nearby goldfields. Eventually, the goldfields were exhausted and Hannah opened a lodge for sailors located near the wharf. Her business flourished and she borrowed enough money to buy land and convert her boarding house into the Club Hotel in Bluff. There, she thrived as a lodger and landowner and managed the hotel until her death. Hannah died 10 November 1898 in the Bluff home of her daughter, Mary (Mina) Eliza Frances. She was survived by Mary and her two sons William Thomas Ward and Joseph Ward (1856–1930), who was active in politics and became the 17th prime minister of New Zealand from 1906 to 1912, and again from 1928 to 1930. References See also Bassett, M. 'In search of Sir Joseph Ward'. New Zealand Journal of History 21, No 1 (1987): 112—124 1829 births 1898 deaths 19th-century Irish businesspeople Businesspeople from Cork (city) Irish emigrants to New Zealand 19th-century New Zealand businesspeople 19th-century New Zealand businesswomen","title":"Hannah Ward Barron"},{"docid":"1728591","text":"Joshua Marshman (20 April 1768 – 6 December 1837) was a Baptist missionary in Bengal, India from 1799 until his death. He was a member of the Serampore trio with William Carey and William Ward. The trio founded Serampore University, many primary and secondary schools, and translated and published a large number of works, including translations of the Bible. Marshman was \"an accomplished scholar, linguist and theologian and was a prolific author and polemicist.\" His mission involved social reforms and intellectual debates with educated Hindus such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Origins Joshua Marshman was born on 20 April 1768 in Britain at Westbury Leigh, Wiltshire, England. His father, John Marshman was a weaver. Of his family little is known, except that they traced their descent from an officer in the Army of Cromwell, one of a band who, at the Restoration, relinquished, for conscience-sake, all views of worldly aggrandisement, and retired into the country to support himself by his own industry. His father John passed the early part of his life at sea and was engaged in the Hind, a British frigate commanded by Captain Robert Bond, at the 1759 capture of Quebec. Shortly after this, he returned to England and in 1764 married Mary Couzener. She was a descendant of a French family who had sought refuge in England following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; after his marriage he lived in Westbury Leigh and took up the trade of a weaver. Early days Marshman's family were poor and could give him little education. In 1791, Joshua married Hannah Shepherd and in 1794 they moved from Westbury Leigh to Bristol. There they joined the Broadmead Baptist Church. Baptists at that time were dissenters who separated from the Church of England. Marshman taught in a local charity school supported by the church. He also studied at the Bristol Baptist College. Marshman was appointed a missionary by the Baptist Union of Great Britain. On 29 May 1799 Marshman his wife and their two children set out from Portsmouth for India aboard the ship Criterion. Although there was a threat of a French naval attack the family landed safely at the Danish settlement of Serampore, a few miles north of Calcutta, on 13 October 1799. Family The couple had 12 children; of these only five were alive when their father died. Their youngest daughter Hannah married Henry Havelock, who became a British general in India, and whose statue is in Trafalgar Square, London. Their daughter Rachel was married to the forestry administrator Sir Dietrich Brandis. When he first met pioneering missionary William Carey's four boys in 1800, Marshman was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated them. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated. Marshman, his wife Hannah, and their friend the printer William Ward, took the boys in tow. Together they shaped the boys as Carey pampered his botanical specimens, performed his many missionary tasks and journeyed into Calcutta to teach at","title":"Joshua Marshman"},{"docid":"56249330","text":"Kingsley's Meadow is a Christian children's direct-to-video series that ran from 1999 to 2003. The series was about a teenage lion named Kingsley who, with his friends, learn the virtues and values of the Bible. The series also featured live-action footage of children reenacting stories from the Bible. The series was created by Tony Salerno. Production In 1998, alongside Angel Wings, American Bible Society paid about $1.6 million to Sony Music Entertainment in order to distribute the series. The Biblical passages and songs used in the series were based on the Contemporary English Version, which was previously published by the American Bible Society themselves. Characters Kingsley - a teenage lion who tells his Meadow friends the stories his father taught him when he was younger. He serves as the host of the series. Aaron - a hedgehog who is honest and does whatever his mother tells him to. Birdtha - a songbird who loves to sing and gossip. Bryron - an elephant who delivers packages for the \"Pachyderm Postal Service\" (PPS). Monk - a chipmunk who serves as the best friend of Kingsley. Singing Flowers - the three flowers who appear in the series. Episodes Season 1 (1999–2001) Hang in There! - The Story of Ruth: Goodness and The Story of Elisha: Perseverance (July 1, 1999) Wise Guy - The Story of David and Solomon: Attentiveness and The Story of Naaman: Self-Control (July 1, 1999) Munch, Munch, Where's My Lunch? - The Story of Hannah: Thankfulness and The Story of Moses: Patience (July 1, 1999) Funny Money - The Story of Daniel: Contentment and The Story of Jonah: Obedience (July 1, 1999) 1-2-3, Count on Me - The Story of Joseph: Forgiveness and The Story of Abraham: Responsibility (June 26, 2000) Just the Facts, Mac - The Story of Samuel: Truthfulness and The Story of David and Saul: Respect (June 26, 2000) Eager Beaver - The Story of Joshua: Diligence and The Story of Jacob: Honesty (January 15, 2001) Season 2 (2002–2003) Flash! Boom! Bam! - The Story of Esther: Courage and The Story of Jonathan and David: Friendship (February 11, 2002) Heart of Gold - The Story of Noah: Dependability and The Story of Abraham and Lot: Generosity (March 18, 2002) The Golden Trust Award - The Story of Gideon: Cautiousness and The Story of Caleb: Trustworthiness (September 26, 2002) Spread a Little Kindness - The Story of Rahab: Kindness and The Story of Nehemiah: Industriousness (September 26, 2002) Share the Love - The Story of Elijah: Sharing and The Story of Nebuchadnezzar: Love (February 10, 2003) Faithful Friends are Forever - The Story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: Faithfulness and The Story of Solomon: Wisdom (February 10, 2003) Voice cast Ray Massa as Kingsley the Lion Reception The series was given a positive review by The Dove Foundation, stating that the show \"promises a fun and enjoyable time for your child as they learn the moral values taught in each story\". References Christian children's television series Direct-to-video television","title":"Kingsley's Meadow"},{"docid":"29438248","text":"Julia Evelina Smith (27 May 1792 – 6 March 1886) was an American women's suffrage activist who was the first woman to translate the Bible from its original languages into English. She was also the author of the book Abby Smith and Her Cows, which told the story of her and her sister Abby Hadassah Smith's tax resistance struggle in the suffrage cause while the two were living at Kimberly Mansion in Connecticut. Biography Smith was born into a large family of women, the Smiths of Glastonbury, who were active in championing women's education, abolition, and women's suffrage. The family as a whole was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. She was the fourth of five daughters of Hannah Hadassah (Hickok) Smith (1767–1850) and Zephaniah Smith, a prosperous Nonconformist clergyman turned farmer in Glastonbury, Connecticut. She was educated at the Troy Female Seminary. Smith married late in life. At the age of 87, she wed Amos Parker of New Hampshire, a widower. Publications Bible translation Smith was well educated, with a working knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Having read the Bible in its original languages, she decided to undertake her own translation, with an emphasis on literalism. After eight years of work, she completed the translation in 1855, but it did not see print for another two decades. Smith's The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues was finally published in 1876. Although Smith's determined literalism made for choppy reading, hers was the only contemporary English translation from the original languages available to English-speaking readers until publication of the British Revised Version beginning in 1881. It was also the first complete Bible translation by a woman. Abby Smith and Her Cows In 1872, the town of Glastonbury attempted to raise taxes on the two surviving Smith sisters, Julia and Abby, as well as on two other widows in town. The sisters refused to pay the taxes on the grounds that they had no right to vote in town meetings, arguing that the tax levy amounted to the same kind of unfair taxation without representation that had helped to spark the American Revolution. Spearheaded by the youngest sister, Abby, the sisters’ revolt was picked up first by a Massachusetts newspaper, The Republican, and soon spread to newspapers across the country. The case was complicated by corruption and malfeasance on the part of the town's tax collector, who not only illegally seized the sisters's land but had made a secret deal to sell some of the best acreage to a covetous neighbor. The sisters ultimately took the town to court and won their case. Subsequently, Smith detailed the entire dispute in an 1877 book entitled Abby Smith and Her Cows that includes clippings from many of the newspapers that had covered the story. References Further reading 1792 births 1886 deaths 19th-century translators 19th-century American women writers 19th-century American writers American tax resisters American women's rights activists People from Glastonbury, Connecticut","title":"Julia Evelina Smith"},{"docid":"15491901","text":"Thomas Macklin (1752/53 – 25 October 1800) was a British printseller and picture dealer. He commissioned many noted painters and engravers for his \"Poets Gallery\" project and his illustrated folio Bible project. Life Macklin was born in 1752 or 1753 and his father may have been the Reverend Garrard Macklin of the Kingdom of Ireland. Macklin married Hannah Kenting in 1777 and started a printselling business in London in 1779. His first year, his sold 7,000 copies of a print of Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt. In 1781, he inherited £20,000, which he used to speculate in the print market. Macklin is most famous for his Poet's Gallery, a project he announced on 1 January 1787. He planned to commission 100 paintings illustrating famous English poems, which he would publish monthly as engravings between 1790 and 1795. He also held an annual exhibition in Pall Mall, like John Boydell and his Shakespeare Gallery. However, the war with France cut into his profits, as prints could not be traded across the channel, and his partner, Edward Rogers, died. The project produced paintings by Joshua Reynolds, Henry Fuseli, Thomas Gainsborough, John Opie, Angelica Kauffman, Thomas Stothard, and Francis Wheatley. Francesco Bartolozzi engraved many of the prints. Just two years after beginning the Poet's Gallery, Macklin undertook to publish an illustrated folio Bible in multiple volumes to promote \"'the glory of the English school' of painting and engraving and 'the interest of our HOLY RELIGION'\". A new typeface and a new kind of paper were designed for the work. The finished Bible had 70 engraved plates, 16 of which were by Philippe Jacques de Louthenbourg. Many of the same artists who were participating in the Poet's Gallery worked on the Bible project. 703 people signed the subscription list, including George III. Macklin's Bible project was expensive to produce: he paid Reynolds £500 for his Holy Family, for example, and the total cost was estimated at £30,000. To realize this project, he was forced to sell some of the paintings from the Poet's Gallery by lottery in 1797. Macklin died on 25 October 1800, just five days after the last large engraving was finished for the Bible. The vignettes were not finished until six weeks later. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, \"[t]he Macklin Bible endures as the most ambitious edition produced in Britain, often pirated but never rivalled.\" Macklin's influence was felt in the world of the arts not only as a publisher but also as a patron. The Dictionary of National Biography records that he may have spent as much as £300,000 as a patron of the arts. Gallery Notes References Bentley, G. E., Jr. \"Thomas Macklin\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 29 January 2008. 1750s births 1800 deaths British publishers (people) Art dealers from London","title":"Thomas Macklin"},{"docid":"1141317","text":"William Tuke (24 March 1732 – 6 December 1822), an English tradesman, philanthropist and Quaker, earned fame for promoting more humane custody and care for people with mental disorders, using what he called gentler methods that came to be known as moral treatment. He played a big part in founding The Retreat at Lamel Hill, York, for treating mental-health needs. He and his wife Esther Maud backed strict adherence to Quaker principles. He was an abolitionist, a patron of the Bible Society, and an opponent of the East India Company's inhumane practices. Early life William Tuke was born on 24 March 1732 in York into a prominent Quaker family. His father Samuel was a stuff-weaver and shopkeeper, who died when Tuke was 16. His mother Ann died seven years later. Tuke attended boarding school for two or three years, after which he pursued further studies under clergymen. At age 14, he began an apprenticeship at his aunt's wholesale tea business, which he inherited on her death in 1746. Family life Tuke married Elizabeth Hoyland in 1754 and fathered four children. After Elizabeth died giving birth to their fifth child, Tuke met and married Esther Maud in 1765. Tuke and his wife were deeply involved in the Friends community and advocated stricter adherence to Quaker principles. For five decades, he travelled to London for the Yearly Meeting, serving as clerk there in 1783. Meanwhile, Tuke remained involved in the family business alongside his eldest son and business partner, Henry. Ann Tuke, his daughter by Esther Maud, married William Alexander of the prominent Ipswich Quaker banking family. The Retreat In 1791, William Tuke was moved by an incident involving Hannah Mills, a melancholic Quaker widow, who died unexpectedly at York Lunatic Asylum. Although her cause of death was unclear, mistreatment was suspected and the managers had forbidden Mills from having visitors. Tuke's daughter Ann proposed founding a mental institution run by Quakers for their own members. At a Society of Friends meeting in March 1792, Tuke presented a plan for those who \"laboured under that most afflictive dispensation — the loss of reason.\" However, the proposal met with significant opposition. Some members felt such a move was unnecessary, while others saw it as overstepping the jurisdiction of a Quaker community. The small minority of supporters included Tuke's son, Henry, and the grammarian Lindley Murray. During a visit to St. Luke's Hospital in London, Tuke witnessed appalling conditions for patients. He was particularly affected by a naked female patient who had been chained to a wall. Tuke believed the abuse was not cruel in intent, but marked a lack of effective alternatives. By 1795, financial and social support from the community was still limited. The Society of Friends eventually approved the plan when Tuke's friend, Lindley Murray, suggested raising funds through annuities. Tuke bought 11 acres of land (4.5 ha) for £938 and worked closely with a London architect, John Bevans, to carry out his vision for the new asylum. Unlike other institutions","title":"William Tuke"},{"docid":"1715618","text":"Robert Morrison, FRS (5 January 1782 – 1 August 1834), was an Anglo-Scottish Protestant missionary to Portuguese Macao, Qing-era Guangdong, and Dutch Malacca, who was also a pioneering sinologist, lexicographer, and translator considered the \"Father of Anglo-Chinese Literature\". Morrison, a Presbyterian preacher, is most notable for his work in China. After twenty-five years of work he translated the whole Bible into the Chinese language and baptized ten Chinese believers, including Cai Gao, Liang Fa, and Wat Ngong. Morrison pioneered the translation of the Bible into Chinese and planned for the distribution of the Scriptures as broadly as possible, unlike the previous Roman Catholic translation work that had never been published. Morrison cooperated with such contemporary missionaries as Walter Henry Medhurst and William Milne (the printers), Samuel Dyer (Hudson Taylor's father-in-law), Karl Gützlaff (the Prussian linguist), and Peter Parker (China's first medical missionary). He served for 27 years in China with one furlough home to England. The only missionary efforts in China were restricted to Guangzhou (Canton) and Macau at this time. They concentrated on literature distribution among members of the merchant class, gained a few converts, and laid the foundations for more educational and medical work that would significantly impact the culture and history of the most populous nation on earth. However, when Morrison was asked shortly after his arrival in China if he expected to have any spiritual impact on the Chinese, he answered, \"No sir, but I expect God will!\" Life Early life Morrison was born on 5 January 1782 in Bullers Green, near Morpeth, Northumberland, England. He was the son of James Morrison, a Scottish farm labourer and Hannah Nicholson, an English woman, who were both active members of the Church of Scotland. They were married in 1768. Robert was the youngest son of eight children. At age three, Robert and his family moved to Newcastle where his father found more prosperous work in the shoe trade. Robert's parents were devout Christians and raised their children to know the Bible and the Westminster Shorter Catechism according to Presbyterian ideals. At the age of 12 he recited the entire 119th Psalm (176 verses long) from memory in front of his pastor without a single mistake. John Wesley was still alive and many foreign mission agencies were being formed during this period of the Evangelical Revival. In 1796, young Robert Morrison followed his uncle James Nicholson into apprenticeship and later joined the Presbyterian church in 1798. By age 14 Robert left school and was apprenticed to his father's business. For a couple of years he kept company in disregard of his Christian upbringing and fell occasionally into drunkenness. However, this behavior soon ended. In Robert's own words When Morrison was at work at his father's business he was employed at manual labour for twelve or fourteen hours a day; yet he seldom omitted to find time for one or two hours of reading and meditation. He read and re-read frequently those few books he was able to obtain. The","title":"Robert Morrison (missionary)"},{"docid":"70371872","text":"Cushing Prince (October 28, 1745 – January 8, 1827) was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the District of Maine. His former home, at today's 189 Greely Road in Yarmouth, Maine, is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1785. Life and career Prince was born on October 28, 1745, in North Yarmouth, Province of Massachusetts Bay (now in Maine), two years after the marriage of Paul Prince and Hannah Cushing. His father (for whom Yarmouth's Princes Point Road is named) compiled a bible, known as the Paul Prince Bible, containing the record of births of his children. It was printed in Edinburgh in 1791. Their other nine children were Sarah (born 1744), Rachel (1747), Hannah (1749), Ruth (1751), David (1753), Else (1756), Paul (1758), Pyam (1760) and Ammi (1763). On August 30, 1773, he married Hannach Blanchard, daughter of Nathaniel and Bethiah, with whom he had three children: Cushing Jr., Polly and Olive. In 1785, Prince had built a home at today's 189 Greely Road in Yarmouth. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Prince was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the District of Maine, along with fellow North Yarmouth residents Ammi Ruhamah Mitchell and Edward Russell. Death Prince died on January 8, 1827, aged 81. He is interred in Yarmouth's Old Baptist Cemetery alongside his wife, who survived him by eighteen years. References People from North Yarmouth, Maine 1745 births 1827 deaths Maine local politicians 18th-century American politicians 19th-century American politicians","title":"Cushing Prince"},{"docid":"39251349","text":"Samuel Bradhurst Schieffelin (February 24, 1811 – September 13, 1900), was an American businessman and author. Early life Schieffelin was born on February 24, 1811, in New York City. He was the son of Henry Hamilton Schieffelin (1783–1865), named in honor of Governor Henry Hamilton for whom his father Jacob, who was a Loyalist who served as secretary for during the American Revolutionary War, and Maria Theresa Bradhurst (1786–1872), who married in 1806. Among his siblings was brother Bradhurst Schieffelin (1824–1909), who entered politics and supported the People's Party. His paternal grandparents were Jacob Schieffelin (1757–1835) and Hannah Lawrence Schieffelin (1758–1838), she a descendant of Elizabeth Fones and Quaker religious freedom pioneer John Bowne. His maternal grandfather was Dr. Samuel Bradhurst (d. 1872) The Schieffelin family was one of the oldest families in Manhattan. Career He was educated in private schools, and early turned his attention to business, but contributed largely to the religious press. After his father retired from business in 1849, he and his brothers managed the family drug company that their father had founded, Schieffelin Brothers & Co., where Samuel was the president, until 1865, when his son, William, succeeded him. Following his own retirement, he focused on his literature, writing The Foundations of History and other books, most of which were religious. Personal life In 1835, Schieffelin was married to Lucretia Hazard (1816–1899). Together, they were the parents of three children: William Henry Schieffelin (1836–1895), who married Mary B. Jay (1846–1916), daughter of John Jay, the U.S. Minister to Austria-Hungary, and great-granddaughter John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Alice Holmes Schieffelin (1838–1913), who married Russell Stebbins (1835–1894). Mary Theresa Bradhurst Schieffelin (1840–1910), who married Brig. Gen. Charles Cleveland Dodge (1841–1910), who served in the American Civil War and was the son of Congressman William Earle Dodge. Schieffelin died at his home, 938 Madison Avenue, on September 13, 1900, in New York. Descendants Through his son William, he was the grandfather of Eleanor Jay Schiefflin (1864–1929), who married Theodore Munger Taft (1865–1945), and Dr. William Jay Schieffelin (1866–1955), who married Maria Louise Shepard (1870–1948), the daughter of Elliot Fitch Shepard and Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt, and granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Through his daughter Alice, he was the grandfather of Grace Stebbins (1860–1908), who married Alfred Clark Chapin (1848–1936), former Mayor of Brooklyn, Samuel Schieffelin Stebbins (1872–1912), a stockbroker, and Russell Hazard Schieffelin (1874–1892). The Chapin's daughter, Samuel's great-granddaughter, Grace Chapin (1885–1960), was married to Hamilton Fish III (1888–1991), member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Works His works include: Message to Ruling Elders, their Office and their Duties (New York, 1859); The Foundations of History: a Series of First Things (1863); Milk for Babes: a Bible Catechism (1874); Children's Bread: a Bible Catechism (1874); Words to Christian Teachers (1877); Music in our Churches (1881); The Church in Ephesus and the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches (1884); People's Hymn-Book (Philadelphia, 1887). References Notes Sources American male writers 1811 births 1900 deaths Winthrop family Schieffelin family","title":"Samuel Schieffelin"},{"docid":"16722960","text":"Priscilla Shirer (born December 31, 1974) is an American author, motivational speaker, actress, and Christian media personality, and evangelist. Her father is Dallas mega-church pastor Tony Evans and her brothers are motivational speaker and chaplain Jonathan Evans and musician Anthony Evans. Biography The daughter of Tony Evans, senior pastor of Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship Church in Dallas, Texas, Priscilla grew up well acquainted with the Bible. As a freshman at the University of Houston, she interned with a Christian radio station. Soon listeners were calling the station, inviting Priscilla to speak at their Bible study groups and other events. Soon she was invited to lead a weekly Bible study at the Zig Ziglar Corporation and then to join its speaker team. Priscilla has worked as an independent contractor for CBS and hosted a local television show, but recently she has focused solely on Christian ministry opportunities. She calls Anne Graham Lotz, daughter of evangelist Rev. Billy Graham, her mentor in ministry. Together the Shirers established Going Beyond Ministries, a speaking bureau featuring Priscilla. The parents of three young boys, the Shirers share ministry and family responsibilities. While Priscilla continues to minister full-time, Jerry manages his schedule and other business aspects of Going Beyond Ministries. Priscilla speaks around the world at churches and other events, including the LifeWay Christian Resources-sponsored Going Beyond conference and Deeper Still: The Event, where she shares the stage with Beth Moore and Kay Arthur. She has also authored several books. Shirer graduated from Duncanville High School and Dallas Theological Seminary, earning a master's degree from the latter in Biblical Studies. In 1993, Shirer was a freshman at the University of Houston. Shirer was married in 1999 to Jerry Shirer, former Hilton Hotels executive. The couple has three sons. In 2013, Shirer was a speaker at the 2013 Women of Faith conference. In 2015, Shirer made her film debut in the Kendrick Brothers film War Room. In October 2016, Shirer was recognized as one of four prominent women of faith during the 10th anniversary of God's Leading Ladies Life Enrichment Program at The Potter's House. Shirer also featured at the 47th GMA Dove Awards. Bibliography \"Fervent; A Woman's Battle Plan for Serious, Specific and Strategic Prayer\", He Speaks to Me: Preparing to Hear from God, Discerning the Voice of God: How to Recognize When God Speaks, And We Are Changed: Encounters with a Transforming God, A Jewel in His Crown: Rediscovering Your Value as a Woman of Excellence, The Resolution for Women, Filmography War Room (2015), as Elizabeth Jordan I Can Only Imagine (2018), as Mrs. Fincher, Bart Millard's teacher Overcomer (2019), as Principal Olivia Brooks, mentor to Hannah Scott References External links Get to Know Priscilla https://www.goingbeyond.com/ 1974 births Living people 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women 20th-century evangelicals 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American women writers 21st-century evangelicals African-American actresses African-American Christians African-American women writers American Evangelical writers American film actresses American religious writers American women","title":"Priscilla Shirer"},{"docid":"71548078","text":"Paul Prince (May 14, 1720 – November 25, 1809) was a patriot in the American Revolutionary War. Princes Point Road in Yarmouth, Maine, is now named for him. Life and career Prince was born in Duxbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, in 1720, a second son to shipwright Benjamin Prince and Abial Nelson. While Princes Point Road in Yarmouth, Maine, is named for Paul, Princes Point itself is named for his father, who died, aged 44, when Paul was seventeen years old; his mother died when he was twenty-four. He married Hannah Cushing (1722–1814) in 1743. The couple had ten children, including Cushing Prince in 1745. The other nine were Sarah (born 1744), Rachel (1747), Hannah (1749), Ruth (1751), David (1753), Else (1756), Paul Jr. (1758), Pyam (1760) and Ammi (1763). Prince compiled a book, known as the Paul Prince Bible, containing the record of births of his children. It was printed in Edinburgh in 1791. Between 1775 and 1779, both Paul Sr. and Paul Jr. are listed as serving in the Cumberland County Regiment during the Revolutionary War. Death Prince died in North Yarmouth, Massachusetts (now in Maine), in 1809, aged 89. He is interred in Congregational Cemetery in Cumberland Center, Maine, beside his wife, who survived him by just over four years. References 1720 births 1809 deaths People from North Yarmouth, Maine American diarists People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Patriots in the American Revolution People of Maine in the American Revolution People from pre-statehood Maine","title":"Paul Prince (patriot)"},{"docid":"13864315","text":"The Sons of the San Joaquin is an American Western family band. Jack and Joe Hannah are brothers, while third member Lon Hannah is Joe's son. They began performing together in 1987 at a birthday party for Lon's grandfather. They have been credited with \"rich durability of the traditional Western music they present, as well as the outstanding original cowboy songs\" and being reminiscent of the Sons of the Pioneers. Roy Rogers called them \"the only singing group alive who I feel sound like the original Sons of the Pioneers.\" They have over a dozen albums, including a gospel album and a greatest hits album. They were inducted into the Western Music Association Hall of Fame in 2006. Several of their albums have been given awards by the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum (Cowboy Hall of Fame). Personnel Jack Hannah – Vocals, Rhythm & Lead Guitar. Jack Hannah is the younger brother of Joe Hannah and the paternal uncle of Lon Hannah. Jack pitched for the Milwaukee Braves farm system and then became a high school counselor and coach (he was named Baseball Coach of the Year for the Western Region United States in 1980.) He was inducted into the Fresno Athletic Hall of Fame in 1998. A professional songwriter, Jack shared in the Sons of the San Joaquin Round Up Newsletter (vol 9, no 1, 2005) that he struggled through grade and high school and if he had been \"born today\" would have been diagnosed with ADD. \"I wrote songs. I have written scores of songs that will never see the light of day because I write them for no other purpose than that they are just there, a consequence of reading.\" Stressing the importance of reading the Young at Heart CD, was written with the purpose of creating in the minds of children a passion for learning, and a desire to read. \"I start the day reading the Book of Books, the Bible. I am not trying to sound pious. I'm telling you this is to underscore how important reading special books is to me. To try to understand the Divine and to grasp the lessons of history are my passions and most of my songs flow from these sources.\" Jack has written for a critically acclaimed children's series \"Red, Rite & Recite which is a series of books, CD's and videos that feature Dusty Trails (Dr. Gary Sells.) Jack has repeated won Songwriter of the Year awards from the Western Music Association and was the recipient of the Wrangler Award from the National Cowboy Hall of Fame. Jack Hannah passed away in 2022. Joe Hannah – Vocals & Bass. According to the Sons of the San Joaquin Round Up Newsletter (vol 1, no 3, 1997), in high school, Joe was courted by the Yankees and Dodgers and received major college scholarship offers from USC, UCLA and other schools. In 1950, he signed with the Cubs and started playing for their class A Visalia, California team. When","title":"Sons of the San Joaquin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26508902\",\n \"text\": \"Capt. John Jeffries Burial Marker is a historic burial monument in the cemetery at Scullville Bible Church in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, along County Route 559 near Somers Point. It was built in 1887 and added to both the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Capt. Jeffries (1829-1887) is known for his association with the ship Twenty One Friends, which, following an incident at sea, floated without crew across the Atlantic Ocean for two years before being claimed and returned to service. The Monument The Capt. John Jeffries burial marker is approximately tall and the largest marker in the Scullville Bible Church cemetery. The church was built in 1866 and, at the time of his death, was named Palestine Bible Protestant Church. The monument is made of marble and stands on a square brick base approximately on each side. It is located in the Jeffries family plot behind the church, surrounded by other local-area family plots, many of which also date back to the 19th century. The square center section features an inscription, and above that a bas-relief engraving of the ship associated with Jeffries—and the source of his historical fame—the Twenty One Friends. Another smaller section above bears the initials “J.J.” and a draped urn is carved at the top of the monument. The center inscription reads: Capt. John Jeffries. Born Nov. 15, 1829. Died March 17th 1887. A member of the K. of P. The Jeffries of Great Egg Harbor The Jeffries family can trace its genealogy back to 18th-century European settlers of Rhode Island. John Jeffries Sr. (1735-1810) from Egg Harbor earned a pension for his service during the American Revolutionary War. The family owned land where Patcong Creek empties into Great Egg Harbor River, and it was here they built a two-storey plantation house. The area became known as Jeffries Landing and was an active port as well as later becoming a popular destination area for bathers. The settlement that formed inland, north of Jeffries Landing, came to be called Jeffers, also named after the family. In the early 1900s, Jeffers was renamed Scullville, honoring a different family, the Sculls. Currently, where Patcong Creek meets Great Egg Harbor River is still called Jeffries Landing. John Sr. and his wife, Judiah, had three sons, one of whom was John Jeffries Jr. (1789-1834). In 1819 John Jeffries Jr. was named wharf master at Jeffries Landing, responsible for collecting the wharfage of 30 cents per day to dock there. In 1829, John Jr.’s wife, Isabell, gave birth to John III (1829-1887), who would grow up to become a sea captain. Capt. John Jeffries III later lived along English Creek, upstream from Jeffries Landing along the Great Egg Harbor River. He was married to Hannah Barrett Jeffries. Variations of the name The family name can be seen spelled different ways; Jeffries, Jeffryes, Jeffrys and Jeffers appear with interchangeability although all reasonably refer to the same family. Some evidence of this\",\n \"title\": \"Capt. John Jeffries Burial Marker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35870816\",\n \"text\": \"Susan Norris Fitkin (March 31, 1870 – October 18, 1951) was a Canadian ordained minister, who served successively in the Society of Friends, the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America, and finally in the Church of the Nazarene. Fitkin was the founder and first president of the Church of the Nazarene's Women's Foreign Missionary Society (now Nazarene Missions International) from September 1915 until her retirement in June 1948. Fitkin served twenty-four years on the General Board of the Church of the Nazarene. In 1924 Fitkin and her husband Abram Fitkin funded and founded the Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, Swaziland, and also funded and founded Nazarene Bible Training Schools in China, and Beirut, Lebanon. Early life and family Susanah W. \\\"Susie\\\" Norris was born March 31, 1870, on a farm in Ely, Quebec, Canada, the fourth oldest of the nine children of John Norris (born June 25, 1835, in Russelltown, Châteauguay, Quebec, Canada East; died December 20, 1887, in East Farnham, Quebec, Canada), a farmer and the foreman of a lumber camp, and his wife, Susannah Townsend Hall (born March 16, 1834, in East Farnham, Quebec, Canada East; died March 28, 1918, in Cliftondale, Massachusetts). John Norris and Susannah Hall were married on April 10, 1855, in Farnham East. Her siblings were George Miron Norris (born July 1, 1859, in East Farnham, Quebec), Hannah Norris (born August 8, 1861, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec; died August 23, 1897, in Shefford, Quebec), Annie Louise Norris (born May 2, 1865, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), Jane \\\"Janie\\\" May Norris (born March 4, 1872, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), John Milton \\\"Johnny\\\" Norris (born November 15, 1873, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), Emma Norris (born April 11, 1875, in Quebec, Canada), Charles Newel Norris (born January 29, 1877, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec), Alice \\\"Nellie\\\" Norris (born June 15, 1880, in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec). By the time of the first Canadian census in April 1871, the Norris family had been living on a farm in Sainte-Cécile-de-Milton, Quebec for about eleven years, with John described as a Methodist farmer, while Susannah and their four children (including one-year-old \\\"Suza\\\") were described as Episcopalians. Later Norris' parents were members of the Society of Friends, who were active in the temperance reform movement. Her mother served once as a delegate to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union convention in Ottawa. At the time of the second Canadian census in April 1881, John and Suzanne Norris and their nine children (including 11-year-old \\\"Suza\\\") were still living on a farm in Ely South, in Shefford, Quebec, and were described as Episcopalians. However, later in 1881, the Norris family moved back to East Farnham, Quebec, where Susanna's parents George C. Hall and Hannah Hall held longstanding membership in a Quaker meeting house. The Norris family attended Quaker worship but also attended the local Church of England. On February 23, 1886, five of John and Susanna's younger children were baptized by Revd John Merrick in the Church of England at Adamsville in East Farnham. On June 19, 1887, Anna Louise was baptized by\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Norris Fitkin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22969858\",\n \"text\": \"The Woman's Bible is a two-part non-fiction book, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and a committee of 26 women, published in 1895 and 1898 to challenge the traditional position of religious orthodoxy that woman should be subservient to man. By producing the book, Stanton wished to promote a radical liberating theology, one that stressed self-development. The book attracted a great deal of controversy and antagonism at its introduction. Many women's rights activists who worked with Stanton were opposed to the publication of The Woman's Bible; they felt it would harm the drive for women's suffrage. Although it was never accepted by Bible scholars as a major work, much to the dismay of suffragists who worked alongside Stanton within the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), it became a popular best-seller. Susan B. Anthony tried to calm the younger suffragists, but they issued a formal denunciation of the book at NAWSA's January 1896 convention, and worked to distance the suffrage movement from Stanton's broader scope which included attacks on traditional religion. Because of the widespread negative reaction, including that of suffragists who had been close to her, publication of the book effectively ended Stanton's influence in the suffrage movement. Background In the early 19th century advocates of women's rights began to accumulate rebuttals to arguments used against them founded on traditional interpretations of Bible scriptures. Lucretia Mott countered those who would put her in her place by quoting other Bible passages, or by challenging the original interpretation of the scripture. In 1849, Mott wrote Discourse on Woman which discussed Adam and Eve, the activities of various women who appear in the Bible, and argued that the Bible supported woman's right to speak aloud her spiritual beliefs. Independently from Mott, Lucy Stone determined for herself that the male-dominant interpretations of the Bible must be faulty—she worked to learn Greek and Hebrew and thereby gain insight into the earlier Bible translations which she believed would contain wording more favorable to women's equality. In New York, aided by Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped draft the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 and included two Resolutions which protested against man's usurpation of rights relating to her position in church and to her role under God. By the 1850s, Mott had become expert at disarming men who used Scripture against her. At the National Women's Rights Convention in 1852, and again in 1854, she stood up to debate men who came prepared with Scripture in hand. Reverend Henry Grew told the 1854 convention audience that the Bible proved men were naturally superior to women. He was countered point-by-point by Hannah Tracy Cutler, then in broad societal and political terms by Mott who began by saying: \\\"It is not Christianity, but priestcraft that has subjected woman as we find her. The Church and State have been united, and it is well for us to see it so.\\\" Revising Committee In 1881, 1885 and 1894, the Church of England published a Revised Version of the Bible, the first new\",\n \"title\": \"The Woman's Bible\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54958809\",\n \"text\": \"Tagoe Sisters is the name of a musical duo consisting of twins Lydia Dedei Yawson Nee Tagoe and Elizabeth Korkoi Tagoe. They have been singing in the gospel music industry since 1983. In March 2021, the group was honored by the organizers of 3Music Awards in an event called the 3Music Women's Brunch. Early life Lydia Dedei Yawson (née Tagoe) and Elizabeth Korkoi Tagoe, who are twins, were born to the late Hammond Ayikwei Tagoe and Madam Theresa Aidoo on 27 July 1965. Their father, Hammond Ayikwei Tagoe, was from Korle-Wokon, a suburb of Accra and their mother, Theresa Aidoo, was from Dunkwa-on-Offin in the Central Region. They had their education at the Alogboshie primary and middle school, near Achimota in Accra. Later, they went to the YMCA to learn dressmaking, which they abandoned to venture into singing. Career In the early days of their career, the duo worked in a group of three, with Hannah Tsia Mensah, called the \\\"I am Three Sisters\\\". They sang backup for musicians like Felix Bell and G Man and made appearances on Mr Picus Laryea's shows in the 1970s. In 1983, they joined the Open Bible Church International where they met the male singing group, the Advent Heralds. They backed the Heralds at their public performances. In 1985 they met the late Rev. Francis Akwasi Amoako who became their mentor. Under his guidance, they toured far and wide both in and out of Ghana and gained fame. Their first album 'Nyame ye Kese' which was written by the Advent Heralds, was released in 1987. Orekyekye and Stay in my Heart followed in 1988. In 1990, they lost their mentor in a fatal accident as they were returning to Accra after performing at a crusade in Takoradi. Rev. Dr Thomas Harry Yawson came into their lives and became their songwriter and director. Personal lives Rev Thomas Yawson married Lydia and they have three children. Elizabeth also has two children with her late husband. Lydia is a caterer and Elizabeth is an event planner. They established the Tagoe Twin Foundation to support mothers who use their twin children to beg for alms. They also have the Tagoe Sisters Association which was created with the vision to be an enabler for twins' mothers to support each other. Awards and nominations References Ga-Adangbe people Ghanaian women singers Ghanaian musical groups Living people Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Tagoe Sisters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11439150\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah spelled Hanna, Hana, Hanah, or Chana, is a feminine given name of Hebrew origin. It is derived from the root ḥ-n-n, meaning \\\"favour\\\" or \\\"grace\\\"; A Dictionary of First Names attributes the name to a word meaning 'He (God) has favoured me with a child'. Anne, Ana, Ann, and other variants of the name derive from the Hellenized Hebrew: Anna (romanization [transcription/transliteration] of Ἅννα [from Greek to Roman {Latin} letters]). The Phoenician (Punic) name Hannibal derives from the same Canaanite root and means \\\"My grace is Baal\\\". In the Books of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible, Hannah is the mother of the prophet Samuel. Hannah People Hannah Adams (1755–1831), American author Hannah Aldworth (died 1778), English philanthropist Hannah Allen (1638–1668x1708), British writer Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), German philosopher Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo (1915–2015), Nigerian businesswoman and politician Hannah Brier (born 1998), British sprinter Hannah Brown (born 1994), American television personality and model Hannah Callowhill Penn (1671–1727), second wife of William Penn Hannah Clarke (1988–2020), Australian sportsperson and murder victim Hannah Cowley (1743–1809), American dramatist and poet Hannah Dodd (born 1995), English actress Hannah Dreier, American journalist Hannah Duston (1657–c. 1736), Indian fighter Hannah Dakota Fanning (born 1994), American actress, known as Dakota Fanning Hannah Ferguson (born 1992), American model Hannah Foster (1985–2003), British murder victim Hannah Friedman (born 1986), American writer, director, and musician Hannah Fry (born 1984), British mathematician Hannah Gadsby (born 1978), Australian comedian Hannah Glasse (1708–1770), English cookbook writer Hannah Gordon (born 1941), Scottish actress Hannah Flagg Gould (1789–1864), American poet Hannah Gross (born 1992), Canadian actress Hannah Hart (born 1986), American internet personality, comedian, actress and author Hannah Hauxwell (1926–2018), Yorkshire Dales farmer Hannah Höch (1889–1978), German Dada artist Hannah Hodson (born 1991), American actress, journalist Hannah Ild (born 1981), Estonian singer Hannah Jones, multiple people Hannah Kallem (1865–1937), Norwegian-born American army nurse Hannah T. King (1808–1886), British-American writer, pioneer Hannah Lowe (born 1976), British writer Hannah Lyman (1816–1871), American educator, biographer Hannah Mancini (born 1980), American-Slovenian singer Hannah Marks (born 1993), American actress, writer Hannah Miley (born 1989), Scottish swimmer Hannah More (1745–1833), English religious writer and philanthropist Hannah Peel (born 1984), Northern Irish musician Hannah Maynard Pickard (1812–1844), American school teacher, preceptress, author Hannah Pingree (born 1976), majority leader and Speaker of the House in the Maine House of Representatives Hannah Pritchard (1711–1768), English actress Hannah Reid (born 1989), English singer of London Grammar Hannah Reynolds (soccer) (born 1998), American soccer player Hannah Rigby (c.1794–1853), Australian convict Hannah Robinson, British songwriter Hannah Rueben (born 1994), Nigerian wrestler Hannah Semer (1925–2003), Israeli journalist Hannah Spearritt (born 1981), English singer and actress Hannah Stockbauer (born 1982), German swimmer Hannah Stocking (born 1992), American internet personality, comedian, model and actress Hannah Storm (born 1962), American co-host of The Early Show Hannah Stuelke (born c. 2004), American basketball player Hannah Szenes (1921–1944), Hungarian Jew arrested during the Second World War Hannah Tan (born 1981), Malaysian singer-songwriter Hannah Taylor-Gordon (born 1987) English actress, Anne Frank: The Whole Story Hannah\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah (name)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2323382\",\n \"text\": \"Prayer in the Hebrew Bible is an evolving means of interacting with God, most frequently through a spontaneous, individual or collective, unorganized form of petitioning and/or thanking. Standardized prayer such as is done today is non-existent. However, beginning in Deuteronomy, the Bible lays the groundwork for organized prayer including basic liturgical guidelines, and by the Bible's later books, prayer has evolved to a more standardized form, although still radically different from the form practiced by modern Jews. Individual prayer is described by the Tanakh two ways. The first of these is when prayer is described as occurring, and a result is achieved, but no further information regarding a person's prayer is given. In these instances, such as with Isaac, Moses, Samuel, and Job, the act of praying is a method of changing a situation for the better. The second way in which prayer is depicted is through fully fleshed out episodes of prayer, where a person's prayer is related in full. Many famous biblical personalities have such a prayer, including every major character from Hannah to Hezekiah. Individual prayer Often in the Hebrew Bible, individuals spontaneously pray to God when faced with difficulty or having avoided it. As mentioned above, these prayers are not always given in full, however, many are. Certain themes appear throughout the Tanakh's portrayal of this prayer type. One of the most significant is the idea of an argumentation, which is frequently described by the text or its interpreters. Listed chronologically below are these occurrences of recorded individual prayer. Abraham The first notable prayer whose text is recorded in the Torah and Hebrew Bible occurs when Abraham pleads with God not to destroy the people of Sodom, where his nephew Lot lives. He bargains with God not to destroy the city if there are fifty good men within, and eventually lowers the total to ten. God sends two angels to the city, which is ultimately destroyed with \\\"burning sulfur\\\" when they cannot find the ten requisite good people. Eliezer When Abraham is an old man, he makes his head servant, who while not named specifically, is almost certainly Eliezer of Damascus, promise to find his son Isaac a wife from his people to marry. Eliezer expresses uncertainty that a woman will agree to return to Abraham's household, especially since he is told not to take Isaac with him. In response, Abraham tells Eliezer that God will send an angel to assure his success in his mission. Eliezer, however, upon reaching the town of Nahor's well during evening, when the women of the city would draw water, begins to pray. Eliezer's prayer makes very specific of God, hoping that God will make clear which woman is to be Isaac's wife. It takes on a petitioning tone, as opposed to the argumentative one prominent in the prayers of other characters, including his master, whose relationship and interactions with God are very different. Before he has finished with his prayer, his requests begin to be granted, and sees that\",\n \"title\": \"Prayer in the Hebrew Bible\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28139796\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Curr (1793 – 29 June 1847) was a Roman Catholic priest and author who was called a \\\"martyr of charity\\\" for his work in Leeds in the typhus epidemic of 1847. Biography The son of civil engineer John Curr and Hannah Curr (née Wilson), he was born in Sheffield on 14 April 1793, baptized by his godfather, Richard Rimmer, at the Catholic Chapel in Norfolk Row on 6 May. He had one brother, John, and six sisters. Curr was educated at Crook Hall, County Durham, and in 1808 went to the seminary at Ushaw College. After being ordained he served in a number of different locations: Old St. Chad mission in Rook Street, Manchester (until 1820) St. Augustine mission in Granby Row, Manchester (1820-1822) Stockton-on-Tees (1822-1826) Ashton in Makerfield (1826-1830) La Trappe Abbey in France (1830-?) Ushaw (?-1833) Callaby Castle in Northumberland (1833-1837) Sheffield mission (1837-1839) St. Alban's mission, Blackburn (1839-1842) Whitby (1842-1846) In 1847, St. Ann's in Leeds was suffering from a shortage of Catholic priests, due to an epidemic; Curr volunteered to serve there, where he died from typhus on 29 June 1847. He was buried at St. Patrick's on York road, along with the other four priests who died in the epidemic. Works Curr was a prolific writer, particularly in his feud with the local Bible Association. Among his notable opponents were and William Roby, whom Curr debated on topics including his opposition to lay Christians reading and interpreting the Bible themselves. His principal works include: A Discourse delivered at St. Augustine's Chapel, Manchester, at the funeral of the Rev. Rowland Broomhead The Instructor's Assistant Visits to the Blessed Sacrament and to the Blessed Virgin Spiritual Retreat (adapted from Bourdaloue) Familiar Instructions in the Faith and Morality of the Catholic Church A Letter to Sir Oswald Mosley, Baronet, President of the Manchester and Salford Auxiliary Bible Society An address to the Public occasioned by the recent letters of the Rev. Melville Home and the Rev. Nathaniel Gilbert on the subject of bible associations Catholicism: or the old rule of faith vindicated from the attack of W. Rob References Attribution 1793 births 1847 deaths 19th-century English Roman Catholic priests Clergy from Sheffield Deaths from typhus in the United Kingdom Alumni of Ushaw College\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Curr\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5749529\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah Elizabeth Milhous Nixon (March 7, 1885 – September 30, 1967) was the mother of U.S. president Richard Nixon. Richard described his mother as \\\"a Quaker saint\\\". On May 9, 1970 (Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial), he insisted on stopping at the United States Capitol, where he took his former seat in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives and instructed his valet Manolo Sanchez to make a speech. Sanchez spoke of his pride in being a citizen of the United States and Richard and some female cleaners who were present applauded. One of the women present, Carrie Moore, asked Richard to sign her bible, which he did, and holding her hand told her that his mother \\\"was a saint\\\" and \\\"you be a saint too\\\". Hannah Nixon is acknowledged to have exerted a tremendous effect on her son's outlook throughout his life. In Richard's final remarks at the White House on August 9, 1974, he said, \\\"Nobody will ever write a book, probably, about my mother. Well, I guess all of you would say this about your mother – my mother was a saint. And I think of her, two boys dying of tuberculosis, nursing four others in order that she could take care of my older brother for three years in Arizona, and seeing each of them die, and when they died, it was like one of her own. Yes, she will have no books written about her. But she was a saint.\\\" Early life She was born Hannah Elizabeth Milhous near Butlerville, Indiana, the daughter of Almira Park (née Burdg; 1849–1943), who was from Columbiana County, Ohio, and Franklin Milhous (1848–1919), a native of Colerain Township, Belmont County, Ohio. Family She was married to Francis A. Nixon and had five sons: Harold Samuel Nixon (June 1, 1909 – March 7, 1933) Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994), 37th president of the United States, married to Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan and had two daughters. Francis Donald Nixon (November 23, 1914 – June 27, 1987), married to Clara Jane Lemke and had three children, including Donald A. Nixon Arthur Burdg Nixon (May 26, 1918 – August 10, 1925) Edward Calvert Nixon (May 3, 1930 – February 27, 2019) In popular culture Mary Steenburgen portrayed Hannah Nixon in the 1995 Oliver Stone film Nixon. References 1885 births 1967 deaths American Quakers Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park Housewives Mothers of presidents of the United States Mothers of vice presidents of the United States Nixon family People from Jennings County, Indiana\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah Milhous Nixon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2741\",\n \"text\": \"Abigail () was an Israelite woman in the Hebrew Bible married to Nabal; she married the future King David after Nabal's death (1 Samuel ). Abigail was David's third wife, after Ahinoam and Saul's daughter, Michal, whom Saul later married to Palti, son of Laish, when David went into hiding. Abigail became the mother of one of David's sons, who is listed in the Book of Chronicles under the name Daniel, in the Masoretic Text of the Books of Samuel as Chileab, and in the Septuagint text of 2 Samuel 3:3 as Δαλουια, Dalouia. Her name is spelled Abigal in in the American Standard Version. Name Derived from the Hebrew word ab, \\\"father\\\", and the Hebrew root g-y-l, \\\"to rejoice,\\\" the name Abigail has a variety of possible meanings including \\\"my father's joy\\\" and \\\"source of joy\\\". Biblical narrative In 1 Samuel 25, Nabal demonstrates ingratitude towards David, the son of Jesse (from the tribe of Judah), and Abigail attempts to placate David, in order to stop the future King from taking revenge. She gives him food, and speaks to him, urging him not to \\\"have on his conscience the staggering burden of needless bloodshed\\\" (verse 31, NIV) and reminding him that God will make him a \\\"lasting dynasty\\\" (verse 28). Jon Levenson calls this an \\\"undeniable adumbration\\\" of Nathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 7. Alice Bach notes that Abigail pronounces a \\\"crucial prophecy,\\\" and the Talmud regards her as one of the Tanakh's seven female prophets. Levenson, however, suggests that she \\\"senses the drift of history\\\" from intelligence rather than from special revelation. After Abigail reveals to Nabal what she has done, \\\"God struck Nabal and he died\\\" (v. 38), after which David married her. Abigail is described as intelligent and beautiful. The Talmud amplifies this idea, mentioning her as being one of the \\\"four women of surpassing beauty in the world\\\" (the other three being Rahab, Sarah, and Esther). Being married to the wealthy Nabal, she is also a woman of high socioeconomic status. Whether David married her because he was attracted to her, or as an astute political move, or both is unclear. Abigail and David's second wife, Ahinoam the Jezreelite, accompany David and his war band as they seek refuge in Philistine territory. While David and his men are encamped near Jezreel, the women are captured by Amalekites who raided the town of Ziklag and carried off the women and children. David led the pursuit, and they were subsequently rescued. Both wives then settle with David in Hebron, where Abigail gives birth to David's second son, Chileab (also called Daniel). Abigail is also listed as one of the seven Jewish women prophets, the other six being Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Sarah, Huldah, and Esther. In terms of her moral character, Abraham Kuyper argues that Abigail's conduct indicates \\\"a most appealing character and unwavering faith,\\\" but Alice Bach regards her as subversive. Adele Berlin contrasts the story of Abigail with that of Bathsheba. In one, the wife prevents\",\n \"title\": \"Abigail\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53582340\",\n \"text\": \"David Brown (1763–1812) was an English chaplain in Bengal and founder of the Calcutta Bible Society. Life He was born in Yorkshire, and was educated first under private tuition at Scarborough, and then at a grammar school at Hull under Joseph Milner. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1782 as a sizar. Brown did not take a degree, but was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1785, by Richard Watson. He was appointed to a chaplaincy in Bengal. Brown reached Calcutta in 1786, and was placed in charge of an orphanage. At the same time he was appointed chaplain to the brigade at Fort William. In addition to these duties Brown took charge of the Old Mission Church of Calcutta. That year he met Charles Grant, and put together a \\\"Proposal for Establishing a Protestant Mission in Bengal\\\". It was passed to Charles Simeon, and then to William Wilberforce. Grant returned to Great Britain, and recruitment of evangelical chaplains for India got under way. In 1788 Brown gave up the orphanage position, incompatible with his work as pastor at the Old Mission Church, founded by John Kiernander. In 1794 Brown was appointed presidency chaplain. Among his close friends were Henry Martyn, Claudius Buchanan, and Thomas Thomason. He became senior chaplain in 1797, when Thomas Blanshard left. In 1803 Brown bought Aldeen House in Serampore, and made it his home. The grounds included a deserted temple. At this time Serampore was a colony of Danish India, and while the East India Company opposed missionary activity, the Lutheran Danish government was sympathetic, in particular to William Carey. Under the name the Pagoda, the abandoned Radha-vallabha temple next to the River Hooghly was used as an oratory by Henry Martyn, who often stayed with Brown. Aldeen House became a place of meeting of Baptist missionaries such as Carey, and the group of evangelical Anglican chaplains in Bengal. While personal relations were good, there were also tensions: Brown opposed Baptist efforts with the Calcutta Benevolent Institution, a free school, and there was a power struggle within the Serampore mission. Brown's health was failing in 1812. He embarked, for the benefit of sea air, in a vessel bound for Madras, which was wrecked on the voyage down the Bay of Bengal. The passengers and crew were rescued by another vessel and taken back to Calcutta. Brown died on 14 June 1812, at the house in Chowringhee of John Herbert Harington, president of the Calcutta Bible Society set up in 1811, as he was the secretary. Funeral sermons were preached by Daniel Corrie and Thomas Thomason. Family Brown married, first, a Miss Robinson of Hull, who died in 1794; and then in 1796, to Frances Cowley, daughter of Hannah Cowley. On his death he left nine children. Buchanan mentioned three sons, who had been schooled in languages. The family received support from the East India Company, moved to London, and Frances Brown died in Bristol, in 1822. Brown's children were: Jane Grant (1792–1821), the\",\n \"title\": \"David Brown (East India Company chaplain)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69166601\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah Tamaki JP (née Lee; born 1960) is the wife of Brian Tamaki, the leader of the Pentecostal fundamentalist movement Destiny Church. She is also the leader of the Christian fundamentalist political party Vision NZ. Personal life Hannah Lee was born in Tokoroa in 1960 as the daughter of a European father named Basil Lee and a Māori mother named Polly. She has seven half-brothers and half-sisters. Basil worked as the foreman of the Tokoroa cheese factory. Hannah is the wife of Brian Tamaki, the leader of Destiny Church. The couple have three children and six grandchildren. Meeting Brian and religious conversion Hannah attended Tokoroa High School where she played netball, softball and hash harriers. In 1976, she dropped out of school at the age of 15 and found work at the SuperValue supermarket in Tokoroa. She met her future husband Brian Tamaki (who was two years older) and the two developed a romantic relationship. In August 1978, the couple moved to Te Awamutu where Brian became the manager at a dairy farm belonging to one of his relatives. In February 1979, Hannah gave birth to the couple's first child, Jasmine. Hannah bore a second daughter, named Jamie, 14 months later. In early 1979, Hannah underwent a \\\"born-again\\\" experience after Brian's parents Duke and Margaret Tamaki underwent a born-again experience following a meeting with Pastor Roy Beach, a former motorcycle-gang member turned pastor. The couple subsequently returned to Tokoroa in August 1979, staying with Basil. Hannah resumed her supermarket job while Brian found work tree-felling. Brian subsequently underwent a similar born-again experience in late 1979. The couple married on 22 March 1980. In January 1982, Hannah and her daughters accompanied her husband Brian to Te Nikau Bible College near Paraparaumu, which was affiliated with Pentecostal and Charismatic movements. During that period, Hannah gave birth to a son named Samuel. Hannah also took two courses at the Bible college, gaining an understanding of Christian theology. After Brian completed his ministerial training at Te Nikau Bible College, Hannah returned to her supermarket job. Brian took up a leadership role at Tokoroa Apostolic Church and became the manager of government employment-scheme. Hannah accompanied her husband as he pastored Rosetown Community Church in Te Awamutu and Lake City Church in Rotorua during the 1980s and 1990s. While in Te Awamutu, Hannah coached a netball team in order to increase their church's local contacts. In 1994, Brian seceded from the Apostolic Church denomination and founded his own movement, which subsequently became known as Destiny Church. Destiny Church In 1998, the Tamakis moved to Auckland and established City Church Auckland, which opened on 4 July. Destiny Church regards this date as its official commencement. Around 2002, Hannah Tamaki founded the Healing Hands Ministry as a small organisation to earn money from the Destiny women's meetings and to support people undergoing treatment, particularly for cancer. According to the historian Peter Lineham, Hannah served as the \\\"business brains\\\" of Destiny Church, complementing her husband Brian who was primarily\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah Tamaki\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30613315\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Kneeland ( 1696 – 14 December 1769) was an American printer and publisher of The Boston Gazette and Weekly Journal. Kneeland obtained much of his work printing laws and other official documents for the Province of Massachusetts Bay colonial government for about two decades. He printed the first Bible in the English language ever produced in the American colonies, along with many other religious and spiritual works, including the Book of Psalms. He was also noted for introducing a number of innovations to newspaper printing and journalism. He was one of many colonial printers who were strongly opposed to and outspoken against the Stamp Act in 1765. Kneeland, primarily, along with his sons, were responsible for printing the greater majority of books, magazines and pamphlets published in Boston during his lifetime. Early life and family heritage Samuel Kneeland was born in Boston and entered into the printing business around 1718. His parents were John Kneeland and Mary (Green) Kneeland, who had eight children, of which he was the third born. He was named after his grandfather, Samuel Green, a printer in Boston, and his great-grandfather, Samuel Green, of Cambridge, England, the publisher of the Cambridge Bible. His printing shop was located on Prison lane, now called Court Street, at the corner of Dorset's alley in Boston. This building was used for eighty years as a printing house by Kneeland and his sons and grandsons. On February 8, 1721, Kneeland married Mary Alden, of Boston, a granddaughter of Captain John Alden, a merchant, politician and sailor of Boston. He had respectable friends, who helped him get started in the printing business with the capitol to acquire the necessary printing materials when he became of age. His younger sister, Hannah Kneeland, born 1703, married Jeremiah Townsend, of Boston, on April 16, 1734. Kneeland was the father of four sons, all of whom became printers. Two of them, John and Daniel set up a press, and entered into partnership before their father's death, while other two were never to established their own businesses. Samuel Kneeland and his sons, with their various partnerships, continued to capture the greater large share of the printing business in Boston. It is estimated that between 1705 and 1785, three out of four books printed and published in Boston bore the Kneeland imprint. Career Kneeland was apprenticed to Bartholomew Green, and was considered a good workman, industrious and earnest in his business manner. For many years he was a printer to the Province of Massachusetts Bay government and council, printing their laws, acts charters and journals and other legal documents. Sometime before 1740, Kneeland took on Daniel Fowle as an apprentice, who went on to become a successful printer. Kneeland, proposed to add a number of new features in his practice of journalism, including the introduction of an organized corps of correspondents of \\\"the most knowing and ingenious gentlemen in several noted towns\\\", to seek out and gather news. He also made proposed to publish on a weekly\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Kneeland (printer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50850893\",\n \"text\": \"The Smiths of Glastonbury were two generations of women—a mother and her five daughters—residing in Glastonbury, Connecticut, in the late 18th and 19th century who were early champions of education, abolition, and women's rights. Kimberly Mansion, their former home on Main Street, is now a designated National Historic Landmark, and the family as a whole was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. The family The mother of the family, Hannah Hadassah (Hickok) Smith (1767–1850), was married to a prosperous Nonconformist clergyman, Zephaniah Smith. Zephaniah left the ministry due to a religious dispute and became a farmer and lawyer in Glastonbury. Hannah was conversant in the classics and saw to it that her daughters were exceptionally well educated. The author of an early anti-slavery petition, she was an abolitionist who helped slaves escape through the Underground Railroad. The five daughters were: Hancy Zephinia Smith (1787–1871), an active abolitionist Cyrinthia Sacretia Smith (1788–1864), a horticulturalist Laurilla Aleroyla Smith (1789–1837), a teacher at Catharine Beecher's seminary Julia Evelina Smith (1792–1886), a teacher at Emma Willard's school who became the first woman to translate the entire Bible from its original languages; a suffragist; and the author of a book, Abby Smith and Her Cows, about a suffrage-related tax battle with the Glastonbury authorities Abby Hadassah Smith (1797–1878), a public speaker on suffrage and a protagonist in the tax battle detailed in her sister Julia's book Unusually for the period, four of the daughters did not marry, while the fifth (Julia) married only at the age of 87. Glastonbury's middle school, Smith Middle School, is named after the family. See also Julia E. Smith Parker Translation References American families Suffragists from Connecticut American women's rights activists People from Glastonbury, Connecticut\",\n \"title\": \"Smiths of Glastonbury\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20733244\",\n \"text\": \"The Bulwark is a 1946 (posthumous) novel by Theodore Dreiser. Plot summary Hannah and Rufus Barnes, both Quakers, move out of Maine to Trenton, New Jersey, where Hannah's widowed sister lives. Their son Solon, the protagonist, meets Benecia Wallin; although she is affluent and he is not, they get married. Solon works in a bank in Philadelphia, where his Quaker values are contrary to financial ethos. He summons a bank examiner from Washington DC to stop the corrupt practices of some chief executives. Eventually, he resigns. Meanwhile, two of his offspring, Etta and Stewart, repudiate their Quaker upbringing. While Orville gets married and Isobel works in a college, Etta moves to Wisconsin and then Greenwich Village under the influence of one of her friends, Volida La Porte. She has an affair with a painter, until he decides to go West to further his career. Moreover, Stewart accidentally kills one of his dates and commits suicide shortly after. Eventually, Benecia dies upon Etta's return; Solon dies of cancer as Etta watches over him. Allusions to actual history Quaker figures by George Fox and John Woolman, with his Journals, are mentioned. Financiers such as Nicholas Biddle, Anthony Joseph Drexel I, George Dunton Widener, the Vanderbilt family, Jay Gould, J. P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller are mentioned. Allusions to other works The Quaker Book of Discipline and the Bible are mentioned. Mrs Tennet tells Orville about Fairy Berulyne. Later, Volida lends Etta a copy of The Lady of the Camellias by Alexandre Dumas, fils. Later, Etta also reads La Cousine Bette by Balzac, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and Daudet's Sappho. Jack and the Beanstalk, Charles Perrault's Bluebeard, and Sinbad the Sailor are also mentioned. Literary significance and criticism Theodore Dreiser started working on this novel as early as 1914. It was published posthumously, one year after Dreiser's death. Dreiser read John Woolman's Journals in 1939. It has been suggested that Dreiser's reading of Thoreau in 1938 influenced some passages. The novel has been described as an allegory, where Solon is the figure of a saint. Moreover, it has been suggested that Solon Barnes was informed by Theodore Dreiser's own father, John Paul Dreiser. References 1946 American novels Novels by Theodore Dreiser Novels published posthumously Doubleday (publisher) books\",\n \"title\": \"The Bulwark (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61275579\",\n \"text\": \"George Brown (January 10, 1746 – June 19, 1836) was a Rhode Island politician and judge who served as a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from May 1796 to June 1799, and as the first lieutenant governor of Rhode Island from 1799 to 1800. Early life Brown was born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, on January 10, 1746. He was the eldest of four sons born to Robert Brown, Esq. and his first wife, Sarah (née Franklin) Brown, who married in 1745. His younger brothers were William, John and Franklin Brown. Some sources indicate Brown's mother, Sarah Franklin was a relative of Benjamin Franklin. Career Like his father Robert, George was an attorney at law in Rhode Island. He served as a representative in the Rhode Island General Assembly and in 1796 was elected by the Legislature as the second justice of the state supreme court, holding that office until 1799. From 1799 to 1800, Brown served as the lieutenant governor of Rhode Island under Governor Arthur Fenner. Brown defeated the incumbent lieutenant governor Samuel J. Potter, served his term and was in turn defeated by Potter who succeeded him. Brown owned a nearly four hundred acre farm in South Kingstown, which \\\"formerly constituted one of the most eligible tracts of the Hazards' Boston Neck estates.\\\" The head farmer on his estate was John Perry, father of Robinson Perry, and a cousin of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. Personal life On April 24, 1768, Brown was married to Hannah Robinson (1751–1822) in Narragansett, Rhode Island. Hannah was the daughter of William Robinson and Hannah (née Brown) Robinson and the granddaughter of William Robinson who served as the 28th and 30th Deputy Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. George and Hannah were the parents of nine children together, including: Elizabeth Brown (1769–1855), who married Benjamin Robinson in 1791. George Brown (d. 1864), who married Mary Brown (d. 1842). Abby Brown (d. 1852) William Brown (1776–1824), who married Ann Dockray (1779–1845). Sarah Brown (1778–1804), who married John J. Watson (1774–1852) in 1798. Ann Brown (1783–1872) Hannah Brown (1785–1872), who married Rowse Babcock (1773–1841) in 1801. John Brown (1792–1833), who married Mary Elizabeth Robinson (1794–1866). Brown died on June 19, 1836, and was buried in River Bend Cemetery in Westerly, Rhode Island. References External links 1746 births 1836 deaths People from South Kingstown, Rhode Island Members of the Rhode Island General Assembly Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court Lieutenant Governors of Rhode Island\",\n \"title\": \"George Brown (Rhode Island politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46502410\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah and John Edward Peck were an American married couple that were poisoned with arsenic by their son-in-law Arthur Warren Waite in 1916. The murders Arthur Warren Waite married Clara Louise Peck, the daughter of Hannah M. Peck (nee Carpenter) and John Edward Peck on September 9, 1915, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Hannah Peck was poisoned with arsenic and died on January 30, 1916, at the home of Waite and his wife and the victim's daughter Clara Peck. John Peck travelled from Grand Rapids, Michigan to Manhattan, New York City and he died on March 21, 1916. Waite poisoned him during a dental exam and gave him additional arsenic in his food. When the death was too slow he gave him ether and smothered him with a pillow. Waite was found guilty and sentenced to death via electrocution at Sing Sing on May 24, 1917. Perpetrator Arthur Warren Waite (December 2, 1887 – May 24, 1917) He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan to Warren W. Wait and Sarah Jane Haines. He claimed to be a physician and took a course in dentistry at the University of Michigan and then studied at the University of Glasgow. Subsequently, despite the fact that he was listed in directories as \\\"Dr. Waite\\\", he was never a registered physician, nor practiced dentistry. Victims John Edward Peck (March 4, 1844 – March 21, 1916) He was born in Newburg, New York, to Elias Peck and Catherine Millard. He married Hannah M. Carpenter in 1876. He died at 435 Riverside Drive in Manhattan, New York City at the home of Arthur. He founded Peck Brothers Drug Co. with his brother Thomas M. Peck and sold it for several million dollars. He was a director of several banks and held stocks in Furniture companies. Hannah M. Carpenter Peck (April 24, 1854 – January 30, 1916) was born in New York City. She married John Edward Peck. She was poisoned by Arthur Warren Waite. Family of victims Percy Seaman Peck (1878–1974) was the son of Hannah and John Edward Peck. He testified at the murder trial of Arthur Warren Waite. Waite's wife Clara Louise Peck Waite (1887–1964) was the daughter of Hannah and John Edward Peck, and the wife of Arthur Warren Waite. She was poisoned, and became ill, but recovered. She later married John J. Caulfield (1883–1952). Margaret Horton Margaret Horton was a cabaret singer who was having an affair with the married Arthur Warren Waite. References 1916 murders in the United States Murder in New Jersey Peck, Hannah M. Carpenter Peck, John Edward American murder victims Deaths by poisoning 1916 in New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Hannah and John E. Peck\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74065435\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah Gifford was the teacher at a free school that was \\\"one of the most striking achievements of puritan Dorchester\\\" that operated between 1651 and 1668. The town paid for her salary, books, bibles and clothing for dozens of poor children. Life Gifford came to notice in 1651 when the town of Dorchester decided to create and fund a school. The Thomas Hardye School (for boys) was already operating but there was no school for the poor. The corporation agreed to pay her £10 a year to look after 30 pupils and to make that up to £12 if there was more than thirty children. In the event there were more than sixty prospective pupils who came either for the education or the offer of free clothing. A few of the recipients of the clothing lost interest after it was received. Gifford had been born Hannah Gilpin and her father Bernard Galpin had left for America in 1630 on board the Mary and John. She had married Robert Gifford the year before and she and Robert decided to stay. However they were not rich, but they were religious. Robert Gifford was given a charity payment in the 1640s. Her teaching at the new school was commended. She taught the children to read and to know the catechism. The school had been formed to improve the moral and spiritual well-being and the town paid for bibles and books which were supplied by John Long and William Churchill. The school was said to be \\\"one of the most striking achievements of puritan Dorchester\\\". It was maintained by a payment made on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot. The school was operating in 1668 with her as teacher but the school had stopped by 1676. References School principals and headteachers People from Dorchester, Dorset 17th-century English women\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah Gifford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55263809\",\n \"text\": \"Eunice Hale Cobb (; January 27, 1803 – May 2, 1880) was an American writer, public speaker, and activist. She was born in Kennebunk, Maine, in 1803 and she married Rev. Sylvanus Cobb in Hallowell, Maine, in 1822. She was a devoted and efficient assistant to his religious work as a Universalist preacher. Her eldest son, Sylvanus, Jr., derived much of his noted faculty for story-telling from her practice of telling him stories – often continued from evening to evening, as he sat at her feet when a child. She wrote hymns, and occasional poems, and obituary lines. Her faith in God was expressed in all her poetry. As a public speaker, she was very persuasive and convincing. She was the first female president of the Ladies Physiological Institute, of Boston, and served it in that capacity for some 15 years. She died in 1880. Early life and education Eunice Hale Waite was born in Kennebunk, January 27, 1803, the second child of Elizabeth Stanwood and Captain Hale Waite. Her father had removed to Kennebunk from Ipswich, Massachusetts, a short time before Cobb was born, and he returned there soon after her birth, so that Ipswich was associated with her earliest childhood. Captain Waite died when Cobb was five years old, leaving a widowed mother and four children, two of whom died at a very early age. After her father's death, Cobb was cared for by her maternal grandparents, who were Calvinists. At the age of ten, her mother married Samuel Locke (1784-1873), of Hallowell, a man of liberal education who was a school preceptor by profession. He was known to have exerted an influence on his stepdaughter. Thoroughly imbued with the Calvinistic doctrine by her grandparents, Cobb, at an early age, became a prominent member of the Baptist church of Hallowell. Asking her stepfather for spiritual guidance, he responded: \\\"I will not try to shake your faith, but I would have you study candidly, patiently, intelligently, fearlessly, the Bible.\\\" Family Of her genealogy, the following was contained in a son's memoir: — Thomas Waite of Ipswich is first mentioned in 1658. He was appointed sergeant in 1664. His wife was complained of before the court for wearing a silk dress, but it was decided that she was entitled to do so. From various circumstances, it is supposed that Thomas Waite was of the same family with the Maiden Waites, and with'them descended from Samuel Waite of Wethersfield, Essex County, England; but the evidence of such descent seems unattainable. Of his five children, the second son, John, was born in 1658, died May 21, 1736. He married for his first wife, Kathren Carroll, August 14, 1685; for second wife, Hannah Dorr, November 16, 1712. Their children numbered eight. Jonadab, the third son, was born February 20, 1690, married Hannah Adams, September 11, 1725, and died July 6, 1761. They had one child, John, baptized August 17, 1729. He was married to Sarah Kimball, November 30, 1749; died in February 1752,\",\n \"title\": \"Eunice Hale Cobb\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14881268\",\n \"text\": \"The Conversion of Sum Loo is a short story by Willa Cather. It was first published in Library in August 1900. Plot summary After his first wife dies without giving him the progeny his recently deceased father strongly wished him to have, Sum Chin, who grew up in China and now lives in San Francisco, decides to marry the daughter of a friend he had in China. They have a child together, Sum Wing, and baptise him. The child dies, and Sum Chin becomes very mournful; this was his last chance of living up to his patronym. His wife also keeps away from other people. Once, Sister Hannah follows her into a joss house and sees her tear away pages from the Bible. Characters Sum Chin, a trader of 'Chinese bronzes and bric-a-brac in San Francisco'. He grew up in Nanjing, where he liked to read Chinese literature. Sum Loo, Sum Chin's wife. Sister Hannah Norman Girrard, a theological student at the Mission of the Heavenly Rest. He liked to do charcoal drawings in his youth. Later, he took to drinking absinthe and doing profane paintings. Te Wing, a 'purchasing agent' from Canton. He is Sum Loo's father. Sum Wing, Sum Chin and Loo's child, who dies soon after being baptised. Literary significance and criticism The Conversion of Sum Loo is a rewriting of Cather's earlier story, A Son of the Celestial. References External links Full Text at the Willa Cather Archive 1900 short stories Short stories by Willa Cather Works originally published in Library (journal)\",\n \"title\": \"The Conversion of Sum Loo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"704445\",\n \"text\": \"Zachary Macaulay (; 2 May 1768 – 13 May 1838) was a Scottish statistician and abolitionist who was a founder of London University and of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, and a Governor of British Sierra Leone. Early life Macaulay was born in Inveraray, Scotland, to Margaret Campbell and John Macaulay (1720 – 1789), who was a minister of the Church of Scotland and a grandson of Dòmhnall Cam. He had two brothers: Aulay Macaulay, who was an antiquary, and Colin Macaulay, who was a general and an abolitionist. Zachary Macaulay was not educated in, but taught himself, Greek and Latin and English literature. Career Macaulay worked in a merchant's office in Glasgow, where he fell into bad company and began to indulge in excessive drinking. In late 1784, when aged 16 years, he emigrated to Jamaica, where he worked as an assistant manager at a sugar plantation, at which he objected to slavery as a consequence of which he, contrary to the preference of his father, renounced his job and returned in 1789 to London, where he reduced his alcoholism and became a bookkeeper. He was influenced by Thomas Babington of Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, an evangelical Whig abolitionist whom his sister Jean had married, and by whom he was influenced and introduced to William Wilberforce and Henry Thornton. Macaulay in 1790 visited Sierra Leone, the West African colony that was founded by the Sierra Leone Company for emancipated slaves. He returned in 1792 to serve on its Council, by which he was invested as Governor in 1794, as which he remained until 1799. Macaulay became a member of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, with William Wilberforce, to campaign for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. He later became the secretary of the African Institution. He and Wilberforce also became members of the Clapham Sect of evangelical Whigs, that included Henry Thornton and Edward Eliot, for whom he edited the magazine, the Christian Observer, from 1802 to 1816. Macaulay served on committees that established London University, and that established the Society for the Suppression of Vice. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society, and an active supporter of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and of the Cheap Repository Tracts, and of the Church Missionary Society. Macaulay contributed to the 1823 foundation of the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery, and he was editor of its publication, the Anti-Slavery Reporter, in which he censured the analysis of indentured labour by the British Colonial Office expert Thomas Moody However, Zachary Macaulay desired a 'free black peasantry' rather than equality for Africans. Macaulay died on 13 May 1838 in London, where he was buried in St George's Gardens, Bloomsbury, and where a memorial to him was erected in Westminster Abbey. Personal life Macaulay married Selina Mills, who was the daughter of the Quaker printer Thomas Mills. They were introduced by Hannah More on 26 August 1799. They settled in\",\n \"title\": \"Zachary Macaulay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76801546\",\n \"text\": \"John Edwards Caldwell (February 2, 1769March 9, 1819) was an American author, philanthropist, and politician who co-founded the American Bible Society and the Christian Herald. Early life and family Caldwell was born in 1769, the son of James Caldwell and Hannah Ogden. His father was a Presbyterian minister who played a prominent part in the American Revolution and was known as the \\\"Fighting Parson\\\". Caldwell's family home was burned by Loyalists in 1780. After his father's murder in 1781, Caldwell was placed under the care of his legal guardian Elias Boudinot, who sent him to live in the home of Rev. Alexander MacWhorter. Caldwell was later adopted by Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who took him with his family upon his return to France in 1782. Caldwell was educated in a French boarding school during that period. In 1785, Caldwell and the family of Lafayette dined with John Adams. In 1791, Caldwell returned to America and settled in Philadelphia, where his guardian Boudinot was living. Marriage In 1801, Caldwell married Hanna Wyck, and they had one daughter. Career In June 1801, Caldwell received a recess appointment by President Thomas Jefferson as Consular Agent for the West Indies and San Domingo. His appointment was confirmed by the United States Senate in January 1802. In 1802, he wrote to then-Secretary of State James Madison and provided an account of American vessels in port. Caldwell later moved to New York City. Caldwell was an early founder of the American Bible Society, and served as its general agent from 1878 until the rest of his life. In 1816, Caldwell made a founding donation to the society of $10,000. Caldwell was also the founder of the Christian Herald, and he served as editor and publisher of the first five volumes. In 1809, Caldwell published his first book, A Tour through Part of Virginia, In the Summer of 1808. Death and legacy Caldwell died in 1819 aged 50. He is buried at Middle Dutch Church. His portrait is in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery. The John Edwards Caldwell Papers are in the permanent collection of the Library of Congress, and his 1809 book A Tour through Part of Virginia is in the collection of the United States National Library of Medicine. Works A Tour through Part of Virginia, In the Summer of 1808, 1809. Some Account of the Islands of the Azores, 1809. Scenes from a Cave Tour, 1808. The Christian Herald: Volume I, 1816. The Christian Herald: Volume II, 1816. The Christian Herald: Volume III, 1817. The Christian Herald: Volume IV, 1817. The Christian Herald: Volume V, 1818. References 1769 births 1819 deaths People from Elizabeth, New Jersey Historians of Virginia Historians of Colonial North America 18th-century American writers 19th-century American writers 19th-century American politicians 18th-century American politicians American Presbyterians\",\n \"title\": \"John Edwards Caldwell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44513342\",\n \"text\": \"Serena Lake (née Thorne) (28 October 1842 – 9 July 1902) was an English Australian suffragist, temperance activist, and evangelical preacher in South Australia. Early life Serena Thorne was born in England at Shebbear, Devon. She was the daughter of Bible Christian Methodist preachers, Samuel and Mary Thorne. Her grandfather, William O’Bryan was the founder of the Bible Christian Church. Bible Christians allowed women preachers and by the age of 21 she was a widely known preacher through Devon, Cornwall and South Wales. Australia Serena Thorne was sent to preach and help establish Bible Christianity in Queensland, Australia in 1865 and in 1870 she was invited by Samuel Way and Dr Allan Campbell to preach at Bible Christian Churches in Adelaide, South Australia. She preached to large crowds in Adelaide and travelled widely amongst the parishes of South Australia. In March 1871 Lake married Reverend Octavius Lake (1841 – 9 September 1922), whom she had previously known in England. They were married by Rev. James Way in Samuel Way's house in Adelaide on 2 March 1871. Between 1873 and 1883 she gave birth to seven children only one of whom survived to adulthood. Women's Suffrage League In 1888 Lake was involved in the foundation meeting of the South Australian Women's Suffrage League and was appointed to the council. Lake believed gender equality was \\\"the original design of the Creator\\\" and combined her passion for women's suffrage with her evangelical passion. Lake shared platforms with suffragists such as Mary Lee, and used logic, wit and evangelical fervour to argue in favour of women's suffrage. Lake was a strong believer in the evils of alcohol and felt confident that once women had the vote it would help to end the liquor trade. Woman's Christian Temperance Union In 1889 Lake was appointed to the position of Colonial Organiser of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of South Australia as well as Suffrage superintendent of the Union. Lake travelled widely across South Australia, as well as to Broken Hill, to enrol new members and establish branches of the Union throughout country South Australia. She was, with Elizabeth Webb Nicholls (1850–1943), Maria Peacock Henderson, Mary Jane George, Hannah Chewings, and Sarah Lindsay Evans a trustee of the Union when it was incorporated in 1891. She also spread the women's suffrage message through the Union in her role as Suffrage superintendent. In an 1890 report to the Union, Lake recorded 27 new Unions she had organised across South Australia. Lake requested each of the 65 South Australian Unions to report on the works of their women's suffrage departments, however, in her 1891 report she noted that only half replied and some did not have suffrage departments. The 1891 report provided information on the progress of women's suffrage legislation and contained an appeal from Lake to members to spread the suffrage work. A quote from Lake's 1891 report states: \\\"The aim of our work is to wake both men and women up to the injustice and absurdity of\",\n \"title\": \"Serena Lake\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58006058\",\n \"text\": \"Lyman Burt Peet (March 1, 1809 - January 11, 1878; Chinese: 弼利民 or 弼來滿; Pinyin: Bì Lìmín or Bì Láimǎn; Foochow Romanized: Bĭk Lé-mìng or Bĭk Lài-muāng) was one of the first Congregationalist missionaries to Fuzhou, China. Life Lyman Burt Peet was born on March 1, 1809, in Cornwall, Vermont to Lemuel and Roxalany (Stebbins) Peet. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1834 and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1837. On December 13, 1837, he was ordained in South Dennis, Massachusetts, and sailed as a missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. for Siam on July 6, 1839. In August 1846 he was transferred to Fuzhou and reached there in September 1847. Peet retired in 1871, and resided in West Haven, Connecticut until he died of dysentery on January 11, 1878. Peet married twice. In 1839 he married his first wife, Rebecca Clemence Sherrill, who died in Fuzhou in 1856. On June 6, 1858, he married Hannah Louisa Plimpton, who, after Peet's death, married to another ABCFM missionary in Fuzhou, Charles Hartwell. During his years in Fuzhou, he helped translate several portions of the Bible including the Book of Psalms, the Proverbs, and the Book of Job into the local Fuzhou dialect. References Presbyterian missionaries in China Christian missionaries in Fujian Presbyterian writers Middlebury College alumni Andover Theological Seminary alumni People from Cornwall, Vermont 1809 births 1878 deaths American expatriates in China American Presbyterian missionaries\",\n \"title\": \"Lyman Burt Peet\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42750662\",\n \"text\": \"Sarah Ewing Hall (October 30, 1761 – April 8, 1830) was an American educator, poet, and essayist of Christian literature. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of the Reverend John Ewing, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church and Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, and Hannah (Sergeant) Ewing. She was taught at home by her father and by his learned guests' instructive dialogues. Her favorite subject was astronomy, where her father was an expert. She also gained vast knowledge of Greek and Latin when listening to her brothers recite. In 1782, she married John Hall, who was the son of a wealthy Maryland planter, and they had eleven children, residing in relative solitude on his farm in Maryland for the next eight years. In 1790 the family returned to Philadelphia where John Hall served as secretary of the Pennsylvania land office and a U.S. marshal from 1799 to 1801. In 1805 they moved to New Jersey, but later financial changes forced them to move back to Maryland, from where they returned to Philadelphia in 1811. Two of her sons were John Elihu Hall and James Hall, both of whom were prominent publishers and writers. She died in Philadelphia in 1830 and was buried in the Third Presbyterian Church burial ground. Writing career Hall was an essayist and wrote for Joseph Dennie's Port Folio, a Philadelphia Federalist magazine. In 1818 shw wrote Conversations on the Bible, which became her most notable work. in 1833, her essays and letters were compiled and published as Mrs. Sarah Hall, Author of Conversations on the Bible. Bibliography Conversations on the Bible (1818) Mrs. Sarah Hall, Author of Conversations on the Bible (1833) References 1761 births 1830 deaths Poets from Philadelphia American women poets 19th-century American poets 18th-century American poets American Christian writers American women essayists 19th-century American women writers 18th-century essayists 19th-century American essayists 18th-century American women writers Educators from Pennsylvania American women educators\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Ewing Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5369370\",\n \"text\": \"Black & Blue is a 1997 crime novel by Ian Rankin. The eighth of the Inspector Rebus novels, it was the first to be adapted in the Rebus television series starring John Hannah, airing in 2000. It is considered a landmark entry in the Tartan Noir genre. Plot summary Detective Inspector John Rebus is working on four cases at once trying to catch a killer he suspects of being the infamous Bible John. He has to do it while under an internal inquiry led by a man he has accused of taking bribes from Glasgow's \\\"Mr Big\\\". TV journalists are meanwhile investigating Rebus over a miscarriage of justice. Rebus travels between Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen and then on to Shetland and the North Sea. Full summary Set in Scotland around the mid-1990s, Black & Blue focuses on Detective Inspector Rebus. Transferred to Craigmillar, Rebus is investigating the Johnny Bible case. (The spree of recent killings bears a striking similarity to the factual \\\"Bible John\\\" case of the late 1960s.) Rebus resolves an ambiguous incident with his colleague Brian Holmes, regarding the alleged assault on the criminal Mental Minto. He becomes involved in investigating the brutal death of Allan Mitchison. At home, Rebus is fascinated by the Bible John killings, and studies them off-duty through old newspapers and reports. Rebus had also worked on the Spaven case with a former boss, Geddes; despite having arrested Spaven and found him with the victim's handbag, Rebus (and the press) are not convinced that the evidence wasn't planted. Spaven had continued to protest his innocence, including in a best-selling biography, before committing suicide in prison. Rebus starts investigating Mitchison's death, while assigning Holmes to research Geddes’ notes in the Spaven case, to return the favour for resolving the earlier incident with Minto. Suspecting Tony El of murdering Mitchison, Rebus puts out his description before heading to Partick to see Joseph Toal, a local crime boss who used to employ Tony El. The book switches to Bible John's viewpoint, who arrives in Scotland, apparently to pursue Johnny Bible, whom he calls \\\"the Upstart\\\". Investigating libraries, Bible John starts tracing anyone who has researched him. In Partick with CI Ancram and an old friend, DI Jack Morton, Rebus continues investigating Johnny Bible, and calls on his relationship with Cafferty, a gang lord in Edinburgh now behind bars. Because of his respect for Rebus despite his being a police officer, Cafferty arranges a meeting for him with Uncle Joe, where Rebus learns that Tony El is no longer working for Uncle Joe and apparently headed south. After a dispute with Ancram, Rebus heads back home. After meeting with Gill Templer, Rebus attempts to visit one of his colleague's snitches, only to find him dead in the canal. In an attempt to satisfy the press, the police open an inquiry into the Spaven case, and bring Rebus in as he is the only surviving person to have been closely involved. Attempting to stall talking to them, Rebus heads\",\n \"title\": \"Black & Blue (Rankin novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3359455\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah O'Brien Chaplin Conant (, Chaplin; pen name, H. C. Conant; September 5, 1809February 18, 1865) was an American biblical scholar. Biography Hannah O'Brien Chaplin was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, September 5, 1809. Her father was a clergyman. In 1830, she was married to Thomas Jefferson Conant, and in 1838 she became the editor of The Mother's Journal. She translated from the German Strauss' Baptism in Jordan, Neander's commentary on Philippians, and works by other authors. Her works are The Earnest Man, an excellent biography of Adoniram Judson (1855), and a Popular History of English Bible Translation (1856). She was an able assistant in her husband's Hebrew studies. Selected works The earnest man : a sketch of the character and labors of Adoniram Judson, first missionary to Burmah (1855) Popular History of English Bible Translation (1856) The English Bible. History of the translation of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue. With specimens of the old English versions (1856) The popular history of the translation of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue. With specimens of the old English versions (1880) References 1809 births 1865 deaths Hannah People from Danvers, Massachusetts American biblical scholars German–English translators American magazine editors American women magazine editors 19th-century American journalists 19th-century American women journalists 19th-century American translators Female biblical scholars 19th-century pseudonymous writers\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah O'Brien Chaplin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11038490\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis Sperry Chafer (February 27, 1871 – August 22, 1952) was an American theologian. He co-founded Dallas Theological Seminary with his older brother Rollin Thomas Chafer (1868-1940), served as its first president, and was an influential proponent of Christian Dispensationalism in the early 20th century. John Hannah described Chafer as a visionary Bible teacher, a minister of the gospel, a man of prayer with strong piety. One of his students, Charles Caldwell Ryrie, who went on to become a world renowned theologian and scholar, stated that Chafer was an evangelist who was also \\\"an eminent theologian.\\\" Biography Early life Chafer was born in Rock Creek, Ohio to Thomas and Lomira Chafer and was the second of three children. His father, a parson, died from tuberculosis when Lewis was 11 years old, and his mother supported the family by teaching school and keeping boarders in the family home. Chafer attended the Rock Creek Public School as a young boy, and the New Lyme Institution in New Lyme, Ohio from 1885 to 1888. Here he discovered a talent for music and choir. Chafer quit his studies at Oberlin to work with YMCA evangelist, Arthur T. Reed of Ohio. From 1889 to 1891, Chafer attended Oberlin College, where he met Ella Loraine Case. They were married April 22, 1896 and formed a traveling evangelistic music ministry, he singing or preaching and she playing the organ. Their marriage lasted until she died in 1944. Ministry Ordained in 1900 by a Council of Congregational Ministers in the First Congregational Church in Buffalo and in 1903 he ministered as an evangelist in the Presbytery of Troy in Massachusetts and became associated with the ministry of Cyrus Scofield, who became his mentor. During this early period, Chafer began writing and developing his theology. He taught Bible classes and music at the Mount Hermon School for Boys from 1906 to 1910. He joined the Orange Presbytery in 1912 due to the increasing influence of his ministry in the south. He aided Scofield in establishing the Philadelphia School of the Bible in 1913. From 1923 to 1925, he served as general secretary of the Central American Mission. When Scofield died in 1921, Chafer moved to Dallas, Texas to pastor the First Congregational Church of Dallas, an independent church where Scofield had ministered. Then, in 1924, Chafer and his friend William Henry Griffith Thomas realized their vision of a simple, Bible-teaching theological seminary and founded Dallas Theological Seminary (originally Evangelical Theological College). Chafer served as president of the seminary and professor of Systematic Theology from 1924 until his death. He died with friends while away at a conference in Seattle, Washington in August 1952. In 1953, the newly built chapel was designated the Lewis Sperry Chafer Chapel after the recently passed leader. During his life, Chafer received three honorary doctorates: Doctor of Divinity from Wheaton in 1926, Doctor of Letters from Dallas in 1942, and Doctor of Theology from the Aix-en-Province, France, Protestant Seminary in 1946. Chafer had a tremendous\",\n \"title\": \"Lewis Sperry Chafer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"392071\",\n \"text\": \"Major-General Sir Henry Havelock (5 April 1795 – 24 November 1857) was a British general who is particularly associated with India and his recapture of Cawnpore during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Early life Henry Havelock was born at Ford Hall, Bishopwearmouth (now in Sunderland), the son of William Havelock, a wealthy shipbuilder, and Jane, daughter of John Carter, solicitor, of Stockton-on-Tees. He was the second of four brothers, all of whom entered the army. The family moved to Ingress Park, Greenhithe, Kent, when Henry was still a child, and here his mother died in 1811. From January 1800 until August 1804 Henry attended Dartford Grammar School as a parlour boarder with the Master, Rev John Bradley, after which he was placed with his elder brother in the boarding-house of Dr. Raine, headmaster of Charterhouse School until he was 17. Among his contemporaries at Charterhouse were Connop Thirlwall, George Grote, William Hale, Julius Hare, and William Norris (Recorder of Penang), the last two being his special friends. Shortly after leaving Charterhouse his father lost his fortune by unsuccessful speculation, sold Ingress Hall, and removed to Clifton. In accordance with the desire of his mother he entered the Middle Temple in 1813, and became a pupil of Joseph Chitty; his fellow-student was Thomas Talfourd. Havelock was thrown upon his own resources, and obliged to abandon the law as a profession. By the good offices of his brother William, who had distinguished himself in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo, he obtained on 30 July 1815, at the age of 20, a post as second lieutenant in the 95th Regiment of Foot, Rifle Brigade, and was posted to the company of Captain Harry Smith, who encouraged him to study military history and the art of war. He was promoted lieutenant on 24 October 1821. During the following eight years of service in Britain he read extensively all the standard works and acquired a good acquaintance with the theory of war. India Seeing no prospect of active service, he resolved to go to India, and at the end of 1822 transferred into the 13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment (Light Infantry), then commanded by Major Robert Sale, and embarked on the General Kyd in January 1823 for India. Before embarkation he studied the Persian and Hindustani languages with success under John Borthwick Gilchrist. During the voyage a brother officer, Lieutenant James Gardner, awakened in Havelock religious convictions which had slumbered since his mother's death, but henceforth became the guiding principle of his life. Havelock served with distinction in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), after which he returned to England and married Hannah Shepherd Marshman, the daughter of eminent Christian missionaries Dr. and Mrs. Joshua Marshman. At about the same time he became a Baptist, being baptized by John Mack at Serampore. He introduced some of his new family's missionary ideas to the army and began the distribution of bibles to all soldiers. He also introduced all-rank bible study classes and established the first non-church services\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Havelock\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11184831\",\n \"text\": \"Hana Catherine Mullens (1826–1861) was a European Christian missionary, educator, translator and writer. She was a leader of zenana missions, setting up schools for girls and writing what is arguably the first novel in Bengali. She spent most of her life in Calcutta, then the capital of British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal), and was fluent in the Bengali language. Early life and education Hana Catherine Lacroix was born in Calcutta. Her father was Alphonse François Lacroix, a Swiss Protestant missionary who went to Chinsurah in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the London Missionary Society (LMS). Her mother, Hannah Herklots, was from a Dutch colonial family. Hana grew up in the mission in Bhowanipore, one of the Dihi Panchannagram villages then on the suburbs of the capital of the Raj. She learned Bengali, the language of her amah and other servants, at a period when Sanskrit was used only for liturgical and religious purposes; and Bengali was only a language of conversation. At the age of 12 she started teaching Bengali in a newly established school. She was educated mostly by her parents until the family travelled back to Europe when she was 15. Living in London gave her the opportunity to study at the Home and Colonial School Society, where she trained to be a teacher, and then returned to Calcutta. Career Educator In 1845, she married Joseph Mullens also of the LMS, who had travelled out to India on the same ship as her father. The missionary couple continued their work in Calcutta for a dozen years. Using her fluency in Bengali, Hana Catherine Mullens was head of a girls' boarding school, and taught Bible classes to women. It was at the invitation of Rev. Mullens, chairing the Bengal Missionary Conference of 1855, that Rev. John Fordyce first reported on his female teaching initiative in the zenana. (The word refers to the secluded living quarters of girls and women, similar to purdah.) Hana Catherine Mullens became known for her devotion to the outreach programme of the zenana missions. Shortly after the conference, she persuaded the widow of a Hindu doctor to accommodate zenana teaching in her home, and then negotiated other similar arrangements. These Indian Christians were known as Bible women. In 1858, she and her husband visited Britain to spread the word about their missionary work in India. By the time of her death in 1861, she had four zenanas under her care and was visiting a further eleven every afternoon. Writer She is credited by some with having written the first novel in the Bengali language, Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran (Description of Phulmani and Karuna), in 1852. It was aimed at native Christian women. This book was published six years before Peary Chand Mitra published his Alaler Gharer Dulal. There are other claimants to earlier novels. Nabababubilas published by Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay in 1825 is claimed as one but others think of it as being merely a story. Similar reservation has also been expressed\",\n \"title\": \"Hana Catherine Mullens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63305492\",\n \"text\": \"Bible translations into Geʽez, an ancient South Semitic language of the Ethiopian branch, date back to the 6th century at least, making them one of the world's oldest Bible translations. Translations of the Bible in Ge'ez, in a predecessor of the Ge'ez script which did not possess vowels, were created between the 5th and 7th century, soon after the Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century. The milestones of the modern editions were the Roman edition of the New Testament in 1548 edited by Tasfa Seyon, which is the editio princeps, and the critical edition of the New Testament by Thomas P. Platt in 1830 (his edition of the Geʽez four Gospels was first published in 1826). The Garima Gospels are the oldest translation of the Bible in Ge'ez and the world's earliest complete illustrated Christian manuscript. Monastic tradition holds that they were composed close to the year 500, a date supported by recent radiocarbon analysis; samples from Garima 2 proposed a date of 390–570, while counterpart dating of samples from Garima 1 proposed a date of 530–660. The Garima Gospels is also thought to be the oldest surviving Geʽez manuscript. Ge'ez Bible manuscripts existed until at least the late 17th century. In 2009, the Ethiopian Catholic Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church associated themselves with the Bible Society of Ethiopia to produce a printed version of the Bible in Ge'ez. The New Testament was released in 2017. References Further reading Piovanelli, Pierluigi. \\\"Aksum and the Bible: Old Assumptions and New Perspectives.\\\" Aethiopica 21 (2018): 7-27. Open access Hannah, Darrell. \\\"The Vorlage of the Ethiopic Version of the Epistula Apostolorum: Greek or Arabic?.\\\" Beyond Canon: Early Christianity and the Ethiopic Textual Tradition (2020): 97ff. Knibb, Michael A. 2000. Translating the Bible: The Ethiopic Version of the Old Testament, by Michael A. Knibb. The Schweich Lectures for 1995. New York: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. Ullendorff, Edward, Ethiopia and the Bible: The Schweich Lectures (Oxford: British Academy, 1968) Zuurmond, Rochus. \\\"The Ethiopic Version of the New Testament.\\\" The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis (1995): 142–56. External links VETERIS TESTAMENTI AETHIOPICA, Ran HaCohen's text digitization of Augustus Dillmann's edited OT Apocrypha History of Christianity in Ethiopia Bible versions and translations Texts in Ge'ez\",\n \"title\": \"Bible translations into Geʽez\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10133\",\n \"text\": \"Elias Boudinot ( ; May 2, 1740 – October 24, 1821), a Founding Father of the United States, was a lawyer, statesman, and early abolitionist and women's rights advocate from Elizabeth, New Jersey. During the Revolutionary War, Boudinot was an intelligence officer and prisoner-of-war commissary under general George Washington, working to improve conditions for prisoners on both the American and British sides. In 1779, he was elected to the Continental Congress and then to its successor, the Congress of the Confederation, serving as President of Congress in 1782—1783, the final years of the war. After being elected to the first, second, and third U.S. Congresses, where he served from 1789—1795, Boudinot was appointed director of the United States Mint by president Washington and held the position through 1805 under the presidencies of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. An advocate for women’s rights, he led a Federalist campaign in New Jersey during the early 1790s to encourage women to become active in politics. Boudinot, a devout Presbyterian, spoke out frequently against slavery, both as a member of Congress and as a private citizen. In 1816, he helped found the American Bible Society and served as its first president for five years. Boudinot was also a member of the board of trustees of Princeton College from 1772-1821, the year of his death. Early life and education Elias Boudinot was born in Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania on May 2, 1740. His father, Elias Boudinot III, was a merchant and silversmith; he was a neighbor and friend of Benjamin Franklin. His mother, Mary Catherine Williams, was born in the British West Indies; her father was from Wales. Elias' paternal grandfather, Elie (sometimes called Elias) Boudinot, was the son of Jean Boudinot and Marie Suire of Marans, Aunis, France. They were a Huguenot (French Protestant) family who fled to New York about 1687 to avoid the religious persecutions of King Louis XIV. Mary Catherine Williams and Elias Boudinot Sr. were married on August 8, 1729. Over the next twenty years, they had nine children. The first, John, was born in the British West Indies-Antigua. Of the others, only the younger Elias and his siblings Annis, Mary, and Elisha reached adulthood. Annis became one of the first published women poets in the Thirteen Colonies, and her work appeared in leading newspapers and magazines. Elisha Boudinot became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. After studying and being tutored at home, Elias Boudinot went to Princeton, New Jersey to read the law as a legal apprentice to Richard Stockton, an attorney who married Elias' older sister Annis Boudinot. Stockton would also become a Founding Father as a signatory to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Career In 1760, Boudinot was admitted to the bar, and began his practice in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He owned land adjacent to the road from Elizabethtown to Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. Marriage and family After getting established, on April 21, 1762, Boudinot married Hannah Stockton (1736–1808), Richard's younger\",\n \"title\": \"Elias Boudinot\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30368344\",\n \"text\": \"William Swan (21 June 1791, in Leven, Fife – 18 January 1866) was a Scottish missionary in Siberia and one of the translators of the Bible into Mongolian. Swan's first period in Siberia was relatively successful, working with Edward Stallybrass and , and preparing the Mongolian Bible. From Siberia he published Letters on Missions (1830) which the disappointed book reviewer of the Imperial Magazine found to be edifying, but totally lacking in any local colour from Siberia. In 1831 Swan returned to Britain for publication of the Mongolian Bible (New Testament printed) and to visit Great Britain and married Hannah Cullen. However, when the couple attempted to return to Siberia via Saint Petersburg, Swan was arrested and held until the end of 1833. The Russian government finally suppressed the Protestant Siberian mission in 1840 and expelled the Swans and others. References 1791 births 1866 deaths Scottish Congregationalist missionaries Translators of the Bible into Mongolian Translators to Buryat Congregationalist missionaries in Russia 19th-century translators Missionary linguists\",\n \"title\": \"William Swan (missionary)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2662485\",\n \"text\": \"The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a children's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, published in 1958. The story takes place in late 17th-century New England. It won the Newbery Medal in 1959. Plot summary In April 1687, 16-year-old Katherine Tyler (known as Kit) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50-year-old man tries to marry her. She relocates to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel, Uncle Matthew, and her two cousins, Judith and Mercy, in their Puritan community. A brief stop is made in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, to pick up four new passengers. As the small rowboat returns to the ship, a young girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her harsh mother, Goodwife Cruff, to get it back for her. Impulsively, Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll. She is then met with astonished suspicion, as few white people in Connecticut could swim so well. Cruff is the most skeptical of them all, believing Kit is a witch, commenting, \\\"No respectable woman could stay afloat like that.\\\" On the slow trip upriver, Kit befriends John Holbrook, another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with the Reverend Gershom Bulkeley. Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados. Unlike at her previous home, where Kit's family owned servants and slaves, she is expected to work here along with the rest of the family. Her cousin Mercy has a lame leg and is on crutches. Kit is required to attend the Sabbath church meetings twice each Sunday, which she finds dull. Kit meets a rich young man, William Ashby. He begins courting her, though she does not care for him. Originally, her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William, but she focuses on John Holbrook, a divinity student studying with Bulkeley. Kit's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching some young children of Wethersfield, who are preparing for traditional school. Everything proceeds well until one day, bored with the normal lessons, Kit decides the children will reenact a passage from the Bible: the parable of the Good Samaritan. The head of the school, Eleazer Kimberly, enters the house just as things get out of hand. He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school. Heartbroken, Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind, elderly Hannah Tupper, who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker and does not attend church meetings, as well as being suspected of being a witch. With Hannah's support, Kit convinces Kimberly to give the school another chance. As fellow outcasts, Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond, and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship, she keeps visiting Hannah. During one of her visits, Kit again meets the handsome Nathaniel (Nat) Eaton, son of the captain of the Dolphin. Without realizing it, she falls in love with him, and though\",\n \"title\": \"The Witch of Blackbird Pond\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16188332\",\n \"text\": \"1 Samuel 2 is the second chapter of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible (or the \\\"First Book of Samuel\\\" in the Christian Bible). It recounts the Song of Hannah, the corruption of the priests descended from Eli, Samuel's ministry to God 'even as a child' and the prophecy of a \\\"man of God\\\" against Eli's household. Text The original text of this chapter, as with the rest of the Books of Samuel, was written in Hebrew. Since the division of the Bible into chapters in the late medieval period, this chapter is divided into 36 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSam; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–10, 16–36. There is also a difference into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century). Period The event in this chapter happened at the end of judges period in Israel, about 1100 BC. Structure The New Revised Standard Version organises this chapter as follows: = Hannah's Prayer = Eli’s Wicked Sons = The Child Samuel at Shiloh = Prophecy Against Eli’s Household Prophecy against Eli's household Verses 22 to 25 introduce a topic dealing with the condemnation of the house of Eli on account of his sons' transgressions. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, Targum, and Vulgate translation refer to Hophni and Phinehas' sins including both the misappropriation of food brought to sacrifice at the shrine in Shiloh and also their sexual relations with \\\"the women who assembled at the door of the tabernacle of meeting\\\". The Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls omit the latter issue. Eli hears of his sons' behaviour and challenges them to reform, but they take no account of his pleading. Then a \\\"man of God\\\" comes to Eli, a prophet of whom, says Donald Spence Jones, \\\"we know nothing\\\". See also Hophni and Phinehas Notes References Bibliography Commentaries on Samuel Shmuel I – Samuel I (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org General External links Masoretic Text שמואל א Shmuel Aleph – Samuel A (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org) Jewish translations 1 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation) Christian translations Samuel 1 at Bible Gateway Related articles Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible 02 Eli (biblical figure)\",\n \"title\": \"1 Samuel 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34678793\",\n \"text\": \"Hannah Ward Barron (14 July 1829 – 10 November 1898) was a successful businesswoman, hotel proprietor and landowner in New Zealand. Biography She was born in Cork, County Cork, Ireland on 14 July 1829, the oldest daughter and third child of Elizabeth Lynch and shopkeeper Thomas Dorney. Initially, she was given the first name of Joanna, but soon she chose Hannah, instead. In Ireland, she learned how to read, write, sing and play piano and she was raised a devout Roman Catholic, \\\"which sustained her all her life.\\\" Hannah survived an Irish famine (1845 to 1849) and married William Ward \\\"probably on 7 October 1850\\\" in Cork, Ireland. Only a few years later, William Ward set out to London and then Melbourne, Australia, arriving in August 1853. Soon thereafter, while pregnant and toting two infants, Hannah followed him, arriving on 24 October 1853. The young family lived in the Melbourne area but William \\\"did not prosper.\\\" To support the family, Hannah went to work, operating a small shop and then a lodging house on Abbotsford Street, providing housing for miners. In time, she gave birth to more children, but her husband and seven of her eight sons died, succumbing to the many diseases that spread throughout the overcrowded city. She married again on 31 December 1862 to a butcher from Northumberland, England, named John Barron, and from then on was known as Hannah Ward Barron. However, her second marriage was not successful and nine months later, in September 1863, Hannah and her three surviving children sailed for New Zealand. They settled in Campbelltown (now known as Bluff), situated in a southern-most point of New Zealand. Hannah soon opened a shop for miners who worked in nearby goldfields. Eventually, the goldfields were exhausted and Hannah opened a lodge for sailors located near the wharf. Her business flourished and she borrowed enough money to buy land and convert her boarding house into the Club Hotel in Bluff. There, she thrived as a lodger and landowner and managed the hotel until her death. Hannah died 10 November 1898 in the Bluff home of her daughter, Mary (Mina) Eliza Frances. She was survived by Mary and her two sons William Thomas Ward and Joseph Ward (1856–1930), who was active in politics and became the 17th prime minister of New Zealand from 1906 to 1912, and again from 1928 to 1930. References See also Bassett, M. 'In search of Sir Joseph Ward'. New Zealand Journal of History 21, No 1 (1987): 112—124 1829 births 1898 deaths 19th-century Irish businesspeople Businesspeople from Cork (city) Irish emigrants to New Zealand 19th-century New Zealand businesspeople 19th-century New Zealand businesswomen\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah Ward Barron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1728591\",\n \"text\": \"Joshua Marshman (20 April 1768 – 6 December 1837) was a Baptist missionary in Bengal, India from 1799 until his death. He was a member of the Serampore trio with William Carey and William Ward. The trio founded Serampore University, many primary and secondary schools, and translated and published a large number of works, including translations of the Bible. Marshman was \\\"an accomplished scholar, linguist and theologian and was a prolific author and polemicist.\\\" His mission involved social reforms and intellectual debates with educated Hindus such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Origins Joshua Marshman was born on 20 April 1768 in Britain at Westbury Leigh, Wiltshire, England. His father, John Marshman was a weaver. Of his family little is known, except that they traced their descent from an officer in the Army of Cromwell, one of a band who, at the Restoration, relinquished, for conscience-sake, all views of worldly aggrandisement, and retired into the country to support himself by his own industry. His father John passed the early part of his life at sea and was engaged in the Hind, a British frigate commanded by Captain Robert Bond, at the 1759 capture of Quebec. Shortly after this, he returned to England and in 1764 married Mary Couzener. She was a descendant of a French family who had sought refuge in England following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; after his marriage he lived in Westbury Leigh and took up the trade of a weaver. Early days Marshman's family were poor and could give him little education. In 1791, Joshua married Hannah Shepherd and in 1794 they moved from Westbury Leigh to Bristol. There they joined the Broadmead Baptist Church. Baptists at that time were dissenters who separated from the Church of England. Marshman taught in a local charity school supported by the church. He also studied at the Bristol Baptist College. Marshman was appointed a missionary by the Baptist Union of Great Britain. On 29 May 1799 Marshman his wife and their two children set out from Portsmouth for India aboard the ship Criterion. Although there was a threat of a French naval attack the family landed safely at the Danish settlement of Serampore, a few miles north of Calcutta, on 13 October 1799. Family The couple had 12 children; of these only five were alive when their father died. Their youngest daughter Hannah married Henry Havelock, who became a British general in India, and whose statue is in Trafalgar Square, London. Their daughter Rachel was married to the forestry administrator Sir Dietrich Brandis. When he first met pioneering missionary William Carey's four boys in 1800, Marshman was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated them. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated. Marshman, his wife Hannah, and their friend the printer William Ward, took the boys in tow. Together they shaped the boys as Carey pampered his botanical specimens, performed his many missionary tasks and journeyed into Calcutta to teach at\",\n \"title\": \"Joshua Marshman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56249330\",\n \"text\": \"Kingsley's Meadow is a Christian children's direct-to-video series that ran from 1999 to 2003. The series was about a teenage lion named Kingsley who, with his friends, learn the virtues and values of the Bible. The series also featured live-action footage of children reenacting stories from the Bible. The series was created by Tony Salerno. Production In 1998, alongside Angel Wings, American Bible Society paid about $1.6 million to Sony Music Entertainment in order to distribute the series. The Biblical passages and songs used in the series were based on the Contemporary English Version, which was previously published by the American Bible Society themselves. Characters Kingsley - a teenage lion who tells his Meadow friends the stories his father taught him when he was younger. He serves as the host of the series. Aaron - a hedgehog who is honest and does whatever his mother tells him to. Birdtha - a songbird who loves to sing and gossip. Bryron - an elephant who delivers packages for the \\\"Pachyderm Postal Service\\\" (PPS). Monk - a chipmunk who serves as the best friend of Kingsley. Singing Flowers - the three flowers who appear in the series. Episodes Season 1 (1999–2001) Hang in There! - The Story of Ruth: Goodness and The Story of Elisha: Perseverance (July 1, 1999) Wise Guy - The Story of David and Solomon: Attentiveness and The Story of Naaman: Self-Control (July 1, 1999) Munch, Munch, Where's My Lunch? - The Story of Hannah: Thankfulness and The Story of Moses: Patience (July 1, 1999) Funny Money - The Story of Daniel: Contentment and The Story of Jonah: Obedience (July 1, 1999) 1-2-3, Count on Me - The Story of Joseph: Forgiveness and The Story of Abraham: Responsibility (June 26, 2000) Just the Facts, Mac - The Story of Samuel: Truthfulness and The Story of David and Saul: Respect (June 26, 2000) Eager Beaver - The Story of Joshua: Diligence and The Story of Jacob: Honesty (January 15, 2001) Season 2 (2002–2003) Flash! Boom! Bam! - The Story of Esther: Courage and The Story of Jonathan and David: Friendship (February 11, 2002) Heart of Gold - The Story of Noah: Dependability and The Story of Abraham and Lot: Generosity (March 18, 2002) The Golden Trust Award - The Story of Gideon: Cautiousness and The Story of Caleb: Trustworthiness (September 26, 2002) Spread a Little Kindness - The Story of Rahab: Kindness and The Story of Nehemiah: Industriousness (September 26, 2002) Share the Love - The Story of Elijah: Sharing and The Story of Nebuchadnezzar: Love (February 10, 2003) Faithful Friends are Forever - The Story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: Faithfulness and The Story of Solomon: Wisdom (February 10, 2003) Voice cast Ray Massa as Kingsley the Lion Reception The series was given a positive review by The Dove Foundation, stating that the show \\\"promises a fun and enjoyable time for your child as they learn the moral values taught in each story\\\". References Christian children's television series Direct-to-video television\",\n \"title\": \"Kingsley's Meadow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29438248\",\n \"text\": \"Julia Evelina Smith (27 May 1792 – 6 March 1886) was an American women's suffrage activist who was the first woman to translate the Bible from its original languages into English. She was also the author of the book Abby Smith and Her Cows, which told the story of her and her sister Abby Hadassah Smith's tax resistance struggle in the suffrage cause while the two were living at Kimberly Mansion in Connecticut. Biography Smith was born into a large family of women, the Smiths of Glastonbury, who were active in championing women's education, abolition, and women's suffrage. The family as a whole was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. She was the fourth of five daughters of Hannah Hadassah (Hickok) Smith (1767–1850) and Zephaniah Smith, a prosperous Nonconformist clergyman turned farmer in Glastonbury, Connecticut. She was educated at the Troy Female Seminary. Smith married late in life. At the age of 87, she wed Amos Parker of New Hampshire, a widower. Publications Bible translation Smith was well educated, with a working knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Having read the Bible in its original languages, she decided to undertake her own translation, with an emphasis on literalism. After eight years of work, she completed the translation in 1855, but it did not see print for another two decades. Smith's The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues was finally published in 1876. Although Smith's determined literalism made for choppy reading, hers was the only contemporary English translation from the original languages available to English-speaking readers until publication of the British Revised Version beginning in 1881. It was also the first complete Bible translation by a woman. Abby Smith and Her Cows In 1872, the town of Glastonbury attempted to raise taxes on the two surviving Smith sisters, Julia and Abby, as well as on two other widows in town. The sisters refused to pay the taxes on the grounds that they had no right to vote in town meetings, arguing that the tax levy amounted to the same kind of unfair taxation without representation that had helped to spark the American Revolution. Spearheaded by the youngest sister, Abby, the sisters’ revolt was picked up first by a Massachusetts newspaper, The Republican, and soon spread to newspapers across the country. The case was complicated by corruption and malfeasance on the part of the town's tax collector, who not only illegally seized the sisters's land but had made a secret deal to sell some of the best acreage to a covetous neighbor. The sisters ultimately took the town to court and won their case. Subsequently, Smith detailed the entire dispute in an 1877 book entitled Abby Smith and Her Cows that includes clippings from many of the newspapers that had covered the story. References Further reading 1792 births 1886 deaths 19th-century translators 19th-century American women writers 19th-century American writers American tax resisters American women's rights activists People from Glastonbury, Connecticut\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Evelina Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15491901\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Macklin (1752/53 – 25 October 1800) was a British printseller and picture dealer. He commissioned many noted painters and engravers for his \\\"Poets Gallery\\\" project and his illustrated folio Bible project. Life Macklin was born in 1752 or 1753 and his father may have been the Reverend Garrard Macklin of the Kingdom of Ireland. Macklin married Hannah Kenting in 1777 and started a printselling business in London in 1779. His first year, his sold 7,000 copies of a print of Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt. In 1781, he inherited £20,000, which he used to speculate in the print market. Macklin is most famous for his Poet's Gallery, a project he announced on 1 January 1787. He planned to commission 100 paintings illustrating famous English poems, which he would publish monthly as engravings between 1790 and 1795. He also held an annual exhibition in Pall Mall, like John Boydell and his Shakespeare Gallery. However, the war with France cut into his profits, as prints could not be traded across the channel, and his partner, Edward Rogers, died. The project produced paintings by Joshua Reynolds, Henry Fuseli, Thomas Gainsborough, John Opie, Angelica Kauffman, Thomas Stothard, and Francis Wheatley. Francesco Bartolozzi engraved many of the prints. Just two years after beginning the Poet's Gallery, Macklin undertook to publish an illustrated folio Bible in multiple volumes to promote \\\"'the glory of the English school' of painting and engraving and 'the interest of our HOLY RELIGION'\\\". A new typeface and a new kind of paper were designed for the work. The finished Bible had 70 engraved plates, 16 of which were by Philippe Jacques de Louthenbourg. Many of the same artists who were participating in the Poet's Gallery worked on the Bible project. 703 people signed the subscription list, including George III. Macklin's Bible project was expensive to produce: he paid Reynolds £500 for his Holy Family, for example, and the total cost was estimated at £30,000. To realize this project, he was forced to sell some of the paintings from the Poet's Gallery by lottery in 1797. Macklin died on 25 October 1800, just five days after the last large engraving was finished for the Bible. The vignettes were not finished until six weeks later. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, \\\"[t]he Macklin Bible endures as the most ambitious edition produced in Britain, often pirated but never rivalled.\\\" Macklin's influence was felt in the world of the arts not only as a publisher but also as a patron. The Dictionary of National Biography records that he may have spent as much as £300,000 as a patron of the arts. Gallery Notes References Bentley, G. E., Jr. \\\"Thomas Macklin\\\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 29 January 2008. 1750s births 1800 deaths British publishers (people) Art dealers from London\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Macklin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1141317\",\n \"text\": \"William Tuke (24 March 1732 – 6 December 1822), an English tradesman, philanthropist and Quaker, earned fame for promoting more humane custody and care for people with mental disorders, using what he called gentler methods that came to be known as moral treatment. He played a big part in founding The Retreat at Lamel Hill, York, for treating mental-health needs. He and his wife Esther Maud backed strict adherence to Quaker principles. He was an abolitionist, a patron of the Bible Society, and an opponent of the East India Company's inhumane practices. Early life William Tuke was born on 24 March 1732 in York into a prominent Quaker family. His father Samuel was a stuff-weaver and shopkeeper, who died when Tuke was 16. His mother Ann died seven years later. Tuke attended boarding school for two or three years, after which he pursued further studies under clergymen. At age 14, he began an apprenticeship at his aunt's wholesale tea business, which he inherited on her death in 1746. Family life Tuke married Elizabeth Hoyland in 1754 and fathered four children. After Elizabeth died giving birth to their fifth child, Tuke met and married Esther Maud in 1765. Tuke and his wife were deeply involved in the Friends community and advocated stricter adherence to Quaker principles. For five decades, he travelled to London for the Yearly Meeting, serving as clerk there in 1783. Meanwhile, Tuke remained involved in the family business alongside his eldest son and business partner, Henry. Ann Tuke, his daughter by Esther Maud, married William Alexander of the prominent Ipswich Quaker banking family. The Retreat In 1791, William Tuke was moved by an incident involving Hannah Mills, a melancholic Quaker widow, who died unexpectedly at York Lunatic Asylum. Although her cause of death was unclear, mistreatment was suspected and the managers had forbidden Mills from having visitors. Tuke's daughter Ann proposed founding a mental institution run by Quakers for their own members. At a Society of Friends meeting in March 1792, Tuke presented a plan for those who \\\"laboured under that most afflictive dispensation — the loss of reason.\\\" However, the proposal met with significant opposition. Some members felt such a move was unnecessary, while others saw it as overstepping the jurisdiction of a Quaker community. The small minority of supporters included Tuke's son, Henry, and the grammarian Lindley Murray. During a visit to St. Luke's Hospital in London, Tuke witnessed appalling conditions for patients. He was particularly affected by a naked female patient who had been chained to a wall. Tuke believed the abuse was not cruel in intent, but marked a lack of effective alternatives. By 1795, financial and social support from the community was still limited. The Society of Friends eventually approved the plan when Tuke's friend, Lindley Murray, suggested raising funds through annuities. Tuke bought 11 acres of land (4.5 ha) for £938 and worked closely with a London architect, John Bevans, to carry out his vision for the new asylum. Unlike other institutions\",\n \"title\": \"William Tuke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1715618\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Morrison, FRS (5 January 1782 – 1 August 1834), was an Anglo-Scottish Protestant missionary to Portuguese Macao, Qing-era Guangdong, and Dutch Malacca, who was also a pioneering sinologist, lexicographer, and translator considered the \\\"Father of Anglo-Chinese Literature\\\". Morrison, a Presbyterian preacher, is most notable for his work in China. After twenty-five years of work he translated the whole Bible into the Chinese language and baptized ten Chinese believers, including Cai Gao, Liang Fa, and Wat Ngong. Morrison pioneered the translation of the Bible into Chinese and planned for the distribution of the Scriptures as broadly as possible, unlike the previous Roman Catholic translation work that had never been published. Morrison cooperated with such contemporary missionaries as Walter Henry Medhurst and William Milne (the printers), Samuel Dyer (Hudson Taylor's father-in-law), Karl Gützlaff (the Prussian linguist), and Peter Parker (China's first medical missionary). He served for 27 years in China with one furlough home to England. The only missionary efforts in China were restricted to Guangzhou (Canton) and Macau at this time. They concentrated on literature distribution among members of the merchant class, gained a few converts, and laid the foundations for more educational and medical work that would significantly impact the culture and history of the most populous nation on earth. However, when Morrison was asked shortly after his arrival in China if he expected to have any spiritual impact on the Chinese, he answered, \\\"No sir, but I expect God will!\\\" Life Early life Morrison was born on 5 January 1782 in Bullers Green, near Morpeth, Northumberland, England. He was the son of James Morrison, a Scottish farm labourer and Hannah Nicholson, an English woman, who were both active members of the Church of Scotland. They were married in 1768. Robert was the youngest son of eight children. At age three, Robert and his family moved to Newcastle where his father found more prosperous work in the shoe trade. Robert's parents were devout Christians and raised their children to know the Bible and the Westminster Shorter Catechism according to Presbyterian ideals. At the age of 12 he recited the entire 119th Psalm (176 verses long) from memory in front of his pastor without a single mistake. John Wesley was still alive and many foreign mission agencies were being formed during this period of the Evangelical Revival. In 1796, young Robert Morrison followed his uncle James Nicholson into apprenticeship and later joined the Presbyterian church in 1798. By age 14 Robert left school and was apprenticed to his father's business. For a couple of years he kept company in disregard of his Christian upbringing and fell occasionally into drunkenness. However, this behavior soon ended. In Robert's own words When Morrison was at work at his father's business he was employed at manual labour for twelve or fourteen hours a day; yet he seldom omitted to find time for one or two hours of reading and meditation. He read and re-read frequently those few books he was able to obtain. The\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Morrison (missionary)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70371872\",\n \"text\": \"Cushing Prince (October 28, 1745 – January 8, 1827) was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the District of Maine. His former home, at today's 189 Greely Road in Yarmouth, Maine, is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1785. Life and career Prince was born on October 28, 1745, in North Yarmouth, Province of Massachusetts Bay (now in Maine), two years after the marriage of Paul Prince and Hannah Cushing. His father (for whom Yarmouth's Princes Point Road is named) compiled a bible, known as the Paul Prince Bible, containing the record of births of his children. It was printed in Edinburgh in 1791. Their other nine children were Sarah (born 1744), Rachel (1747), Hannah (1749), Ruth (1751), David (1753), Else (1756), Paul (1758), Pyam (1760) and Ammi (1763). On August 30, 1773, he married Hannach Blanchard, daughter of Nathaniel and Bethiah, with whom he had three children: Cushing Jr., Polly and Olive. In 1785, Prince had built a home at today's 189 Greely Road in Yarmouth. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Prince was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the District of Maine, along with fellow North Yarmouth residents Ammi Ruhamah Mitchell and Edward Russell. Death Prince died on January 8, 1827, aged 81. He is interred in Yarmouth's Old Baptist Cemetery alongside his wife, who survived him by eighteen years. References People from North Yarmouth, Maine 1745 births 1827 deaths Maine local politicians 18th-century American politicians 19th-century American politicians\",\n \"title\": \"Cushing Prince\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39251349\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Bradhurst Schieffelin (February 24, 1811 – September 13, 1900), was an American businessman and author. Early life Schieffelin was born on February 24, 1811, in New York City. He was the son of Henry Hamilton Schieffelin (1783–1865), named in honor of Governor Henry Hamilton for whom his father Jacob, who was a Loyalist who served as secretary for during the American Revolutionary War, and Maria Theresa Bradhurst (1786–1872), who married in 1806. Among his siblings was brother Bradhurst Schieffelin (1824–1909), who entered politics and supported the People's Party. His paternal grandparents were Jacob Schieffelin (1757–1835) and Hannah Lawrence Schieffelin (1758–1838), she a descendant of Elizabeth Fones and Quaker religious freedom pioneer John Bowne. His maternal grandfather was Dr. Samuel Bradhurst (d. 1872) The Schieffelin family was one of the oldest families in Manhattan. Career He was educated in private schools, and early turned his attention to business, but contributed largely to the religious press. After his father retired from business in 1849, he and his brothers managed the family drug company that their father had founded, Schieffelin Brothers & Co., where Samuel was the president, until 1865, when his son, William, succeeded him. Following his own retirement, he focused on his literature, writing The Foundations of History and other books, most of which were religious. Personal life In 1835, Schieffelin was married to Lucretia Hazard (1816–1899). Together, they were the parents of three children: William Henry Schieffelin (1836–1895), who married Mary B. Jay (1846–1916), daughter of John Jay, the U.S. Minister to Austria-Hungary, and great-granddaughter John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Alice Holmes Schieffelin (1838–1913), who married Russell Stebbins (1835–1894). Mary Theresa Bradhurst Schieffelin (1840–1910), who married Brig. Gen. Charles Cleveland Dodge (1841–1910), who served in the American Civil War and was the son of Congressman William Earle Dodge. Schieffelin died at his home, 938 Madison Avenue, on September 13, 1900, in New York. Descendants Through his son William, he was the grandfather of Eleanor Jay Schiefflin (1864–1929), who married Theodore Munger Taft (1865–1945), and Dr. William Jay Schieffelin (1866–1955), who married Maria Louise Shepard (1870–1948), the daughter of Elliot Fitch Shepard and Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt, and granddaughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Through his daughter Alice, he was the grandfather of Grace Stebbins (1860–1908), who married Alfred Clark Chapin (1848–1936), former Mayor of Brooklyn, Samuel Schieffelin Stebbins (1872–1912), a stockbroker, and Russell Hazard Schieffelin (1874–1892). The Chapin's daughter, Samuel's great-granddaughter, Grace Chapin (1885–1960), was married to Hamilton Fish III (1888–1991), member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Works His works include: Message to Ruling Elders, their Office and their Duties (New York, 1859); The Foundations of History: a Series of First Things (1863); Milk for Babes: a Bible Catechism (1874); Children's Bread: a Bible Catechism (1874); Words to Christian Teachers (1877); Music in our Churches (1881); The Church in Ephesus and the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches (1884); People's Hymn-Book (Philadelphia, 1887). References Notes Sources American male writers 1811 births 1900 deaths Winthrop family Schieffelin family\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Schieffelin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16722960\",\n \"text\": \"Priscilla Shirer (born December 31, 1974) is an American author, motivational speaker, actress, and Christian media personality, and evangelist. Her father is Dallas mega-church pastor Tony Evans and her brothers are motivational speaker and chaplain Jonathan Evans and musician Anthony Evans. Biography The daughter of Tony Evans, senior pastor of Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship Church in Dallas, Texas, Priscilla grew up well acquainted with the Bible. As a freshman at the University of Houston, she interned with a Christian radio station. Soon listeners were calling the station, inviting Priscilla to speak at their Bible study groups and other events. Soon she was invited to lead a weekly Bible study at the Zig Ziglar Corporation and then to join its speaker team. Priscilla has worked as an independent contractor for CBS and hosted a local television show, but recently she has focused solely on Christian ministry opportunities. She calls Anne Graham Lotz, daughter of evangelist Rev. Billy Graham, her mentor in ministry. Together the Shirers established Going Beyond Ministries, a speaking bureau featuring Priscilla. The parents of three young boys, the Shirers share ministry and family responsibilities. While Priscilla continues to minister full-time, Jerry manages his schedule and other business aspects of Going Beyond Ministries. Priscilla speaks around the world at churches and other events, including the LifeWay Christian Resources-sponsored Going Beyond conference and Deeper Still: The Event, where she shares the stage with Beth Moore and Kay Arthur. She has also authored several books. Shirer graduated from Duncanville High School and Dallas Theological Seminary, earning a master's degree from the latter in Biblical Studies. In 1993, Shirer was a freshman at the University of Houston. Shirer was married in 1999 to Jerry Shirer, former Hilton Hotels executive. The couple has three sons. In 2013, Shirer was a speaker at the 2013 Women of Faith conference. In 2015, Shirer made her film debut in the Kendrick Brothers film War Room. In October 2016, Shirer was recognized as one of four prominent women of faith during the 10th anniversary of God's Leading Ladies Life Enrichment Program at The Potter's House. Shirer also featured at the 47th GMA Dove Awards. Bibliography \\\"Fervent; A Woman's Battle Plan for Serious, Specific and Strategic Prayer\\\", He Speaks to Me: Preparing to Hear from God, Discerning the Voice of God: How to Recognize When God Speaks, And We Are Changed: Encounters with a Transforming God, A Jewel in His Crown: Rediscovering Your Value as a Woman of Excellence, The Resolution for Women, Filmography War Room (2015), as Elizabeth Jordan I Can Only Imagine (2018), as Mrs. Fincher, Bart Millard's teacher Overcomer (2019), as Principal Olivia Brooks, mentor to Hannah Scott References External links Get to Know Priscilla https://www.goingbeyond.com/ 1974 births Living people 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women 20th-century evangelicals 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American women writers 21st-century evangelicals African-American actresses African-American Christians African-American women writers American Evangelical writers American film actresses American religious writers American women\",\n \"title\": \"Priscilla Shirer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71548078\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Prince (May 14, 1720 – November 25, 1809) was a patriot in the American Revolutionary War. Princes Point Road in Yarmouth, Maine, is now named for him. Life and career Prince was born in Duxbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, in 1720, a second son to shipwright Benjamin Prince and Abial Nelson. While Princes Point Road in Yarmouth, Maine, is named for Paul, Princes Point itself is named for his father, who died, aged 44, when Paul was seventeen years old; his mother died when he was twenty-four. He married Hannah Cushing (1722–1814) in 1743. The couple had ten children, including Cushing Prince in 1745. The other nine were Sarah (born 1744), Rachel (1747), Hannah (1749), Ruth (1751), David (1753), Else (1756), Paul Jr. (1758), Pyam (1760) and Ammi (1763). Prince compiled a book, known as the Paul Prince Bible, containing the record of births of his children. It was printed in Edinburgh in 1791. Between 1775 and 1779, both Paul Sr. and Paul Jr. are listed as serving in the Cumberland County Regiment during the Revolutionary War. Death Prince died in North Yarmouth, Massachusetts (now in Maine), in 1809, aged 89. He is interred in Congregational Cemetery in Cumberland Center, Maine, beside his wife, who survived him by just over four years. References 1720 births 1809 deaths People from North Yarmouth, Maine American diarists People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Patriots in the American Revolution People of Maine in the American Revolution People from pre-statehood Maine\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Prince (patriot)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13864315\",\n \"text\": \"The Sons of the San Joaquin is an American Western family band. Jack and Joe Hannah are brothers, while third member Lon Hannah is Joe's son. They began performing together in 1987 at a birthday party for Lon's grandfather. They have been credited with \\\"rich durability of the traditional Western music they present, as well as the outstanding original cowboy songs\\\" and being reminiscent of the Sons of the Pioneers. Roy Rogers called them \\\"the only singing group alive who I feel sound like the original Sons of the Pioneers.\\\" They have over a dozen albums, including a gospel album and a greatest hits album. They were inducted into the Western Music Association Hall of Fame in 2006. Several of their albums have been given awards by the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum (Cowboy Hall of Fame). Personnel Jack Hannah – Vocals, Rhythm & Lead Guitar. Jack Hannah is the younger brother of Joe Hannah and the paternal uncle of Lon Hannah. Jack pitched for the Milwaukee Braves farm system and then became a high school counselor and coach (he was named Baseball Coach of the Year for the Western Region United States in 1980.) He was inducted into the Fresno Athletic Hall of Fame in 1998. A professional songwriter, Jack shared in the Sons of the San Joaquin Round Up Newsletter (vol 9, no 1, 2005) that he struggled through grade and high school and if he had been \\\"born today\\\" would have been diagnosed with ADD. \\\"I wrote songs. I have written scores of songs that will never see the light of day because I write them for no other purpose than that they are just there, a consequence of reading.\\\" Stressing the importance of reading the Young at Heart CD, was written with the purpose of creating in the minds of children a passion for learning, and a desire to read. \\\"I start the day reading the Book of Books, the Bible. I am not trying to sound pious. I'm telling you this is to underscore how important reading special books is to me. To try to understand the Divine and to grasp the lessons of history are my passions and most of my songs flow from these sources.\\\" Jack has written for a critically acclaimed children's series \\\"Red, Rite & Recite which is a series of books, CD's and videos that feature Dusty Trails (Dr. Gary Sells.) Jack has repeated won Songwriter of the Year awards from the Western Music Association and was the recipient of the Wrangler Award from the National Cowboy Hall of Fame. Jack Hannah passed away in 2022. Joe Hannah – Vocals & Bass. According to the Sons of the San Joaquin Round Up Newsletter (vol 1, no 3, 1997), in high school, Joe was courted by the Yankees and Dodgers and received major college scholarship offers from USC, UCLA and other schools. In 1950, he signed with the Cubs and started playing for their class A Visalia, California team. When\",\n \"title\": \"Sons of the San Joaquin\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Elkanah"],"string":"[\n \"Elkanah\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":52,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55309"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where was the opening scene of saving private ryan"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"2649286","text":"\"The Ghost of You\" is the fourth and final single and sixth track from My Chemical Romance's second studio album, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. \"The Ghost of You\" was released to radio on September 27, 2005. The song deals with the fear of loss. The song's title is an allusion to an ad from Watchmen, reading \"Oh, how the ghost of you clings\". The ad itself was an allusion to the song, \"These Foolish Things\". The song's lyrics deal with losing a loved one. Music video The music video was shot over two days in Malibu, California, and cost just over US $1,000,000 to make. Marc Webb directed the video. In an interview with Fuse, My Chemical Romance said \"We shot a movie and just edited it to be a video. It's like if you put 'Helena' and 'I'm Not Okay (I Promise)' together to make one long music video, it still would top that.\" It closely parallels the Omaha invasion scene from the movie Saving Private Ryan. Most of the video takes place at a USO dance where the band is performing, but, often switches over to a D-Day scene, in which the band members play as United States soldiers in fierce combat. (At the dance, one soldier's uniform bears the 101st Airborne Division \"Screamin' Eagles\" patch, however the 101st Airborne Division was not involved in beach landings, but were parachuted behind enemy lines on D-Day, suggesting that several units were present at the ball. 1st Infantry Division, and Ninth Air Force patches can also be seen.) Ranger lozenge patch can be seen on one shoulder, as well as the orange diamond on the back of one Soldier's helmet indicating the 2nd Ranger Battalion. The video takes an emotional turn when bassist Mikey Way is shot and killed by Axis fire despite the medic's (played by Ray Toro) attempts to save him, adding emphasis to the aspects of loss in the song. This is foreshadowed in a bar scene where vocalist Gerard Way, his brother, appears to be reassuring him that he will be alright, and that there is no reason to be afraid. He is seen wearing a 1st Infantry Division patch in the video. Mikey \"dies\" with his eyes open. Gerard is restrained by his squadmates/band members as he sees his brother die, and is seen screaming (although there is no sound other than the song) as he tries to run to him. The 1st Infantry Division, the \"Big Red One\", were among the first wave on Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944. In Life on the Murder Scene, Ray is told to talk to Mikey to look like he is trying to save him. Obligingly, he shouts \"Mikey! You're dead! [How do you feel!?]\" Track listing All songs written by My Chemical Romance. US promotional CD UK promotional CD UK 7\" vinyl UK CD1 UK CD2 iTunes EP Charts Release history References Rock ballads 2000s ballads 2004 songs 2005 singles My Chemical Romance songs Music videos","title":"The Ghost of You"},{"docid":"5846064","text":"Curracloe () is a village in County Wexford, Ireland. Around northeast of Wexford town, it is on the R742 road at the junction with the R743 road. It is linked to the long and sandy Curracloe Strand (beach) to the east. Curracloe sees an influx of holiday travellers every summer, who stay in bed & breakfast inns, mobile homes and caravan parks. Beach Ballinesker Beach and Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, were used for the filming of the D-Day sequence in Saving Private Ryan, due to similarity to Omaha Beach in Normandy. Filming began 27 June 1997, and lasted for two months. The village of Curracloe lacked three-phase electricity but when the film company decided to film there, it was connected. Curracloe Strand was also used for the Irish beach scene in the movie Brooklyn. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References Towns and villages in County Wexford Beaches of County Wexford","title":"Curracloe"},{"docid":"5054555","text":"Major General Charles Draper William Canham (January 26, 1901 – August 21, 1963) was the commander of the 29th Infantry Division's 116th Infantry Regiment, which landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy, France, on D-Day, June 6, 1944. Biography Charles D. W. Canham was born in Kola, Mississippi, on January 26, 1901. He joined the Army on May 23, 1919. In 1921, as a sergeant, Canham took a course in the Army's first preparatory school to allow soldiers from the ranks to attend the United States Military Academy. He was chosen, and graduated from West Point in 1926. Prior to World War II, he served in the Philippines and Shanghai and was one of the purchasers of the Shanghai Bowl. During these years he acquired a reputation as a strict disciplinarian and superb leader of troops. World War II In 1942, as a colonel, he took command of the 116th Infantry Regiment shortly before it sailed for England. Canham's 116th Infantry, alongside the 1st Infantry Division's 16th Infantry Regiment, was chosen as the first to land at Omaha beach on D-Day. The opening scene of the movie Saving Private Ryan depicts the conditions under which Canham's regiment landed on the Dog Green (A Co)/White (G Co)/Red (F Co) sectors of Omaha Beach along with one company of Army Rangers. Shortly after hitting the beach, Canham was shot through the wrist, refusing evacuation, he moved his men off Omaha and inland. Sergeant Bob Slaughter (D Company, 116th) remembers Canham screaming at soldiers to move off the beach and go kill Germans. Slaughter remembers him yelling at one lieutenant hiding in a pillbox from a German mortar barrage, \"Get your ass out of there and show some leadership!\". Don McCarthy (Headquarters Company, 116th) remembers seeing Canham walking upright along the beach in the face of enemy fire, \"I got the hell out of there and moved forward. I was more afraid of Colonel Canham than I was of the Germans.\" For his actions on Omaha Beach, and the fighting to take Saint Lô, he received the United States' second highest award for valor in combat, the Distinguished Service Cross. Soon afterwards Canham was promoted to Brigadier General and was named as the Assistant Division Commander of the 8th Infantry Division. It was in this capacity during the surrender of the German garrison at the Port of Brest (see Battle for Brest) that Canham spoke the words that would become the 8th Infantry Division's motto. Upon entering the headquarters of General der Fallschirmtruppe (a three-star rank) Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke, a leader of German paratroops, Ramcke demanded to know the lower ranking Canham's credentials as a condition of surrender. Unruffled, Canham pointed to the dirty and tired American soldiers he had brought with him to witness the surrender and said, \"These are my credentials.\" The account of this event, which was reported in The New York Times, saw in this spontaneous statement of a combat leader the greatest tribute ever paid to the real power of","title":"Charles D. W. Canham"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"2649286\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Ghost of You\\\" is the fourth and final single and sixth track from My Chemical Romance's second studio album, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. \\\"The Ghost of You\\\" was released to radio on September 27, 2005. The song deals with the fear of loss. The song's title is an allusion to an ad from Watchmen, reading \\\"Oh, how the ghost of you clings\\\". The ad itself was an allusion to the song, \\\"These Foolish Things\\\". The song's lyrics deal with losing a loved one. Music video The music video was shot over two days in Malibu, California, and cost just over US $1,000,000 to make. Marc Webb directed the video. In an interview with Fuse, My Chemical Romance said \\\"We shot a movie and just edited it to be a video. It's like if you put 'Helena' and 'I'm Not Okay (I Promise)' together to make one long music video, it still would top that.\\\" It closely parallels the Omaha invasion scene from the movie Saving Private Ryan. Most of the video takes place at a USO dance where the band is performing, but, often switches over to a D-Day scene, in which the band members play as United States soldiers in fierce combat. (At the dance, one soldier's uniform bears the 101st Airborne Division \\\"Screamin' Eagles\\\" patch, however the 101st Airborne Division was not involved in beach landings, but were parachuted behind enemy lines on D-Day, suggesting that several units were present at the ball. 1st Infantry Division, and Ninth Air Force patches can also be seen.) Ranger lozenge patch can be seen on one shoulder, as well as the orange diamond on the back of one Soldier's helmet indicating the 2nd Ranger Battalion. The video takes an emotional turn when bassist Mikey Way is shot and killed by Axis fire despite the medic's (played by Ray Toro) attempts to save him, adding emphasis to the aspects of loss in the song. This is foreshadowed in a bar scene where vocalist Gerard Way, his brother, appears to be reassuring him that he will be alright, and that there is no reason to be afraid. He is seen wearing a 1st Infantry Division patch in the video. Mikey \\\"dies\\\" with his eyes open. Gerard is restrained by his squadmates/band members as he sees his brother die, and is seen screaming (although there is no sound other than the song) as he tries to run to him. The 1st Infantry Division, the \\\"Big Red One\\\", were among the first wave on Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944. In Life on the Murder Scene, Ray is told to talk to Mikey to look like he is trying to save him. Obligingly, he shouts \\\"Mikey! You're dead! [How do you feel!?]\\\" Track listing All songs written by My Chemical Romance. US promotional CD UK promotional CD UK 7\\\" vinyl UK CD1 UK CD2 iTunes EP Charts Release history References Rock ballads 2000s ballads 2004 songs 2005 singles My Chemical Romance songs Music videos\",\n \"title\": \"The Ghost of You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5846064\",\n \"text\": \"Curracloe () is a village in County Wexford, Ireland. Around northeast of Wexford town, it is on the R742 road at the junction with the R743 road. It is linked to the long and sandy Curracloe Strand (beach) to the east. Curracloe sees an influx of holiday travellers every summer, who stay in bed & breakfast inns, mobile homes and caravan parks. Beach Ballinesker Beach and Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, were used for the filming of the D-Day sequence in Saving Private Ryan, due to similarity to Omaha Beach in Normandy. Filming began 27 June 1997, and lasted for two months. The village of Curracloe lacked three-phase electricity but when the film company decided to film there, it was connected. Curracloe Strand was also used for the Irish beach scene in the movie Brooklyn. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References Towns and villages in County Wexford Beaches of County Wexford\",\n \"title\": \"Curracloe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5054555\",\n \"text\": \"Major General Charles Draper William Canham (January 26, 1901 – August 21, 1963) was the commander of the 29th Infantry Division's 116th Infantry Regiment, which landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy, France, on D-Day, June 6, 1944. Biography Charles D. W. Canham was born in Kola, Mississippi, on January 26, 1901. He joined the Army on May 23, 1919. In 1921, as a sergeant, Canham took a course in the Army's first preparatory school to allow soldiers from the ranks to attend the United States Military Academy. He was chosen, and graduated from West Point in 1926. Prior to World War II, he served in the Philippines and Shanghai and was one of the purchasers of the Shanghai Bowl. During these years he acquired a reputation as a strict disciplinarian and superb leader of troops. World War II In 1942, as a colonel, he took command of the 116th Infantry Regiment shortly before it sailed for England. Canham's 116th Infantry, alongside the 1st Infantry Division's 16th Infantry Regiment, was chosen as the first to land at Omaha beach on D-Day. The opening scene of the movie Saving Private Ryan depicts the conditions under which Canham's regiment landed on the Dog Green (A Co)/White (G Co)/Red (F Co) sectors of Omaha Beach along with one company of Army Rangers. Shortly after hitting the beach, Canham was shot through the wrist, refusing evacuation, he moved his men off Omaha and inland. Sergeant Bob Slaughter (D Company, 116th) remembers Canham screaming at soldiers to move off the beach and go kill Germans. Slaughter remembers him yelling at one lieutenant hiding in a pillbox from a German mortar barrage, \\\"Get your ass out of there and show some leadership!\\\". Don McCarthy (Headquarters Company, 116th) remembers seeing Canham walking upright along the beach in the face of enemy fire, \\\"I got the hell out of there and moved forward. I was more afraid of Colonel Canham than I was of the Germans.\\\" For his actions on Omaha Beach, and the fighting to take Saint Lô, he received the United States' second highest award for valor in combat, the Distinguished Service Cross. Soon afterwards Canham was promoted to Brigadier General and was named as the Assistant Division Commander of the 8th Infantry Division. It was in this capacity during the surrender of the German garrison at the Port of Brest (see Battle for Brest) that Canham spoke the words that would become the 8th Infantry Division's motto. Upon entering the headquarters of General der Fallschirmtruppe (a three-star rank) Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke, a leader of German paratroops, Ramcke demanded to know the lower ranking Canham's credentials as a condition of surrender. Unruffled, Canham pointed to the dirty and tired American soldiers he had brought with him to witness the surrender and said, \\\"These are my credentials.\\\" The account of this event, which was reported in The New York Times, saw in this spontaneous statement of a combat leader the greatest tribute ever paid to the real power of\",\n \"title\": \"Charles D. W. Canham\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"3839622","text":"Dylan Bruno (born September 6, 1972) is an American actor and former model. His first major film role was a supporting part in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan (1998), followed by a lead role in the horror film The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999). On television, Bruno portrayed FBI agent Colby Granger in Numbers and disgraced former Army Ranger Jason Paul Dean in NCIS. Early life Bruno was born September 6, 1972, in Milford, Connecticut, to actor Scott Bruno and the late Nancy (née Mendillo) Bruno. His older brother is film and television actor, director and producer Chris Bruno. Growing up, the brothers lived in Milford with their mother and spent time with their father on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Both brothers graduated from Hamden Hall Country Day School, a private college prep school in Hamden CT. In 1994, Bruno earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Engineering from MIT, where he played varsity football as a linebacker. \"When I got into MIT, I just decided it was an opportunity I didn't want to turn down,\" he said. \"I actually found out that I had the second-lowest SAT scores at MIT. The guy with the lowest score and I would always hang out together and be like, 'Yeah, we're the second-to-last and last dumbest guy in the school.'\" Upon graduating, Bruno worked for a robotics company before deciding to pursue a career in acting. Career In 1995, while working as a model for Calvin Klein, Bruno made his television acting debut on the NBC series High Sierra Search and Rescue. He made his film debut in Naked Ambition (1997). In 1998, he had small roles in Saving Private Ryan and When Trumpets Fade and competed in and won a special episode of American Gladiators (1989–96). He co-starred in The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), Where the Heart Is (2000), Going Greek (2001). He portrayed an L.A.P.D. cop in The One (2001), a rock musician in The Simian Line (2001), and Harry \"Blaine\" Mayhugh, Jr., in The Pennsylvania Miners' Story (2002). He also appeared in The Anarchists -Cookbook (2002). Bruno had a five-year run as \"Colby Granger\" on the hit TV show, Numbers from 2005 to 2010. In May 2010, he joined NCIS for three episodes, playing a disgraced U.S. Army Ranger who worked for a Mexican drug cartel; in the Season 7 finale, his character died in a gunfight. Bruno has done voice-over work for several products such as Bacardi Silver, Coors Light, Chevrolet, Jeep, Virtual Boy, and Sony Handycam. In addition to his voice-over work, Bruno is the current narrator of the Discovery Channel program Rides. Personal life Bruno is married and has three sons. He is an avid spearfisher. Filmography Film Television References External links Sampling of Dylan's voice-over work 1972 births American male film actors American male sport wrestlers American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from Connecticut Living people MIT School of Engineering alumni People from Milford, Connecticut 20th-century American male actors","title":"Dylan Bruno"},{"docid":"10394520","text":"No Time for Love is a 1943 American romantic comedy film produced and directed by Mitchell Leisen and starring Claudette Colbert and Fred MacMurray. Written by Claude Binyon, Robert Lees, and Frederic I. Rinaldo, the film is about a sophisticated female photographer assigned to photograph the tough \"sandhog\" construction workers at a tunnel project site. After saving one of the sandhogs from a fatal accident, she becomes attracted to this cocky well-built man they call Superman. Unsettled by her feelings, she hires the man as her assistant, believing that her attraction to him will diminish if she spends time with him. Their time together, however, leads to feelings of love, and she struggles to overcome her haughtiness and make her true feelings known. No Time for Love was the fourth of seven films starring Colbert and MacMurray, both of whom had previously worked with director Mitchell Leisen. The film was shot at Paramount Studios from June 8 to July 24, 1942. A special set was constructed for the tunnel scenes, based on blueprints for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel. A special mix of adobe and water was used to produce the mud in the climactic scenes. No Time for Love was released by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 1943, in New York City. The film received good reviews in Variety and the New York Times, whose reviewer called it a \"delightful comedy\" and \"a thoroughly ingratiating film\". The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction–Interior Decoration, Black-and-White (Hans Dreier, Robert Usher, Samuel M. Comer). Plot Mirror magazine's top photographer Katherine Grant (Claudette Colbert) is assigned to photograph the Interborough Vehicular River Tunnel project in New York City. Wearing a hardhat and boots, the beautiful photographer is taken underground to the construction site where she is not greeted warmly by the superstitious tunnel workers, called \"sandhogs\", who believe that women in the tunnel bring bad luck. When she sneaks closer to the drilling point to get a better view, her presence distracts some of the workers and causes an accident that nearly kills Jim Ryan (Fred MacMurray), the cocky well-built sandhog they call \"Superman\". When she sees the unconscious Ryan about to be crushed by a machine, she drags him to safety. Later in the compression chamber, a revived Ryan gets into a fistfight with his co-workers after they taunt him about being saved by a woman. During the brawl, Katherine photographs Ryan as he's beating up the other sandhogs. On their way out of the tunnel, Ryan notices that Katherine is flirting with him and tells her he's not interested. Insulted by the brush off, she informs him that she has a boudoir chair with more integrity than he has. Back at home, Katherine shows her photographs to her sister Hoppy (Ilka Chase) and their snobbish sophisticated friends—her effete suitor and Mirror publisher Henry Fulton (Paul McGrath), playwright Dunbar (Morton Lowry), and composer Roger Winant (Richard Haydn)—who make fun of the brawling \"ape\". Just then, Ryan arrives at","title":"No Time for Love (1943 film)"},{"docid":"5047792","text":"The 4th Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, given in January 1999, honored the best filmmaking of 1998. The organization, founded in 1990, includes 49 film critics for print, radio, television, and internet publications based in north Texas. Winners Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan Best Director: Steven Spielberg - Saving Private Ryan References External links Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association official website 1998 1998 film awards","title":"Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 1998"},{"docid":"3740508","text":"64th New York Film Critics Circle Awards January 10, 1999 Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan The 64th New York Film Critics Circle Awards, honoring the best in film for 1998, were announced on 16 December 1998 and given on 10 January 1999. Winners Best Actor: Nick Nolte - Affliction Runners-up: Ian McKellen - Gods and Monsters and Brendan Gleeson - The General Best Actress: Cameron Diaz - There's Something About Mary Runners-up: Fernanda Montenegro - Central Station (Central do Brasil) and Renée Zellweger - One True Thing and A Price Above Rubies Best Cinematography: John Toll - The Thin Red Line Best Director: Terrence Malick - The Thin Red Line Runners-up: Steven Spielberg - Saving Private Ryan and Paul Schrader - Affliction Best Film: Saving Private Ryan Runners-up: Affliction and Happiness Best First Film: Richard Kwietniowski - Love and Death on Long Island Runners-up: Don Roos - The Opposite of Sex and Vincent Gallo - Buffalo '66 Best Foreign Language Film: The Celebration (Festen) • Denmark/Sweden Runners-up: Central Station (Central do Brasil) • Brazil/France and Taste of Cherry (Ta'm e guilass) • Iran Best Non-Fiction Film: The Farm: Angola, USA Runner-up: The Cruise Best Screenplay: Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard - Shakespeare in Love Runners-up: Todd Solondz - Happiness and Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson - Rushmore Best Supporting Actor: Bill Murray - Rushmore Runner-up: Dylan Baker - Happiness Best Supporting Actress: Lisa Kudrow - The Opposite of Sex Runner-up: Judi Dench - Shakespeare in Love Special Award: Rick Schmidlin - Touch of Evil (for the reworked version) References External links 1998 Awards 1998 New York Film Critics Circle Awards 1988 in American cinema New York 1998 in New York City","title":"1998 New York Film Critics Circle Awards"},{"docid":"16062188","text":"Gary Levinsohn is an American film producer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce, Mark Gordon for the film Saving Private Ryan. He is the co-owner of Mutual Film Company. Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Television Awards and nominations In 1999, Gary Levinsohn, along with Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce and Mark Gordon, was nominated for Academy Award and BAFTA Film Award for Saving Private Ryan, for the category of Best Picture and Best Film respectively. Saving Private Ryan won him Best Drama Picture at 1999 Online Film & Television Association Film Award and 2nd place in Best Motion Picture at Awards Circuit Community Awards. Levinsohn, along with Mark Gordon, Allison Lyon Segan and John Roberts, won BAFTA Children's Award for the film Paulie in the same year. In 2016, Levinsohn, along with Michael Worth, Kassi Crews and Dennis Ho, won an Award of Merit Special Mention at the Accolade Competition for the film Broken Memories. References External links American film producers Living people 1959 births","title":"Gary Levinsohn"},{"docid":"1945359","text":"Final Destination 3 is a 2006 American supernatural horror film directed by James Wong. A standalone sequel to Final Destination 2 (2003), it is the third installment in the Final Destination film series. Wong and Glen Morgan, who worked on the franchise's first film, wrote the screenplay. Final Destination 3 stars Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Ryan Merriman, and takes place years after the first film. Winstead plays Wendy Christensen, a high school graduate who has a premonition that a roller coaster she and her classmates are riding will derail. Although she saves some of them, Death begins hunting the survivors. Wendy realizes photographs she took at the amusement park contain clues about her classmates' deaths. With survivor and friend Kevin Fischer (Merriman), Wendy tries to use this knowledge to save the rest of the survivors and ruin Death's scheme. The film's development began shortly after the release of Final Destination 2; Jeffrey Reddick, creator of the franchise and a co-writer of the first two films, did not return for the third one. Unlike the second film, which was a direct sequel to the first, the producers envisioned Final Destination 3 as a stand-alone film. The idea of featuring a roller coaster derailment as the opening-scene disaster came from New Line Cinema executive Richard Bryant. From the beginning, Wong and Morgan saw control as a major theme in the film. Casting began in March 2005 and concluded in April. Like the previous two installments, it was filmed in Vancouver, Canada. The first two weeks of the three-month shoot were spent filming the scenes involving the rollercoaster derailing. Following its premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on February 2, 2006, the film was released in cinemas in the United States on February 10, 2006. The DVD, released on July 25, 2006, includes commentaries, documentaries, a deleted scene and an animated video. A special-edition DVD called \"Thrill Ride Edition\" includes a feature called \"Choose Their Fate\", which acts as an interactive film, allowing viewers to make decisions at specific points in the film that alter the course of the story. Final Destination 3 received a mixed critical response. The film was a financial success and, with box office receipts of nearly $118 million, the highest-grossing installment in the franchise at the time. A fourth film, The Final Destination, was released in August 2009. Plot In 2005, high school student Wendy Christensen visits an amusement park in Pennsylvania with her boyfriend Jason Wise, her best friend Carrie Dreyer, Carrie's boyfriend Kevin Fischer, and their classmates to celebrate their graduation. As they board the Devil's Flight roller coaster, Wendy has a premonition that a camcorder, dropped by one of her friends during the ride, will land on the ride's tracks and will be run over by the train cars, causing the hydraulics securing the restraints and train cars to fail during the ride, killing everyone on board. She convinces nine people including Kevin, best friends Ashley Freund and Ashlyn Halperin, alumnus Frankie Cheeks, athlete Lewis Romero,","title":"Final Destination 3"},{"docid":"70253160","text":"\"Help, My Teenager Hates Me!\" is the fifth episode of the twenty-fifth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 316th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on March 9, 2022. This episode features the boys having to learn to deal with the angst and frustration of teenagers, as the boys want to play Airsoft and find teenagers are their only willing participants. Plot Fourth grader Kyle Broflovski begs his father Gerald to allow him to purchase an Airsoft gun so he can play with his friends Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick. Gerald is warned by the Airsoft store employee that mostly teenagers play this game. At the Airsoft field, the teenagers there complain that playing against fourth graders would be too easy, so the field manager splits the teams into two groups, each one consisting of two teens paired with two fourth graders. The younger boys enjoy the game, but after returning home, the mother of Kyle's teenage partner, Trevor, drops him off at Kyle's house, stating, \"He said he's your teenager now.\" Kyle's friends are also assigned to take care of their teenage partners, who are moody like Trevor. The fourth graders are ill-equipped to deal with this, and it hampers the next partnered Airsoft game. Following advice from the book Help, My Teenager Hates Me!, Kyle suggests taking their teenagers camping, though the teens' feelings of alienation continue. Kyle tells Gerald that he no longer wants to play Airsoft because of the teens. Gerald suggests that the children instead play with him and the other fathers, Randy Marsh and Stuart McCormick. At the Airsoft range, the children and the teens challenge one another to one last battle, with the losing team agreeing to never play at the Airsoft range again. As the bet is made, the fathers arrive along with Jimbo Kern. During the game, Randy places a jar of marijuana in the field to lure the teens out into the open. As the teens approach it, Randy throws an airsoft grenade at them, knocking them all out at once. As the boys and the adults head toward Eric's home for a victory meal, Randy, brandishing his rifle, asks the other men if he should \"take them out now\", but Gerald stops him, saying that they still have a few more years before the children \"turn into monsters\". Reception Dan Caffrey with The A.V. Club gave the episode a \"C+\", calling it \"frustratingly one-note\" and stating in his review that \"The problem is, the nonstop apathy and frustration of the teenagers becomes boring to watch. While [Trey] Parker and [Matt] Stone are undoubtedly commenting on the real-life challenges that can come with raising an adolescent—the selfishness, the lethargy, the irritability—the flatlined demeanor feels out of place on a show like South Park.\" He also noted that the final Airsoft battle scene featured \"jerky camera movements reminiscent of gritty war films like Saving Private Ryan, Black","title":"Help, My Teenager Hates Me!"},{"docid":"26131809","text":"19th London Film Critics Circle Awards 4 March 1999 Film of the Year: Saving Private Ryan British Film of the Year: Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels The 19th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 1998, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 4 March 1999. Winners and nominees Film of the Year Saving Private Ryan Boogie Nights The Ice Storm Titanic The Truman Show British Film of the Year Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels The Butcher Boy Elizabeth The General My Name Is Joe Foreign Language Film of the Year Shall We Dance? • Japan Funny Games • Austria Director of the Year Peter Weir – The Truman Show James Cameron – Titanic Michael Haneke – Funny Games Ang Lee – The Ice Storm Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan British Director of the Year John Boorman – The General Ken Loach – My Name Is Joe Screenwriter of the Year Andrew Niccol – The Truman Show and Gattaca Joel and Ethan Coen – The Big Lebowski Matt Damon and Ben Affleck – Good Will Hunting James Schamus – The Ice Storm Neil LaBute – In the Company of Men British Screenwriter of the Year Guy Ritchie – Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Neil Jordan and Patrick McCabe – The Butcher Boy John Boorman – The General Paul Laverty – My Name Is Joe Hossein Amini – The Wings of the Dove Actor of the Year Jack Nicholson – As Good as It Gets Matt Damon – Good Will Hunting, The Rainmaker and Saving Private Ryan Robert Duvall – The Apostle Tom Hanks – Saving Private Ryan Kevin Kline – The Ice Storm and In & Out Actress of the Year Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth Joan Allen – The Ice Storm Pam Grier – Jackie Brown Helen Hunt – As Good as It Gets Gwyneth Paltrow – Sliding Doors, Great Expectations and A Perfect Murder British Actor of the Year Brendan Gleeson – The General John Hurt – Love and Death on Long Island Derek Jacobi – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon Peter Mullan – My Name Is Joe Bill Nighy – Still Crazy British Actress of the Year Helena Bonham Carter – The Wings of the Dove Julie Christie – Afterglow Minnie Driver – The Governess Louise Goodall – My Name Is Joe Kristin Scott Thomas – The Horse Whisperer Kate Winslet – Titanic Catherine Zeta-Jones – The Mask of Zorro British Supporting Actor of the Year Nigel Hawthorne – The Object of My Affection Daniel Craig – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon Christopher Eccleston – Elizabeth Joseph Fiennes – Elizabeth Anthony Hopkins – The Mask of Zorro, Amistad and The Edge Vinnie Jones – Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Adrian Lester – Primary Colors Rufus Sewell – Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence British Supporting Actress of the Year Kate Beckinsale – The Last Days","title":"London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998"},{"docid":"1009315","text":"Fanfare for the Common Man is a musical work by the American composer Aaron Copland. It was written in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under conductor Eugene Goossens and was inspired in part by a speech made earlier that year by then American Vice President Henry A. Wallace, in which Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the \"Century of the Common Man\". Several alternative versions have been made and fragments of the work have appeared in many subsequent US and British cultural productions, such as in the musical scores of movies. Instrumentation This fanfare is written for the following instruments: four horns (in F) three trumpets (in B) three trombones tuba timpani bass drum tam-tam Fanfare Copland, in his autobiography, wrote of the request: \"Eugene Goossens, conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, had written to me at the end of August about an idea he wanted to put into action for the 1942–43 concert season. During World War I he had asked British composers for a fanfare to begin each orchestral concert. It had been so successful that he thought to repeat the procedure in World War II with American composers\". A total of 10 fanfares were written at Goossens' behest, but Copland's is the only one which remains in the standard repertoire. It was written in response to the US entry into World War II and was inspired in part by a famous 1942 speech where vice president Henry A. Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the \"Century of the Common Man\". Goossens had suggested titles such as Fanfare for Soldiers, or sailors or airmen, and he wrote that \"[i]t is my idea to make these fanfares stirring and significant contributions to the war effort....\" Copland considered several titles including Fanfare for a Solemn Ceremony and Fanfare for Four Freedoms; to Goossens' surprise, however, Copland titled the piece Fanfare for the Common Man. Goossens wrote, \"Its title is as original as its music, and I think it is so telling that it deserves a special occasion for its performance. If it is agreeable to you, we will premiere it 12 March 1943 at income tax time\". Copland's reply was \"I [am] all for honoring the common man at income tax time\". Copland later used the fanfare as the main theme of the fourth movement of his Third Symphony (composed between 1944 and 1946). In television and other media The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL have used it as part of a pre-game video introduction of the team before it takes to the ice since moving into the United Center in 1994. Several feature films employ the piece for dramatic effect. John Williams' main themes for the 1978 Superman film are partially based on the fanfare and his original score for Saving Private Ryan draws heavily on its soundworld (though Copland's piece is not actually heard in either movie). In The Patriot, which Williams scored, the music of the final scene before the credits may be a nod to Copland's work.","title":"Fanfare for the Common Man"},{"docid":"70400848","text":"Janusz Kamiński is a Polish cinematographer known for his work in film and television. Kamiński is most known for his collaborations with director Steven Spielberg. Their partnership first started in 1993 with the holocaust drama Schindler's List for which Kamiński received his first Academy Award for Best Cinematography. He won his second for Spielberg's World War II drama Saving Private Ryan (1998). He has also received Academy Award nominations for Amistad (1997), War Horse (2011), Lincoln (2012), and West Side Story (2021). He has received five British Academy Film Award nominations for Best Cinematography winning for Schindler's List (1993). He also has received five nominations from the American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography. He did receive a special prize for his Cinematography for Julian Schnabel's The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007), as well as an Academy Award, César Award, and ASC Award nomination. Major associations Academy Awards British Academy Film Awards American Society of Cinematographers Industry awards American Film Institute (AFI) Awards 2002: A.I. Artificial Intelligence (won) 2010: Franklin J. Schaffner Award (won) British Society of Cinematographers Award For Best Cinematography: 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (nomination) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (nomination) 2015: Bridge of Spies (nomination) Camerimage 1998: Saving Private Ryan − Golden Frog (nominated) 2002: Atlas Award (won) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly − Golden Frog (won) Cannes Film Festival 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly − Vulcan Prize for the Technical Artist (won) César Award for Best Cinematography 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (nomination) Hollywood Film Awards 2002: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography 2015: Bridge of Spies (won) Independent Spirit Awards Best Cinematography: 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) Palm Springs International Film Festival 2000: Da Vinci's Cinematographer's Award (won) Satellite Award for Best Cinematography 1997: Amistad (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (nomination) 2002: Minority Report (nomination) 2005: Munich (nomination) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) 2011: War Horse (won) 2012: Lincoln (nomination) 2015: Bridge of Spies (nomination) Stockholm International Film Festival 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) Critics awards Alliance of Women Film Journalists 2002: A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Cinematographer of the Year (won) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (won) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) Broadcast Film Critics Association 2011: War Horse (won) - Critics Choice Award for Best Cinematography 2012: Lincoln (nomination) - Critics Choice Award for Best Cinematography 2021: West Side Story (nomination) - Critics Choice Award for Best Cinematography Chicago Film Critics Association BEst Cinematography: 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (nomination) 2001: A.I. Artificial Intelligence (nomination) 2002: Minority Report (nomination) 2005: Munich (nomination) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (nomination) 2011: War Horse (nomination) 2012: Lincoln (nomination) Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Cinematography: 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (won) Florida Film Critics Circle Best Cinematography: 1998: Saving Private Ryan (won)","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Janusz Kamiński"},{"docid":"60678071","text":"Blood & Truth is a first-person shooter developed by London Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. It was released on May 28, 2019 for the PlayStation 4's virtual reality headset PlayStation VR. Gameplay The game is a first-person shooter. The player assumes control of Ryan Marks, a former Special Forces soldier who must save his family from a London crime boss. Players can hide behind cover and pick up different guns to shoot enemies. To move in the game, players only need to look at a spot and press a button. The playable character will then automatically move to the spot. Players can also interact with different objects. Plot The game begins with Ryan Marks being interrogated by an agent named Carson, who explains his current situation. During the interrogation, flashbacks show the events that happened up until the interrogation. Ryan infiltrates a compound and rescues fellow soldier, Deacon and both escape the compound before Ryan is informed that his father had died from a heart attack. Ryan is sent back home in London and is picked up by his brother Nick from the airport. After the funeral, Ryan meets with his mother Anne, but then they are interrupted by gunfire, the family is then confronted by Tony Sharp, a London crime boss, Kayla, a woman who supposedly works for Tony and kills one of Anne's bodyguards and Tony's brother Keach. The family is held at gunpoint by Keach, including Ryan's sister, Michelle, but Keach is fooled by Nick into thinking that the gun's safety is on. At this moment, Michelle and Nick takedown Keach and knock him out, the family then flees to their hidden safe house. The family then discovers that Tony will be at his private casino and Ryan volunteers to infiltrate the casino and kill Tony, although Anne is reluctant to the plan. Ryan successfully infiltrates the casino but discovers that Tony is not in the building and is at his art gallery, but Keach still remains and tracks him down to a hotel room. After rigging the casino with bombs, Ryan confronts Keach and chases him through the building. Once he stops Keach, Ryan questions him on where Tony is, but Keach doesn't know where he is. Keach is either killed by Ryan or is suddenly killed by an armored guard and Ryan is able to escape and blow up the casino with the bombs he had rigged. Ryan disguises himself and enters the art gallery during the day and discovers a private room that might contain information. Ryan and Nick then sneak into the gallery at night and vandalize most of the exhibits. The brothers are also able to find documents that all link back to Falstead Airfield. After returning to the safe house, Tony calls the brothers along with Michelle to inform them that he has captured Anne and has held her in Freeson Towers, a building that is due for demolition. The siblings work together to rescue Anne and Ryan is","title":"Blood & Truth"},{"docid":"3659962","text":"2nd TFCA Awards December 16, 1998 Best Film: Saving Private Ryan The 2nd Toronto Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 1998, were held on 16 December 1998. Winners Best Actor: Ian McKellen - Gods and Monsters Runners-Up: Robert Duvall – The Apostle and Tom Hanks – Saving Private Ryan Best Actress: Cate Blanchett - Elizabeth Runners-Up: Christina Ricci – The Opposite of Sex and Pascale Bussières – August 32nd on Earth Best Canadian Film: Last Night Runners-Up: Nô and The Red Violin Best Director: Steven Spielberg - Saving Private Ryan Runners-Up: Todd Solondz – Happiness and Steven Soderbergh – Out of Sight Best Film: Saving Private Ryan Runners-Up: Happiness and The Celebration Clyde Gilmour Award: Gerald Pratley References 1998 1998 film awards 1998 in Toronto 1998 in Canadian cinema","title":"Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 1998"},{"docid":"38682123","text":"Grahame Wood (born 1970) is a British–American actor born in Toronto Canada. His career has kept him busy in L.A., London, Toronto, and Vancouver. He is best known for his performance in the Roland Emmerich epic, The Patriot, and continues to forge a career out of playing the layered bad guy. Commenting on his death scene in Saving Private Ryan, Steven Spielberg proclaimed, \"That was better than the opening credits of ER!\" Film/Television Grahame was trained at Britain's oldest drama school, LAMDA. As well as The Patriot and Saving Private Ryan Grahame was in the Emmy Award nominated movie, 4 Minutes, Grahame portrayed celebrated runner, Sir Christopher Chataway. He played the role of ‘Gordon’ on the ABC Family series, Falcon Beach, and has guest-starred on numerous television series. Grahame has spent the past two decades working in the film and television industries of the U.S., Canada and UK – playing both Americans and Brits – as well as writing and producing.... Grahame was executive producer of the rock doc, Saturday Night at Morley Gibson's. He produced and wrote The Angel Chronicles, in development with Insight Productions and CTV from 2008 to 2011. He is currently in development on the cop drama, Moon Rising, with Devilishly Good Productions in L.A. Novels Grahame's DARKLY STEWART novel series of dark thrillers about RCMP Constable, Darkly Stewart, is currently out to production companies for television adaptation consideration. Negotiation on a print publisher for the novels is currently underway. Links to film and television credits Notes 1970 births Living people British male film actors Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors British male television actors","title":"Grahame Wood"},{"docid":"12091298","text":"Blackwater () is a rural village in County Wexford, Ireland. It lies mostly within the townland of Ballynaglogh () on the R742 regional road north of Wexford town. Transport Michael Gray operates a route linking the village with Wexford Mondays to Fridays inclusive Bus Éireann route 379 serves the village on Mondays and Saturdays only linking it to Wexford, Gorey and intermediate locations such as Courtown Harbour. Amenities The village has three pubs, Corrigan's, the Blackwater Lodge (which is also a hotel), and Whelan's. It also has a video arcade, a number of supermarkets, a large second-hand furniture store, and a clothes alterations shop. In the 10 years between the 2006 and 2016 census, the population of the village increased from 173 to 339 people. Blackwater has competed in \"category B\" (places with populations of between 201 and 1000 people) in the national Tidy Towns competition. Blackwater is close to Ballyconnigar beach, a site with one of the highest levels of erosion in the area, due to tidal forces. The stretch of beach from Ballyconnigar to Ballynaclash is used for bathing, walking and fishing. Species of fish encountered around this area include bullhuss, smoothhound, tope, bass, ray, codling, eels, and flounder. Other nearby beaches include Curracloe strand and Ballinesker beach, where the opening scene of the film \"Saving Private Ryan\" was filmed. Blackwater also has a mobile-home holiday park called 'Abhainn Dubh Mobile home and Leisure Park' which has been open since 1993. Sports The local GAA team is St. Brigid's Blackwater, established in 1885. The hurling team play in the Wexford Intermediate Hurling Championship. The Gaelic football team won the 2009 Wexford Junior Championship. Blackwater has a par 3 golf course which is located outside of the village between Blackwater and Kilmuckridge. The golf course itself was opened in July 1993 although Blackwater Golf Society had its first outing in 1991. Blackwater Golf Course also has a FootGolf course. In popular culture Blackwater served as a setting of Mary Kay Tuberty's 2015 novel Keeper of Coin. Notable people Michael Cash, stonemason Colm Tóibín, writer, holidayed here as a child and has a holiday home nearby. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References External links Blackwater GAA Blackwater Beach fishing info Towns and villages in County Wexford","title":"Blackwater, County Wexford"},{"docid":"20962501","text":"Pete Boone, Private Eye is an Australian crime comedy television series created and produced by David Murdoch. The show originally aired on Channel 31, before moving to Aurora on Foxtel. It tells the story of Pete Boone, \"Australia’s worst detective\" who never correctly solves a case. The series is set in a fictional version West Pennant Hills, called \"West Pennant Falls\". It currently stars Will Seaman as Pete Boone: he is the sixth actor to lead as the titular character. The show has a cult status, and the 1001st televised episode aired on Aurora on 14 December 2014. Pre-Television Pete Boone (Peter Warner) first appeared in \"The Rick Ford Files\" series in 1980. In 1988, Boone was spun off into a short film that won the Australian Amateur Cine Society International Film Festival award for Best Video. In 1990, Boone was played by Peter Book in a short film which was later remade for TV. Episodes Season 1 (2002) The 1st season premiered on Channel 31 on 12 August 2002. Jamie McNeil (executive producer) and Strawberry James (director) cast Peter John Attwood as Boone after meeting him in a bar. Boone investigates murders, but inspector Gravel (Mark Pereira) suspects Boone is the serial killer. Dirk Lombarde (Peter Warner) is introduced as Pete’s rival. A series of flashbacks show Boone’s troubled childhood lead him to become a detective. Season 2 (2007) In 2005, the show was moved to Aurora (Foxtel). In 2007, David Murdoch took over directing. The 2nd season premiered on 5 July 2007. Constable O'Flynn (Peter Murkins) forces Gravel to partner with Pete Boone (Peter Love) to solve another series of murders. This season introduces behind the scenes, messages to the fans, and Christmas episodes. Season 3 (2009) The 3rd season premiered on 5 July 2009. Pete Boone and inspector Gravel save the town from zombies, corporate demolition, and a new serial killer. Season 4 (2010) The 4th season premiered on 8 August 2010. This season featured two episodes filmed by the Sydney Science Revue. Boone searches for treasure. Gravel frames and imprisons Boone, who is vindicated with the assistance of Dirk Lombarde. The season ends on a documentary celebrating 30 years of Boone. Season 5 (2013) The 5th season premiered on 14 April 2013. This season was produced by fans, and featured the new animated opening. Gravel is sent back to 1980. After returning to the present, he thwarts a terrorist plot with Boone (Ciaran Magee). The season concludes with Policeman One and Two (James Colley, Felix Marsh-Wakefield) writing their own version of Boone’s origin story. Season 6 (2014) The 6th season premiered on 13 December 2013. Tim Anderson and Ryan O'Malley cameoed as Pete Boone. Boone's office has been left in the hands of a serial killer, Simon (Simon Walker). Simon impersonates Boone as a cover. The Metre send their best agent, Clint Pettifrock (Atlas Adams) to investigate. Simon repeatedly foils Clint Pettifrock. The Metre sends Catherine Marble (Susan Grace Roach) to take over. Season 7 (2016)","title":"Pete Boone, Private Eye"},{"docid":"1447885","text":"Multi-Facial is a 1995 American short drama film written, directed, produced, and scored by Vin Diesel, who also stars as a multiracial actor facing various professional and emotional issues. The film is notable for essentially launching Diesel's career as it was noticed by Steven Spielberg, who then watched Diesel's film Strays, which prompted him to give Diesel his first big break by writing a small role specifically for him in Saving Private Ryan (1998). Plot Mike, a struggling actor with a tattooed arm, auditions for an Italian-American role. He delivers an explicit anecdote in a New York Italian accent about getting into a fight with another man in a restaurant for looking at his girlfriend, discovering the man was gay and thus directing his rage at his own girlfriend, beating her up, and feeling surprised that she doesn't call him anymore. The casting director expresses interest and has Mike speak Italian before telling him they'll get back to him. When the director asks Mike where the monologue came from, he says it is a true story that happened to a friend. Mike later calls his manager and complains about the monologue, which was not a true story, saying it was offensive and worrying that it will keep him from getting the role. He wipes the fake tattoo off his arm and goes to his next audition. Mike meets a black actor in the waiting room of an audition for a commercial, and tells him about the audition he just left, again complaining that he thought his monologue was offensive. The actor tells Mike he has just landed a role in an international commercial, but Mike says he refuses to do commercials because no great actors ever did them. Before he can audition, the director tells Mike that his skin is \"a little too light\" and not to bother auditioning. He suggests Mike audition for a Spanish role in a soap opera instead. Mike goes to another audition and reads with a Cuban accent alongside a Hispanic actress. The two of them are portraying an argument, but when the actress launches into Spanish, Mike is unable to continue. As they leave the audition, the actress calls out Mike for pretending to speak Spanish but still suggests that he try out for a soap opera which is looking for Hispanic actors; Mike says he refuses to do soap operas because no great actors ever did them. He attends another audition, where his scene partner tells him that she really thinks he could do well. Mike does the reading with her in a heavy urban accent, but the casting directors cut the audition short because they are looking for more of a \"Wesley type\". Mike moves on to another audition, where they are expecting him from a previous audition. The casting director sees on Mike's résumé that he can rap, prompting Mike to launch into a hip-hop routine. He then sits down and delivers a monologue about being a young man watching his","title":"Multi-Facial"},{"docid":"444322","text":"Goodness Gracious Me is a BBC sketch comedy show originally aired on BBC Radio 4 from 1996 to 1998 and later televised on BBC Two from 1998 to 2001. The ensemble cast were four British Indian actors, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Kulvinder Ghir, Meera Syal and Nina Wadia. The show explored British Asian culture, and the conflict and integration between traditional Indian culture and modern British life. Some sketches reversed the roles to view the British from an Indian perspective, and others poked fun at Indian and Asian stereotypes. In the television series, most of the white characters were played by Dave Lamb and Fiona Allen; in the radio series those parts were played by the cast themselves. Some of the white characters were also played by Amanda Holden and Emma Kennedy. The show's title and theme tune is a bhangra rearrangement of the comedy song of the same name, originally performed by Peter Sellers (portraying an Indian doctor, Ahmed el Kabir) and Sophia Loren, reprising their characters from the 1960 film, The Millionairess. Sellers sang the 1960s song in a stereotypical \"cod-Indian\" accent. (In her 1996 novel Anita and Me, Syal had referred to British parodies of south Asian speech as \"a goodness-gracious-me accent\".) The cast casually drop Punjabi and Hindi slang phrases into their speech, in the manner of many British Asians living in the UK. The Radio Show won Gold at the Sony Radio Academy Awards in 1997. The TV show won Best Entertainment at the Broadcasting Press Guild Award and the Team Award from the Royal Television Society, UK in 1999. In March 2014, the BBC announced that the show would return with a special episode as part of celebrations of fifty years of BBC Two. An India special was broadcast on BBC Two on 25 August 2015. Parodies and references in the show The Six Million Rupee Man – parodies The Six Million Dollar Man. I Know Him Too Well – parodies the song \"I Know Him So Well\". Skipinder: The Punjabi Kangaroo – parodies Skippy the Bush Kangaroo. I'm a Punjabi Girl... – parodies Aqua's \"Barbie Girl\" song. Hindi People – parodies Pulp's \"Common People\". Club Nirvana – parodies Wham!'s \"Club Tropicana\". The Marriage Emporium – pays homage to Monty Python's Cheese Shop sketch and \"Dead Parrot sketch\". Fawlty Turrets – pays homage to Fawlty Towers. The Delhi Tubbies – fictional Asian equivalent of Teletubbies. They Were The Blacked-Up Men – parodies Men in Black. The Bhandari Bunch – parodies The Brady Bunch opening sequence. Channa's Angels – parodies Charlie's Angels Arranged Shag – parodies the arranged marriage Not Saving Private Narayan – parodies Saving Private Ryan Other parodies are based on shows such as Animal Hospital (where members of lower castes take the place of the pets) and Rough Guides (where tourists from India visit and make unpleasant remarks about the United Kingdom). Going for an English One of the best known sketches featured the cast \"going out for an English\" after a few lassis.","title":"Goodness Gracious Me (TV series)"},{"docid":"14000289","text":"Golden Trailer Awards1 7th Annual (2006) Best Action: Mission: Impossible III Best Horror: The Exorcism of Emily Rose Summer 2006 Blockbuster: Mission: Impossible III Best of Show: Mission: Impossible III Nominations: 10 trailers 6th Annual (2005) Best Action: War of the Worlds Best Horror: The Amityville Horror Summer 2005 Blockbuster: War of the Worlds Nominations: 9 trailers 5th Annual (2004) Best Horror/Thriller: Dawn of the Dead Nominations: 3 trailers 4th Annual (2003) Best Romance: Secretary * Trashiest: The Rules of Attraction * Nominations: 4 trailers The Hollywood Reporter Key Art Awards2 36th Annual (2007) First Place: Action/Adventure TV Spots: X-Men: The Last Stand First Place: Animation A/V (Trailers & TV Spots): Cars First Place: Horror Trailer: The Hills Have Eyes First Place: International Poster: Paris je t'aime Nominations: 12 35th Annual (2006) nominations and winners not known at this time 34th Annual (2005) nominations and winners not known at this time 33rd Annual (2004) Best of Show Audiovisual: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Action Adventure Trailers The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ** Action Adventure TV Spots The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ** Comedy TV Spots Bringing Down The House ** Internet Advertising Lost in Translation * ** Home Entertainment Consumer TV Spots The Lion King, Special Edition * ** 32nd Annual (2003) nominations and winners not known at this time 31st Annual (2002) First Place: Comedy Trailer Not Another Teen Movie * 29th Annual (2000) Second Place: Comedy Poster Stuart Little * 28th Annual (1999) Best of Show Audio-Visual: Saving Private Ryan * First Place: Drama Trailer Saving Private Ryan * First Place: Teaser Trailer Godzilla * Second Place: Home Video Trailer The Mask of Zorro * Third Place: Teaser Trailer Saving Private Ryan * Third Place: Drama TV Spot Apt Pupil * 27th Annual (1998) Honorable Mention: Teaser Absolute Power * 26th Annual (1997) First Place: Drama TV Spot Jerry Maguire * First Place: Drama Trailer Jerry Maguire * 23rd Annual (1994) Second Place: Action/Adventure TV Spot In the Line of Fire * Third Place: Action/Adventure Trailer In the Line of Fire * Honorable Mention: Action/Adventure Trailer Wolf * 22nd Annual (1993) First Place: Drama TV Spot Bram Stoker's Dracula * Second Place: Action/Adventure TV Spot Stephen King's Sleepwalkers * Third Place: Drama TV Spot Bram Stoker's Dracula * 21st Annual (1992) Second Place: Drama TV Spot The Prince of Tides * PROMAX & BDA Awards3 Home Entertainment 2006 Awards nominations and winners not known at this time Home Entertainment 2005 Awards PROMAX - Promotion and Marketing Categories Gold Award: Movie Campaign Spider-Man 2 * Gold Award: Television Series Campaign Friends Season 7 * Gold Award: Print Ad - Consumer The Aviator * Gold Award: Poster - Promotion Scooby Doo 2 * Gold Award: Print Campaign - Consumer The Last Samurai (U.S.) * Gold Award: Print Campaign - Consumer The Last Samurai (Japan) * Gold Award: Action/Adventure Trailer Spider-Man 2 * Gold Award: In-Store Display Promotion Scooby Doo 2 Merchandiser * Gold Award: New Media Mulan Special Edition DVD Website * Gold","title":"Trailer Park Awards"},{"docid":"2182062","text":"The Tasty Sandwich Shop, often called \"The Tasty\", was a restaurant that operated from 1916 to 1997 near the intersection of JFK Street and Brattle Street, at the center of Harvard Square, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was housed in the Read Block building, on the site of the home of colonial poet Anne Bradstreet. The Tasty closed in 1997, after 81 years in business. Its location was later used by the chain stores Abercrombie & Fitch, then Citizens Bank and, , a CVS Pharmacy. Description The Tasty was a tiny one-room diner and lunch counter, its customer area no more than seven feet wide and thirty feet deep, with a narrow counter made of yellow linoleum. A Harvard Business School student once deemed it \"the most profitable restaurant in New England per sq ft\", at . The Tasty had 14 stools. On busy nights it would be crammed with around 70 people (from actual head counts) at a time. On these nights between 300 and 400 burgers were served between the hours of midnight and 4:00 AM. A large map, studded with pins, covered the back wall of the diner and claimed to pinpoint the origins of postcards from customers over the years. In keeping with the informal atmosphere of the diner — where the cooks, including Tom Sweet, who managed The Tasty on the graveyard shift until the summer of 1976, and chef Charlie Coney — were sometimes compared to bartenders and frequently chatted with customers. Customers By the end of its existence, The Tasty had attracted both long-time residents and, by virtue both of its proximity to Harvard Yard and its late opening hours, numerous students from Harvard University, and had become one of the few places where students and residents, and residents from different social and economic classes, mixed informally. According to one historian, \"you could sit next to a professor on your left, and a homeless person on your right\". Media references The Tasty was often referred to in the press as a \"local landmark\" or \"institution\", and was immortalized in film during a scene in Good Will Hunting. The scene was shot there on May 23, 1997. It was also used in a scene during Love Story, 1970 movie from Erich Segal's story of a privileged Harvard Law School student (Ryan O'Neal) and his working-class girlfriend (Ali MacGraw). It is also the subject of Federico Muchnik's 2005 documentary, Touching History. Closure Despite a struggle by its owner Peter Haddad, the Tasty's tenancy ended in November 1997. A sign in its window during the move-out stated its lifespan: \"81 years. 29,565 days. 5,913,000 people. 422,357 per stool.\" Its landlord, the Cambridge Savings Bank, took advantage of the increasing attractiveness of the Harvard Square neighborhood to chain store franchises, which enabled the bank to charge significantly higher rents to tenants who provided greater security. Opposition to the end of the Tasty's tenancy was voiced by a number of groups, including the Harvard Square Defense Fund and brothers","title":"Tasty Sandwich Shop"},{"docid":"3416964","text":"The 4th Critics' Choice Movie Awards were presented on January 25, 1999, honoring the finest achievements of 1998 filmmaking. Top 10 films (in alphabetical order) Elizabeth Gods and Monsters Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella) Out of Sight Pleasantville Saving Private Ryan Shakespeare in Love A Simple Plan The Thin Red Line The Truman Show Winners Best Actor: Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters and Apt Pupil Best Actress: Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth Best Animated Feature: A Bug's Life / The Prince of Egypt (TIE) Best Child Performer: Ian Michael Smith – Simon Birch Best Director: Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Best Family Film: A Bug's Life Best Feature Documentary: Wild Man Blues Best Foreign Language Film: Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella) • Italy Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan Best Picture Made for Television: From the Earth to the Moon Best Score: John Williams – Saving Private Ryan Best Screenplay – Adaptation: A Simple Plan – Scott B. Smith Best Screenplay – Original: Shakespeare in Love – Tom Stoppard and Marc Norman Best Song: \"When You Believe\" – The Prince of Egypt Best Supporting Actor: Billy Bob Thornton – A Simple Plan Best Supporting Actress: Joan Allen – Pleasantville / Kathy Bates – Primary Colors (TIE) Breakthrough Performer: Joseph Fiennes – Elizabeth and Shakespeare in Love Alan J. Pakula Award (for artistic excellence while illuminating issues of great social and political importance): John Travolta References Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 1998 film awards","title":"4th Critics' Choice Awards"},{"docid":"49166731","text":"Siân Grigg is a Welsh make-up artist. She is best known for her blockbusters and critically acclaimed feature film projects such as Saving Private Ryan (1998), The Aviator (2004), The Departed (2006), Inception (2010) and Django Unchained (2012). Grigg is a BAFTA award winner. At the 58th British Academy Film Awards she won the BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair for her work on The Aviator. In 2016, she received another nomination from BAFTA for Best Makeup and Hair and her first Oscar nomination at 88th Academy Awards in the category of Best Makeup and Hairstyling for her work on the film The Revenant. Her nomination was shared with Duncan Jarman and Robert Pandini. Grigg is a former pupil of Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf, Cardiff Art College and the London College of Fashion, where she studied make-up and hair for film and television. Selected filmography Titanic (1997) Saving Private Ryan (1998) The Aviator (2004) The Departed (2006) Inception (2010) Never Let Me Go (2010) A Little Bit of Heaven (2011) Something Borrowed (2011) J. Edgar (2011)Django Unchained (2012)Ex Machina (2015)The Revenant (2015)Far from the Madding Crowd (2015)Once Upon a Time in Hollywood'' (2019) References External links Living people Alumni of Cardiff School of Art and Design Alumni of the London College of Fashion Best Makeup BAFTA Award winners Welsh make-up artists People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf Mass media people from Cardiff 21st-century Welsh women artists Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Siân Grigg"},{"docid":"15012590","text":"33rd NSFC Awards January 3, 1999 Best Film: Out of Sight The 33rd National Society of Film Critics Awards, given on 3 January 1999, honored the best filmmaking of 1998. Winners Best Picture 1. Out of Sight 2. Affliction 3. Saving Private Ryan Best Director 1. Steven Soderbergh – Out of Sight 2. Terrence Malick – The Thin Red Line 2. Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Best Actor 1. Nick Nolte – Affliction 2. Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters 3. Brendan Gleeson – The General and I Went Down Best Actress 1. Ally Sheedy – High Art 2. Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth 3. Fernanda Montenegro – Central Station (Central do Brasil) Best Supporting Actor 1. Bill Murray – Rushmore 2. Donald Sutherland – Without Limits 3. Billy Bob Thornton – A Simple Plan Best Supporting Actress 1. Judi Dench – Shakespeare in Love 2. Patricia Clarkson – High Art 3. Lisa Kudrow – The Opposite of Sex Best Screenplay 1. Scott Frank – Out of Sight 2. Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard – Shakespeare in Love 3. Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson – Rushmore Best Cinematography 1. John Toll – The Thin Red Line 2. Janusz Kamiński – Saving Private Ryan 3. Seamus Deasy – The General Best Foreign Language Film 1. Taste of Cherry (Ta'm e guilass) 2. Fireworks (Hana-bi) 3. The Celebration (Festen) Best Non-Fiction Film 1. The Farm: Angola, USA 2. Public Housing 3. Little Dieter Needs to Fly Experimental Film Mother and Son (Mat i syn) Special Citation Walter Murch, Rick Schmidlin, Bob O'Neil and Jonathan Rosenbaum for the re-editing of Orson Welles's Touch of Evil Reprinting of an expanded edition of one of the seminal collections of film criticism, Manny Farber's Negative Space References External links Past Awards 1998 film awards 1998 1999 in American cinema","title":"1998 National Society of Film Critics Awards"},{"docid":"1248931","text":"Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970) is a Canadian-American actor. He played Private Daniel Jackson in Saving Private Ryan (1998), Corrections Officer Dean Stanton in The Green Mile (1999), Roger Maris in 61* (2001), Joseph L. Galloway in We Were Soldiers (2002), Sergeant Michael Strank in Flags of Our Fathers (2006), DEA Agent Cooper in Snitch (2013), Vince in Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015) and Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018), Lucky Ned Pepper in the remake of the western True Grit (2010) and David Keller in Crawl (2019). He has been nominated for three Screen Actors Guild Awards and a Golden Globe Award. For his role as Robert F. Kennedy in the miniseries The Kennedys (2011), Pepper won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie. Early life and education Pepper was born the youngest of three boys in Campbell River, British Columbia, the son of a lumberjack. When he was five years old, his family set sail in a homemade yacht, navigating through the South Pacific islands for five years. He was educated through correspondence courses and public schools in Polynesia. His family encouraged him to entertain himself through improvisation and acting games while aboard the ship. When the family had finished their travels, they returned to Canada, settling on Denman Island, which his mother's family had called home for five generations. He graduated from Georges P. Vanier Secondary School in 1988. Pepper attended Camosun College after receiving a scholarship for artistic achievement, studying marketing and design. He later moved to Vancouver, where he enrolled in acting classes. He spent four years studying, including at the Gastown Actors Studio, before landing a recurring role on the show Madison. Career Pepper is perhaps best known for his role as the sniper Private Daniel Jackson in Saving Private Ryan. He portrayed Corrections Officer Dean Stanton in The Green Mile, appeared as Frank Slaughtery in Spike Lee's 25th Hour, as journalist Joseph L. Galloway in We Were Soldiers, his role as the human protagonist of the film Battlefield Earth, his depiction of Roger Maris in Billy Crystal's HBO film 61*, as Dale Earnhardt in the ESPN produced film 3: The Dale Earnhardt Story, and as Dan Morris in the film Seven Pounds, with Will Smith. He recently had roles in Casino Jack and the Coen brothers' True Grit. Pepper provided the voice for Alex Mercer, the protagonist of the video game Prototype and the voice for Corporal Dunn, a character in the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Pepper won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000. He has stated that, had he known in advance he was going to win the award, he would have gladly accepted it in person. He also appeared in Jagged Edge's music video for \"Goodbye\". In 2011, he starred as Robert F. Kennedy in the Canadian-American TV mini-series The Kennedys,","title":"Barry Pepper"},{"docid":"60091145","text":"\"Now That I Found You\" is a pop song by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen. It was released as a double A-side single with \"No Drug Like Me\" on February 27, 2019 by 604, School Boy and Interscope Records, as the second advance single from Jepsen's fourth studio album, Dedicated. \"Now That I Found You\" was written by Jepsen, Ben Berger, Ryan McMahon, Ryan Rabin and Alexander O'Neill, while production was handled by Captain Cuts and Ayokay. According to Jepsen, \"Now That I Found You\" and \"No Drug Like Me\" are about \"the giddy sugar rush of opening up to new love\" and they \"go thematically hand-in-hand\". Background \"Now That I Found You\" was written at a songwriting camp in Nicaragua with Benjamin Berger, Ryan McMahon and Ryan Rabin of production team Captain Cuts and Alexander O'Neill, known professionally as Ayokay, in August 2017. It is a pop and synth-pop song with a \"synth-heavy, '80s-inspired sound\". Jepsen revealed that she wasn't in love when she wrote the song, and was just imagining how good she wanted to feel. She stated that the track \"is about the high you get when a new love starts to change your life\". On February 13, 2019, \"Now That I Found You\" was featured in the teaser trailer for the third season of Queer Eye and the song was made available to pre-save on streaming services. On February 20, 2019, Jepsen revealed the single's cover and release date. On February 21 and 22, 2019, Jepsen released teaser videos with snippets of \"Now That I Found You\". On February 25, 2019, Jepsen announced that \"No Drug Like Me\" would be released alongside \"Now That I Found You\". A teaser video with a snippet of the song was released the following day. On February 27, 2019, \"Now That I Found You\" made its world premiere on Apple Music's Beats 1 radio as Zane Lowe's World Record. Critical reception Upon its release, \"Now That I Found You\" was named the Song of the Week by Consequence of Sound. Music critic Anthony Fantano highlighted it as one of the best songs on Dedicated. The Guardian journalist Betty Clarke selected \"Now That I Found You\" as one of the best tracks of 2019. In October 2022, Rachel Seo of Variety ranked it as Jepsen's eighth best song. Year-end lists Music video The music video for \"Now That I Found You\" was directed by Carlos López Estrada and Nelson DeCastro, and premiered on March 14, 2019. It shows Jepsen caring for a lost tabby cat, which was portrayed by the celebrity cat, Shrampton. The video contains product placement for Abarth cars, the TikTok app, and Beats headphones, as well as references to the Cats on Synthesizers in Space Instagram account and the final scenes of the film Breakfast at Tiffany's. The idea to use a cat in the video was inspired by an actual cat who was adopted by Jepsen's partner at the time of recording the song's vocals. The singer","title":"Now That I Found You (Carly Rae Jepsen song)"},{"docid":"4439115","text":"Robert Rodat (born c. 1960) is an American film and television writer and television producer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for writing Steven Spielberg's war epic Saving Private Ryan. Career Rodat wrote Saving Private Ryan (1998), The Comrades of Summer (1992), Tall Tale (1995), Fly Away Home with Vince McKewin (1996), and The Patriot (2000). He worked on the revision of the script for the 2008 film 10,000 BC and helped with the story of 2013 film Thor: The Dark World. Rodat also contributed to a screenplay for a film adaptation of Warcraft, work that was ultimately rebooted with the exit of the film's then-attached director, Sam Raimi. In 2009, Rodat created the TNT science-fiction series Falling Skies, produced by Steven Spielberg. The series did not premiere until summer 2011. Its fifth and final season was broadcast in the summer of 2015. The show is about human survivors of a semi-post apocalyptic world due to an alien invasion. Filmography The Comrades of Summer (1992, television movie) Tall Tale (1995) Fly Away Home (1996) Saving Private Ryan (1998) The Patriot (2000) Thor: The Dark World (2013) The Catcher Was a Spy (2018) Kursk (UK: Kursk: The Last Mission, US: The Command) (2018) References External links 1960s births Living people 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American male screenwriters American television producers American television writers American male television writers USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Colgate University alumni Harvard Business School alumni","title":"Robert Rodat"},{"docid":"27715118","text":"The BioShock series is a collection of story-driven first-person shooters in which the player explores dystopian settings created by Ken Levine and his team at Irrational Games. The first two games, BioShock and its direct sequel, BioShock 2, take place in the underwater city of Rapture in 1960 and 1968, which was influenced heavily by Ayn Rand's Objectivism. The third installment, BioShock Infinite, is set aboard the floating air-city of Columbia in 1912, designed around the concept of American Exceptionalism. Though Infinite is not a direct sequel to the previous games, the game is thematically linked; a short scene within the core Infinite game returns to Rapture, while the downloadable content BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea tie in many of the plot elements between BioShock and BioShock Infinite. As a heavily plot-driven series of games, BioShock contains a long list of non-playable characters (NPC) with which the player interacts and which drive the games' respective stories. BioShock Jack Jack is the protagonist of BioShock, whom the player controls throughout the game. He is first seen aboard an airplane, of which crashes near a lighthouse in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean containing a bathysphere terminal providing entry to Rapture. During his journey through Rapture, Jack encounters various gene-altering substances known as Plasmids and Tonics, which he uses to gain powerful abilities to defend himself. Jack experiences strange visions of his family while traveling, but eventually discovers that he is the illegitimate son of Andrew Ryan and singer Jasmine Jolene, \"Andrew Ryan's Favorite Girl.\" After becoming pregnant, Jasmine sold her fertilized egg to Brigid Tenenbaum, an employee of businessman Frank Fontaine. Fontaine arranged for Jack to undergo genetic conditioning so that he would age rapidly and to follow any order that followed \"would you kindly,\" a phrase that Atlas uses throughout the game to control the main character and his actions. There are two endings for Jack depending on how many Little Sisters he saved and/or harvested throughout the game: one where he lives out the rest of his life with the Little Sisters he saved, who become his adopted daughters. But due to his rapid aging, he eventually lies on his death bed with all grown and married Little Sisters holding his hand, indicating that Jack died from his accelerated growth. The other ending shows him seizing control of Rapture and becoming just as power-hungry and destructive as Fontaine, hinting that all the ADAM he gathered has corrupted him into a Splicer. In the second part of the BioShock: Infinite DLC, Burial at Sea, it is revealed that the former ending is canon. Andrew Ryan Andrew Ryan (born Andrei Rianofski) is a business magnate who seeks to avoid scrutiny from governments and other forms of oversight, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, Rapture, where men and women like himself could be free to achieve greatness on their own terms. When Ryan's vision for a utopia in Rapture collapsed into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses armies of","title":"Characters of the BioShock series"},{"docid":"52496978","text":"Alexander Burke (born 1983) is an American musician, songwriter, composer, music producer, television producer, writer and actor. From 2013 to 2016 he was the keyboard player for the band Save Ferris. Early life Alexander was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Laguna Beach and Irvine, California with his parents who are both vested in the arts (his father is a well-respected painter and his mother was an art gallery curator before becoming a therapist). His grandmother, Flora Burke, was an accomplished actress (and an early inspiration to Alexander). Alexander always had a passion for music (he was considered a vibraphone prodigy) and while in high school joined Drake Bell’s band Drake 24/7 and went on to perform on the Amanda Show at the Palladium and other high-profile venues around LA and on TV. After high school, he went to Columbia College Chicago, where he became the youngest musical director for the renowned Second City. Alexander was asked to be the musical director for “iO Theater 25 Anniversary Concert DVD” that included performances by Mike Myers, Amy Poehler, Tim Meadows, Andy Dick, Andy Richter and Rich Talarico (Rich later hired Alexander to be the composer of Frank TV on TBS – which would be his first TV gig). While in Chicago he was also busy doing jazz gigs with musicians such as Von Freeman and Chuck Hedges. Career After graduating from Columbia College Alexander moved back to Los Angeles, where he studied at the University of Southern California’s film-scoring post-baccalaureate program. After graduation, he quickly found work in television (being hired as part of the house band for the television pilot for Robert Townsend’s talk show “Night of Townsend” on TBS) where he met Eban Schletter (the composer of “Sponge Bob Square Pants”) and Grant-Lee Phillips (who was also part of the house band) and that relationship led to Alexander playing in Phillips' band. These relationships lead to Alexander and Eban being asked to perform with, and open, for Ryan Gosling and Zach Shields' band Dead Man’s Bones. During this time, Alexander became friends with Monique Powell (the lead singer of the band Save Ferris) through his neighbor Abby Travis (the bass player for The Bangles) and ended up playing on records for both of them and later joining the band Save Ferris. Alexander was a member of Save Ferris when they opened for Gwen Stefani at Irvine Meadows and for Mexico City's infamous Ska Festival. He has also done behind-the-scenes music work, such as being the musical director on the MTV Movie Awards, and co-producing Ben Lee's album Freedom, and the first two Garfunkel and Oates albums. He co-wrote the songs \"Back to the Start\" for the Iron Man 3 soundtrack, the song \"Love You Like This\" for the Jason Bateman movie The Gift, the song \"Undercover\" for the TV series New Girl, the theme song for the Broadway Video series 7 Minutes in Heaven, and the score for the 2017 documentary film Haunters: The Art of the","title":"Alexander Burke"},{"docid":"3755176","text":"The 24th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 1998, were voted on in December 1998. The awards were presented Jan. 20 1999 at the Bel Age Hotel. Winners Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan Runner-up: The Butcher Boy Best Director: Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Runner-up: John Boorman – The General Best Actor: Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters Runner-up: Nick Nolte – Affliction Best Actress (tie): Fernanda Montenegro – Central Station (Central do Brasil) Ally Sheedy – High Art Best Supporting Actor (tie): Bill Murray – Rushmore and Wild Things Billy Bob Thornton – A Simple Plan Best Supporting Actress: Joan Allen – Pleasantville Runner-up: Kathy Bates – Primary Colors Best Screenplay: Warren Beatty and Jeremy Pikser – Bulworth Runner-up: Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard – Shakespeare in Love Best Cinematography: Janusz Kamiński – Saving Private Ryan Runner-up: Seamus Deasy – The General Best Production Design: Jeannine Oppewall – Pleasantville Runner-up: Dennis Gassner – The Truman Show Best Music Score: Elliot Goldenthal – The Butcher Boy Runner-up: Carter Burwell – Gods and Monsters Best Foreign-Language Film: The Celebration (Festen) • Denmark/Sweden Runner-up: Central Station (Central do Brasil) • Brazil/France Best Non-Fiction Film: The Farm: Angola, USA Runner-up: Public Housing Best Animation: A Bug's Life (feature) T.R.A.N.S.I.T. (short) The Douglas Edwards Experimental/Independent Film/Video Award: Elisabeth Subrin – Shulie New Generation Award: Wes Anderson – Rushmore Career Achievement Award: Julius J. Epstein Abraham Polonsky Special Citation: Rick Schmidlin, Walter Murch, Jonathan Rosenbaum and Bob O'Neil for the restoration of Orson Welles's Touch of Evil Barbara Zicka Smith for her work running the American Cinemateque References External links 24th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1998 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards","title":"1998 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards"},{"docid":"8778766","text":"Jules Sylvester (born Julian Richard Sylvester; 13 November 1950) is a British wild animal trainer, actor, television presenter and snake wrangler who works in films as well as television. Early life He was born in Devon, England, and raised in Kenya where he was first introduced to snake catching at age 16. He served in the Rhodesia Regiment during the Rhodesian Bush War from 1973-1974. Career He has appeared in numerous television shows including a series of appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and his own 2002 series Wild Adventures. He handled snakes for the films Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Ernest Saves Christmas, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Snakes on a Plane. He was also a guest on The Bernie Mac Show. He has also made multiple appearances on Spike TV's 1000 Ways to Die, in segments dealing with animal-related deaths. In 2006, he claimed that after 40 years of snake handling he had never been bitten. He also appeared as a snake handler in an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, \"Got Murder.\" He also professionally trains mammals including rhinos, wolves and lions. In 2012, he appeared in Animal Movers in Episode 2: \"The Tortoise and the Hare-Raising Cobra\". He transported cobras to Florida. On 19 February 2020, he appeared in Ryan's Mystery Playdate in Season 2 Episode 20, the first segment \"Ryan's Jungle Lovin' Playdate\". Later that year, Sylvester handled ants on the set of scenes for \"The Guy for This\", the third episode of the fifth season of Better Call Saul. Personal life He has been married to Sue Sylvester since 1987. Filmography Film Television References External links 1950 births Living people British anti-communists British male film actors British male television actors 20th-century British male actors 21st-century British male actors British television presenters British emigrants to British Kenya White Kenyan people Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces","title":"Jules Sylvester"},{"docid":"7514292","text":"The 3rd Golden Satellite Awards, given by the International Press Academy, honored the best in film and television for 1998. Special achievement awards Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Alan J. Pakula Outstanding New Talent – Eamonn Owens Motion picture winners and nominees Best Actor – Drama Edward Norton – American History X Stephen Fry – Wilde Brendan Gleeson – The General Derek Jacobi – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon Nick Nolte – Affliction Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Ian Bannen – Waking Ned (TIE) David Kelly – Waking Ned (TIE) Warren Beatty – Bulworth Jeff Bridges – The Big Lebowski Michael Caine – Little Voice Robin Williams – Patch Adams Best Actress – Drama Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth Helena Bonham Carter – The Theory of Flight Fernanda Montenegro – Central Station (Central do Brasil) Susan Sarandon – Stepmom Meryl Streep – One True Thing Emily Watson – Hilary and Jackie Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Christina Ricci – The Opposite of Sex Jane Horrocks – Little Voice Holly Hunter – Living Out Loud Gwyneth Paltrow – Shakespeare in Love Meg Ryan – You've Got Mail Best Animated or Mixed Media Film A Bug's Life Antz Mulan The Prince of Egypt The Rugrats Movie Best Art Direction The Truman Show – Dennis Gassner Beloved Elizabeth Pleasantville Shakespeare in Love Best Cinematography The Thin Red Line – John Toll Beloved Pleasantville Saving Private Ryan Shakespeare in Love Best Costume Design Elizabeth – Alexandra Byrne Beloved Ever After Pleasantville Shakespeare in Love Best Director Terrence Malick – The Thin Red Line John Boorman – The General Shekhar Kapur – Elizabeth Gary Ross – Pleasantville Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Best Documentary Film Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life The Cruise The Farm: Angola, USA Kurt & Courtney Public Housing Best Editing Saving Private Ryan – Michael Kahn Beloved Pleasantville Shakespeare in Love The Thin Red Line Best Film – Drama The Thin Red Line Elizabeth The General Gods and Monsters Saving Private Ryan Best Film – Musical or Comedy Shakespeare in Love Little Voice Pleasantville Waking Ned You've Got Mail Best Foreign Language Film Central Station (Central do Brasil), Brazil The Celebration (Festen), Denmark Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella), Italy Only Clouds Move the Stars (Bare skyer beveger stjernene), Norway The Separation (La Séparation), France Best Original Score \"The Thin Red Line\" – Hans Zimmer \"Beloved\" – Rachel Portman \"City of Angels\" – Gabriel Yared \"Pleasantville\" – Randy Newman \"Saving Private Ryan\" – John Williams Best Original Song \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\" performed by Aerosmith – Armageddon \"Anyone at All\" – You've Got Mail \"The Flame Still Burns\" – Still Crazy \"That'll Do\" – Babe: Pig in the City \"When You Believe\" – The Prince of Egypt Best Screenplay – Adapted Gods and Monsters – Bill Condon Beloved – Adam Brooks, Akosua Busia and Richard LaGravenese Hilary","title":"3rd Golden Satellite Awards"},{"docid":"1195155","text":"Beach Red is a 1967 World War II film starring Cornel Wilde (who also directed and produced) and Rip Torn. The film depicts a landing by the United States Marine Corps on an unnamed Japanese-held Pacific island. The film is based on Peter Bowman's 1945 novella of the same name, which was based on his experiences with the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific War. Title During the Allied amphibious operations in World War II, designated invasion beaches were given a codename by color, such as \"Beach Red,\" \"Beach White,\" \"Beach Blue\", etc. There was a \"Beach Red\" on virtually every assaulted island, in accordance with the standard beach designation hierarchy. Plot The 30-minute opening sequence of the film depicts an opposed beach landing. Its graphic depiction of the violence and savagery of war was echoed years later in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan. In one scene during the landing, a Marine is shown with his arm blown off, similar to Thomas C. Lea III's 1944 painting The Price. As Americans are shown consolidating their gains, flashbacks illustrate the lives of American and Japanese combatants. Shifting first-person voice-over in a stream-of-consciousness style is also used to portray numerous characters' thoughts. Like Wilde's previous production of The Naked Prey (1965), the film does not use subtitles for characters speaking Japanese. The film contains large sections of voice-over narration, often juxtaposed with still photographs of wives, etc. (who are anachronistically dressed in 1967 attire). Many soldiers in the film shed tears, and the narrative displays an unusual amount of sympathy for the enemy. In one scene, an injured Cliff is lying close to an injured Japanese soldier in a scene paralleling the one from All Quiet on the Western Front with Paul Bäumer and Gérard Duval. Just after the two soldiers bond, other Marines appear and kill the Japanese soldier, distressing Cliff. Director, producer, and co-writer Wilde plays a Marine captain, the company commander. Rip Torn plays his company gunnery sergeant, who utters the film's tagline, \"That's what we're here for. To kill. The rest is all crap!\" Cast Cornel Wilde - Captain MacDonald Rip Torn - Gunnery Sergeant Honeywell Burr DeBenning - Egan Patrick Wolfe - Cliff Jean Wallace - Julie Jaime Sánchez - Colombo Dale Ishimoto - Captain Tanaka Production Beach Red was filmed on location in the Philippines using troops of the Philippine Armed Forces. The sequence of the Japanese dressed in Marine uniforms was inspired by Bowman's book, which mentions Japanese wearing American helmets to infiltrate American lines. There were no incidents in the Pacific where large numbers of Japanese donned American uniforms and attempted to infiltrate a beachhead. The action, though, is similar in some ways to a large-scale Japanese counterattack and banzai charge conducted on July 7, 1944, on Saipan, which was defeated by U.S. Army troops with heavy losses. When seeking assistance from the U.S. Marine Corps, Wilde was told that due to the commitments of the Vietnam War, all the Corps","title":"Beach Red"},{"docid":"29600235","text":"\"WUPHF.com\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the 135th episode overall. Written by Aaron Shure and directed by Danny Leiner, the episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 18, 2010. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees at the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) struggle to convince coworkers who have invested in Ryan's startup company that he can make it profitable. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) hosts a hay festival in the parking lot of the building, distracting him from fulfilling a contract to Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) to have sex. The episode received positive reviews and was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Comedy. Synopsis Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) has convinced Michael Scott (Steve Carell), Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson), Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker), Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) to invest in his startup business, a cross-portal messaging system housed at WUPHF.com. While Ryan touts a planned \"investors ski weekend\", Michael learns that there is already an offer to buy out WUPHF.com, but also that Ryan only has nine days of funding left before his venture collapses. Ryan's subsequent sales pitch falls apart when he reveals that the potential buyer is the Washington University Public Health Fund, who are only interested in the domain name because it contains their initials, WUPHF. While the others demand that Ryan sell the company, Michael defends him, and because Michael is the majority shareholder in the company, his decision stands. Pam privately tells Michael that Ryan has never viewed Michael as a best friend, and is merely taking advantage of Michael's affection and loyalty for him. Pam reminds Michael that other people have money at stake, and they will all lose money if he and Ryan do not sell the company. Michael is later upset by Ryan when he refuses to have dinner with him, and again when Ryan supports Michael's theoretical plan to get a second mortgage to fund WUPHF.com. While Michael refuses to sell the company, he pressures Ryan to save everyone's money and find a suitable course of action. Ryan, unable to make WUPHF.com profitable, decides to sell the company, to Michael's relief. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) hosts a hay festival in the parking lot for the Thanksgiving holiday, distracting him from a contractual obligation to have sex with Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) at her request. A frustrated Angela meets a charming, friendly man (Jack Coleman) who is attending the festival with his young son (Griffin Gluck). Angela discovers that he is a widower, and approves when he asks if he can call her sometime. Dwight appoints himself the \"Hay Festival King\" in the meantime, revealing that the entire purpose of the festival was to exorcise memories from his childhood, where his family would","title":"WUPHF.com"},{"docid":"41320181","text":"10th SLGFCA Awards December 14, 2013 Best Film: 12 Years a Slave Best Director: Steve McQueen12 Years a Slave The nominees for the 10th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards were announced on December 9, 2013. Winners, runners-up and nominees Best Film 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: American Hustle Gravity Her Nebraska Best Actor Chiwetel Ejiofor – 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: Matthew McConaughey – Dallas Buyers Club Christian Bale – American Hustle Bruce Dern – Nebraska Michael B. Jordan – Fruitvale Station Best Supporting Actor Jared Leto – Dallas Buyers Club Runner-up: Will Forte – Nebraska Barkhad Abdi – Captain Phillips Michael Fassbender – 12 Years a Slave Harrison Ford – 42 Best Original Screenplay Her – Spike Jonze Runner-up: American Hustle – David O. Russell and Eric Warren Singer Enough Said – Nicole Holofcener Nebraska – Bob Nelson Saving Mr. Banks – Kelly Marcel and Sue Smith Best Cinematography 12 Years a Slave – Sean Bobbitt Runner-up: Gravity – Emmanuel Lubezki The Grandmaster – Philippe Le Sourd The Great Gatsby – Simon Duggan Inside Llewyn Davis – Bruno Delbonnel Nebraska – Phedon Papamichael Best Music Arcade Fire - Her Runner-up (tie): Steven Price - Gravity and Mark Orton - Nebraska Hans Zimmer - 12 Years a Slave Howard Shore - The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Thomas Newman - Saving Mr. Banks Best Art Direction The Great Gatsby Runner-up: Her 12 Years a Slave The Grandmaster Inside Llewyn Davis Best Foreign Language Film Blue Is the Warmest Colour • France Runner-up Wadjda • Saudi Arabia / Germany A Hijacking • Denmark The Hunt • Denmark No • Chile Best Animated Feature Frozen Runner-up: The Wind Rises The Croods Despicable Me 2 Monsters University Best Scene (favorite movie scene or sequence) 12 Years a Slave: The hanging scene Runner-up: Gravity: Opening tracking shot Captain Phillips: The scene near the end of the film where Tom Hanks is being checked out by military medical personnel and he breaks down. Her: OS sex scene The Place Beyond the Pines: The opening scene where Ryan Gosling is walking through the carnival. Best Director Steve McQueen – 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: Alfonso Cuarón – Gravity Spike Jonze – Her Alexander Payne – Nebraska David O. Russell – American Hustle Best Actress Cate Blanchett – Blue Jasmine Runner-up: Meryl Streep – August: Osage County Amy Adams – American Hustle Sandra Bullock – Gravity Judi Dench – Philomena Emma Thompson – Saving Mr. Banks Best Supporting Actress Lupita Nyong'o – 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: June Squibb – Nebraska Scarlett Johansson – Her Jennifer Lawrence – American Hustle Léa Seydoux – Blue Is the Warmest Colour Best Adapted Screenplay 12 Years a Slave – John Ridley Runner-up: Philomena – Steve Coogan and Jeff Pope Before Midnight – Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke and Richard Linklater Captain Phillips – Billy Ray Short Term 12 – Destin Daniel Cretton The Spectacular Now – Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Best Visual Effects Gravity Runner-up: The Hobbit: The","title":"St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2013"},{"docid":"54261251","text":"No Good Deed is a 2017 American superhero short film featuring the Marvel Comics character Deadpool. The film was directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, with Ryan Reynolds starring as Deadpool. In No Good Deed, Wade Wilson tries to save an old man from a mugger, but fails because he takes the time to change into his Deadpool costume first. Shortly before the release of the 2017 film Logan, its theatrical runtime was extended by several minutes. This was due to the addition of a Deadpool short film playing before Logan in place of a traditional post-credits scene. The short was filmed in December 2016 and serves as a tease for the feature film Deadpool 2, but is not a trailer for that film. It plays into Deadpool's characteristic humor in several ways, being based on an absurd premise that would not work in a feature film, having fourth wall-breaking references to Logan, making fun of the character Superman, and featuring a cameo by Stan Lee in one version. No Good Deed was originally released by 20th Century Fox in front of Logan on March 3, 2017, and an alternate version of the short was released online by Reynolds the following day. Responses to the short praised it as a tease for Deadpool 2 and for showing that Leitch understands the character ahead of directing that film. Its humor was also highlighted by many critics. Plot Wade Wilson comes across an old man being mugged in an alley, and races to change into his Deadpool costume before he helps the man. As Wilson struggles to get dressed in a nearby phone booth, the man is shot. Wilson emerges, now as Deadpool, only to find the man dead and the mugger long gone. Cast Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool Stan Lee as himself Production David Leitch directed a scene featuring Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool in December 2016, which was believed to be intended as a post-credits scene for the 2017 film Logan. This was meant to tease the film Deadpool 2, which Leitch had been hired to direct a month earlier. However, this report was denied by Reynolds, Logan director James Mangold, and star Hugh Jackman. After Logans runtime was extended by three minutes shortly before its release, there was new speculation that a post-credits scene had been added to tease an upcoming X-Men film, but Mangold denied this again, saying that he wanted to \"make a movie that begun and ended on its own terms. There was nothing else to say, because we had said it.\" Instead, a Deadpool scene was shown as a teaser for Deadpool 2 before Logan, confirmed to be the scene directed by Leitch in December 2016. It was written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, writers of the Deadpool films. After the initial release, Reese quickly clarified that the scene was not intended to be an official trailer for Deadpool 2, with none of its footage meant to appear","title":"No Good Deed (2017 film)"},{"docid":"11256082","text":"Saving Private Ryan: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg. The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records. Recorded in Symphony Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus. The soundtrack runs for just over an hour, while the film itself lasts over two hours. Throughout the compositions, brass (especially French Horns), and strings were used to evoke a variety of emotions and tones. The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics, but was still nominated for several major awards, of which it won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television. Soundtrack opener \"Hymn to the Fallen\" received some radio play, in particular on the United States holidays Veterans Day and Memorial Day. The soundtrack was remastered and reissued as a commemorative twentieth anniversary edition by La-La Land Records in 2018. Background Steven Spielberg and John Williams had worked together on fifteen films before Saving Private Ryan (1998). The score was recorded at Symphony Hall in Boston, Massachusetts with the assistance of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. After having recorded the re-edited version of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and some of Schindler's List (1993) at Symphony Hall previously, this was the third time Spielberg and Williams worked on a soundtrack at this location. Spielberg chose Symphony Hall as the site for the recording because the hall gives \"rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling\" and allows you to \"hear the air,\" which some soundstages do not allow you to do. Spielberg stated he chose to work with the Boston Symphony Orchestra because the film deals with a \"company of soldiers\" and the orchestra was an \"experienced company of musicians.\" Over the course of a three-day period in February 1998, the score for the film was recorded at a rate of around $100,000 an hour. Spielberg and Williams both watched a rough cut of the film to determine what scenes would have music. The two decided to leave music out of the fighting sequences, in favor of playing it over long sequences of eight to nine minutes that lack action. The playing of music between fighting sequences gives a moment of reflection for what happened. Tom Hanks came to a portion of the recording session and read the Bixby letter – which appears in the movie – to the orchestra at the behest of Williams. This caused the musicians to shuffle their feet in appreciation. Williams chose to use different families and types of instruments to convey and evoke certain tones within the score. String instruments were chosen to provide a warm sound, brass instruments were utilized for \"solemn\" sections of the pieces, and horn instruments were used to give off a pensive tone. Military drums were used largely in the piece entitled \"Hymn","title":"Saving Private Ryan (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"5128118","text":"The Niland brothers were four American brothers of Irish descent from Tonawanda, New York, who served in the military during World War II. They were sons of Mr and Mrs Michael C. Niland. Two survived the war, but for a time, only one, Frederick \"Fritz\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was actually captive in a Japanese POW camp in Burma. Brothers Technical Sergeant Edward Francis Niland (December 22, 1912 – February 28, 1984), U.S. Army Air Forces: Imprisoned in a Japanese POW camp in Burma, he was captured on May 16, 1944, and liberated on May 4, 1945. After Edward's B-25 Mitchell was hit, he parachuted and wandered through the Burmese jungle before being taken prisoner. Edward lived in Tonawanda until his death in 1984 at the age of 71. Second Lieutenant Preston Thomas Niland (March 6, 1915 – June 7, 1944), 29, 22nd Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division, was killed in action on June 7, 1944, in Normandy, at the Crisbecq Battery. Technical Sergeant Robert Joseph \"Bob\" Niland (February 2, 1919 – June 6, 1944), 25, D Company, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division was killed in action on June 6, 1944 in Normandy. He volunteered to stay behind with Corporal James Kelly and hold off a German advance while his company retreated from Neuville-au-Plain. He was killed while manning his machine gun; Corporal James Kelly survived. Sergeant Frederick William \"Fritz\" Niland (April 23, 1920 – December 1, 1983), H Company, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division: Fritz was close friends with Warren Muck and Donald Malarkey, from E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Fritz fought through the first few days of the Normandy campaign. Nine days following D-Day, Fritz had gone to the 82nd Airborne Division to see his brother, Bob. Once he arrived at division, he was informed that Bob had been killed on D-Day. Fritz was shipped back to England, and finally, to the U.S., where he served as an MP in New York until the completion of the war. Fritz was awarded a Bronze Star for his service. This story is evidenced in Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers, as well as from biographical data on Francis L. Sampson. Private James Ryan in the film Saving Private Ryan is loosely based on him. Fritz died in 1983 in San Francisco at the age of 63. Fritz married Marilyn Hartnett Batt and they had two daughters, Catherine (Cate) and Mary. Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's 1998 film Saving Private Ryan is loosely based on the brothers' story. See also Bixby letter Borgstrom brothers Sullivan brothers Rogers brothers Brothers von Blücher, Germany's counterparts to the Niland/Sullivan Brothers Cervi Brothers Sole Survivor Policy References Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia Saving Private Ryan a real-life drama\" by Ron Churchill, University","title":"Niland brothers"},{"docid":"11859513","text":"Harrison Richard Young (March 13, 1930 – July 3, 2005) was an American character actor. He is known for playing the elderly Ryan in Saving Private Ryan. Career Young gained recognition for his role as the elderly Private James Ryan in Steven Spielberg's war epic Saving Private Ryan (1998). Having starred in over 100 films and television episodes, Young's other credits include Passions, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Rob Zombie's House of 1000 Corpses. Filmography 1991: Down Home (TV Series) as Lenny 1991: Reasonable Doubts (TV Series) as Drunk 1992: Waxwork II: Lost in Time as James Westbourne 1992: Guncrazy as Mr. Hickok, Howard's Dad 1992: A Child Lost Forever: The Jerry Sherwood Story (TV Movie) as Neighbor 1993: The Micronots! (TV Series) as Montgomery 1994: Marilyn, My Love 1995: ER (TV Series) as Parmelli 1996: Erotic Confessions (TV Series) as Roger Goodman, Department Store Owner 1996: Humanoids from the Deep (TV Movie) as Sergeant 1996: Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering (Video) as Drifter 1996: Ned and Stacey (TV Series) as Mr. Palmer 1996: Boston Common (TV Series) as Homeless Man 1997: The Night That Never Happened as Dad 1997: Click (TV Series) as Senator Gyrgich 1997: Butterscotch (TV Series) as Smiley 1997: True Vengeance (Video) as Sam Brown 1997: Law & Order (TV Series) as Gus 1997: Melrose Place (TV Series) as Drunk 1997: The Game as Obsequious Executive 1997: Total Security (TV Series) as Waiter #1 1997: Expose as Councilman Kaye 1997: Madam Savant as County Judge 1998: Second Skin 1998: Running Woman as Old Man 1998: The Opposite of Sex as Medical Examiner 1998: How to Make the Cruelest Month as Helpful Drunk 1998: Primary Colors as Sam 1998: Champions as Senator Able 1998: Saving Private Ryan as Old James Ryan 1998: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV Series) as Old Man 1998: Beverly Hills, 90210 (TV Series) as Grandpa Ed Taylor 1999: Blast from the Past as Bum 1999: Sliders (1 episode) as Henry Nichols 1999: Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV Series) as Vagrant 1999: Yonggary as Dr. Wendel Hughes 1999: Work with Me (TV Series) as Sullivan 1999: Durango Kids as Uncle Gus 1999: Witness Protection (TV Movie) as Mr. O'Connor, Cindy's Father 1999: Ugly Naked People Bob, Tour Guide 2000: Providence (TV Series) as Monroe Ellison 2000: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle as General Foods 2000: Crocodile (Video) as Sheriff Bowman 2000: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV Series) as Judge Cohen 2000: Starforce as Wizened Council Member 2000: The Norm Show (TV Series) as Simon 2000: The Beach Boys: An American Family (TV Mini-Series) as Buddy Wilson 2000: Blue Shark Hash as Captain Jack 2001: Passions (TV Series) as Palmer Harper 2001: The Korean War (TV Series) as President Eisenhower 2001: Red as Kidnapper 2001: The West Wing (TV Series) as Senator Grissom 2002: 7th Heaven (TV Series) as Frank 2002: Bubba Ho-tep as Elvis' Roommate 2002: Demon Under Glass (Video) as James Conroy 2002: Trance as Henry Santorini 2002: Ken Park","title":"Harrison Young"},{"docid":"20493084","text":"Ryan Clayton Bank (born April 27, 1981) is an Emerging Technology Expert and Social Innovation Evangelist. Bank is the Founder of Social Intelligence Corporation, a start-up company that enables governments and corporate clients to gather Social and Open Source Intelligence. Besides advising governments and corporations on the use of Emerging Technology, Bank is also a featured speaker both nationally and internationally on the organizational value of Innovation. Prior to founding Social Intelligence Corporation, Bank was an award-winning television producer, new media expert and President of Clayton Entertainment, a Chicago, Illinois based media production and distribution company. Early life Bank is the son of Charles Nicky Bank, a financial industry executive, and Charlotte Bank, a homemaker. He attended Bannockburn Elementary School and then Deerfield High School (Illinois) in Deerfield, Illinois, where he first started in media production. While in high school, he received numerous national and international media awards. Ryan Bank graduated cum laude from the School of Communications through the School of Continuing Studies of Northwestern University where he was inducted into the Alpha Sigma Lambda society. Clayton Entertainment Ryan Bank served as the president of Clayton Entertainment, a media production company based in Chicago, Illinois. Clayton Entertainment was founded as a media production company and has worked on projects ranging from music videos, television programs, media production and now New Media. Clayton Entertainment has become involved with the production and distribution of new media projects with platforms such as Hulu. A Private War In 2001, Bank produced a documentary and feature film, A Private War, about the life of Dr. Eugene Lazowski. Lazowski saved the lives of about 8,000 Jews in the town of Rozwadów as well as in surrounding villages by creating a fake typhus epidemic during World War II. He used medical science to save Jews and other Poles from being deported to the Nazi concentration camps. Haiti earthquake Bank developed a system for the United States Coast Guard that used social media monitoring to find survivors after the 2010 Haiti earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Based on an extensive set of tools — including the remarkable work of several NGOs and Private Volunteer Organizations — he was able to monitor hundreds of thousands of messages coming from Haiti, looking for those that needed immediate rescue. Upon receiving distress messages, Bank worked with military responders to coordinate message traffic with information from other sources. Ultimately, this intelligence would be passed to commanders in the field and rescue teams were launched to the location. References External links Personal Site Social Intelligence Corp Site Living people 1981 births People from Lake Forest, Illinois People from Bannockburn, Illinois","title":"Ryan Bank"},{"docid":"20236382","text":"The Flyin' Ryan Brothers is an American progressive rock band that formed in Illinois in 1995. It comprises two brothers, Jimmy and Johnny, who between them contribute guitars, bass, drums, keyboards, vocals and many other instruments. History Jimmy and Johnny began playing guitar in the late-1960s, at the ages of 14 and 12 respectively. Influenced by their parents—mother Virginia was a pianist, father Edward was a vocalist—they received no formal music training and had joined bands by 1971. After hearing progressive rock band Wishbone Ash (notable for featuring two lead guitarists) on the radio in 1973, the brothers formed a similar band with local musicians by the name of Westfall. They progressed from playing local clubs to having their first studio session and recording their first two tracks, \"Everything I Could Ask For\" and \"Sunshine Daydream\", in a short space of time, developing their double lead style along the way. Other bands they played in through the 1970s include Axis, Nutcracker and Freeze, opening for such famous acts as Kiss, Styx, Survivor, Head East and The Beach Boys. During the 1980s, as the music scene was changing to focus on disco, the brothers began to work separately as session musicians, solo artists and with other bands. It was during this time that Jimmy recorded his solo album Finally and Johnny began building his own studio, known as The Garage, where he also began recording his own music. After some years the brothers reunited, and in 1996 released their debut album, Sibling Revelry, which featured guest appearances from guitarists Michael Angelo Batio and Tommy Dziallo. The Brothers' second album, Colorama, was released in 1999, which featured more guest musicians (in addition to Batio and Dziallo), namely vocalists Jim \"Mudpuppy\" Wiley, Nick Cortese and Johnny Mrozek. The band's official website was created in February 2000, a process which Johnny values highly, claiming \"The internet saved us ... without it, we could have never hoped for more than a regional awareness of our music ... we've established contacts and expanded our fan base across the entire planet.\" Legacy was released in 2002, followed by Blue Marble and Totality in 2005 and 2008 respectively. Under the Influence, their last album, was released in 2012. In addition to these releases, Jimmy has released a number of solo albums. He released Finally in 1989 (reissued in 1999), Truth Squad – Superkiller in 2003, 21st Century Riffology in 2017, Astral Café in 2021 and The Healing Guitar in 2022. DiscographySibling Revelry (1996)Colorama (1999)Legacy (2002)The Chaos Sampler (2003)Blue Marble (2005)Totality (2008)Under the Influence (2011) Jimmy Ryan Solo Finally (1999)Truth Squad – Superkiller (2003)21st Century Riffology (2017)Astral Café (2021)The Healing Guitar'' (2022) References External links Official site Musical groups established in 1995 Progressive rock musical groups from Illinois Streamwood, Illinois People from Cook County, Illinois Sibling musical duos","title":"The Flyin' Ryan Brothers"},{"docid":"72522276","text":"Beatrice Judd Ryan (née Beatrice Bromfield; c.1880–December 1, 1966) was an Australian-born American gallerist, art dealer, curator, arts philanthropist, and poet. She was best known for her work in prompting modern art, as a founding director of Galerie Beaux Arts in San Francisco, and as an organizer of the 1940 \"Art in Action\" program at the Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE). She was nicknamed \"Mrs. San Francisco\", for her tirelessly support of West Coast artists. Biography Beatrice Judd Ryan was born c. 1880 in Melbourne, Australia to parents Mary (née Ware) and Davenport Bromfield. In 1882, when she was a toddler, her family moved to California and settled in San Mateo County. Her mother established the first Christian Science Church on the peninsula (in the San Francisco Bay Area). Ryan was a graduate of Castilleja School, a private preparatory high school in Palo Alto; and a graduate of Stanford University, where she majored in English (AB degree, 1902). She did not have formal education in art history or art. In 1906, she married Arthur Judd Ryan, a classmate. Together they had two children and settled in New York City. After her husband's death, the family moved to San Francisco. She was the founding director of Galerie Beaux Arts, a cooperative nonprofit gallery on Maiden Lane in San Francisco, active from 1925 to 1933. Maynard Dixon was also involved with the gallery in providing guidance. Their mission was to show modernist art, this was the first contemporary art gallery in the city. An image of Ryan is painted into the park scene (in the far left, sitting in the artist group) in the Beach Chalet murals (1936), by Lucien Labaudt. During the Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE) in 1939 to 1940, Ryan served as the State Director of Exhibitions, and she organized the \"Art in Action\" program. In 1945, she worked at the Rotunda Gallery at the City of Paris store in San Francisco. After her death in 1966, she bequeathed money to multiple museums in San Francisco the \"Beatrice Judd Ryan Bequest Fund purchase\", with the clause that the museum had to regularly buy West Coast modern art for their collections. Publications References External links Oral history interview with Beatrice Judd Ryan, 1964 February 2 from Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution 1880s births 1966 deaths Australian emigrants to the United States Castilleja School alumni Stanford University alumni American art dealers American women curators American art curators People from Melbourne Women art dealers","title":"Beatrice Judd Ryan"},{"docid":"45451649","text":"Bound is a 2015 American erotic thriller film written and directed by Jared Cohn and starring Charisma Carpenter and Daniel Baldwin. It was produced by The Asylum. Plot Michelle Mulan, an attractive woman in her forties, is a real estate broker who has recently been promoted at a failing firm. Although she is fully qualified for her new position, she was promoted because of her father, Walter's, status as chairman. While other executives want to sell the firm, she thinks it would be more of an advantage for her father's company to merge with a larger firm. Despite unfulfilled sexual desires, Michelle does not cheat on her boyfriend George. As a single mother, she struggles to raise her teenage daughter, Dara, who wants more freedom in her life. Michelle takes Dara to a local restaurant dinner one evening, where she meets a man named Ryan Black, 15 years younger than she, who becomes enamored of her. After dropping Dara off at home, Michelle returns to the restaurant, where Ryan tries to seduce her. She fends him off, but accepts his telephone number. Although, initially, she decides not to meet him, but the next day, after the merger is authorized, she does meet with him. After rejecting a marriage proposal from George, Michelle goes out with Ryan. On their date, he introduces her to the world of BDSM, after which Michelle cheats on George. After breaking up with George, Michelle begins to date Ryan, easily giving in to his dominating personality. Falling in love, Michelle begins to call Ryan her \"master\" and refers to herself as a \"messy whore.\" At a benefit dinner, Ryan begins to insult Michelle's client, Jesse Aaron, and to operate a vibrator egg she is wearing while she is with Jesse. Still, Michelle manages to get Jesse to consider a merger. Michelle decides to learn more about being dominated and quickly finds that she enjoys submitting to Ryan's will. She learns that Ryan has a criminal record. She continues to try to negotiate a merger deal with Jesse Aaron in order to save her father's firm and continues to see Ryan, surrendering to him completely, while learning more and more about the submissive lifestyle. Along the way, she also learns how to become a dominant, and a woman at a BDSM club warns her that Ryan is a predator. Unknown to her, Ryan also rapes Dara and has made her a submissive. Seeing this, Michelle finally throws off Ryan's bonds and uses her new-found sexual prowess to take control of her life. Ryan assaults her when she confronts him at his loft about his grooming and rape of Dara, but Michelle knocks him unconscious with a camera tripod. She takes him to his private dungeon and binds him, turning him into her submissive. After torturing Ryan, Michelle turns him over to the police for raping her underage daughter. With her newfound confidence, Michelle seals the deal with Jesse Aaron and the merger of Walter's company to Jesse's","title":"Bound (2015 film)"},{"docid":"52464994","text":"Save Yourself is a 2015 horror-thriller directed by Ryan M. Andrews. The film stars Tristan Risk (American Mary) and Jessica Cameron and was released on 28 November 2015. The film won Best Horror Feature at the 2016 Bare Bones International Film Festival and was inspired by a road trip director Ryan M. Andrews took with writing partner Chris Cull, from Toronto to Oklahoma. Premise Five female filmmakers en route to Los Angeles to a screening of their new horror film, experience real life terror when their paths cross with a maniacal scientist. Reception The Toronto Film Scene says, \"Director and co-writer Ryan M. Andrews has crafted the perfect kind of straight-up horror film that many viewers will remember growing up on...\" References External links 2015 films Canadian horror thriller films English-language Canadian films 2010s English-language films 2010s Canadian films","title":"Save Yourself (film)"},{"docid":"14293551","text":"\"Stop and Stare\" is the second single by American band OneRepublic from their debut studio album, Dreaming Out Loud (2007). \"Stop and Stare\" was released to American radio on November 27, 2007, and British radio on December 16, 2007, reaching number-one and to Australian radio on December 17, 2007, reaching number one as well following up on the global success of the previous top ten single \"Apologize\". The single was released on March 3, 2008, in the United Kingdom. \"Stop and Stare\" has sold over two million digital downloads worldwide. The song starts off with an acoustic guitar riff accompanied by a ringing electric guitar background fill. Both continue throughout the entire song. The song gradually builds up, with bass and drums coming in, as the song approaches the prechorus, before erupting into an emotional chorus led by Ryan Tedder's vocals and carried along by the full band. The song climaxes at the bridge, with Tedder's falsetto and an electric guitar tremolo background. In live versions, guitarist Drew Brown plays a tremolo guitar solo during the bridge portion instead of the original recording. Critical reception Nick Levine of Digital Spy described the song as \"a big, muscular rock ballad, very much in the Matchbox 20 mould, steered by a vein-poppingly emotional vocal from lead singer Ryan Tedder\". Music video The official music video for \"Stop and Stare\" premiered on MTV's TRL on January 28, 2008. The video was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video was filmed in the desert of Palmdale, California at an old gas station/motel. Throughout the video we see flashes of scenes with multiple versions of the band members Ryan Tedder, Zach Filkins, Eddie Fisher, Brent Kutzle, and Drew Brown. As the video begins, we see Ryan walking through the desert toward an open grave where a preacher stands delivering a eulogy. As he walks, we see flashes of scenes with Ryan completely submerged in a bathtub while fully clothed, in motel room #7 staring at a television displaying static, ringing the service bell at the motel desk, and sitting and waiting in the motel lobby. More Ryans are seen wandering around the motel, and again in motel room #7 leaning against the wall listening, while yet another Ryan is seen frantically driving a car with a pregnant woman in the back seat about to give birth. The Ryan standing at the open grave splits into two Ryans with one Ryan staying by the grave appearing to pray, while the second Ryan walks back toward the motel. At one point, we see the band in motel room #13 performing the song and Ryan entering the room and joining them. Outside the motel, people from all walks of life have been gathering. Among them are Ryan, Zach, Eddie, Brent and Drew. They are all just standing outside the motel, staring. Many of these scenes repeat and continue to flash back and forth, culminating in a scene where the Ryan driving the car comes to a screeching halt almost","title":"Stop and Stare"},{"docid":"21634253","text":"Ian Bryce (born 1956) is an English film producer. Starting as a production assistant on Return of the Jedi in 1983, he has since served as a producer for films including Twister, Saving Private Ryan, The Island, Spider-Man, Transformers, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. According to The Numbers, his films have grossed $7 billion worldwide—making him the 14th highest-grossing film producer as of . Career Bryce has won and been nominated for many awards, including multiple Golden Globe Awards, Academy Awards and BAFTA nominations for his work as a producer. For Steven Spielberg's World War II drama Saving Private Ryan, he won a Golden Globe Award and nominations from the Academy Awards and BAFTA. The latter film was the second-highest grossing film of 1998. Almost Famous, another Bryce production, received a BAFTA for Best Film in 2000. Bryce co-produced each the films in the Michael Bay Transformers series, one of the highest-grossing film franchises of the 21st century. Personal life Bryce grew up in Bristol, England, but moved to the US as a young adult. After marrying his wife Taylor, they moved to Los Angeles. They have two kids, Mac Bryce, and Alex Bryce. Filmography Producer The Beverly Hillbillies (1993) Twister (1996) Hard Rain (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Almost Famous (2000) Spider-Man (2002) Tears of the Sun (2003) The Island (2005) Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) World War Z (2013) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) War Machine (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) 6 Underground (2019) Finding 'Ohana (2021) Ambulance (2022) Executive producer Speed (1994) Hancock (2008) Associate producer Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Howard the Duck (1986) Batman Returns (1992) Production manager Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Field of Dreams (1989) The Rocketeer (1991) Other credits See also List of accolades received by Almost Famous 1998 in film References External links \"PRODUCED BY 2009\" (Producers Guild of America) 1956 births English film producers English emigrants to the United States Living people People from Totnes","title":"Ian Bryce"},{"docid":"18096774","text":"Arthur St. John Ryan (18 July 1935 – 8 July 2019) was an Irish businessman who was the founder, chairman, and chief executive of Primark. The business was founded as Penneys and continues to trade under that name in the Republic of Ireland. Early life Arthur Ryan was born the son of a Cork-born insurance clerk in 1935, and went to the Synge Street CBS in Dublin after moving to the city with his family. After emigrating to London, he entered the genteel world of gentlemen's tailoring as a tie buyer at Swan & Edgar. He also worked for London fashion wholesaler Carr & McDonald. From there, he returned to Dublin and a job at Dunnes Stores in Cornelscourt. Business career Ryan opened the first Penneys shop on Mary Street in Dublin in 1969. Subsequently, in 1974, he took the model to Britain under the new brand-name Primark to avoid legal problems with US chain JC Penney. The major turnaround came in 2005, when Primark acquired a huge portfolio of Littlewoods stores. Meanwhile, close attention to catwalk trends made it chic as well as cheap. It went from being the \"shop that nobody admitted going to\" to a Mecca for celebrity shoppers. It now accounts for over a third of parent company Associated British Foods' (ABF) operating profits. In 2009, Ryan gave up his day-to-day control of the firm as chief executive but became chairman instead. Personal life Arthur St John Ryan was married to the former entertainer (The Swarbriggs/Alma Carroll) and had a daughter Jess Ryan. Ryan additionally had four children from his first marriage, Colin, Barry, Arthur and Alison Ryan. He was an intensely private man, living in one of Dublin's best-protected houses, he never gave interviews and was rarely seen in public without bodyguards. His great fear was kidnap – a real enough threat for Irish retail magnates during the Troubles. In 1981, the IRA snatched department store boss Ben Dunne; two years later, they tried to kidnap Galen Weston, scion of the Canadian family behind Primark's owner, food and retail conglomerate Associated British Foods (ABF). Ryan took no chances. \"His daily schedule is kept secret from all but his closest aides.\"[5] Ryan's son, Barry, who was 51, died while attempting to save his son and his son's girlfriend from drowning during a freak accident on 30 June 2015. Barry's son and his girlfriend also died during the rescue bid. Death Ryan died of a short illness on 8 July 2019, 10 days before his 84th birthday. References 1935 births 2019 deaths Businesspeople from County Dublin Irish businesspeople in fashion People educated at Synge Street CBS 20th-century Irish businesspeople","title":"Arthur Ryan"},{"docid":"8394133","text":"Maximilian Carlo Martini (born December 11, 1969) is an American actor, writer, and director known for his roles as Corporal Fred Henderson in Saving Private Ryan, Wiley in Level 9, First Sergeant Sid Wojo in The Great Raid, and as Master Sergeant Mack Gerhardt in the CBS military drama television series The Unit. He also starred in the film 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi as Mark Geist. Career Film After college, Martini found steady work in film and television projects. His film roles include co-starring opposite Jodie Foster in Robert Zemeckis's Contact as Willie, a fellow scientist with an affinity for brightly colored shirts, and sharing the screen with Tom Hanks and Matt Damon in Saving Private Ryan as Corporal Henderson, ranking NCO of Pfc. James Ryan's unit, who helped Cpt. John H. Miller and his men in the brutal final shootout of the film. Martini later co-starred in John Dahl's The Great Raid as 1st Sgt. Sid Wojo. He appeared in smaller independent films, working with Calista Flockhart in Jane Doe, Chris Penn and Jeffrey Wright in Cement and in the 2000 Sundance Film Festival fave Backroads. In 1999, Martini wrote, co-directed and starred in Desert Son. His younger brother, Christopher, co-directed the film with him, and his sister, Michelle, served as costume designer. He had a recurring role in the ABC drama Castle. In 2011, the Noor Iranian Film Festival in Los Angeles invited him to participate as an official festival judge. In 2013, he played the role of the U.S. Navy SEAL commander in Paul Greengrass's Academy Award-nominated film Captain Phillips. In 2013, Guillermo del Toro cast Martini and Rob Kazinsky as the Australian father-son pilot duo in Pacific Rim. In 2014, Martini was cast in Legendary Pictures' supernatural thriller Spectral. Martini played Christian Grey's bodyguard in the film Fifty Shades of Grey (2015), and its two sequels. In 2016, Martini portrayed Mark \"Oz\" Geist in Michael Bay's 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi. Martini made his directorial debut in 2019 with a military drama. Sgt. Will Gardner, in which he also starred as Sgt. Will Gardner. Television and theater Martini's television credits include a lead role in the Sci-fi Channel's Emmy nominated mini-series Taken and appearances as Agent Steve Goodrich on the second season of 24. He was also cast in X-Files creator Chris Carter's Harsh Realm, and had a recurring role in the Canadian series Da Vinci's Inquest. He also appeared in Lie to Me. After memorable guest-star turns in popular series, including Numb3rs, Walker Texas Ranger, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and CSI: Miami, Martini landed a lead role in The Unit, a series about a tier-1 US Army special operations team created by David Mamet and produced by Shawn Ryan of The Shield. Martini remains active in the theater, having co-founded the Theatre North Collaborative in New York City, a company of American and Canadian actors dedicated solely to producing new works from both sides of the border. In 2011, he","title":"Max Martini"},{"docid":"55130027","text":"Martin Hub (born 13 March 1964) is a Czech character actor, best known for his portrayals of immigrants with broken English, soldiers, secret agents and bodyguards. As a professional stuntman, he is best known for his work in James Cameron's Titanic, Saving Private Ryan, and Gladiator. Life and career A lifelong native of the Prague, Czech Republic, in high school Hub was an active athlete, playing football and handball, threw javelin, balls, disk, and boxing. He attended the Czech stunt school, Jaroslav Toms, and made his film debut in Field Field in 1986. He later appeared in such blockbuster movies as Titanic, playing a non-English speaking Slovak father who goes down with the ship with his son in his arms, a Czech soldier in Saving Private Ryan, and was Russell Crowe's official stuntman in Gladiator. Hub acts in the stunt group of Filmka and coordinates and teaches stunts professionally. Filmography Cool Runnings (1993) – Czech Bobsled Driver Titanic (1997) – Slovakian Father Saving Private Ryan (1998) – Czech Wehrmacht Soldier Hannibal Rising (2007) – Lothar Life is Life (2015) – Pirate Pěstírna (2017) – Šembera References External links 1964 births Czech male film actors Czech male television actors Czech stunt performers Living people Male actors from Prague 20th-century Czech male actors 21st-century Czech male actors","title":"Martin Hub"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"3839622\",\n \"text\": \"Dylan Bruno (born September 6, 1972) is an American actor and former model. His first major film role was a supporting part in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan (1998), followed by a lead role in the horror film The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999). On television, Bruno portrayed FBI agent Colby Granger in Numbers and disgraced former Army Ranger Jason Paul Dean in NCIS. Early life Bruno was born September 6, 1972, in Milford, Connecticut, to actor Scott Bruno and the late Nancy (née Mendillo) Bruno. His older brother is film and television actor, director and producer Chris Bruno. Growing up, the brothers lived in Milford with their mother and spent time with their father on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Both brothers graduated from Hamden Hall Country Day School, a private college prep school in Hamden CT. In 1994, Bruno earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Engineering from MIT, where he played varsity football as a linebacker. \\\"When I got into MIT, I just decided it was an opportunity I didn't want to turn down,\\\" he said. \\\"I actually found out that I had the second-lowest SAT scores at MIT. The guy with the lowest score and I would always hang out together and be like, 'Yeah, we're the second-to-last and last dumbest guy in the school.'\\\" Upon graduating, Bruno worked for a robotics company before deciding to pursue a career in acting. Career In 1995, while working as a model for Calvin Klein, Bruno made his television acting debut on the NBC series High Sierra Search and Rescue. He made his film debut in Naked Ambition (1997). In 1998, he had small roles in Saving Private Ryan and When Trumpets Fade and competed in and won a special episode of American Gladiators (1989–96). He co-starred in The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), Where the Heart Is (2000), Going Greek (2001). He portrayed an L.A.P.D. cop in The One (2001), a rock musician in The Simian Line (2001), and Harry \\\"Blaine\\\" Mayhugh, Jr., in The Pennsylvania Miners' Story (2002). He also appeared in The Anarchists -Cookbook (2002). Bruno had a five-year run as \\\"Colby Granger\\\" on the hit TV show, Numbers from 2005 to 2010. In May 2010, he joined NCIS for three episodes, playing a disgraced U.S. Army Ranger who worked for a Mexican drug cartel; in the Season 7 finale, his character died in a gunfight. Bruno has done voice-over work for several products such as Bacardi Silver, Coors Light, Chevrolet, Jeep, Virtual Boy, and Sony Handycam. In addition to his voice-over work, Bruno is the current narrator of the Discovery Channel program Rides. Personal life Bruno is married and has three sons. He is an avid spearfisher. Filmography Film Television References External links Sampling of Dylan's voice-over work 1972 births American male film actors American male sport wrestlers American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from Connecticut Living people MIT School of Engineering alumni People from Milford, Connecticut 20th-century American male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Dylan Bruno\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10394520\",\n \"text\": \"No Time for Love is a 1943 American romantic comedy film produced and directed by Mitchell Leisen and starring Claudette Colbert and Fred MacMurray. Written by Claude Binyon, Robert Lees, and Frederic I. Rinaldo, the film is about a sophisticated female photographer assigned to photograph the tough \\\"sandhog\\\" construction workers at a tunnel project site. After saving one of the sandhogs from a fatal accident, she becomes attracted to this cocky well-built man they call Superman. Unsettled by her feelings, she hires the man as her assistant, believing that her attraction to him will diminish if she spends time with him. Their time together, however, leads to feelings of love, and she struggles to overcome her haughtiness and make her true feelings known. No Time for Love was the fourth of seven films starring Colbert and MacMurray, both of whom had previously worked with director Mitchell Leisen. The film was shot at Paramount Studios from June 8 to July 24, 1942. A special set was constructed for the tunnel scenes, based on blueprints for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel. A special mix of adobe and water was used to produce the mud in the climactic scenes. No Time for Love was released by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 1943, in New York City. The film received good reviews in Variety and the New York Times, whose reviewer called it a \\\"delightful comedy\\\" and \\\"a thoroughly ingratiating film\\\". The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction–Interior Decoration, Black-and-White (Hans Dreier, Robert Usher, Samuel M. Comer). Plot Mirror magazine's top photographer Katherine Grant (Claudette Colbert) is assigned to photograph the Interborough Vehicular River Tunnel project in New York City. Wearing a hardhat and boots, the beautiful photographer is taken underground to the construction site where she is not greeted warmly by the superstitious tunnel workers, called \\\"sandhogs\\\", who believe that women in the tunnel bring bad luck. When she sneaks closer to the drilling point to get a better view, her presence distracts some of the workers and causes an accident that nearly kills Jim Ryan (Fred MacMurray), the cocky well-built sandhog they call \\\"Superman\\\". When she sees the unconscious Ryan about to be crushed by a machine, she drags him to safety. Later in the compression chamber, a revived Ryan gets into a fistfight with his co-workers after they taunt him about being saved by a woman. During the brawl, Katherine photographs Ryan as he's beating up the other sandhogs. On their way out of the tunnel, Ryan notices that Katherine is flirting with him and tells her he's not interested. Insulted by the brush off, she informs him that she has a boudoir chair with more integrity than he has. Back at home, Katherine shows her photographs to her sister Hoppy (Ilka Chase) and their snobbish sophisticated friends—her effete suitor and Mirror publisher Henry Fulton (Paul McGrath), playwright Dunbar (Morton Lowry), and composer Roger Winant (Richard Haydn)—who make fun of the brawling \\\"ape\\\". Just then, Ryan arrives at\",\n \"title\": \"No Time for Love (1943 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5047792\",\n \"text\": \"The 4th Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, given in January 1999, honored the best filmmaking of 1998. The organization, founded in 1990, includes 49 film critics for print, radio, television, and internet publications based in north Texas. Winners Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan Best Director: Steven Spielberg - Saving Private Ryan References External links Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association official website 1998 1998 film awards\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 1998\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3740508\",\n \"text\": \"64th New York Film Critics Circle Awards January 10, 1999 Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan The 64th New York Film Critics Circle Awards, honoring the best in film for 1998, were announced on 16 December 1998 and given on 10 January 1999. Winners Best Actor: Nick Nolte - Affliction Runners-up: Ian McKellen - Gods and Monsters and Brendan Gleeson - The General Best Actress: Cameron Diaz - There's Something About Mary Runners-up: Fernanda Montenegro - Central Station (Central do Brasil) and Renée Zellweger - One True Thing and A Price Above Rubies Best Cinematography: John Toll - The Thin Red Line Best Director: Terrence Malick - The Thin Red Line Runners-up: Steven Spielberg - Saving Private Ryan and Paul Schrader - Affliction Best Film: Saving Private Ryan Runners-up: Affliction and Happiness Best First Film: Richard Kwietniowski - Love and Death on Long Island Runners-up: Don Roos - The Opposite of Sex and Vincent Gallo - Buffalo '66 Best Foreign Language Film: The Celebration (Festen) • Denmark/Sweden Runners-up: Central Station (Central do Brasil) • Brazil/France and Taste of Cherry (Ta'm e guilass) • Iran Best Non-Fiction Film: The Farm: Angola, USA Runner-up: The Cruise Best Screenplay: Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard - Shakespeare in Love Runners-up: Todd Solondz - Happiness and Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson - Rushmore Best Supporting Actor: Bill Murray - Rushmore Runner-up: Dylan Baker - Happiness Best Supporting Actress: Lisa Kudrow - The Opposite of Sex Runner-up: Judi Dench - Shakespeare in Love Special Award: Rick Schmidlin - Touch of Evil (for the reworked version) References External links 1998 Awards 1998 New York Film Critics Circle Awards 1988 in American cinema New York 1998 in New York City\",\n \"title\": \"1998 New York Film Critics Circle Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16062188\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Levinsohn is an American film producer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce, Mark Gordon for the film Saving Private Ryan. He is the co-owner of Mutual Film Company. Filmography He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted. Film Television Awards and nominations In 1999, Gary Levinsohn, along with Steven Spielberg, Ian Bryce and Mark Gordon, was nominated for Academy Award and BAFTA Film Award for Saving Private Ryan, for the category of Best Picture and Best Film respectively. Saving Private Ryan won him Best Drama Picture at 1999 Online Film & Television Association Film Award and 2nd place in Best Motion Picture at Awards Circuit Community Awards. Levinsohn, along with Mark Gordon, Allison Lyon Segan and John Roberts, won BAFTA Children's Award for the film Paulie in the same year. In 2016, Levinsohn, along with Michael Worth, Kassi Crews and Dennis Ho, won an Award of Merit Special Mention at the Accolade Competition for the film Broken Memories. References External links American film producers Living people 1959 births\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Levinsohn\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1945359\",\n \"text\": \"Final Destination 3 is a 2006 American supernatural horror film directed by James Wong. A standalone sequel to Final Destination 2 (2003), it is the third installment in the Final Destination film series. Wong and Glen Morgan, who worked on the franchise's first film, wrote the screenplay. Final Destination 3 stars Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Ryan Merriman, and takes place years after the first film. Winstead plays Wendy Christensen, a high school graduate who has a premonition that a roller coaster she and her classmates are riding will derail. Although she saves some of them, Death begins hunting the survivors. Wendy realizes photographs she took at the amusement park contain clues about her classmates' deaths. With survivor and friend Kevin Fischer (Merriman), Wendy tries to use this knowledge to save the rest of the survivors and ruin Death's scheme. The film's development began shortly after the release of Final Destination 2; Jeffrey Reddick, creator of the franchise and a co-writer of the first two films, did not return for the third one. Unlike the second film, which was a direct sequel to the first, the producers envisioned Final Destination 3 as a stand-alone film. The idea of featuring a roller coaster derailment as the opening-scene disaster came from New Line Cinema executive Richard Bryant. From the beginning, Wong and Morgan saw control as a major theme in the film. Casting began in March 2005 and concluded in April. Like the previous two installments, it was filmed in Vancouver, Canada. The first two weeks of the three-month shoot were spent filming the scenes involving the rollercoaster derailing. Following its premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on February 2, 2006, the film was released in cinemas in the United States on February 10, 2006. The DVD, released on July 25, 2006, includes commentaries, documentaries, a deleted scene and an animated video. A special-edition DVD called \\\"Thrill Ride Edition\\\" includes a feature called \\\"Choose Their Fate\\\", which acts as an interactive film, allowing viewers to make decisions at specific points in the film that alter the course of the story. Final Destination 3 received a mixed critical response. The film was a financial success and, with box office receipts of nearly $118 million, the highest-grossing installment in the franchise at the time. A fourth film, The Final Destination, was released in August 2009. Plot In 2005, high school student Wendy Christensen visits an amusement park in Pennsylvania with her boyfriend Jason Wise, her best friend Carrie Dreyer, Carrie's boyfriend Kevin Fischer, and their classmates to celebrate their graduation. As they board the Devil's Flight roller coaster, Wendy has a premonition that a camcorder, dropped by one of her friends during the ride, will land on the ride's tracks and will be run over by the train cars, causing the hydraulics securing the restraints and train cars to fail during the ride, killing everyone on board. She convinces nine people including Kevin, best friends Ashley Freund and Ashlyn Halperin, alumnus Frankie Cheeks, athlete Lewis Romero,\",\n \"title\": \"Final Destination 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70253160\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Help, My Teenager Hates Me!\\\" is the fifth episode of the twenty-fifth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 316th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on March 9, 2022. This episode features the boys having to learn to deal with the angst and frustration of teenagers, as the boys want to play Airsoft and find teenagers are their only willing participants. Plot Fourth grader Kyle Broflovski begs his father Gerald to allow him to purchase an Airsoft gun so he can play with his friends Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick. Gerald is warned by the Airsoft store employee that mostly teenagers play this game. At the Airsoft field, the teenagers there complain that playing against fourth graders would be too easy, so the field manager splits the teams into two groups, each one consisting of two teens paired with two fourth graders. The younger boys enjoy the game, but after returning home, the mother of Kyle's teenage partner, Trevor, drops him off at Kyle's house, stating, \\\"He said he's your teenager now.\\\" Kyle's friends are also assigned to take care of their teenage partners, who are moody like Trevor. The fourth graders are ill-equipped to deal with this, and it hampers the next partnered Airsoft game. Following advice from the book Help, My Teenager Hates Me!, Kyle suggests taking their teenagers camping, though the teens' feelings of alienation continue. Kyle tells Gerald that he no longer wants to play Airsoft because of the teens. Gerald suggests that the children instead play with him and the other fathers, Randy Marsh and Stuart McCormick. At the Airsoft range, the children and the teens challenge one another to one last battle, with the losing team agreeing to never play at the Airsoft range again. As the bet is made, the fathers arrive along with Jimbo Kern. During the game, Randy places a jar of marijuana in the field to lure the teens out into the open. As the teens approach it, Randy throws an airsoft grenade at them, knocking them all out at once. As the boys and the adults head toward Eric's home for a victory meal, Randy, brandishing his rifle, asks the other men if he should \\\"take them out now\\\", but Gerald stops him, saying that they still have a few more years before the children \\\"turn into monsters\\\". Reception Dan Caffrey with The A.V. Club gave the episode a \\\"C+\\\", calling it \\\"frustratingly one-note\\\" and stating in his review that \\\"The problem is, the nonstop apathy and frustration of the teenagers becomes boring to watch. While [Trey] Parker and [Matt] Stone are undoubtedly commenting on the real-life challenges that can come with raising an adolescent—the selfishness, the lethargy, the irritability—the flatlined demeanor feels out of place on a show like South Park.\\\" He also noted that the final Airsoft battle scene featured \\\"jerky camera movements reminiscent of gritty war films like Saving Private Ryan, Black\",\n \"title\": \"Help, My Teenager Hates Me!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26131809\",\n \"text\": \"19th London Film Critics Circle Awards 4 March 1999 Film of the Year: Saving Private Ryan British Film of the Year: Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels The 19th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 1998, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 4 March 1999. Winners and nominees Film of the Year Saving Private Ryan Boogie Nights The Ice Storm Titanic The Truman Show British Film of the Year Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels The Butcher Boy Elizabeth The General My Name Is Joe Foreign Language Film of the Year Shall We Dance? • Japan Funny Games • Austria Director of the Year Peter Weir – The Truman Show James Cameron – Titanic Michael Haneke – Funny Games Ang Lee – The Ice Storm Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan British Director of the Year John Boorman – The General Ken Loach – My Name Is Joe Screenwriter of the Year Andrew Niccol – The Truman Show and Gattaca Joel and Ethan Coen – The Big Lebowski Matt Damon and Ben Affleck – Good Will Hunting James Schamus – The Ice Storm Neil LaBute – In the Company of Men British Screenwriter of the Year Guy Ritchie – Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Neil Jordan and Patrick McCabe – The Butcher Boy John Boorman – The General Paul Laverty – My Name Is Joe Hossein Amini – The Wings of the Dove Actor of the Year Jack Nicholson – As Good as It Gets Matt Damon – Good Will Hunting, The Rainmaker and Saving Private Ryan Robert Duvall – The Apostle Tom Hanks – Saving Private Ryan Kevin Kline – The Ice Storm and In & Out Actress of the Year Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth Joan Allen – The Ice Storm Pam Grier – Jackie Brown Helen Hunt – As Good as It Gets Gwyneth Paltrow – Sliding Doors, Great Expectations and A Perfect Murder British Actor of the Year Brendan Gleeson – The General John Hurt – Love and Death on Long Island Derek Jacobi – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon Peter Mullan – My Name Is Joe Bill Nighy – Still Crazy British Actress of the Year Helena Bonham Carter – The Wings of the Dove Julie Christie – Afterglow Minnie Driver – The Governess Louise Goodall – My Name Is Joe Kristin Scott Thomas – The Horse Whisperer Kate Winslet – Titanic Catherine Zeta-Jones – The Mask of Zorro British Supporting Actor of the Year Nigel Hawthorne – The Object of My Affection Daniel Craig – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon Christopher Eccleston – Elizabeth Joseph Fiennes – Elizabeth Anthony Hopkins – The Mask of Zorro, Amistad and The Edge Vinnie Jones – Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Adrian Lester – Primary Colors Rufus Sewell – Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence British Supporting Actress of the Year Kate Beckinsale – The Last Days\",\n \"title\": \"London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1009315\",\n \"text\": \"Fanfare for the Common Man is a musical work by the American composer Aaron Copland. It was written in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under conductor Eugene Goossens and was inspired in part by a speech made earlier that year by then American Vice President Henry A. Wallace, in which Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the \\\"Century of the Common Man\\\". Several alternative versions have been made and fragments of the work have appeared in many subsequent US and British cultural productions, such as in the musical scores of movies. Instrumentation This fanfare is written for the following instruments: four horns (in F) three trumpets (in B) three trombones tuba timpani bass drum tam-tam Fanfare Copland, in his autobiography, wrote of the request: \\\"Eugene Goossens, conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, had written to me at the end of August about an idea he wanted to put into action for the 1942–43 concert season. During World War I he had asked British composers for a fanfare to begin each orchestral concert. It had been so successful that he thought to repeat the procedure in World War II with American composers\\\". A total of 10 fanfares were written at Goossens' behest, but Copland's is the only one which remains in the standard repertoire. It was written in response to the US entry into World War II and was inspired in part by a famous 1942 speech where vice president Henry A. Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the \\\"Century of the Common Man\\\". Goossens had suggested titles such as Fanfare for Soldiers, or sailors or airmen, and he wrote that \\\"[i]t is my idea to make these fanfares stirring and significant contributions to the war effort....\\\" Copland considered several titles including Fanfare for a Solemn Ceremony and Fanfare for Four Freedoms; to Goossens' surprise, however, Copland titled the piece Fanfare for the Common Man. Goossens wrote, \\\"Its title is as original as its music, and I think it is so telling that it deserves a special occasion for its performance. If it is agreeable to you, we will premiere it 12 March 1943 at income tax time\\\". Copland's reply was \\\"I [am] all for honoring the common man at income tax time\\\". Copland later used the fanfare as the main theme of the fourth movement of his Third Symphony (composed between 1944 and 1946). In television and other media The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL have used it as part of a pre-game video introduction of the team before it takes to the ice since moving into the United Center in 1994. Several feature films employ the piece for dramatic effect. John Williams' main themes for the 1978 Superman film are partially based on the fanfare and his original score for Saving Private Ryan draws heavily on its soundworld (though Copland's piece is not actually heard in either movie). In The Patriot, which Williams scored, the music of the final scene before the credits may be a nod to Copland's work.\",\n \"title\": \"Fanfare for the Common Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70400848\",\n \"text\": \"Janusz Kamiński is a Polish cinematographer known for his work in film and television. Kamiński is most known for his collaborations with director Steven Spielberg. Their partnership first started in 1993 with the holocaust drama Schindler's List for which Kamiński received his first Academy Award for Best Cinematography. He won his second for Spielberg's World War II drama Saving Private Ryan (1998). He has also received Academy Award nominations for Amistad (1997), War Horse (2011), Lincoln (2012), and West Side Story (2021). He has received five British Academy Film Award nominations for Best Cinematography winning for Schindler's List (1993). He also has received five nominations from the American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography. He did receive a special prize for his Cinematography for Julian Schnabel's The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007), as well as an Academy Award, César Award, and ASC Award nomination. Major associations Academy Awards British Academy Film Awards American Society of Cinematographers Industry awards American Film Institute (AFI) Awards 2002: A.I. Artificial Intelligence (won) 2010: Franklin J. Schaffner Award (won) British Society of Cinematographers Award For Best Cinematography: 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (nomination) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (nomination) 2015: Bridge of Spies (nomination) Camerimage 1998: Saving Private Ryan − Golden Frog (nominated) 2002: Atlas Award (won) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly − Golden Frog (won) Cannes Film Festival 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly − Vulcan Prize for the Technical Artist (won) César Award for Best Cinematography 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (nomination) Hollywood Film Awards 2002: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography 2015: Bridge of Spies (won) Independent Spirit Awards Best Cinematography: 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) Palm Springs International Film Festival 2000: Da Vinci's Cinematographer's Award (won) Satellite Award for Best Cinematography 1997: Amistad (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (nomination) 2002: Minority Report (nomination) 2005: Munich (nomination) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) 2011: War Horse (won) 2012: Lincoln (nomination) 2015: Bridge of Spies (nomination) Stockholm International Film Festival 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) Critics awards Alliance of Women Film Journalists 2002: A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Cinematographer of the Year (won) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (won) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (won) Broadcast Film Critics Association 2011: War Horse (won) - Critics Choice Award for Best Cinematography 2012: Lincoln (nomination) - Critics Choice Award for Best Cinematography 2021: West Side Story (nomination) - Critics Choice Award for Best Cinematography Chicago Film Critics Association BEst Cinematography: 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (nomination) 2001: A.I. Artificial Intelligence (nomination) 2002: Minority Report (nomination) 2005: Munich (nomination) 2007: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (nomination) 2011: War Horse (nomination) 2012: Lincoln (nomination) Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Cinematography: 1993: Schindler's List (won) 1998: Saving Private Ryan (won) Florida Film Critics Circle Best Cinematography: 1998: Saving Private Ryan (won)\",\n \"title\": \"List of awards and nominations received by Janusz Kamiński\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60678071\",\n \"text\": \"Blood & Truth is a first-person shooter developed by London Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. It was released on May 28, 2019 for the PlayStation 4's virtual reality headset PlayStation VR. Gameplay The game is a first-person shooter. The player assumes control of Ryan Marks, a former Special Forces soldier who must save his family from a London crime boss. Players can hide behind cover and pick up different guns to shoot enemies. To move in the game, players only need to look at a spot and press a button. The playable character will then automatically move to the spot. Players can also interact with different objects. Plot The game begins with Ryan Marks being interrogated by an agent named Carson, who explains his current situation. During the interrogation, flashbacks show the events that happened up until the interrogation. Ryan infiltrates a compound and rescues fellow soldier, Deacon and both escape the compound before Ryan is informed that his father had died from a heart attack. Ryan is sent back home in London and is picked up by his brother Nick from the airport. After the funeral, Ryan meets with his mother Anne, but then they are interrupted by gunfire, the family is then confronted by Tony Sharp, a London crime boss, Kayla, a woman who supposedly works for Tony and kills one of Anne's bodyguards and Tony's brother Keach. The family is held at gunpoint by Keach, including Ryan's sister, Michelle, but Keach is fooled by Nick into thinking that the gun's safety is on. At this moment, Michelle and Nick takedown Keach and knock him out, the family then flees to their hidden safe house. The family then discovers that Tony will be at his private casino and Ryan volunteers to infiltrate the casino and kill Tony, although Anne is reluctant to the plan. Ryan successfully infiltrates the casino but discovers that Tony is not in the building and is at his art gallery, but Keach still remains and tracks him down to a hotel room. After rigging the casino with bombs, Ryan confronts Keach and chases him through the building. Once he stops Keach, Ryan questions him on where Tony is, but Keach doesn't know where he is. Keach is either killed by Ryan or is suddenly killed by an armored guard and Ryan is able to escape and blow up the casino with the bombs he had rigged. Ryan disguises himself and enters the art gallery during the day and discovers a private room that might contain information. Ryan and Nick then sneak into the gallery at night and vandalize most of the exhibits. The brothers are also able to find documents that all link back to Falstead Airfield. After returning to the safe house, Tony calls the brothers along with Michelle to inform them that he has captured Anne and has held her in Freeson Towers, a building that is due for demolition. The siblings work together to rescue Anne and Ryan is\",\n \"title\": \"Blood & Truth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3659962\",\n \"text\": \"2nd TFCA Awards December 16, 1998 Best Film: Saving Private Ryan The 2nd Toronto Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 1998, were held on 16 December 1998. Winners Best Actor: Ian McKellen - Gods and Monsters Runners-Up: Robert Duvall – The Apostle and Tom Hanks – Saving Private Ryan Best Actress: Cate Blanchett - Elizabeth Runners-Up: Christina Ricci – The Opposite of Sex and Pascale Bussières – August 32nd on Earth Best Canadian Film: Last Night Runners-Up: Nô and The Red Violin Best Director: Steven Spielberg - Saving Private Ryan Runners-Up: Todd Solondz – Happiness and Steven Soderbergh – Out of Sight Best Film: Saving Private Ryan Runners-Up: Happiness and The Celebration Clyde Gilmour Award: Gerald Pratley References 1998 1998 film awards 1998 in Toronto 1998 in Canadian cinema\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 1998\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38682123\",\n \"text\": \"Grahame Wood (born 1970) is a British–American actor born in Toronto Canada. His career has kept him busy in L.A., London, Toronto, and Vancouver. He is best known for his performance in the Roland Emmerich epic, The Patriot, and continues to forge a career out of playing the layered bad guy. Commenting on his death scene in Saving Private Ryan, Steven Spielberg proclaimed, \\\"That was better than the opening credits of ER!\\\" Film/Television Grahame was trained at Britain's oldest drama school, LAMDA. As well as The Patriot and Saving Private Ryan Grahame was in the Emmy Award nominated movie, 4 Minutes, Grahame portrayed celebrated runner, Sir Christopher Chataway. He played the role of ‘Gordon’ on the ABC Family series, Falcon Beach, and has guest-starred on numerous television series. Grahame has spent the past two decades working in the film and television industries of the U.S., Canada and UK – playing both Americans and Brits – as well as writing and producing.... Grahame was executive producer of the rock doc, Saturday Night at Morley Gibson's. He produced and wrote The Angel Chronicles, in development with Insight Productions and CTV from 2008 to 2011. He is currently in development on the cop drama, Moon Rising, with Devilishly Good Productions in L.A. Novels Grahame's DARKLY STEWART novel series of dark thrillers about RCMP Constable, Darkly Stewart, is currently out to production companies for television adaptation consideration. Negotiation on a print publisher for the novels is currently underway. Links to film and television credits Notes 1970 births Living people British male film actors Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors British male television actors\",\n \"title\": \"Grahame Wood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12091298\",\n \"text\": \"Blackwater () is a rural village in County Wexford, Ireland. It lies mostly within the townland of Ballynaglogh () on the R742 regional road north of Wexford town. Transport Michael Gray operates a route linking the village with Wexford Mondays to Fridays inclusive Bus Éireann route 379 serves the village on Mondays and Saturdays only linking it to Wexford, Gorey and intermediate locations such as Courtown Harbour. Amenities The village has three pubs, Corrigan's, the Blackwater Lodge (which is also a hotel), and Whelan's. It also has a video arcade, a number of supermarkets, a large second-hand furniture store, and a clothes alterations shop. In the 10 years between the 2006 and 2016 census, the population of the village increased from 173 to 339 people. Blackwater has competed in \\\"category B\\\" (places with populations of between 201 and 1000 people) in the national Tidy Towns competition. Blackwater is close to Ballyconnigar beach, a site with one of the highest levels of erosion in the area, due to tidal forces. The stretch of beach from Ballyconnigar to Ballynaclash is used for bathing, walking and fishing. Species of fish encountered around this area include bullhuss, smoothhound, tope, bass, ray, codling, eels, and flounder. Other nearby beaches include Curracloe strand and Ballinesker beach, where the opening scene of the film \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\" was filmed. Blackwater also has a mobile-home holiday park called 'Abhainn Dubh Mobile home and Leisure Park' which has been open since 1993. Sports The local GAA team is St. Brigid's Blackwater, established in 1885. The hurling team play in the Wexford Intermediate Hurling Championship. The Gaelic football team won the 2009 Wexford Junior Championship. Blackwater has a par 3 golf course which is located outside of the village between Blackwater and Kilmuckridge. The golf course itself was opened in July 1993 although Blackwater Golf Society had its first outing in 1991. Blackwater Golf Course also has a FootGolf course. In popular culture Blackwater served as a setting of Mary Kay Tuberty's 2015 novel Keeper of Coin. Notable people Michael Cash, stonemason Colm Tóibín, writer, holidayed here as a child and has a holiday home nearby. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References External links Blackwater GAA Blackwater Beach fishing info Towns and villages in County Wexford\",\n \"title\": \"Blackwater, County Wexford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20962501\",\n \"text\": \"Pete Boone, Private Eye is an Australian crime comedy television series created and produced by David Murdoch. The show originally aired on Channel 31, before moving to Aurora on Foxtel. It tells the story of Pete Boone, \\\"Australia’s worst detective\\\" who never correctly solves a case. The series is set in a fictional version West Pennant Hills, called \\\"West Pennant Falls\\\". It currently stars Will Seaman as Pete Boone: he is the sixth actor to lead as the titular character. The show has a cult status, and the 1001st televised episode aired on Aurora on 14 December 2014. Pre-Television Pete Boone (Peter Warner) first appeared in \\\"The Rick Ford Files\\\" series in 1980. In 1988, Boone was spun off into a short film that won the Australian Amateur Cine Society International Film Festival award for Best Video. In 1990, Boone was played by Peter Book in a short film which was later remade for TV. Episodes Season 1 (2002) The 1st season premiered on Channel 31 on 12 August 2002. Jamie McNeil (executive producer) and Strawberry James (director) cast Peter John Attwood as Boone after meeting him in a bar. Boone investigates murders, but inspector Gravel (Mark Pereira) suspects Boone is the serial killer. Dirk Lombarde (Peter Warner) is introduced as Pete’s rival. A series of flashbacks show Boone’s troubled childhood lead him to become a detective. Season 2 (2007) In 2005, the show was moved to Aurora (Foxtel). In 2007, David Murdoch took over directing. The 2nd season premiered on 5 July 2007. Constable O'Flynn (Peter Murkins) forces Gravel to partner with Pete Boone (Peter Love) to solve another series of murders. This season introduces behind the scenes, messages to the fans, and Christmas episodes. Season 3 (2009) The 3rd season premiered on 5 July 2009. Pete Boone and inspector Gravel save the town from zombies, corporate demolition, and a new serial killer. Season 4 (2010) The 4th season premiered on 8 August 2010. This season featured two episodes filmed by the Sydney Science Revue. Boone searches for treasure. Gravel frames and imprisons Boone, who is vindicated with the assistance of Dirk Lombarde. The season ends on a documentary celebrating 30 years of Boone. Season 5 (2013) The 5th season premiered on 14 April 2013. This season was produced by fans, and featured the new animated opening. Gravel is sent back to 1980. After returning to the present, he thwarts a terrorist plot with Boone (Ciaran Magee). The season concludes with Policeman One and Two (James Colley, Felix Marsh-Wakefield) writing their own version of Boone’s origin story. Season 6 (2014) The 6th season premiered on 13 December 2013. Tim Anderson and Ryan O'Malley cameoed as Pete Boone. Boone's office has been left in the hands of a serial killer, Simon (Simon Walker). Simon impersonates Boone as a cover. The Metre send their best agent, Clint Pettifrock (Atlas Adams) to investigate. Simon repeatedly foils Clint Pettifrock. The Metre sends Catherine Marble (Susan Grace Roach) to take over. Season 7 (2016)\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Boone, Private Eye\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1447885\",\n \"text\": \"Multi-Facial is a 1995 American short drama film written, directed, produced, and scored by Vin Diesel, who also stars as a multiracial actor facing various professional and emotional issues. The film is notable for essentially launching Diesel's career as it was noticed by Steven Spielberg, who then watched Diesel's film Strays, which prompted him to give Diesel his first big break by writing a small role specifically for him in Saving Private Ryan (1998). Plot Mike, a struggling actor with a tattooed arm, auditions for an Italian-American role. He delivers an explicit anecdote in a New York Italian accent about getting into a fight with another man in a restaurant for looking at his girlfriend, discovering the man was gay and thus directing his rage at his own girlfriend, beating her up, and feeling surprised that she doesn't call him anymore. The casting director expresses interest and has Mike speak Italian before telling him they'll get back to him. When the director asks Mike where the monologue came from, he says it is a true story that happened to a friend. Mike later calls his manager and complains about the monologue, which was not a true story, saying it was offensive and worrying that it will keep him from getting the role. He wipes the fake tattoo off his arm and goes to his next audition. Mike meets a black actor in the waiting room of an audition for a commercial, and tells him about the audition he just left, again complaining that he thought his monologue was offensive. The actor tells Mike he has just landed a role in an international commercial, but Mike says he refuses to do commercials because no great actors ever did them. Before he can audition, the director tells Mike that his skin is \\\"a little too light\\\" and not to bother auditioning. He suggests Mike audition for a Spanish role in a soap opera instead. Mike goes to another audition and reads with a Cuban accent alongside a Hispanic actress. The two of them are portraying an argument, but when the actress launches into Spanish, Mike is unable to continue. As they leave the audition, the actress calls out Mike for pretending to speak Spanish but still suggests that he try out for a soap opera which is looking for Hispanic actors; Mike says he refuses to do soap operas because no great actors ever did them. He attends another audition, where his scene partner tells him that she really thinks he could do well. Mike does the reading with her in a heavy urban accent, but the casting directors cut the audition short because they are looking for more of a \\\"Wesley type\\\". Mike moves on to another audition, where they are expecting him from a previous audition. The casting director sees on Mike's résumé that he can rap, prompting Mike to launch into a hip-hop routine. He then sits down and delivers a monologue about being a young man watching his\",\n \"title\": \"Multi-Facial\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"444322\",\n \"text\": \"Goodness Gracious Me is a BBC sketch comedy show originally aired on BBC Radio 4 from 1996 to 1998 and later televised on BBC Two from 1998 to 2001. The ensemble cast were four British Indian actors, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Kulvinder Ghir, Meera Syal and Nina Wadia. The show explored British Asian culture, and the conflict and integration between traditional Indian culture and modern British life. Some sketches reversed the roles to view the British from an Indian perspective, and others poked fun at Indian and Asian stereotypes. In the television series, most of the white characters were played by Dave Lamb and Fiona Allen; in the radio series those parts were played by the cast themselves. Some of the white characters were also played by Amanda Holden and Emma Kennedy. The show's title and theme tune is a bhangra rearrangement of the comedy song of the same name, originally performed by Peter Sellers (portraying an Indian doctor, Ahmed el Kabir) and Sophia Loren, reprising their characters from the 1960 film, The Millionairess. Sellers sang the 1960s song in a stereotypical \\\"cod-Indian\\\" accent. (In her 1996 novel Anita and Me, Syal had referred to British parodies of south Asian speech as \\\"a goodness-gracious-me accent\\\".) The cast casually drop Punjabi and Hindi slang phrases into their speech, in the manner of many British Asians living in the UK. The Radio Show won Gold at the Sony Radio Academy Awards in 1997. The TV show won Best Entertainment at the Broadcasting Press Guild Award and the Team Award from the Royal Television Society, UK in 1999. In March 2014, the BBC announced that the show would return with a special episode as part of celebrations of fifty years of BBC Two. An India special was broadcast on BBC Two on 25 August 2015. Parodies and references in the show The Six Million Rupee Man – parodies The Six Million Dollar Man. I Know Him Too Well – parodies the song \\\"I Know Him So Well\\\". Skipinder: The Punjabi Kangaroo – parodies Skippy the Bush Kangaroo. I'm a Punjabi Girl... – parodies Aqua's \\\"Barbie Girl\\\" song. Hindi People – parodies Pulp's \\\"Common People\\\". Club Nirvana – parodies Wham!'s \\\"Club Tropicana\\\". The Marriage Emporium – pays homage to Monty Python's Cheese Shop sketch and \\\"Dead Parrot sketch\\\". Fawlty Turrets – pays homage to Fawlty Towers. The Delhi Tubbies – fictional Asian equivalent of Teletubbies. They Were The Blacked-Up Men – parodies Men in Black. The Bhandari Bunch – parodies The Brady Bunch opening sequence. Channa's Angels – parodies Charlie's Angels Arranged Shag – parodies the arranged marriage Not Saving Private Narayan – parodies Saving Private Ryan Other parodies are based on shows such as Animal Hospital (where members of lower castes take the place of the pets) and Rough Guides (where tourists from India visit and make unpleasant remarks about the United Kingdom). Going for an English One of the best known sketches featured the cast \\\"going out for an English\\\" after a few lassis.\",\n \"title\": \"Goodness Gracious Me (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14000289\",\n \"text\": \"Golden Trailer Awards1 7th Annual (2006) Best Action: Mission: Impossible III Best Horror: The Exorcism of Emily Rose Summer 2006 Blockbuster: Mission: Impossible III Best of Show: Mission: Impossible III Nominations: 10 trailers 6th Annual (2005) Best Action: War of the Worlds Best Horror: The Amityville Horror Summer 2005 Blockbuster: War of the Worlds Nominations: 9 trailers 5th Annual (2004) Best Horror/Thriller: Dawn of the Dead Nominations: 3 trailers 4th Annual (2003) Best Romance: Secretary * Trashiest: The Rules of Attraction * Nominations: 4 trailers The Hollywood Reporter Key Art Awards2 36th Annual (2007) First Place: Action/Adventure TV Spots: X-Men: The Last Stand First Place: Animation A/V (Trailers & TV Spots): Cars First Place: Horror Trailer: The Hills Have Eyes First Place: International Poster: Paris je t'aime Nominations: 12 35th Annual (2006) nominations and winners not known at this time 34th Annual (2005) nominations and winners not known at this time 33rd Annual (2004) Best of Show Audiovisual: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Action Adventure Trailers The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ** Action Adventure TV Spots The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ** Comedy TV Spots Bringing Down The House ** Internet Advertising Lost in Translation * ** Home Entertainment Consumer TV Spots The Lion King, Special Edition * ** 32nd Annual (2003) nominations and winners not known at this time 31st Annual (2002) First Place: Comedy Trailer Not Another Teen Movie * 29th Annual (2000) Second Place: Comedy Poster Stuart Little * 28th Annual (1999) Best of Show Audio-Visual: Saving Private Ryan * First Place: Drama Trailer Saving Private Ryan * First Place: Teaser Trailer Godzilla * Second Place: Home Video Trailer The Mask of Zorro * Third Place: Teaser Trailer Saving Private Ryan * Third Place: Drama TV Spot Apt Pupil * 27th Annual (1998) Honorable Mention: Teaser Absolute Power * 26th Annual (1997) First Place: Drama TV Spot Jerry Maguire * First Place: Drama Trailer Jerry Maguire * 23rd Annual (1994) Second Place: Action/Adventure TV Spot In the Line of Fire * Third Place: Action/Adventure Trailer In the Line of Fire * Honorable Mention: Action/Adventure Trailer Wolf * 22nd Annual (1993) First Place: Drama TV Spot Bram Stoker's Dracula * Second Place: Action/Adventure TV Spot Stephen King's Sleepwalkers * Third Place: Drama TV Spot Bram Stoker's Dracula * 21st Annual (1992) Second Place: Drama TV Spot The Prince of Tides * PROMAX & BDA Awards3 Home Entertainment 2006 Awards nominations and winners not known at this time Home Entertainment 2005 Awards PROMAX - Promotion and Marketing Categories Gold Award: Movie Campaign Spider-Man 2 * Gold Award: Television Series Campaign Friends Season 7 * Gold Award: Print Ad - Consumer The Aviator * Gold Award: Poster - Promotion Scooby Doo 2 * Gold Award: Print Campaign - Consumer The Last Samurai (U.S.) * Gold Award: Print Campaign - Consumer The Last Samurai (Japan) * Gold Award: Action/Adventure Trailer Spider-Man 2 * Gold Award: In-Store Display Promotion Scooby Doo 2 Merchandiser * Gold Award: New Media Mulan Special Edition DVD Website * Gold\",\n \"title\": \"Trailer Park Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2182062\",\n \"text\": \"The Tasty Sandwich Shop, often called \\\"The Tasty\\\", was a restaurant that operated from 1916 to 1997 near the intersection of JFK Street and Brattle Street, at the center of Harvard Square, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was housed in the Read Block building, on the site of the home of colonial poet Anne Bradstreet. The Tasty closed in 1997, after 81 years in business. Its location was later used by the chain stores Abercrombie & Fitch, then Citizens Bank and, , a CVS Pharmacy. Description The Tasty was a tiny one-room diner and lunch counter, its customer area no more than seven feet wide and thirty feet deep, with a narrow counter made of yellow linoleum. A Harvard Business School student once deemed it \\\"the most profitable restaurant in New England per sq ft\\\", at . The Tasty had 14 stools. On busy nights it would be crammed with around 70 people (from actual head counts) at a time. On these nights between 300 and 400 burgers were served between the hours of midnight and 4:00 AM. A large map, studded with pins, covered the back wall of the diner and claimed to pinpoint the origins of postcards from customers over the years. In keeping with the informal atmosphere of the diner — where the cooks, including Tom Sweet, who managed The Tasty on the graveyard shift until the summer of 1976, and chef Charlie Coney — were sometimes compared to bartenders and frequently chatted with customers. Customers By the end of its existence, The Tasty had attracted both long-time residents and, by virtue both of its proximity to Harvard Yard and its late opening hours, numerous students from Harvard University, and had become one of the few places where students and residents, and residents from different social and economic classes, mixed informally. According to one historian, \\\"you could sit next to a professor on your left, and a homeless person on your right\\\". Media references The Tasty was often referred to in the press as a \\\"local landmark\\\" or \\\"institution\\\", and was immortalized in film during a scene in Good Will Hunting. The scene was shot there on May 23, 1997. It was also used in a scene during Love Story, 1970 movie from Erich Segal's story of a privileged Harvard Law School student (Ryan O'Neal) and his working-class girlfriend (Ali MacGraw). It is also the subject of Federico Muchnik's 2005 documentary, Touching History. Closure Despite a struggle by its owner Peter Haddad, the Tasty's tenancy ended in November 1997. A sign in its window during the move-out stated its lifespan: \\\"81 years. 29,565 days. 5,913,000 people. 422,357 per stool.\\\" Its landlord, the Cambridge Savings Bank, took advantage of the increasing attractiveness of the Harvard Square neighborhood to chain store franchises, which enabled the bank to charge significantly higher rents to tenants who provided greater security. Opposition to the end of the Tasty's tenancy was voiced by a number of groups, including the Harvard Square Defense Fund and brothers\",\n \"title\": \"Tasty Sandwich Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3416964\",\n \"text\": \"The 4th Critics' Choice Movie Awards were presented on January 25, 1999, honoring the finest achievements of 1998 filmmaking. Top 10 films (in alphabetical order) Elizabeth Gods and Monsters Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella) Out of Sight Pleasantville Saving Private Ryan Shakespeare in Love A Simple Plan The Thin Red Line The Truman Show Winners Best Actor: Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters and Apt Pupil Best Actress: Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth Best Animated Feature: A Bug's Life / The Prince of Egypt (TIE) Best Child Performer: Ian Michael Smith – Simon Birch Best Director: Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Best Family Film: A Bug's Life Best Feature Documentary: Wild Man Blues Best Foreign Language Film: Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella) • Italy Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan Best Picture Made for Television: From the Earth to the Moon Best Score: John Williams – Saving Private Ryan Best Screenplay – Adaptation: A Simple Plan – Scott B. Smith Best Screenplay – Original: Shakespeare in Love – Tom Stoppard and Marc Norman Best Song: \\\"When You Believe\\\" – The Prince of Egypt Best Supporting Actor: Billy Bob Thornton – A Simple Plan Best Supporting Actress: Joan Allen – Pleasantville / Kathy Bates – Primary Colors (TIE) Breakthrough Performer: Joseph Fiennes – Elizabeth and Shakespeare in Love Alan J. Pakula Award (for artistic excellence while illuminating issues of great social and political importance): John Travolta References Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 1998 film awards\",\n \"title\": \"4th Critics' Choice Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49166731\",\n \"text\": \"Siân Grigg is a Welsh make-up artist. She is best known for her blockbusters and critically acclaimed feature film projects such as Saving Private Ryan (1998), The Aviator (2004), The Departed (2006), Inception (2010) and Django Unchained (2012). Grigg is a BAFTA award winner. At the 58th British Academy Film Awards she won the BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair for her work on The Aviator. In 2016, she received another nomination from BAFTA for Best Makeup and Hair and her first Oscar nomination at 88th Academy Awards in the category of Best Makeup and Hairstyling for her work on the film The Revenant. Her nomination was shared with Duncan Jarman and Robert Pandini. Grigg is a former pupil of Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf, Cardiff Art College and the London College of Fashion, where she studied make-up and hair for film and television. Selected filmography Titanic (1997) Saving Private Ryan (1998) The Aviator (2004) The Departed (2006) Inception (2010) Never Let Me Go (2010) A Little Bit of Heaven (2011) Something Borrowed (2011) J. Edgar (2011)Django Unchained (2012)Ex Machina (2015)The Revenant (2015)Far from the Madding Crowd (2015)Once Upon a Time in Hollywood'' (2019) References External links Living people Alumni of Cardiff School of Art and Design Alumni of the London College of Fashion Best Makeup BAFTA Award winners Welsh make-up artists People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf Mass media people from Cardiff 21st-century Welsh women artists Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Siân Grigg\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15012590\",\n \"text\": \"33rd NSFC Awards January 3, 1999 Best Film: Out of Sight The 33rd National Society of Film Critics Awards, given on 3 January 1999, honored the best filmmaking of 1998. Winners Best Picture 1. Out of Sight 2. Affliction 3. Saving Private Ryan Best Director 1. Steven Soderbergh – Out of Sight 2. Terrence Malick – The Thin Red Line 2. Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Best Actor 1. Nick Nolte – Affliction 2. Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters 3. Brendan Gleeson – The General and I Went Down Best Actress 1. Ally Sheedy – High Art 2. Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth 3. Fernanda Montenegro – Central Station (Central do Brasil) Best Supporting Actor 1. Bill Murray – Rushmore 2. Donald Sutherland – Without Limits 3. Billy Bob Thornton – A Simple Plan Best Supporting Actress 1. Judi Dench – Shakespeare in Love 2. Patricia Clarkson – High Art 3. Lisa Kudrow – The Opposite of Sex Best Screenplay 1. Scott Frank – Out of Sight 2. Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard – Shakespeare in Love 3. Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson – Rushmore Best Cinematography 1. John Toll – The Thin Red Line 2. Janusz Kamiński – Saving Private Ryan 3. Seamus Deasy – The General Best Foreign Language Film 1. Taste of Cherry (Ta'm e guilass) 2. Fireworks (Hana-bi) 3. The Celebration (Festen) Best Non-Fiction Film 1. The Farm: Angola, USA 2. Public Housing 3. Little Dieter Needs to Fly Experimental Film Mother and Son (Mat i syn) Special Citation Walter Murch, Rick Schmidlin, Bob O'Neil and Jonathan Rosenbaum for the re-editing of Orson Welles's Touch of Evil Reprinting of an expanded edition of one of the seminal collections of film criticism, Manny Farber's Negative Space References External links Past Awards 1998 film awards 1998 1999 in American cinema\",\n \"title\": \"1998 National Society of Film Critics Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1248931\",\n \"text\": \"Barry Robert Pepper (born April 4, 1970) is a Canadian-American actor. He played Private Daniel Jackson in Saving Private Ryan (1998), Corrections Officer Dean Stanton in The Green Mile (1999), Roger Maris in 61* (2001), Joseph L. Galloway in We Were Soldiers (2002), Sergeant Michael Strank in Flags of Our Fathers (2006), DEA Agent Cooper in Snitch (2013), Vince in Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015) and Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018), Lucky Ned Pepper in the remake of the western True Grit (2010) and David Keller in Crawl (2019). He has been nominated for three Screen Actors Guild Awards and a Golden Globe Award. For his role as Robert F. Kennedy in the miniseries The Kennedys (2011), Pepper won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie. Early life and education Pepper was born the youngest of three boys in Campbell River, British Columbia, the son of a lumberjack. When he was five years old, his family set sail in a homemade yacht, navigating through the South Pacific islands for five years. He was educated through correspondence courses and public schools in Polynesia. His family encouraged him to entertain himself through improvisation and acting games while aboard the ship. When the family had finished their travels, they returned to Canada, settling on Denman Island, which his mother's family had called home for five generations. He graduated from Georges P. Vanier Secondary School in 1988. Pepper attended Camosun College after receiving a scholarship for artistic achievement, studying marketing and design. He later moved to Vancouver, where he enrolled in acting classes. He spent four years studying, including at the Gastown Actors Studio, before landing a recurring role on the show Madison. Career Pepper is perhaps best known for his role as the sniper Private Daniel Jackson in Saving Private Ryan. He portrayed Corrections Officer Dean Stanton in The Green Mile, appeared as Frank Slaughtery in Spike Lee's 25th Hour, as journalist Joseph L. Galloway in We Were Soldiers, his role as the human protagonist of the film Battlefield Earth, his depiction of Roger Maris in Billy Crystal's HBO film 61*, as Dale Earnhardt in the ESPN produced film 3: The Dale Earnhardt Story, and as Dan Morris in the film Seven Pounds, with Will Smith. He recently had roles in Casino Jack and the Coen brothers' True Grit. Pepper provided the voice for Alex Mercer, the protagonist of the video game Prototype and the voice for Corporal Dunn, a character in the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Pepper won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000. He has stated that, had he known in advance he was going to win the award, he would have gladly accepted it in person. He also appeared in Jagged Edge's music video for \\\"Goodbye\\\". In 2011, he starred as Robert F. Kennedy in the Canadian-American TV mini-series The Kennedys,\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Pepper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60091145\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Now That I Found You\\\" is a pop song by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen. It was released as a double A-side single with \\\"No Drug Like Me\\\" on February 27, 2019 by 604, School Boy and Interscope Records, as the second advance single from Jepsen's fourth studio album, Dedicated. \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" was written by Jepsen, Ben Berger, Ryan McMahon, Ryan Rabin and Alexander O'Neill, while production was handled by Captain Cuts and Ayokay. According to Jepsen, \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" and \\\"No Drug Like Me\\\" are about \\\"the giddy sugar rush of opening up to new love\\\" and they \\\"go thematically hand-in-hand\\\". Background \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" was written at a songwriting camp in Nicaragua with Benjamin Berger, Ryan McMahon and Ryan Rabin of production team Captain Cuts and Alexander O'Neill, known professionally as Ayokay, in August 2017. It is a pop and synth-pop song with a \\\"synth-heavy, '80s-inspired sound\\\". Jepsen revealed that she wasn't in love when she wrote the song, and was just imagining how good she wanted to feel. She stated that the track \\\"is about the high you get when a new love starts to change your life\\\". On February 13, 2019, \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" was featured in the teaser trailer for the third season of Queer Eye and the song was made available to pre-save on streaming services. On February 20, 2019, Jepsen revealed the single's cover and release date. On February 21 and 22, 2019, Jepsen released teaser videos with snippets of \\\"Now That I Found You\\\". On February 25, 2019, Jepsen announced that \\\"No Drug Like Me\\\" would be released alongside \\\"Now That I Found You\\\". A teaser video with a snippet of the song was released the following day. On February 27, 2019, \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" made its world premiere on Apple Music's Beats 1 radio as Zane Lowe's World Record. Critical reception Upon its release, \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" was named the Song of the Week by Consequence of Sound. Music critic Anthony Fantano highlighted it as one of the best songs on Dedicated. The Guardian journalist Betty Clarke selected \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" as one of the best tracks of 2019. In October 2022, Rachel Seo of Variety ranked it as Jepsen's eighth best song. Year-end lists Music video The music video for \\\"Now That I Found You\\\" was directed by Carlos López Estrada and Nelson DeCastro, and premiered on March 14, 2019. It shows Jepsen caring for a lost tabby cat, which was portrayed by the celebrity cat, Shrampton. The video contains product placement for Abarth cars, the TikTok app, and Beats headphones, as well as references to the Cats on Synthesizers in Space Instagram account and the final scenes of the film Breakfast at Tiffany's. The idea to use a cat in the video was inspired by an actual cat who was adopted by Jepsen's partner at the time of recording the song's vocals. The singer\",\n \"title\": \"Now That I Found You (Carly Rae Jepsen song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4439115\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Rodat (born c. 1960) is an American film and television writer and television producer. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for writing Steven Spielberg's war epic Saving Private Ryan. Career Rodat wrote Saving Private Ryan (1998), The Comrades of Summer (1992), Tall Tale (1995), Fly Away Home with Vince McKewin (1996), and The Patriot (2000). He worked on the revision of the script for the 2008 film 10,000 BC and helped with the story of 2013 film Thor: The Dark World. Rodat also contributed to a screenplay for a film adaptation of Warcraft, work that was ultimately rebooted with the exit of the film's then-attached director, Sam Raimi. In 2009, Rodat created the TNT science-fiction series Falling Skies, produced by Steven Spielberg. The series did not premiere until summer 2011. Its fifth and final season was broadcast in the summer of 2015. The show is about human survivors of a semi-post apocalyptic world due to an alien invasion. Filmography The Comrades of Summer (1992, television movie) Tall Tale (1995) Fly Away Home (1996) Saving Private Ryan (1998) The Patriot (2000) Thor: The Dark World (2013) The Catcher Was a Spy (2018) Kursk (UK: Kursk: The Last Mission, US: The Command) (2018) References External links 1960s births Living people 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American male screenwriters American television producers American television writers American male television writers USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Colgate University alumni Harvard Business School alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Rodat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27715118\",\n \"text\": \"The BioShock series is a collection of story-driven first-person shooters in which the player explores dystopian settings created by Ken Levine and his team at Irrational Games. The first two games, BioShock and its direct sequel, BioShock 2, take place in the underwater city of Rapture in 1960 and 1968, which was influenced heavily by Ayn Rand's Objectivism. The third installment, BioShock Infinite, is set aboard the floating air-city of Columbia in 1912, designed around the concept of American Exceptionalism. Though Infinite is not a direct sequel to the previous games, the game is thematically linked; a short scene within the core Infinite game returns to Rapture, while the downloadable content BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea tie in many of the plot elements between BioShock and BioShock Infinite. As a heavily plot-driven series of games, BioShock contains a long list of non-playable characters (NPC) with which the player interacts and which drive the games' respective stories. BioShock Jack Jack is the protagonist of BioShock, whom the player controls throughout the game. He is first seen aboard an airplane, of which crashes near a lighthouse in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean containing a bathysphere terminal providing entry to Rapture. During his journey through Rapture, Jack encounters various gene-altering substances known as Plasmids and Tonics, which he uses to gain powerful abilities to defend himself. Jack experiences strange visions of his family while traveling, but eventually discovers that he is the illegitimate son of Andrew Ryan and singer Jasmine Jolene, \\\"Andrew Ryan's Favorite Girl.\\\" After becoming pregnant, Jasmine sold her fertilized egg to Brigid Tenenbaum, an employee of businessman Frank Fontaine. Fontaine arranged for Jack to undergo genetic conditioning so that he would age rapidly and to follow any order that followed \\\"would you kindly,\\\" a phrase that Atlas uses throughout the game to control the main character and his actions. There are two endings for Jack depending on how many Little Sisters he saved and/or harvested throughout the game: one where he lives out the rest of his life with the Little Sisters he saved, who become his adopted daughters. But due to his rapid aging, he eventually lies on his death bed with all grown and married Little Sisters holding his hand, indicating that Jack died from his accelerated growth. The other ending shows him seizing control of Rapture and becoming just as power-hungry and destructive as Fontaine, hinting that all the ADAM he gathered has corrupted him into a Splicer. In the second part of the BioShock: Infinite DLC, Burial at Sea, it is revealed that the former ending is canon. Andrew Ryan Andrew Ryan (born Andrei Rianofski) is a business magnate who seeks to avoid scrutiny from governments and other forms of oversight, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, Rapture, where men and women like himself could be free to achieve greatness on their own terms. When Ryan's vision for a utopia in Rapture collapsed into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses armies of\",\n \"title\": \"Characters of the BioShock series\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52496978\",\n \"text\": \"Alexander Burke (born 1983) is an American musician, songwriter, composer, music producer, television producer, writer and actor. From 2013 to 2016 he was the keyboard player for the band Save Ferris. Early life Alexander was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Laguna Beach and Irvine, California with his parents who are both vested in the arts (his father is a well-respected painter and his mother was an art gallery curator before becoming a therapist). His grandmother, Flora Burke, was an accomplished actress (and an early inspiration to Alexander). Alexander always had a passion for music (he was considered a vibraphone prodigy) and while in high school joined Drake Bell’s band Drake 24/7 and went on to perform on the Amanda Show at the Palladium and other high-profile venues around LA and on TV. After high school, he went to Columbia College Chicago, where he became the youngest musical director for the renowned Second City. Alexander was asked to be the musical director for “iO Theater 25 Anniversary Concert DVD” that included performances by Mike Myers, Amy Poehler, Tim Meadows, Andy Dick, Andy Richter and Rich Talarico (Rich later hired Alexander to be the composer of Frank TV on TBS – which would be his first TV gig). While in Chicago he was also busy doing jazz gigs with musicians such as Von Freeman and Chuck Hedges. Career After graduating from Columbia College Alexander moved back to Los Angeles, where he studied at the University of Southern California’s film-scoring post-baccalaureate program. After graduation, he quickly found work in television (being hired as part of the house band for the television pilot for Robert Townsend’s talk show “Night of Townsend” on TBS) where he met Eban Schletter (the composer of “Sponge Bob Square Pants”) and Grant-Lee Phillips (who was also part of the house band) and that relationship led to Alexander playing in Phillips' band. These relationships lead to Alexander and Eban being asked to perform with, and open, for Ryan Gosling and Zach Shields' band Dead Man’s Bones. During this time, Alexander became friends with Monique Powell (the lead singer of the band Save Ferris) through his neighbor Abby Travis (the bass player for The Bangles) and ended up playing on records for both of them and later joining the band Save Ferris. Alexander was a member of Save Ferris when they opened for Gwen Stefani at Irvine Meadows and for Mexico City's infamous Ska Festival. He has also done behind-the-scenes music work, such as being the musical director on the MTV Movie Awards, and co-producing Ben Lee's album Freedom, and the first two Garfunkel and Oates albums. He co-wrote the songs \\\"Back to the Start\\\" for the Iron Man 3 soundtrack, the song \\\"Love You Like This\\\" for the Jason Bateman movie The Gift, the song \\\"Undercover\\\" for the TV series New Girl, the theme song for the Broadway Video series 7 Minutes in Heaven, and the score for the 2017 documentary film Haunters: The Art of the\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Burke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3755176\",\n \"text\": \"The 24th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in film for 1998, were voted on in December 1998. The awards were presented Jan. 20 1999 at the Bel Age Hotel. Winners Best Picture: Saving Private Ryan Runner-up: The Butcher Boy Best Director: Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Runner-up: John Boorman – The General Best Actor: Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters Runner-up: Nick Nolte – Affliction Best Actress (tie): Fernanda Montenegro – Central Station (Central do Brasil) Ally Sheedy – High Art Best Supporting Actor (tie): Bill Murray – Rushmore and Wild Things Billy Bob Thornton – A Simple Plan Best Supporting Actress: Joan Allen – Pleasantville Runner-up: Kathy Bates – Primary Colors Best Screenplay: Warren Beatty and Jeremy Pikser – Bulworth Runner-up: Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard – Shakespeare in Love Best Cinematography: Janusz Kamiński – Saving Private Ryan Runner-up: Seamus Deasy – The General Best Production Design: Jeannine Oppewall – Pleasantville Runner-up: Dennis Gassner – The Truman Show Best Music Score: Elliot Goldenthal – The Butcher Boy Runner-up: Carter Burwell – Gods and Monsters Best Foreign-Language Film: The Celebration (Festen) • Denmark/Sweden Runner-up: Central Station (Central do Brasil) • Brazil/France Best Non-Fiction Film: The Farm: Angola, USA Runner-up: Public Housing Best Animation: A Bug's Life (feature) T.R.A.N.S.I.T. (short) The Douglas Edwards Experimental/Independent Film/Video Award: Elisabeth Subrin – Shulie New Generation Award: Wes Anderson – Rushmore Career Achievement Award: Julius J. Epstein Abraham Polonsky Special Citation: Rick Schmidlin, Walter Murch, Jonathan Rosenbaum and Bob O'Neil for the restoration of Orson Welles's Touch of Evil Barbara Zicka Smith for her work running the American Cinemateque References External links 24th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1998 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8778766\",\n \"text\": \"Jules Sylvester (born Julian Richard Sylvester; 13 November 1950) is a British wild animal trainer, actor, television presenter and snake wrangler who works in films as well as television. Early life He was born in Devon, England, and raised in Kenya where he was first introduced to snake catching at age 16. He served in the Rhodesia Regiment during the Rhodesian Bush War from 1973-1974. Career He has appeared in numerous television shows including a series of appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and his own 2002 series Wild Adventures. He handled snakes for the films Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Ernest Saves Christmas, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Snakes on a Plane. He was also a guest on The Bernie Mac Show. He has also made multiple appearances on Spike TV's 1000 Ways to Die, in segments dealing with animal-related deaths. In 2006, he claimed that after 40 years of snake handling he had never been bitten. He also appeared as a snake handler in an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, \\\"Got Murder.\\\" He also professionally trains mammals including rhinos, wolves and lions. In 2012, he appeared in Animal Movers in Episode 2: \\\"The Tortoise and the Hare-Raising Cobra\\\". He transported cobras to Florida. On 19 February 2020, he appeared in Ryan's Mystery Playdate in Season 2 Episode 20, the first segment \\\"Ryan's Jungle Lovin' Playdate\\\". Later that year, Sylvester handled ants on the set of scenes for \\\"The Guy for This\\\", the third episode of the fifth season of Better Call Saul. Personal life He has been married to Sue Sylvester since 1987. Filmography Film Television References External links 1950 births Living people British anti-communists British male film actors British male television actors 20th-century British male actors 21st-century British male actors British television presenters British emigrants to British Kenya White Kenyan people Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces\",\n \"title\": \"Jules Sylvester\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7514292\",\n \"text\": \"The 3rd Golden Satellite Awards, given by the International Press Academy, honored the best in film and television for 1998. Special achievement awards Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Alan J. Pakula Outstanding New Talent – Eamonn Owens Motion picture winners and nominees Best Actor – Drama Edward Norton – American History X Stephen Fry – Wilde Brendan Gleeson – The General Derek Jacobi – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon Nick Nolte – Affliction Ian McKellen – Gods and Monsters Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Ian Bannen – Waking Ned (TIE) David Kelly – Waking Ned (TIE) Warren Beatty – Bulworth Jeff Bridges – The Big Lebowski Michael Caine – Little Voice Robin Williams – Patch Adams Best Actress – Drama Cate Blanchett – Elizabeth Helena Bonham Carter – The Theory of Flight Fernanda Montenegro – Central Station (Central do Brasil) Susan Sarandon – Stepmom Meryl Streep – One True Thing Emily Watson – Hilary and Jackie Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Christina Ricci – The Opposite of Sex Jane Horrocks – Little Voice Holly Hunter – Living Out Loud Gwyneth Paltrow – Shakespeare in Love Meg Ryan – You've Got Mail Best Animated or Mixed Media Film A Bug's Life Antz Mulan The Prince of Egypt The Rugrats Movie Best Art Direction The Truman Show – Dennis Gassner Beloved Elizabeth Pleasantville Shakespeare in Love Best Cinematography The Thin Red Line – John Toll Beloved Pleasantville Saving Private Ryan Shakespeare in Love Best Costume Design Elizabeth – Alexandra Byrne Beloved Ever After Pleasantville Shakespeare in Love Best Director Terrence Malick – The Thin Red Line John Boorman – The General Shekhar Kapur – Elizabeth Gary Ross – Pleasantville Steven Spielberg – Saving Private Ryan Best Documentary Film Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life The Cruise The Farm: Angola, USA Kurt & Courtney Public Housing Best Editing Saving Private Ryan – Michael Kahn Beloved Pleasantville Shakespeare in Love The Thin Red Line Best Film – Drama The Thin Red Line Elizabeth The General Gods and Monsters Saving Private Ryan Best Film – Musical or Comedy Shakespeare in Love Little Voice Pleasantville Waking Ned You've Got Mail Best Foreign Language Film Central Station (Central do Brasil), Brazil The Celebration (Festen), Denmark Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella), Italy Only Clouds Move the Stars (Bare skyer beveger stjernene), Norway The Separation (La Séparation), France Best Original Score \\\"The Thin Red Line\\\" – Hans Zimmer \\\"Beloved\\\" – Rachel Portman \\\"City of Angels\\\" – Gabriel Yared \\\"Pleasantville\\\" – Randy Newman \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\" – John Williams Best Original Song \\\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\\\" performed by Aerosmith – Armageddon \\\"Anyone at All\\\" – You've Got Mail \\\"The Flame Still Burns\\\" – Still Crazy \\\"That'll Do\\\" – Babe: Pig in the City \\\"When You Believe\\\" – The Prince of Egypt Best Screenplay – Adapted Gods and Monsters – Bill Condon Beloved – Adam Brooks, Akosua Busia and Richard LaGravenese Hilary\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Golden Satellite Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1195155\",\n \"text\": \"Beach Red is a 1967 World War II film starring Cornel Wilde (who also directed and produced) and Rip Torn. The film depicts a landing by the United States Marine Corps on an unnamed Japanese-held Pacific island. The film is based on Peter Bowman's 1945 novella of the same name, which was based on his experiences with the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific War. Title During the Allied amphibious operations in World War II, designated invasion beaches were given a codename by color, such as \\\"Beach Red,\\\" \\\"Beach White,\\\" \\\"Beach Blue\\\", etc. There was a \\\"Beach Red\\\" on virtually every assaulted island, in accordance with the standard beach designation hierarchy. Plot The 30-minute opening sequence of the film depicts an opposed beach landing. Its graphic depiction of the violence and savagery of war was echoed years later in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan. In one scene during the landing, a Marine is shown with his arm blown off, similar to Thomas C. Lea III's 1944 painting The Price. As Americans are shown consolidating their gains, flashbacks illustrate the lives of American and Japanese combatants. Shifting first-person voice-over in a stream-of-consciousness style is also used to portray numerous characters' thoughts. Like Wilde's previous production of The Naked Prey (1965), the film does not use subtitles for characters speaking Japanese. The film contains large sections of voice-over narration, often juxtaposed with still photographs of wives, etc. (who are anachronistically dressed in 1967 attire). Many soldiers in the film shed tears, and the narrative displays an unusual amount of sympathy for the enemy. In one scene, an injured Cliff is lying close to an injured Japanese soldier in a scene paralleling the one from All Quiet on the Western Front with Paul Bäumer and Gérard Duval. Just after the two soldiers bond, other Marines appear and kill the Japanese soldier, distressing Cliff. Director, producer, and co-writer Wilde plays a Marine captain, the company commander. Rip Torn plays his company gunnery sergeant, who utters the film's tagline, \\\"That's what we're here for. To kill. The rest is all crap!\\\" Cast Cornel Wilde - Captain MacDonald Rip Torn - Gunnery Sergeant Honeywell Burr DeBenning - Egan Patrick Wolfe - Cliff Jean Wallace - Julie Jaime Sánchez - Colombo Dale Ishimoto - Captain Tanaka Production Beach Red was filmed on location in the Philippines using troops of the Philippine Armed Forces. The sequence of the Japanese dressed in Marine uniforms was inspired by Bowman's book, which mentions Japanese wearing American helmets to infiltrate American lines. There were no incidents in the Pacific where large numbers of Japanese donned American uniforms and attempted to infiltrate a beachhead. The action, though, is similar in some ways to a large-scale Japanese counterattack and banzai charge conducted on July 7, 1944, on Saipan, which was defeated by U.S. Army troops with heavy losses. When seeking assistance from the U.S. Marine Corps, Wilde was told that due to the commitments of the Vietnam War, all the Corps\",\n \"title\": \"Beach Red\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29600235\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"WUPHF.com\\\" is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the 135th episode overall. Written by Aaron Shure and directed by Danny Leiner, the episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 18, 2010. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees at the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) struggle to convince coworkers who have invested in Ryan's startup company that he can make it profitable. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) hosts a hay festival in the parking lot of the building, distracting him from fulfilling a contract to Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) to have sex. The episode received positive reviews and was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Comedy. Synopsis Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) has convinced Michael Scott (Steve Carell), Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson), Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker), Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) to invest in his startup business, a cross-portal messaging system housed at WUPHF.com. While Ryan touts a planned \\\"investors ski weekend\\\", Michael learns that there is already an offer to buy out WUPHF.com, but also that Ryan only has nine days of funding left before his venture collapses. Ryan's subsequent sales pitch falls apart when he reveals that the potential buyer is the Washington University Public Health Fund, who are only interested in the domain name because it contains their initials, WUPHF. While the others demand that Ryan sell the company, Michael defends him, and because Michael is the majority shareholder in the company, his decision stands. Pam privately tells Michael that Ryan has never viewed Michael as a best friend, and is merely taking advantage of Michael's affection and loyalty for him. Pam reminds Michael that other people have money at stake, and they will all lose money if he and Ryan do not sell the company. Michael is later upset by Ryan when he refuses to have dinner with him, and again when Ryan supports Michael's theoretical plan to get a second mortgage to fund WUPHF.com. While Michael refuses to sell the company, he pressures Ryan to save everyone's money and find a suitable course of action. Ryan, unable to make WUPHF.com profitable, decides to sell the company, to Michael's relief. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) hosts a hay festival in the parking lot for the Thanksgiving holiday, distracting him from a contractual obligation to have sex with Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) at her request. A frustrated Angela meets a charming, friendly man (Jack Coleman) who is attending the festival with his young son (Griffin Gluck). Angela discovers that he is a widower, and approves when he asks if he can call her sometime. Dwight appoints himself the \\\"Hay Festival King\\\" in the meantime, revealing that the entire purpose of the festival was to exorcise memories from his childhood, where his family would\",\n \"title\": \"WUPHF.com\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41320181\",\n \"text\": \"10th SLGFCA Awards December 14, 2013 Best Film: 12 Years a Slave Best Director: Steve McQueen12 Years a Slave The nominees for the 10th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards were announced on December 9, 2013. Winners, runners-up and nominees Best Film 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: American Hustle Gravity Her Nebraska Best Actor Chiwetel Ejiofor – 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: Matthew McConaughey – Dallas Buyers Club Christian Bale – American Hustle Bruce Dern – Nebraska Michael B. Jordan – Fruitvale Station Best Supporting Actor Jared Leto – Dallas Buyers Club Runner-up: Will Forte – Nebraska Barkhad Abdi – Captain Phillips Michael Fassbender – 12 Years a Slave Harrison Ford – 42 Best Original Screenplay Her – Spike Jonze Runner-up: American Hustle – David O. Russell and Eric Warren Singer Enough Said – Nicole Holofcener Nebraska – Bob Nelson Saving Mr. Banks – Kelly Marcel and Sue Smith Best Cinematography 12 Years a Slave – Sean Bobbitt Runner-up: Gravity – Emmanuel Lubezki The Grandmaster – Philippe Le Sourd The Great Gatsby – Simon Duggan Inside Llewyn Davis – Bruno Delbonnel Nebraska – Phedon Papamichael Best Music Arcade Fire - Her Runner-up (tie): Steven Price - Gravity and Mark Orton - Nebraska Hans Zimmer - 12 Years a Slave Howard Shore - The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Thomas Newman - Saving Mr. Banks Best Art Direction The Great Gatsby Runner-up: Her 12 Years a Slave The Grandmaster Inside Llewyn Davis Best Foreign Language Film Blue Is the Warmest Colour • France Runner-up Wadjda • Saudi Arabia / Germany A Hijacking • Denmark The Hunt • Denmark No • Chile Best Animated Feature Frozen Runner-up: The Wind Rises The Croods Despicable Me 2 Monsters University Best Scene (favorite movie scene or sequence) 12 Years a Slave: The hanging scene Runner-up: Gravity: Opening tracking shot Captain Phillips: The scene near the end of the film where Tom Hanks is being checked out by military medical personnel and he breaks down. Her: OS sex scene The Place Beyond the Pines: The opening scene where Ryan Gosling is walking through the carnival. Best Director Steve McQueen – 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: Alfonso Cuarón – Gravity Spike Jonze – Her Alexander Payne – Nebraska David O. Russell – American Hustle Best Actress Cate Blanchett – Blue Jasmine Runner-up: Meryl Streep – August: Osage County Amy Adams – American Hustle Sandra Bullock – Gravity Judi Dench – Philomena Emma Thompson – Saving Mr. Banks Best Supporting Actress Lupita Nyong'o – 12 Years a Slave Runner-up: June Squibb – Nebraska Scarlett Johansson – Her Jennifer Lawrence – American Hustle Léa Seydoux – Blue Is the Warmest Colour Best Adapted Screenplay 12 Years a Slave – John Ridley Runner-up: Philomena – Steve Coogan and Jeff Pope Before Midnight – Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke and Richard Linklater Captain Phillips – Billy Ray Short Term 12 – Destin Daniel Cretton The Spectacular Now – Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Best Visual Effects Gravity Runner-up: The Hobbit: The\",\n \"title\": \"St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2013\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54261251\",\n \"text\": \"No Good Deed is a 2017 American superhero short film featuring the Marvel Comics character Deadpool. The film was directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, with Ryan Reynolds starring as Deadpool. In No Good Deed, Wade Wilson tries to save an old man from a mugger, but fails because he takes the time to change into his Deadpool costume first. Shortly before the release of the 2017 film Logan, its theatrical runtime was extended by several minutes. This was due to the addition of a Deadpool short film playing before Logan in place of a traditional post-credits scene. The short was filmed in December 2016 and serves as a tease for the feature film Deadpool 2, but is not a trailer for that film. It plays into Deadpool's characteristic humor in several ways, being based on an absurd premise that would not work in a feature film, having fourth wall-breaking references to Logan, making fun of the character Superman, and featuring a cameo by Stan Lee in one version. No Good Deed was originally released by 20th Century Fox in front of Logan on March 3, 2017, and an alternate version of the short was released online by Reynolds the following day. Responses to the short praised it as a tease for Deadpool 2 and for showing that Leitch understands the character ahead of directing that film. Its humor was also highlighted by many critics. Plot Wade Wilson comes across an old man being mugged in an alley, and races to change into his Deadpool costume before he helps the man. As Wilson struggles to get dressed in a nearby phone booth, the man is shot. Wilson emerges, now as Deadpool, only to find the man dead and the mugger long gone. Cast Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool Stan Lee as himself Production David Leitch directed a scene featuring Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool in December 2016, which was believed to be intended as a post-credits scene for the 2017 film Logan. This was meant to tease the film Deadpool 2, which Leitch had been hired to direct a month earlier. However, this report was denied by Reynolds, Logan director James Mangold, and star Hugh Jackman. After Logans runtime was extended by three minutes shortly before its release, there was new speculation that a post-credits scene had been added to tease an upcoming X-Men film, but Mangold denied this again, saying that he wanted to \\\"make a movie that begun and ended on its own terms. There was nothing else to say, because we had said it.\\\" Instead, a Deadpool scene was shown as a teaser for Deadpool 2 before Logan, confirmed to be the scene directed by Leitch in December 2016. It was written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, writers of the Deadpool films. After the initial release, Reese quickly clarified that the scene was not intended to be an official trailer for Deadpool 2, with none of its footage meant to appear\",\n \"title\": \"No Good Deed (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11256082\",\n \"text\": \"Saving Private Ryan: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg. The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records. Recorded in Symphony Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus. The soundtrack runs for just over an hour, while the film itself lasts over two hours. Throughout the compositions, brass (especially French Horns), and strings were used to evoke a variety of emotions and tones. The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics, but was still nominated for several major awards, of which it won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television. Soundtrack opener \\\"Hymn to the Fallen\\\" received some radio play, in particular on the United States holidays Veterans Day and Memorial Day. The soundtrack was remastered and reissued as a commemorative twentieth anniversary edition by La-La Land Records in 2018. Background Steven Spielberg and John Williams had worked together on fifteen films before Saving Private Ryan (1998). The score was recorded at Symphony Hall in Boston, Massachusetts with the assistance of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. After having recorded the re-edited version of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and some of Schindler's List (1993) at Symphony Hall previously, this was the third time Spielberg and Williams worked on a soundtrack at this location. Spielberg chose Symphony Hall as the site for the recording because the hall gives \\\"rich, warm sound off the walls and ceiling\\\" and allows you to \\\"hear the air,\\\" which some soundstages do not allow you to do. Spielberg stated he chose to work with the Boston Symphony Orchestra because the film deals with a \\\"company of soldiers\\\" and the orchestra was an \\\"experienced company of musicians.\\\" Over the course of a three-day period in February 1998, the score for the film was recorded at a rate of around $100,000 an hour. Spielberg and Williams both watched a rough cut of the film to determine what scenes would have music. The two decided to leave music out of the fighting sequences, in favor of playing it over long sequences of eight to nine minutes that lack action. The playing of music between fighting sequences gives a moment of reflection for what happened. Tom Hanks came to a portion of the recording session and read the Bixby letter – which appears in the movie – to the orchestra at the behest of Williams. This caused the musicians to shuffle their feet in appreciation. Williams chose to use different families and types of instruments to convey and evoke certain tones within the score. String instruments were chosen to provide a warm sound, brass instruments were utilized for \\\"solemn\\\" sections of the pieces, and horn instruments were used to give off a pensive tone. Military drums were used largely in the piece entitled \\\"Hymn\",\n \"title\": \"Saving Private Ryan (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5128118\",\n \"text\": \"The Niland brothers were four American brothers of Irish descent from Tonawanda, New York, who served in the military during World War II. They were sons of Mr and Mrs Michael C. Niland. Two survived the war, but for a time, only one, Frederick \\\"Fritz\\\" Niland, was believed to have survived. After the reported deaths of his three brothers, Fritz was sent back to the United States to complete his service, and only later learned that his brother Edward, missing and presumed dead, was actually captive in a Japanese POW camp in Burma. Brothers Technical Sergeant Edward Francis Niland (December 22, 1912 – February 28, 1984), U.S. Army Air Forces: Imprisoned in a Japanese POW camp in Burma, he was captured on May 16, 1944, and liberated on May 4, 1945. After Edward's B-25 Mitchell was hit, he parachuted and wandered through the Burmese jungle before being taken prisoner. Edward lived in Tonawanda until his death in 1984 at the age of 71. Second Lieutenant Preston Thomas Niland (March 6, 1915 – June 7, 1944), 29, 22nd Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division, was killed in action on June 7, 1944, in Normandy, at the Crisbecq Battery. Technical Sergeant Robert Joseph \\\"Bob\\\" Niland (February 2, 1919 – June 6, 1944), 25, D Company, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division was killed in action on June 6, 1944 in Normandy. He volunteered to stay behind with Corporal James Kelly and hold off a German advance while his company retreated from Neuville-au-Plain. He was killed while manning his machine gun; Corporal James Kelly survived. Sergeant Frederick William \\\"Fritz\\\" Niland (April 23, 1920 – December 1, 1983), H Company, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division: Fritz was close friends with Warren Muck and Donald Malarkey, from E Company, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Fritz fought through the first few days of the Normandy campaign. Nine days following D-Day, Fritz had gone to the 82nd Airborne Division to see his brother, Bob. Once he arrived at division, he was informed that Bob had been killed on D-Day. Fritz was shipped back to England, and finally, to the U.S., where he served as an MP in New York until the completion of the war. Fritz was awarded a Bronze Star for his service. This story is evidenced in Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers, as well as from biographical data on Francis L. Sampson. Private James Ryan in the film Saving Private Ryan is loosely based on him. Fritz died in 1983 in San Francisco at the age of 63. Fritz married Marilyn Hartnett Batt and they had two daughters, Catherine (Cate) and Mary. Memorials In popular culture Steven Spielberg's 1998 film Saving Private Ryan is loosely based on the brothers' story. See also Bixby letter Borgstrom brothers Sullivan brothers Rogers brothers Brothers von Blücher, Germany's counterparts to the Niland/Sullivan Brothers Cervi Brothers Sole Survivor Policy References Saving Private Ryan Online Encyclopedia Saving Private Ryan a real-life drama\\\" by Ron Churchill, University\",\n \"title\": \"Niland brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11859513\",\n \"text\": \"Harrison Richard Young (March 13, 1930 – July 3, 2005) was an American character actor. He is known for playing the elderly Ryan in Saving Private Ryan. Career Young gained recognition for his role as the elderly Private James Ryan in Steven Spielberg's war epic Saving Private Ryan (1998). Having starred in over 100 films and television episodes, Young's other credits include Passions, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Rob Zombie's House of 1000 Corpses. Filmography 1991: Down Home (TV Series) as Lenny 1991: Reasonable Doubts (TV Series) as Drunk 1992: Waxwork II: Lost in Time as James Westbourne 1992: Guncrazy as Mr. Hickok, Howard's Dad 1992: A Child Lost Forever: The Jerry Sherwood Story (TV Movie) as Neighbor 1993: The Micronots! (TV Series) as Montgomery 1994: Marilyn, My Love 1995: ER (TV Series) as Parmelli 1996: Erotic Confessions (TV Series) as Roger Goodman, Department Store Owner 1996: Humanoids from the Deep (TV Movie) as Sergeant 1996: Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering (Video) as Drifter 1996: Ned and Stacey (TV Series) as Mr. Palmer 1996: Boston Common (TV Series) as Homeless Man 1997: The Night That Never Happened as Dad 1997: Click (TV Series) as Senator Gyrgich 1997: Butterscotch (TV Series) as Smiley 1997: True Vengeance (Video) as Sam Brown 1997: Law & Order (TV Series) as Gus 1997: Melrose Place (TV Series) as Drunk 1997: The Game as Obsequious Executive 1997: Total Security (TV Series) as Waiter #1 1997: Expose as Councilman Kaye 1997: Madam Savant as County Judge 1998: Second Skin 1998: Running Woman as Old Man 1998: The Opposite of Sex as Medical Examiner 1998: How to Make the Cruelest Month as Helpful Drunk 1998: Primary Colors as Sam 1998: Champions as Senator Able 1998: Saving Private Ryan as Old James Ryan 1998: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV Series) as Old Man 1998: Beverly Hills, 90210 (TV Series) as Grandpa Ed Taylor 1999: Blast from the Past as Bum 1999: Sliders (1 episode) as Henry Nichols 1999: Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV Series) as Vagrant 1999: Yonggary as Dr. Wendel Hughes 1999: Work with Me (TV Series) as Sullivan 1999: Durango Kids as Uncle Gus 1999: Witness Protection (TV Movie) as Mr. O'Connor, Cindy's Father 1999: Ugly Naked People Bob, Tour Guide 2000: Providence (TV Series) as Monroe Ellison 2000: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle as General Foods 2000: Crocodile (Video) as Sheriff Bowman 2000: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV Series) as Judge Cohen 2000: Starforce as Wizened Council Member 2000: The Norm Show (TV Series) as Simon 2000: The Beach Boys: An American Family (TV Mini-Series) as Buddy Wilson 2000: Blue Shark Hash as Captain Jack 2001: Passions (TV Series) as Palmer Harper 2001: The Korean War (TV Series) as President Eisenhower 2001: Red as Kidnapper 2001: The West Wing (TV Series) as Senator Grissom 2002: 7th Heaven (TV Series) as Frank 2002: Bubba Ho-tep as Elvis' Roommate 2002: Demon Under Glass (Video) as James Conroy 2002: Trance as Henry Santorini 2002: Ken Park\",\n \"title\": \"Harrison Young\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20493084\",\n \"text\": \"Ryan Clayton Bank (born April 27, 1981) is an Emerging Technology Expert and Social Innovation Evangelist. Bank is the Founder of Social Intelligence Corporation, a start-up company that enables governments and corporate clients to gather Social and Open Source Intelligence. Besides advising governments and corporations on the use of Emerging Technology, Bank is also a featured speaker both nationally and internationally on the organizational value of Innovation. Prior to founding Social Intelligence Corporation, Bank was an award-winning television producer, new media expert and President of Clayton Entertainment, a Chicago, Illinois based media production and distribution company. Early life Bank is the son of Charles Nicky Bank, a financial industry executive, and Charlotte Bank, a homemaker. He attended Bannockburn Elementary School and then Deerfield High School (Illinois) in Deerfield, Illinois, where he first started in media production. While in high school, he received numerous national and international media awards. Ryan Bank graduated cum laude from the School of Communications through the School of Continuing Studies of Northwestern University where he was inducted into the Alpha Sigma Lambda society. Clayton Entertainment Ryan Bank served as the president of Clayton Entertainment, a media production company based in Chicago, Illinois. Clayton Entertainment was founded as a media production company and has worked on projects ranging from music videos, television programs, media production and now New Media. Clayton Entertainment has become involved with the production and distribution of new media projects with platforms such as Hulu. A Private War In 2001, Bank produced a documentary and feature film, A Private War, about the life of Dr. Eugene Lazowski. Lazowski saved the lives of about 8,000 Jews in the town of Rozwadów as well as in surrounding villages by creating a fake typhus epidemic during World War II. He used medical science to save Jews and other Poles from being deported to the Nazi concentration camps. Haiti earthquake Bank developed a system for the United States Coast Guard that used social media monitoring to find survivors after the 2010 Haiti earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Based on an extensive set of tools — including the remarkable work of several NGOs and Private Volunteer Organizations — he was able to monitor hundreds of thousands of messages coming from Haiti, looking for those that needed immediate rescue. Upon receiving distress messages, Bank worked with military responders to coordinate message traffic with information from other sources. Ultimately, this intelligence would be passed to commanders in the field and rescue teams were launched to the location. References External links Personal Site Social Intelligence Corp Site Living people 1981 births People from Lake Forest, Illinois People from Bannockburn, Illinois\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Bank\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20236382\",\n \"text\": \"The Flyin' Ryan Brothers is an American progressive rock band that formed in Illinois in 1995. It comprises two brothers, Jimmy and Johnny, who between them contribute guitars, bass, drums, keyboards, vocals and many other instruments. History Jimmy and Johnny began playing guitar in the late-1960s, at the ages of 14 and 12 respectively. Influenced by their parents—mother Virginia was a pianist, father Edward was a vocalist—they received no formal music training and had joined bands by 1971. After hearing progressive rock band Wishbone Ash (notable for featuring two lead guitarists) on the radio in 1973, the brothers formed a similar band with local musicians by the name of Westfall. They progressed from playing local clubs to having their first studio session and recording their first two tracks, \\\"Everything I Could Ask For\\\" and \\\"Sunshine Daydream\\\", in a short space of time, developing their double lead style along the way. Other bands they played in through the 1970s include Axis, Nutcracker and Freeze, opening for such famous acts as Kiss, Styx, Survivor, Head East and The Beach Boys. During the 1980s, as the music scene was changing to focus on disco, the brothers began to work separately as session musicians, solo artists and with other bands. It was during this time that Jimmy recorded his solo album Finally and Johnny began building his own studio, known as The Garage, where he also began recording his own music. After some years the brothers reunited, and in 1996 released their debut album, Sibling Revelry, which featured guest appearances from guitarists Michael Angelo Batio and Tommy Dziallo. The Brothers' second album, Colorama, was released in 1999, which featured more guest musicians (in addition to Batio and Dziallo), namely vocalists Jim \\\"Mudpuppy\\\" Wiley, Nick Cortese and Johnny Mrozek. The band's official website was created in February 2000, a process which Johnny values highly, claiming \\\"The internet saved us ... without it, we could have never hoped for more than a regional awareness of our music ... we've established contacts and expanded our fan base across the entire planet.\\\" Legacy was released in 2002, followed by Blue Marble and Totality in 2005 and 2008 respectively. Under the Influence, their last album, was released in 2012. In addition to these releases, Jimmy has released a number of solo albums. He released Finally in 1989 (reissued in 1999), Truth Squad – Superkiller in 2003, 21st Century Riffology in 2017, Astral Café in 2021 and The Healing Guitar in 2022. DiscographySibling Revelry (1996)Colorama (1999)Legacy (2002)The Chaos Sampler (2003)Blue Marble (2005)Totality (2008)Under the Influence (2011) Jimmy Ryan Solo Finally (1999)Truth Squad – Superkiller (2003)21st Century Riffology (2017)Astral Café (2021)The Healing Guitar'' (2022) References External links Official site Musical groups established in 1995 Progressive rock musical groups from Illinois Streamwood, Illinois People from Cook County, Illinois Sibling musical duos\",\n \"title\": \"The Flyin' Ryan Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72522276\",\n \"text\": \"Beatrice Judd Ryan (née Beatrice Bromfield; c.1880–December 1, 1966) was an Australian-born American gallerist, art dealer, curator, arts philanthropist, and poet. She was best known for her work in prompting modern art, as a founding director of Galerie Beaux Arts in San Francisco, and as an organizer of the 1940 \\\"Art in Action\\\" program at the Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE). She was nicknamed \\\"Mrs. San Francisco\\\", for her tirelessly support of West Coast artists. Biography Beatrice Judd Ryan was born c. 1880 in Melbourne, Australia to parents Mary (née Ware) and Davenport Bromfield. In 1882, when she was a toddler, her family moved to California and settled in San Mateo County. Her mother established the first Christian Science Church on the peninsula (in the San Francisco Bay Area). Ryan was a graduate of Castilleja School, a private preparatory high school in Palo Alto; and a graduate of Stanford University, where she majored in English (AB degree, 1902). She did not have formal education in art history or art. In 1906, she married Arthur Judd Ryan, a classmate. Together they had two children and settled in New York City. After her husband's death, the family moved to San Francisco. She was the founding director of Galerie Beaux Arts, a cooperative nonprofit gallery on Maiden Lane in San Francisco, active from 1925 to 1933. Maynard Dixon was also involved with the gallery in providing guidance. Their mission was to show modernist art, this was the first contemporary art gallery in the city. An image of Ryan is painted into the park scene (in the far left, sitting in the artist group) in the Beach Chalet murals (1936), by Lucien Labaudt. During the Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE) in 1939 to 1940, Ryan served as the State Director of Exhibitions, and she organized the \\\"Art in Action\\\" program. In 1945, she worked at the Rotunda Gallery at the City of Paris store in San Francisco. After her death in 1966, she bequeathed money to multiple museums in San Francisco the \\\"Beatrice Judd Ryan Bequest Fund purchase\\\", with the clause that the museum had to regularly buy West Coast modern art for their collections. Publications References External links Oral history interview with Beatrice Judd Ryan, 1964 February 2 from Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution 1880s births 1966 deaths Australian emigrants to the United States Castilleja School alumni Stanford University alumni American art dealers American women curators American art curators People from Melbourne Women art dealers\",\n \"title\": \"Beatrice Judd Ryan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45451649\",\n \"text\": \"Bound is a 2015 American erotic thriller film written and directed by Jared Cohn and starring Charisma Carpenter and Daniel Baldwin. It was produced by The Asylum. Plot Michelle Mulan, an attractive woman in her forties, is a real estate broker who has recently been promoted at a failing firm. Although she is fully qualified for her new position, she was promoted because of her father, Walter's, status as chairman. While other executives want to sell the firm, she thinks it would be more of an advantage for her father's company to merge with a larger firm. Despite unfulfilled sexual desires, Michelle does not cheat on her boyfriend George. As a single mother, she struggles to raise her teenage daughter, Dara, who wants more freedom in her life. Michelle takes Dara to a local restaurant dinner one evening, where she meets a man named Ryan Black, 15 years younger than she, who becomes enamored of her. After dropping Dara off at home, Michelle returns to the restaurant, where Ryan tries to seduce her. She fends him off, but accepts his telephone number. Although, initially, she decides not to meet him, but the next day, after the merger is authorized, she does meet with him. After rejecting a marriage proposal from George, Michelle goes out with Ryan. On their date, he introduces her to the world of BDSM, after which Michelle cheats on George. After breaking up with George, Michelle begins to date Ryan, easily giving in to his dominating personality. Falling in love, Michelle begins to call Ryan her \\\"master\\\" and refers to herself as a \\\"messy whore.\\\" At a benefit dinner, Ryan begins to insult Michelle's client, Jesse Aaron, and to operate a vibrator egg she is wearing while she is with Jesse. Still, Michelle manages to get Jesse to consider a merger. Michelle decides to learn more about being dominated and quickly finds that she enjoys submitting to Ryan's will. She learns that Ryan has a criminal record. She continues to try to negotiate a merger deal with Jesse Aaron in order to save her father's firm and continues to see Ryan, surrendering to him completely, while learning more and more about the submissive lifestyle. Along the way, she also learns how to become a dominant, and a woman at a BDSM club warns her that Ryan is a predator. Unknown to her, Ryan also rapes Dara and has made her a submissive. Seeing this, Michelle finally throws off Ryan's bonds and uses her new-found sexual prowess to take control of her life. Ryan assaults her when she confronts him at his loft about his grooming and rape of Dara, but Michelle knocks him unconscious with a camera tripod. She takes him to his private dungeon and binds him, turning him into her submissive. After torturing Ryan, Michelle turns him over to the police for raping her underage daughter. With her newfound confidence, Michelle seals the deal with Jesse Aaron and the merger of Walter's company to Jesse's\",\n \"title\": \"Bound (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52464994\",\n \"text\": \"Save Yourself is a 2015 horror-thriller directed by Ryan M. Andrews. The film stars Tristan Risk (American Mary) and Jessica Cameron and was released on 28 November 2015. The film won Best Horror Feature at the 2016 Bare Bones International Film Festival and was inspired by a road trip director Ryan M. Andrews took with writing partner Chris Cull, from Toronto to Oklahoma. Premise Five female filmmakers en route to Los Angeles to a screening of their new horror film, experience real life terror when their paths cross with a maniacal scientist. Reception The Toronto Film Scene says, \\\"Director and co-writer Ryan M. Andrews has crafted the perfect kind of straight-up horror film that many viewers will remember growing up on...\\\" References External links 2015 films Canadian horror thriller films English-language Canadian films 2010s English-language films 2010s Canadian films\",\n \"title\": \"Save Yourself (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14293551\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Stop and Stare\\\" is the second single by American band OneRepublic from their debut studio album, Dreaming Out Loud (2007). \\\"Stop and Stare\\\" was released to American radio on November 27, 2007, and British radio on December 16, 2007, reaching number-one and to Australian radio on December 17, 2007, reaching number one as well following up on the global success of the previous top ten single \\\"Apologize\\\". The single was released on March 3, 2008, in the United Kingdom. \\\"Stop and Stare\\\" has sold over two million digital downloads worldwide. The song starts off with an acoustic guitar riff accompanied by a ringing electric guitar background fill. Both continue throughout the entire song. The song gradually builds up, with bass and drums coming in, as the song approaches the prechorus, before erupting into an emotional chorus led by Ryan Tedder's vocals and carried along by the full band. The song climaxes at the bridge, with Tedder's falsetto and an electric guitar tremolo background. In live versions, guitarist Drew Brown plays a tremolo guitar solo during the bridge portion instead of the original recording. Critical reception Nick Levine of Digital Spy described the song as \\\"a big, muscular rock ballad, very much in the Matchbox 20 mould, steered by a vein-poppingly emotional vocal from lead singer Ryan Tedder\\\". Music video The official music video for \\\"Stop and Stare\\\" premiered on MTV's TRL on January 28, 2008. The video was directed by Anthony Mandler. The video was filmed in the desert of Palmdale, California at an old gas station/motel. Throughout the video we see flashes of scenes with multiple versions of the band members Ryan Tedder, Zach Filkins, Eddie Fisher, Brent Kutzle, and Drew Brown. As the video begins, we see Ryan walking through the desert toward an open grave where a preacher stands delivering a eulogy. As he walks, we see flashes of scenes with Ryan completely submerged in a bathtub while fully clothed, in motel room #7 staring at a television displaying static, ringing the service bell at the motel desk, and sitting and waiting in the motel lobby. More Ryans are seen wandering around the motel, and again in motel room #7 leaning against the wall listening, while yet another Ryan is seen frantically driving a car with a pregnant woman in the back seat about to give birth. The Ryan standing at the open grave splits into two Ryans with one Ryan staying by the grave appearing to pray, while the second Ryan walks back toward the motel. At one point, we see the band in motel room #13 performing the song and Ryan entering the room and joining them. Outside the motel, people from all walks of life have been gathering. Among them are Ryan, Zach, Eddie, Brent and Drew. They are all just standing outside the motel, staring. Many of these scenes repeat and continue to flash back and forth, culminating in a scene where the Ryan driving the car comes to a screeching halt almost\",\n \"title\": \"Stop and Stare\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21634253\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Bryce (born 1956) is an English film producer. Starting as a production assistant on Return of the Jedi in 1983, he has since served as a producer for films including Twister, Saving Private Ryan, The Island, Spider-Man, Transformers, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. According to The Numbers, his films have grossed $7 billion worldwide—making him the 14th highest-grossing film producer as of . Career Bryce has won and been nominated for many awards, including multiple Golden Globe Awards, Academy Awards and BAFTA nominations for his work as a producer. For Steven Spielberg's World War II drama Saving Private Ryan, he won a Golden Globe Award and nominations from the Academy Awards and BAFTA. The latter film was the second-highest grossing film of 1998. Almost Famous, another Bryce production, received a BAFTA for Best Film in 2000. Bryce co-produced each the films in the Michael Bay Transformers series, one of the highest-grossing film franchises of the 21st century. Personal life Bryce grew up in Bristol, England, but moved to the US as a young adult. After marrying his wife Taylor, they moved to Los Angeles. They have two kids, Mac Bryce, and Alex Bryce. Filmography Producer The Beverly Hillbillies (1993) Twister (1996) Hard Rain (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Almost Famous (2000) Spider-Man (2002) Tears of the Sun (2003) The Island (2005) Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) World War Z (2013) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) War Machine (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) 6 Underground (2019) Finding 'Ohana (2021) Ambulance (2022) Executive producer Speed (1994) Hancock (2008) Associate producer Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Howard the Duck (1986) Batman Returns (1992) Production manager Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Field of Dreams (1989) The Rocketeer (1991) Other credits See also List of accolades received by Almost Famous 1998 in film References External links \\\"PRODUCED BY 2009\\\" (Producers Guild of America) 1956 births English film producers English emigrants to the United States Living people People from Totnes\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Bryce\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18096774\",\n \"text\": \"Arthur St. John Ryan (18 July 1935 – 8 July 2019) was an Irish businessman who was the founder, chairman, and chief executive of Primark. The business was founded as Penneys and continues to trade under that name in the Republic of Ireland. Early life Arthur Ryan was born the son of a Cork-born insurance clerk in 1935, and went to the Synge Street CBS in Dublin after moving to the city with his family. After emigrating to London, he entered the genteel world of gentlemen's tailoring as a tie buyer at Swan & Edgar. He also worked for London fashion wholesaler Carr & McDonald. From there, he returned to Dublin and a job at Dunnes Stores in Cornelscourt. Business career Ryan opened the first Penneys shop on Mary Street in Dublin in 1969. Subsequently, in 1974, he took the model to Britain under the new brand-name Primark to avoid legal problems with US chain JC Penney. The major turnaround came in 2005, when Primark acquired a huge portfolio of Littlewoods stores. Meanwhile, close attention to catwalk trends made it chic as well as cheap. It went from being the \\\"shop that nobody admitted going to\\\" to a Mecca for celebrity shoppers. It now accounts for over a third of parent company Associated British Foods' (ABF) operating profits. In 2009, Ryan gave up his day-to-day control of the firm as chief executive but became chairman instead. Personal life Arthur St John Ryan was married to the former entertainer (The Swarbriggs/Alma Carroll) and had a daughter Jess Ryan. Ryan additionally had four children from his first marriage, Colin, Barry, Arthur and Alison Ryan. He was an intensely private man, living in one of Dublin's best-protected houses, he never gave interviews and was rarely seen in public without bodyguards. His great fear was kidnap – a real enough threat for Irish retail magnates during the Troubles. In 1981, the IRA snatched department store boss Ben Dunne; two years later, they tried to kidnap Galen Weston, scion of the Canadian family behind Primark's owner, food and retail conglomerate Associated British Foods (ABF). Ryan took no chances. \\\"His daily schedule is kept secret from all but his closest aides.\\\"[5] Ryan's son, Barry, who was 51, died while attempting to save his son and his son's girlfriend from drowning during a freak accident on 30 June 2015. Barry's son and his girlfriend also died during the rescue bid. Death Ryan died of a short illness on 8 July 2019, 10 days before his 84th birthday. References 1935 births 2019 deaths Businesspeople from County Dublin Irish businesspeople in fashion People educated at Synge Street CBS 20th-century Irish businesspeople\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Ryan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8394133\",\n \"text\": \"Maximilian Carlo Martini (born December 11, 1969) is an American actor, writer, and director known for his roles as Corporal Fred Henderson in Saving Private Ryan, Wiley in Level 9, First Sergeant Sid Wojo in The Great Raid, and as Master Sergeant Mack Gerhardt in the CBS military drama television series The Unit. He also starred in the film 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi as Mark Geist. Career Film After college, Martini found steady work in film and television projects. His film roles include co-starring opposite Jodie Foster in Robert Zemeckis's Contact as Willie, a fellow scientist with an affinity for brightly colored shirts, and sharing the screen with Tom Hanks and Matt Damon in Saving Private Ryan as Corporal Henderson, ranking NCO of Pfc. James Ryan's unit, who helped Cpt. John H. Miller and his men in the brutal final shootout of the film. Martini later co-starred in John Dahl's The Great Raid as 1st Sgt. Sid Wojo. He appeared in smaller independent films, working with Calista Flockhart in Jane Doe, Chris Penn and Jeffrey Wright in Cement and in the 2000 Sundance Film Festival fave Backroads. In 1999, Martini wrote, co-directed and starred in Desert Son. His younger brother, Christopher, co-directed the film with him, and his sister, Michelle, served as costume designer. He had a recurring role in the ABC drama Castle. In 2011, the Noor Iranian Film Festival in Los Angeles invited him to participate as an official festival judge. In 2013, he played the role of the U.S. Navy SEAL commander in Paul Greengrass's Academy Award-nominated film Captain Phillips. In 2013, Guillermo del Toro cast Martini and Rob Kazinsky as the Australian father-son pilot duo in Pacific Rim. In 2014, Martini was cast in Legendary Pictures' supernatural thriller Spectral. Martini played Christian Grey's bodyguard in the film Fifty Shades of Grey (2015), and its two sequels. In 2016, Martini portrayed Mark \\\"Oz\\\" Geist in Michael Bay's 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi. Martini made his directorial debut in 2019 with a military drama. Sgt. Will Gardner, in which he also starred as Sgt. Will Gardner. Television and theater Martini's television credits include a lead role in the Sci-fi Channel's Emmy nominated mini-series Taken and appearances as Agent Steve Goodrich on the second season of 24. He was also cast in X-Files creator Chris Carter's Harsh Realm, and had a recurring role in the Canadian series Da Vinci's Inquest. He also appeared in Lie to Me. After memorable guest-star turns in popular series, including Numb3rs, Walker Texas Ranger, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and CSI: Miami, Martini landed a lead role in The Unit, a series about a tier-1 US Army special operations team created by David Mamet and produced by Shawn Ryan of The Shield. Martini remains active in the theater, having co-founded the Theatre North Collaborative in New York City, a company of American and Canadian actors dedicated solely to producing new works from both sides of the border. In 2011, he\",\n \"title\": \"Max Martini\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55130027\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Hub (born 13 March 1964) is a Czech character actor, best known for his portrayals of immigrants with broken English, soldiers, secret agents and bodyguards. As a professional stuntman, he is best known for his work in James Cameron's Titanic, Saving Private Ryan, and Gladiator. Life and career A lifelong native of the Prague, Czech Republic, in high school Hub was an active athlete, playing football and handball, threw javelin, balls, disk, and boxing. He attended the Czech stunt school, Jaroslav Toms, and made his film debut in Field Field in 1986. He later appeared in such blockbuster movies as Titanic, playing a non-English speaking Slovak father who goes down with the ship with his son in his arms, a Czech soldier in Saving Private Ryan, and was Russell Crowe's official stuntman in Gladiator. Hub acts in the stunt group of Filmka and coordinates and teaches stunts professionally. Filmography Cool Runnings (1993) – Czech Bobsled Driver Titanic (1997) – Slovakian Father Saving Private Ryan (1998) – Czech Wehrmacht Soldier Hannibal Rising (2007) – Lothar Life is Life (2015) – Pirate Pěstírna (2017) – Šembera References External links 1964 births Czech male film actors Czech male television actors Czech stunt performers Living people Male actors from Prague 20th-century Czech male actors 21st-century Czech male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Hub\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Omaha Beach"],"string":"[\n \"Omaha Beach\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":53,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31339"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who is the king in season 7 of game of thrones"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"713577","text":"A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 1, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award. The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011, the novel became a New York Times Bestseller and reached No. 1 on the list in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Ihsan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |title=The New York Times Bestseller List |date=10 July 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2011-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124451/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A paperback TV tie-in re-edition was published in March 2013, titled Game of Thrones. PlotA Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously. In the Seven Kingdoms Upon the death of Lord Jon Arryn, the principal advisor to King Robert Baratheon, Robert recruits his childhood friend Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, now Warden of the North, to replace Arryn as Hand of the King, and to betroth his daughter Sansa to Robert's son Joffrey. Ned accepts the position when he learns that Arryn's widow Lysa believes he was poisoned by Robert's wife Queen Cersei Lannister and her family. Shortly thereafter, Ned's son Bran discovers Cersei having sex with her twin brother Jaime Lannister, who throws Bran from the tower to conceal their affair, leaving him comatose and paralyzing his legs. Ned leaves his castle Winterfell and departs for the capital city, King's Landing, bringing along his daughters Sansa and Arya. Upon arriving in King's Landing to take his post as Hand, Ned finds that Robert is an ineffective king whose only interests are hunting, drinking, and womanizing. At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran while he is unconscious, and Ned's wife Catelyn travels to King's Landing to bring word to Ned. Catelyn's childhood friend, Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish, implicates Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, in the assassination attempt. On the road back to Winterfell, Catelyn encounters Tyrion by chance, arrests him, and takes him to the Vale, where her sister Lysa Arryn is regent, to stand trial for the attempt on Bran's life. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid the Riverlands, Catelyn's home region. Tyrion regains his freedom by recruiting a mercenary named Bronn to defend him in trial by combat. Ned investigates Jon Arryn's death and eventually discovers that Robert's legal heirs, including Joffrey, are in fact Cersei's children by Jaime, and that Jon Arryn was","title":"A Game of Thrones"},{"docid":"26255566","text":"Myrcella Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. Myrcella's character, development and her interactions and impact differ greatly between the two media. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Myrcella is the only daughter of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. She subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Feast for Crows (2005). Myrcella is portrayed by Irish actress Aimee Richardson in the first two seasons of the HBO television adaptation, while English actress Nell Tiger Free portrays her in the show's fifth and sixth seasons. Character Since Myrcella Baratheon is not a point of view character in A Song of Ice and Fire, the reader learns about her through other characters' perspectives, such as her uncle Tyrion Lannister. She is a background character in the books. Storylines A Game of Thrones Myrcella is introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996) as the only daughter of Queen Cersei Lannister and King Robert Baratheon. In her first appearance, she accompanies her parents, her two brothers (Joffrey and Tommen Baratheon), and her two \"uncles\" (Tyrion and Jaime Lannister) to Winterfell where Robert asks Eddard Stark to be appointed as Hand of the King. She is later shown attending the tournament to celebrate Eddard's inauguration into his position. While investigating Jon Arryn's death, Eddard discovers that Myrcella and her brothers are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime. A Clash of Kings In 1998's A Clash of Kings, Myrcella attends Joffrey's nameday as King. She greets her uncle Tyrion and tells him that she is glad that the rumors of his death were false. During the War of the Five Kings, Tyrion makes plans to forge an alliance with House Martell of Dorne by having Myrcella wed to Trystane Martell, the son of the current ruler of Dorne, but part of the arrangement involved sending her to Dorne to live in the Martell household. A Feast for Crows During A Storm of Swords (2000), Trystane's sister Arianne Martell plans to crown Myrcella as Robert's heir instead of Tommen, hoping to incite the Dornishmen to rebel against the Lannisters to seat her on the Iron Throne. However, Doran Martell has been tipped off to the conspiracy and his men ambush Arianne's party as they attempt to sail up the Greenblood. In the ensuing confrontation, one of Arianne's co-conspirators, Ser Gerold \"Darkstar\" Dayne, attempts to kill Myrcella; although unsuccessful, he cuts off one of her ears and leaves her scarred. A Dance with Dragons In A Dance with Dragons (2011), Myrcella travels back to King's Landing with Nymeria Sand. TV adaptation Overview In the HBO television adaptation, Aimee Richardson portrayed Myrcella for the first two seasons. Initially cast as a stand-in, Richardson impressed the crew enough to be kept as a full cast member; she appeared in eight episodes. Nell Tiger Free","title":"Myrcella Baratheon"},{"docid":"60810065","text":"\"The Iron Throne\" is the series finale of the HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 73rd and final episode overall, \"The Iron Throne\" is the sixth episode of the eighth season, and was written and directed by executive producers and series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It first aired on May 19, 2019. In the episode, the characters deal with the aftermath of Daenerys Targaryen's (Emilia Clarke) devastation of King's Landing and determine who will finally rule Westeros. The episode garnered mixed responses from critics and audiences. Although most critics took issue with the episode's story arcs, pacing and tone, some others deemed it a satisfying conclusion to the series, praising the acting and visuals. Benioff and Weiss received directing and writing nominations for the episode at the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, whilst Kit Harington and Peter Dinklage selected the episodes to support their nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, respectively. Dinklage won in his category. Plot Jon and Davos survey the destruction that Daenerys brought on King's Landing. Tyrion finds the crushed corpses of Cersei and Jaime in the ruins of the Red Keep. Grey Worm and his men execute Lannister soldiers; Jon attempts to intervene, but Grey Worm insists he is acting on Daenerys' orders. Daenerys declares to the Unsullied and Dothraki that they \"liberated\" the people of King's Landing, and she will soon \"liberate\" the entire world. Tyrion publicly resigns as Daenerys' Hand in protest, and she has him arrested for treason. Jon visits Tyrion in captivity, who tells Jon that despite the love they both have for Daenerys, it is Jon's duty to kill her for being the people's greatest threat. Tyrion also warns Jon that Arya and Sansa will not bend the knee to Daenerys, putting all of House Stark in danger. Jon confronts Daenerys in the destroyed throne room. Daenerys blames Cersei for the deaths of the civilians and refuses to forgive Tyrion or the Lannister prisoners, arguing that their executions – and a continued \"liberation\" campaign – are necessary to establish her vision of a good world. Unable to dissuade Daenerys, a conflicted Jon fatally stabs her as they kiss. As Jon grieves, Drogon arrives. After discovering that Daenerys has been murdered, an anguished Drogon melts the Iron Throne before carrying her body away to the east. Weeks later, the lords and ladies of the Seven Kingdoms convene at the Dragonpit to discuss the fates of Tyrion and Jon, still imprisoned by the Unsullied. Tyrion suggests that future monarchs be chosen by a council of lords and ladies, instead of inheriting the crown. The council agrees and elects Bran as the new king of the Seven Kingdoms. Sansa declares the North's independence from the Seven Kingdoms, which Bran accepts. Bran appoints Tyrion as his Hand so that Tyrion can make amends for his various wrongs and sentences Jon to rejoin the Night's Watch for life to appease","title":"The Iron Throne (Game of Thrones)"},{"docid":"35948928","text":"Thronecast is a British television series which aired on Sky Atlantic between 2011 and 2019. From the fifth series onwards, the show was presented by Sue Perkins and Jamie East. It is an aftershow to Game of Thrones, which also aired on the channel in the United Kingdom. Each episode varied between 10 minutes and 60 minutes in length and featured interviews with cast and crew members, interaction with the audience through social media, and analysis of the episode, along with a preview of the next episode of Game of Thrones. It was the only official aftershow for the series until HBO aired After the Thrones in 2016, providing an aftershow to the show's sixth series until it was cancelled after ten episodes. Thronecast was originally devised by executive producers Ruby Thomas, Ben Boyer and Koink Productions Ltd for Sky Digital Entertainment. The series began airing online in April 2011 as a series of 10-minute podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd to correspond with the first series of Game of Thrones. Annabel Port joined Geoff for the second series, which corresponded with the broadcast of the second series of Game of Thrones. For the third series, Thronecast became a 15-minute on-air show that was broadcast on Sky Atlantic following each episode of the third series of Game of Thrones, and featured new guest presenter Grace Dent. The fourth series was presented by Jamie East and Rachel Parris, and was 30 minutes long. The fifth series was presented by Sue Perkins and Jamie East and was 30 minutes long, except for the series finale which was an extended hour long special. Perkins and East continued to present the seventh and eighth series of the show which were all 60 minutes long with the exception of the final episode of the show, which was 70 minutes. Series 7 and 8 included pre-series episodes titled War Room, and the eighth series also included a 90 minutes long gameshow titled Gameshow of Thrones and a 30-minute pre-finale episode titled Thronecast: The End is Coming. Each series was also made available on Sky Go, On Demand (previously Sky Anytime and Sky Anytime+) and NOW TV. Series 1 to 4 of Thronecast were produced by Koink Productions Ltd for Sky Atlantic. Series 5 of Thronecast was produced by CPL Productions for Sky Atlantic. Series 6 and 7 of the show were produced by Sky's in-house production company, Sky Vision Productions. Series 8 of the show was produced by independent production company Znak & Co Ltd. Cast Geoff Lloyd (seasons 1–3) Annabel Port (seasons 2–3) Grace Dent (season 3) Jamie East (seasons 4–8) Rachel Parris (season 4) Sue Perkins (seasons 5–8) Episodes Series overview Series 1 (2011) Series 2 (2012) An extended special episode of Thronecast was filmed before the start of the second series, which featured interviews with Emilia Clarke (Daenerys Targaryen), Alfie Allen (Theon Greyjoy), Michelle Fairley (Catelyn Stark), Kit Harington (Jon Snow), Charles Dance (Tywin Lannister), Liam Cunningham (Davos Seaworth), and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau (Jaime Lannister).","title":"Thronecast"},{"docid":"60556712","text":"\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\" is the second episode of the eighth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 69th overall. It was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by David Nutter. It aired on April 21, 2019. The episode takes place entirely in Winterfell and is dedicated to the buildup before the battle between the living and the dead. It has been likened to a bottle episode, though one reviewer argued it does not meet the definition of the term. \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\" received positive reception from critics, with many highlighting the episode's balance of the show's longtime characters and citing it as one of the best episodes of the series. Gwendoline Christie (Brienne of Tarth) submitted the episode to support her Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau (Jaime Lannister) later selected the episode to support his nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. The title is a reference to the title bestowed on Brienne of Tarth after Jaime Lannister knights her and to the collection of stories of the same name by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels on which Game of Thrones is based. Plot Daenerys and Sansa both contemplate the fate of Jaime Lannister, who reveals Cersei was lying about sending her army. They let Jaime fight for them after Brienne vouches for him. Jaime speaks with Bran and apologizes for trying to kill him (\"Winter Is Coming\"), but Bran holds no anger as that action led to both of them becoming who they are today. Meanwhile, Daenerys is angry at Tyrion for believing Cersei, but is mollified by Jorah. Sansa and Daenerys attempt to clear the air between them based on their mutual love of Jon, but Daenerys doesn't have an answer when Sansa asks about the fate of the North once Daenerys takes the Iron Throne. Theon returns wishing to fight for the Starks. Tormund, Beric, and Edd arrive and tell Jon that the Army of the Dead will arrive before the following morning. At the war council, Bran persuades them to let him act as bait to lure the Night King, who wishes to kill him. Theon volunteers to defend Bran with the Ironborn, and Jon and Daenerys plan to ambush and destroy the Night King when he reveals himself. Arya talks to the Hound, and asks him why he came North since he's only ever fought for himself, and he retorts that he had fought for her (\"The Children\"). Arya then visits Gendry. He reveals he is a bastard of Robert Baratheon. Wanting to lose her virginity before the battle, Arya seduces and sleeps with Gendry. Tyrion, Jaime, Brienne, Podrick, Davos, and Tormund gather in the meeting hall to drink before the battle. The conversation turns to why women cannot be knighted; in response to Tormund's remark that he would knight Brienne without hesitation, Jaime","title":"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (Game of Thrones)"},{"docid":"43181262","text":"Game of Thrones, also known as Game of Thrones: A Telltale Games Series, is an episodic graphic adventure game developed and published by Telltale Games for Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. It is based on the television series of the same name. The game follows the episodic format found in other Telltale titles, where player choices and actions influence later events across the six-episode arc. The story revolves around the northern House Forrester, rulers of Ironrath, whose members, including the five playable characters, attempt to save their family and themselves after ending up on the losing side of the War of the Five Kings. The game includes settings and characters from the series of novels A Song of Ice and Fire and the television adaptation. Emilia Clarke, Iwan Rheon, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Natalie Dormer, and Peter Dinklage reprise their roles from the television series as Daenerys Targaryen, Ramsay Bolton, Jon Snow, Cersei Lannister, Margaery Tyrell, and Tyrion Lannister, respectively. A second season had been planned but was placed on hold in 2017, amid restructuring issues at Telltale Games, and ultimately was cancelled following Telltale's majority studio closure in September 2018. In August 2019, the company returned, but as of August 2022, no news has been made regarding the series future. Development After previous video games based on his works received negative or mediocre critical responses, George R. R. Martin opined that he wanted \"a Game of Thrones game to be made by a studio that knows how to create a thrilling and interesting story\". Telltale Games had found critical success in several licensed adventure games, including their The Wolf Among Us and The Walking Dead episodic video game series. Game of Thrones arose from internal discussions within Telltale of what other popular franchises they wanted to write games around, with much support given for Game of Thrones, considering its emotional equivalence to The Walking Dead. They approached HBO with the concept, and after a year of negotiations, were able to secure the license. In December 2013, Telltale announced Game of Thrones at the 2013 Spike VGX video game awards program. George R. R. Martin stated that his personal assistant, Ty Corey Franck, was working with Telltale Games as a \"story consultant\". Telltale's CEO Dan Connors explained that the game would not be a prequel to the television series, and that the established world and timeline of Game of Thrones allowed Telltale to explore fixed stories in more depth, to appeal to players. Gameplay Game of Thrones is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure fantasy drama video game, released as 6 episodes following the model of Telltale's previous adventure games. The player is able to move their character around some scenes, interacting with objects and initiating conversation trees with non-player characters. Choices made by the player influence events in future episodes. The game switches between the viewpoints of five different characters. Each episode contains five points where the player must make","title":"Game of Thrones (2014 video game)"},{"docid":"31602346","text":"\"Winter Is Coming\" is the series premiere of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The first episode of the first season, it was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, in an adaptation of the first chapters of George R. R. Martin's book A Game of Thrones. The episode was directed by Tim Van Patten, redoing the work done by director Tom McCarthy in an unaired pilot. As the first episode of the series, it introduces the setting and the main characters of the show. The episode centers on the Stark family, and how Ned Stark gets involved in the court politics after the king chooses him to replace his recently deceased chief administrator (\"Hand of the King\"). The episode received largely positive reviews, and was seen initially by 2.2 million viewers. A week before the episode first aired, HBO made the first 15 minutes available as an Internet preview. The title of the episode is the motto (referred to as \"House Words\" in-universe) of House Stark, which is spoken several times in the episode and the series. Plot Beyond the Wall On the continent of Westeros, rangers of the Night's Watch scout the forest beyond the Wall, the massive ice barrier to the north, and discover demonic White Walkers and wildlings turned to undead wights. Will, the sole surviving ranger, flees South. In King's Landing Watching as the corpse of Jon Arryn, the Hand of the King, is tended to, Jaime Lannister assures his twin sister, Queen Cersei Lannister, that if Arryn had spoken to anyone about them, they would already have been executed. In Pentos Exiled prince Viserys Targaryen plots to reclaim his father's throne from King Robert Baratheon, and brokers a marriage between his sister Daenerys and Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo. As wedding gifts, Daenerys is given books of the Seven Kingdoms from Ser Jorah Mormont, an exiled knight loyal to the Targaryens, and three petrified dragon eggs from Magister Illyrio Mopatis, who helped arrange the marriage. In the North The Starks of Winterfell are introduced: Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, his wife Lady Catelyn, their children – heir Robb, elder daughter Sansa, younger daughter Arya, ten-year-old son Bran, youngest son, Rickon, Ned's bastard son Jon Snow and ward Theon Greyjoy. Ned takes his sons to witness Will's execution for desertion. Ignoring Will's warning of the White Walkers, Ned beheads him, insisting Walkers are long extinct. The Starks find a dead stag, sigil of House Baratheon, and a dead direwolf, sigil of the Starks, whose pups are taken in by the children. News arrives of the death of Lord Arryn, Eddard's friend and Catelyn's brother-in-law. Winterfell receives the royal court, including King Robert, his wife Queen Cersei, their children – heir Prince Joffrey, Princess Myrcella, and Prince Tommen – as well as the Queen’s twin brother Jaime, a member of the Kingsguard, and his and Cersei's younger brother Tyrion Lannister, a dwarf known as \"The Imp\". Robert pays respects to Lyanna Stark,","title":"Winter Is Coming"},{"docid":"35299130","text":"\"The North Remembers\" is the second season premiere episode of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on April 1, 2012, it was written by the show creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by returning director Alan Taylor. With a war on the horizon, the Seven Kingdoms are witnessing an ever-growing clash of kings. The boy king Joffrey Baratheon (Jack Gleeson) sits on the Iron Throne guided by cruelty and deceit, while his honorable counterpart Robb Stark (Richard Madden) of the North heads south to avenge his father's death. Meanwhile, the late king Robert Baratheon's estranged brother Stannis (Stephen Dillane) emerges as yet another claimant to the throne. A frantic search for King Robert's bastard sons ensues, while the Queen sets to find the missing Arya Stark (Maisie Williams) in order to retrieve her lover and brother Jaime, now a captive to the Starks. The title refers to Robb Stark vowing revenge against the Lannisters for his father's murder. \"The North Remembers\" received universal acclaim from critics, who noted Tyrion Lannister's development as a key player as a highlight of the episode. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 3.86 million in its initial broadcast. The episode introduced a number of new cast members, including Stephen Dillane's Stannis Baratheon, Carice van Houten's Melisandre and Liam Cunningham as \"the onion knight\" Davos Seaworth. It also featured a number of new locations, both fictional and real, most notably the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, which served as the capital city of King's Landing. It received a great amount of critical praise, with critics welcoming the new set of characters, which they saw as a great addition. The episode went on to win an American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One-Hour Episodic Television Series. Plot On Dragonstone From the island of Dragonstone, the late King Robert's brother Stannis Baratheon declares himself rightful heir to the Iron Throne. He sends a message across the Seven Kingdoms that Robert's supposed heirs are the products of incest between Cersei Lannister and her brother Jaime. Despite Ser Davos Seaworth's advice, Stannis refuses to ally with King in the North Robb Stark or rival claimant Renly Baratheon. Fearing the influence that the Red Priestess Melisandre holds over Stannis, Maester Cressen attempts to kill Melisandre in a murder-suicide with poisoned wine, but Melisandre drinks the entire cup unaffected. In the Red Waste With the remnants of Khal Drogo's khalasar, Daenerys Targaryen makes a difficult journey across the Red Waste, and sends three riders to find shelter. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch ranging party reaches Craster's Keep beyond the Wall. Craster claims that the wildlings' leader Mance Rayder is amassing an army to move south. Lord Commander Jeor Mormont offers leadership advice to Jon Snow. At Winterfell After a prophetic dream, Bran visits the Godswood with Osha. Noticing a red comet, Bran declares it an omen of victory in the war, but Osha insists it","title":"The North Remembers"},{"docid":"28059680","text":"The characters from the medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels. Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as \"The Known World\", the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros, fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters. Cast Main cast = Main cast (credited) = Recurring cast (3+) = Guest cast (1-2) Notes Recurring cast = Recurring cast (3+) = Guest cast (1–2) Notes Guest cast Introduced in season 1 Dennis McKeever as a Night's Watch officer (season 1) David Bradley as Walder Frey (seasons 1, 3, 6–7) Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott (seasons 1–2) Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis (season 1) Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale (season 1) Margaret John as Old Nan (season 1) Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga (season 1) Bronson Webb as Will (season 1) Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce (season 1) Dermot Keaney as Gared (season 1) John Standing as Jon Arryn (season 1) Rhodri Hosking as Mycah (season 1) Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen (seasons 1–2) Sahara Knite as Armeca (seasons 1–2) Introduced in season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei (seasons 2–6, 8) Sara Dylan as Bernadette (seasons 2–4, 6–7) Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy (seasons 2–3, 6) Edward Dogliani (seasons 2–3) and Ross O'Hennessy (season 5) as the Lord of Bones Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan (seasons 2–4) Andy Kellegher as Polliver (seasons 2, 4) Roy Dotrice as Hallyne (season 2) Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen (season 2) David Coakley as Drennan (season 2) Peter Ballance as Farlen (season 2) Paul Caddell as Jacks (season 2) Aidan Crowe as Quent (season 2) Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark (season 2) Anthony Morris as the Tickler (season 2) Laura Pradelska as Quaithe (season 2) David Fynn as Rennick (season 2) Introduced in season 3 Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner (seasons 3–4) Dean-Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister (season 3) Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister (season 3) Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully (season 3) Mark Killeen as Mero (season 3) Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn (season 3) Will O'Connell as Todder (seasons 3, 5) Pixie Le Knot as Kayla (seasons 3–4) Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor (season 3) George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz (seasons 3, 6) Introduced in season 4 Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris (seasons 4–5, 7) Reece Noi as Mossador (seasons 4–5) Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys (seasons 4–5) Lu Corfield as the Mole's Town madam (season 4) Lois Winstone as a Mole's Town prostitute (season 4) Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood (season 4) Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood (season 4) Deirdre Monaghan as Morag (season 4) Jane McGrath as Sissy (season 4) Sarine Sofair as Lhara (seasons 4–5) Introduced in season 5 Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz (seasons 5–6) Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba (seasons 5–6) Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Malko","title":"List of Game of Thrones characters"},{"docid":"50362699","text":"\"The Door\" is the fifth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 55th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jack Bender. Bran Stark learns the origin of the White Walkers, Jon Snow plans to unite the north against the Boltons, Euron Greyjoy reveals his return to the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot, Tyrion Lannister meets with the Red Priestess Kinvara, and Daenerys Targaryen sees the depths of Jorah Mormont's devotion to her. \"The Door\" received universal acclaim from critics, who found the episode to be emotional with effective action sequences involving the White Walkers and Hodor, in addition to providing \"important answers regarding [the show]'s mythos.\" The adaptation of the Kingsmoot as well as Daenerys's farewell to Jorah were also listed as high points of the episode. Hodor's origin story was presented to the series co-creators by George R. R. Martin. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 7.89 million in its initial broadcast. For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, Jack Bender was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, among the episode's five nominations. This episode marks the final appearance for Kristian Nairn (Hodor) and Max von Sydow (the Three Eyed Raven). Plot In Braavos Jaqen offers Arya the assignment of killing an actress named Lady Crane, who is playing Cersei in a play recounting the War of the Five Kings. In The Dothraki Sea Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys. He admits his love for her, and Daenerys orders him to find a cure and return to her so he can be by her side when she conquers Westeros. In Meereen Tyrion summons the red priestess Kinvara, who agrees to preach to the people that Daenerys is the chosen one of the Lord of Light. She also claims to know what originally happened to Varys and why, unnerving the eunuch. On the Iron Islands The members of House Greyjoy argue over the Salt Throne, with Euron being chosen as King. He intends to sail to Slaver's Bay, bring Daenerys Targaryen back to Westeros as his wife, and conquer the Seven Kingdoms with their combined forces. Theon and Yara, realizing Euron will have them put to death, flee with the best ships of the Iron Fleet. Euron orders the Ironborn to begin construction of a new, better fleet. At The Wall Sansa confronts Littlefinger about his decision to marry her to Ramsay. Littlefinger reveals that her great-uncle, the Blackfish, has retaken Riverrun with the Tully army. Sansa orders Brienne to go and recruit the Blackfish for their cause. At a war meeting at Castle Black, Sansa and Jon discuss which of the Northern houses they can rely on to support them. As the Karstarks and Umbers have already sided with House Bolton, Ser Davos suggests asking House Manderly. When Jon decides to rally the two dozen houses still loyal to the Starks, Sansa informs him they","title":"The Door (Game of Thrones)"},{"docid":"35555286","text":"\"The Ghost of Harrenhal\" is the fifth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by David Petrarca, his second episode this season. It premiered on April 29, 2012. “The Ghost of Harrenhal” is how Arya Stark describes herself while at Harrenhal in A Clash of Kings, the novel on which the season is based, although the phrase is not heard in the episode. This episode marks the final appearance of Gethin Anthony (Renly Baratheon). Plot In the Stormlands As Renly and Catelyn negotiate an alliance, Melisandre's shadow creature kills Renly and disappears. Brienne, mistaken for the murderer, is forced to slay Renly's guards and escape with Catelyn. Brienne and Catelyn stop beside a river to discuss her return to Winterfell and Renly's death. Brienne swears allegiance to Catelyn, who promises not to interfere with Brienne's vengeance against Stannis. Loras also blames Stannis, but Littlefinger and Margaery convince him to flee. Stannis arrives, and his dead brother's bannermen swear fealty to him. Following Davos' advice, Melisandre's blood magic is not used for the King's Landing assault; Stannis gives a reluctant Davos command of the fleet. In King's Landing Tyrion learns from Lancel that Cersei is stockpiling King Aerys's dangerously flammable \"wildfire\", and visits the royal pyromancer, Wisdom Hallyne, who reveals a massive cache of wildfire Joffrey intends to catapult at Stannis' forces. Bronn doubts the logistics and odds of Joffrey's idea, so Tyrion claims the cache for his own plan. In Qarth Daenerys holds court at Qarth as her dragons grow. The warlock Pyat Pree invites Daenerys to visit the \"House of the Undying\", while the masked Quaithe warns Ser Jorah of dangers facing Daenerys. Xaro asks to marry Daenerys in exchange for resources to take King's Landing. Jorah argues that Daenerys must win the Iron Throne on her own, and she eventually agrees. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch meet legendary ranger Qhorin Halfhand at the Fist of the First Men, an ancient fortification. Qhorin warns that the wildlings have become more organized and dangerous under former ranger Mance Rayder. Jon volunteers to join Qhorin in eliminating a wildling watchpost. At Winterfell Receiving news that Torrhen's Square is under attack, Bran urges Ser Rodrik to raise defenders. He tells Osha of his dreams featuring a \"three-eyed raven\" but she deflects his inquiries. On The Iron Islands Despite Theon's lineage and title, his new ship's crew have little respect for him. Yara comes to make jokes at him. First mate Dagmer Cleftjaw explains Theon must win their respect. When Dagmer proposes assaulting the Northern town of Torrhen's Square, Theon realizes that will leave Winterfell poorly defended for a takeover. At Harrenhal Tywin holds council to discuss Robb Stark. Tywin deduces Arya is a Northerner, but remains unaware of her true identity. Jaqen H'ghar, disguised as a Lannister guardsman, offers Arya \"three lives\" in return for saving him and two others","title":"The Ghost of Harrenhal"},{"docid":"60673620","text":"\"The Last of the Starks\" is the fourth episode of the eighth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, which aired on May 5, 2019 and is the 71st overall. It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter. \"The Last of the Starks\" shows the aftermath of the battle against the Army of the Dead while setting the stage for the final confrontation, with Daenerys, Jon, and their remaining forces going towards King's Landing to confront Cersei and demand her surrender. The episode received mixed reviews. Critics praised its return to the political intrigue of earlier Game of Thrones episodes, but criticized the episode's writing. It received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and was picked by Emilia Clarke to support her nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. This episode marks the final appearance of Nathalie Emmanuel (Missandei), and Hannah Murray (Gilly), as well as the final appearances of six actors whose characters died in the previous episode, but were seen as corpses: Alfie Allen (Theon Greyjoy), Iain Glen (Ser Jorah Mormont), Bella Ramsey (Lyanna Mormont), Richard Dormer (Beric Dondarrion), Ben Crompton (Eddison Tollett), and Staz Nair (Qhono). Plot Jon leads a mass funeral cremation for the dead. At a feast, Daenerys legitimizes Gendry as a Baratheon and makes him Lord of Storm's End, the ancestral home of House Baratheon. Gendry proposes to Arya, but she declines. Brienne leaves a drinking game in discomfort when Tyrion guesses she is a virgin. Jaime goes to Brienne's room and they have sex. Daenerys is uncomfortable at the acclaim the wildlings give Jon and, in private, begs him to never reveal his true parentage. Jon reassures Daenerys that he has renounced his claim for hers but insists he must tell Arya and Sansa the truth. Daenerys plans to immediately storm King's Landing, but Sansa argues the soldiers need rest. Everyone notes that with the losses they have sustained and the Golden Company reinforcing Cersei, the odds are now almost perfectly even. Ultimately, they agree Jon will lead the army on foot while Daenerys and her fleet will sail to Dragonstone. Afterwards, Arya and Sansa tell Jon that they distrust Daenerys but Jon defends her. After swearing Sansa and Arya to secrecy, Jon has Bran tell Arya and Sansa of his true parentage. Bronn arrives to kill Jaime and Tyrion, but accepts their offer of Highgarden in exchange for their lives. Arya and Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane ride for King's Landing. Sansa reveals Jon's parentage to Tyrion, who then tells Varys. Jon gives Ghost to Tormund, who plans to return north of the Wall with the wildlings; Tormund suggests that Jon join them. Jon also bids farewell to Sam and a pregnant Gilly. Euron's Iron Fleet ambushes Daenerys's fleet and kills Rhaegal. Missandei is captured. Daenerys is convinced to talk to Cersei first instead of attacking King's Landing. Varys fears for Daenerys's mental stability and tells","title":"The Last of the Starks"},{"docid":"60747617","text":"\"The Bells\" is the fifth episode of the eighth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 72nd and penultimate episode of the series overall, it was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik. It first aired on HBO on May 12, 2019. \"The Bells\" features the final battle for control of the Iron Throne, with an army led by Daenerys Targaryen commencing its assault on Cersei Lannister and the people of King's Landing. In the episode, Tyrion Lannister betrays Varys and reveals Varys's treason to Daenerys; Jaime Lannister is freed by Tyrion; Arya Stark and Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane seek personal vengeance; Jon Snow prepares to lead the ground forces against the Lannister army; and Drogon, mounted by Daenerys, burns the city down. The episode received a polarized response from critics and audiences alike. Critics praised the episode's visuals, as well as the acting and direction, but criticized the pacing and logic of the story, as well as its handling of the character arcs of Tyrion, Jaime, Cersei, Grey Worm, Varys, and particularly Daenerys. The episode received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Lena Headey and Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Series, winning for Outstanding Fantasy/Sci-Fi Costumes and Outstanding Special Visual Effects. Plot On Dragonstone As Varys writes a letter about Jon Snow's true heritage, one of his \"little birds\" informs him that Daenerys continues to refuse food. He tells the child to \"try again at supper\". Soon after, Varys implores Jon to take the Iron Throne, but Jon refuses to betray Daenerys. Tyrion informs Daenerys of Varys' plot, and she has Drogon burn him alive. Later, Daenerys bemoans not having the love of the people in Westeros. Jon assures Daenerys that he loves her. However, when he halts their intimacy, Daenerys resigns herself to using fear to rule Westeros. Tyrion implores Daenerys to spare the commoners of King's Landing if the city bells ring, indicating surrender. Daenerys appears to accept. She then informs Tyrion that Jaime has been captured on his way to King's Landing and warns Tyrion not to fail her again. Tyrion arrives at the Targaryen forces' camp and frees Jaime so that, if the capital falls, Jaime can take Cersei to Pentos and live safely in seclusion. In King's Landing The next day, Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane enter the Red Keep amongst the civilians Cersei is using as human shields. The battle begins: Daenerys and Drogon burn the Iron Fleet and the Golden Company, and destroy the city's defences. Grey Worm kills Harry Strickland, and Daenerys' army storms King's Landing. Outmatched, the Lannister forces drop their weapons and the city rings the bells in surrender. However, Daenerys, driven mad by rage, does not accept the surrender and, atop Drogon, burns the city while her army participates in the massacre on the ground. Horrified by this turn of events, Jon unsuccessfully tries to stop his","title":"The Bells (Game of Thrones)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"713577\",\n \"text\": \"A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 1, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award. The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011, the novel became a New York Times Bestseller and reached No. 1 on the list in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Ihsan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |title=The New York Times Bestseller List |date=10 July 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2011-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124451/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A paperback TV tie-in re-edition was published in March 2013, titled Game of Thrones. PlotA Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously. In the Seven Kingdoms Upon the death of Lord Jon Arryn, the principal advisor to King Robert Baratheon, Robert recruits his childhood friend Eddard \\\"Ned\\\" Stark, now Warden of the North, to replace Arryn as Hand of the King, and to betroth his daughter Sansa to Robert's son Joffrey. Ned accepts the position when he learns that Arryn's widow Lysa believes he was poisoned by Robert's wife Queen Cersei Lannister and her family. Shortly thereafter, Ned's son Bran discovers Cersei having sex with her twin brother Jaime Lannister, who throws Bran from the tower to conceal their affair, leaving him comatose and paralyzing his legs. Ned leaves his castle Winterfell and departs for the capital city, King's Landing, bringing along his daughters Sansa and Arya. Upon arriving in King's Landing to take his post as Hand, Ned finds that Robert is an ineffective king whose only interests are hunting, drinking, and womanizing. At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran while he is unconscious, and Ned's wife Catelyn travels to King's Landing to bring word to Ned. Catelyn's childhood friend, Petyr \\\"Littlefinger\\\" Baelish, implicates Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, in the assassination attempt. On the road back to Winterfell, Catelyn encounters Tyrion by chance, arrests him, and takes him to the Vale, where her sister Lysa Arryn is regent, to stand trial for the attempt on Bran's life. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid the Riverlands, Catelyn's home region. Tyrion regains his freedom by recruiting a mercenary named Bronn to defend him in trial by combat. Ned investigates Jon Arryn's death and eventually discovers that Robert's legal heirs, including Joffrey, are in fact Cersei's children by Jaime, and that Jon Arryn was\",\n \"title\": \"A Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26255566\",\n \"text\": \"Myrcella Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. Myrcella's character, development and her interactions and impact differ greatly between the two media. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Myrcella is the only daughter of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. She subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Feast for Crows (2005). Myrcella is portrayed by Irish actress Aimee Richardson in the first two seasons of the HBO television adaptation, while English actress Nell Tiger Free portrays her in the show's fifth and sixth seasons. Character Since Myrcella Baratheon is not a point of view character in A Song of Ice and Fire, the reader learns about her through other characters' perspectives, such as her uncle Tyrion Lannister. She is a background character in the books. Storylines A Game of Thrones Myrcella is introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996) as the only daughter of Queen Cersei Lannister and King Robert Baratheon. In her first appearance, she accompanies her parents, her two brothers (Joffrey and Tommen Baratheon), and her two \\\"uncles\\\" (Tyrion and Jaime Lannister) to Winterfell where Robert asks Eddard Stark to be appointed as Hand of the King. She is later shown attending the tournament to celebrate Eddard's inauguration into his position. While investigating Jon Arryn's death, Eddard discovers that Myrcella and her brothers are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime. A Clash of Kings In 1998's A Clash of Kings, Myrcella attends Joffrey's nameday as King. She greets her uncle Tyrion and tells him that she is glad that the rumors of his death were false. During the War of the Five Kings, Tyrion makes plans to forge an alliance with House Martell of Dorne by having Myrcella wed to Trystane Martell, the son of the current ruler of Dorne, but part of the arrangement involved sending her to Dorne to live in the Martell household. A Feast for Crows During A Storm of Swords (2000), Trystane's sister Arianne Martell plans to crown Myrcella as Robert's heir instead of Tommen, hoping to incite the Dornishmen to rebel against the Lannisters to seat her on the Iron Throne. However, Doran Martell has been tipped off to the conspiracy and his men ambush Arianne's party as they attempt to sail up the Greenblood. In the ensuing confrontation, one of Arianne's co-conspirators, Ser Gerold \\\"Darkstar\\\" Dayne, attempts to kill Myrcella; although unsuccessful, he cuts off one of her ears and leaves her scarred. A Dance with Dragons In A Dance with Dragons (2011), Myrcella travels back to King's Landing with Nymeria Sand. TV adaptation Overview In the HBO television adaptation, Aimee Richardson portrayed Myrcella for the first two seasons. Initially cast as a stand-in, Richardson impressed the crew enough to be kept as a full cast member; she appeared in eight episodes. Nell Tiger Free\",\n \"title\": \"Myrcella Baratheon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60810065\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Iron Throne\\\" is the series finale of the HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 73rd and final episode overall, \\\"The Iron Throne\\\" is the sixth episode of the eighth season, and was written and directed by executive producers and series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It first aired on May 19, 2019. In the episode, the characters deal with the aftermath of Daenerys Targaryen's (Emilia Clarke) devastation of King's Landing and determine who will finally rule Westeros. The episode garnered mixed responses from critics and audiences. Although most critics took issue with the episode's story arcs, pacing and tone, some others deemed it a satisfying conclusion to the series, praising the acting and visuals. Benioff and Weiss received directing and writing nominations for the episode at the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, whilst Kit Harington and Peter Dinklage selected the episodes to support their nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, respectively. Dinklage won in his category. Plot Jon and Davos survey the destruction that Daenerys brought on King's Landing. Tyrion finds the crushed corpses of Cersei and Jaime in the ruins of the Red Keep. Grey Worm and his men execute Lannister soldiers; Jon attempts to intervene, but Grey Worm insists he is acting on Daenerys' orders. Daenerys declares to the Unsullied and Dothraki that they \\\"liberated\\\" the people of King's Landing, and she will soon \\\"liberate\\\" the entire world. Tyrion publicly resigns as Daenerys' Hand in protest, and she has him arrested for treason. Jon visits Tyrion in captivity, who tells Jon that despite the love they both have for Daenerys, it is Jon's duty to kill her for being the people's greatest threat. Tyrion also warns Jon that Arya and Sansa will not bend the knee to Daenerys, putting all of House Stark in danger. Jon confronts Daenerys in the destroyed throne room. Daenerys blames Cersei for the deaths of the civilians and refuses to forgive Tyrion or the Lannister prisoners, arguing that their executions – and a continued \\\"liberation\\\" campaign – are necessary to establish her vision of a good world. Unable to dissuade Daenerys, a conflicted Jon fatally stabs her as they kiss. As Jon grieves, Drogon arrives. After discovering that Daenerys has been murdered, an anguished Drogon melts the Iron Throne before carrying her body away to the east. Weeks later, the lords and ladies of the Seven Kingdoms convene at the Dragonpit to discuss the fates of Tyrion and Jon, still imprisoned by the Unsullied. Tyrion suggests that future monarchs be chosen by a council of lords and ladies, instead of inheriting the crown. The council agrees and elects Bran as the new king of the Seven Kingdoms. Sansa declares the North's independence from the Seven Kingdoms, which Bran accepts. Bran appoints Tyrion as his Hand so that Tyrion can make amends for his various wrongs and sentences Jon to rejoin the Night's Watch for life to appease\",\n \"title\": \"The Iron Throne (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35948928\",\n \"text\": \"Thronecast is a British television series which aired on Sky Atlantic between 2011 and 2019. From the fifth series onwards, the show was presented by Sue Perkins and Jamie East. It is an aftershow to Game of Thrones, which also aired on the channel in the United Kingdom. Each episode varied between 10 minutes and 60 minutes in length and featured interviews with cast and crew members, interaction with the audience through social media, and analysis of the episode, along with a preview of the next episode of Game of Thrones. It was the only official aftershow for the series until HBO aired After the Thrones in 2016, providing an aftershow to the show's sixth series until it was cancelled after ten episodes. Thronecast was originally devised by executive producers Ruby Thomas, Ben Boyer and Koink Productions Ltd for Sky Digital Entertainment. The series began airing online in April 2011 as a series of 10-minute podcasts presented by Geoff Lloyd to correspond with the first series of Game of Thrones. Annabel Port joined Geoff for the second series, which corresponded with the broadcast of the second series of Game of Thrones. For the third series, Thronecast became a 15-minute on-air show that was broadcast on Sky Atlantic following each episode of the third series of Game of Thrones, and featured new guest presenter Grace Dent. The fourth series was presented by Jamie East and Rachel Parris, and was 30 minutes long. The fifth series was presented by Sue Perkins and Jamie East and was 30 minutes long, except for the series finale which was an extended hour long special. Perkins and East continued to present the seventh and eighth series of the show which were all 60 minutes long with the exception of the final episode of the show, which was 70 minutes. Series 7 and 8 included pre-series episodes titled War Room, and the eighth series also included a 90 minutes long gameshow titled Gameshow of Thrones and a 30-minute pre-finale episode titled Thronecast: The End is Coming. Each series was also made available on Sky Go, On Demand (previously Sky Anytime and Sky Anytime+) and NOW TV. Series 1 to 4 of Thronecast were produced by Koink Productions Ltd for Sky Atlantic. Series 5 of Thronecast was produced by CPL Productions for Sky Atlantic. Series 6 and 7 of the show were produced by Sky's in-house production company, Sky Vision Productions. Series 8 of the show was produced by independent production company Znak & Co Ltd. Cast Geoff Lloyd (seasons 1–3) Annabel Port (seasons 2–3) Grace Dent (season 3) Jamie East (seasons 4–8) Rachel Parris (season 4) Sue Perkins (seasons 5–8) Episodes Series overview Series 1 (2011) Series 2 (2012) An extended special episode of Thronecast was filmed before the start of the second series, which featured interviews with Emilia Clarke (Daenerys Targaryen), Alfie Allen (Theon Greyjoy), Michelle Fairley (Catelyn Stark), Kit Harington (Jon Snow), Charles Dance (Tywin Lannister), Liam Cunningham (Davos Seaworth), and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau (Jaime Lannister).\",\n \"title\": \"Thronecast\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60556712\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\\\" is the second episode of the eighth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 69th overall. It was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by David Nutter. It aired on April 21, 2019. The episode takes place entirely in Winterfell and is dedicated to the buildup before the battle between the living and the dead. It has been likened to a bottle episode, though one reviewer argued it does not meet the definition of the term. \\\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\\\" received positive reception from critics, with many highlighting the episode's balance of the show's longtime characters and citing it as one of the best episodes of the series. Gwendoline Christie (Brienne of Tarth) submitted the episode to support her Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau (Jaime Lannister) later selected the episode to support his nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. The title is a reference to the title bestowed on Brienne of Tarth after Jaime Lannister knights her and to the collection of stories of the same name by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels on which Game of Thrones is based. Plot Daenerys and Sansa both contemplate the fate of Jaime Lannister, who reveals Cersei was lying about sending her army. They let Jaime fight for them after Brienne vouches for him. Jaime speaks with Bran and apologizes for trying to kill him (\\\"Winter Is Coming\\\"), but Bran holds no anger as that action led to both of them becoming who they are today. Meanwhile, Daenerys is angry at Tyrion for believing Cersei, but is mollified by Jorah. Sansa and Daenerys attempt to clear the air between them based on their mutual love of Jon, but Daenerys doesn't have an answer when Sansa asks about the fate of the North once Daenerys takes the Iron Throne. Theon returns wishing to fight for the Starks. Tormund, Beric, and Edd arrive and tell Jon that the Army of the Dead will arrive before the following morning. At the war council, Bran persuades them to let him act as bait to lure the Night King, who wishes to kill him. Theon volunteers to defend Bran with the Ironborn, and Jon and Daenerys plan to ambush and destroy the Night King when he reveals himself. Arya talks to the Hound, and asks him why he came North since he's only ever fought for himself, and he retorts that he had fought for her (\\\"The Children\\\"). Arya then visits Gendry. He reveals he is a bastard of Robert Baratheon. Wanting to lose her virginity before the battle, Arya seduces and sleeps with Gendry. Tyrion, Jaime, Brienne, Podrick, Davos, and Tormund gather in the meeting hall to drink before the battle. The conversation turns to why women cannot be knighted; in response to Tormund's remark that he would knight Brienne without hesitation, Jaime\",\n \"title\": \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43181262\",\n \"text\": \"Game of Thrones, also known as Game of Thrones: A Telltale Games Series, is an episodic graphic adventure game developed and published by Telltale Games for Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. It is based on the television series of the same name. The game follows the episodic format found in other Telltale titles, where player choices and actions influence later events across the six-episode arc. The story revolves around the northern House Forrester, rulers of Ironrath, whose members, including the five playable characters, attempt to save their family and themselves after ending up on the losing side of the War of the Five Kings. The game includes settings and characters from the series of novels A Song of Ice and Fire and the television adaptation. Emilia Clarke, Iwan Rheon, Kit Harington, Lena Headey, Natalie Dormer, and Peter Dinklage reprise their roles from the television series as Daenerys Targaryen, Ramsay Bolton, Jon Snow, Cersei Lannister, Margaery Tyrell, and Tyrion Lannister, respectively. A second season had been planned but was placed on hold in 2017, amid restructuring issues at Telltale Games, and ultimately was cancelled following Telltale's majority studio closure in September 2018. In August 2019, the company returned, but as of August 2022, no news has been made regarding the series future. Development After previous video games based on his works received negative or mediocre critical responses, George R. R. Martin opined that he wanted \\\"a Game of Thrones game to be made by a studio that knows how to create a thrilling and interesting story\\\". Telltale Games had found critical success in several licensed adventure games, including their The Wolf Among Us and The Walking Dead episodic video game series. Game of Thrones arose from internal discussions within Telltale of what other popular franchises they wanted to write games around, with much support given for Game of Thrones, considering its emotional equivalence to The Walking Dead. They approached HBO with the concept, and after a year of negotiations, were able to secure the license. In December 2013, Telltale announced Game of Thrones at the 2013 Spike VGX video game awards program. George R. R. Martin stated that his personal assistant, Ty Corey Franck, was working with Telltale Games as a \\\"story consultant\\\". Telltale's CEO Dan Connors explained that the game would not be a prequel to the television series, and that the established world and timeline of Game of Thrones allowed Telltale to explore fixed stories in more depth, to appeal to players. Gameplay Game of Thrones is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure fantasy drama video game, released as 6 episodes following the model of Telltale's previous adventure games. The player is able to move their character around some scenes, interacting with objects and initiating conversation trees with non-player characters. Choices made by the player influence events in future episodes. The game switches between the viewpoints of five different characters. Each episode contains five points where the player must make\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (2014 video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31602346\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Winter Is Coming\\\" is the series premiere of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The first episode of the first season, it was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, in an adaptation of the first chapters of George R. R. Martin's book A Game of Thrones. The episode was directed by Tim Van Patten, redoing the work done by director Tom McCarthy in an unaired pilot. As the first episode of the series, it introduces the setting and the main characters of the show. The episode centers on the Stark family, and how Ned Stark gets involved in the court politics after the king chooses him to replace his recently deceased chief administrator (\\\"Hand of the King\\\"). The episode received largely positive reviews, and was seen initially by 2.2 million viewers. A week before the episode first aired, HBO made the first 15 minutes available as an Internet preview. The title of the episode is the motto (referred to as \\\"House Words\\\" in-universe) of House Stark, which is spoken several times in the episode and the series. Plot Beyond the Wall On the continent of Westeros, rangers of the Night's Watch scout the forest beyond the Wall, the massive ice barrier to the north, and discover demonic White Walkers and wildlings turned to undead wights. Will, the sole surviving ranger, flees South. In King's Landing Watching as the corpse of Jon Arryn, the Hand of the King, is tended to, Jaime Lannister assures his twin sister, Queen Cersei Lannister, that if Arryn had spoken to anyone about them, they would already have been executed. In Pentos Exiled prince Viserys Targaryen plots to reclaim his father's throne from King Robert Baratheon, and brokers a marriage between his sister Daenerys and Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo. As wedding gifts, Daenerys is given books of the Seven Kingdoms from Ser Jorah Mormont, an exiled knight loyal to the Targaryens, and three petrified dragon eggs from Magister Illyrio Mopatis, who helped arrange the marriage. In the North The Starks of Winterfell are introduced: Lord Eddard \\\"Ned\\\" Stark, his wife Lady Catelyn, their children – heir Robb, elder daughter Sansa, younger daughter Arya, ten-year-old son Bran, youngest son, Rickon, Ned's bastard son Jon Snow and ward Theon Greyjoy. Ned takes his sons to witness Will's execution for desertion. Ignoring Will's warning of the White Walkers, Ned beheads him, insisting Walkers are long extinct. The Starks find a dead stag, sigil of House Baratheon, and a dead direwolf, sigil of the Starks, whose pups are taken in by the children. News arrives of the death of Lord Arryn, Eddard's friend and Catelyn's brother-in-law. Winterfell receives the royal court, including King Robert, his wife Queen Cersei, their children – heir Prince Joffrey, Princess Myrcella, and Prince Tommen – as well as the Queen’s twin brother Jaime, a member of the Kingsguard, and his and Cersei's younger brother Tyrion Lannister, a dwarf known as \\\"The Imp\\\". Robert pays respects to Lyanna Stark,\",\n \"title\": \"Winter Is Coming\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35299130\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The North Remembers\\\" is the second season premiere episode of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on April 1, 2012, it was written by the show creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by returning director Alan Taylor. With a war on the horizon, the Seven Kingdoms are witnessing an ever-growing clash of kings. The boy king Joffrey Baratheon (Jack Gleeson) sits on the Iron Throne guided by cruelty and deceit, while his honorable counterpart Robb Stark (Richard Madden) of the North heads south to avenge his father's death. Meanwhile, the late king Robert Baratheon's estranged brother Stannis (Stephen Dillane) emerges as yet another claimant to the throne. A frantic search for King Robert's bastard sons ensues, while the Queen sets to find the missing Arya Stark (Maisie Williams) in order to retrieve her lover and brother Jaime, now a captive to the Starks. The title refers to Robb Stark vowing revenge against the Lannisters for his father's murder. \\\"The North Remembers\\\" received universal acclaim from critics, who noted Tyrion Lannister's development as a key player as a highlight of the episode. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 3.86 million in its initial broadcast. The episode introduced a number of new cast members, including Stephen Dillane's Stannis Baratheon, Carice van Houten's Melisandre and Liam Cunningham as \\\"the onion knight\\\" Davos Seaworth. It also featured a number of new locations, both fictional and real, most notably the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, which served as the capital city of King's Landing. It received a great amount of critical praise, with critics welcoming the new set of characters, which they saw as a great addition. The episode went on to win an American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One-Hour Episodic Television Series. Plot On Dragonstone From the island of Dragonstone, the late King Robert's brother Stannis Baratheon declares himself rightful heir to the Iron Throne. He sends a message across the Seven Kingdoms that Robert's supposed heirs are the products of incest between Cersei Lannister and her brother Jaime. Despite Ser Davos Seaworth's advice, Stannis refuses to ally with King in the North Robb Stark or rival claimant Renly Baratheon. Fearing the influence that the Red Priestess Melisandre holds over Stannis, Maester Cressen attempts to kill Melisandre in a murder-suicide with poisoned wine, but Melisandre drinks the entire cup unaffected. In the Red Waste With the remnants of Khal Drogo's khalasar, Daenerys Targaryen makes a difficult journey across the Red Waste, and sends three riders to find shelter. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch ranging party reaches Craster's Keep beyond the Wall. Craster claims that the wildlings' leader Mance Rayder is amassing an army to move south. Lord Commander Jeor Mormont offers leadership advice to Jon Snow. At Winterfell After a prophetic dream, Bran visits the Godswood with Osha. Noticing a red comet, Bran declares it an omen of victory in the war, but Osha insists it\",\n \"title\": \"The North Remembers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28059680\",\n \"text\": \"The characters from the medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels. Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as \\\"The Known World\\\", the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros, fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters. Cast Main cast = Main cast (credited) = Recurring cast (3+) = Guest cast (1-2) Notes Recurring cast = Recurring cast (3+) = Guest cast (1–2) Notes Guest cast Introduced in season 1 Dennis McKeever as a Night's Watch officer (season 1) David Bradley as Walder Frey (seasons 1, 3, 6–7) Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott (seasons 1–2) Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis (season 1) Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale (season 1) Margaret John as Old Nan (season 1) Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga (season 1) Bronson Webb as Will (season 1) Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce (season 1) Dermot Keaney as Gared (season 1) John Standing as Jon Arryn (season 1) Rhodri Hosking as Mycah (season 1) Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen (seasons 1–2) Sahara Knite as Armeca (seasons 1–2) Introduced in season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei (seasons 2–6, 8) Sara Dylan as Bernadette (seasons 2–4, 6–7) Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy (seasons 2–3, 6) Edward Dogliani (seasons 2–3) and Ross O'Hennessy (season 5) as the Lord of Bones Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan (seasons 2–4) Andy Kellegher as Polliver (seasons 2, 4) Roy Dotrice as Hallyne (season 2) Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen (season 2) David Coakley as Drennan (season 2) Peter Ballance as Farlen (season 2) Paul Caddell as Jacks (season 2) Aidan Crowe as Quent (season 2) Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark (season 2) Anthony Morris as the Tickler (season 2) Laura Pradelska as Quaithe (season 2) David Fynn as Rennick (season 2) Introduced in season 3 Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner (seasons 3–4) Dean-Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister (season 3) Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister (season 3) Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully (season 3) Mark Killeen as Mero (season 3) Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn (season 3) Will O'Connell as Todder (seasons 3, 5) Pixie Le Knot as Kayla (seasons 3–4) Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor (season 3) George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz (seasons 3, 6) Introduced in season 4 Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris (seasons 4–5, 7) Reece Noi as Mossador (seasons 4–5) Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys (seasons 4–5) Lu Corfield as the Mole's Town madam (season 4) Lois Winstone as a Mole's Town prostitute (season 4) Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood (season 4) Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood (season 4) Deirdre Monaghan as Morag (season 4) Jane McGrath as Sissy (season 4) Sarine Sofair as Lhara (seasons 4–5) Introduced in season 5 Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz (seasons 5–6) Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba (seasons 5–6) Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Malko\",\n \"title\": \"List of Game of Thrones characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50362699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Door\\\" is the fifth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 55th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jack Bender. Bran Stark learns the origin of the White Walkers, Jon Snow plans to unite the north against the Boltons, Euron Greyjoy reveals his return to the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot, Tyrion Lannister meets with the Red Priestess Kinvara, and Daenerys Targaryen sees the depths of Jorah Mormont's devotion to her. \\\"The Door\\\" received universal acclaim from critics, who found the episode to be emotional with effective action sequences involving the White Walkers and Hodor, in addition to providing \\\"important answers regarding [the show]'s mythos.\\\" The adaptation of the Kingsmoot as well as Daenerys's farewell to Jorah were also listed as high points of the episode. Hodor's origin story was presented to the series co-creators by George R. R. Martin. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 7.89 million in its initial broadcast. For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, Jack Bender was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, among the episode's five nominations. This episode marks the final appearance for Kristian Nairn (Hodor) and Max von Sydow (the Three Eyed Raven). Plot In Braavos Jaqen offers Arya the assignment of killing an actress named Lady Crane, who is playing Cersei in a play recounting the War of the Five Kings. In The Dothraki Sea Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys. He admits his love for her, and Daenerys orders him to find a cure and return to her so he can be by her side when she conquers Westeros. In Meereen Tyrion summons the red priestess Kinvara, who agrees to preach to the people that Daenerys is the chosen one of the Lord of Light. She also claims to know what originally happened to Varys and why, unnerving the eunuch. On the Iron Islands The members of House Greyjoy argue over the Salt Throne, with Euron being chosen as King. He intends to sail to Slaver's Bay, bring Daenerys Targaryen back to Westeros as his wife, and conquer the Seven Kingdoms with their combined forces. Theon and Yara, realizing Euron will have them put to death, flee with the best ships of the Iron Fleet. Euron orders the Ironborn to begin construction of a new, better fleet. At The Wall Sansa confronts Littlefinger about his decision to marry her to Ramsay. Littlefinger reveals that her great-uncle, the Blackfish, has retaken Riverrun with the Tully army. Sansa orders Brienne to go and recruit the Blackfish for their cause. At a war meeting at Castle Black, Sansa and Jon discuss which of the Northern houses they can rely on to support them. As the Karstarks and Umbers have already sided with House Bolton, Ser Davos suggests asking House Manderly. When Jon decides to rally the two dozen houses still loyal to the Starks, Sansa informs him they\",\n \"title\": \"The Door (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35555286\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Ghost of Harrenhal\\\" is the fifth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by David Petrarca, his second episode this season. It premiered on April 29, 2012. “The Ghost of Harrenhal” is how Arya Stark describes herself while at Harrenhal in A Clash of Kings, the novel on which the season is based, although the phrase is not heard in the episode. This episode marks the final appearance of Gethin Anthony (Renly Baratheon). Plot In the Stormlands As Renly and Catelyn negotiate an alliance, Melisandre's shadow creature kills Renly and disappears. Brienne, mistaken for the murderer, is forced to slay Renly's guards and escape with Catelyn. Brienne and Catelyn stop beside a river to discuss her return to Winterfell and Renly's death. Brienne swears allegiance to Catelyn, who promises not to interfere with Brienne's vengeance against Stannis. Loras also blames Stannis, but Littlefinger and Margaery convince him to flee. Stannis arrives, and his dead brother's bannermen swear fealty to him. Following Davos' advice, Melisandre's blood magic is not used for the King's Landing assault; Stannis gives a reluctant Davos command of the fleet. In King's Landing Tyrion learns from Lancel that Cersei is stockpiling King Aerys's dangerously flammable \\\"wildfire\\\", and visits the royal pyromancer, Wisdom Hallyne, who reveals a massive cache of wildfire Joffrey intends to catapult at Stannis' forces. Bronn doubts the logistics and odds of Joffrey's idea, so Tyrion claims the cache for his own plan. In Qarth Daenerys holds court at Qarth as her dragons grow. The warlock Pyat Pree invites Daenerys to visit the \\\"House of the Undying\\\", while the masked Quaithe warns Ser Jorah of dangers facing Daenerys. Xaro asks to marry Daenerys in exchange for resources to take King's Landing. Jorah argues that Daenerys must win the Iron Throne on her own, and she eventually agrees. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch meet legendary ranger Qhorin Halfhand at the Fist of the First Men, an ancient fortification. Qhorin warns that the wildlings have become more organized and dangerous under former ranger Mance Rayder. Jon volunteers to join Qhorin in eliminating a wildling watchpost. At Winterfell Receiving news that Torrhen's Square is under attack, Bran urges Ser Rodrik to raise defenders. He tells Osha of his dreams featuring a \\\"three-eyed raven\\\" but she deflects his inquiries. On The Iron Islands Despite Theon's lineage and title, his new ship's crew have little respect for him. Yara comes to make jokes at him. First mate Dagmer Cleftjaw explains Theon must win their respect. When Dagmer proposes assaulting the Northern town of Torrhen's Square, Theon realizes that will leave Winterfell poorly defended for a takeover. At Harrenhal Tywin holds council to discuss Robb Stark. Tywin deduces Arya is a Northerner, but remains unaware of her true identity. Jaqen H'ghar, disguised as a Lannister guardsman, offers Arya \\\"three lives\\\" in return for saving him and two others\",\n \"title\": \"The Ghost of Harrenhal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60673620\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Last of the Starks\\\" is the fourth episode of the eighth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, which aired on May 5, 2019 and is the 71st overall. It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter. \\\"The Last of the Starks\\\" shows the aftermath of the battle against the Army of the Dead while setting the stage for the final confrontation, with Daenerys, Jon, and their remaining forces going towards King's Landing to confront Cersei and demand her surrender. The episode received mixed reviews. Critics praised its return to the political intrigue of earlier Game of Thrones episodes, but criticized the episode's writing. It received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and was picked by Emilia Clarke to support her nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. This episode marks the final appearance of Nathalie Emmanuel (Missandei), and Hannah Murray (Gilly), as well as the final appearances of six actors whose characters died in the previous episode, but were seen as corpses: Alfie Allen (Theon Greyjoy), Iain Glen (Ser Jorah Mormont), Bella Ramsey (Lyanna Mormont), Richard Dormer (Beric Dondarrion), Ben Crompton (Eddison Tollett), and Staz Nair (Qhono). Plot Jon leads a mass funeral cremation for the dead. At a feast, Daenerys legitimizes Gendry as a Baratheon and makes him Lord of Storm's End, the ancestral home of House Baratheon. Gendry proposes to Arya, but she declines. Brienne leaves a drinking game in discomfort when Tyrion guesses she is a virgin. Jaime goes to Brienne's room and they have sex. Daenerys is uncomfortable at the acclaim the wildlings give Jon and, in private, begs him to never reveal his true parentage. Jon reassures Daenerys that he has renounced his claim for hers but insists he must tell Arya and Sansa the truth. Daenerys plans to immediately storm King's Landing, but Sansa argues the soldiers need rest. Everyone notes that with the losses they have sustained and the Golden Company reinforcing Cersei, the odds are now almost perfectly even. Ultimately, they agree Jon will lead the army on foot while Daenerys and her fleet will sail to Dragonstone. Afterwards, Arya and Sansa tell Jon that they distrust Daenerys but Jon defends her. After swearing Sansa and Arya to secrecy, Jon has Bran tell Arya and Sansa of his true parentage. Bronn arrives to kill Jaime and Tyrion, but accepts their offer of Highgarden in exchange for their lives. Arya and Sandor \\\"The Hound\\\" Clegane ride for King's Landing. Sansa reveals Jon's parentage to Tyrion, who then tells Varys. Jon gives Ghost to Tormund, who plans to return north of the Wall with the wildlings; Tormund suggests that Jon join them. Jon also bids farewell to Sam and a pregnant Gilly. Euron's Iron Fleet ambushes Daenerys's fleet and kills Rhaegal. Missandei is captured. Daenerys is convinced to talk to Cersei first instead of attacking King's Landing. Varys fears for Daenerys's mental stability and tells\",\n \"title\": \"The Last of the Starks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60747617\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Bells\\\" is the fifth episode of the eighth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 72nd and penultimate episode of the series overall, it was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik. It first aired on HBO on May 12, 2019. \\\"The Bells\\\" features the final battle for control of the Iron Throne, with an army led by Daenerys Targaryen commencing its assault on Cersei Lannister and the people of King's Landing. In the episode, Tyrion Lannister betrays Varys and reveals Varys's treason to Daenerys; Jaime Lannister is freed by Tyrion; Arya Stark and Sandor \\\"The Hound\\\" Clegane seek personal vengeance; Jon Snow prepares to lead the ground forces against the Lannister army; and Drogon, mounted by Daenerys, burns the city down. The episode received a polarized response from critics and audiences alike. Critics praised the episode's visuals, as well as the acting and direction, but criticized the pacing and logic of the story, as well as its handling of the character arcs of Tyrion, Jaime, Cersei, Grey Worm, Varys, and particularly Daenerys. The episode received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Lena Headey and Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Series, winning for Outstanding Fantasy/Sci-Fi Costumes and Outstanding Special Visual Effects. Plot On Dragonstone As Varys writes a letter about Jon Snow's true heritage, one of his \\\"little birds\\\" informs him that Daenerys continues to refuse food. He tells the child to \\\"try again at supper\\\". Soon after, Varys implores Jon to take the Iron Throne, but Jon refuses to betray Daenerys. Tyrion informs Daenerys of Varys' plot, and she has Drogon burn him alive. Later, Daenerys bemoans not having the love of the people in Westeros. Jon assures Daenerys that he loves her. However, when he halts their intimacy, Daenerys resigns herself to using fear to rule Westeros. Tyrion implores Daenerys to spare the commoners of King's Landing if the city bells ring, indicating surrender. Daenerys appears to accept. She then informs Tyrion that Jaime has been captured on his way to King's Landing and warns Tyrion not to fail her again. Tyrion arrives at the Targaryen forces' camp and frees Jaime so that, if the capital falls, Jaime can take Cersei to Pentos and live safely in seclusion. In King's Landing The next day, Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane enter the Red Keep amongst the civilians Cersei is using as human shields. The battle begins: Daenerys and Drogon burn the Iron Fleet and the Golden Company, and destroy the city's defences. Grey Worm kills Harry Strickland, and Daenerys' army storms King's Landing. Outmatched, the Lannister forces drop their weapons and the city rings the bells in surrender. However, Daenerys, driven mad by rage, does not accept the surrender and, atop Drogon, burns the city while her army participates in the massacre on the ground. Horrified by this turn of events, Jon unsuccessfully tries to stop his\",\n \"title\": \"The Bells (Game of Thrones)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"38948809","text":"Martin Kenzie (29 April 1956 – 16 July 2012) was a British second unit director and cinematographer whose works include feature films such as The Shining (1980), Return of the Jedi (1983), Aliens (1986), The King's Speech (2010) and TV series including Rome (2005) and Game of Thrones (2012). He was a member of the British Society of Cinematographers as a Camera Operator and was later elected a \"Full Member of the Society\" with BSC accreditation in 2012. Kenzie was diagnosed with cancer and was being operated on with the help of Macmillan Cancer Support. He died on 16 July 2012 at the age of 56. The Game of Thrones season three premiere episode, \"Valar Dohaeris\", aired on 31 March 2013, was dedicated to the memory of Kenzie in the credits. Personal life and career Kenzie was born on 29 April 1956 in Cambridge, England and started his career as a production runner for a London-based TV Commercials Company named \"Picture Palace Productions\". Later he worked for the camera department at \"Samuelson Film Services\" while preparing motion picture cameras for hire. His first feature film work was for Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980) where he worked as an assistant cameraman with film's cinematographer John Alcott. Till 1984, Kenzie continued to work as a Second assistant camera on various films including Return of the Jedi (1983), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) and A Passage to India (1984). Kenzie worked as First assistant camera on various other successful movies such as Robert Zemeckis' Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Ron Howard's Willow (1988), Clint Eastwood's White Hunter Black Heart (1990), Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather Part III (1990) and David Fincher's Alien 3 (1992). Since the beginning of his career, Kenzie made significant contributions as a Second unit director. Alongside feature films, Kenzie also worked for Television. His first work as a main unit cinematography which credited him as a cinematographer came in 1998 with David L. Williams's short film Angels at My Bedside and for a feature film in 2007 with Chris Munro's comedy film Back in Business. For 2005's film Syriana, written and directed by Stephen Gaghan, Kenzie worked as an assistant director and contributed as cinematographer for various television series including Keen Eddie (2003–2004), Rome (2005), Game of Thrones (2012) and Playhouse Presents (2012). In 1998, Kenzie joined Associate Membership of the British Society of Cinematographers as a Camera Operator and with his progression as a Director of Photography, he was later elected a \"Full Member of the Society\" with BSC accreditation in 2012. Kenzie was diagnosed with cancer and was being operated on with the help of Macmillan Cancer Support. He died on 16 July 2012 at the age of 56. British Society of Cinematographers announced a memorial service to celebrate Kenzie's life on 2 September 2012. The television series Game of Thrones dedicated its season three premiere episode, \"Valar Dohaeris\", aired on 31 March 2013, to the memory of Kenzie in the credits. Kenzie had","title":"Martin Kenzie"},{"docid":"60559065","text":"\"Jenny of Oldstones\", alternatively titled \"My Jenny's Song\", is a song appearing in the HBO epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was included in two separate parts in the second episode of the series' eighth season, \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\". In the first instance of the song, it was performed during the episode by character Podrick Payne, portrayed by Scottish actor Daniel Portman. The song then played during the episode's end credits, performed by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine. Florence and the Machine released the song as a single the day after the episode aired, on 22 April 2019. The song was released by HBO and record label Universal Music Group. Background \"Jenny of Oldstones\" is an adaptation of a fictional folk song mentioned in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, on which Game of Thrones is based. In the third novel in the series, A Storm of Swords, a mysterious elderly woods witch nicknamed \"the Ghost of High Heart\" asks the singer Tom of Sevenstreams to perform \"my Jenny's song\" as payment for her prophecies. Only one line of the song, \"High in the halls of the kings who are gone, Jenny would dance with her ghosts\", is quoted in the novel series, appearing in the epilogue chapter of A Storm of Swords. In the fictional history of A Song of Ice and Fire, the titular Jenny of Oldstones was a peasant girl whom the prince Duncan Targaryen gave up his inheritance to marry. The television version of the song is a folk ballad with influences of Celtic music. The song was written by German composer Ramin Djawadi, who composed all the music for Game of Thrones; and screenwriters D. B. Weiss and David Benioff, who added more lyrics to the fragment written by Martin in A Storm of Swords. Florence and the Machine's recording of it was produced by American musician Doveman and Florence and the Machine frontwoman Florence Welch. Weiss and Benioff reportedly approached Welch in 2012 to record the song \"The Rains of Castamere\", although she had turned down their request. Following the release of \"Jenny of Oldstones\", Welch stated in an interview with The New York Times that this was during her \"wild years\", when she was \"less focused\". In the episode \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\", the studio version of the song by Welch was played over the closing credits. The song was however first heard from the character Podrick Payne (played by Daniel Portman), who sang a verse in a sequence reminiscent of the scene in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King when Pippin sang \"The Edge of Night\" before the battle of Minas Tirith. The version sung by Portman is simplified in its harmonies, while the version by Welch is close to how Djawadi originally wrote it with more chord changes. Commercial performance \"Jenny of Oldstones\" debuted at number 75 in the UK","title":"Jenny of Oldstones"},{"docid":"41004928","text":"Tyrion Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by American actor Peter Dinklage. Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is a prominent point of view character in the series, having the most viewpoint chapters in the first five published novels. He is one of a few prominent characters not included in A Feast for Crows (2005) but returned in A Dance with Dragons (2011), and is confirmed to appear in the forthcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter. Tyrion developed from a character concept Martin had while writing the 1981 novel Windhaven. He is Martin's favorite character in the series. Tyrion is the youngest child of Lord Tywin Lannister, the patriarch of House Lannister, the wealthiest family in the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. A dwarf whose birth killed his mother, Tywin and his sister Cersei despise him as a result. Tyrion soothes his perceived inadequacies with wit and self-indulgence, also using his status as a Lannister and the support of his brother Jaime to better his own position. Tyrion has been called one of the author's finest creations and most popular characters by The New York Times. The popularity of the character led Martin and Bantam Books to publish The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister (2013), an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels. Dinklage has received widespread critical acclaim for his performance as Tyrion. He won four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. He is the only Game of Thrones actor to win an Emmy award and the only actor to receive a nomination for each season. Character Description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is introduced as the third and youngest child of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King, and Joanna Lannister, who dies giving birth to him. Tyrion's elder sister, Cersei, is the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon, and Cersei's male twin, Jaime, is one of the Kingsguard, the royal bodyguard. Described as an ugly (\"for all the world like a gargoyle\"), malformed dwarf with different colored eyes, green and black, Tyrion possesses the white-blond hair of a Lannister but has a complicated relationship with the rest of them. While he is afforded the privilege and luxuries of his family, he is treated as a \"second class noble\" because of his stature. Tyrion's mother, Joanna, died giving birth to him and Tywin and Cersei loathe him because they blame him for her death. While Tywin bears no affection for Tyrion, he nevertheless feels a sense of duty to his son, raising him in the Lannister fold and extending Tyrion a share of the family wealth. In contrast to Tywin and","title":"Tyrion Lannister"},{"docid":"46191804","text":"Dave Hill (born May 15, 1984) is an American television writer. He is known for writing four episodes of the HBO series Game of Thrones: in season 5, \"Sons of the Harpy\"; in season 6, \"Home\"; in season 7, \"Eastwatch\"; and in season 8, \"Winterfell\". Hill began working as an assistant to Game of Thrones executive producers/writers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss in season 2. In 2014, Hill became a staff writer for the fifth season and was assigned to write an episode. He was credited as story editor on Season 6 and executive story editor on Season 7, and wrote an episode for each. In \"Winterfell\", he appeared in a cameo as an Ironborn soldier killed by Theon Greyjoy. Television References External links Living people American television writers American male television writers 1984 births","title":"Dave Hill (screenwriter)"},{"docid":"51284978","text":"This is the list of works by Ramin Djawadi, an Iranian-German composer and music producer. Djawadi has composed and produced over one hundred soundtracks and film scores for both film and TV. He is best known for the score of HBO's series, Game of Thrones, along with other shows like Prison Break, Person of Interest and Westworld. He is also known for movie scores like Pacific Rim, Iron Man, and Warcraft. He also worked alongside Ellie Goulding for her song \"Hollow Crown\" in the album For the Throne: Music Inspired by the HBO Series Game of Thrones. Djawadi won two Emmy Awards in the category Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on the soundtracks of season 7 and season 8 of Game of Thrones in 2018 and 2019. He was also nominated for Grammy Awards in 2009, 2018, and 2020. Discography Films 2000s 2010s 2020s Television Television films Television series Video games Concert tours Awards References External links Discographies of classical composers Discographies of German artists Discographies of Iranian artists Film and television discographies Lists of compositions by composer List of works","title":"List of works by Ramin Djawadi"},{"docid":"32733532","text":"A Song of Ice and Fire, the series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin, has formed the basis of several works in different media. Novellas Dunk and Egg Martin wrote three separate novellas set ninety years before the events of the novels. These novellas are known as the Tales of Dunk and Egg after the main protagonists, Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire \"Egg\", the later King Aegon V Targaryen. The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire, although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows, respectively. The novellas were published in short story anthologies: The Hedge Knight in Legends (1998) The Sworn Sword in Legends II (2003) The Mystery Knight in Warriors (2010) The unfinished series of novellas is to continue to be published in a series of collections entitled A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms. The first of these, comprising the first three novellas, was published – with illustrations by Gary Gianni – in October 2015, and in unillustrated translations earlier. Film or TV adaptations of the novellas are being discussed, according to Martin in 2014. He wrote that because HBO owns the TV rights to the setting of Westeros (if not to the characters of the novellas), it would be preferable to have HBO adopt the novellas also. The first and second novellas were, in addition, adapted as graphic novels: Other novellas Martin has written three additional novellas that are written as historical accounts of events that took place long before the events of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels or the Dunk and Egg novellas. The Princess and the Queen, published in Dangerous Women (2013), details the civil war called the \"Dance of the Dragons\" between Aegon and Rhaenyra Targaryen about the succession to the Iron Throne. A fifth novella, The Rogue Prince, or, a King's Brother, was published in the 2014 anthology Rogues. It is a prequel to The Princess and the Queen and concerns the life of Prince Daemon Targaryen, Rhaenyra's second husband. Most recently, The Sons of the Dragon was published in the 2017 anthology The Book of Swords, and chronicles the lives of Aenys I and Maegor I Targaryen (later known as \"Maegor the Cruel\"), who were the second and third kings to sit the Iron Throne, respectively. Television series Game of Thrones (2011–19) In March 2010, HBO greenlit a television series based on A Song of Ice and Fire, written and executive produced by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Called Game of Thrones, it stars an ensemble cast including Sean Bean and Peter Dinklage. The series premiered on 17 April 2011. A critical and commercial success, it ran for eight seasons, concluding in 2019. The series has itself given rise to several derived works, including soundtrack albums and a wide range of merchandise. House of the Dragon (2022–present) House of the Dragon is an American fantasy drama television series created","title":"Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire"},{"docid":"54281805","text":"Throne of Fire is an action strategy video game. It was designed by Mike Singleton, developed by Consult Computer Systems, and published by Melbourne House. The game was released for the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum in 1987. Throne of Fire is set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano. The game focuses on three princes in the Burning Citadel where they and their men-at-arms fight to the death to gain the Throne of Fire after their father's death. Throne of Fire received positive reviews from industry critics, with some reviewers speaking positive of the graphics while other criticized the lack of difficulty in the single player mode, instead recommending playing with two players. Gameplay Throne of Fire is an action strategy game. Set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano, the player assumes the role of one of the three princes of the recently deceased King Atherik: Alorn the Lion Prince, Cordrin the Sun Prince, and Karag the Wolf Prince. As one of the princes, the player can play against two computer players or a second player and a computer player, who play the role of the other two princes. Each prince and their men-at-arms must fight the other princes and their army to the death. The player must also fight against the King's Guard, the protectors of the Throne of Fire. Weapons with their own strengths and weaknesses can be found around the castle, along with magical objects that can increase or decrease a character's strength. Each army group are distinguished by color, with Prince Alorn and his men as red, Cordrin as yellow, Karag as purple, and the King's Guard as green. The castle has one hundred rooms to enter through. If any characters enters a room, their group color will light up the room. Each of the princes starts with nine men-at-arms. Reinforcements will join the side of whoever last visit Gate Rooms. If no one entered a Gate Room before the man-at-arms appears, they will join the King's Guard. Once the player enters the Throne Room with their prince, they become the king and takes control of the King's Guard. The other players lose the ability to control their men-at-arms, with their men staying in their rooms to defend themselves. If the new king dies, the King's Guard will return to being neutral and the other princes regain their men. Development Throne of Fire was designed by Mike Singleton, known for designing other fantasy games such as Lords of Midnight, Doomdark's Revenge, and Dark Sceptre. It was developed under Consult Computer Systems, who worked on the programming, graphics, and music and was published by Melbourne House. This was the first game Singleton made in association with Melbourne House. Jim Bagley was given the position of programmer for the game, the first game he ever worked on. The game was released in April 1987 on the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. A Commodore 64 port was also planned,","title":"Throne of Fire"},{"docid":"42586098","text":"Dean-Charles Chapman (born 7 September 1997) is an English actor known for portraying Billy Elliot in the West End theatre production of Billy Elliot the Musical. His notable TV roles include Richard Grey in The White Queen (2013) and Tommen Baratheon in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones (2014-2016). He also portrayed Tom Blake in Sam Mendes's film 1917 (2019). Career At the age of eight, Chapman was cast as \"Small Boy\" in Billy Elliot the Musical, and would later be promoted to the roles of Michael and finally the titular character, becoming the second-longest running cast member in the production. During his time on Billy Elliot, he worked alongside future Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, and had the opportunity to meet Prime Minister Gordon Brown with several other young actors in the play. Soon after leaving Billy Elliot, Chapman was cast on the CBBC sitcom The Revolting World of Stanley Brown in the lead role, alongside fellow future Game of Thrones and Blinded by the Light co-star Nell Williams. The show lasted for one season. He made his film debut in the 2014 film Before I Go to Sleep, alongside Nicole Kidman and Colin Firth. After playing the minor role of Martyn Lannister in the third season of Game of Thrones, he replaced Callum Wharry in the major role of Tommen Baratheon, the young king of Westeros for the fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons of the show. With the rest of the cast, he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2018, he played the role of Castor in the AMC series Into the Badlands for seven episodes, followed by a supporting role in the film Blinded by the Light. In 2019, he was cast, alongside George MacKay, as one of the two leads in the Sam Mendes-directed war film 1917. The film went on to receive ten Academy Award nominations, winning three. Subsequently, he played the lead role of Matthew in the Eoin Macken's drama Here Are the Young Men, supported by Finn Cole, Anya Taylor-Joy, and Ferdia Walsh-Peelo. Personal life In 2015, it was speculated that Chapman was dating Nell Tiger Free, who played Myrcella Baratheon on Game of Thrones; they subsequently split up and deleted all social-media posts of a romance. Chapman is close friends with his Game of Thrones co-star Isaac Hempstead Wright (Bran Stark), whom he met through his involvement with the series. Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links 1997 births 21st-century English male actors English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors English male child actors Living people Male actors from London Actors from the London Borough of Havering","title":"Dean-Charles Chapman"},{"docid":"56201857","text":"Super TV () is a Korean variety show by Super Junior distributed by XtvN and tvN. The show airs on Xtvn every Thursday at 08:00 PM KST and tvN every Friday at 6:40 PM KST. Originally it was on air on both stations every Friday at 11:30 PM KST before being moved on June 7, 2018. History Super Junior made a success with their own short reality show SJ Returns back in 2017 and promised to come back as a fixed reality show. On January 2, 2018, a source from Label SJ announced that the group will be launching their own variety show titled “Super TV”. Season 1 aired from January 28, 2018, until April 13, 2018. The show went on hiatus after that and returned on May 29, 2018, with an earlier introduction on SMTOWN's V Live channel. Season 2 aired from June 7, 2018 until August 23, 2018. On this season, the show changed its format. The programme changed its day and time slot from every Friday at 11:30 PM KST to every Thursday at 08:00 PM KST for Xtvn and every Friday at 6:40 PM KST for tvN . On 23 August, the show went on hiatus again and promised to come back for a third season. Plot Season 1: Super Junior Crazy Idol Variety (슈퍼주니어 i돌아이어티) Super TV is a new concept variety show in which varied entertainment formats are re-created and twisted in Super Junior's own way. This concept is called Super Junior Crazy Idol Variety (슈퍼주니어 i돌아이어티). The show's format will include quiz show, talk show, game show, eating show, reality, documentary, sports, film and comedy. Season 2: King's Game (왕좌의 게임) Super TV returns with a new concept variety show titled Game of Thrones (왕좌의 게임). Super Junior is famous for being King of Variety Show idols and will invite any idols who want to challenge them for the title. The show will still include the previous season's format, the difference being other idols will challenge them. If they can win 5 episodes in a row, they will go for a luxury holiday overseas. The term was changed from episode 8, to just 3 consecutive wins for a vacation within South Korea. Each episode has two main segments. The first one is Liar King (라이어 왕), a segment where Super Junior verifies if the guests' listed skills and specialties are true. This is done through games or showing of talents, where the guests are labeled as \"liars\" should they fail the verification. The second segment consists of a maximum of two games that Super Junior has chosen to challenge the guests: Rokkuko King (로꾸거 왕) – Questions are being read backwards by each team and the opposing team will have to answer them correctly. Food Show King (먹방 왕) – The game played in this segment is related to eating. Inference King (추리 왕) – One team will be given a title of movie or song and they need to say one syllable","title":"Super Junior's Super TV"},{"docid":"1410865","text":"Cersei Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by actress Lena Headey. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Cersei is a member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families on the continent of Westeros. She subsequently appears in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000), and becomes a prominent point of view character beginning with A Feast for Crows (2005). Cersei will continue to be a point-of-view character in the forthcoming volume The Winds of Winter. Cersei is Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros by marriage to King Robert Baratheon, who abuses her throughout their marriage. Her father, Tywin, arranged the marriage after his attempt to betroth her to Prince Rhaegar Targaryen, whom she idolized as a child, failed. Robert took the Throne with the help of the Lannisters when he ended the Targaryen dynasty. Cersei has been involved in an incestuous affair with her twin brother, Jaime, since childhood. All three of Cersei's children are Jaime's, unbeknownst to Robert. The rumored illegitimacy of her children causes a power struggle in the wake of the king's death, known as the War of the Five Kings. Cersei's main character attributes are her lust for power, scheming, transgressive viewpoint, and her love for her children, whom she seeks to protect. She is considered one of the most complex characters in the story. Headey received widespread critical acclaim for her portrayal of the character on the HBO series Game of Thrones. She was nominated for five Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Headey and the rest of the cast were nominated for seven Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. In season 5 of the series, a young version of the character is portrayed by Nell Williams in a flashback. Character background A Song of Ice and Fire Cersei is the only daughter and the eldest child of 56-year-old Tywin Lannister and his late wife, Joanna; her twin brother, Jaime, was born soon after Cersei. At the beginning of the novels, Cersei is 32 years old and has been queen consort for 14 years. Cersei and Jaime looked so similar as children that Cersei occasionally wore Jaime's clothes and was mistaken for him. The twins experimented sexually at an early age but were discovered by a servant, who informed their mother. Joanna tasked a guard to keep the twins separated and kept the matter a secret from their father, threatening the twins that she would inform him if they ever repeated it. Soon afterward, Joanna died giving birth to the twins' younger dwarf brother, Tyrion when the twins were seven. Cersei blamed Tyrion for Joanna's death and started to abuse him","title":"Cersei Lannister"},{"docid":"1888770","text":"Viserys Targaryen is the name of three kings from the fictional House Targaryen in A Song of Ice and Fire and works based on it: Viserys I Targaryen, a character in the novel The Princess and the Queen and the television series House of the Dragon. Viserys II Targaryen, a character in The Princess and the Queen under the title Prince Viserys. Viserys III Targaryen, a character in the novel A Game of Thrones and season 1 of the television series Game of Thrones. See also List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters List of Game of Thrones characters","title":"Viserys Targaryen"},{"docid":"1325334","text":"Jaime Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by Danish actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. Jaime becomes a prominent point of view character in the novels beginning with A Storm of Swords (2000). Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Jaime is a knight of the Kingsguard and one of the best swordsmen in the seven kingdoms. He is a member of House Lannister, the wealthiest and one of the most powerful families in the kingdom of Westeros. He is the elder son of Tywin Lannister, twin brother of Cersei, with whom he has a longstanding incestuous relationship, and brother of Tyrion. Although Jaime first appears to be unscrupulous and immoral, he later proves to be more complex, honorable, and sympathetic. His lengthy character development has been praised by critics of the novels and the television show. Jaime is one of the most popular characters in both versions of the series. Coster-Waldau received critical praise for his portrayal and several award nominations including a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television, a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero, and two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series nominations. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for five Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Character description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Jaime is introduced as one of the Kingsguard, the royal security detail, the son of the wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister (the former Hand of the King), and one of the greatest swordsmen in the Seven Kingdoms with few able to match him, such as Barristan Selmy, Garlan Tyrell, Loras Tyrell. Jaime's twin is Cersei, the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon. Jaime is derisively referred to as \"the Kingslayer\" because he killed the \"Mad King\" Aerys Targaryen in the coup that put Robert on the Iron Throne. Eric Dodds of TIME described Jaime as \"handsome, an incomparably skilled fighter and disarmingly witty\". The New Yorker called the Lannisters \"a crowd of high-cheekboned beauties ... who form a family constellation so twisted, charismatic, and cruel that it rivals Flowers in the Attic for blond dysfunction\". Lev Grossman wrote for TIME that while Jaime and Cersei's younger brother Tyrion is a grotesque dwarf, \"the rest of the Lannisters are stunted too, but on the inside.\" The Los Angeles Times called Jaime \"handsome and unscrupulous\", though Dodds noted in 2014: Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly noted that in the novels, \"[Jaime is] a vaguely villainous minor character in Game of Thrones, then is basically absent from Clash of Kings, and suddenly he becomes a tragic hero in Storm of Swords.\" In A Game of Thrones, Jaime is not only carrying on an","title":"Jaime Lannister"},{"docid":"51286340","text":"The soundtrack album of the eighth season of HBO series Game of Thrones, titled Game of Thrones: Season 8, was released digitally on May 19, 2019, a double CD was released July 19, 2019, and was released on vinyl later in the year. Ramin Djawadi received his seventh Primetime Emmy Award nomination, for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score), for the season's third episode, \"The Long Night\" and then won the award, making two consecutive wins for Djawadi. Background \"It's been such an honor to be a part of this incredible show for the past eight years\", said Ramin Djawadi. Djawadi says of his track \"The Night King\": \"When I talked to Miguel [Sapochnik], the director, and when David [Benioff] and [D. B. Weiss] came to my studio and we started working on this episode, we all agreed that it had to be a piano piece again, just like 'Light of the Seven'.[...] It definitely misled the audience because of what they knew from 'Light of the Seven', back in season six. We always treated the music as another character in the show.\" Track listing Charts References 2019 soundtrack albums Soundtrack Ramin Djawadi soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks","title":"Game of Thrones: Season 8 (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"26380560","text":"Brienne of Tarth is a fictional character in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones. She is a prominent point of view character in the novels. Brienne is introduced in the second novel of the series, 1998's A Clash of Kings, as a warrior fighting for the honor of serving in the Kingsguard of Renly Baratheon. She later swears her loyalty to Catelyn Stark and vows to return the captive Jaime Lannister to King's Landing in exchange for Sansa and Arya Stark, whom Catelyn believes are being held by the Lannisters. She additionally appears in A Feast for Crows (2005) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). Because she is a woman, Brienne is barred from serving as a knight, even though she is one of the most honorable and skilled warriors in all of Westeros. Her personal struggle towards honor, justice, and recognition has received significant critical attention, as has her complex relationship with Jaime, and she is one of the more popular characters in both the novels and television show. In the television series, Brienne is portrayed by English actress Gwendoline Christie and is introduced in season two. After appearing as a recurring cast member for two seasons, Christie was promoted to the main cast from season four onwards. Christie has received significant critical praise for her portrayal. For her performance in season three, she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television and for two Screen Actors Guild Awards, alongside the rest of the cast, for the third and fourth seasons. In 2019, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in the series's final season. Character Background Brienne is the daughter and only surviving child of Lord Selwyn Tarth, Lord of Evenfall Hall on the island of Tarth. House Tarth is a bannerman to House Baratheon, the lord paramount of the Stormlands. Brienne's mother died when she was a child, and she had a single older brother, Galladon, who drowned when she was 8, and two younger sisters, both of whom died in infancy. Brienne as a child was under the tutelage of Septa Roelle, who found fault in everything about Brienne and destroyed her self-esteem. She told Brienne that although a man would marry her, as she is heiress to her father's land, he could never desire her. Brienne's father tried to find her a suitor to wed. This proved to be difficult, however, due to both Brienne's resistance and her ungainly appearance. Nonetheless, three successive but ultimately unsuccessful betrothals were attempted. The first was when she was 7 and her fiancé was 10, but he died of an illness. Next, a betrothal was brokered by the lord of the land-poor house Connington, to his young newly knighted heir Ronnet, but young Ser Ronnet broke the betrothal the first time he met Brienne. Brienne's father's last attempt","title":"Brienne of Tarth"},{"docid":"10200994","text":"Image Engine (also known as Image Engine Design Inc.) is a Visual effects studio based in Vancouver, BC, that offers a range of services for feature films and television, from concept designs and pre-visualization to CG animation, compositing, and explosive volumetric digital effects. Their work includes contributions for the films and series District 9, The Mandalorian, Game of Thrones, Lost in Space, Jurassic World and Elysium. In 2022, they won a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects In A Season Or A Movie for The Book of Boba Fett. In July 2015, they partnered with Cinesite. Other partner companies include Trixter, Squeeze, L'Atelier, FX3X, Assemblage, and the Imaginarium Studios. Credits 2024 Lift 3 Body Problem 2023 Kraven the Hunter Ahsoka The Mandalorian: Season 3 2022 Willow The School for Good and Evil Obi-Wan Kenobi Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore Moon Knight Snowpiercer: Season 3 2021 The Book of Boba Fett Swan Song The Unforgivable Hawkeye The Mandalorian: Season 2 Venom: Let There Be Carnage Twilight Zone: Season 2 Chaos Walking Snowpiercer: Season 2 2020 Mulan Project Power The Old Guard Bloodshot Harley Quinn: Birds of Prey Underwater 2019 The Mandalorian Spider-Man: Far From Home John Wick: Chapter 3 - Parabellum Pokémon Detective Pikachu 2018 Overlord Fantastic Beast: The Crimes of Grindelwald Skyscraper Kin Tully Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Lost in Space (2018 TV series): (#1. 10) Lost in Space (2018 TV series): (#1. 6) Lost in Space (2018 TV series): (#1. 2) Lost in Space (2018 TV series) (#1. 1) Game of Thrones (season 8): The Bells (#8. 5) Game of Thrones (season 8): The Long Night (#8. 3) Game of Thrones (season 8): Winterfell (#8. 1) The X-Files (season 11): My Struggle III (#11. 1) 2017 Thor: Ragnarok Game of Thrones (season 7): The Dragon and the Wolf (#7. 7) Game of Thrones (season 7): Eastwatch (#7. 5) Game of Thrones (season 7): The Spoils of War (#7. 4) Game of Thrones (season 7): Dragonstone (#7. 1) Detroit Power Rangers Logan 2016 Assassin's Creed Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV Independence Day: Resurgence Game of Thrones (season 6): The Winds of Winter (#6. 10) Game of Thrones (season 6): Battle of the Bastards (#6. 9) Game of Thrones (season 6): No One (#6. 8) Game of Thrones (season 6): The Broken Man (#6. 7) Game of Thrones (season 6): Blood of My Blood (#6. 6) Game of Thrones (season 6): The Door (#6. 5) Game of Thrones (season 6): Book of the Stranger (#6. 4) Game of Thrones (season 6): Oathbreaker (#6. 3) Game of Thrones (season 6): Home (#6. 2) Game of Thrones (season 6): The Red Woman (#6. 1) Captain America: Civil War The X-Files (season 10) Deadpool 2015 The Revenant Point Break The Man in the High Castle (TV series) The Last Witch Hunter Straight Outta Compton Jurassic World San Andreas Game of Thrones (season 5): Mother's Mercy (#5. 10) Game of Thrones (season 5): The Dance","title":"Image Engine"},{"docid":"35887650","text":"\"Blackwater\" is the ninth and penultimate episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 19th overall. The episode was directed by Neil Marshall, his directorial debut for the series, and written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels from which the series is adapted. It first aired on May 27, 2012. The episode centers around the Battle of Blackwater Bay, in which the Lannister army, commanded by acting Hand of the King Tyrion Lannister, defends the city of King's Landing against a naval invasion by the Baratheon army, commanded by Stannis Baratheon, who seeks to take the Iron Throne for himself. Unlike all previous episodes, \"Blackwater\" does not feature the storylines of characters outside of King's Landing, making it the first episode of the series to take place entirely in one location. The episode achieved a viewership of 3.38 million during its initial airing in the United States. \"Blackwater\" received acclaim from critics and audiences, with many praising the acting and visual effects in particular. At the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, the episode won the awards for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Drama Series (One-Hour) and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (One Hour). It was Peter Dinklage's choice to support his nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. The episode was also the recipient of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Plot Davos leads Stannis's fleet into Blackwater Bay. Grand Maester Pycelle gives Cersei a poison to use should Stannis take the city. Outside the Red Keep, Bronn's carousing is soured by the Hound; their tension is interrupted by bells, indicating Stannis's fleet has been spotted. Varys brings Tyrion a map of the tunnels beneath King's Landing. King Joffrey leads his forces from the Red Keep and orders Sansa to kiss his sword, vowing to use it to kill Stannis. The noble ladies and children shelter at Maegor's Holdfast under Ser Ilyn Payne's watch. Cersei drunkenly mocks Sansa's innocence, warning she will be raped if the city falls. Stannis's fleet is confronted by a single unmanned ship, which Davos realizes too late is a trap: the ship, rigged with explosive \"wildfire\", kills scores of Stannis's men, seemingly including Davos and his son Matthos. Stannis orders his surviving army to attack the vulnerable Mud Gate. The defenders are routed; Lancel, injured, retreats to the Holdfast. Set on edge by his childhood fear of fire and disgusted by Joffrey's cowardice, the Hound deserts his post and renounces his allegiance to the Lannisters. Stannis himself storms the battlements as his men employ a battering ram. Cersei nearly learns Shae's true origins, while Sansa realizes Ser Ilyn's orders: to kill her and Cersei if the city falls. Cersei orders Lancel to bring Joffrey to safety; frightened, Joffrey orders Ser Mandon Moore to take command. Tyrion rouses the defenders and leads them through a tunnel from Varys's map, flanking the Baratheon","title":"Blackwater (Game of Thrones)"},{"docid":"42534131","text":"\"Ignition Point\" is the twenty-second episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time. The episode was written and storyboarded by Somvilay Xayaphone and Bert Youn, from a story by Patrick McHale, Kent Osborne, and Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 17, 2012. The episode guest stars Keith David as Flame King and Paul F. Tompkins as Furnius. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Finn and Jake sneak into the Fire Kingdom on a quest for the Flame Princess (voiced by Jessica DiCicco). Once there, they discover a plot to assassinate the Flame King, and try to thwart it. The idea for \"Ignition Point\" had been developed at a writers meeting, wherein Tom Herpich wanted to focus on political intrigue in the Fire Kingdom. The episode was seen by 2.256 million viewers, and received mostly positive reviews from critics. Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club appreciated how the episode ran the gauntlet from toilet humour to Shakespearean references. Plot While spending time with Flame Princess (voiced by Jessica DiCicco), Finn and Jake learn that she misses her scented candles, which she left in the Fire Kingdom. The duo volunteer to retrieve them, but Flame Princess tells them to be careful and watch out for her evil father, Flame King (voiced by Keith David). Once they enter the Flame Kingdom, Finn and Jake manage to acquire the candles, but hear a conspiracy to assassinate the king between two fire beings, one of whom has an untied shoe, and the other has a hissy voice. Finn and Jake traverse the Flame Kingdom palace, trying to identify the culprits. Eventually, Jake gets the idea to dress up as actors and perform a play wherein they pretend to be the conspirators; this will cause the real assassins to act suspicious. Their plan goes awry, and Flame King believes them to be the actual assassins. However, by a lucky turn of events, Finn and Jake are able to unveil the actual culprits, who are the children of Flame King's brother, whom he murdered to acquire the throne. Finn is concerned that, because her father is truly evil, Flame Princess might be evil as well, but Flame King notes that someone with a good spirit could change her. Production \"Ignition Point\" was written and storyboarded by Somvilay Xayaphone and Bert Youn, from a story developed by series creator Pendleton Ward, Patrick McHale, and Kent Osborne. The origin for the episode was from a writers game. The impetus had been pitched by Herpich, who was interested in \"political intrigue in the Fire Kingdom\". Originally, he wanted to base it tonally on Game of Thrones, but the ending episode came out more Shakespearean. Adam Muto revealed via Spring.me that the series' writers and","title":"Ignition Point"},{"docid":"5885099","text":"The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series is an award presented since 1951 by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). The award goes to the producers of the series. The award is often cited as one of the \"main awards\" at the Emmys ceremonies. History Since its institution in 1951 the award has changed names many times in its history. It was first called Best Dramatic Show from 1951 to 1954, then Best Dramatic Series in 1955 and 1956. In 1957, no specific award for drama was given, but in 1958 the category was split into two separate categories, Best Dramatic Anthology Series, and Best Dramatic Series with Continuing Characters with a winner selected from each category. The following year, the category was differently split into two separate categories, Best Dramatic Series – Less Than One Hour. In 1960, the name was changed yet again to Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Drama; this name was kept from 1960 to 1964. In 1966, it had its sixth name change to Outstanding Dramatic Series or Outstanding Series-Drama; this was used from 1966 until recently, when it became Outstanding Drama Series. In 1988, Rumpole of the Bailey (PBS) was initially nominated in the Outstanding Miniseries category but the Academy ruled that the nomination was not valid a few days later and later allowed the program to compete in the Outstanding Drama Series category. Since 2000, every single winner has been a serial drama: The West Wing (2000–2003), The Sopranos (2004, 2007), Lost (2005), 24 (2006), Mad Men (2008–2011), Homeland (2012), Breaking Bad (2013–2014), Game of Thrones (2015–2016, 2018–2019), The Handmaid's Tale (2017), Succession (2020, 2022-2023), and The Crown (2021). Since the advent of Hill Street Blues in 1981, every winner has had some serialized arcs with the exception of Law & Order. The majority of these shows have won between their first and fifth seasons. Only two shows' sixth seasons have won (both HBO shows): The Sopranos and Game of Thrones, two shows' seventh seasons have won: Law & Order and Game of Thrones and one show's eighth season has won: Game of Thrones. Winners and nominations The following tables, divided by decade, display the winners and nominees of the \"Drama Series\" award, according to the Primetime Emmy Awards database: 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Programs with multiple wins 4 wins Game of Thrones (2 consecutive, twice) Hill Street Blues (consecutive) L.A. Law (3 consecutive) Mad Men (consecutive) The West Wing (consecutive) 3 wins The Defenders (consecutive) Dragnet (consecutive) Playhouse 90 (consecutive) Succession (2 consecutive) Upstairs, Downstairs (2 consecutive) 2 wins Breaking Bad (consecutive) Cagney & Lacey (consecutive) Lou Grant (consecutive) Mission: Impossible (consecutive) Picket Fences (consecutive) The Practice (consecutive) The Sopranos The United States Steel Hour (consecutive) Programs with multiple nominations 11 nominations Law & Order 8 nominations Game of Thrones Mad Men 7 nominations Better Call Saul ER The Sopranos Studio One The West Wing 6 nominations Hill Street Blues L.A. Law NYPD","title":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series"},{"docid":"8011259","text":"Scanline VFX is a global visual effects and animation company founded 1989 in Munich. The studio is led by VFX Supervisor Stephan Trojansky. The company has 7 locations including Munich, Stuttgart, Los Angeles, Vancouver, Montreal, London, and Seoul. Scanline has recently completed work on films from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) such as Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), Black Widow, Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings and Eternals (all 2021), and films based on DC Comics such as Zack Snyder's Justice League, The Suicide Squad (both 2021) and The Batman (2022). They have also worked on Terminator: Dark Fate, Gemini Man (both 2019), Godzilla vs. Kong, Free Guy and Don't Look Up (all 2021). In terms of television, Scanline has worked on Game of Thrones season eight (2019), Shadow and Bone (2021-), Foundation (2021-), Cowboy Bebop (2021) and Stranger Things season four (2022). In November 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire Scanline with plans for it to operate as a standalone business working with a variety of clients. The acquisition closed in the first quarter of 2022. Accolades Scanline is responsible for the development of its proprietary fluid effects software, Flowline. Scanline was the sole developer of Flowline and in 2008, was the recipient of a Scientific and Technical Achievement Academy Award for the software. In 2010, Scanline was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for its work on Clint Eastwood's Hereafter, for which it was the sole visual effects vendor. Scanline received a BAFTA nomination for Best Special Visual Effects in 2010 for its work on Iron Man 3 as well as a second Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects in 2014, for Captain America: The Winter Soldier. In 2010, Scanline won its first Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture for Hereafter. Scanline has two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects to its credit for its work on Season Four and Season Eight of Game of Thrones as well as an HPA Award for Outstanding Visual Effects and a Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Created Environment for episode The Iron Throne. Completed projects 300 2012 300: Rise of an Empire 6 Underground A Good Day to Die Hard American Renegades Ant-Man and the Wasp Aquaman Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Battleship Ben-Hur Between Two Ferns: The Movie Bird Box Black Panther Black Widow Blackhat Bumblebee Captain America: The Winter Soldier Captain Marvel Charlie's Angels Cosmos: Possible Worlds Divergent Exodus: Gods and Kings Eternals Furious 7 Game of Thrones Gemini Man Geostorm Godzilla Godzilla vs. Kong Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Gulliver's Travels Hereafter Hotel Lux Immortals In the Fade In the Heart of the Sea Independence Day: Resurgence Into the Storm Iron Man Iron Man 3 Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver Joker Journey 2: The Mysterious Island Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Justice League King Arthur: Legend of the Sword Kong: Skull Island Looper Luther Man of Steel Midway","title":"Scanline VFX"},{"docid":"1289464","text":"Eddard \"Ned\" Stark known as The Quiet Wolf is a fictional character in the 1996 fantasy novel A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin, and Game of Thrones, HBO's adaptation of Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. In the storyline, Ned is the lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Though the character is established as the main character in the novel and the first season of the TV adaptation, a plot twist involving Ned near the end of the novel and the end of the first season shocked both readers of the book and viewers of the TV series. Ned is portrayed by veteran English actor Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones, as a child by Sebastian Croft in the sixth season and as a young adult by Robert Aramayo in the sixth and seventh seasons. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011. Character Description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark is introduced as the virtuous and honorable patriarch of House Stark and the father of six children. The moral compass of the story, he is content to remain far from courtly intrigues and is unwavering in his view of loyalty and honor. His family name, Stark, serves as an indication of his resistance to moral compromise, but his boundaries are increasingly tested over the course of the novel. Finding himself a key player in the escalating political intrigue of King's Landing, Ned struggles as his own sense of honor draws him into corrupt goings-on at court. As the story progresses, he begins to see the importance of moral and practical compromises to achieve a just end, and is ultimately forced to choose between the safety of his family and doing what is right. Sean Bean said of the character, \"He's a good man trying to do his best in the middle of this corruption, he's a fish out of water, he's used to being up north in Winterfell where people are pretty straight and pragmatic, and he comes down to a place where people are playing games and backstabbing ... he's a principled man who tries to hold things together. This is a journey that he makes where ultimately his loyalty causes his downfall.\" Development and overview Publishers Weekly noted in 1996 that, despite the honest Ned Stark's intervention in court politics, \"no amount of heroism or good intentions can keep the realm under control.\" From his very first introduction, Ned is portrayed as a noble hero and set up to be the heart of the story. With fifteen chapters devoted to his point of view, more than any single character in the novel, he is presented as","title":"Ned Stark"},{"docid":"51286338","text":"The soundtrack album of the seventh season of HBO series Game of Thrones, titled Game of Thrones: Season 7, was released digitally on August 25, 2017 on CD on September 29, 2017. Track listing Credits and personnel Personnel adapted from the album liner notes. David Benioff – liner notes Ramin Djawadi – composer, primary artist, producer D.B. Weiss – liner notes Charts Awards and nominations References 2017 soundtrack albums Soundtrack Ramin Djawadi soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks","title":"Game of Thrones: Season 7 (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"41890180","text":"The Iron Throne, in the fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin, is the throne of the monarch of the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, and serves as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros as an institution. The success of the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones has made the show's version of the royal seat an icon of the entire media franchise. Martin said in 2013, \"Say Game of Thrones, and people think of the HBO Iron Throne.\" Martin called the depiction of the throne in his 2014 A Song of Ice and Fire companion book The World of Ice & Fire \"absolutely right\". He has noted repeatedly that none of the previous media representations of the throne—including books, games and the TV series—closely resemble what he had in mind when writing his novels. A Song of Ice and Fire In the series, the Iron Throne is both a physical seat of office as well as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros. Martin establishes in A Game of Thrones (1996) that after seizing control of six of the Seven Kingdoms, Targaryen ruler Aegon the Conqueror had made a throne for himself from the swords of his vanquished enemies, fused by dragonfire. Aegon had established King's Landing as the royal capital, and the Iron Throne itself sits in the Red Keep. Martin writes that according to legend, Aegon kept the blades sharp so that no ruler should ever sit comfortably. Centuries later, kings still cut themselves on the throne; it is a common belief that such rulers are therefore unfit to rule. Description Purportedly made from a thousand swords and knives, the Iron Throne is a massive and asymmetrical tangle of jagged and twisted blades, in which reclining is impossible. Martin commented in 2014: Depictions The Iron Throne has been depicted in comic books, in games, and on book covers, but Martin has noted repeatedly that none of these representations coincided with what he imagined: To Martin, the attempt closest to his vision was by French artist Marc Simonetti, for a Mexican edition of A Game of Thrones. The author subsequently worked with Simonetti to get an image the author calls \"absolutely right\". This depiction appears in Martin's 2014 companion book The World of Ice & Fire. He noted, \"From now on, THIS will be the reference I give to every other artist tackling a throne room scene.\" Martin said of the image: The various depictions of the throne include: The Art of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire (2005); Title page by Michael Komarck (Jaime Lannister on the Iron Throne) A Game of Thrones (2014); Cover by Marc Simonetti (Random House México, ) The World of Ice & Fire (2014); \"The Targaryen Kings\", art by Marc Simonetti A Game of Thrones: Genesis video game (2011); Box cover by Marc Simonetti A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; \"The Price of Nobility\" card (2009), art by Alex","title":"Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)"},{"docid":"1888758","text":"Margaery Tyrell is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by English actress Natalie Dormer. Margaery is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones (1996) and first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998). She subsequently appeared in A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). Margaery is a member of the House Tyrell, the second wealthiest and largest of the eight Great Houses in Westeros. She is the younger sister of Lord Willas Tyrell, the heir to Highgarden, Ser Garlan the Gallant, as well as Ser Loras Tyrell, the Knight of Flowers. She is close to her paternal grandmother Lady Olenna, the Queen of Thorns, originally of House Redwyne. Like her grandmother, Margaery is shrewd, ambitious and adaptable, and uses her beauty, generosity and family influence to secure power for herself. Having wed herself to three kings over the course of the narrative, she becomes an influential political figure in Westeros, which often brings her into conflict with her chief rival at court, Cersei Lannister. Character overview Book series Margaery is the only daughter of Alerie Hightower and Mace Tyrell, the Lord of Highgarden in the Reach. Her older brothers are the heir Willas, Garlan and Loras the Knight of Flowers, who is a member of the Kingsguard. One of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, House Tyrell is actually guided by the willful Lady Olenna, Mace's mother, who has arranged Margaery's marriages and mentors her in politics and court intrigue. Margaery Tyrell is not a point of view character in the novels, so her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of Sansa Stark and Cersei Lannister. Television series In HBO's Game of Thrones, Margaery's backstory and plotline in the early seasons remain largely unchanged from the novels, though the character is more prominent in the series and this version of Margaery is an adult as opposed to a teenager. Margaery first appears in the second season, following her marriage to Renly; she is well aware that her marriage is a political one, and displays pragmatism regarding Renly's homosexuality and his relationship with her brother Loras. Storylines A Clash of Kings Margaery first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998), having married Renly Baratheon and supporting his claim to the Iron Throne. After Renly's assassination, the Tyrells switch allegiance and Margaery is instead offered to wed King Joffrey Baratheon. A Storm of Swords In A Storm of Swords (2000), she becomes popular among the citizens of King's Landing through her various charitable activities. Margaery forms an amiable relationship with the King's ex-fiancée Sansa Stark and through Sansa she learns much about Joffrey's true nature. Margaery weds Joffrey, but he is poisoned at their wedding feast. A Feast for Crows In A Feast for Crows (2005) Margaery marries Joffrey's younger brother, Tommen, and encourages him to","title":"Margaery Tyrell"},{"docid":"713590","text":"A Clash of Kings is the second of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, an epic fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on November 16, 1998 in the United Kingdom; the first United States edition followed on February 2, 1999. Like its predecessor, A Game of Thrones, it won the Locus Award (in 1999) for best novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award (also in 1999) for best novel. In May 2005, Meisha Merlin released a limited edition of the novel, fully illustrated by John Howe. The novel has been adapted for television by HBO as the second season of the TV series Game of Thrones. A Clash of Kings is also the name of the first expansion to the Game of Thrones board game. Plot summary A Clash of Kings depicts the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros in civil war, while the Night's Watch mounts a reconnaissance to investigate the mysterious people known as wildlings. Meanwhile, Daenerys Targaryen continues her plan to conquer the Seven Kingdoms. In the Seven Kingdoms With King Robert Baratheon dead, his purported son Joffrey sits on the Iron Throne. His reign is far from stable, as both of Robert's brothers, Renly and Stannis, have claimed the throne as well. Two regions attempt to secede from the realm: Robb Stark is declared \"King in the North\" while Balon Greyjoy declares himself king of the Iron Islands. The war among these contenders is dubbed the War of the Five Kings. Stannis Baratheon, publicizing the claim that Joffrey and his siblings are bastards, claims the throne as Robert's eldest brother and therefore heir. He is supported by Melisandre, a foreign priestess who believes Stannis a prophesied messianic figure. Renly is supported by the wealthy Lord Mace Tyrell, and has married Mace's daughter Margaery. Robb's mother Catelyn Stark meets with Renly and Stannis to discuss an alliance against Joffrey's family, the Lannisters, but she is unable to reach an agreement with them. Melisandre uses magic to send a shadow to assassinate Renly in the middle of the night, and Stannis besieges Storm’s End, Renly’s castle; after witnessing Renly's death, Catelyn and Renly's bodyguard, Brienne of Tarth, flee the scene. Tyrion Lannister, Joffrey's uncle, arrives at the capital city of King's Landing as acting Hand of the King, the senior adviser to Joffrey's reign. Tyrion improves the defenses of the city while jockeying for power against Joffrey's mother, the Queen Regent Cersei. Learning of Renly's death, Tyrion sends the crown's treasurer Petyr “Littlefinger” Baelish to win the Tyrells' support for Joffrey. Catelyn's daughter Sansa, a hostage of the Lannisters, is regularly abused by Joffrey. Riots break out in the city due to Joffrey's cruelty and food shortages caused by the ongoing war. Robb wins several victories against the Lannisters while his younger brother Bran rules the Northern stronghold of Winterfell in his absence. Against Catelyn's advice, Robb sends his friend Theon Greyjoy, Balon Greyjoy's son, to negotiate an","title":"A Clash of Kings"},{"docid":"32615524","text":"Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actress and comedian known for portraying Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy-drama series Game of Thrones. She also plays Kate in all seasons of the comedy Upstart Crow, Detective Eunice Noon on the first season of The End of the F***ing World on Channel 4, and Geraldine on the third season of Killing Eve. Early life Whelan was born in Leeds and grew up in the Midlands. She attended The King's High School for Girls in Warwick and the London Studio Centre. Career As a stand-up comedian, Whelan won the 2010 Funny Women Variety Award. She performed at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe with her show Chastity Butterworth & The Spanish Hamster. In 2014 she recorded a pilot chat show as her character Chastity Butterworth for BBC Radio 4. On screen, she has played supporting roles in several films and TV shows, including in the 2010 films Gulliver's Travels and The Wolfman. She played Kate (appearing in all 18 main episodes, as well as three Christmas specials) in Ben Elton's BBC Two comedy Upstart Crow, and was a series regular on The End of the F***ing World. She also played roles in other comedies, including Uncle and The Agency. In August 2011, she was cast as Yara Greyjoy, elder sister of Theon, of House Greyjoy of the Iron Islands, in the HBO fantasy-drama television series Game of Thrones, and appeared as a recurring cast member from the second season onward. In 2017, she portrayed Karen Matthews in the two-part TV drama The Moorside, based on the 2008 disappearance of nine-year-old Shannon Matthews. In 2019, she appeared as Marian Lister in the BBC drama Gentleman Jack. In February 2020, a stage adaptation of Upstart Crow opened at the Gielgud Theatre, London, Whelan reprising the role of Kate. Whelan returned to the West End stage as Kate when the play was revived at the Apollo Theatre in 2022. Personal life Whelan lives in London with her husband, the comedian and actor Gerry Howell and their two children. Filmography Film Television Stage Video games Short films Awards and nominations References External links Amore, video with Whelan on Upstart Crow Living people English film actresses English stand-up comedians English women comedians Actresses from Leeds 21st-century English actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses 1981 births WFTV Award winners People educated at The King's High School for Girls Comedians from Leeds","title":"Gemma Whelan"},{"docid":"51283421","text":"Game of Thrones'' Live Concert Experience is the concert tour by the HBO epic fantasy series Game of Thrones featuring composer Ramin Djawadi. The all-arena tour was announced on August 8, 2016 at an intimate concert in Los Angeles, California. The tour consists of 24 dates in cities across the United States and Canada. The tour's title, \"Music Is Coming\" is in reference to House Stark motto, \"Winter Is Coming.\" The concert started on February 20, 2017 in Saint Paul, Minnesota and ended April 2 in Portland, Oregon. A world tour was announced in September 2017. It started in May 2018 in Madrid and ended in October in Toronto. A third tour in North America started on September 5, 2019 finishing on October 5, 2019. Background On August 8, 2016, composer Ramin Djawadi announced the Game of Thrones'' Live Concert Experience Tour at an event at the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles with Isaac Hempstead Wright, who plays Bran Stark in the series. The tour started in Saint Paul, Minnesota and concluded in Portland, Oregon. The tour consisted of 24 cities across the United States, with additional stops in Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec in Canada. The tour featured the show's composer, Ramin Djawadi, conducting an 80-piece orchestra and choir, which performed highlights from the series' musical score, on a 360-degree stage. In addition, LED telescoping and wall screens, and special 3D designs, rose from the stage floor. Instruments were specially created for the tour, such as a 14-foot Wildling horn played during the Wildling attack on the Wall section. We really want to summarize the show the best we can, There's a lot of different locations and events to cover. If you come and watch this concert, you really get a nice summary and a nice look back on the past seasons. The one I'm really excited about is 'Light of the Seven,' which was such a great surprise to the viewers, because it's the first time we're using piano, Besides the orchestra and the choir, we will have the piano and that piece to play. That'll be really great live. - Ramin Djawadi In an interview, Djawadi talked about the tour, saying, \"I'm going through the music to adapt it more for a live performance, and I might have a vocalist on a piece that didn't have one before, or lengthen another piece, I'm not bound to the picture anymore, so I can let the music tell its own story, and be creative about it.\" Stage The concert contained multiple stages and the main stage (King's Landing stage), and featured Djawadi as conductor with the orchestra and choir. On the other side of the stage (Winterfell stage) were another choir and more soloists. In between those stages were four smaller stages, with each being named after different locations from the world of Game of Thrones. There was also a runway between the two main stages, that was also a location. Setlist This setlist was performed at the October","title":"Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience"},{"docid":"51284023","text":"The soundtrack album of the fourth season of HBO series Game of Thrones, titled Game of Thrones: Season 4 was released digitally on June 10, 2014, and on CD on July 1, 2014. Season 4 of Game of Thrones saw the Icelandic band Sigur Rós perform their rendition of \"The Rains of Castamere\" in a cameo appearance at King Joffrey's wedding in the second episode, \"The Lion and the Rose\". Reception The soundtrack received mostly positive reviews from critics. The soundtrack was awarded a score of 4/5 by Heather Phares of AllMusic. Track listing Credits and personnel Personnel adapted from the album liner notes. David Benioff – liner notes Ramin Djawadi – composer, primary artist, producer Sigur Rós – primary artist George R.R. Martin – lyricist D.B. Weiss – liner notes Charts Awards and nominations References Ramin Djawadi soundtracks 2014 soundtrack albums Soundtrack Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks","title":"Game of Thrones: Season 4 (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"74482415","text":"Vladimir Furdik is a Slovak stunt performer and actor. He played the role of the Night King on the television series Game of Thrones from 2016 to 2019. Biography Vladimir Furdik was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). Since the 1970s, he was a member of theater groups in Czechoslovakia. In the 1990s Furdik has already worked in Hollywood, first doing stunts for the low-budget horror film Tremors, but soon worked on The Three Musketeers. Furdik moved from the predominantly stunt work to direct acting in the 2000s. He played the role of Andrzej, a gypsy in the film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Game of Thrones Furdik participated in the production of Game of Thrones, following the crew to Belfast, Spain, and Croatia. For the series, he not only did stunt work, but also portrayed the antagonist the Night King in Seasons 6, 7 and 8. Filmography Stunt performer: 1990 Tremors 1993 The Three Musketeers 1996 Dragonheart 2001 Uprising 2001 Behind Enemy Lines 2005 Kingdom of Heaven 2006 Eragon 2008 The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian 2008 The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor 2009 Solomon Kane 2010 Spartacus 2011 The Eagle 2011 Season of the Witch 2011 War Horse 2011 Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows 2012 John Carter 2012 Prometheus 2012 Snow White and the Huntsman 2012 Skyfall 2013 Thor: The Dark World 2014 Noah 2014 Hercules 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings 2016 The Huntsman: Winter's War 2019 The Witcher 2021 The Last Duel Actor: 1994 The Dragon Ring 2000 Dragonheart: A New Beginning 2004 La Femme Musketeer 2007 The Last Legion 2010 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time 2010 Strike Back 2011 Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows 2011 Game of Thrones See also Richard Brake References Living people Stunt performers Slovak film actors Actors from Bratislava Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Vladimir Furdik"},{"docid":"60880568","text":"Andrew McClay is a former extra on Game of Thrones who gained considerable prominence for his depiction in the Game of Thrones: The Last Watch documentary. Director Jeanie Finlay said about McClay: “I’ve found the heart of our film.” McClay first appeared as a Baratheon soldier in Season 5, who later becomes a Stark bannerman in Seasons 6, 7, and 8. McClay revealed in Game of Thrones: The Last Watch that his character's name across all 4 seasons was Aberdolf Strongbeard. References External links 1984 births Living people Irish male television actors 21st-century Irish male actors Male actors from Derry (city)","title":"Andrew McClay"},{"docid":"1888712","text":"Stannis Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. He is the second son of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, as well as the brother of Robert – lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Renly – lord of Storm's End. He is the Lord of Dragonstone, and after his elder brother's death, becomes a claimant to the Iron Throne of Westeros and a key player in the subsequent civil war. Stannis's goals are frequently impeded by his lack of manpower and resources, owing to his unpopularity with other noble houses. He must therefore rely on the counsel of the foreign priestess Melisandre and his right-hand man, lowborn smuggler Davos Seaworth, who he later promotes to Hand of the King. Stannis often struggles to escape the shadow of his two more overtly charismatic brothers, particularly Robert. Though first mentioned in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Stannis formally appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). In December 2011, Martin posted a sample chapter from the yet-unfinished The Winds of Winter, told from Theon Greyjoy's viewpoint, which confirmed Stannis' return in the sixth book. Stannis is portrayed by English actor Stephen Dillane in the HBO television adaptation of the series, who has received significant critical praise for his performance. Stannis is a divisive character among fans of the books and television show alike, enjoying both great popularity for his dedication to justice and dark horse status, as well as opposition for his unrelenting attitude towards the Iron Throne. He has earned particular attention for the differences in his characterization between the novels and show, particularly during season five. Character description Stannis Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and older brother of Renly. He is portrayed as a brooding and humorless man with a harsh but fair sense of duty and justice whose dour demeanor is often off-putting in comparison to his two more charismatic brothers. He is renowned as a skilled and prescient military commander. Although he is initially said to be extremely stubborn and inflexible, in later books he has shown some ability to use diplomacy and deception to achieve his goals. Background Stannis was born the second of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont's three sons and in his youth was constantly overshadowed by Robert. When Stannis was 14, he witnessed his parents' death in a shipwreck off the coast of House Baratheon's castle, Storm's End, and subsequently lost his faith in the Seven Gods. During Robert's Rebellion, a teenage Stannis holds Storm's End in Robert's absence, successfully defending the besieged castle from the Reach forces of Mace Tyrell and Paxter Redwyne for the best part of the year. Stannis' garrison avoids starvation thanks only to the smuggler Davos Seaworth, who evades the blockade by the Redwyne fleet to bring the Baratheon soldiers a cargo","title":"Stannis Baratheon"},{"docid":"50049210","text":"After the Thrones is an American live television aftershow that premiered on April 25, 2016, and ended on June 28, 2016. It was hosted by Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan who discussed episodes of the HBO television series Game of Thrones. The talk show was executive produced by Bill Simmons and Eric Weinberger. Greenwald and Ryan previously hosted a podcast version of the show titled Watch the Thrones on Simmons' Grantland website. A similar talk show called Thronecast aired on British channel Sky Atlantic, which also discussed episodes of Game of Thrones. The talk show was made available to HBO and HBO Now subscribers, and airs on the Monday following each episode of Game of Thrones. After the show's cancellation, Greenwald and Ryan, along with Simmons, made a similar live stream video podcast for distribution on Twitter called Talk the Thrones. Although it covers the same subject matter, it is a different production. Broadcast and format The series features hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan from the upcoming sports and pop culture website, The Ringer created by Bill Simmons, discussing episodes of the HBO fantasy drama Game of Thrones. Following the success of similar shows such as Talking Dead, which serves as a network sanctioned discussion of the show, HBO decided to introduce its own version of the format in which the hosts provide a \"lively, humorous and sophisticated look\" at the previous night's episode. The show airs on the stand-alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show's sixth season, which itself airs on Sundays. Greenwald and Ryan previously hosted a similar version of the show for Simmons' now-defunct sports and pop culture website Grantland, titled \"Watch the Thrones\", in a podcast format. Previous \"Watch the Thrones\" guests Mallory Rubin and Jason Concepcion are also part of the show. The series began on Monday, April 25, 2016, on HBO Now, HBO Go, HBO On Demand and HBO. The stated purpose of the show is to \"recap the latest episode, explaining the who, what, when and where, exploring the complicated politics and history of Thrones, and offering absurd and not-so-absurd theories about future episodes.\" For the seventh season of Game of Thrones, the after show changed its name to Talk the Thrones and moved from HBO to the social media site Twitter, where it will stream live every week after an episode airs. Simmons said that \"We love Game of Thrones and we love the way Twitter is thinking about content right now, so we jumped at the chance to blow out our Thrones show into an interactive multimedia experience — something that reacts immediately to what just happened, almost like a postgame show in sports - Nobody is equipped to do that better than Twitter. It's the natural evolution of what we had already established with Chris, Andy, Mallory and Jason.\" Episodes Season 1 (2016) These episodes discuss season six of Game of Thrones. Starting from the first episode, \"The Red Woman\". See also","title":"After the Thrones"},{"docid":"38072878","text":"The following events occurred in October 1920: October 1, 1920 (Friday) The 1920 Chilean presidential election was finally settled when the South American nation's Supreme Court ruled, 5 to 2, that Arturo Allesandri had been elected over Luis Barros Borgono by 177 electoral votes to 176. On October 4, a joint session of the National Congress proclaimed the election. Charles Ponzi was indicted on 86 counts of mail fraud. For the first time in decades, New York City residents were not required to change their dwellings for \"Moving Day\", and more than 90 percent of families elected to stay at their homes. On October 1, 1919, an estimated 75,000 New York families moved from one apartment to another as their leases expired; in 1920 it was only 5,000. Born: Walter Matthau, American film and stage actor, Oscar Award and Tony Award winner; as Walter Matthow in New York City (d. 2000) Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor; in Granby, Quebec (d. 2001) October 2, 1920 (Saturday) King Alexander of Greece was injured by a monkey while walking through the grounds of the Tatoi Palace and developed a fatal infection as a result. The King was walking with his dog, Fritz, when a Barbary macaque came through and the two animals fought. While trying to rescue his dog, King Alexander suffered a deep bite from a second macaque. The wound became infected and Alexander died of sepsis on October 25. Noting the disaster that followed when Alexander's death brought former King Constantine back to the throne, and the new government's disastrous war with Turkey, Winston Churchill would later write \"It is perhaps no exaggeration to remark that a quarter of a million persons died of this monkey's bite.\" Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, sent a warning to Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin warning that Soviet submarines were seen in the Baltic Sea, and that the Royal Navy would attack Russian subs on sight. King Alfonso of Spain dissolved the Cortes, Spain's parliament, at the request of Prime Minister Dato because Dato's government did not have a majority. With two games left to play in the season, the Cleveland Indians clinched the American League pennant with a 10-1 win over the Detroit Tigers, guaranteeing that they would finish at least one game ahead of the Chicago White Sox, who had recently lost several of their star players to the Black Sox Scandal. The last tripleheader in major league baseball, with teams playing three nine-inning games on the same day, took place in Pittsburgh, as the Reds defeated the Pirates 13-4 and 7-3 in the first two games, and the Pirates won 6-0 in the final meeting of the day. With the victory, the Reds captured third place in the National League pennant race. The Friday game between the teams had been rained out, and, since the game would determine third place in the NL, the owners agreed to play it on the same day as Saturday's scheduled doubleheader, starting at noon rather than","title":"October 1920"},{"docid":"42139937","text":"Catch the Throne is a two-volume mixtape. The first volume was released digitally on March 7, 2014, and on CD on March 28, 2014, as a free mix tape that features various rap artists to help promote the HBO series Game of Thrones. The albums feature hip hop artists including Snoop Dogg, Ty Dolla $ign, Common, Wale, Daddy Yankee, as well as music by Ramin Djawadi from the show and some voices from the show. Reception The album received mostly mixed reviews from critics and fans alike. Track listing Volume I To help promote the series to a broader audience including multicultural urban youth, HBO commissioned an album of rap songs dedicated to Game of Thrones. Entitled Catch the Throne, it was published for free on SoundCloud on March 7, 2014. Volume II A second volume of songs was released in March 2015, prior to the beginning of the fifth season of Game of Thrones. This volume again consisted of songs from hip-hop artists, but this time also included contributions from several heavy metal bands. It was released as a free download on iTunes and SoundCloud. References 2014 mixtape albums 2015 mixtape albums Music of Game of Thrones Hip hop compilation albums Ramin Djawadi","title":"Catch the Throne"},{"docid":"1316115","text":"Gregor Clegane, nicknamed \"The Mountain That Rides\" or simply \"The Mountain\", is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. In the books, the character is initially introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones. He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and in A Dance with Dragons (2011). A notorious knight and retainer to House Lannister, he is well known for his enormous size, prowess in battle, extremely cruel nature, and uncontrollable temper. He is the older brother of Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane who has hated him ever since Gregor gruesomely scarred Sandor by shoving his face into a brazier when they were children. After being mortally wounded in a duel with Oberyn Martell, he is resuscitated by Qyburn via sinister means and becomes member of the Kingsguard and the personal bodyguard of Cersei Lannister. In the HBO television adaptation, Clegane was originally portrayed by Australian actor Conan Stevens in season one, and by Welsh actor Ian Whyte in season two; Icelandic actor and world champion strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson took over the role in season four and continued in the role until the final season. Character description Ser Gregor Clegane is the head of House Clegane, a landed knight vassal to House Lannister, and is the older brother of Sandor Clegane. His enormous size and strength make him a fearsome warrior (in the novels he is nearly ) tall, and weighs over ), and he has earned a reputation for violence and brutality. When they were children, Gregor shoved Sandor's face into a brazier for using his toy, gruesomely scarring him. Over the course of his service to Tywin Lannister, he has committed numerous war crimes, most infamously the rape and murder of the Targaryen royal family, but has repeatedly avoided punishment due to House Lannister's power and influence over the Iron Throne. Clegane was one of the first Lannister soldiers to enter King's Landing during its sack at the end of Robert Baratheon's rebellion. He raped and murdered Princess Elia, after murdering her son Aegon by shattering the child's head against a wall, a grudge House Martell still bears 14 years later at the onset of A Game of Thrones. Gregor Clegane is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Arya Stark and Cersei Lannister. Gregor is mostly a background character in the novels. Storylines A Song of Ice and Fire In A Game of Thrones, Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands in retaliation for Catelyn Stark's abduction of Tyrion. Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor, but Gregor ambushes and kills him. He and his men continue raiding the Riverlands throughout A Clash of Kings. When Tyrion Lannister demands a trial by combat in A Storm of Swords, the accuser","title":"Gregor Clegane"},{"docid":"6903063","text":"A kingmaker is a person who can influence the selection of a monarch, without themself being a candidate for the throne, or a similar position of power. Kingmaker may also refer to: Games Kingmaker (board game), a 1974 board game set in (English) Wars of the Roses Kingmaker (video game), a 1994 strategy video game based on the board game Neverwinter Nights: Kingmaker, a 2005 expansion pack for BioWare's Neverwinter Nights Pathfinder: Kingmaker, a 2018 video game by Owlcat Games Television King Maker (TVB), a 2012 TVB drama Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny, a 2020 South Korean television series \"Kingmaker\" (Law & Order), a 2006 episode of NBC drama \"The Kingmaker\" (The Blacklist), a 2014 episode Good Night Show - King Maker, the first season of the TV series King Maker Music Kingmaker (band), British indie rock band Kingmaker (Tami Neilson album), a 2022 album Kingmaker (Pretty Maids album), a 2016 album \"Kingmaker\", a 2013 song by American band Megadeth from the album Super Collider In cinema The Kingmaker (film), a 2019 documentary film The King Maker, a 2005 Thai film Kingmaker (film), a 2022 South Korean political drama film Other uses The Kingmaker (audio drama) a 2006 Doctor Who audio drama King Maker, a 2010 urban fantasy novel by Maurice Broaddus Kingmaker (comics), Marvel character related to X-Men See also Kingmaker scenario, in games, a situation where a losing player has the power to select the winner","title":"Kingmaker (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"64223829","text":"Destiny 2: The Witch Queen is a major expansion for Destiny 2, a first-person shooter video game by Bungie. Representing the sixth expansion and the fifth year of extended content for Destiny 2, it was originally planned for release in late 2021, but due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the expansion was delayed by three months and was released on February 22, 2022. Prior to release, Bungie reported that The Witch Queen had over 1 million pre-orders, \"on track to becoming the most pre-ordered expansion in Destiny 2 history\". The expansion revolves around Savathûn, The Witch Queen, the sister of Oryx, who was the antagonist of the original Destinys (2014) first major expansion, The Taken King (2015). The expansion added weapon crafting to the game where players can obtain weapon patterns of existing weapons to craft their own versions with chosen perks to fit to their own play style. Other new content across the game includes new missions, Player versus Environment locations, Player versus Player maps, player gear, weaponry, and a new raid. Two new dungeons and a reprised raid, \"King's Fall\" from The Taken King, were released over the course of the year. The Witch Queen had four seasonal content offerings for Year 5 of the game: Season of the Risen, which was available alongside the expansion, Season of the Haunted in May, Season of Plunder in August, and Season of the Seraph in December, which ran until the launch of the next expansion, Lightfall, on February 28, 2023. With the release of Lightfall, this seasonal content was removed from the game with the exception of the respective battlegrounds activities from Season of the Risen and Season of the Seraph, which were incorporated into the Vanguard Operations playlist. Gameplay The Witch Queen introduces a new location, Savathûn's Throne World, above Mars within the Ascendant Realm. In addition to world activities, a new raid, \"Vow of the Disciple\", was released on March 5, 2022. Two additional dungeons were also added over the course of the expansion, but requires the purchase of a dungeon key. The \"King's Fall\" raid from the original Destinys (2014) The Taken King expansion was added on August 26, 2022, during Season 18 and is free for all players to access. It features the same story as the original, but accounts for differences in Destiny 2, such as gameplay mechanics and Champion enemies, as well as a new starting instance to replace the absent Dreadnaught destination that had been present in The Taken King (players begin the raid in the Court of Oryx area like the original, but cannot explore the Dreadnaught beyond this area). New and existing story content was expanded with a new \"Legendary\" difficulty, designed to be challenging for single players but with improved rewards for completing. At the same time, some content from the Forsaken (2018) expansion was removed from the game and placed in the Destiny Content Vault; this included the full Forsaken campaign, the Tangled Shore destination and its","title":"Destiny 2: The Witch Queen"},{"docid":"713625","text":"A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 8, 2000, in the United Kingdom, with a United States edition following in November 2000. Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon, which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book. At the time of its publication, A Storm of Swords was the longest novel in the series. It was so long that in the UK, Ireland, Australia, Serbia and Israel, its paperback edition was split in half, Part 1 being published as Steel and Snow in June 2001 (with the one-volume cover) and Part 2 as Blood and Gold in August 2001 (with a specially-commissioned new cover). The same division was used in the Polish and Greek editions. In France, the decision was made to cut the novel into four separate volumes. A Storm of Swords won the 2001 Locus Award, the 2002 Geffen Award for Best Novel and was nominated for the 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel. It was the first novel in the series to be nominated for the Hugo Award, one of the two most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy publishing, although it lost to J. K. Rowling's novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Meisha Merlin Publishing, which had previously issued limited, illustrated editions of both A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings, was planning to release a similar version for A Storm of Swords in two volumes; however, lengthy delays in the release of A Clash of Kings caused it to lose its publishing rights, which were picked up by Subterranean Press. This edition, illustrated by Charles Vess, was released in the summer of 2006. A Storm of Swords is also the name of the second expansion to the board game A Game of Thrones, released in July 2006. Approximately the first half of the novel was adapted for television as the third season of the HBO show Game of Thrones, while the second half became the basis for the series' fourth season, and some elements for the series' fifth season. Plot summary A Storm of Swords picks up the story slightly before the end of its predecessor, A Clash of Kings. The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros are still in the grip of the War of the Five Kings, wherein Joffrey Baratheon and his uncle Stannis Baratheon compete for the Iron Throne, while Robb Stark of the North and Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands declare their independence (Stannis's brother Renly Baratheon, the fifth \"king\", has already been killed). Meanwhile, a large host of wildlings, the tribes from beyond the Seven Kingdoms' northern border, approach the Wall that marks the border, under the leadership of Mance Rayder, the self-proclaimed \"King Beyond the Wall\", with only the undermanned Night's Watch in opposition. Finally, Daenerys","title":"A Storm of Swords"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"38948809\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Kenzie (29 April 1956 – 16 July 2012) was a British second unit director and cinematographer whose works include feature films such as The Shining (1980), Return of the Jedi (1983), Aliens (1986), The King's Speech (2010) and TV series including Rome (2005) and Game of Thrones (2012). He was a member of the British Society of Cinematographers as a Camera Operator and was later elected a \\\"Full Member of the Society\\\" with BSC accreditation in 2012. Kenzie was diagnosed with cancer and was being operated on with the help of Macmillan Cancer Support. He died on 16 July 2012 at the age of 56. The Game of Thrones season three premiere episode, \\\"Valar Dohaeris\\\", aired on 31 March 2013, was dedicated to the memory of Kenzie in the credits. Personal life and career Kenzie was born on 29 April 1956 in Cambridge, England and started his career as a production runner for a London-based TV Commercials Company named \\\"Picture Palace Productions\\\". Later he worked for the camera department at \\\"Samuelson Film Services\\\" while preparing motion picture cameras for hire. His first feature film work was for Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980) where he worked as an assistant cameraman with film's cinematographer John Alcott. Till 1984, Kenzie continued to work as a Second assistant camera on various films including Return of the Jedi (1983), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) and A Passage to India (1984). Kenzie worked as First assistant camera on various other successful movies such as Robert Zemeckis' Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Ron Howard's Willow (1988), Clint Eastwood's White Hunter Black Heart (1990), Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather Part III (1990) and David Fincher's Alien 3 (1992). Since the beginning of his career, Kenzie made significant contributions as a Second unit director. Alongside feature films, Kenzie also worked for Television. His first work as a main unit cinematography which credited him as a cinematographer came in 1998 with David L. Williams's short film Angels at My Bedside and for a feature film in 2007 with Chris Munro's comedy film Back in Business. For 2005's film Syriana, written and directed by Stephen Gaghan, Kenzie worked as an assistant director and contributed as cinematographer for various television series including Keen Eddie (2003–2004), Rome (2005), Game of Thrones (2012) and Playhouse Presents (2012). In 1998, Kenzie joined Associate Membership of the British Society of Cinematographers as a Camera Operator and with his progression as a Director of Photography, he was later elected a \\\"Full Member of the Society\\\" with BSC accreditation in 2012. Kenzie was diagnosed with cancer and was being operated on with the help of Macmillan Cancer Support. He died on 16 July 2012 at the age of 56. British Society of Cinematographers announced a memorial service to celebrate Kenzie's life on 2 September 2012. The television series Game of Thrones dedicated its season three premiere episode, \\\"Valar Dohaeris\\\", aired on 31 March 2013, to the memory of Kenzie in the credits. Kenzie had\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Kenzie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60559065\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\", alternatively titled \\\"My Jenny's Song\\\", is a song appearing in the HBO epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was included in two separate parts in the second episode of the series' eighth season, \\\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\\\". In the first instance of the song, it was performed during the episode by character Podrick Payne, portrayed by Scottish actor Daniel Portman. The song then played during the episode's end credits, performed by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine. Florence and the Machine released the song as a single the day after the episode aired, on 22 April 2019. The song was released by HBO and record label Universal Music Group. Background \\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\" is an adaptation of a fictional folk song mentioned in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, on which Game of Thrones is based. In the third novel in the series, A Storm of Swords, a mysterious elderly woods witch nicknamed \\\"the Ghost of High Heart\\\" asks the singer Tom of Sevenstreams to perform \\\"my Jenny's song\\\" as payment for her prophecies. Only one line of the song, \\\"High in the halls of the kings who are gone, Jenny would dance with her ghosts\\\", is quoted in the novel series, appearing in the epilogue chapter of A Storm of Swords. In the fictional history of A Song of Ice and Fire, the titular Jenny of Oldstones was a peasant girl whom the prince Duncan Targaryen gave up his inheritance to marry. The television version of the song is a folk ballad with influences of Celtic music. The song was written by German composer Ramin Djawadi, who composed all the music for Game of Thrones; and screenwriters D. B. Weiss and David Benioff, who added more lyrics to the fragment written by Martin in A Storm of Swords. Florence and the Machine's recording of it was produced by American musician Doveman and Florence and the Machine frontwoman Florence Welch. Weiss and Benioff reportedly approached Welch in 2012 to record the song \\\"The Rains of Castamere\\\", although she had turned down their request. Following the release of \\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\", Welch stated in an interview with The New York Times that this was during her \\\"wild years\\\", when she was \\\"less focused\\\". In the episode \\\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\\\", the studio version of the song by Welch was played over the closing credits. The song was however first heard from the character Podrick Payne (played by Daniel Portman), who sang a verse in a sequence reminiscent of the scene in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King when Pippin sang \\\"The Edge of Night\\\" before the battle of Minas Tirith. The version sung by Portman is simplified in its harmonies, while the version by Welch is close to how Djawadi originally wrote it with more chord changes. Commercial performance \\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\" debuted at number 75 in the UK\",\n \"title\": \"Jenny of Oldstones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41004928\",\n \"text\": \"Tyrion Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by American actor Peter Dinklage. Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is a prominent point of view character in the series, having the most viewpoint chapters in the first five published novels. He is one of a few prominent characters not included in A Feast for Crows (2005) but returned in A Dance with Dragons (2011), and is confirmed to appear in the forthcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter. Tyrion developed from a character concept Martin had while writing the 1981 novel Windhaven. He is Martin's favorite character in the series. Tyrion is the youngest child of Lord Tywin Lannister, the patriarch of House Lannister, the wealthiest family in the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. A dwarf whose birth killed his mother, Tywin and his sister Cersei despise him as a result. Tyrion soothes his perceived inadequacies with wit and self-indulgence, also using his status as a Lannister and the support of his brother Jaime to better his own position. Tyrion has been called one of the author's finest creations and most popular characters by The New York Times. The popularity of the character led Martin and Bantam Books to publish The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister (2013), an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels. Dinklage has received widespread critical acclaim for his performance as Tyrion. He won four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. He is the only Game of Thrones actor to win an Emmy award and the only actor to receive a nomination for each season. Character Description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is introduced as the third and youngest child of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King, and Joanna Lannister, who dies giving birth to him. Tyrion's elder sister, Cersei, is the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon, and Cersei's male twin, Jaime, is one of the Kingsguard, the royal bodyguard. Described as an ugly (\\\"for all the world like a gargoyle\\\"), malformed dwarf with different colored eyes, green and black, Tyrion possesses the white-blond hair of a Lannister but has a complicated relationship with the rest of them. While he is afforded the privilege and luxuries of his family, he is treated as a \\\"second class noble\\\" because of his stature. Tyrion's mother, Joanna, died giving birth to him and Tywin and Cersei loathe him because they blame him for her death. While Tywin bears no affection for Tyrion, he nevertheless feels a sense of duty to his son, raising him in the Lannister fold and extending Tyrion a share of the family wealth. In contrast to Tywin and\",\n \"title\": \"Tyrion Lannister\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46191804\",\n \"text\": \"Dave Hill (born May 15, 1984) is an American television writer. He is known for writing four episodes of the HBO series Game of Thrones: in season 5, \\\"Sons of the Harpy\\\"; in season 6, \\\"Home\\\"; in season 7, \\\"Eastwatch\\\"; and in season 8, \\\"Winterfell\\\". Hill began working as an assistant to Game of Thrones executive producers/writers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss in season 2. In 2014, Hill became a staff writer for the fifth season and was assigned to write an episode. He was credited as story editor on Season 6 and executive story editor on Season 7, and wrote an episode for each. In \\\"Winterfell\\\", he appeared in a cameo as an Ironborn soldier killed by Theon Greyjoy. Television References External links Living people American television writers American male television writers 1984 births\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Hill (screenwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51284978\",\n \"text\": \"This is the list of works by Ramin Djawadi, an Iranian-German composer and music producer. Djawadi has composed and produced over one hundred soundtracks and film scores for both film and TV. He is best known for the score of HBO's series, Game of Thrones, along with other shows like Prison Break, Person of Interest and Westworld. He is also known for movie scores like Pacific Rim, Iron Man, and Warcraft. He also worked alongside Ellie Goulding for her song \\\"Hollow Crown\\\" in the album For the Throne: Music Inspired by the HBO Series Game of Thrones. Djawadi won two Emmy Awards in the category Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on the soundtracks of season 7 and season 8 of Game of Thrones in 2018 and 2019. He was also nominated for Grammy Awards in 2009, 2018, and 2020. Discography Films 2000s 2010s 2020s Television Television films Television series Video games Concert tours Awards References External links Discographies of classical composers Discographies of German artists Discographies of Iranian artists Film and television discographies Lists of compositions by composer List of works\",\n \"title\": \"List of works by Ramin Djawadi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32733532\",\n \"text\": \"A Song of Ice and Fire, the series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin, has formed the basis of several works in different media. Novellas Dunk and Egg Martin wrote three separate novellas set ninety years before the events of the novels. These novellas are known as the Tales of Dunk and Egg after the main protagonists, Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire \\\"Egg\\\", the later King Aegon V Targaryen. The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire, although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows, respectively. The novellas were published in short story anthologies: The Hedge Knight in Legends (1998) The Sworn Sword in Legends II (2003) The Mystery Knight in Warriors (2010) The unfinished series of novellas is to continue to be published in a series of collections entitled A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms. The first of these, comprising the first three novellas, was published – with illustrations by Gary Gianni – in October 2015, and in unillustrated translations earlier. Film or TV adaptations of the novellas are being discussed, according to Martin in 2014. He wrote that because HBO owns the TV rights to the setting of Westeros (if not to the characters of the novellas), it would be preferable to have HBO adopt the novellas also. The first and second novellas were, in addition, adapted as graphic novels: Other novellas Martin has written three additional novellas that are written as historical accounts of events that took place long before the events of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels or the Dunk and Egg novellas. The Princess and the Queen, published in Dangerous Women (2013), details the civil war called the \\\"Dance of the Dragons\\\" between Aegon and Rhaenyra Targaryen about the succession to the Iron Throne. A fifth novella, The Rogue Prince, or, a King's Brother, was published in the 2014 anthology Rogues. It is a prequel to The Princess and the Queen and concerns the life of Prince Daemon Targaryen, Rhaenyra's second husband. Most recently, The Sons of the Dragon was published in the 2017 anthology The Book of Swords, and chronicles the lives of Aenys I and Maegor I Targaryen (later known as \\\"Maegor the Cruel\\\"), who were the second and third kings to sit the Iron Throne, respectively. Television series Game of Thrones (2011–19) In March 2010, HBO greenlit a television series based on A Song of Ice and Fire, written and executive produced by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Called Game of Thrones, it stars an ensemble cast including Sean Bean and Peter Dinklage. The series premiered on 17 April 2011. A critical and commercial success, it ran for eight seasons, concluding in 2019. The series has itself given rise to several derived works, including soundtrack albums and a wide range of merchandise. House of the Dragon (2022–present) House of the Dragon is an American fantasy drama television series created\",\n \"title\": \"Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54281805\",\n \"text\": \"Throne of Fire is an action strategy video game. It was designed by Mike Singleton, developed by Consult Computer Systems, and published by Melbourne House. The game was released for the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum in 1987. Throne of Fire is set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano. The game focuses on three princes in the Burning Citadel where they and their men-at-arms fight to the death to gain the Throne of Fire after their father's death. Throne of Fire received positive reviews from industry critics, with some reviewers speaking positive of the graphics while other criticized the lack of difficulty in the single player mode, instead recommending playing with two players. Gameplay Throne of Fire is an action strategy game. Set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano, the player assumes the role of one of the three princes of the recently deceased King Atherik: Alorn the Lion Prince, Cordrin the Sun Prince, and Karag the Wolf Prince. As one of the princes, the player can play against two computer players or a second player and a computer player, who play the role of the other two princes. Each prince and their men-at-arms must fight the other princes and their army to the death. The player must also fight against the King's Guard, the protectors of the Throne of Fire. Weapons with their own strengths and weaknesses can be found around the castle, along with magical objects that can increase or decrease a character's strength. Each army group are distinguished by color, with Prince Alorn and his men as red, Cordrin as yellow, Karag as purple, and the King's Guard as green. The castle has one hundred rooms to enter through. If any characters enters a room, their group color will light up the room. Each of the princes starts with nine men-at-arms. Reinforcements will join the side of whoever last visit Gate Rooms. If no one entered a Gate Room before the man-at-arms appears, they will join the King's Guard. Once the player enters the Throne Room with their prince, they become the king and takes control of the King's Guard. The other players lose the ability to control their men-at-arms, with their men staying in their rooms to defend themselves. If the new king dies, the King's Guard will return to being neutral and the other princes regain their men. Development Throne of Fire was designed by Mike Singleton, known for designing other fantasy games such as Lords of Midnight, Doomdark's Revenge, and Dark Sceptre. It was developed under Consult Computer Systems, who worked on the programming, graphics, and music and was published by Melbourne House. This was the first game Singleton made in association with Melbourne House. Jim Bagley was given the position of programmer for the game, the first game he ever worked on. The game was released in April 1987 on the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. A Commodore 64 port was also planned,\",\n \"title\": \"Throne of Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42586098\",\n \"text\": \"Dean-Charles Chapman (born 7 September 1997) is an English actor known for portraying Billy Elliot in the West End theatre production of Billy Elliot the Musical. His notable TV roles include Richard Grey in The White Queen (2013) and Tommen Baratheon in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones (2014-2016). He also portrayed Tom Blake in Sam Mendes's film 1917 (2019). Career At the age of eight, Chapman was cast as \\\"Small Boy\\\" in Billy Elliot the Musical, and would later be promoted to the roles of Michael and finally the titular character, becoming the second-longest running cast member in the production. During his time on Billy Elliot, he worked alongside future Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, and had the opportunity to meet Prime Minister Gordon Brown with several other young actors in the play. Soon after leaving Billy Elliot, Chapman was cast on the CBBC sitcom The Revolting World of Stanley Brown in the lead role, alongside fellow future Game of Thrones and Blinded by the Light co-star Nell Williams. The show lasted for one season. He made his film debut in the 2014 film Before I Go to Sleep, alongside Nicole Kidman and Colin Firth. After playing the minor role of Martyn Lannister in the third season of Game of Thrones, he replaced Callum Wharry in the major role of Tommen Baratheon, the young king of Westeros for the fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons of the show. With the rest of the cast, he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2018, he played the role of Castor in the AMC series Into the Badlands for seven episodes, followed by a supporting role in the film Blinded by the Light. In 2019, he was cast, alongside George MacKay, as one of the two leads in the Sam Mendes-directed war film 1917. The film went on to receive ten Academy Award nominations, winning three. Subsequently, he played the lead role of Matthew in the Eoin Macken's drama Here Are the Young Men, supported by Finn Cole, Anya Taylor-Joy, and Ferdia Walsh-Peelo. Personal life In 2015, it was speculated that Chapman was dating Nell Tiger Free, who played Myrcella Baratheon on Game of Thrones; they subsequently split up and deleted all social-media posts of a romance. Chapman is close friends with his Game of Thrones co-star Isaac Hempstead Wright (Bran Stark), whom he met through his involvement with the series. Filmography Film Television Stage Awards and nominations References External links 1997 births 21st-century English male actors English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors English male child actors Living people Male actors from London Actors from the London Borough of Havering\",\n \"title\": \"Dean-Charles Chapman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56201857\",\n \"text\": \"Super TV () is a Korean variety show by Super Junior distributed by XtvN and tvN. The show airs on Xtvn every Thursday at 08:00 PM KST and tvN every Friday at 6:40 PM KST. Originally it was on air on both stations every Friday at 11:30 PM KST before being moved on June 7, 2018. History Super Junior made a success with their own short reality show SJ Returns back in 2017 and promised to come back as a fixed reality show. On January 2, 2018, a source from Label SJ announced that the group will be launching their own variety show titled “Super TV”. Season 1 aired from January 28, 2018, until April 13, 2018. The show went on hiatus after that and returned on May 29, 2018, with an earlier introduction on SMTOWN's V Live channel. Season 2 aired from June 7, 2018 until August 23, 2018. On this season, the show changed its format. The programme changed its day and time slot from every Friday at 11:30 PM KST to every Thursday at 08:00 PM KST for Xtvn and every Friday at 6:40 PM KST for tvN . On 23 August, the show went on hiatus again and promised to come back for a third season. Plot Season 1: Super Junior Crazy Idol Variety (슈퍼주니어 i돌아이어티) Super TV is a new concept variety show in which varied entertainment formats are re-created and twisted in Super Junior's own way. This concept is called Super Junior Crazy Idol Variety (슈퍼주니어 i돌아이어티). The show's format will include quiz show, talk show, game show, eating show, reality, documentary, sports, film and comedy. Season 2: King's Game (왕좌의 게임) Super TV returns with a new concept variety show titled Game of Thrones (왕좌의 게임). Super Junior is famous for being King of Variety Show idols and will invite any idols who want to challenge them for the title. The show will still include the previous season's format, the difference being other idols will challenge them. If they can win 5 episodes in a row, they will go for a luxury holiday overseas. The term was changed from episode 8, to just 3 consecutive wins for a vacation within South Korea. Each episode has two main segments. The first one is Liar King (라이어 왕), a segment where Super Junior verifies if the guests' listed skills and specialties are true. This is done through games or showing of talents, where the guests are labeled as \\\"liars\\\" should they fail the verification. The second segment consists of a maximum of two games that Super Junior has chosen to challenge the guests: Rokkuko King (로꾸거 왕) – Questions are being read backwards by each team and the opposing team will have to answer them correctly. Food Show King (먹방 왕) – The game played in this segment is related to eating. Inference King (추리 왕) – One team will be given a title of movie or song and they need to say one syllable\",\n \"title\": \"Super Junior's Super TV\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1410865\",\n \"text\": \"Cersei Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by actress Lena Headey. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Cersei is a member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families on the continent of Westeros. She subsequently appears in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000), and becomes a prominent point of view character beginning with A Feast for Crows (2005). Cersei will continue to be a point-of-view character in the forthcoming volume The Winds of Winter. Cersei is Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros by marriage to King Robert Baratheon, who abuses her throughout their marriage. Her father, Tywin, arranged the marriage after his attempt to betroth her to Prince Rhaegar Targaryen, whom she idolized as a child, failed. Robert took the Throne with the help of the Lannisters when he ended the Targaryen dynasty. Cersei has been involved in an incestuous affair with her twin brother, Jaime, since childhood. All three of Cersei's children are Jaime's, unbeknownst to Robert. The rumored illegitimacy of her children causes a power struggle in the wake of the king's death, known as the War of the Five Kings. Cersei's main character attributes are her lust for power, scheming, transgressive viewpoint, and her love for her children, whom she seeks to protect. She is considered one of the most complex characters in the story. Headey received widespread critical acclaim for her portrayal of the character on the HBO series Game of Thrones. She was nominated for five Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance. Headey and the rest of the cast were nominated for seven Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. In season 5 of the series, a young version of the character is portrayed by Nell Williams in a flashback. Character background A Song of Ice and Fire Cersei is the only daughter and the eldest child of 56-year-old Tywin Lannister and his late wife, Joanna; her twin brother, Jaime, was born soon after Cersei. At the beginning of the novels, Cersei is 32 years old and has been queen consort for 14 years. Cersei and Jaime looked so similar as children that Cersei occasionally wore Jaime's clothes and was mistaken for him. The twins experimented sexually at an early age but were discovered by a servant, who informed their mother. Joanna tasked a guard to keep the twins separated and kept the matter a secret from their father, threatening the twins that she would inform him if they ever repeated it. Soon afterward, Joanna died giving birth to the twins' younger dwarf brother, Tyrion when the twins were seven. Cersei blamed Tyrion for Joanna's death and started to abuse him\",\n \"title\": \"Cersei Lannister\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1888770\",\n \"text\": \"Viserys Targaryen is the name of three kings from the fictional House Targaryen in A Song of Ice and Fire and works based on it: Viserys I Targaryen, a character in the novel The Princess and the Queen and the television series House of the Dragon. Viserys II Targaryen, a character in The Princess and the Queen under the title Prince Viserys. Viserys III Targaryen, a character in the novel A Game of Thrones and season 1 of the television series Game of Thrones. See also List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters List of Game of Thrones characters\",\n \"title\": \"Viserys Targaryen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1325334\",\n \"text\": \"Jaime Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by Danish actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. Jaime becomes a prominent point of view character in the novels beginning with A Storm of Swords (2000). Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Jaime is a knight of the Kingsguard and one of the best swordsmen in the seven kingdoms. He is a member of House Lannister, the wealthiest and one of the most powerful families in the kingdom of Westeros. He is the elder son of Tywin Lannister, twin brother of Cersei, with whom he has a longstanding incestuous relationship, and brother of Tyrion. Although Jaime first appears to be unscrupulous and immoral, he later proves to be more complex, honorable, and sympathetic. His lengthy character development has been praised by critics of the novels and the television show. Jaime is one of the most popular characters in both versions of the series. Coster-Waldau received critical praise for his portrayal and several award nominations including a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television, a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero, and two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series nominations. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for five Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Character description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Jaime is introduced as one of the Kingsguard, the royal security detail, the son of the wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister (the former Hand of the King), and one of the greatest swordsmen in the Seven Kingdoms with few able to match him, such as Barristan Selmy, Garlan Tyrell, Loras Tyrell. Jaime's twin is Cersei, the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon. Jaime is derisively referred to as \\\"the Kingslayer\\\" because he killed the \\\"Mad King\\\" Aerys Targaryen in the coup that put Robert on the Iron Throne. Eric Dodds of TIME described Jaime as \\\"handsome, an incomparably skilled fighter and disarmingly witty\\\". The New Yorker called the Lannisters \\\"a crowd of high-cheekboned beauties ... who form a family constellation so twisted, charismatic, and cruel that it rivals Flowers in the Attic for blond dysfunction\\\". Lev Grossman wrote for TIME that while Jaime and Cersei's younger brother Tyrion is a grotesque dwarf, \\\"the rest of the Lannisters are stunted too, but on the inside.\\\" The Los Angeles Times called Jaime \\\"handsome and unscrupulous\\\", though Dodds noted in 2014: Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly noted that in the novels, \\\"[Jaime is] a vaguely villainous minor character in Game of Thrones, then is basically absent from Clash of Kings, and suddenly he becomes a tragic hero in Storm of Swords.\\\" In A Game of Thrones, Jaime is not only carrying on an\",\n \"title\": \"Jaime Lannister\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51286340\",\n \"text\": \"The soundtrack album of the eighth season of HBO series Game of Thrones, titled Game of Thrones: Season 8, was released digitally on May 19, 2019, a double CD was released July 19, 2019, and was released on vinyl later in the year. Ramin Djawadi received his seventh Primetime Emmy Award nomination, for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score), for the season's third episode, \\\"The Long Night\\\" and then won the award, making two consecutive wins for Djawadi. Background \\\"It's been such an honor to be a part of this incredible show for the past eight years\\\", said Ramin Djawadi. Djawadi says of his track \\\"The Night King\\\": \\\"When I talked to Miguel [Sapochnik], the director, and when David [Benioff] and [D. B. Weiss] came to my studio and we started working on this episode, we all agreed that it had to be a piano piece again, just like 'Light of the Seven'.[...] It definitely misled the audience because of what they knew from 'Light of the Seven', back in season six. We always treated the music as another character in the show.\\\" Track listing Charts References 2019 soundtrack albums Soundtrack Ramin Djawadi soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones: Season 8 (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26380560\",\n \"text\": \"Brienne of Tarth is a fictional character in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones. She is a prominent point of view character in the novels. Brienne is introduced in the second novel of the series, 1998's A Clash of Kings, as a warrior fighting for the honor of serving in the Kingsguard of Renly Baratheon. She later swears her loyalty to Catelyn Stark and vows to return the captive Jaime Lannister to King's Landing in exchange for Sansa and Arya Stark, whom Catelyn believes are being held by the Lannisters. She additionally appears in A Feast for Crows (2005) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). Because she is a woman, Brienne is barred from serving as a knight, even though she is one of the most honorable and skilled warriors in all of Westeros. Her personal struggle towards honor, justice, and recognition has received significant critical attention, as has her complex relationship with Jaime, and she is one of the more popular characters in both the novels and television show. In the television series, Brienne is portrayed by English actress Gwendoline Christie and is introduced in season two. After appearing as a recurring cast member for two seasons, Christie was promoted to the main cast from season four onwards. Christie has received significant critical praise for her portrayal. For her performance in season three, she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television and for two Screen Actors Guild Awards, alongside the rest of the cast, for the third and fourth seasons. In 2019, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in the series's final season. Character Background Brienne is the daughter and only surviving child of Lord Selwyn Tarth, Lord of Evenfall Hall on the island of Tarth. House Tarth is a bannerman to House Baratheon, the lord paramount of the Stormlands. Brienne's mother died when she was a child, and she had a single older brother, Galladon, who drowned when she was 8, and two younger sisters, both of whom died in infancy. Brienne as a child was under the tutelage of Septa Roelle, who found fault in everything about Brienne and destroyed her self-esteem. She told Brienne that although a man would marry her, as she is heiress to her father's land, he could never desire her. Brienne's father tried to find her a suitor to wed. This proved to be difficult, however, due to both Brienne's resistance and her ungainly appearance. Nonetheless, three successive but ultimately unsuccessful betrothals were attempted. The first was when she was 7 and her fiancé was 10, but he died of an illness. Next, a betrothal was brokered by the lord of the land-poor house Connington, to his young newly knighted heir Ronnet, but young Ser Ronnet broke the betrothal the first time he met Brienne. Brienne's father's last attempt\",\n \"title\": \"Brienne of Tarth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10200994\",\n \"text\": \"Image Engine (also known as Image Engine Design Inc.) is a Visual effects studio based in Vancouver, BC, that offers a range of services for feature films and television, from concept designs and pre-visualization to CG animation, compositing, and explosive volumetric digital effects. Their work includes contributions for the films and series District 9, The Mandalorian, Game of Thrones, Lost in Space, Jurassic World and Elysium. In 2022, they won a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects In A Season Or A Movie for The Book of Boba Fett. In July 2015, they partnered with Cinesite. Other partner companies include Trixter, Squeeze, L'Atelier, FX3X, Assemblage, and the Imaginarium Studios. Credits 2024 Lift 3 Body Problem 2023 Kraven the Hunter Ahsoka The Mandalorian: Season 3 2022 Willow The School for Good and Evil Obi-Wan Kenobi Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore Moon Knight Snowpiercer: Season 3 2021 The Book of Boba Fett Swan Song The Unforgivable Hawkeye The Mandalorian: Season 2 Venom: Let There Be Carnage Twilight Zone: Season 2 Chaos Walking Snowpiercer: Season 2 2020 Mulan Project Power The Old Guard Bloodshot Harley Quinn: Birds of Prey Underwater 2019 The Mandalorian Spider-Man: Far From Home John Wick: Chapter 3 - Parabellum Pokémon Detective Pikachu 2018 Overlord Fantastic Beast: The Crimes of Grindelwald Skyscraper Kin Tully Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Lost in Space (2018 TV series): (#1. 10) Lost in Space (2018 TV series): (#1. 6) Lost in Space (2018 TV series): (#1. 2) Lost in Space (2018 TV series) (#1. 1) Game of Thrones (season 8): The Bells (#8. 5) Game of Thrones (season 8): The Long Night (#8. 3) Game of Thrones (season 8): Winterfell (#8. 1) The X-Files (season 11): My Struggle III (#11. 1) 2017 Thor: Ragnarok Game of Thrones (season 7): The Dragon and the Wolf (#7. 7) Game of Thrones (season 7): Eastwatch (#7. 5) Game of Thrones (season 7): The Spoils of War (#7. 4) Game of Thrones (season 7): Dragonstone (#7. 1) Detroit Power Rangers Logan 2016 Assassin's Creed Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV Independence Day: Resurgence Game of Thrones (season 6): The Winds of Winter (#6. 10) Game of Thrones (season 6): Battle of the Bastards (#6. 9) Game of Thrones (season 6): No One (#6. 8) Game of Thrones (season 6): The Broken Man (#6. 7) Game of Thrones (season 6): Blood of My Blood (#6. 6) Game of Thrones (season 6): The Door (#6. 5) Game of Thrones (season 6): Book of the Stranger (#6. 4) Game of Thrones (season 6): Oathbreaker (#6. 3) Game of Thrones (season 6): Home (#6. 2) Game of Thrones (season 6): The Red Woman (#6. 1) Captain America: Civil War The X-Files (season 10) Deadpool 2015 The Revenant Point Break The Man in the High Castle (TV series) The Last Witch Hunter Straight Outta Compton Jurassic World San Andreas Game of Thrones (season 5): Mother's Mercy (#5. 10) Game of Thrones (season 5): The Dance\",\n \"title\": \"Image Engine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35887650\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Blackwater\\\" is the ninth and penultimate episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 19th overall. The episode was directed by Neil Marshall, his directorial debut for the series, and written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels from which the series is adapted. It first aired on May 27, 2012. The episode centers around the Battle of Blackwater Bay, in which the Lannister army, commanded by acting Hand of the King Tyrion Lannister, defends the city of King's Landing against a naval invasion by the Baratheon army, commanded by Stannis Baratheon, who seeks to take the Iron Throne for himself. Unlike all previous episodes, \\\"Blackwater\\\" does not feature the storylines of characters outside of King's Landing, making it the first episode of the series to take place entirely in one location. The episode achieved a viewership of 3.38 million during its initial airing in the United States. \\\"Blackwater\\\" received acclaim from critics and audiences, with many praising the acting and visual effects in particular. At the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, the episode won the awards for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Drama Series (One-Hour) and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (One Hour). It was Peter Dinklage's choice to support his nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. The episode was also the recipient of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Plot Davos leads Stannis's fleet into Blackwater Bay. Grand Maester Pycelle gives Cersei a poison to use should Stannis take the city. Outside the Red Keep, Bronn's carousing is soured by the Hound; their tension is interrupted by bells, indicating Stannis's fleet has been spotted. Varys brings Tyrion a map of the tunnels beneath King's Landing. King Joffrey leads his forces from the Red Keep and orders Sansa to kiss his sword, vowing to use it to kill Stannis. The noble ladies and children shelter at Maegor's Holdfast under Ser Ilyn Payne's watch. Cersei drunkenly mocks Sansa's innocence, warning she will be raped if the city falls. Stannis's fleet is confronted by a single unmanned ship, which Davos realizes too late is a trap: the ship, rigged with explosive \\\"wildfire\\\", kills scores of Stannis's men, seemingly including Davos and his son Matthos. Stannis orders his surviving army to attack the vulnerable Mud Gate. The defenders are routed; Lancel, injured, retreats to the Holdfast. Set on edge by his childhood fear of fire and disgusted by Joffrey's cowardice, the Hound deserts his post and renounces his allegiance to the Lannisters. Stannis himself storms the battlements as his men employ a battering ram. Cersei nearly learns Shae's true origins, while Sansa realizes Ser Ilyn's orders: to kill her and Cersei if the city falls. Cersei orders Lancel to bring Joffrey to safety; frightened, Joffrey orders Ser Mandon Moore to take command. Tyrion rouses the defenders and leads them through a tunnel from Varys's map, flanking the Baratheon\",\n \"title\": \"Blackwater (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42534131\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ignition Point\\\" is the twenty-second episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time. The episode was written and storyboarded by Somvilay Xayaphone and Bert Youn, from a story by Patrick McHale, Kent Osborne, and Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 17, 2012. The episode guest stars Keith David as Flame King and Paul F. Tompkins as Furnius. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Finn and Jake sneak into the Fire Kingdom on a quest for the Flame Princess (voiced by Jessica DiCicco). Once there, they discover a plot to assassinate the Flame King, and try to thwart it. The idea for \\\"Ignition Point\\\" had been developed at a writers meeting, wherein Tom Herpich wanted to focus on political intrigue in the Fire Kingdom. The episode was seen by 2.256 million viewers, and received mostly positive reviews from critics. Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club appreciated how the episode ran the gauntlet from toilet humour to Shakespearean references. Plot While spending time with Flame Princess (voiced by Jessica DiCicco), Finn and Jake learn that she misses her scented candles, which she left in the Fire Kingdom. The duo volunteer to retrieve them, but Flame Princess tells them to be careful and watch out for her evil father, Flame King (voiced by Keith David). Once they enter the Flame Kingdom, Finn and Jake manage to acquire the candles, but hear a conspiracy to assassinate the king between two fire beings, one of whom has an untied shoe, and the other has a hissy voice. Finn and Jake traverse the Flame Kingdom palace, trying to identify the culprits. Eventually, Jake gets the idea to dress up as actors and perform a play wherein they pretend to be the conspirators; this will cause the real assassins to act suspicious. Their plan goes awry, and Flame King believes them to be the actual assassins. However, by a lucky turn of events, Finn and Jake are able to unveil the actual culprits, who are the children of Flame King's brother, whom he murdered to acquire the throne. Finn is concerned that, because her father is truly evil, Flame Princess might be evil as well, but Flame King notes that someone with a good spirit could change her. Production \\\"Ignition Point\\\" was written and storyboarded by Somvilay Xayaphone and Bert Youn, from a story developed by series creator Pendleton Ward, Patrick McHale, and Kent Osborne. The origin for the episode was from a writers game. The impetus had been pitched by Herpich, who was interested in \\\"political intrigue in the Fire Kingdom\\\". Originally, he wanted to base it tonally on Game of Thrones, but the ending episode came out more Shakespearean. Adam Muto revealed via Spring.me that the series' writers and\",\n \"title\": \"Ignition Point\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5885099\",\n \"text\": \"The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series is an award presented since 1951 by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS). The award goes to the producers of the series. The award is often cited as one of the \\\"main awards\\\" at the Emmys ceremonies. History Since its institution in 1951 the award has changed names many times in its history. It was first called Best Dramatic Show from 1951 to 1954, then Best Dramatic Series in 1955 and 1956. In 1957, no specific award for drama was given, but in 1958 the category was split into two separate categories, Best Dramatic Anthology Series, and Best Dramatic Series with Continuing Characters with a winner selected from each category. The following year, the category was differently split into two separate categories, Best Dramatic Series – Less Than One Hour. In 1960, the name was changed yet again to Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Drama; this name was kept from 1960 to 1964. In 1966, it had its sixth name change to Outstanding Dramatic Series or Outstanding Series-Drama; this was used from 1966 until recently, when it became Outstanding Drama Series. In 1988, Rumpole of the Bailey (PBS) was initially nominated in the Outstanding Miniseries category but the Academy ruled that the nomination was not valid a few days later and later allowed the program to compete in the Outstanding Drama Series category. Since 2000, every single winner has been a serial drama: The West Wing (2000–2003), The Sopranos (2004, 2007), Lost (2005), 24 (2006), Mad Men (2008–2011), Homeland (2012), Breaking Bad (2013–2014), Game of Thrones (2015–2016, 2018–2019), The Handmaid's Tale (2017), Succession (2020, 2022-2023), and The Crown (2021). Since the advent of Hill Street Blues in 1981, every winner has had some serialized arcs with the exception of Law & Order. The majority of these shows have won between their first and fifth seasons. Only two shows' sixth seasons have won (both HBO shows): The Sopranos and Game of Thrones, two shows' seventh seasons have won: Law & Order and Game of Thrones and one show's eighth season has won: Game of Thrones. Winners and nominations The following tables, divided by decade, display the winners and nominees of the \\\"Drama Series\\\" award, according to the Primetime Emmy Awards database: 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Programs with multiple wins 4 wins Game of Thrones (2 consecutive, twice) Hill Street Blues (consecutive) L.A. Law (3 consecutive) Mad Men (consecutive) The West Wing (consecutive) 3 wins The Defenders (consecutive) Dragnet (consecutive) Playhouse 90 (consecutive) Succession (2 consecutive) Upstairs, Downstairs (2 consecutive) 2 wins Breaking Bad (consecutive) Cagney & Lacey (consecutive) Lou Grant (consecutive) Mission: Impossible (consecutive) Picket Fences (consecutive) The Practice (consecutive) The Sopranos The United States Steel Hour (consecutive) Programs with multiple nominations 11 nominations Law & Order 8 nominations Game of Thrones Mad Men 7 nominations Better Call Saul ER The Sopranos Studio One The West Wing 6 nominations Hill Street Blues L.A. Law NYPD\",\n \"title\": \"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8011259\",\n \"text\": \"Scanline VFX is a global visual effects and animation company founded 1989 in Munich. The studio is led by VFX Supervisor Stephan Trojansky. The company has 7 locations including Munich, Stuttgart, Los Angeles, Vancouver, Montreal, London, and Seoul. Scanline has recently completed work on films from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) such as Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), Black Widow, Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings and Eternals (all 2021), and films based on DC Comics such as Zack Snyder's Justice League, The Suicide Squad (both 2021) and The Batman (2022). They have also worked on Terminator: Dark Fate, Gemini Man (both 2019), Godzilla vs. Kong, Free Guy and Don't Look Up (all 2021). In terms of television, Scanline has worked on Game of Thrones season eight (2019), Shadow and Bone (2021-), Foundation (2021-), Cowboy Bebop (2021) and Stranger Things season four (2022). In November 2021, Netflix announced that it would acquire Scanline with plans for it to operate as a standalone business working with a variety of clients. The acquisition closed in the first quarter of 2022. Accolades Scanline is responsible for the development of its proprietary fluid effects software, Flowline. Scanline was the sole developer of Flowline and in 2008, was the recipient of a Scientific and Technical Achievement Academy Award for the software. In 2010, Scanline was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for its work on Clint Eastwood's Hereafter, for which it was the sole visual effects vendor. Scanline received a BAFTA nomination for Best Special Visual Effects in 2010 for its work on Iron Man 3 as well as a second Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects in 2014, for Captain America: The Winter Soldier. In 2010, Scanline won its first Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture for Hereafter. Scanline has two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Special Visual Effects to its credit for its work on Season Four and Season Eight of Game of Thrones as well as an HPA Award for Outstanding Visual Effects and a Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Created Environment for episode The Iron Throne. Completed projects 300 2012 300: Rise of an Empire 6 Underground A Good Day to Die Hard American Renegades Ant-Man and the Wasp Aquaman Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Battleship Ben-Hur Between Two Ferns: The Movie Bird Box Black Panther Black Widow Blackhat Bumblebee Captain America: The Winter Soldier Captain Marvel Charlie's Angels Cosmos: Possible Worlds Divergent Exodus: Gods and Kings Eternals Furious 7 Game of Thrones Gemini Man Geostorm Godzilla Godzilla vs. Kong Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Gulliver's Travels Hereafter Hotel Lux Immortals In the Fade In the Heart of the Sea Independence Day: Resurgence Into the Storm Iron Man Iron Man 3 Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver Joker Journey 2: The Mysterious Island Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Justice League King Arthur: Legend of the Sword Kong: Skull Island Looper Luther Man of Steel Midway\",\n \"title\": \"Scanline VFX\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1289464\",\n \"text\": \"Eddard \\\"Ned\\\" Stark known as The Quiet Wolf is a fictional character in the 1996 fantasy novel A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin, and Game of Thrones, HBO's adaptation of Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. In the storyline, Ned is the lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Though the character is established as the main character in the novel and the first season of the TV adaptation, a plot twist involving Ned near the end of the novel and the end of the first season shocked both readers of the book and viewers of the TV series. Ned is portrayed by veteran English actor Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones, as a child by Sebastian Croft in the sixth season and as a young adult by Robert Aramayo in the sixth and seventh seasons. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011. Character Description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark is introduced as the virtuous and honorable patriarch of House Stark and the father of six children. The moral compass of the story, he is content to remain far from courtly intrigues and is unwavering in his view of loyalty and honor. His family name, Stark, serves as an indication of his resistance to moral compromise, but his boundaries are increasingly tested over the course of the novel. Finding himself a key player in the escalating political intrigue of King's Landing, Ned struggles as his own sense of honor draws him into corrupt goings-on at court. As the story progresses, he begins to see the importance of moral and practical compromises to achieve a just end, and is ultimately forced to choose between the safety of his family and doing what is right. Sean Bean said of the character, \\\"He's a good man trying to do his best in the middle of this corruption, he's a fish out of water, he's used to being up north in Winterfell where people are pretty straight and pragmatic, and he comes down to a place where people are playing games and backstabbing ... he's a principled man who tries to hold things together. This is a journey that he makes where ultimately his loyalty causes his downfall.\\\" Development and overview Publishers Weekly noted in 1996 that, despite the honest Ned Stark's intervention in court politics, \\\"no amount of heroism or good intentions can keep the realm under control.\\\" From his very first introduction, Ned is portrayed as a noble hero and set up to be the heart of the story. With fifteen chapters devoted to his point of view, more than any single character in the novel, he is presented as\",\n \"title\": \"Ned Stark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51286338\",\n \"text\": \"The soundtrack album of the seventh season of HBO series Game of Thrones, titled Game of Thrones: Season 7, was released digitally on August 25, 2017 on CD on September 29, 2017. Track listing Credits and personnel Personnel adapted from the album liner notes. David Benioff – liner notes Ramin Djawadi – composer, primary artist, producer D.B. Weiss – liner notes Charts Awards and nominations References 2017 soundtrack albums Soundtrack Ramin Djawadi soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones: Season 7 (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41890180\",\n \"text\": \"The Iron Throne, in the fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin, is the throne of the monarch of the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, and serves as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros as an institution. The success of the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones has made the show's version of the royal seat an icon of the entire media franchise. Martin said in 2013, \\\"Say Game of Thrones, and people think of the HBO Iron Throne.\\\" Martin called the depiction of the throne in his 2014 A Song of Ice and Fire companion book The World of Ice & Fire \\\"absolutely right\\\". He has noted repeatedly that none of the previous media representations of the throne—including books, games and the TV series—closely resemble what he had in mind when writing his novels. A Song of Ice and Fire In the series, the Iron Throne is both a physical seat of office as well as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros. Martin establishes in A Game of Thrones (1996) that after seizing control of six of the Seven Kingdoms, Targaryen ruler Aegon the Conqueror had made a throne for himself from the swords of his vanquished enemies, fused by dragonfire. Aegon had established King's Landing as the royal capital, and the Iron Throne itself sits in the Red Keep. Martin writes that according to legend, Aegon kept the blades sharp so that no ruler should ever sit comfortably. Centuries later, kings still cut themselves on the throne; it is a common belief that such rulers are therefore unfit to rule. Description Purportedly made from a thousand swords and knives, the Iron Throne is a massive and asymmetrical tangle of jagged and twisted blades, in which reclining is impossible. Martin commented in 2014: Depictions The Iron Throne has been depicted in comic books, in games, and on book covers, but Martin has noted repeatedly that none of these representations coincided with what he imagined: To Martin, the attempt closest to his vision was by French artist Marc Simonetti, for a Mexican edition of A Game of Thrones. The author subsequently worked with Simonetti to get an image the author calls \\\"absolutely right\\\". This depiction appears in Martin's 2014 companion book The World of Ice & Fire. He noted, \\\"From now on, THIS will be the reference I give to every other artist tackling a throne room scene.\\\" Martin said of the image: The various depictions of the throne include: The Art of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire (2005); Title page by Michael Komarck (Jaime Lannister on the Iron Throne) A Game of Thrones (2014); Cover by Marc Simonetti (Random House México, ) The World of Ice & Fire (2014); \\\"The Targaryen Kings\\\", art by Marc Simonetti A Game of Thrones: Genesis video game (2011); Box cover by Marc Simonetti A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; \\\"The Price of Nobility\\\" card (2009), art by Alex\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1888758\",\n \"text\": \"Margaery Tyrell is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by English actress Natalie Dormer. Margaery is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones (1996) and first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998). She subsequently appeared in A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). Margaery is a member of the House Tyrell, the second wealthiest and largest of the eight Great Houses in Westeros. She is the younger sister of Lord Willas Tyrell, the heir to Highgarden, Ser Garlan the Gallant, as well as Ser Loras Tyrell, the Knight of Flowers. She is close to her paternal grandmother Lady Olenna, the Queen of Thorns, originally of House Redwyne. Like her grandmother, Margaery is shrewd, ambitious and adaptable, and uses her beauty, generosity and family influence to secure power for herself. Having wed herself to three kings over the course of the narrative, she becomes an influential political figure in Westeros, which often brings her into conflict with her chief rival at court, Cersei Lannister. Character overview Book series Margaery is the only daughter of Alerie Hightower and Mace Tyrell, the Lord of Highgarden in the Reach. Her older brothers are the heir Willas, Garlan and Loras the Knight of Flowers, who is a member of the Kingsguard. One of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, House Tyrell is actually guided by the willful Lady Olenna, Mace's mother, who has arranged Margaery's marriages and mentors her in politics and court intrigue. Margaery Tyrell is not a point of view character in the novels, so her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of Sansa Stark and Cersei Lannister. Television series In HBO's Game of Thrones, Margaery's backstory and plotline in the early seasons remain largely unchanged from the novels, though the character is more prominent in the series and this version of Margaery is an adult as opposed to a teenager. Margaery first appears in the second season, following her marriage to Renly; she is well aware that her marriage is a political one, and displays pragmatism regarding Renly's homosexuality and his relationship with her brother Loras. Storylines A Clash of Kings Margaery first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998), having married Renly Baratheon and supporting his claim to the Iron Throne. After Renly's assassination, the Tyrells switch allegiance and Margaery is instead offered to wed King Joffrey Baratheon. A Storm of Swords In A Storm of Swords (2000), she becomes popular among the citizens of King's Landing through her various charitable activities. Margaery forms an amiable relationship with the King's ex-fiancée Sansa Stark and through Sansa she learns much about Joffrey's true nature. Margaery weds Joffrey, but he is poisoned at their wedding feast. A Feast for Crows In A Feast for Crows (2005) Margaery marries Joffrey's younger brother, Tommen, and encourages him to\",\n \"title\": \"Margaery Tyrell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"713590\",\n \"text\": \"A Clash of Kings is the second of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, an epic fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on November 16, 1998 in the United Kingdom; the first United States edition followed on February 2, 1999. Like its predecessor, A Game of Thrones, it won the Locus Award (in 1999) for best novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award (also in 1999) for best novel. In May 2005, Meisha Merlin released a limited edition of the novel, fully illustrated by John Howe. The novel has been adapted for television by HBO as the second season of the TV series Game of Thrones. A Clash of Kings is also the name of the first expansion to the Game of Thrones board game. Plot summary A Clash of Kings depicts the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros in civil war, while the Night's Watch mounts a reconnaissance to investigate the mysterious people known as wildlings. Meanwhile, Daenerys Targaryen continues her plan to conquer the Seven Kingdoms. In the Seven Kingdoms With King Robert Baratheon dead, his purported son Joffrey sits on the Iron Throne. His reign is far from stable, as both of Robert's brothers, Renly and Stannis, have claimed the throne as well. Two regions attempt to secede from the realm: Robb Stark is declared \\\"King in the North\\\" while Balon Greyjoy declares himself king of the Iron Islands. The war among these contenders is dubbed the War of the Five Kings. Stannis Baratheon, publicizing the claim that Joffrey and his siblings are bastards, claims the throne as Robert's eldest brother and therefore heir. He is supported by Melisandre, a foreign priestess who believes Stannis a prophesied messianic figure. Renly is supported by the wealthy Lord Mace Tyrell, and has married Mace's daughter Margaery. Robb's mother Catelyn Stark meets with Renly and Stannis to discuss an alliance against Joffrey's family, the Lannisters, but she is unable to reach an agreement with them. Melisandre uses magic to send a shadow to assassinate Renly in the middle of the night, and Stannis besieges Storm’s End, Renly’s castle; after witnessing Renly's death, Catelyn and Renly's bodyguard, Brienne of Tarth, flee the scene. Tyrion Lannister, Joffrey's uncle, arrives at the capital city of King's Landing as acting Hand of the King, the senior adviser to Joffrey's reign. Tyrion improves the defenses of the city while jockeying for power against Joffrey's mother, the Queen Regent Cersei. Learning of Renly's death, Tyrion sends the crown's treasurer Petyr “Littlefinger” Baelish to win the Tyrells' support for Joffrey. Catelyn's daughter Sansa, a hostage of the Lannisters, is regularly abused by Joffrey. Riots break out in the city due to Joffrey's cruelty and food shortages caused by the ongoing war. Robb wins several victories against the Lannisters while his younger brother Bran rules the Northern stronghold of Winterfell in his absence. Against Catelyn's advice, Robb sends his friend Theon Greyjoy, Balon Greyjoy's son, to negotiate an\",\n \"title\": \"A Clash of Kings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32615524\",\n \"text\": \"Gemma Elizabeth Whelan (born 23 April 1981) is an English actress and comedian known for portraying Yara Greyjoy in the HBO fantasy-drama series Game of Thrones. She also plays Kate in all seasons of the comedy Upstart Crow, Detective Eunice Noon on the first season of The End of the F***ing World on Channel 4, and Geraldine on the third season of Killing Eve. Early life Whelan was born in Leeds and grew up in the Midlands. She attended The King's High School for Girls in Warwick and the London Studio Centre. Career As a stand-up comedian, Whelan won the 2010 Funny Women Variety Award. She performed at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe with her show Chastity Butterworth & The Spanish Hamster. In 2014 she recorded a pilot chat show as her character Chastity Butterworth for BBC Radio 4. On screen, she has played supporting roles in several films and TV shows, including in the 2010 films Gulliver's Travels and The Wolfman. She played Kate (appearing in all 18 main episodes, as well as three Christmas specials) in Ben Elton's BBC Two comedy Upstart Crow, and was a series regular on The End of the F***ing World. She also played roles in other comedies, including Uncle and The Agency. In August 2011, she was cast as Yara Greyjoy, elder sister of Theon, of House Greyjoy of the Iron Islands, in the HBO fantasy-drama television series Game of Thrones, and appeared as a recurring cast member from the second season onward. In 2017, she portrayed Karen Matthews in the two-part TV drama The Moorside, based on the 2008 disappearance of nine-year-old Shannon Matthews. In 2019, she appeared as Marian Lister in the BBC drama Gentleman Jack. In February 2020, a stage adaptation of Upstart Crow opened at the Gielgud Theatre, London, Whelan reprising the role of Kate. Whelan returned to the West End stage as Kate when the play was revived at the Apollo Theatre in 2022. Personal life Whelan lives in London with her husband, the comedian and actor Gerry Howell and their two children. Filmography Film Television Stage Video games Short films Awards and nominations References External links Amore, video with Whelan on Upstart Crow Living people English film actresses English stand-up comedians English women comedians Actresses from Leeds 21st-century English actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses 1981 births WFTV Award winners People educated at The King's High School for Girls Comedians from Leeds\",\n \"title\": \"Gemma Whelan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51283421\",\n \"text\": \"Game of Thrones'' Live Concert Experience is the concert tour by the HBO epic fantasy series Game of Thrones featuring composer Ramin Djawadi. The all-arena tour was announced on August 8, 2016 at an intimate concert in Los Angeles, California. The tour consists of 24 dates in cities across the United States and Canada. The tour's title, \\\"Music Is Coming\\\" is in reference to House Stark motto, \\\"Winter Is Coming.\\\" The concert started on February 20, 2017 in Saint Paul, Minnesota and ended April 2 in Portland, Oregon. A world tour was announced in September 2017. It started in May 2018 in Madrid and ended in October in Toronto. A third tour in North America started on September 5, 2019 finishing on October 5, 2019. Background On August 8, 2016, composer Ramin Djawadi announced the Game of Thrones'' Live Concert Experience Tour at an event at the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles with Isaac Hempstead Wright, who plays Bran Stark in the series. The tour started in Saint Paul, Minnesota and concluded in Portland, Oregon. The tour consisted of 24 cities across the United States, with additional stops in Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec in Canada. The tour featured the show's composer, Ramin Djawadi, conducting an 80-piece orchestra and choir, which performed highlights from the series' musical score, on a 360-degree stage. In addition, LED telescoping and wall screens, and special 3D designs, rose from the stage floor. Instruments were specially created for the tour, such as a 14-foot Wildling horn played during the Wildling attack on the Wall section. We really want to summarize the show the best we can, There's a lot of different locations and events to cover. If you come and watch this concert, you really get a nice summary and a nice look back on the past seasons. The one I'm really excited about is 'Light of the Seven,' which was such a great surprise to the viewers, because it's the first time we're using piano, Besides the orchestra and the choir, we will have the piano and that piece to play. That'll be really great live. - Ramin Djawadi In an interview, Djawadi talked about the tour, saying, \\\"I'm going through the music to adapt it more for a live performance, and I might have a vocalist on a piece that didn't have one before, or lengthen another piece, I'm not bound to the picture anymore, so I can let the music tell its own story, and be creative about it.\\\" Stage The concert contained multiple stages and the main stage (King's Landing stage), and featured Djawadi as conductor with the orchestra and choir. On the other side of the stage (Winterfell stage) were another choir and more soloists. In between those stages were four smaller stages, with each being named after different locations from the world of Game of Thrones. There was also a runway between the two main stages, that was also a location. Setlist This setlist was performed at the October\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51284023\",\n \"text\": \"The soundtrack album of the fourth season of HBO series Game of Thrones, titled Game of Thrones: Season 4 was released digitally on June 10, 2014, and on CD on July 1, 2014. Season 4 of Game of Thrones saw the Icelandic band Sigur Rós perform their rendition of \\\"The Rains of Castamere\\\" in a cameo appearance at King Joffrey's wedding in the second episode, \\\"The Lion and the Rose\\\". Reception The soundtrack received mostly positive reviews from critics. The soundtrack was awarded a score of 4/5 by Heather Phares of AllMusic. Track listing Credits and personnel Personnel adapted from the album liner notes. David Benioff – liner notes Ramin Djawadi – composer, primary artist, producer Sigur Rós – primary artist George R.R. Martin – lyricist D.B. Weiss – liner notes Charts Awards and nominations References Ramin Djawadi soundtracks 2014 soundtrack albums Soundtrack Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones: Season 4 (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74482415\",\n \"text\": \"Vladimir Furdik is a Slovak stunt performer and actor. He played the role of the Night King on the television series Game of Thrones from 2016 to 2019. Biography Vladimir Furdik was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). Since the 1970s, he was a member of theater groups in Czechoslovakia. In the 1990s Furdik has already worked in Hollywood, first doing stunts for the low-budget horror film Tremors, but soon worked on The Three Musketeers. Furdik moved from the predominantly stunt work to direct acting in the 2000s. He played the role of Andrzej, a gypsy in the film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Game of Thrones Furdik participated in the production of Game of Thrones, following the crew to Belfast, Spain, and Croatia. For the series, he not only did stunt work, but also portrayed the antagonist the Night King in Seasons 6, 7 and 8. Filmography Stunt performer: 1990 Tremors 1993 The Three Musketeers 1996 Dragonheart 2001 Uprising 2001 Behind Enemy Lines 2005 Kingdom of Heaven 2006 Eragon 2008 The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian 2008 The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor 2009 Solomon Kane 2010 Spartacus 2011 The Eagle 2011 Season of the Witch 2011 War Horse 2011 Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows 2012 John Carter 2012 Prometheus 2012 Snow White and the Huntsman 2012 Skyfall 2013 Thor: The Dark World 2014 Noah 2014 Hercules 2014 Exodus: Gods and Kings 2016 The Huntsman: Winter's War 2019 The Witcher 2021 The Last Duel Actor: 1994 The Dragon Ring 2000 Dragonheart: A New Beginning 2004 La Femme Musketeer 2007 The Last Legion 2010 Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time 2010 Strike Back 2011 Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows 2011 Game of Thrones See also Richard Brake References Living people Stunt performers Slovak film actors Actors from Bratislava Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Vladimir Furdik\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60880568\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew McClay is a former extra on Game of Thrones who gained considerable prominence for his depiction in the Game of Thrones: The Last Watch documentary. Director Jeanie Finlay said about McClay: “I’ve found the heart of our film.” McClay first appeared as a Baratheon soldier in Season 5, who later becomes a Stark bannerman in Seasons 6, 7, and 8. McClay revealed in Game of Thrones: The Last Watch that his character's name across all 4 seasons was Aberdolf Strongbeard. References External links 1984 births Living people Irish male television actors 21st-century Irish male actors Male actors from Derry (city)\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew McClay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1888712\",\n \"text\": \"Stannis Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. He is the second son of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, as well as the brother of Robert – lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Renly – lord of Storm's End. He is the Lord of Dragonstone, and after his elder brother's death, becomes a claimant to the Iron Throne of Westeros and a key player in the subsequent civil war. Stannis's goals are frequently impeded by his lack of manpower and resources, owing to his unpopularity with other noble houses. He must therefore rely on the counsel of the foreign priestess Melisandre and his right-hand man, lowborn smuggler Davos Seaworth, who he later promotes to Hand of the King. Stannis often struggles to escape the shadow of his two more overtly charismatic brothers, particularly Robert. Though first mentioned in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Stannis formally appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). In December 2011, Martin posted a sample chapter from the yet-unfinished The Winds of Winter, told from Theon Greyjoy's viewpoint, which confirmed Stannis' return in the sixth book. Stannis is portrayed by English actor Stephen Dillane in the HBO television adaptation of the series, who has received significant critical praise for his performance. Stannis is a divisive character among fans of the books and television show alike, enjoying both great popularity for his dedication to justice and dark horse status, as well as opposition for his unrelenting attitude towards the Iron Throne. He has earned particular attention for the differences in his characterization between the novels and show, particularly during season five. Character description Stannis Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and older brother of Renly. He is portrayed as a brooding and humorless man with a harsh but fair sense of duty and justice whose dour demeanor is often off-putting in comparison to his two more charismatic brothers. He is renowned as a skilled and prescient military commander. Although he is initially said to be extremely stubborn and inflexible, in later books he has shown some ability to use diplomacy and deception to achieve his goals. Background Stannis was born the second of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont's three sons and in his youth was constantly overshadowed by Robert. When Stannis was 14, he witnessed his parents' death in a shipwreck off the coast of House Baratheon's castle, Storm's End, and subsequently lost his faith in the Seven Gods. During Robert's Rebellion, a teenage Stannis holds Storm's End in Robert's absence, successfully defending the besieged castle from the Reach forces of Mace Tyrell and Paxter Redwyne for the best part of the year. Stannis' garrison avoids starvation thanks only to the smuggler Davos Seaworth, who evades the blockade by the Redwyne fleet to bring the Baratheon soldiers a cargo\",\n \"title\": \"Stannis Baratheon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50049210\",\n \"text\": \"After the Thrones is an American live television aftershow that premiered on April 25, 2016, and ended on June 28, 2016. It was hosted by Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan who discussed episodes of the HBO television series Game of Thrones. The talk show was executive produced by Bill Simmons and Eric Weinberger. Greenwald and Ryan previously hosted a podcast version of the show titled Watch the Thrones on Simmons' Grantland website. A similar talk show called Thronecast aired on British channel Sky Atlantic, which also discussed episodes of Game of Thrones. The talk show was made available to HBO and HBO Now subscribers, and airs on the Monday following each episode of Game of Thrones. After the show's cancellation, Greenwald and Ryan, along with Simmons, made a similar live stream video podcast for distribution on Twitter called Talk the Thrones. Although it covers the same subject matter, it is a different production. Broadcast and format The series features hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan from the upcoming sports and pop culture website, The Ringer created by Bill Simmons, discussing episodes of the HBO fantasy drama Game of Thrones. Following the success of similar shows such as Talking Dead, which serves as a network sanctioned discussion of the show, HBO decided to introduce its own version of the format in which the hosts provide a \\\"lively, humorous and sophisticated look\\\" at the previous night's episode. The show airs on the stand-alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show's sixth season, which itself airs on Sundays. Greenwald and Ryan previously hosted a similar version of the show for Simmons' now-defunct sports and pop culture website Grantland, titled \\\"Watch the Thrones\\\", in a podcast format. Previous \\\"Watch the Thrones\\\" guests Mallory Rubin and Jason Concepcion are also part of the show. The series began on Monday, April 25, 2016, on HBO Now, HBO Go, HBO On Demand and HBO. The stated purpose of the show is to \\\"recap the latest episode, explaining the who, what, when and where, exploring the complicated politics and history of Thrones, and offering absurd and not-so-absurd theories about future episodes.\\\" For the seventh season of Game of Thrones, the after show changed its name to Talk the Thrones and moved from HBO to the social media site Twitter, where it will stream live every week after an episode airs. Simmons said that \\\"We love Game of Thrones and we love the way Twitter is thinking about content right now, so we jumped at the chance to blow out our Thrones show into an interactive multimedia experience — something that reacts immediately to what just happened, almost like a postgame show in sports - Nobody is equipped to do that better than Twitter. It's the natural evolution of what we had already established with Chris, Andy, Mallory and Jason.\\\" Episodes Season 1 (2016) These episodes discuss season six of Game of Thrones. Starting from the first episode, \\\"The Red Woman\\\". See also\",\n \"title\": \"After the Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38072878\",\n \"text\": \"The following events occurred in October 1920: October 1, 1920 (Friday) The 1920 Chilean presidential election was finally settled when the South American nation's Supreme Court ruled, 5 to 2, that Arturo Allesandri had been elected over Luis Barros Borgono by 177 electoral votes to 176. On October 4, a joint session of the National Congress proclaimed the election. Charles Ponzi was indicted on 86 counts of mail fraud. For the first time in decades, New York City residents were not required to change their dwellings for \\\"Moving Day\\\", and more than 90 percent of families elected to stay at their homes. On October 1, 1919, an estimated 75,000 New York families moved from one apartment to another as their leases expired; in 1920 it was only 5,000. Born: Walter Matthau, American film and stage actor, Oscar Award and Tony Award winner; as Walter Matthow in New York City (d. 2000) Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor; in Granby, Quebec (d. 2001) October 2, 1920 (Saturday) King Alexander of Greece was injured by a monkey while walking through the grounds of the Tatoi Palace and developed a fatal infection as a result. The King was walking with his dog, Fritz, when a Barbary macaque came through and the two animals fought. While trying to rescue his dog, King Alexander suffered a deep bite from a second macaque. The wound became infected and Alexander died of sepsis on October 25. Noting the disaster that followed when Alexander's death brought former King Constantine back to the throne, and the new government's disastrous war with Turkey, Winston Churchill would later write \\\"It is perhaps no exaggeration to remark that a quarter of a million persons died of this monkey's bite.\\\" Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, sent a warning to Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin warning that Soviet submarines were seen in the Baltic Sea, and that the Royal Navy would attack Russian subs on sight. King Alfonso of Spain dissolved the Cortes, Spain's parliament, at the request of Prime Minister Dato because Dato's government did not have a majority. With two games left to play in the season, the Cleveland Indians clinched the American League pennant with a 10-1 win over the Detroit Tigers, guaranteeing that they would finish at least one game ahead of the Chicago White Sox, who had recently lost several of their star players to the Black Sox Scandal. The last tripleheader in major league baseball, with teams playing three nine-inning games on the same day, took place in Pittsburgh, as the Reds defeated the Pirates 13-4 and 7-3 in the first two games, and the Pirates won 6-0 in the final meeting of the day. With the victory, the Reds captured third place in the National League pennant race. The Friday game between the teams had been rained out, and, since the game would determine third place in the NL, the owners agreed to play it on the same day as Saturday's scheduled doubleheader, starting at noon rather than\",\n \"title\": \"October 1920\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42139937\",\n \"text\": \"Catch the Throne is a two-volume mixtape. The first volume was released digitally on March 7, 2014, and on CD on March 28, 2014, as a free mix tape that features various rap artists to help promote the HBO series Game of Thrones. The albums feature hip hop artists including Snoop Dogg, Ty Dolla $ign, Common, Wale, Daddy Yankee, as well as music by Ramin Djawadi from the show and some voices from the show. Reception The album received mostly mixed reviews from critics and fans alike. Track listing Volume I To help promote the series to a broader audience including multicultural urban youth, HBO commissioned an album of rap songs dedicated to Game of Thrones. Entitled Catch the Throne, it was published for free on SoundCloud on March 7, 2014. Volume II A second volume of songs was released in March 2015, prior to the beginning of the fifth season of Game of Thrones. This volume again consisted of songs from hip-hop artists, but this time also included contributions from several heavy metal bands. It was released as a free download on iTunes and SoundCloud. References 2014 mixtape albums 2015 mixtape albums Music of Game of Thrones Hip hop compilation albums Ramin Djawadi\",\n \"title\": \"Catch the Throne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1316115\",\n \"text\": \"Gregor Clegane, nicknamed \\\"The Mountain That Rides\\\" or simply \\\"The Mountain\\\", is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. In the books, the character is initially introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones. He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and in A Dance with Dragons (2011). A notorious knight and retainer to House Lannister, he is well known for his enormous size, prowess in battle, extremely cruel nature, and uncontrollable temper. He is the older brother of Sandor \\\"The Hound\\\" Clegane who has hated him ever since Gregor gruesomely scarred Sandor by shoving his face into a brazier when they were children. After being mortally wounded in a duel with Oberyn Martell, he is resuscitated by Qyburn via sinister means and becomes member of the Kingsguard and the personal bodyguard of Cersei Lannister. In the HBO television adaptation, Clegane was originally portrayed by Australian actor Conan Stevens in season one, and by Welsh actor Ian Whyte in season two; Icelandic actor and world champion strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson took over the role in season four and continued in the role until the final season. Character description Ser Gregor Clegane is the head of House Clegane, a landed knight vassal to House Lannister, and is the older brother of Sandor Clegane. His enormous size and strength make him a fearsome warrior (in the novels he is nearly ) tall, and weighs over ), and he has earned a reputation for violence and brutality. When they were children, Gregor shoved Sandor's face into a brazier for using his toy, gruesomely scarring him. Over the course of his service to Tywin Lannister, he has committed numerous war crimes, most infamously the rape and murder of the Targaryen royal family, but has repeatedly avoided punishment due to House Lannister's power and influence over the Iron Throne. Clegane was one of the first Lannister soldiers to enter King's Landing during its sack at the end of Robert Baratheon's rebellion. He raped and murdered Princess Elia, after murdering her son Aegon by shattering the child's head against a wall, a grudge House Martell still bears 14 years later at the onset of A Game of Thrones. Gregor Clegane is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Arya Stark and Cersei Lannister. Gregor is mostly a background character in the novels. Storylines A Song of Ice and Fire In A Game of Thrones, Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands in retaliation for Catelyn Stark's abduction of Tyrion. Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor, but Gregor ambushes and kills him. He and his men continue raiding the Riverlands throughout A Clash of Kings. When Tyrion Lannister demands a trial by combat in A Storm of Swords, the accuser\",\n \"title\": \"Gregor Clegane\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6903063\",\n \"text\": \"A kingmaker is a person who can influence the selection of a monarch, without themself being a candidate for the throne, or a similar position of power. Kingmaker may also refer to: Games Kingmaker (board game), a 1974 board game set in (English) Wars of the Roses Kingmaker (video game), a 1994 strategy video game based on the board game Neverwinter Nights: Kingmaker, a 2005 expansion pack for BioWare's Neverwinter Nights Pathfinder: Kingmaker, a 2018 video game by Owlcat Games Television King Maker (TVB), a 2012 TVB drama Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny, a 2020 South Korean television series \\\"Kingmaker\\\" (Law & Order), a 2006 episode of NBC drama \\\"The Kingmaker\\\" (The Blacklist), a 2014 episode Good Night Show - King Maker, the first season of the TV series King Maker Music Kingmaker (band), British indie rock band Kingmaker (Tami Neilson album), a 2022 album Kingmaker (Pretty Maids album), a 2016 album \\\"Kingmaker\\\", a 2013 song by American band Megadeth from the album Super Collider In cinema The Kingmaker (film), a 2019 documentary film The King Maker, a 2005 Thai film Kingmaker (film), a 2022 South Korean political drama film Other uses The Kingmaker (audio drama) a 2006 Doctor Who audio drama King Maker, a 2010 urban fantasy novel by Maurice Broaddus Kingmaker (comics), Marvel character related to X-Men See also Kingmaker scenario, in games, a situation where a losing player has the power to select the winner\",\n \"title\": \"Kingmaker (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64223829\",\n \"text\": \"Destiny 2: The Witch Queen is a major expansion for Destiny 2, a first-person shooter video game by Bungie. Representing the sixth expansion and the fifth year of extended content for Destiny 2, it was originally planned for release in late 2021, but due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the expansion was delayed by three months and was released on February 22, 2022. Prior to release, Bungie reported that The Witch Queen had over 1 million pre-orders, \\\"on track to becoming the most pre-ordered expansion in Destiny 2 history\\\". The expansion revolves around Savathûn, The Witch Queen, the sister of Oryx, who was the antagonist of the original Destinys (2014) first major expansion, The Taken King (2015). The expansion added weapon crafting to the game where players can obtain weapon patterns of existing weapons to craft their own versions with chosen perks to fit to their own play style. Other new content across the game includes new missions, Player versus Environment locations, Player versus Player maps, player gear, weaponry, and a new raid. Two new dungeons and a reprised raid, \\\"King's Fall\\\" from The Taken King, were released over the course of the year. The Witch Queen had four seasonal content offerings for Year 5 of the game: Season of the Risen, which was available alongside the expansion, Season of the Haunted in May, Season of Plunder in August, and Season of the Seraph in December, which ran until the launch of the next expansion, Lightfall, on February 28, 2023. With the release of Lightfall, this seasonal content was removed from the game with the exception of the respective battlegrounds activities from Season of the Risen and Season of the Seraph, which were incorporated into the Vanguard Operations playlist. Gameplay The Witch Queen introduces a new location, Savathûn's Throne World, above Mars within the Ascendant Realm. In addition to world activities, a new raid, \\\"Vow of the Disciple\\\", was released on March 5, 2022. Two additional dungeons were also added over the course of the expansion, but requires the purchase of a dungeon key. The \\\"King's Fall\\\" raid from the original Destinys (2014) The Taken King expansion was added on August 26, 2022, during Season 18 and is free for all players to access. It features the same story as the original, but accounts for differences in Destiny 2, such as gameplay mechanics and Champion enemies, as well as a new starting instance to replace the absent Dreadnaught destination that had been present in The Taken King (players begin the raid in the Court of Oryx area like the original, but cannot explore the Dreadnaught beyond this area). New and existing story content was expanded with a new \\\"Legendary\\\" difficulty, designed to be challenging for single players but with improved rewards for completing. At the same time, some content from the Forsaken (2018) expansion was removed from the game and placed in the Destiny Content Vault; this included the full Forsaken campaign, the Tangled Shore destination and its\",\n \"title\": \"Destiny 2: The Witch Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"713625\",\n \"text\": \"A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 8, 2000, in the United Kingdom, with a United States edition following in November 2000. Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon, which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book. At the time of its publication, A Storm of Swords was the longest novel in the series. It was so long that in the UK, Ireland, Australia, Serbia and Israel, its paperback edition was split in half, Part 1 being published as Steel and Snow in June 2001 (with the one-volume cover) and Part 2 as Blood and Gold in August 2001 (with a specially-commissioned new cover). The same division was used in the Polish and Greek editions. In France, the decision was made to cut the novel into four separate volumes. A Storm of Swords won the 2001 Locus Award, the 2002 Geffen Award for Best Novel and was nominated for the 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel. It was the first novel in the series to be nominated for the Hugo Award, one of the two most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy publishing, although it lost to J. K. Rowling's novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Meisha Merlin Publishing, which had previously issued limited, illustrated editions of both A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings, was planning to release a similar version for A Storm of Swords in two volumes; however, lengthy delays in the release of A Clash of Kings caused it to lose its publishing rights, which were picked up by Subterranean Press. This edition, illustrated by Charles Vess, was released in the summer of 2006. A Storm of Swords is also the name of the second expansion to the board game A Game of Thrones, released in July 2006. Approximately the first half of the novel was adapted for television as the third season of the HBO show Game of Thrones, while the second half became the basis for the series' fourth season, and some elements for the series' fifth season. Plot summary A Storm of Swords picks up the story slightly before the end of its predecessor, A Clash of Kings. The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros are still in the grip of the War of the Five Kings, wherein Joffrey Baratheon and his uncle Stannis Baratheon compete for the Iron Throne, while Robb Stark of the North and Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands declare their independence (Stannis's brother Renly Baratheon, the fifth \\\"king\\\", has already been killed). Meanwhile, a large host of wildlings, the tribes from beyond the Seven Kingdoms' northern border, approach the Wall that marks the border, under the leadership of Mance Rayder, the self-proclaimed \\\"King Beyond the Wall\\\", with only the undermanned Night's Watch in opposition. Finally, Daenerys\",\n \"title\": \"A Storm of Swords\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Jon"],"string":"[\n \"Jon\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":54,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31337"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":". org .net . gov . com and . mil are examples of what"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"14460786","text":"This is a list of the oldest extant registered generic top-level domains used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Until late February 1986, Domain Registration was limited to organizations with access to ARPA. Public registration was revealed on Usenet on February 24, 1986. .com .org .edu Registration within .edu is restricted to accredited educational institutions. Prior to October 2001, registration was available worldwide; it has since been limited to institutions based in the United States. .net .mil .gov .int .arpa References Oldest Internet domain names Oldest things Internet domain names","title":"List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names"},{"docid":"11357820","text":"The Internet in the United States grew out of the ARPANET, a network sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s. The Internet in the United States in turn provided the foundation for the worldwide Internet of today. Internet connections in the United States are largely provided by the private sector and are available in a variety of forms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. In 2000, a majority of U.S. households had at least one personal computer and internet access the following year. In September 2007, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported having broadband internet at home. In 2019, the United States ranked 3rd in the world for the number of internet users (behind China and India), with 312.32 million users. As of 2019, 90% of adults in America use the internet, either irregularly or frequently. The United States ranks #1 in the world with 7,000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) according to the CIA. Internet bandwidth per Internet user was the 43rd highest in the world in 2016. Internet top-level domain names specific to the U.S. include .us, .edu, .gov, .mil, .as (American Samoa), .gu (Guam), .mp (Northern Mariana Islands), .pr (Puerto Rico), and .vi (U.S. Virgin Islands). Many U.S.-based organizations and individuals also use generic top-level domains, such as .com, .net, and .org. Overview Access and speed Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the start of the 21st century, most residential access was by dial-up, while access from businesses was usually by higher speed connections. In subsequent years dial-up declined in favor of broadband access. Both types of access generally use a modem, which converts digital data to analog for transmission over a particular analog network (ex. the telephone or cable networks). Dial-up access is a connection to the Internet through a phone line, creating a semi-permanent link to the Internet. Operating on a single channel, it monopolizes the phone line and is the slowest method of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas because it requires no infrastructure other than the already existing telephone network. Dial-up connections typically do not exceed a speed of 56 kbit/s, because they are primarily made via a 56k modem. Broadband access includes a wide range of speeds and technologies, all of which provide much faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term \"broadband\" once had a technical meaning, but today it is more often used as a marketing buzzword to simply mean \"faster\". Broadband connections are continuous or \"always on\" connections, without the need to dial and hangup, and do not monopolize phone lines. Common types of broadband access include DSL (digital subscriber lines), which uses a telephone line, cable Internet access, satellite Internet access, and mobile or wireless broadband, via cell phones or a mobile broadband modem, through a cellular or wireless network, and from a cell","title":"Internet in the United States"},{"docid":"617973","text":"Domain name speculation, popular as domain investing, domain flipping or domaining in professional jargon, is the practice of identifying and registering or acquiring generic Internet domain names as an investment with the intent of selling them later for a profit. The main targets of domain name speculation are generic words which can be valuable for type-in traffic and for the dominant position they would have in any field due to their descriptive nature. Hence generic words and phrases such as poker, insurance, travel, creditcards, loan and others are attractive targets of domain speculation in any top-level domain, the most popular of which is .com. The speculative characteristics of domain names may be linked to news reports or current events. However, the effective period during which such opportunities exist may be limited. Quick turnaround in the resale of domains is often called domain flipping. Domain flipping may also involve the process of buying a valuable domain name and building a related website around it, all this with the objective of selling the domain and newly built website to an interested party. Concept Sometimes, domain name speculation involves finding domain names early in a market, particularly when a new top-level domain is launched, registering them and waiting until the market grows to sell them. Domains such as voice.com, sex.com, and fund.com have sold for millions of US dollars. The COM top-level domain (or 'TLD') is the focus of most domain speculation activity as it is the largest TLD. Domain speculation occurs in other TLDs as well, such as NET and to a lesser extent in ORG, INFO, and BIZ. Of the Generic top-level domains, INFO is the most popular by registration volume compared to BIZ gTLD due to the low cost of initial registration and the recognizability of INFO as being an abbreviation of information. Domain name speculation also occurs in country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) such as .uk, .de and .us. The German TLD consists of over 12 million domains. The UK's domain has over 7.7 million domains registered according to Nominet's domain registration statistics webpage, mainly in its commercial sub-domain co.uk. These TLDs are mature markets where good domain names may command high prices. The EU ccTLD is an example of what happens when speculative activity overtakes \"ordinary\" domain registrations. A combination of an inept registry (EURid) and excessive speculation by businesses exploiting a poorly structured regulatory framework meant that, according to EURid's own statistics at the end of 2006, over 50% of the registrations could be considered at best speculative and at worst domain name warehousing. Specialist and repurposed ccTLDs have also seen elements of domain name speculation. One of the best examples is that of the .tv ccTLD which has found the fact that TV is an abbreviation for the word television to be rather lucrative. The .mobi TLD is a good example of a specialist TLD in that it is specifically targeted at mobile phones and similar mobile technology. The operators of .mobi, mTLD, have reserved some","title":"Domain name speculation"},{"docid":"5020664","text":"An unsponsored top-level domain (uTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet. IANA currently distinguishes 3 groups of top-level domains: country-code top-level domains (ccTLD), generic top-level domains (gTLD) and infrastructure top-level domain. Unsponsored TLD is a specialized top-level domain that has no sponsor, in opposition of sTLD (sponsored), that has a sponsor representing a specific community served by the domain. Generally speaking, uTLD is a TLD without \"owner\", where ICANN has an important governance role. It is a reduced set of TLDs: old ones (.com, .org and .net) and new ones (.biz, .info and .name). References Top-level domains Domain Name System Identifiers Internet governance","title":"Unsponsored top-level domain"},{"docid":"39878","text":"In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain or an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run websites. The registration of a second- or third-level domain name is usually administered by a domain name registrar who sell its services to the public. A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot (.) to denote the top of the DNS tree. Labels in the Domain Name System are case-insensitive, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts. Purpose Domain names serve to identify Internet resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text-based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols. A domain name may represent entire collections of such resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called hostnames. The term hostname is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as websites (e.g., en.wikipedia.org). Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a","title":"Domain name"},{"docid":"66985566","text":".guru is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) owned by Donuts. It was delegated on 6 November 2013. History .guru was one of the first seven gTLDs launched simultaneously by Donuts in late 2013. The sunrise period, during which pre-existing trademark holders may register URLs prior to general availability to prevent domain squatting, lasted from 26 November 2013 through to 24 January 2014. .guru did not undergo a landrush period in which a closed group of non-trademark holders are able to purchase domains for a premium price, and instead went straight to general availability release. The launch of .guru was part of a significant movement in the creation of top-level domains; prior to 2014, only 22 gTLDs were available for registration, while over a thousand were launched in February 2014 alone. .guru quickly became the pre-eminent new gTLD in signups, having 55,000 registrations by May of that year with 35,000 in the first three weeks of its opening alone. Until the release of .app, .guru had the most pre-orders of any new gTLD at GoDaddy. However, the market for new gTLDs performed below expectations, with fewer registrations and a smaller market share than originally predicted. While .guru's first-mover advantage gave it a respectable market share amongst other minor gTLDs, the overall picture was of a more niche product than anticipated. In 2015, a year after its launch, .guru was found to have the second highest number of its registrations lapsed or deleted after .tips. Despite the failure to meet original expectations, .guru nonetheless remains a popular niche for many individuals and small businesses, particularly in India. Usage , there are 60,360 registered .guru domains, making up 0.21% of all domains. GoDaddy has the majority of the .guru market share with 47.4%, while NameCheap runs a distant second at 11.3%. Approximately 56,000 of the registrations are to active websites, and an estimated $1.5-2 million dollars are paid in .guru registration fees per year. According to The Spamhaus Project, as of September 2023 3.9% of .guru domains engage in spamming, compared to 1.5% of .com, 2.1% of .net, 6.6% of .info, 2.7% of .biz, and 0.8% of .org domains. .guru's primary competitors are .expert, which is similarly focused on expertise, and .ninja, another \"edgy\" expert-focused gTLD. Notes References Generic top-level domains 2013 introductions","title":".guru"},{"docid":"1114155","text":"The Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) is a process established by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) for the resolution of disputes regarding the registration of internet domain names. The UDRP currently applies to all generic top level domains (.com, .net, .org, etc.), some country code top-level domains, and to all new generic top-level domains (.xyz, .online, .top, etc.). Historical background When ICANN was first set up, one of the core tasks assigned to it was \"The Trademark Dilemma\", the use of trade marks as domain names without the trademark owner's consent. By the late 1990s, such use was identified as problematic and likely to lead to consumers being misled. In the United Kingdom, the Court of Appeal described such domain names as \"an instrument of fraud\". One of the first steps was that Member States commissioned the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to produce a report on the tension between trademarks and domain names. Published on 30 April 1999, the WIPO Report recommended the establishment of a \"mandatory administrative procedure concerning abusive registrations\", which would allow for a \"neutral venue in the context of disputes that are often international in nature.\" The procedure was not intended to deal with cases with competing rights, nor would it exclude the jurisdiction of the courts. It would, however, be mandatory in the sense that \"each domain name application would, in the domain name agreement, be required to submit to the procedure if a claim was initiated against it by a third party. The WIPO Report also set out the current three-stage test of the UDRP. At its meetings on August 25 and 26, 1999 in Santiago, Chile, the ICANN Board of Directors adopted the UDRP Policy, based on the recommendations contained in the Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, as well as comments submitted by registrars and other interested parties. On October 24, 1999, the ICANN Board adopted a set of Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the UDRP Rules) setting out the procedures and other requirements for each stage of the dispute resolution administrative procedure. The procedure is administered by dispute resolution service providers accredited by ICANN. Following adoption by ICANN, the UDRP was launched on 1 December 1999, and the first case determined under it by WIPO was World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc v. Michael Bosman, involving the domain name worldwrestlingfederation.com. Since then WIPO provides a globally-used Jurisprudential Overview to summarize case law on a range of common and important substantive and procedural issues under the UDRP. Adoption The policy has been adopted by all ICANN-accredited registrars. It has also been adopted by certain managers of country-code top-level domains (e.g., .nu, .tv, .ws). The policy is then applicable due to the contract between the registrar (or other registration authority in the case of a country-code top-level domain) and its customer (the domain-name holder or registrant). When a registrant chooses a domain name, the registrant must \"represent and warrant\", among other things,","title":"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy"},{"docid":"394868","text":".info is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The name is derived from information, although registration requirements do not prescribe any particular purpose. The TLD info followed ICANN's highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s. The seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the domain. History Domain info has been operated by Afilias since its creation. In 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. In 2001, Afilias CTO (Ram Mohan) discovered problems with the Universal Acceptance of the domain due to it being the first tld whose length was greater than two or three characters. The launching of info involved a \"Sunrise Period\" for trademark owners, followed by a \"landrush\" open to all, the first time such a process had ever been conducted for a new gTLD. This process received criticism for giving trademarks precedence over words that are generic in other contexts; for instance, the Caterpillar construction equipment company was able to register before feline enthusiasts were. Although a large number of fraudulent registrations were initially made by registrants who did not actually own a valid trademark, a challenge procedure later weeded out most of these. Prior to launch, the names of countries were reserved from registration at the request of ICANN, to the consternation of those who had paid pre-registration fees to attempt to register these names in the landrush. ICANN's Governmental Advisory Committee, composed of country representatives from around the world applauded the move, the first by any major domain to protect the national interests of sovereign nations. Usage Domain info has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, with over 5.2 million domain names in the registry as of April 2008. After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York switched to the easier to remember mta.info website to lead users to latest information on schedules and route changes on the area's transportation services. ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92. Info is an unrestricted domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain for any purpose, similar to the domains com, net and org. This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu, or coop. Info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, although various other TLDs resulted in this situation de facto. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name. Afilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events. References External links .info Registry Agreement with ICANN","title":".info"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"14460786\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of the oldest extant registered generic top-level domains used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Until late February 1986, Domain Registration was limited to organizations with access to ARPA. Public registration was revealed on Usenet on February 24, 1986. .com .org .edu Registration within .edu is restricted to accredited educational institutions. Prior to October 2001, registration was available worldwide; it has since been limited to institutions based in the United States. .net .mil .gov .int .arpa References Oldest Internet domain names Oldest things Internet domain names\",\n \"title\": \"List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11357820\",\n \"text\": \"The Internet in the United States grew out of the ARPANET, a network sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s. The Internet in the United States in turn provided the foundation for the worldwide Internet of today. Internet connections in the United States are largely provided by the private sector and are available in a variety of forms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. In 2000, a majority of U.S. households had at least one personal computer and internet access the following year. In September 2007, a majority of U.S. survey respondents reported having broadband internet at home. In 2019, the United States ranked 3rd in the world for the number of internet users (behind China and India), with 312.32 million users. As of 2019, 90% of adults in America use the internet, either irregularly or frequently. The United States ranks #1 in the world with 7,000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) according to the CIA. Internet bandwidth per Internet user was the 43rd highest in the world in 2016. Internet top-level domain names specific to the U.S. include .us, .edu, .gov, .mil, .as (American Samoa), .gu (Guam), .mp (Northern Mariana Islands), .pr (Puerto Rico), and .vi (U.S. Virgin Islands). Many U.S.-based organizations and individuals also use generic top-level domains, such as .com, .net, and .org. Overview Access and speed Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the start of the 21st century, most residential access was by dial-up, while access from businesses was usually by higher speed connections. In subsequent years dial-up declined in favor of broadband access. Both types of access generally use a modem, which converts digital data to analog for transmission over a particular analog network (ex. the telephone or cable networks). Dial-up access is a connection to the Internet through a phone line, creating a semi-permanent link to the Internet. Operating on a single channel, it monopolizes the phone line and is the slowest method of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas because it requires no infrastructure other than the already existing telephone network. Dial-up connections typically do not exceed a speed of 56 kbit/s, because they are primarily made via a 56k modem. Broadband access includes a wide range of speeds and technologies, all of which provide much faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term \\\"broadband\\\" once had a technical meaning, but today it is more often used as a marketing buzzword to simply mean \\\"faster\\\". Broadband connections are continuous or \\\"always on\\\" connections, without the need to dial and hangup, and do not monopolize phone lines. Common types of broadband access include DSL (digital subscriber lines), which uses a telephone line, cable Internet access, satellite Internet access, and mobile or wireless broadband, via cell phones or a mobile broadband modem, through a cellular or wireless network, and from a cell\",\n \"title\": \"Internet in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"617973\",\n \"text\": \"Domain name speculation, popular as domain investing, domain flipping or domaining in professional jargon, is the practice of identifying and registering or acquiring generic Internet domain names as an investment with the intent of selling them later for a profit. The main targets of domain name speculation are generic words which can be valuable for type-in traffic and for the dominant position they would have in any field due to their descriptive nature. Hence generic words and phrases such as poker, insurance, travel, creditcards, loan and others are attractive targets of domain speculation in any top-level domain, the most popular of which is .com. The speculative characteristics of domain names may be linked to news reports or current events. However, the effective period during which such opportunities exist may be limited. Quick turnaround in the resale of domains is often called domain flipping. Domain flipping may also involve the process of buying a valuable domain name and building a related website around it, all this with the objective of selling the domain and newly built website to an interested party. Concept Sometimes, domain name speculation involves finding domain names early in a market, particularly when a new top-level domain is launched, registering them and waiting until the market grows to sell them. Domains such as voice.com, sex.com, and fund.com have sold for millions of US dollars. The COM top-level domain (or 'TLD') is the focus of most domain speculation activity as it is the largest TLD. Domain speculation occurs in other TLDs as well, such as NET and to a lesser extent in ORG, INFO, and BIZ. Of the Generic top-level domains, INFO is the most popular by registration volume compared to BIZ gTLD due to the low cost of initial registration and the recognizability of INFO as being an abbreviation of information. Domain name speculation also occurs in country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) such as .uk, .de and .us. The German TLD consists of over 12 million domains. The UK's domain has over 7.7 million domains registered according to Nominet's domain registration statistics webpage, mainly in its commercial sub-domain co.uk. These TLDs are mature markets where good domain names may command high prices. The EU ccTLD is an example of what happens when speculative activity overtakes \\\"ordinary\\\" domain registrations. A combination of an inept registry (EURid) and excessive speculation by businesses exploiting a poorly structured regulatory framework meant that, according to EURid's own statistics at the end of 2006, over 50% of the registrations could be considered at best speculative and at worst domain name warehousing. Specialist and repurposed ccTLDs have also seen elements of domain name speculation. One of the best examples is that of the .tv ccTLD which has found the fact that TV is an abbreviation for the word television to be rather lucrative. The .mobi TLD is a good example of a specialist TLD in that it is specifically targeted at mobile phones and similar mobile technology. The operators of .mobi, mTLD, have reserved some\",\n \"title\": \"Domain name speculation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5020664\",\n \"text\": \"An unsponsored top-level domain (uTLD) is one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet. IANA currently distinguishes 3 groups of top-level domains: country-code top-level domains (ccTLD), generic top-level domains (gTLD) and infrastructure top-level domain. Unsponsored TLD is a specialized top-level domain that has no sponsor, in opposition of sTLD (sponsored), that has a sponsor representing a specific community served by the domain. Generally speaking, uTLD is a TLD without \\\"owner\\\", where ICANN has an important governance role. It is a reduced set of TLDs: old ones (.com, .org and .net) and new ones (.biz, .info and .name). References Top-level domains Domain Name System Identifiers Internet governance\",\n \"title\": \"Unsponsored top-level domain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39878\",\n \"text\": \"In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain or an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run websites. The registration of a second- or third-level domain name is usually administered by a domain name registrar who sell its services to the public. A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot (.) to denote the top of the DNS tree. Labels in the Domain Name System are case-insensitive, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts. Purpose Domain names serve to identify Internet resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text-based label that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Internet protocols. A domain name may represent entire collections of such resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called hostnames. The term hostname is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as websites (e.g., en.wikipedia.org). Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a\",\n \"title\": \"Domain name\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66985566\",\n \"text\": \".guru is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) owned by Donuts. It was delegated on 6 November 2013. History .guru was one of the first seven gTLDs launched simultaneously by Donuts in late 2013. The sunrise period, during which pre-existing trademark holders may register URLs prior to general availability to prevent domain squatting, lasted from 26 November 2013 through to 24 January 2014. .guru did not undergo a landrush period in which a closed group of non-trademark holders are able to purchase domains for a premium price, and instead went straight to general availability release. The launch of .guru was part of a significant movement in the creation of top-level domains; prior to 2014, only 22 gTLDs were available for registration, while over a thousand were launched in February 2014 alone. .guru quickly became the pre-eminent new gTLD in signups, having 55,000 registrations by May of that year with 35,000 in the first three weeks of its opening alone. Until the release of .app, .guru had the most pre-orders of any new gTLD at GoDaddy. However, the market for new gTLDs performed below expectations, with fewer registrations and a smaller market share than originally predicted. While .guru's first-mover advantage gave it a respectable market share amongst other minor gTLDs, the overall picture was of a more niche product than anticipated. In 2015, a year after its launch, .guru was found to have the second highest number of its registrations lapsed or deleted after .tips. Despite the failure to meet original expectations, .guru nonetheless remains a popular niche for many individuals and small businesses, particularly in India. Usage , there are 60,360 registered .guru domains, making up 0.21% of all domains. GoDaddy has the majority of the .guru market share with 47.4%, while NameCheap runs a distant second at 11.3%. Approximately 56,000 of the registrations are to active websites, and an estimated $1.5-2 million dollars are paid in .guru registration fees per year. According to The Spamhaus Project, as of September 2023 3.9% of .guru domains engage in spamming, compared to 1.5% of .com, 2.1% of .net, 6.6% of .info, 2.7% of .biz, and 0.8% of .org domains. .guru's primary competitors are .expert, which is similarly focused on expertise, and .ninja, another \\\"edgy\\\" expert-focused gTLD. Notes References Generic top-level domains 2013 introductions\",\n \"title\": \".guru\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1114155\",\n \"text\": \"The Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) is a process established by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) for the resolution of disputes regarding the registration of internet domain names. The UDRP currently applies to all generic top level domains (.com, .net, .org, etc.), some country code top-level domains, and to all new generic top-level domains (.xyz, .online, .top, etc.). Historical background When ICANN was first set up, one of the core tasks assigned to it was \\\"The Trademark Dilemma\\\", the use of trade marks as domain names without the trademark owner's consent. By the late 1990s, such use was identified as problematic and likely to lead to consumers being misled. In the United Kingdom, the Court of Appeal described such domain names as \\\"an instrument of fraud\\\". One of the first steps was that Member States commissioned the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to produce a report on the tension between trademarks and domain names. Published on 30 April 1999, the WIPO Report recommended the establishment of a \\\"mandatory administrative procedure concerning abusive registrations\\\", which would allow for a \\\"neutral venue in the context of disputes that are often international in nature.\\\" The procedure was not intended to deal with cases with competing rights, nor would it exclude the jurisdiction of the courts. It would, however, be mandatory in the sense that \\\"each domain name application would, in the domain name agreement, be required to submit to the procedure if a claim was initiated against it by a third party. The WIPO Report also set out the current three-stage test of the UDRP. At its meetings on August 25 and 26, 1999 in Santiago, Chile, the ICANN Board of Directors adopted the UDRP Policy, based on the recommendations contained in the Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process, as well as comments submitted by registrars and other interested parties. On October 24, 1999, the ICANN Board adopted a set of Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the UDRP Rules) setting out the procedures and other requirements for each stage of the dispute resolution administrative procedure. The procedure is administered by dispute resolution service providers accredited by ICANN. Following adoption by ICANN, the UDRP was launched on 1 December 1999, and the first case determined under it by WIPO was World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc v. Michael Bosman, involving the domain name worldwrestlingfederation.com. Since then WIPO provides a globally-used Jurisprudential Overview to summarize case law on a range of common and important substantive and procedural issues under the UDRP. Adoption The policy has been adopted by all ICANN-accredited registrars. It has also been adopted by certain managers of country-code top-level domains (e.g., .nu, .tv, .ws). The policy is then applicable due to the contract between the registrar (or other registration authority in the case of a country-code top-level domain) and its customer (the domain-name holder or registrant). When a registrant chooses a domain name, the registrant must \\\"represent and warrant\\\", among other things,\",\n \"title\": \"Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"394868\",\n \"text\": \".info is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The name is derived from information, although registration requirements do not prescribe any particular purpose. The TLD info followed ICANN's highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s. The seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the domain. History Domain info has been operated by Afilias since its creation. In 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. In 2001, Afilias CTO (Ram Mohan) discovered problems with the Universal Acceptance of the domain due to it being the first tld whose length was greater than two or three characters. The launching of info involved a \\\"Sunrise Period\\\" for trademark owners, followed by a \\\"landrush\\\" open to all, the first time such a process had ever been conducted for a new gTLD. This process received criticism for giving trademarks precedence over words that are generic in other contexts; for instance, the Caterpillar construction equipment company was able to register before feline enthusiasts were. Although a large number of fraudulent registrations were initially made by registrants who did not actually own a valid trademark, a challenge procedure later weeded out most of these. Prior to launch, the names of countries were reserved from registration at the request of ICANN, to the consternation of those who had paid pre-registration fees to attempt to register these names in the landrush. ICANN's Governmental Advisory Committee, composed of country representatives from around the world applauded the move, the first by any major domain to protect the national interests of sovereign nations. Usage Domain info has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, with over 5.2 million domain names in the registry as of April 2008. After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York switched to the easier to remember mta.info website to lead users to latest information on schedules and route changes on the area's transportation services. ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92. Info is an unrestricted domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain for any purpose, similar to the domains com, net and org. This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu, or coop. Info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, although various other TLDs resulted in this situation de facto. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name. Afilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events. References External links .info Registry Agreement with ICANN\",\n \"title\": \".info\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"605529","text":".ca is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Canada. The domain name registry that operates it is the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA). Registrants can register domains at the second level (e.g., example.ca). Third-level registrations in one of the geographic third-level domains defined by the registry (e.g. example.ab.ca) were discontinued on October 12, 2010, but existing third-level domain names continue to be supported. Canadian Presence Requirements Registrants of .ca domains must meet the Canadian Presence Requirements as defined by the registry. Examples of valid entities include: a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of the age of majority a legally recognized Canadian organization an Inuit, First Nation, Métis or other people indigenous to Canada an Indian Band as defined in the Indian Act of Canada a foreign resident of Canada that holds a registered Canadian trademark an executor, administrator or other legal representative of a person or organization that meets the requirements a division of the government the monarch of Canada History The domain name was originally allocated by Jon Postel, operator of Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), to John Demco of the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1987. The first .ca domain was registered by the University of Prince Edward Island in January 1988. In 1997, at the Canadian annual Internet conference in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Canadian Internet community, with a view to liberalize registration procedures and substantially improve turnaround times, decided to undertake reform of the .ca Registry. The Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) is a non-profit Canadian corporation that is responsible for operating the .ca Internet country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) today. It assumed operation of the .ca ccTLD on December 1, 2000, from UBC. On April 15, 2008, CIRA registered its one millionth .ca Internet domain name. Any .ca registration has to be ordered via a certified registrar. Third-level (provincial) and fourth-level (municipal) domains UBC's registry operations once favoured fourth-level names (such as .on.ca) for purely local entities or third-level names for entities operating solely within one province. Nationally incorporated companies could have a .ca domain, while provincially incorporated companies required the letters of their province, like .mb.ca. Only an entity with presence in two or more provinces was typically registered directly under .ca; this complex structure (and the long delays in getting .ca registration) caused many Canadian entities to favour the .com, .org and .net registrations, despite the then-higher cost. Currently, any of the above listed parties can register a domain with a name of their choosing followed directly by .ca. CIRA stopped accepting new registrations for third-level domains on October 12, 2010, citing complexity and the low number of new third domain registration as the reason for the change. As a result, the following domains at the third-level are no longer available for registration: The second-level domain name '.gc.ca' (Government of Canada) is commonly mistaken as one of the regional domains under which CIRA will allow Government of Canada registrations. gc.ca is actually a standard domain like all other .ca","title":".ca"},{"docid":"1088383","text":".co is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to Colombia. It is administered by .CO Internet S.A.S., a subsidiary of Neustar since 2014. , there were no registration restrictions on second-level .co domains; any individual or entity in the world can register a .co domain. .CO Internet S.A.S from Bogotá, Colombia, was appointed as the manager for the .co TLD through a public procurement process that took place in early 2009. .CO Internet received the re-delegation approval as the manager of the .co TLD by ICANN on December 9, 2009, and received formal confirmation of the request by the United States Department of Commerce on December 23, 2009. Google treats .co as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because \"users and website owners frequently see [the domain] as being more generic than country-targeted.\" Second-level domain names When they took over administration of the .CO domain, .CO Internet S.A.S. implemented new domain policies that were more flexible than the historic ones that had been administered by the University of the Andes. The new policies were adjusted to international best practices and defined in consultation with local and international communities. With the new policies, Colombia would be able to sell second-level domain names to the world, such as widgets.co, where previously only third-level domain names were available, such as widgets.com.co. Notable single letter .CO domain names that have been allocated include: On September 15, 2010, .CO Internet S.A.S. had taken registrations for over 500,000 .CO domain names. , more than 1 million .CO domains had been registered by people in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. As of January 2014, that number has grown to over 1.6 million .CO domains registered. As of December 2018, there were 2.2 million. With respect to search engine optimization, Google confirmed that \"it will rank .co domains appropriately if the content is globally targeted\". Summary of policies since 2010 Any person or entity in the world can register .co domain names There are no domicile or burdensome documentation requirements Registration period is between 1 and 5 years, subject to renewal Registrants can easily transfer domain names .CO domains became available via the following timeline: April 1, 2010 – April 20, 2010: Sunrise A allowed registered local trademarks to apply for exact match domains. April 26, 2010 – June 10, 2010: Sunrise B allowed trademarks of national effect to apply for exact match domains. June 21, 2010 – July 13, 2010: Landrush allowed anyone to apply for domain names of high commercial value. July 20, 2010: .co domains became generally available. Third-level domain registrations The third-level domain registrations closely mirror the \"traditional\" IANA .com / .net / .org / .gov / .edu / .mil hierarchy, with the addition of a national equivalent of .name. Different from registrations directly under .co, which are used to signal globally relevant interests, third-level domains are used to signal locally relevant business, organizations, academic institutions, and government. – commercial – organizations – educational – government – network infrastructure – military –","title":".co"},{"docid":"5127900","text":"Microsoft XML Core Services (MSXML) are set of services that allow applications written in JScript, VBScript, and Microsoft development tools to build Windows-native XML-based applications. It supports XML 1.0, DOM, SAX, an XSLT 1.0 processor, XML schema support including XSD and XDR, as well as other XML-related technologies. Overview All MSXML products are similar in that they are exposed programmatically as OLE Automation (a subset of COM) components. Developers can program against MSXML components from C, C++ or from Active Scripting languages such as JScript and VBScript. Managed .NET Interop with MSXML COM components is not supported nor recommended. As with all COM components, an MSXML object is programmatically instantiated by CLSID or ProgID. Each version of MSXML exposes its own set of CLSID's and ProgIDs. For example, to create an MSXML 6.0 DOMDocument object, which exposes the IXmlDomDocument, IXmlDomDocument2, and IXmlDomDocument3 COM interfaces, the ProgID \"MSXML2.DOMDocument.6.0\" must be used. MSXML also supports version-independent ProgIDs. Version-independent ProgIDs do not have a version number associated with them. For example, \"Microsoft.XMLHTTP\". These ProgIDs were first introduced in MSXML 1.0, however are currently mapped to MSXML 3.0 objects and the msxml3.dll. Different versions of MSXML support slightly different sets of functionality. For example, while MSXML 3.0 supports only XDR schemas, it does not support XSD schemas. MSXML 4.0, MSXML 5.0, and MSXML 6.0 support XSD schemas. However, MSXML 6.0 does not support XDR schemas. Support for XML Digital Signatures is provided only by MSXML 5.0. For new XML-related software development, Microsoft recommends using MSXML 6.0 or its lightweight cousin, XmlLite, for native code-only projects. Versions MSXML is a collection of distinct products, released and supported by Microsoft. The product versions can be enumerated as follows: Current MSXML 6.0 MSXML6 is the latest MSXML product from Microsoft, and (along with MSXML3) is shipped with Microsoft SQL Server 2005, Visual Studio 2005, .NET Framework 3.0, as well as Windows XP Service Pack 3, Windows Vista and every subsequent versions of Windows up to Windows 11. It also has support for native 64-bit environments. It is an upgrade but not replacement for versions 3 and 4 as they still provide legacy features not supported in version 6. Version 6, 4, and 3 may all be installed and running concurrently. MSXML 6 is not supported on Windows 9x. Windows XP SP3 includes MSXML 6.0 SP2. MSXML 3.0 MSXML3 is a current MSXML product, represented by msxml3.dll. MSXML 3.0 SP2 first shipped with Windows XP, Internet Explorer 6.0 and MDAC 2.7. Windows XP SP2 includes MSXML 3.0 SP5 as part of MDAC 2.81. Windows 2000 SP4 also ships with MSXML 3.0. By default, Internet Explorer version 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 use MSXML 3 to parse XML documents loaded in a window. MSXML 3.0 SP7 is the last supported version for Windows 95. Windows XP SP3 includes MSXML 3.0 SP9. Windows Vista also includes MSXML 3.0 (SP10). Obsolete MSXML 5.0 MSXML5 was a binary developed specifically for Microsoft Office. It originally shipped with Office 2003 and also ships with","title":"MSXML"},{"docid":"34580797","text":"Visual Basic .NET was released by Microsoft in 2002 as a successor to the original Visual Basic computer programming language. It was implemented on the .NET Framework 1.0. The main new feature was managed code. Programmers familiar only with Visual Basic would probably have encountered difficulties working with the new version or adapting existing programs for it. Obvious major differences The new platform bore little resemblance to its predecessor. While programmers expected to be able to recompile their Visual Basic source to a .NET target, the reality of the situation was that Visual Basic .NET was a vastly different paradigm. Obvious syntax differences aside, Visual Basic .NET provides much the same functionality as C# (since they both compile down to MSIL, with the most obvious difference being the case insensitivity of Visual Basic .NET, maintaining the original case-insensitivity of Visual Basic), which is more of a problem for C# programmers trying to inter-operate with Visual Basic .NET developers than anything else. The basic syntax remains very similar: conditions, loops, procedures, sub-routines are declared and written in the same manner (see Visual Basic). Mobility from prior Visual Basic iterations to Visual Basic .NET really are parts of existing code: programmers with experience in both worlds are required to effectively target the new platform with older logic. The Visual Basic .NET developer will have to learn the use of the basic .NET types rather than what they have been used to in Visual Basic. A programmer who has only worked with Visual Basic may encounter a steep learning curve to migrate to Visual Basic .NET. A programmer who is versed in another language or who has had exposure to the .NET runtime should be able to cope. It would be better to think of Visual Basic .NET as a new language inspired by the classic Visual Basic rather than as a continuation of Visual Basic 6.0, with the added difficulty for migrating programmers that VB.NET interfaces with the .NET Framework whereas VB6 was based on the Component Object Model (COM). More detailed comparison There are some immediate changes that developers should take note of: More C-like syntax Visual Basic .NET allows for the +=, -=, *=, /=, \\=, ^=, and &= compound operators so that longer lines like: variable = variable + 1 can now be written as: variable += 1 However, increment and decrement operators are not supported. Short-circuited logic In prior iterations of Visual Basic, all statements in a condition would have been evaluated even if the outcome of the condition could be determined before evaluating a condition. For example: If foo() And bar() Then ' code here is executed if foo() and bar() both return True, however, if foo() returns False, bar() is still evaluated End If This was not only inefficient, but could lead to unexpected results for any person used to another language. In Visual Basic .NET, the new AndAlso and OrElse operators have been added to provide short-circuit evaluation like many other languages. Explicit pointer-like types","title":"Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET"},{"docid":"10641375","text":"The Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) is a W3C Recommendation, which is designed to enable interoperable specification of pronunciation information for both speech recognition and speech synthesis engines within voice browsing applications. The language is intended to be easy to use by developers while supporting the accurate specification of pronunciation information for international use. The language allows one or more pronunciations for a word or phrase to be specified using a standard pronunciation alphabet or if necessary using vendor specific alphabets. Pronunciations are grouped together into a PLS document which may be referenced from other markup languages, such as the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification SRGS and the Speech Synthesis Markup Language SSML. Usage Here is an example PLS document: <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <lexicon version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\" alphabet=\"ipa\" xml:lang=\"en-US\"> <lexeme> <grapheme>judgment</grapheme> <grapheme>judgement</grapheme> <phoneme>ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \"ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt\" --> </lexeme> <lexeme> <grapheme>fiancé</grapheme> <grapheme>fiance</grapheme> <phoneme>fiˈɒns.eɪ</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \"fiˈɒns.eɪ\" --> <phoneme>ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \"ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ\" --> </lexeme> </lexicon> which could be used to improve TTS as shown in the following SSML 1.0 document: <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <speak version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd\" xml:lang=\"en-US\"> <lexicon uri=\"http://www.example.org/lexicon_defined_above.xml\"/> <p> In the judgement of my fiancé, Las Vegas is the best place for a honeymoon. I replied that I preferred Venice and didn't think the Venetian casino was an acceptable compromise.</p> </speak> but also to improve ASR in the following SRGS 1.0 grammar: <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <grammar version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd\" xml:lang=\"en-US\" root=\"movies\" mode=\"voice\"> <lexicon uri=\"http://www.example.org/lexicon_defined_above.xml\"/> <rule id=\"movies\" scope=\"public\"> <one-of> <item>Terminator 2: Judgment Day</item> <item>My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance</item> <item>Pluto's Judgement Day</item> </one-of> </rule> </grammar> Common use cases Multiple pronunciations for the same orthography For ASR systems it is common to rely on multiple pronunciations of the same word or phrase in order to cope with variations of pronunciation within a language. In the Pronunciation Lexicon language, multiple pronunciations are represented by more than one <phoneme> (or <alias>) element within the same <lexeme> element. In the following example the word \"Newton\" has two possible pronunciations. <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <lexicon version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\" alphabet=\"ipa\" xml:lang=\"en-GB\"> <lexeme> <grapheme>Newton</grapheme> <phoneme>ˈnjuːtən</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \"ˈnjuːtən\" --> <phoneme>ˈnuːtən</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \"ˈnuːtən\" --> </lexeme> </lexicon> Multiple orthographies In some situations there are alternative textual representations for the same word or phrase. This can arise due to a number of reasons. See Section 4.5 of PLS for details. Because these are representations that have the same meaning (as opposed to homophones), it is recommended that they be represented using a single <lexeme> element that contains multiple graphemes. Here are two simple examples of multiple orthographies: alternative spelling of an English word and multiple writings of a Japanese word. <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <lexicon version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\" alphabet=\"ipa\" xml:lang=\"en-US\"> <!-- English entry showing how alternative spellings are handled --> <lexeme> <grapheme>colour</grapheme> <grapheme>color</grapheme> <phoneme>ˈkʌlər</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \"ˈkʌlər\" --> </lexeme> </lexicon> <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <lexicon version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\" alphabet=\"ipa\" xml:lang=\"ja\"> <!-- Japanese entry showing how multiple writing systems are handled romaji, kanji","title":"Pronunciation Lexicon Specification"},{"docid":"3117974","text":"Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) was software that provided services to Component Object Model (COM) software components, to make it easier to create large distributed applications. The major services provided by MTS were automated transaction management, instance management (or just-in-time activation) and role-based security. MTS is considered to be the first major software to implement aspect-oriented programming. MTS was first offered in the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack. In Windows 2000, MTS was enhanced and better integrated with the operating system and COM, and was renamed COM+. COM+ added object pooling, loosely-coupled events and user-defined simple transactions (compensating resource managers) to the features of MTS. COM+ is still provided with Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008, and the Microsoft .NET Framework provides a wrapper for COM+ in the EnterpriseServices namespace. The Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) provides a way of calling COM+ applications with web services. However, COM+ is based on COM, and Microsoft's strategic software architecture is now web services and .NET, not COM. There are pure .NET-based alternatives for many of the features provided by COM+, and in the long term it is likely COM+ will be phased out. Architecture A basic MTS architecture comprises: the MTS Executive (mtxex.dll) the Factory Wrappers and Context Wrappers for each component the MTS Server Component MTS clients auxiliary systems like: COM runtime services the Service Control Manager (SCM) the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS-DTC) the Microsoft Message Queue (MSMQ) the COM-Transaction Integrator (COM-TI) etc. COM components that run under the control of the MTS Executive are called MTS components. In COM+, they are referred to as COM+ Applications. MTS components are in-process DLLs. MTS components are deployed and run in the MTS Executive which manages them. As with other COM components, an object implementing the IClassFactory interface serves as a Factory Object to create new instances of these components. MTS inserts a Factory Wrapper Object and an Object Wrapper between the actual MTS object and its client. This interposing of wrappers is called interception. Whenever the client makes a call to the MTS component, the wrappers (Factory and Object) intercept the call and inject their own instance-management algorithm called the Just-In-Time Activation (JITA) into the call. The wrapper then makes this call on the actual MTS component. Interception was considered difficult at the time due to a lack of extensible metadata. In addition, based on the information from the component's deployment properties, transaction logic and security checks also take place in these wrapper objects. For every MTS-hosted object, there also exists a Context Object, which implements the IObjectContext interface. The Context Object maintains specific information about that object, such as its transactional information, security information and deployment information. Methods in the MTS component call into the Context Object through its IObjectContext interface. MTS does not create the actual middle-tier MTS object until the call from a client reaches the container. Since the object is not running all the time, it does not use up a lot of system resources (even though an","title":"Microsoft Transaction Server"},{"docid":"2336660","text":"A United States defense standard, often called a military standard, \"MIL-STD\", \"MIL-SPEC\", or (informally) \"MilSpecs\", is used to help achieve standardization objectives by the U.S. Department of Defense. Standardization is beneficial in achieving interoperability, ensuring products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, total cost of ownership, compatibility with logistics systems, and similar defense-related objectives. Defense standards are also used by other non-defense government organizations, technical organizations, and industry. This article discusses definitions, history, and usage of defense standards. Related documents, such as defense handbooks and defense specifications, are also addressed. Definition of document types Although the official definitions differentiate between several types of documents, all of these documents go by the general rubric of \"military standard\", including defense specifications, handbooks, and standards. Strictly speaking, these documents serve different purposes. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), military specifications \"describe the physical and/or operational characteristics of a product\", while military standards \"detail the processes and materials to be used to make the product.\" Military handbooks, on the other hand, are primarily sources of compiled information and/or guidance. The GAO acknowledges, however, that the terms are often used interchangeably. Official definitions are provided by DoD 4120.24, Defense Standardization Program (DSP) Procedures, November 2014, USD (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics): For purposes of this article, \"military standards\" will include standards, specifications and handbooks. There are also standard names with different letters behind ′MIL-′ like MIL-C-5040H, MIL-E-7016F or MIL-S-901. Formats The DOD has standards about the format of standards: MIL-STD-961, Defense and Program-Unique Specifications Format and Content MIL-STD-962, Defense Standards Format and Content MIL-STD-967, Defense Handbooks Format and Content Origins and evolution Defense standards evolved from the need to ensure proper performance, maintainability and reparability (ease of MRO), and logistical usefulness of military equipment. The latter two goals (MRO and logistics) favor certain general concepts, such as interchangeability, standardization (of equipment and processes, in general), cataloging, communications, and training (to teach people what is standardized, what is at their discretion, and the details of the standards). In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th, the American and French militaries were early adopters and longtime developmental sponsors and advocates of interchangeability and standardization. By World War II (1939–1945), virtually all national militaries and trans-national alliances of the same (Allied Forces, Axis powers) were busy standardizing and cataloguing. The U.S. AN- cataloguing system (Army-Navy) and the British Defence Standards (DEF-STAN) provide examples. For example, due to differences in dimensional tolerances, in World War II American screws, bolts, and nuts did not fit British equipment properly and were not fully interchangeable. Defense standards provide many benefits, such as minimizing the number of types of ammunition, ensuring compatibility of tools, and ensuring quality during production of military equipment. This results, for example, in ammunition and food cases that can be opened without tools; vehicle subsystems that can be quickly swapped into the place of damaged ones; and small arms and artillery that are less likely to find themselves with an excess of ammunition that does not fit and a","title":"United States Military Standard"},{"docid":"23713739","text":"The Web Services Description Language (WSDL ) is an XML-based interface description language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service. The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a type signature in a programming language. The latest version of WSDL, which became a W3C recommendation in 2007, is WSDL 2.0. The meaning of the acronym has changed from version 1.1 where the \"D\" stood for \"Definition\". Description The WSDL describes services as collections of network endpoints, or ports. The WSDL specification provides an XML format for documents for this purpose. The abstract definitions of ports and messages are separated from their concrete use or instance, allowing the reuse of these definitions. A port is defined by associating a network address with a reusable binding, and a collection of ports defines a service. Messages are abstract descriptions of the data being exchanged, and port types are abstract collections of supported operations. The concrete protocol and data format specifications for a particular port type constitutes a reusable binding, where the operations and messages are then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format. In this way, WSDL describes the public interface to the Web service. WSDL is often used in combination with SOAP and an XML Schema to provide Web services over the Internet. A client program connecting to a Web service can read the WSDL file to determine what operations are available on the server. Any special datatypes used are embedded in the WSDL file in the form of XML Schema. The client can then use SOAP to actually call one of the operations listed in the WSDL file, using for example XML over HTTP. The current version of the specification is 2.0; version 1.1 has not been endorsed by the W3C but version 2.0 is a W3C recommendation. WSDL 1.2 was renamed WSDL 2.0 because of its substantial differences from WSDL 1.1. By accepting binding to all the HTTP request methods (not only GET and POST as in version 1.1), the WSDL 2.0 specification offers better support for RESTful web services, and is much simpler to implement. However support for this specification is still poor in software development kits for Web Services which often offer tools only for WSDL 1.1. For example, the version 2.0 of the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) only supports WSDL 1.1. Example WSDL file <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?> <description xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl\" xmlns:tns=\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\" xmlns:whttp=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/http/\" xmlns:wsoap=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/\" targetNamespace=\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\"> <documentation> This is a sample WSDL 2.0 document. </documentation> <!-- Abstract type --> <types> <xs:schema xmlns:xs=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\" xmlns=\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\" targetNamespace=\"http://www.example.com/wsdl20sample\"> <xs:element name=\"request\"> ... </xs:element> <xs:element name=\"response\"> ... </xs:element> </xs:schema> </types> <!-- Abstract interfaces --> <interface name=\"Interface1\"> <fault name=\"Error1\" element=\"tns:response\"/> <operation name=\"Get\" pattern=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/in-out\"> <input messageLabel=\"In\" element=\"tns:request\"/> <output messageLabel=\"Out\" element=\"tns:response\"/> </operation> </interface> <!-- Concrete Binding Over","title":"Web Services Description Language"},{"docid":"1191806","text":"The domain names example.com, example.net, example.org, and example.edu are second-level domain names in the Domain Name System of the Internet. They are reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) at the direction of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as special-use domain names for documentation purposes. The domain names are used widely in books, tutorials, sample network configurations, and generally as examples for the use of domain names. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) operates web sites for these domains with content that reflects their purpose. Purpose The domains example.com, example.net, example.org and example.edu are intended for general use in any kind of documentation, such as technical and software documentation, manuals, and sample software configurations. Thus, documentation writers can be sure to select a domain name without creating naming conflicts if end-users try to use the sample configurations or examples verbatim. The domains may be used in documentation without prior consultation with IANA or ICANN. In practice, these domain names are also installed in the Domain Name System with the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6 of a web server managed by ICANN. The domains are digitally signed using Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). The zone files of each domain also define one subdomain name. The third-level domain name www resolves to the IP addresses of the parent domains. History The second-level domain label example for the top-level domains com, net, and org have been reserved and registered since at least 1992. The IETF established the authority of this use in 1999. In 2013, the status and purpose of the domains was restated by the IETF as belonging to a group of special-use domain names. See also .example – Top-level domain name reserved for documentation purposes .local – Pseudo-TLD with no meaning in the DNS for use with local zeroconf networking only Fictitious domain name IPv4 § Special-use addresses – some special-use IPv4 address ranges are reserved for documentation and examples Reserved top-level domains References External links example.com example.net example.org example.edu Domain Name System Placeholder names Internet properties established in 1999","title":"Example.com"},{"docid":"1019932","text":".es (españa) is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Spain. It is administered by the Network Information Centre of Spain. Registrations are permitted at the second level or at the third level beneath various generic second level categories. Some qualifications and restrictions apply to third-level registrations depending on which second-level domain they are within. Second-level registrations have had some limitations including requiring registrants to have a connection with Spain, but these restrictions were lifted in a multi-stage process completed by the end of 2005, at which point registrations at the second level of .es were open to anybody worldwide. The .es domain does not have a conventional WHOIS server operating on port 43, but WHOIS queries can be made using a page on ESNIC's website. Second-level domains There also exist a number of second-level domains: .com.es - open to all applicants (intended for commercial entities) .nom.es - open to all applicants (intended for personal names) .org.es - open to all applicants (intended for noncommercial organizations) .gob.es - for governmental entities .edu.es - for educational institutions Alternatives Until the liberalization in November 2005, registering in .es was expensive and encumbered compared to other ccTLDs. The second-level word had to be either a trade mark valid in Spain, the exact name of the registering business or association, or the first name and at least the first surname of the registering individual. Common words and placenames were unregisterable. There was also a requirement of a minimum of three characters in the name, though some exceptions like hp.es (Hewlett-Packard Spain) and pp.es (People's Party) were allowed. As an alternative many Spanish organizations registered under .com, .org or .net. Usage Although very popular in Spain for its intended use, .es has been used for domain hacks such as geociti.es, a website mirroring Geocities; adspac.es, a mobile-based advertising firm; thelettervsixtim.es, for the game VVVVVV; and iTun.es for iTunes Ping URL shortening. References External links IANA .es whois information ESNIC website Country code top-level domains Internet in Spain Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members Internet properties established in 1988","title":".es"},{"docid":"1237601","text":".mh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Marshall Islands. Its registry website has been inactive since the end of 2021, and prior to that had not been updated since 1997. The mechanism of registering domains listed on that site involved downloading an InterNIC template form that had been a dead link for at least several years. , a search showed three active websites using a .mh domain: one for the government's Natural Disaster Management Office, one for the school system, and one for a telecommunications company. The Natural Disaster Management Office website went offline a year later. In 2022, the Office of Commerce, Investment & Tourism created a site under the domain, but moved to .org in late 2023. The same year, Wahoo, a store based in Majuro, opened a website under the domain. Most of the people who govern a site from the Marshall Islands usually register it under .com, .net or .org. Almost all sites registered to entities in the Marshall Islands are hosted in other countries. See also Communications in the Marshall Islands Internet in the Marshall Islands Internet in the United States .us References External links IANA .mh whois information .mh domain registration website (currently inactive) Country code top-level domains Communications in the Marshall Islands Internet properties established in 1996 sv:Toppdomän#M","title":".mh"},{"docid":"954515","text":".bg is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Bulgaria. It is currently operated by Register.BG. .bg domains can be registered by European Union citizens, companies or foreign companies that have registered branches or commercial representatives in Bulgaria. The price of domain registration is €30 per year (€36 including VAT). Until mid-2006, the price was a one-time registration fee of US$50 plus US$50 per year (total of US$120 including VAT for the first year). For local standards this was a very high price, and many Bulgarian sites were registered under .com (esp -bg.com), .org, or .net domains, as the registration costs were significantly lower (US$8–12 per year) and less of a bureaucratic hassle. From August 25, 2008, Register.BG simplified the procedures, allowing the registration of domain names in the .bg zone without providing documented grounds (trademarks, company names) for the name. Eventual disputes are to be solved via the newly established Arbitration committee. Since September 18, 2006, Register.bg proposes new, third-level domains in the a.bg, b.bg, etc., subdomains (a Latin letter or a digit +.bg), lower cost (€12/year incl. VAT), with less restrictions and no dispute resolution. They are targeted mainly at private individuals. The domain has been enabled with Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) since October 2007. On September 5, 2009, Register.bg started accepting second- and third-level domain names in Cyrillic with letters found in the Bulgarian language only. See also .бг References External links IANA .bg whois information Register.bg Whois service Country code top-level domains Internet in Bulgaria Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members Mass media in Bulgaria Internet properties established in 1995","title":".bg"},{"docid":"840451","text":"JScript .NET is a .NET programming language developed by Microsoft. The primary differences between JScript and JScript .NET can be summarized as follows: Firstly, JScript is a scripting language, and as such programs (or more suggestively, scripts) can be executed without the need to compile the code first. This is not the case with the JScript .NET command-line compiler, since this next-generation version relies on the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) for execution, which requires that the code be compiled to Common Intermediate Language (CIL), formerly called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), code before it can be run. Nevertheless, JScript .NET still provides full support for interpreting code at runtime (e.g., via the Function constructor or the eval function) and indeed the interpreter can be exposed by custom applications hosting the JScript .NET engine via the VSA interfaces. Secondly, JScript has a strong foundation in Microsoft's ActiveX/COM technologies, and relies primarily on ActiveX components to provide much of its functionality (including database access via ADO, file handling, etc.), whereas JScript .NET uses the .NET Framework to provide equivalent functionality. For backwards-compatibility (or for where no .NET equivalent library exists), JScript .NET still provides full access to ActiveX objects via .NET / COM Interop using both the ActiveXObject constructor and the standard methods of the .NET Type class. Although the .NET Framework and .NET languages such as C# and Visual Basic .NET have seen widespread adoption, JScript .NET has never received much attention, by the media or by developers. It is not supported in Microsoft's premier development tool, Visual Studio .NET. However, ASP.NET supports JScript .NET. Language differences The following are prime examples of language differences between JScript .NET and other .NET languages, including comparisons. Differences with C# JScript .NET does not require a main() function that the operating system must call directly when executing a JScript .NET application, as such, JScript .NET program flow can be based on global code. JScript .NET, because of its very loose type checking system can be very easy to learn, since the convention of explicit type declaration is not required at all. JScript .NET does not require explicit references to the .NET Framework Base Class Library, as certain functions found in earlier versions of JScript are present in JScript .NET (e.g. functions for finding the tangent of an angle for a right triangle). JScript .NET is closely linked to C syntax, and is thus very easy to learn for C#, Java or C++ developers. While JScript .NET can be used to create Windows Forms applications, JScript .NET will have some trouble, as delegates can only be consumed in JScript .NET and not created. Thus, custom events are hard to emulate in JScript .NET. Differences with C++ JScript .NET does not require a main() function. JScript .NET does not require explicit type declaration on variables. (In C++, the use of templates and generics can be compared to this, loosely emulated with template specialization, etc.) JScript .NET also does not require explicit type casts on variable use","title":"JScript .NET"},{"docid":"18935330","text":"Typosquatting, also called URL hijacking, a sting site, a cousin domain, or a fake URL, is a form of cybersquatting, and possibly brandjacking which relies on mistakes such as typos made by Internet users when inputting a website address into a web browser. A user accidentally entering an incorrect website address may be led to any URL, including an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter. The typosquatter's URL will usually be one of five kinds, all similar to the victim site address: A common misspelling, or foreign language spelling, of the intended site A misspelling based on a typographical error A plural of a singular domain name A different top-level domain: (e.g. .com instead of .org) An abuse of the Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) (.cm, .co, or .om instead of .com) Similar abuses: Combosquatting - no misspelling, but appending an arbitrary word that appears legitimate, but that anyone could register. Doppelganger domain - omitting a period or inserting an extra period Appending terms such as sucks or - to a domain name Once in the typosquatter's site, the user may also be tricked into thinking that they are in fact in the real site, through the use of copied or similar logos, website layouts, or content. Spam emails sometimes make use of typosquatting URLs to trick users into visiting malicious sites that look like a given bank's site, for instance. The Magniber ransomware is being distributed in a typosquatting method that exploits typos made when entering domains, targeting mainly Chrome and Edge users. Motivation There are several different reasons for typosquatters buying a typo domain: To try to sell the typo domain back to the brand owner To monetize the domain through advertising revenues from direct navigation misspellings of the intended domain To redirect the typo-traffic to a competitor To redirect the typo-traffic back to the brand itself, but through an affiliate link, thus earning commissions from the brand owner's affiliate program As a phishing scheme to mimic the brand's site, while intercepting passwords which the visitor enters unsuspectingly To install drive-by malware or revenue generating adware onto the visitors' devices To harvest misaddressed e-mail messages mistakenly sent to the typo domain To express an opinion that is different from the intended website's opinion By legitimate site owners, to block malevolent use of the typo domain by others To annoy users of the intended site Examples Many companies, including Verizon, Lufthansa, and Lego, have gained reputations for aggressively chasing down typosquatted names. Lego, for example, has spent roughly US$500,000 on taking 309 cases through UDRP proceedings. Celebrities have also frequently pursued their domain names. Prominent examples include basketball player Dirk Nowitzki's UDRP of DirkSwish.com and actress Eva Longoria's UDRP of EvaLongoria.org. Goggle, a typosquatted version of Google, was the subject of a 2006 web safety promotion by McAfee, which depicted the significant amounts of malware installed through drive-by downloads upon accessing the site at the time. Most notably, Goggle installed SpySheriff. Later the URL redirected to google.com; a 2018","title":"Typosquatting"},{"docid":"4545603","text":"In Microsoft Windows applications programming, OLE Automation (later renamed to simply Automation) is an inter-process communication mechanism created by Microsoft. It is based on a subset of Component Object Model (COM) that was intended for use by scripting languages – originally Visual Basic – but now is used by several languages on Windows. All automation objects are required to implement the IDispatch interface. It provides an infrastructure whereby applications called automation controllers can access and manipulate (i.e. set properties of or call methods on) shared automation objects that are exported by other applications. It supersedes Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), an older mechanism for applications to control one another. As with DDE, in OLE Automation the automation controller is the \"client\" and the application exporting the automation objects is the \"server\". Contrary to its name, automation objects do not necessarily use Microsoft OLE, although some Automation objects can be used in OLE environments. The confusion has its roots in Microsoft's earlier definition of OLE, which was previously more or less a synonym of COM. Advantages and limitations To ensure interoperability, automation interfaces are limited to use a subset of all COM types. Specifically, automation interfaces must use SAFEARRAY instead of raw COM arrays. Automation-compatible COM servers can, however, rely on the in-built OLE marshalling implementation. This avoids the need for additional proxy/stub projects for marshalling out-of-process. Usage Automation was designed with the ease of scripting in mind, so controllers often provide languages such as Visual Basic for Applications to end users, allowing them to control automation objects via scripts. Automation objects are often written in conventional languages such as C++, where C++ attributes can be used to simplify development, Languages such as Visual Basic and Borland Delphi also provides a convenient syntax for Automation which hides the complexity of the underlying implementation. Type libraries In order to automate an application, the developer of an automation controller must know the object model that is employed by the target application exporting activation objects. This requires that the developer of the target application publicly document its object model. Development of automation controllers without knowledge of the target application's object model is \"difficult to impossible\". Due to these complications, Automation components are usually provided with type libraries, which contain metadata about classes, interfaces and other features exposed by an object library. Interfaces are described in Microsoft Interface Definition Language. Type libraries can be viewed using various tools, such as the Microsoft OLE/COM Object Viewer (oleview.exe, part of the Microsoft Platform SDK) or the Object Browser in Visual Basic (up to version 6) and Visual Studio .NET. Type libraries are used to generate Proxy pattern/stub code for interoperating between COM and other platforms, such as Microsoft .NET and Java. For instance, the .NET Framework SDK includes tools that can generate a proxy .NET DLL to access Automation objects using both early binding (with information about interfaces extracted from a type library) and late binding (via IDispatch, mapped to the .NET Reflection API), with the built-in .NET-to-COM","title":"OLE Automation"},{"docid":"511063","text":"Site Finder was a wildcard DNS record for all .com and .net unregistered domain names, run by .com and .net top-level domain operator VeriSign between 15 September 2003 and 4 October 2003. Site Finder All Internet users who accessed any unregistered domains in the .com and .net domain space were redirected to a VeriSign web portal with information about VeriSign products and links to \"partner\" sites. This gave VeriSign the advantage of receiving greater revenue from advertising and from users wishing to register these domain names. It had the effect of capturing the web traffic for several million mistyped or experimental web accesses per day, and meant that VeriSign effectively owned all possible .com and .net domains that had not been bought by others, and could use them as an advertising platform. VeriSign described the change as an attempt to improve the Web browsing experience for the naive user, without mentioning any use of the domain name system other than by browsers. VeriSign's critics saw this claim as disingenuous. The change led to a dramatic increase in the amount of Internet traffic arriving at verisign.com. According to the web traffic measurement company Alexa, in the year prior to the change verisign.com was around the 2,500th most popular website. In the weeks following the change, the site came into the top 20 most popular sites, and reached the top 10 in the aftermath of the change and surrounding controversy. Issues and controversy There was a storm of controversy among network operators and competing domain registrars, particularly on the influential NANOG and ICANN mailing lists, some of whom asserted: that the redirection was contrary to the proper operation of the DNS, ICANN policy, and the Internet architecture in general; that VeriSign breached its trust with the Internet community by using technical architecture for marketing purposes; that the redirection broke various RFCs and disrupted existing Internet services, such as email relay and filtering (spam filters were not able to detect the validity of domain names); that the redirection amounted to typosquatting where the unregistered domain being resolved is a spelling mistake for a famous registered domain; that VeriSign abused its technical control over the .com and .net domains by exerting a de facto monopoly control; that VeriSign may have been in breach of its contracts for running the .com and .net domains; that the Site Finder service assumed that all DNS traffic was caused by Web clients, ignoring the fact that DNS is used by other applications such as networked printers, FTP software, and dedicated communications applications. If users of these applications accidentally entered a wrong host name, instead of a meaningful \"host not found\" error they would get a \"request timed out\" error, making it look like the server existed but is not responding. No statement by VeriSign in support of Site Finder even acknowledged the existence of DNS traffic not caused by Web clients, although they published implementation details which mentioned this traffic. that Site Finder contained an end-user license agreement","title":"Site Finder"},{"docid":"17058007","text":"Component Object Model (COM) is a binary-interface standard for software components introduced by Microsoft in 1993. It is used to enable inter-process communication (IPC) object creation in a large range of programming languages. COM is the basis for several other Microsoft technologies and frameworks, including OLE, OLE Automation, Browser Helper Object, ActiveX, COM+, DCOM, the Windows shell, DirectX, UMDF and Windows Runtime. The essence of COM is a language-neutral way of implementing objects that can be used in environments different from the one in which they were created, even across machine boundaries. For well-authored components, COM allows reuse of objects with no knowledge of their internal implementation, as it forces component implementers to provide well-defined interfaces that are separated from the implementation. The different allocation semantics of languages are accommodated by making objects responsible for their own creation and destruction through reference-counting. Type conversion casting between different interfaces of an object is achieved through the QueryInterface method. The preferred method of \"inheritance\" within COM is the creation of sub-objects to which method \"calls\" are delegated. COM is an interface technology defined and implemented as standard only on Microsoft Windows and Apple's Core Foundation 1.3 and later plug-in application programming interface (API). The latter only implements a subset of the whole COM interface. For some applications, COM has been replaced at least to some extent by the Microsoft .NET framework, and support for Web Services through the Windows Communication Foundation (WCF). However, COM objects can be used with all .NET languages through .NET COM Interop. Networked DCOM uses binary proprietary formats, while WCF encourages the use of XML-based SOAP messaging. COM is very similar to other component software interface technologies, such as CORBA and Enterprise JavaBeans, although each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Unlike C++, COM provides a stable application binary interface (ABI) that does not change between compiler releases. This makes COM interfaces attractive for object-oriented C++ libraries that are to be used by clients compiled using different compiler versions. History One of the first methods of interprocess communication in Windows was Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), first introduced in 1987, that allowed sending and receiving messages in so-called \"conversations\" between applications. Antony Williams, who was involved in the creation of the COM architecture, later distributed two internal papers in Microsoft that embraced the concept of software components: Object Architecture: Dealing With the Unknown – or – Type Safety in a Dynamically Extensible Class Library in 1988 and On Inheritance: What It Means and How To Use It in 1990. These provided the foundation of many of the ideas behind COM. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), Microsoft's first object-based framework, was built on top of DDE and designed specifically for compound documents. It was introduced with Word for Windows and Excel in 1991, and was later included with Windows, starting with version 3.1 in 1992. An example of a compound document is a spreadsheet embedded in a Word for Windows document: as changes are made to the spreadsheet within Excel,","title":"Component Object Model"},{"docid":"9731827","text":"Variant is a data type in certain programming languages, particularly Visual Basic, OCaml, Delphi and C++ when using the Component Object Model. It is an implementation of the eponymous concept in computer science. In Visual Basic (and Visual Basic for Applications) the Variant data type is a tagged union that can be used to represent any other data type (for example, integer, floating-point, single- and double-precision, object, etc.) except fixed-length string type. In Visual Basic, any variable not declared explicitly or the type of which is not declared explicitly, is taken to be a variant. While the use of not explicitly declared variants is not recommended, they can be of use when the needed data type can only be known at runtime, when the data type is expected to vary, or when optional parameters and parameter arrays are desired. In fact, languages with a dynamic type system often have variant as the only available type for variables. Among the major changes in Visual Basic .NET, being a .NET language, the variant type was replaced with the .NET object type. There are similarities in concept, but also major differences, and no direct conversions exist between these two types. For conversions, as might be needed if Visual Basic .NET code is interacting with a Visual Basic 6 COM object, the normal methodology is to use .NET marshalling. Examples In Visual Basic, a variant named A can be declared either explicitly or implicitly: Dim A Dim A as Variant In Delphi, a variant named A is declared in the following way: var A: variant; Format A variable of variant type, for brevity called a \"variant\", as defined in Visual Basic, needs 16 bytes storage and its layout is as follows: Types A few examples of variants that one can encounter in Visual Basic follow. In other languages other kinds of variants can be used as well. 1 The type of an uninitialized variant. 2 The type of a NULL value in a database, that is, not uninitialized, nor equivalent to a C++ null pointer. 3 Missing arguments are actually a particular Error value titled \"parameter not found\". 4 The object type set to a null reference. 5 TypeName will return the name of the class of the object contained. The data would be an interface pointer, that is, a pointer to a pointer to a virtual method table (which is an array of function pointers). Common uses Collections The Collection class in OLE Automation can store items of different data types. Since the data type of these items cannot be known at compile time, the methods to add items to and retrieve items from a collection use variants. If in Visual Basic the For Each construct is used, the iterator variable must be of object type, or a variant. Dispatch method calls In OLE Automation the IDispatch interface is used when the class of an object cannot be known in advance. Hence when calling a method on such an object the types of","title":"Variant type (COM)"},{"docid":"16271198","text":"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United States: United States of America – federal republic located primarily in North America, and the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With the Soviet Union's collapse and the subsequent end of the Cold War in 1991, the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower. General reference Pronunciation: Abbreviations: USA or US Common English country name: United States Languages of the United States: English, Spanish and Hawaiian Official English country name: United States of America Common endonyms: United States, U.S., U.S.A., America Official endonym: United States of America Common exonyms: United States; America or The States (chiefly British/Commonwealth); North America (chiefly Latin America) Adjectivals: United States, American Demonyms: American (among others) Etymology International rankings of the United States ISO country codes: US, USA, 840 ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:US Internet country code top-level domain: .us, .com, .org, .net, .gov, .edu Geography of the United States The United States is: a megadiverse country Location (50 states): Northern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere (except western Aleutian Islands) Americas North America Northern America Oceania Polynesia Time zones: Atlantic Standard Time (UTC-04), Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC-03) (Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands) Eastern Standard Time (UTC-05), Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-04) Central Standard Time (UTC-06), Central Daylight Time (UTC-05) Mountain Standard Time (UTC-07), Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-06) Pacific Standard Time (UTC-08), Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-07) Alaska Standard Time (UTC-09), Alaska Daylight Time (UTC-08) Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (UTC-10), Hawaii-Aleutian Daylight Time (UTC-09) Extreme points of the United States: North: Point Barrow, Alaska South: Ka Lae, Island of Hawai'i, Hawai'i () East: Sail Rock, just offshore West Quoddy Head, Maine Physically East: Eastern Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska West: Peaked Island, offshore Cape Wrangell, Attu Island, Alaska Physically West: Western Amatignak Island, Alaska High: Denali (Mount McKinley), Alaska at Low: Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California at Land boundaries: 12,034 km (7,477 mi) 8,893 km (5,525 mi) 3,145 km (1,954 mi) Coastline: 19,924 km (12,380 mi) Population of the United States: 308,745,538 (2010 census) – 3rd most populous country Area of the United States: – 4th most extensive country Atlas of the United States Cities of the United States, by population Environment of the United States Beaches in the United States Climate of the United States Climate change in the United States Environmental issues in the United States Ecoregions in the United States Geology of the United States Earthquakes in the United States National parks of the United States Protected areas of the United States Superfund sites in the United States Wildlife of the United States Flora of the United States Fauna of the United States Birds of the United States Mammals of the United States Reptiles of the United States Amphibians of the United States Geographic features of the United States Fjords","title":"Outline of the United States"},{"docid":"55114493","text":"An emoji domain is a domain name with one or more emoji in it, for example 😉.. Function With the exception of the information emoji (), the trademark emoji () and the \"m\" emoji (), for an emoji to work as a domain name, it must be converted into so-called \"Punycode\". Punycode is a character encoding method used for internationalized domain names (IDNs). This representation is used when registering domains containing special characters. The ASCII representation starts with the prefix \"xn--\" and is followed by the emoji-containing domain name encoded as Punycode, for example \"xn--i-7iq\" is \"❤\" when converted back to Unicode. Each emoji has a unique Punycode representation. For example, \"😉\" in an IDN is represented as \"xn--n28h\". There are several generators on the Internet that allow one to convert emoji to Punycode and back. Availability and registration , there are 11 top-level domains for which emoji domain registration is possible: .cf, .fm, .ga, .gq, .kz, .ml, .st, .tk, .to, .uz, and .ws; as well as 12 second-level domains: .radio.am, .radio.fm, .co.il, .org.il, .biz.ua, .co.ua, .pp.ua, .co.uz, .com.uz, .com.ws, .net.ws, and .org.ws. The registration of an emoji domain can be more difficult than with normal domain names using only ASCII characters, since it is sometimes not possible to enter emoji into the online registration forms of domain name registrars, and instead the Punycode representation must be entered. The availability of an emoji domain can be verified by using an emoji domain search engine or by checking the WHOIS data of the punycoded domain. History At least four emoji domains were created on April 19, 2001:☻.com (xn--84h.com), ♨️.com (xn--j6h.com), ♨️.net (xn--j6h.net), and ☮️.com (xn--v4h.com). In 2005, ♌️.com (xn--q5h.com) was registered. On 9 September 2003, https://I♥You.com (xn--iyou-5u3b.com), https://I♥.com (xn--i-n3p.com), I❤️You.com and over a thousand other emoji domains were registered by Menno de Ruiter for the first emoji project on the internet in conjunction with the two principal programmers for the Punycode/IDN project at VeriSign and Galcomm ICANN registrar in Israel. Cabel Sasser of Panic created 💩.la (xn--ls8h.la), \"The World's First Emoji Domain\", on April 13, 2011. In February 2015, Coca-Cola used a domain name containing a smiley emoji in an advertising campaign aimed at mobile users in Puerto Rico. A 2018 survey of the .ws TLD recorded approximately 25,000 registered emoji domains. On June 26, 2020, an online collective called It Is What It Is employed the 👁️👄👁️.fm (xn--mp8hai.fm) emoji domain to raise money for various social justice causes. The viral campaign, which relied on people's fear of missing out, caused thousands of Twitter users to post both the emoji domain and the phrase \"It Is What It Is\" in hopes of getting access to a rumored exclusive social network. In the end, It Is What It Is turned out to be a hoax designed to redirect attention to social issues; it ultimately raised over $200,000 and was featured in Wired, Forbes, Business Insider, The Verge, and Gizmodo, among other publications. Issues Support among domain name registrars for emoji domains is","title":"Emoji domain"},{"docid":"14687744","text":"A Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW) is a proxy object generated by the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) in order to allow a Component Object Model (COM) object to be accessed from managed code. Although the RCW appears to be an ordinary object to .NET clients, its primary function is to marshal calls and data between a .NET client and a COM object. For example, a managed application written in C# might make use of an existing COM library written in C++ or Visual Basic 6, via RCWs. The runtime creates exactly one RCW for each COM object, regardless of the number of references that exist on that object. The runtime maintains a single RCW per process for each object. If you create an RCW in one application domain or apartment, and then pass a reference to another application domain or apartment, a proxy to the first object will be used. References External links MSDN Runtime Callable Wrapper Reference Component-based software engineering Inter-process communication Microsoft application programming interfaces Object-oriented programming Object models","title":"Runtime Callable Wrapper"},{"docid":"5529573","text":"The Nintendo DS Browser is a port of the Opera 8.5 web browser for use on the Nintendo DS, developed by Opera Software and Nintendo, and sold as a standalone game cartridge. Two versions were sold, one for the original Nintendo DS and one for the Nintendo DS Lite, each with a different Slot-2 memory expansion pack to fit the respective system. The browser received mixed reviews from critics, largely focusing on its slow speeds despite its functionality. It was later rendered obsolete by an improved browser on the system's upgraded version, the Nintendo DSi, which, unlike its predecessor, was onboard software. Features Nintendo DS Browser makes use of the Nintendo DS's touchscreen for input, with an on-screen keyboard as well as handwriting recognition and a stock of pre-set text (for example, the .com and .org top-level domains). The browser can render pages in two modes, Small Screen Rendering (SSR) or Overview. In Small Screen Rendering mode, the contents of the page are displayed in a single column fitting the width of the screen - for example, a page featuring two columns of text side-by-side would be displayed as a single column, one after the other. In Overview mode, a scaled-down version of the page is displayed on the touchscreen with a small selection box which can be moved around using the stylus. The contents of the selection box are displayed on the top screen at their full size. This selection can be brought into the touchscreen to perform such actions as click on links or entering text in boxes. The browser connects to the network through IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi access points or hotspots using the built-in wireless capability of the Nintendo DS. While WEP encryption is supported, WPA encryption is not. Nintendo has partnered with Internet security company Astaro to integrate web filtering technology into the Nintendo DS Browser. Called Astaro Parental Control, the technology acts as a proxy filter, providing the option of blocking inappropriate content. This is provided free of charge and can be activated through a simple menu option. The Nintendo DS browser supports JavaScript and SSL in web pages, but does not support plugins like Adobe Flash, or bold text. Due to limited system resources, most other dynamic media, such as videos or sound, will not work in the browser. Search Both browsers include a web search feature. The Nintendo DS Browser defaults to Yahoo! (currently powered by Bing) outside of Japan, or Yahoo! Japan (currently powered by Google) in Japan, but can be configured to any supported search engine by editing the URL in the browser settings. The Nintendo DSi Browser limits search engine options to Google or Yahoo! Yahoo! Japan is no longer supported, as the browsers' security certificates have expired. Standards compliance The Nintendo DSi Browser passes the Acid1 test. It nearly passes the Acid2 test, except for fixed element positioning, resulting in two stray squares. It receives a 59% on the Acid3 test in Overview Mode and a 53% in Column","title":"Nintendo DS Browser"},{"docid":"578946","text":"The domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from military. It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985. The United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military's role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., mod.uk for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses norad.mil with the United States as they jointly operate the North American Aerospace Defense Command. Despite having a dedicated top-level domain, the US military also uses com domains for some of its recruitment sites, such as goarmy.com, as well as for the Defense Commissary Agency's website www.commissaries.com and most non-appropriated fund instrumentalities such as military MWR organizations and military exchanges. Also, the military uses edu domains for its service academies: the United States Military Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy can all be reached using either an edu or a mil domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use com domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses gov for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within mil (defense, dod, and pentagon) redirecting to its domain name www.defense.gov. The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the mil domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. References External links IANA .mil whois information Sponsored top-level domains Military terminology of the United States Domain names in the United States Internet in Canada Internet properties established in 1985","title":".mil"},{"docid":"20846650","text":"This is the list of countries by number of Internet hosts, based on 2012 figures from the CIA World Factbook. Several dependent territories, not fully recognized states, and non-state territories are also listed. The European Union host (.eu) is mostly composed of French, Polish and German hosts. List (*) The U.S. figure includes hosts in the .us, .mil, .gov, .edu, .com, .org, and .net domains. See also Internet Census of 2012 References Internet-related lists Internet Hosts IT infrastructure","title":"List of sovereign states by number of Internet hosts"},{"docid":"2523900","text":"German Scholars Boston, also known as German Scholars Agency, and abbreviated as GSA or GSB, is an independent organization of more than 12,000 German-speaking scholars, alumni and professionals living and working in Cambridge or the greater Boston area interested in Germanic culture. It comprises scientists, scholars, students, fellows, post-docs and alumni from all major universities in the area, such as Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University and Tufts University, as well as professionals from different companies, and people from government- and non-governmental organizations. It has more than 6000 alumni. GSB provides a forum for its members to meet, discuss, exchange ideas and vital information. GSB invites to specific cultural and social events to get together on a regular basis. References External links German Scholars Boston .NET website German Scholars Boston .COM website German Scholars Boston .ORG website German Students Boston .NET website German Students Boston .COM website German Students Boston .ORG website German Scholars Agency .NET website German Scholars Agency .COM website German Scholars Agency .ORG website Organizations based in Boston German-American culture in Massachusetts Germany–United States relations","title":"German Scholars Boston"},{"docid":"387462","text":"The Internet uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to associate numeric computer IP addresses with human-readable names. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the DNS root, contains the top-level domains that appear as the suffixes of all Internet domain names. The most widely used (and first) DNS root is administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). In addition, several organizations operate alternative DNS roots, often referred to as alt roots. These alternative domain name systems operate their own root name servers and commonly administer their own specific name spaces consisting of custom top-level domains. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) has spoken out strongly against alternative roots in . Overview The DNS root zone consists of pointers to the authoritative domain name servers for all top-level domains (TLDs). The root zone is hosted on a collection of root servers operated by several organizations around the world that all use a specific, approved list of domains that is managed by ICANN. By contrast, alternative roots typically include pointers to all of the TLD servers for domains delegated by ICANN, as well as name servers for other, custom top-level domains that are not sanctioned by ICANN. Some alternative roots are operated by the organizations that manage these alternative TLDs. Zach Bastick proposes that alternative DNS roots have allowed for more democratic control of the Internet: Unless one specifically changes their DNS resolution settings, alternative DNS top level domains are generally unreachable, and very few Internet service providers provide this configuration by default. Implementations Some organizations provide alternative DNS root services, such as additional top-level domains. Handshake Handshake is a decentralized implementation of a DNS root zone using blockchain and cryptocurrency technology to create a peer-to-peer alternative to the 13 root name servers managed by ICANN. Unlike other attempts, Handshake does not aim to replace the existing DNS; rather, it seeks to supplement and enhance it by allowing anyone to bid, register, and manage their own TLDs without an intermediate registrar or delegating authority. Since the root zone file records are not centrally managed, and instead are stored on a public blockchain, owners of Handshake TLDs can add or change top-level resource records to delegate authoritative name servers and set up DNSSEC zone signing directly. Existing TLDs are reserved in the Handshake blockchain such that resolving traditional domain names (i.e. zones under .com, .org, .net, etc.) through a Handshake node or name server are directed back to ICANN's root servers. In addition, the top 100,000 most popular domains are reserved as Handshake TLDs which can be redeemed by the original domain owner. Namecoin Namecoin is a blockchain and cryptocurrency to support the alternative top-level domain .bit. OpenNIC OpenNIC is a user owned and controlled alternative to InterNIC and ICANN providing a non-national democratic alternative to traditional domain registries. OpenNIC servers are able to resolve all ICANN top-level domains, some OpenNIC original top-level domains, and the resolution of other Alternate DNS Roots with which they have reached peering agreements.","title":"Alternative DNS root"},{"docid":"3002110","text":"In programming and software design, binding is an application programming interface (API) that provides glue code specifically made to allow a programming language to use a foreign library or operating system service (one that is not native to that language). Characteristics Binding generally refers to a mapping of one thing to another. In the context of software libraries, bindings are wrapper libraries that bridge two programming languages, so that a library written for one language can be used in another language. Many software libraries are written in system programming languages such as C or C++. To use such libraries from another language, usually of higher-level, such as Java, Common Lisp, Scheme, Python, or Lua, a binding to the library must be created in that language, possibly requiring recompiling the language's code, depending on the amount of modification needed. However, most languages offer a foreign function interface, such as Python's and OCaml's ctypes, and Embeddable Common Lisp's cffi and uffi. For example, Python bindings are used when an extant C library, written for some purpose, is to be used from Python. Another example is libsvn which is written in C to provide an API to access the Subversion software repository. To access Subversion from within Java code, libsvnjavahl can be used, which depends on libsvn being installed and acts as a bridge between the language Java and libsvn, thus providing an API that invokes functions from libsvn to do the work. Major motives to create library bindings include software reuse, to reduce reimplementing a library in several languages, and the difficulty of implementing some algorithms efficiently in some high-level languages. Runtime environment Object models Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) – cross-platform-language model Component Object Model (COM) – Microsoft Windows only cross-language model Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) – extension enabling COM to work over networks Cross Platform Component Object Model (XPCOM) – Mozilla applications cross-platform model Common Language Infrastructure – .NET Framework cross-platform-language model Freedesktop.org D-Bus – open cross-platform-language model Virtual machines Comparison of application virtual machines Porting Portable object – cross-platform-language object model definition See also Application programming interface (API) Application binary interface (ABI) Calling convention Embedded SQL Name mangling Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) – interface binding generator from many languages to many languages, open-source Wrapper function References External links JTC1/SC22/WG11 - Binding Techniques, an ISO standard for language bindings What is a language binding? Compilers Computer libraries","title":"Language binding"},{"docid":"4701327","text":"IDN.IDN is an abbreviation for an Internationalized domain name whose Top level domain (TLD) is also internationalized, which could be transliterated .com, .net, .org, etc. or be groupings relevant to the language at hand. Culturally relevant proposals Chinese: Korean: Japanese: Russian: Hebrew: שלום.דבר : shalom.dbr (dbr being roots of the verb 'to talk') דפנה.שלי : daphne.shli (shli being a preposition 'of me,' for personal homepages, etc.) Arabic: كوم : .com نت : .net اورج : .org Concerns and considerations As this is an issue still being \"decided upon,\" (for many years, apparently) there are many factors to be considered. Here are a few just thrown out to be edited around and made to look pretty. IDN.COM vs. IDN.IDN, important issue as IDN.COM is already available. Compatibility Punycode \"branching off from the *main* internet\" (various POVs) Who Owns The Internet The UN Resolution from meeting in Tunisia Localization Transliteration of COM NET ORG vs. culturally significant TLD names of the languages' own choosing. Right-to-left formatted languages such as Arabic and Hebrew External links ICANN's IDN Committee Proposal for the Implementation of Internationalized TLDs IDN Guide IDN News Korean Government Position on IDN TLDs IDN's Forum Local Domains Forum International Domain Forum Domain Name System","title":"IDN.IDN"},{"docid":"15331067","text":"Andrew W. Troelsen is currently a technology manager at Thomson Reuters in the Enterprise Content Platform (ECP - Big Data) division. He is an author of several books in the Microsoft technology space including books on Microsoft (D)COM, ATL, .NET, C#, VB (4.0 - modern) and COM & .NET Interoperability. His latest edition of his C# book covers the .NET Core platform and each C# 7.0 update. He has over 18 years experience authoring software development (3-5 day) workshops for engineers on MS platform technologies. Books Developer's Workshop to Com and Atl 3.0 (Andrew Troelsen (2000)) C# and the .NET Platform (Andrew Troelsen (2001)) COM and .NET Interoperability (Andrew Troelsen (2002)) Visual Basic .NET and the .NET Platform: An Advanced Guide (Andrew Troelsen (2002)) C# and the .NET Platform, Second Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2003)) Exploring .Net (Andrew Troelsen, Jason Bock (2003)) Pro C# 2005 and the .NET 2.0 Platform, Third Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2005)) Pro VB 2005 and the .NET 2.0 Platform, Second Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2006)) Expert ASP.NET 2.0: Advanced Application Design (Dominic Selly, Andrew Troelsen, Tom Barnaby (2006)) Pro C# 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform, Fourth Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2007)) Pro C# with .NET 3.0, Special Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2007)) Pro VB 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform (Andrew Troelsen (2008)) Pro VB 2010 and the .NET 4 Platform (Andrew Troelsen, Vidya Vrat Agarwal (2010)) Pro C# 2010 and the .NET 4 Platform, Fifth Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2010)) Pro Expression Blend 4 (Andrew Troelsen (2011)) Pro C# 5.0 and the .NET 4.5 Framework, Sixth Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2012)) C# 6.0 and the .NET 4.6 Framework, Seventh Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Philip Japikse (2015)) Pro C# 7: With .NET and .NET Core, Eighth Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Philip Japikse (2017)) Pro C# 8 with .NET Core 3: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming, Ninth Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Phil Japikse (2020)) Pro C# 9 with .NET 5: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming, Tenth Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Phillip Japikse (2021)) Pro C# 10 with .NET 6: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming, Eleventh Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Phil Japikse (2022)) References http https://www.linkedin.com/in/awtroelsen/ Computer programmers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Andrew Troelsen"},{"docid":"918282","text":".nu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to the island state of Niue. It was one of the first ccTLDs to be marketed to the Internet at large as an alternative to the gTLDs .com, .net, and .org. Playing on the phonetic similarity between nu and new in English, and the fact that means \"now\" in several northern European languages, it was promoted as a new TLD with an abundance of good domain names available. The .nu domain is now controlled by the Internet Foundation in Sweden amid opposition from the government of Niue. Google treats .nu as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because \"users and website owners frequently see [the domain] as being more generic than country-targeted.\" Administration Unlike most ccTLDs, .nu is not administered by a representative of its country. In 1997, IANA awarded administration of .nu to The IUSN Foundation (formerly 'Internet Users Society - Niue'), a Massachusetts-based non-profit organisation. The administration and technical operation of the domain were transferred to The Internet Foundation in Sweden (IIS) in September 2013. The IIS said that 66.7 percent of \"active\" .nu domains at the time were registered to Swedish users. The government of Niue has been trying to administer the .nu ccTLD since at least 2003. In November 2018, the government of Niue initiated a lawsuit against the IIS in the Stockholm District Court to obtain control over the domain. It stated that the Foundation had \"taken over Niue's .nu domain without consent in 2013\", resulting in a significant loss of revenue for the country. Niue's government stated that the .nu domain was a \"national asset of Niue\" and had been taken over \"unfairly\", estimating that it had earned between $27 million and $37 million for the IIS. A later estimate by Niue's legal team stated that the country had missed out on a total of during the combined time that the domain had been administered by IUSN and the IIS. The IIS responded by saying that \"It was and is essential for the Swedish internet infrastructure that .nu works in a stable and secure way\", and that it had \"done the necessary investigations before deciding to become the registry in 2013, involving several leading legal specialists and a direct contact with the relevant governmental institutions\". The government of Niue continues the legal discussion on two fronts: directly with ICANN to get the domain name back, and with the Swedish government to reclaim the lost profits. Toke Talagi, the Premier of Niue from 2008 to 2020, called it a form of neo-colonialism. Usage of .nu The .nu domain is particularly popular in Sweden, Denmark, and the Benelux region, as is the word for \"now\" in Swedish, Danish and Dutch – an example of a domain hack. Although in Norwegian is an archaic word for \"now\", with being used instead, .nu was initially more popular than .no, with 43,000 .nu addresses being registered in Norway in 1999 compared to 30,000 .no ones. Partially owing to restrictive domain","title":".nu"},{"docid":"9524131","text":"Blittable types are data types in the Microsoft .NET Framework that have an identical presentation in memory for both managed and unmanaged code. Understanding the difference between blittable and non-blittable types can aid in using COM Interop or P/Invoke, two techniques for interoperability in .NET applications. Origin A memory copy operation is sometimes referred to as block transfer, shortened to bit blit (and dedicated hardware to make such a transfer is called a blitter). Blittable is a .NET-specific term expressing whether it is legal to copy an object using a block transfer. Interoperability overview Interoperability can be bidirectional sharing of data and methods between unmanaged code and managed .NET code. .NET provides two ways of interoperating between the two: COM Interop and P/Invoke. Though the methodology is different, in both cases marshalling (conversion between representations of data, formats for calling functions and formats for returning values) must take place. COM Interop deals with this conversion between managed code and COM objects, whereas P/Invoke handles interactions between managed code and Win32 code. The concept of blittable and non-blittable data types applies to both—specifically to the problem of converting data between managed and unmanaged memory. This marshalling is performed by the interop marshaller, which is invoked automatically by the CLR when needed. Blittable types defined A blittable type is a data type that does not require special attention from the interop marshaler because by default it has a common representation in managed and unmanaged memory. By pinning the data in memory, the garbage collector will be prevented from moving it, allowing it to be shared in-place with the unmanaged application. This means that both managed and unmanaged code will alter the memory locations of these types in a consistent manner, and much less effort is required by the marshaler to maintain data integrity. The following are some examples of blittable types available in the .NET Framework: System.Byte System.SByte System.Int16 System.UInt16 System.Int32 System.UInt32 System.Int64 System.UInt64 System.IntPtr System.UIntPtr System.Single System.Double Additionally, one-dimensional arrays of these types (including unsafe fixed buffers) as well as complex types containing only instance fields (which includes readonly fields) of these types are blittable. The presence of static or const fields that are non-blittable does not cause the type to become non-blittable, because such fields play no part in marshalling. Complex types (that is structs or classes) must also have instance field layout of Sequential applied using the [StructLayout] attribute in order to be considered blittable by the .NET marshaler. Structs have this attribute applied automatically by the compiler, but it must explicitly be added to a class definition to make an otherwise non-blittable class blittable. If a type is not one of the blittable types, then it is classified as non-blittable. The reason a type is considered non-blittable is that for one representation in managed memory, it may have several potential representations in unmanaged memory or vice versa. Alternatively, there may be exactly one representation for the type in both managed and unmanaged memory. It is also often the","title":"Blittable types"},{"docid":"55459039","text":"Lilia Katri Moritz Schwarcz is a Brazilian historian and anthropologist. She is a doctor in social anthropology at the University of São Paulo, full professor at the Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas in the same institution, and visiting professor (Global Scholar) at Princeton University. Her main fields of study are anthropology and history of 19th-century Brazil, focusing on the Brazilian Empire, social identity, slavery and race relations between White and Afro-Brazilian peoples. Schwarcz is Jewish. In 1986, she co-founded the Companhia das Letras publishing house with her husband Luis Schwarcz. She is a curator for the São Paulo Museum of Art, and writes a column at the news website . In 2024, Lilia was elected to occupy seat number 9 of the Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL). Bibliography Retrato em branco e negro: jornais, escravos e cidadãos em São Paulo no fim do século XIX. Companhia das Letras, 1987. * (English edition: ) As Barbas do Imperador (English edition:The Emperor's Beard: Dom Pedro II and His Tropical Monarchy in Brazil. Hill and Wang, 2003. ) O Império em Procissão - Zahar, 2000. A Longa Viagem da Biblioteca dos Reis - Do terremoto de Lisboa à Independência do Brasil. Companhia das Letras, 2002. O Sol do Brasil: Nicolas-Antoine Taunay e as Desventuras Dos Artistas Franceses na Corte de D. João 1816-1821. Companhia das Letras, 2008. - Prêmio Jabuti - Melhor Biografia 2009 D. João Carioca - A corte portuguesa chega ao Brasil 1808-1821. Companhia das Letras, 2008. Um enigma chamado Brasil (Org. com André Botelho). Companhia das Letras, 2009. - Prêmio Jabuti - Ciências Sociais 2010 Agenda brasileira (Org. com André Botelho). Companhia das Letras, 2011. História do Brasil Nação Vol. 3 - A abertura para o mundo 1889-1930 (Org. do volume e Diretora da Coleção). Objetiva, 2012. Nem preto nem branco, muito pelo contrário. Claro Enigma (Companhia das Letras), 2012. A batalha do Avaí - a beleza da barbárie: a Guerra do Paraguai pintada por Pedro Américo. Rio de Janeiro, Sextante. 2013. Brasil: uma Biografia (co-written with Heloisa Murgel Starling). Companhia das Letras. 2015. (English edition: Brazil, a Biography. Penguin Books, 2018) Lima Barreto: Triste Visionário. Companhia das Letras, 2017. Dicionário da Escravidão e Liberdade (organizer, with Flávio dos Santos Gomes). Companhia das Letras, 2018. References External links Lilia Moritz Schwarcz official site Lilia Moritz Schwarcz profile on University of São Paulo Department of Anthropology Brazilian anthropologists Brazilian women anthropologists Brazilian publishers (people) Academic staff of the University of São Paulo Living people 20th-century Brazilian historians Brazilian women historians Brazilian women activists Internet activists Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century Brazilian historians","title":"Lilia Moritz Schwarcz"},{"docid":"33104533","text":"Windows Runtime (WinRT) is a platform-agnostic component and application architecture first introduced in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 in 2012. It is implemented in C++ and officially supports development in C++ (via C++/WinRT, C++/CX or WRL), Rust/WinRT, Python/WinRT, JavaScript-TypeScript, and the managed code languages C# and Visual Basic (.NET) (VB.NET). WinRT is not a runtime in a traditional sense but rather a language-independent application binary interface based on COM to allow object-oriented APIs to be consumed from multiple languages, with services usually provided by a full-blown runtime, such as type activation. That is, WinRT is an \"API delivery system\". Apps using the Windows Runtime may run inside a sandboxed environment to allow greater security and stability and can natively support both x86 and ARM. WinRT components are designed with interoperability among multiple languages and APIs in mind, including native, managed and scripting languages. Built-in APIs provided by Windows which use the WinRT ABI are commonly known as WinRT APIs; however, anyone can use the WinRT ABI for their own APIs. Technology WinRT is implemented in the programming language C++ and is object-oriented by design. Its underlying technology, the Windows API (Win32 API), is written mostly in the language C. It is an unmanaged application binary interface based on Component Object Model (COM) that allows interfacing from multiple languages, as does COM. However, the API definitions are stored in .winmd files, which are encoded in ECMA 335 metadata format, which .NET Framework also uses with a few modifications. For WinRT components implemented in native code, the metadata file only contains the definition of methods, classes, interfaces and enumerations and the implementation is provided in a separate DLL. This common metadata format makes it easier to consume WinRT APIs from .NET apps with simpler syntax than P/Invoke. Windows provides a set of built-in APIs which are built on the WinRT ABI which provide everything from the XAML-based WinUI library and device access such as camera, microphone etc... The previous C++/CX (Component Extensions) language, which borrows some C++/CLI syntax, was introduced for writing and consuming WinRT components with less glue code visible to the programmer, relative to classic COM programming in C++, and imposes fewer restrictions relative to C++/CLI on mixing types. The Component Extensions of C++/CX are recommended for use at the API-boundary only, not for other purposes. Regular C++ (with COM-specific discipline) can also be used to program with WinRT components, with the help of the Windows Runtime C++ Template Library (WRL), which is similar in purpose to what Active Template Library provides for COM. In 2019, Microsoft deprecated C++/CX in favor of the C++/WinRT header library. Most WinRT applications run within a sandbox and need explicit user approval to access critical OS features and underlying hardware. By default, file access is restricted to several predetermined locations, such as the directories Documents or Pictures. WinRT applications are packaged in the .appx and later the .msix file format; based upon Open Packaging Conventions, it uses a ZIP format with added XML","title":"Windows Runtime"},{"docid":"3682503","text":"A dot-com company, or simply a dot-com (alternatively rendered dot.com, dot com, dotcom or .com), is a company that conducts most of its businesses on the Internet, usually through a website on the World Wide Web that uses the popular top-level domain \".com\". As of 2021, .com is by far the most used TLD, with almost half of all registrations. The suffix .com in a URL usually (but not always) refers to a commercial or for-profit entity, as opposed to a non-commercial entity or non-profit organization, which usually use .org. The name for the domain came from the word commercial, as that is the main intended use. Since the .com companies are web-based, often their products or services are delivered via web-based mechanisms, even when physical products are involved. On the other hand, some .com companies do not offer any physical products. History Origin of the .com domain (1985–1991) The .com top-level domain (TLD) was one of the first seven created when the Internet was first implemented in 1985; the others were .mil, .gov, .edu, .net, .int, and .org. The United States Department of Defense originally controlled the domain, but control was later transferred to the National Science Foundation as it was mainly used for non-defense-related purposes. Beginning of online commerce and rise in valuation (1992–1999) With the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991, many companies began creating websites to sell their products. In 1994, the first secure online credit card transaction was made using the NetMarket platform. By 1995, over 40 million people were using the Internet. That same year, companies including Amazon.com and eBay were launched, paving the way for future e-commerce companies. At the time of Amazon's IPO in 1997, they were recording a 900% increase in revenue over the previous year. By 1998, with a valuation of over $14 billion, they were still not making a profit. The same phenomenon occurred with many other internet companiesventure capitalists were eager to invest, even when the companies in question were not profitable. In late 1999, the Nasdaq index reached a price-to-earnings ratio of over 200, more than double that of the Japanese asset price bubble at the beginning of the 1990s. Burst of the dot-com bubble (2000–2001) A common indicator used to show the dramatic rise in the number of dot-com companies is the number of advertisements purchased at the Super Bowl. In 1999, only two internet companies bought advertisements, but that number reached 17 the following year. However, this number sharply decreased in 2001, with only 3 dot-com companies purchasing an advertising slot. While the term can refer to present-day companies, it is also used about companies with this business model that came into being during the late 1990s with the rapid growth of the World Wide Web. Many such startups were formed to take advantage of the surplus of venture capital funding and were launched with thin business plans, sometimes with just an idea and a catchy name. The stated goal was often to","title":"Dot-com company"},{"docid":"12118296","text":"Co (continued) Com |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe | class=\"adr\" | East Sussex | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe | class=\"adr\" | Somerset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe (Salcombe) | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe (Yealmpton) | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe (Buckfastleigh) | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe | class=\"adr\" | Herefordshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe | class=\"adr\" | Oxfordshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe | class=\"adr\" | Berkshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Almer | class=\"adr\" | Dorset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combebow | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Common | class=\"adr\" | Surrey | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Down | class=\"adr\" | Bath and North East Somerset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Fishacre | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Florey | class=\"adr\" | Somerset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Hay | class=\"adr\" | Bath and North East Somerset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combeinteignhead | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Martin | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Moor | class=\"adr\" | Herefordshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Pafford | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Raleigh | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Comberbach | class=\"adr\" | Cheshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Comberford | class=\"adr\" | Staffordshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Comberton | class=\"adr\" | Herefordshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Comberton | class=\"adr\" | Cambridgeshire | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe St Nicholas | class=\"adr\" | Somerset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combe Throop | class=\"adr\" | Somerset | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combpyne | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\" | | class=\"note\" | |- class=\"vcard\" | class=\"fn org\" | Combrew | class=\"adr\" | Devon | class=\"note\"","title":"List of United Kingdom locations: Com-Cor"},{"docid":"22062382","text":"Register.com v. Verio, 356 F.3d 393 (2d Cir. 2004), was a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that addressed several issues relevant to Internet law, such as browse wrap licensing, trespass to servers, and enforcement of the policies of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The decision upheld the ruling of a lower court which prevented a provider of web development services from automatically harvesting publicly available registration data from a domain name registrar's servers for advertising purposes. Background Register.com Register.com is a World Wide Web domain name registrar, appointed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). All registrars must abide by ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Agreement. This agreement included several clauses that were important in this case. The ICANN Registrar Accreditation Agreement First, the Agreement includes a requirement that: \"At its expense, Registrar shall provide an interactive web page and a port 43 Whois service providing free public query-based access to up-to-date (i.e. updated at least daily) data concerning all active SLD (second-level domain) registrations sponsored by Registrar in the registry for the .com, .net, and .org TLDs (top-level domains).\" Data that is typically listed in a Whois service includes name, address phone number and email address. The Agreement also includes the following clause: \"Registrar shall not impose terms and conditions on use of the data provided except as permitted by an ICANN-adopted policy… Registrar shall permit use of data it provides in response to queries for any lawful purposes except to: (a) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail (spam)…\" Finally, the Agreement also included the following clause: \"No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement shall not be construed to create any obligation by either ICANN or Registrar to any non-party to this Agreement, including any SLD holder.\" Register.com's Terms of Use Register.com followed the rules of the Agreement and set up a WHOIS lookup service. It affixed the following statement to each set of data it returned: \"By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this data to…support the transmission of mass unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitation via email.\" In addition to domain name registration, Register.com also provides web development services. It only solicited its registration customers with its services if they opted to receive such solicitation. Verio, Inc. Verio is a provider of website development services such as web site design and operation. It developed automated software that submitted port 43 WHOIS queries to various registrars on a daily basis. Verio used this data to contact recent registrants and advertise its services to them. These messages included references to Register.com, which led many consumers to believe the advertisements were actually from Register.com, including those who had opted not to receive solicitations. Register.com began to receive complaints from its customers regarding the advertisements. Register.com in turn complained to Verio, saying that the confusion","title":"Register.com v. Verio"},{"docid":"222859","text":"The domain com is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Created in the first group of Internet domains at the beginning of 1985, its name is derived from the word commercial, indicating its original intended purpose for subdomains registered by commercial organizations. Later, the domain opened for general purposes. The domain was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense, but is today operated by Verisign, and remains under ultimate jurisdiction of U.S. law. The .com domain is also more commonly used than the more specific .us by American businesses and enterprises. Verisign registrations in the .com domain are processed via registrars accredited by ICANN. The registry accepts internationalized domain names. The domain was one of the original TLDs of the Internet when the Domain Name System was implemented in January 1985, the others being edu, gov, mil, net, org, and int. It has grown into the largest top-level domain, and has lent its name to the dot-com bubble, the era of the late 1990s during which excessive speculation in Internet-related concepts and companies led to rapid growth in the use and adoption of the Internet. By 2001 it led to a stock market bubble and crash of company valuations and stock pricing. History The domain com was one of the first set of top-level domains when the Domain Name System was first implemented for the Internet on January 1, 1985. The domain was administered by the U.S. Department of Defense, but the department contracted the domain maintenance to SRI International. SRI created DDN-NIC, also known as SRI-NIC, or simply the NIC (Network Information Center), then accessible online with the domain name nic.ddn.mil. Beginning October 1, 1991, an operations contract was awarded to Government Systems Inc. (GSI), which sub-contracted it to Network Solutions Inc. (NSI). On January 1, 1993, the National Science Foundation assumed responsibility of maintenance, as com was primarily being used for non-defense interests. The NSF contracted operation to Network Solutions (NSI). In 1995, the NSF authorized NSI to begin charging registrants an annual fee for the first time since the domain's inception. Initially, the fee was US$50 () per year, with US$35 going to NSI, and US$15 going to a government fund. New registrations had to pay for the first two years, making the new-domain registration fee US$100. In 1997, the United States Department of Commerce assumed authority over these first seven generic TLDs. It is currently operated by Verisign, which had acquired Network Solutions. Verisign later spun off Network Solutions' non-registry functions into a separate company that continues as a registrar. In the English language, the domain is often spelled with a leading period and commonly pronounced as dot-com, and has entered common parlance this way. Although com domains were initially intended to designate commercial entities, the domain has had no restrictions for eligible registrants since the mid-1990s. With the commercialization and popularization of the Internet, the domain was opened to the public and quickly became the most","title":".com"},{"docid":"40899","text":"In telecommunication, a combat-net radio (CNR) is a radio operating in a network that (a) provides a half-duplex circuit and (b) uses either a single radio frequency or a discrete set of radio frequencies when in a frequency hopping mode. CNRs are primarily used for push-to-talk-operated radio nets for command and control of combat, combat support, and combat service support operations among military ground, sea, and air forces. In the United States, two military standards govern the use of combat net radios and the host applications that communicate over the network: MIL-STD-188-220 and MIL-STD-2045-47001. In addition to IETF RFCs governing UDP, TCP, and IPv4/IPv6, all seven layers of the OSI communications architecture are addressed. MIL-STD-2045-47001 covers layer 7 (application), while MIL-STD-188-220 covers layers 1 through 3 (physical, data link, and network). Examples AN/PRC-152 by Harris Corporation AN/PRC-117 AN/PRC-77 SINCGARS AN/PRC-148 MBITR PR4G by Thales Communications PRC-525 by EID Clansman Leopard1 by Sat-Com Pty Ltd See also JTRS Joint Electronics Type Designation System Software-defined radio References Military radio systems","title":"Combat-net radio"},{"docid":"41841421","text":"Tor2web (pronounced \"Tor to Web\") is a software project to allow Tor hidden services to be accessed from a standard browser without being connected to the Tor network. It was created by Aaron Swartz and Virgil Griffith. History Tor is a network which enables people to use the Internet anonymously (though with known weaknesses) and to publish content on \"hidden services\", which exist only within the Tor network for security reasons and thus are typically only accessible to the relatively small number of people using a Tor-connected web browser. Aaron Swartz and Virgil Griffith developed Tor2web in 2008 as a way to support whistleblowing and other forms of anonymous publishing through Tor, allowing materials to remain anonymous while making them accessible to a broader audience. In an interview with Wired Swartz explained that Tor is great for anonymous publishing, but because its focus is not user-friendliness and thus not many people would install it, he wanted to \"produce this hybrid where people could publish stuff using Tor and make it so that anyone on the internet could view it\". The software developed by Swartz and Griffith is today considered version 1.0. Since then, it has been maintained and developed by Giovanni Pellerano from the Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights as part of the GlobaLeaks Project, with financial support from the Open Technology Fund. Version 2.0 was released in August 2011, and version 3.0 is in beta . Operation and security Rather than typical top-level domains like .com, .org, or .net, hidden service URLs end with .onion and are only accessible when connected to Tor. Tor2web acts as a specialized proxy or middleman between hidden services and users, making them visible to people who are not connected to Tor. To do so, a user takes the URL of a hidden service and replaces .onion with .onion.to. Like Tor, Tor2web operates using servers run voluntarily by an open community of individuals and organizations. Tor2web preserves the anonymity of content publishers but is not itself an anonymity tool and does not offer any protection to users beyond relaying data using HTTP Secure (HTTPS). Since version 2.0, a privacy and security warning is added to the header of each web page it fetches, encouraging readers to use the Tor Browser to obtain anonymity. See also Dark web References External links List of active tor2web-like services / Dark web Tor (anonymity network) Free software programmed in Python Software using the GNU AGPL license","title":"Tor2web"},{"docid":"1781528","text":"Single-letter second-level domains are domains in which the second-level domain of the domain name consists of only one letter, such as . In 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved all single-letter and single-digit second-level domains under the top-level domains com, net, and org, and grandfathered those that had already been assigned. In December 2005, ICANN considered auctioning these domain names. Active single-letter domains On December 1, 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved the remaining single-letter and single-digit domain names. The few domains that were already assigned were grandfathered in and continued to exist. The six single-letter domains in existence at that time under .com, .net and .org were the following: The .org TLD was subsequently reopened for single-letter domain registrations. These and selected other gTLD and ccTLD single-letter domain names currently in use, typically as shortcuts, are listed below. Many other single-letter second-level domains have been registered under country code top-level domains. The list of country code top-level domains which have been identified to allow single-letter domains are: .ac .af .ag .ai .am .bo .by .bz .cm .cn .co .cr .cx .cz .de .dk .fm .fr .gd .gg .gl .gp .gs .gt .gy .hn .hr .ht .ie<ref>One and Two Letter .IE Domains Now Available \"The release of short .ie domain names \" Dublin, 12 October 2015</ref> .im .io .is .je .kg .ki .kw .la .lb .lc .ly .md .mg .mk .mp .ms .mw .mx .mu .nf .np .nz .pe .ph .pk .pl .pn .pr .pw .ro .sh .st .tc .tl .tt .to .tv .ua .vc .vg .vn .vu .ws Non-ASCII single-character domains Single-character non-ASCII second-level domains also exist (as seen below), also known as Internationalized domain names (IDN), these domains are actually registered as their Punycode translations (which are more than a single character) for DNS purposes. ICANN oversees a process for determining registration rules that involves wide-ranging stakeholder input and assorted Working Groups. In the case of .com domains, decisions are then implemented by Verisign, the contracted backend operator for the .com registry. The result is a list of 96,957 codepoints allowed for IDN registrations. As mentioned above, some additional domains previously-registered are \"grandfathered\" and remain active. Many gTLDs also allow IDN registration. These 96,957 distinct IDN characters eligible for registration in .com are the essential building-blocks of languages worldwide. A single letter domain does not provide the context found in a longer string or group of words. They may appear similar to one another or to other English / Latin characters; due to this potential for confusion, browsers have restricted the characters that may be rendered and will display the restricted characters in their Punycode form. They are sometimes used as pictorial symbols and memorable links. Project94 In 2012, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) initiated Project94, in which 94 one- and two-letter domains in the top-level domain org, that had been traditionally reserved, are awarded to qualifying organizations. Market value of single- or two-letter domains Only three of the 26 possible single-letter","title":"Single-letter second-level domain"},{"docid":"67156995","text":"In the afternoon of January 21, 2014, the Chinese internet suffered a major failure. The country's DNS infrastructure, which is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses, started directing unrelated domains from various TLDs to the completely unresponsive IP address 65.49.2.178 at 15:10 (UTC+8). As a result, two-thirds of all domestic websites became non-functional, including such high-traffic sites as Baidu and Sina. It is debated what caused this incident. Chinese officials point to the fact that the IP address is owned by Dynamic Internet Technology, an American Falun Gong-affiliated corporation most known for developing the Great Firewall circumvention tool Freegate, and argue that it was caused by external hacking. Independent researchers, however, argue that the incident is more likely caused by a misconfiguration in Great Firewall's DNS poisoning mechanism. Incident timeline At 09:00 on January 21, many of Tencent's online services failed. Tencent later clarified that this failure had nothing to do with the subsequent nationwide incident. At 15:15, China's DNS servers started malfunctioning. Many sites ending in .com, .org, and .net were resolved to a wrong IP address, 65.49.2.178, affecting about two-thirds of the country's websites, while the .cn top level domain was not affected. GreatFire reports that the malfunctioning stopped by 15:39, and by 16:00 the various internet service providers have started manual flushes of the DNS cache to remove the poisoned entries. By 16:50, most sites were back to normal, although it could take up to 12 hours for the DNS cache to completely flush. n.baidu.com, a sub-domain under Baidu, was found to show \"catch me if you can\" when visited via a browser, although it's unclear whether this was connected to the incident. The source code on the front page of DNS service provider DNSPod's official website was found to include snide content, but DNSPod said via the official Weibo that it was an Easter Egg. Theories The IP address 65.49.2.178 is owned by DIT, as aforementioned in the lead. WooYun, a now-defunct internet security platform, claimed on Weibo to have evidence of the said address sending out spam and carrying out other politically motivated hacking operations. Researchers of Kingsoft Antivirus similarly believe that the IP has carried out attacks. Bill Xia of DIT denied any allegations of hacking. The hacking theory is widely questioned. Dong Fang of Qihoo (China), Ye Xuhui of Hong Kong ISP Association, and two other Chinese experts point out that any attack to cause a simultaneous dysfunction must be enormous in scale, as it needs to cover all the high-level DNS servers in China. Such an attack would be beyond the ability of most hackers. The power, however, is available to the ISPs, and a misconfiguration could have caused this issue. Reuters and Bloomberg report that the attack was caused by a misconfiguration of the Great Firewall. Prof Xiao Qiang of UC Berkeley concurs. GreatFire.org, which specializes in monitoring the Great Firewall, shows \"decisive evidence\" that the incident was caused by the said firewall. GF.org argues that if such a","title":"Internet anomalies in mainland China in 2014"},{"docid":"605077","text":".us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in early 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be U.S. citizens, residents, or organizations – or foreign entities with a presence in the United States or any territory of the United States. Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments, even though private entities may also register .us domains. The domain is managed by Registry Services, LLC, a domain name registry, on behalf of the United States Department of Commerce. The .us domain is less commonly used by American businesses and enterprises than the more international .com. History On February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD. Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation). Postel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386 and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a \"50/500 rule\" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state. In June 1998, Postel raised the possibility of covering IANA operating costs by charging locality name registrars, who would pass the costs along to individual registrants. In September 1998, the United States Postal Service proposed funding the operations in order to assume control of .us, as part of a plan to diversify away from postage revenue. On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign. On October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us. A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities. Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007","title":".us"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"605529\",\n \"text\": \".ca is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Canada. The domain name registry that operates it is the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA). Registrants can register domains at the second level (e.g., example.ca). Third-level registrations in one of the geographic third-level domains defined by the registry (e.g. example.ab.ca) were discontinued on October 12, 2010, but existing third-level domain names continue to be supported. Canadian Presence Requirements Registrants of .ca domains must meet the Canadian Presence Requirements as defined by the registry. Examples of valid entities include: a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of the age of majority a legally recognized Canadian organization an Inuit, First Nation, Métis or other people indigenous to Canada an Indian Band as defined in the Indian Act of Canada a foreign resident of Canada that holds a registered Canadian trademark an executor, administrator or other legal representative of a person or organization that meets the requirements a division of the government the monarch of Canada History The domain name was originally allocated by Jon Postel, operator of Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), to John Demco of the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1987. The first .ca domain was registered by the University of Prince Edward Island in January 1988. In 1997, at the Canadian annual Internet conference in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Canadian Internet community, with a view to liberalize registration procedures and substantially improve turnaround times, decided to undertake reform of the .ca Registry. The Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) is a non-profit Canadian corporation that is responsible for operating the .ca Internet country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) today. It assumed operation of the .ca ccTLD on December 1, 2000, from UBC. On April 15, 2008, CIRA registered its one millionth .ca Internet domain name. Any .ca registration has to be ordered via a certified registrar. Third-level (provincial) and fourth-level (municipal) domains UBC's registry operations once favoured fourth-level names (such as .on.ca) for purely local entities or third-level names for entities operating solely within one province. Nationally incorporated companies could have a .ca domain, while provincially incorporated companies required the letters of their province, like .mb.ca. Only an entity with presence in two or more provinces was typically registered directly under .ca; this complex structure (and the long delays in getting .ca registration) caused many Canadian entities to favour the .com, .org and .net registrations, despite the then-higher cost. Currently, any of the above listed parties can register a domain with a name of their choosing followed directly by .ca. CIRA stopped accepting new registrations for third-level domains on October 12, 2010, citing complexity and the low number of new third domain registration as the reason for the change. As a result, the following domains at the third-level are no longer available for registration: The second-level domain name '.gc.ca' (Government of Canada) is commonly mistaken as one of the regional domains under which CIRA will allow Government of Canada registrations. gc.ca is actually a standard domain like all other .ca\",\n \"title\": \".ca\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1088383\",\n \"text\": \".co is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to Colombia. It is administered by .CO Internet S.A.S., a subsidiary of Neustar since 2014. , there were no registration restrictions on second-level .co domains; any individual or entity in the world can register a .co domain. .CO Internet S.A.S from Bogotá, Colombia, was appointed as the manager for the .co TLD through a public procurement process that took place in early 2009. .CO Internet received the re-delegation approval as the manager of the .co TLD by ICANN on December 9, 2009, and received formal confirmation of the request by the United States Department of Commerce on December 23, 2009. Google treats .co as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because \\\"users and website owners frequently see [the domain] as being more generic than country-targeted.\\\" Second-level domain names When they took over administration of the .CO domain, .CO Internet S.A.S. implemented new domain policies that were more flexible than the historic ones that had been administered by the University of the Andes. The new policies were adjusted to international best practices and defined in consultation with local and international communities. With the new policies, Colombia would be able to sell second-level domain names to the world, such as widgets.co, where previously only third-level domain names were available, such as widgets.com.co. Notable single letter .CO domain names that have been allocated include: On September 15, 2010, .CO Internet S.A.S. had taken registrations for over 500,000 .CO domain names. , more than 1 million .CO domains had been registered by people in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. As of January 2014, that number has grown to over 1.6 million .CO domains registered. As of December 2018, there were 2.2 million. With respect to search engine optimization, Google confirmed that \\\"it will rank .co domains appropriately if the content is globally targeted\\\". Summary of policies since 2010 Any person or entity in the world can register .co domain names There are no domicile or burdensome documentation requirements Registration period is between 1 and 5 years, subject to renewal Registrants can easily transfer domain names .CO domains became available via the following timeline: April 1, 2010 – April 20, 2010: Sunrise A allowed registered local trademarks to apply for exact match domains. April 26, 2010 – June 10, 2010: Sunrise B allowed trademarks of national effect to apply for exact match domains. June 21, 2010 – July 13, 2010: Landrush allowed anyone to apply for domain names of high commercial value. July 20, 2010: .co domains became generally available. Third-level domain registrations The third-level domain registrations closely mirror the \\\"traditional\\\" IANA .com / .net / .org / .gov / .edu / .mil hierarchy, with the addition of a national equivalent of .name. Different from registrations directly under .co, which are used to signal globally relevant interests, third-level domains are used to signal locally relevant business, organizations, academic institutions, and government. – commercial – organizations – educational – government – network infrastructure – military –\",\n \"title\": \".co\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5127900\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft XML Core Services (MSXML) are set of services that allow applications written in JScript, VBScript, and Microsoft development tools to build Windows-native XML-based applications. It supports XML 1.0, DOM, SAX, an XSLT 1.0 processor, XML schema support including XSD and XDR, as well as other XML-related technologies. Overview All MSXML products are similar in that they are exposed programmatically as OLE Automation (a subset of COM) components. Developers can program against MSXML components from C, C++ or from Active Scripting languages such as JScript and VBScript. Managed .NET Interop with MSXML COM components is not supported nor recommended. As with all COM components, an MSXML object is programmatically instantiated by CLSID or ProgID. Each version of MSXML exposes its own set of CLSID's and ProgIDs. For example, to create an MSXML 6.0 DOMDocument object, which exposes the IXmlDomDocument, IXmlDomDocument2, and IXmlDomDocument3 COM interfaces, the ProgID \\\"MSXML2.DOMDocument.6.0\\\" must be used. MSXML also supports version-independent ProgIDs. Version-independent ProgIDs do not have a version number associated with them. For example, \\\"Microsoft.XMLHTTP\\\". These ProgIDs were first introduced in MSXML 1.0, however are currently mapped to MSXML 3.0 objects and the msxml3.dll. Different versions of MSXML support slightly different sets of functionality. For example, while MSXML 3.0 supports only XDR schemas, it does not support XSD schemas. MSXML 4.0, MSXML 5.0, and MSXML 6.0 support XSD schemas. However, MSXML 6.0 does not support XDR schemas. Support for XML Digital Signatures is provided only by MSXML 5.0. For new XML-related software development, Microsoft recommends using MSXML 6.0 or its lightweight cousin, XmlLite, for native code-only projects. Versions MSXML is a collection of distinct products, released and supported by Microsoft. The product versions can be enumerated as follows: Current MSXML 6.0 MSXML6 is the latest MSXML product from Microsoft, and (along with MSXML3) is shipped with Microsoft SQL Server 2005, Visual Studio 2005, .NET Framework 3.0, as well as Windows XP Service Pack 3, Windows Vista and every subsequent versions of Windows up to Windows 11. It also has support for native 64-bit environments. It is an upgrade but not replacement for versions 3 and 4 as they still provide legacy features not supported in version 6. Version 6, 4, and 3 may all be installed and running concurrently. MSXML 6 is not supported on Windows 9x. Windows XP SP3 includes MSXML 6.0 SP2. MSXML 3.0 MSXML3 is a current MSXML product, represented by msxml3.dll. MSXML 3.0 SP2 first shipped with Windows XP, Internet Explorer 6.0 and MDAC 2.7. Windows XP SP2 includes MSXML 3.0 SP5 as part of MDAC 2.81. Windows 2000 SP4 also ships with MSXML 3.0. By default, Internet Explorer version 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 use MSXML 3 to parse XML documents loaded in a window. MSXML 3.0 SP7 is the last supported version for Windows 95. Windows XP SP3 includes MSXML 3.0 SP9. Windows Vista also includes MSXML 3.0 (SP10). Obsolete MSXML 5.0 MSXML5 was a binary developed specifically for Microsoft Office. It originally shipped with Office 2003 and also ships with\",\n \"title\": \"MSXML\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34580797\",\n \"text\": \"Visual Basic .NET was released by Microsoft in 2002 as a successor to the original Visual Basic computer programming language. It was implemented on the .NET Framework 1.0. The main new feature was managed code. Programmers familiar only with Visual Basic would probably have encountered difficulties working with the new version or adapting existing programs for it. Obvious major differences The new platform bore little resemblance to its predecessor. While programmers expected to be able to recompile their Visual Basic source to a .NET target, the reality of the situation was that Visual Basic .NET was a vastly different paradigm. Obvious syntax differences aside, Visual Basic .NET provides much the same functionality as C# (since they both compile down to MSIL, with the most obvious difference being the case insensitivity of Visual Basic .NET, maintaining the original case-insensitivity of Visual Basic), which is more of a problem for C# programmers trying to inter-operate with Visual Basic .NET developers than anything else. The basic syntax remains very similar: conditions, loops, procedures, sub-routines are declared and written in the same manner (see Visual Basic). Mobility from prior Visual Basic iterations to Visual Basic .NET really are parts of existing code: programmers with experience in both worlds are required to effectively target the new platform with older logic. The Visual Basic .NET developer will have to learn the use of the basic .NET types rather than what they have been used to in Visual Basic. A programmer who has only worked with Visual Basic may encounter a steep learning curve to migrate to Visual Basic .NET. A programmer who is versed in another language or who has had exposure to the .NET runtime should be able to cope. It would be better to think of Visual Basic .NET as a new language inspired by the classic Visual Basic rather than as a continuation of Visual Basic 6.0, with the added difficulty for migrating programmers that VB.NET interfaces with the .NET Framework whereas VB6 was based on the Component Object Model (COM). More detailed comparison There are some immediate changes that developers should take note of: More C-like syntax Visual Basic .NET allows for the +=, -=, *=, /=, \\\\=, ^=, and &= compound operators so that longer lines like: variable = variable + 1 can now be written as: variable += 1 However, increment and decrement operators are not supported. Short-circuited logic In prior iterations of Visual Basic, all statements in a condition would have been evaluated even if the outcome of the condition could be determined before evaluating a condition. For example: If foo() And bar() Then ' code here is executed if foo() and bar() both return True, however, if foo() returns False, bar() is still evaluated End If This was not only inefficient, but could lead to unexpected results for any person used to another language. In Visual Basic .NET, the new AndAlso and OrElse operators have been added to provide short-circuit evaluation like many other languages. Explicit pointer-like types\",\n \"title\": \"Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10641375\",\n \"text\": \"The Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) is a W3C Recommendation, which is designed to enable interoperable specification of pronunciation information for both speech recognition and speech synthesis engines within voice browsing applications. The language is intended to be easy to use by developers while supporting the accurate specification of pronunciation information for international use. The language allows one or more pronunciations for a word or phrase to be specified using a standard pronunciation alphabet or if necessary using vendor specific alphabets. Pronunciations are grouped together into a PLS document which may be referenced from other markup languages, such as the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification SRGS and the Speech Synthesis Markup Language SSML. Usage Here is an example PLS document: <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <lexicon version=\\\"1.0\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\\\" xmlns:xsi=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\\\" xsi:schemaLocation=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\\\" alphabet=\\\"ipa\\\" xml:lang=\\\"en-US\\\"> <lexeme> <grapheme>judgment</grapheme> <grapheme>judgement</grapheme> <phoneme>ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \\\"ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt\\\" --> </lexeme> <lexeme> <grapheme>fiancé</grapheme> <grapheme>fiance</grapheme> <phoneme>fiˈɒns.eɪ</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \\\"fiˈɒns.eɪ\\\" --> <phoneme>ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \\\"ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ\\\" --> </lexeme> </lexicon> which could be used to improve TTS as shown in the following SSML 1.0 document: <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <speak version=\\\"1.0\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis\\\" xmlns:xsi=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\\\" xsi:schemaLocation=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-synthesis/synthesis.xsd\\\" xml:lang=\\\"en-US\\\"> <lexicon uri=\\\"http://www.example.org/lexicon_defined_above.xml\\\"/> <p> In the judgement of my fiancé, Las Vegas is the best place for a honeymoon. I replied that I preferred Venice and didn't think the Venetian casino was an acceptable compromise.</p> </speak> but also to improve ASR in the following SRGS 1.0 grammar: <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <grammar version=\\\"1.0\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar\\\" xmlns:xsi=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\\\" xsi:schemaLocation=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd\\\" xml:lang=\\\"en-US\\\" root=\\\"movies\\\" mode=\\\"voice\\\"> <lexicon uri=\\\"http://www.example.org/lexicon_defined_above.xml\\\"/> <rule id=\\\"movies\\\" scope=\\\"public\\\"> <one-of> <item>Terminator 2: Judgment Day</item> <item>My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance</item> <item>Pluto's Judgement Day</item> </one-of> </rule> </grammar> Common use cases Multiple pronunciations for the same orthography For ASR systems it is common to rely on multiple pronunciations of the same word or phrase in order to cope with variations of pronunciation within a language. In the Pronunciation Lexicon language, multiple pronunciations are represented by more than one <phoneme> (or <alias>) element within the same <lexeme> element. In the following example the word \\\"Newton\\\" has two possible pronunciations. <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <lexicon version=\\\"1.0\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\\\" xmlns:xsi=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\\\" xsi:schemaLocation=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\\\" alphabet=\\\"ipa\\\" xml:lang=\\\"en-GB\\\"> <lexeme> <grapheme>Newton</grapheme> <phoneme>ˈnjuːtən</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \\\"ˈnjuːtən\\\" --> <phoneme>ˈnuːtən</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \\\"ˈnuːtən\\\" --> </lexeme> </lexicon> Multiple orthographies In some situations there are alternative textual representations for the same word or phrase. This can arise due to a number of reasons. See Section 4.5 of PLS for details. Because these are representations that have the same meaning (as opposed to homophones), it is recommended that they be represented using a single <lexeme> element that contains multiple graphemes. Here are two simple examples of multiple orthographies: alternative spelling of an English word and multiple writings of a Japanese word. <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <lexicon version=\\\"1.0\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\\\" xmlns:xsi=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\\\" xsi:schemaLocation=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\\\" alphabet=\\\"ipa\\\" xml:lang=\\\"en-US\\\"> <!-- English entry showing how alternative spellings are handled --> <lexeme> <grapheme>colour</grapheme> <grapheme>color</grapheme> <phoneme>ˈkʌlər</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: \\\"ˈkʌlər\\\" --> </lexeme> </lexicon> <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <lexicon version=\\\"1.0\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon\\\" xmlns:xsi=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\\\" xsi:schemaLocation=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/CR-pronunciation-lexicon-20071212/pls.xsd\\\" alphabet=\\\"ipa\\\" xml:lang=\\\"ja\\\"> <!-- Japanese entry showing how multiple writing systems are handled romaji, kanji\",\n \"title\": \"Pronunciation Lexicon Specification\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3117974\",\n \"text\": \"Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) was software that provided services to Component Object Model (COM) software components, to make it easier to create large distributed applications. The major services provided by MTS were automated transaction management, instance management (or just-in-time activation) and role-based security. MTS is considered to be the first major software to implement aspect-oriented programming. MTS was first offered in the Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack. In Windows 2000, MTS was enhanced and better integrated with the operating system and COM, and was renamed COM+. COM+ added object pooling, loosely-coupled events and user-defined simple transactions (compensating resource managers) to the features of MTS. COM+ is still provided with Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008, and the Microsoft .NET Framework provides a wrapper for COM+ in the EnterpriseServices namespace. The Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) provides a way of calling COM+ applications with web services. However, COM+ is based on COM, and Microsoft's strategic software architecture is now web services and .NET, not COM. There are pure .NET-based alternatives for many of the features provided by COM+, and in the long term it is likely COM+ will be phased out. Architecture A basic MTS architecture comprises: the MTS Executive (mtxex.dll) the Factory Wrappers and Context Wrappers for each component the MTS Server Component MTS clients auxiliary systems like: COM runtime services the Service Control Manager (SCM) the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS-DTC) the Microsoft Message Queue (MSMQ) the COM-Transaction Integrator (COM-TI) etc. COM components that run under the control of the MTS Executive are called MTS components. In COM+, they are referred to as COM+ Applications. MTS components are in-process DLLs. MTS components are deployed and run in the MTS Executive which manages them. As with other COM components, an object implementing the IClassFactory interface serves as a Factory Object to create new instances of these components. MTS inserts a Factory Wrapper Object and an Object Wrapper between the actual MTS object and its client. This interposing of wrappers is called interception. Whenever the client makes a call to the MTS component, the wrappers (Factory and Object) intercept the call and inject their own instance-management algorithm called the Just-In-Time Activation (JITA) into the call. The wrapper then makes this call on the actual MTS component. Interception was considered difficult at the time due to a lack of extensible metadata. In addition, based on the information from the component's deployment properties, transaction logic and security checks also take place in these wrapper objects. For every MTS-hosted object, there also exists a Context Object, which implements the IObjectContext interface. The Context Object maintains specific information about that object, such as its transactional information, security information and deployment information. Methods in the MTS component call into the Context Object through its IObjectContext interface. MTS does not create the actual middle-tier MTS object until the call from a client reaches the container. Since the object is not running all the time, it does not use up a lot of system resources (even though an\",\n \"title\": \"Microsoft Transaction Server\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2336660\",\n \"text\": \"A United States defense standard, often called a military standard, \\\"MIL-STD\\\", \\\"MIL-SPEC\\\", or (informally) \\\"MilSpecs\\\", is used to help achieve standardization objectives by the U.S. Department of Defense. Standardization is beneficial in achieving interoperability, ensuring products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, total cost of ownership, compatibility with logistics systems, and similar defense-related objectives. Defense standards are also used by other non-defense government organizations, technical organizations, and industry. This article discusses definitions, history, and usage of defense standards. Related documents, such as defense handbooks and defense specifications, are also addressed. Definition of document types Although the official definitions differentiate between several types of documents, all of these documents go by the general rubric of \\\"military standard\\\", including defense specifications, handbooks, and standards. Strictly speaking, these documents serve different purposes. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), military specifications \\\"describe the physical and/or operational characteristics of a product\\\", while military standards \\\"detail the processes and materials to be used to make the product.\\\" Military handbooks, on the other hand, are primarily sources of compiled information and/or guidance. The GAO acknowledges, however, that the terms are often used interchangeably. Official definitions are provided by DoD 4120.24, Defense Standardization Program (DSP) Procedures, November 2014, USD (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics): For purposes of this article, \\\"military standards\\\" will include standards, specifications and handbooks. There are also standard names with different letters behind ′MIL-′ like MIL-C-5040H, MIL-E-7016F or MIL-S-901. Formats The DOD has standards about the format of standards: MIL-STD-961, Defense and Program-Unique Specifications Format and Content MIL-STD-962, Defense Standards Format and Content MIL-STD-967, Defense Handbooks Format and Content Origins and evolution Defense standards evolved from the need to ensure proper performance, maintainability and reparability (ease of MRO), and logistical usefulness of military equipment. The latter two goals (MRO and logistics) favor certain general concepts, such as interchangeability, standardization (of equipment and processes, in general), cataloging, communications, and training (to teach people what is standardized, what is at their discretion, and the details of the standards). In the late 18th century and throughout the 19th, the American and French militaries were early adopters and longtime developmental sponsors and advocates of interchangeability and standardization. By World War II (1939–1945), virtually all national militaries and trans-national alliances of the same (Allied Forces, Axis powers) were busy standardizing and cataloguing. The U.S. AN- cataloguing system (Army-Navy) and the British Defence Standards (DEF-STAN) provide examples. For example, due to differences in dimensional tolerances, in World War II American screws, bolts, and nuts did not fit British equipment properly and were not fully interchangeable. Defense standards provide many benefits, such as minimizing the number of types of ammunition, ensuring compatibility of tools, and ensuring quality during production of military equipment. This results, for example, in ammunition and food cases that can be opened without tools; vehicle subsystems that can be quickly swapped into the place of damaged ones; and small arms and artillery that are less likely to find themselves with an excess of ammunition that does not fit and a\",\n \"title\": \"United States Military Standard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23713739\",\n \"text\": \"The Web Services Description Language (WSDL ) is an XML-based interface description language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service. The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a type signature in a programming language. The latest version of WSDL, which became a W3C recommendation in 2007, is WSDL 2.0. The meaning of the acronym has changed from version 1.1 where the \\\"D\\\" stood for \\\"Definition\\\". Description The WSDL describes services as collections of network endpoints, or ports. The WSDL specification provides an XML format for documents for this purpose. The abstract definitions of ports and messages are separated from their concrete use or instance, allowing the reuse of these definitions. A port is defined by associating a network address with a reusable binding, and a collection of ports defines a service. Messages are abstract descriptions of the data being exchanged, and port types are abstract collections of supported operations. The concrete protocol and data format specifications for a particular port type constitutes a reusable binding, where the operations and messages are then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format. In this way, WSDL describes the public interface to the Web service. WSDL is often used in combination with SOAP and an XML Schema to provide Web services over the Internet. A client program connecting to a Web service can read the WSDL file to determine what operations are available on the server. Any special datatypes used are embedded in the WSDL file in the form of XML Schema. The client can then use SOAP to actually call one of the operations listed in the WSDL file, using for example XML over HTTP. The current version of the specification is 2.0; version 1.1 has not been endorsed by the W3C but version 2.0 is a W3C recommendation. WSDL 1.2 was renamed WSDL 2.0 because of its substantial differences from WSDL 1.1. By accepting binding to all the HTTP request methods (not only GET and POST as in version 1.1), the WSDL 2.0 specification offers better support for RESTful web services, and is much simpler to implement. However support for this specification is still poor in software development kits for Web Services which often offer tools only for WSDL 1.1. For example, the version 2.0 of the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) only supports WSDL 1.1. Example WSDL file <?xml version=\\\"1.0\\\" encoding=\\\"UTF-8\\\"?> <description xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl\\\" xmlns:tns=\\\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\\\" xmlns:whttp=\\\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/http/\\\" xmlns:wsoap=\\\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/\\\" targetNamespace=\\\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\\\"> <documentation> This is a sample WSDL 2.0 document. </documentation> <!-- Abstract type --> <types> <xs:schema xmlns:xs=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\\\" targetNamespace=\\\"http://www.example.com/wsdl20sample\\\"> <xs:element name=\\\"request\\\"> ... </xs:element> <xs:element name=\\\"response\\\"> ... </xs:element> </xs:schema> </types> <!-- Abstract interfaces --> <interface name=\\\"Interface1\\\"> <fault name=\\\"Error1\\\" element=\\\"tns:response\\\"/> <operation name=\\\"Get\\\" pattern=\\\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/in-out\\\"> <input messageLabel=\\\"In\\\" element=\\\"tns:request\\\"/> <output messageLabel=\\\"Out\\\" element=\\\"tns:response\\\"/> </operation> </interface> <!-- Concrete Binding Over\",\n \"title\": \"Web Services Description Language\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1191806\",\n \"text\": \"The domain names example.com, example.net, example.org, and example.edu are second-level domain names in the Domain Name System of the Internet. They are reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) at the direction of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as special-use domain names for documentation purposes. The domain names are used widely in books, tutorials, sample network configurations, and generally as examples for the use of domain names. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) operates web sites for these domains with content that reflects their purpose. Purpose The domains example.com, example.net, example.org and example.edu are intended for general use in any kind of documentation, such as technical and software documentation, manuals, and sample software configurations. Thus, documentation writers can be sure to select a domain name without creating naming conflicts if end-users try to use the sample configurations or examples verbatim. The domains may be used in documentation without prior consultation with IANA or ICANN. In practice, these domain names are also installed in the Domain Name System with the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and IPv6 of a web server managed by ICANN. The domains are digitally signed using Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). The zone files of each domain also define one subdomain name. The third-level domain name www resolves to the IP addresses of the parent domains. History The second-level domain label example for the top-level domains com, net, and org have been reserved and registered since at least 1992. The IETF established the authority of this use in 1999. In 2013, the status and purpose of the domains was restated by the IETF as belonging to a group of special-use domain names. See also .example – Top-level domain name reserved for documentation purposes .local – Pseudo-TLD with no meaning in the DNS for use with local zeroconf networking only Fictitious domain name IPv4 § Special-use addresses – some special-use IPv4 address ranges are reserved for documentation and examples Reserved top-level domains References External links example.com example.net example.org example.edu Domain Name System Placeholder names Internet properties established in 1999\",\n \"title\": \"Example.com\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1019932\",\n \"text\": \".es (españa) is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Spain. It is administered by the Network Information Centre of Spain. Registrations are permitted at the second level or at the third level beneath various generic second level categories. Some qualifications and restrictions apply to third-level registrations depending on which second-level domain they are within. Second-level registrations have had some limitations including requiring registrants to have a connection with Spain, but these restrictions were lifted in a multi-stage process completed by the end of 2005, at which point registrations at the second level of .es were open to anybody worldwide. The .es domain does not have a conventional WHOIS server operating on port 43, but WHOIS queries can be made using a page on ESNIC's website. Second-level domains There also exist a number of second-level domains: .com.es - open to all applicants (intended for commercial entities) .nom.es - open to all applicants (intended for personal names) .org.es - open to all applicants (intended for noncommercial organizations) .gob.es - for governmental entities .edu.es - for educational institutions Alternatives Until the liberalization in November 2005, registering in .es was expensive and encumbered compared to other ccTLDs. The second-level word had to be either a trade mark valid in Spain, the exact name of the registering business or association, or the first name and at least the first surname of the registering individual. Common words and placenames were unregisterable. There was also a requirement of a minimum of three characters in the name, though some exceptions like hp.es (Hewlett-Packard Spain) and pp.es (People's Party) were allowed. As an alternative many Spanish organizations registered under .com, .org or .net. Usage Although very popular in Spain for its intended use, .es has been used for domain hacks such as geociti.es, a website mirroring Geocities; adspac.es, a mobile-based advertising firm; thelettervsixtim.es, for the game VVVVVV; and iTun.es for iTunes Ping URL shortening. References External links IANA .es whois information ESNIC website Country code top-level domains Internet in Spain Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members Internet properties established in 1988\",\n \"title\": \".es\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1237601\",\n \"text\": \".mh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Marshall Islands. Its registry website has been inactive since the end of 2021, and prior to that had not been updated since 1997. The mechanism of registering domains listed on that site involved downloading an InterNIC template form that had been a dead link for at least several years. , a search showed three active websites using a .mh domain: one for the government's Natural Disaster Management Office, one for the school system, and one for a telecommunications company. The Natural Disaster Management Office website went offline a year later. In 2022, the Office of Commerce, Investment & Tourism created a site under the domain, but moved to .org in late 2023. The same year, Wahoo, a store based in Majuro, opened a website under the domain. Most of the people who govern a site from the Marshall Islands usually register it under .com, .net or .org. Almost all sites registered to entities in the Marshall Islands are hosted in other countries. See also Communications in the Marshall Islands Internet in the Marshall Islands Internet in the United States .us References External links IANA .mh whois information .mh domain registration website (currently inactive) Country code top-level domains Communications in the Marshall Islands Internet properties established in 1996 sv:Toppdomän#M\",\n \"title\": \".mh\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"954515\",\n \"text\": \".bg is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Bulgaria. It is currently operated by Register.BG. .bg domains can be registered by European Union citizens, companies or foreign companies that have registered branches or commercial representatives in Bulgaria. The price of domain registration is €30 per year (€36 including VAT). Until mid-2006, the price was a one-time registration fee of US$50 plus US$50 per year (total of US$120 including VAT for the first year). For local standards this was a very high price, and many Bulgarian sites were registered under .com (esp -bg.com), .org, or .net domains, as the registration costs were significantly lower (US$8–12 per year) and less of a bureaucratic hassle. From August 25, 2008, Register.BG simplified the procedures, allowing the registration of domain names in the .bg zone without providing documented grounds (trademarks, company names) for the name. Eventual disputes are to be solved via the newly established Arbitration committee. Since September 18, 2006, Register.bg proposes new, third-level domains in the a.bg, b.bg, etc., subdomains (a Latin letter or a digit +.bg), lower cost (€12/year incl. VAT), with less restrictions and no dispute resolution. They are targeted mainly at private individuals. The domain has been enabled with Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) since October 2007. On September 5, 2009, Register.bg started accepting second- and third-level domain names in Cyrillic with letters found in the Bulgarian language only. See also .бг References External links IANA .bg whois information Register.bg Whois service Country code top-level domains Internet in Bulgaria Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members Mass media in Bulgaria Internet properties established in 1995\",\n \"title\": \".bg\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"840451\",\n \"text\": \"JScript .NET is a .NET programming language developed by Microsoft. The primary differences between JScript and JScript .NET can be summarized as follows: Firstly, JScript is a scripting language, and as such programs (or more suggestively, scripts) can be executed without the need to compile the code first. This is not the case with the JScript .NET command-line compiler, since this next-generation version relies on the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) for execution, which requires that the code be compiled to Common Intermediate Language (CIL), formerly called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), code before it can be run. Nevertheless, JScript .NET still provides full support for interpreting code at runtime (e.g., via the Function constructor or the eval function) and indeed the interpreter can be exposed by custom applications hosting the JScript .NET engine via the VSA interfaces. Secondly, JScript has a strong foundation in Microsoft's ActiveX/COM technologies, and relies primarily on ActiveX components to provide much of its functionality (including database access via ADO, file handling, etc.), whereas JScript .NET uses the .NET Framework to provide equivalent functionality. For backwards-compatibility (or for where no .NET equivalent library exists), JScript .NET still provides full access to ActiveX objects via .NET / COM Interop using both the ActiveXObject constructor and the standard methods of the .NET Type class. Although the .NET Framework and .NET languages such as C# and Visual Basic .NET have seen widespread adoption, JScript .NET has never received much attention, by the media or by developers. It is not supported in Microsoft's premier development tool, Visual Studio .NET. However, ASP.NET supports JScript .NET. Language differences The following are prime examples of language differences between JScript .NET and other .NET languages, including comparisons. Differences with C# JScript .NET does not require a main() function that the operating system must call directly when executing a JScript .NET application, as such, JScript .NET program flow can be based on global code. JScript .NET, because of its very loose type checking system can be very easy to learn, since the convention of explicit type declaration is not required at all. JScript .NET does not require explicit references to the .NET Framework Base Class Library, as certain functions found in earlier versions of JScript are present in JScript .NET (e.g. functions for finding the tangent of an angle for a right triangle). JScript .NET is closely linked to C syntax, and is thus very easy to learn for C#, Java or C++ developers. While JScript .NET can be used to create Windows Forms applications, JScript .NET will have some trouble, as delegates can only be consumed in JScript .NET and not created. Thus, custom events are hard to emulate in JScript .NET. Differences with C++ JScript .NET does not require a main() function. JScript .NET does not require explicit type declaration on variables. (In C++, the use of templates and generics can be compared to this, loosely emulated with template specialization, etc.) JScript .NET also does not require explicit type casts on variable use\",\n \"title\": \"JScript .NET\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18935330\",\n \"text\": \"Typosquatting, also called URL hijacking, a sting site, a cousin domain, or a fake URL, is a form of cybersquatting, and possibly brandjacking which relies on mistakes such as typos made by Internet users when inputting a website address into a web browser. A user accidentally entering an incorrect website address may be led to any URL, including an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter. The typosquatter's URL will usually be one of five kinds, all similar to the victim site address: A common misspelling, or foreign language spelling, of the intended site A misspelling based on a typographical error A plural of a singular domain name A different top-level domain: (e.g. .com instead of .org) An abuse of the Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) (.cm, .co, or .om instead of .com) Similar abuses: Combosquatting - no misspelling, but appending an arbitrary word that appears legitimate, but that anyone could register. Doppelganger domain - omitting a period or inserting an extra period Appending terms such as sucks or - to a domain name Once in the typosquatter's site, the user may also be tricked into thinking that they are in fact in the real site, through the use of copied or similar logos, website layouts, or content. Spam emails sometimes make use of typosquatting URLs to trick users into visiting malicious sites that look like a given bank's site, for instance. The Magniber ransomware is being distributed in a typosquatting method that exploits typos made when entering domains, targeting mainly Chrome and Edge users. Motivation There are several different reasons for typosquatters buying a typo domain: To try to sell the typo domain back to the brand owner To monetize the domain through advertising revenues from direct navigation misspellings of the intended domain To redirect the typo-traffic to a competitor To redirect the typo-traffic back to the brand itself, but through an affiliate link, thus earning commissions from the brand owner's affiliate program As a phishing scheme to mimic the brand's site, while intercepting passwords which the visitor enters unsuspectingly To install drive-by malware or revenue generating adware onto the visitors' devices To harvest misaddressed e-mail messages mistakenly sent to the typo domain To express an opinion that is different from the intended website's opinion By legitimate site owners, to block malevolent use of the typo domain by others To annoy users of the intended site Examples Many companies, including Verizon, Lufthansa, and Lego, have gained reputations for aggressively chasing down typosquatted names. Lego, for example, has spent roughly US$500,000 on taking 309 cases through UDRP proceedings. Celebrities have also frequently pursued their domain names. Prominent examples include basketball player Dirk Nowitzki's UDRP of DirkSwish.com and actress Eva Longoria's UDRP of EvaLongoria.org. Goggle, a typosquatted version of Google, was the subject of a 2006 web safety promotion by McAfee, which depicted the significant amounts of malware installed through drive-by downloads upon accessing the site at the time. Most notably, Goggle installed SpySheriff. Later the URL redirected to google.com; a 2018\",\n \"title\": \"Typosquatting\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4545603\",\n \"text\": \"In Microsoft Windows applications programming, OLE Automation (later renamed to simply Automation) is an inter-process communication mechanism created by Microsoft. It is based on a subset of Component Object Model (COM) that was intended for use by scripting languages – originally Visual Basic – but now is used by several languages on Windows. All automation objects are required to implement the IDispatch interface. It provides an infrastructure whereby applications called automation controllers can access and manipulate (i.e. set properties of or call methods on) shared automation objects that are exported by other applications. It supersedes Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), an older mechanism for applications to control one another. As with DDE, in OLE Automation the automation controller is the \\\"client\\\" and the application exporting the automation objects is the \\\"server\\\". Contrary to its name, automation objects do not necessarily use Microsoft OLE, although some Automation objects can be used in OLE environments. The confusion has its roots in Microsoft's earlier definition of OLE, which was previously more or less a synonym of COM. Advantages and limitations To ensure interoperability, automation interfaces are limited to use a subset of all COM types. Specifically, automation interfaces must use SAFEARRAY instead of raw COM arrays. Automation-compatible COM servers can, however, rely on the in-built OLE marshalling implementation. This avoids the need for additional proxy/stub projects for marshalling out-of-process. Usage Automation was designed with the ease of scripting in mind, so controllers often provide languages such as Visual Basic for Applications to end users, allowing them to control automation objects via scripts. Automation objects are often written in conventional languages such as C++, where C++ attributes can be used to simplify development, Languages such as Visual Basic and Borland Delphi also provides a convenient syntax for Automation which hides the complexity of the underlying implementation. Type libraries In order to automate an application, the developer of an automation controller must know the object model that is employed by the target application exporting activation objects. This requires that the developer of the target application publicly document its object model. Development of automation controllers without knowledge of the target application's object model is \\\"difficult to impossible\\\". Due to these complications, Automation components are usually provided with type libraries, which contain metadata about classes, interfaces and other features exposed by an object library. Interfaces are described in Microsoft Interface Definition Language. Type libraries can be viewed using various tools, such as the Microsoft OLE/COM Object Viewer (oleview.exe, part of the Microsoft Platform SDK) or the Object Browser in Visual Basic (up to version 6) and Visual Studio .NET. Type libraries are used to generate Proxy pattern/stub code for interoperating between COM and other platforms, such as Microsoft .NET and Java. For instance, the .NET Framework SDK includes tools that can generate a proxy .NET DLL to access Automation objects using both early binding (with information about interfaces extracted from a type library) and late binding (via IDispatch, mapped to the .NET Reflection API), with the built-in .NET-to-COM\",\n \"title\": \"OLE Automation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"511063\",\n \"text\": \"Site Finder was a wildcard DNS record for all .com and .net unregistered domain names, run by .com and .net top-level domain operator VeriSign between 15 September 2003 and 4 October 2003. Site Finder All Internet users who accessed any unregistered domains in the .com and .net domain space were redirected to a VeriSign web portal with information about VeriSign products and links to \\\"partner\\\" sites. This gave VeriSign the advantage of receiving greater revenue from advertising and from users wishing to register these domain names. It had the effect of capturing the web traffic for several million mistyped or experimental web accesses per day, and meant that VeriSign effectively owned all possible .com and .net domains that had not been bought by others, and could use them as an advertising platform. VeriSign described the change as an attempt to improve the Web browsing experience for the naive user, without mentioning any use of the domain name system other than by browsers. VeriSign's critics saw this claim as disingenuous. The change led to a dramatic increase in the amount of Internet traffic arriving at verisign.com. According to the web traffic measurement company Alexa, in the year prior to the change verisign.com was around the 2,500th most popular website. In the weeks following the change, the site came into the top 20 most popular sites, and reached the top 10 in the aftermath of the change and surrounding controversy. Issues and controversy There was a storm of controversy among network operators and competing domain registrars, particularly on the influential NANOG and ICANN mailing lists, some of whom asserted: that the redirection was contrary to the proper operation of the DNS, ICANN policy, and the Internet architecture in general; that VeriSign breached its trust with the Internet community by using technical architecture for marketing purposes; that the redirection broke various RFCs and disrupted existing Internet services, such as email relay and filtering (spam filters were not able to detect the validity of domain names); that the redirection amounted to typosquatting where the unregistered domain being resolved is a spelling mistake for a famous registered domain; that VeriSign abused its technical control over the .com and .net domains by exerting a de facto monopoly control; that VeriSign may have been in breach of its contracts for running the .com and .net domains; that the Site Finder service assumed that all DNS traffic was caused by Web clients, ignoring the fact that DNS is used by other applications such as networked printers, FTP software, and dedicated communications applications. If users of these applications accidentally entered a wrong host name, instead of a meaningful \\\"host not found\\\" error they would get a \\\"request timed out\\\" error, making it look like the server existed but is not responding. No statement by VeriSign in support of Site Finder even acknowledged the existence of DNS traffic not caused by Web clients, although they published implementation details which mentioned this traffic. that Site Finder contained an end-user license agreement\",\n \"title\": \"Site Finder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17058007\",\n \"text\": \"Component Object Model (COM) is a binary-interface standard for software components introduced by Microsoft in 1993. It is used to enable inter-process communication (IPC) object creation in a large range of programming languages. COM is the basis for several other Microsoft technologies and frameworks, including OLE, OLE Automation, Browser Helper Object, ActiveX, COM+, DCOM, the Windows shell, DirectX, UMDF and Windows Runtime. The essence of COM is a language-neutral way of implementing objects that can be used in environments different from the one in which they were created, even across machine boundaries. For well-authored components, COM allows reuse of objects with no knowledge of their internal implementation, as it forces component implementers to provide well-defined interfaces that are separated from the implementation. The different allocation semantics of languages are accommodated by making objects responsible for their own creation and destruction through reference-counting. Type conversion casting between different interfaces of an object is achieved through the QueryInterface method. The preferred method of \\\"inheritance\\\" within COM is the creation of sub-objects to which method \\\"calls\\\" are delegated. COM is an interface technology defined and implemented as standard only on Microsoft Windows and Apple's Core Foundation 1.3 and later plug-in application programming interface (API). The latter only implements a subset of the whole COM interface. For some applications, COM has been replaced at least to some extent by the Microsoft .NET framework, and support for Web Services through the Windows Communication Foundation (WCF). However, COM objects can be used with all .NET languages through .NET COM Interop. Networked DCOM uses binary proprietary formats, while WCF encourages the use of XML-based SOAP messaging. COM is very similar to other component software interface technologies, such as CORBA and Enterprise JavaBeans, although each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Unlike C++, COM provides a stable application binary interface (ABI) that does not change between compiler releases. This makes COM interfaces attractive for object-oriented C++ libraries that are to be used by clients compiled using different compiler versions. History One of the first methods of interprocess communication in Windows was Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), first introduced in 1987, that allowed sending and receiving messages in so-called \\\"conversations\\\" between applications. Antony Williams, who was involved in the creation of the COM architecture, later distributed two internal papers in Microsoft that embraced the concept of software components: Object Architecture: Dealing With the Unknown – or – Type Safety in a Dynamically Extensible Class Library in 1988 and On Inheritance: What It Means and How To Use It in 1990. These provided the foundation of many of the ideas behind COM. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), Microsoft's first object-based framework, was built on top of DDE and designed specifically for compound documents. It was introduced with Word for Windows and Excel in 1991, and was later included with Windows, starting with version 3.1 in 1992. An example of a compound document is a spreadsheet embedded in a Word for Windows document: as changes are made to the spreadsheet within Excel,\",\n \"title\": \"Component Object Model\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9731827\",\n \"text\": \"Variant is a data type in certain programming languages, particularly Visual Basic, OCaml, Delphi and C++ when using the Component Object Model. It is an implementation of the eponymous concept in computer science. In Visual Basic (and Visual Basic for Applications) the Variant data type is a tagged union that can be used to represent any other data type (for example, integer, floating-point, single- and double-precision, object, etc.) except fixed-length string type. In Visual Basic, any variable not declared explicitly or the type of which is not declared explicitly, is taken to be a variant. While the use of not explicitly declared variants is not recommended, they can be of use when the needed data type can only be known at runtime, when the data type is expected to vary, or when optional parameters and parameter arrays are desired. In fact, languages with a dynamic type system often have variant as the only available type for variables. Among the major changes in Visual Basic .NET, being a .NET language, the variant type was replaced with the .NET object type. There are similarities in concept, but also major differences, and no direct conversions exist between these two types. For conversions, as might be needed if Visual Basic .NET code is interacting with a Visual Basic 6 COM object, the normal methodology is to use .NET marshalling. Examples In Visual Basic, a variant named A can be declared either explicitly or implicitly: Dim A Dim A as Variant In Delphi, a variant named A is declared in the following way: var A: variant; Format A variable of variant type, for brevity called a \\\"variant\\\", as defined in Visual Basic, needs 16 bytes storage and its layout is as follows: Types A few examples of variants that one can encounter in Visual Basic follow. In other languages other kinds of variants can be used as well. 1 The type of an uninitialized variant. 2 The type of a NULL value in a database, that is, not uninitialized, nor equivalent to a C++ null pointer. 3 Missing arguments are actually a particular Error value titled \\\"parameter not found\\\". 4 The object type set to a null reference. 5 TypeName will return the name of the class of the object contained. The data would be an interface pointer, that is, a pointer to a pointer to a virtual method table (which is an array of function pointers). Common uses Collections The Collection class in OLE Automation can store items of different data types. Since the data type of these items cannot be known at compile time, the methods to add items to and retrieve items from a collection use variants. If in Visual Basic the For Each construct is used, the iterator variable must be of object type, or a variant. Dispatch method calls In OLE Automation the IDispatch interface is used when the class of an object cannot be known in advance. Hence when calling a method on such an object the types of\",\n \"title\": \"Variant type (COM)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16271198\",\n \"text\": \"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United States: United States of America – federal republic located primarily in North America, and the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With the Soviet Union's collapse and the subsequent end of the Cold War in 1991, the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower. General reference Pronunciation: Abbreviations: USA or US Common English country name: United States Languages of the United States: English, Spanish and Hawaiian Official English country name: United States of America Common endonyms: United States, U.S., U.S.A., America Official endonym: United States of America Common exonyms: United States; America or The States (chiefly British/Commonwealth); North America (chiefly Latin America) Adjectivals: United States, American Demonyms: American (among others) Etymology International rankings of the United States ISO country codes: US, USA, 840 ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:US Internet country code top-level domain: .us, .com, .org, .net, .gov, .edu Geography of the United States The United States is: a megadiverse country Location (50 states): Northern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere (except western Aleutian Islands) Americas North America Northern America Oceania Polynesia Time zones: Atlantic Standard Time (UTC-04), Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC-03) (Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands) Eastern Standard Time (UTC-05), Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-04) Central Standard Time (UTC-06), Central Daylight Time (UTC-05) Mountain Standard Time (UTC-07), Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-06) Pacific Standard Time (UTC-08), Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-07) Alaska Standard Time (UTC-09), Alaska Daylight Time (UTC-08) Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (UTC-10), Hawaii-Aleutian Daylight Time (UTC-09) Extreme points of the United States: North: Point Barrow, Alaska South: Ka Lae, Island of Hawai'i, Hawai'i () East: Sail Rock, just offshore West Quoddy Head, Maine Physically East: Eastern Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska West: Peaked Island, offshore Cape Wrangell, Attu Island, Alaska Physically West: Western Amatignak Island, Alaska High: Denali (Mount McKinley), Alaska at Low: Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California at Land boundaries: 12,034 km (7,477 mi) 8,893 km (5,525 mi) 3,145 km (1,954 mi) Coastline: 19,924 km (12,380 mi) Population of the United States: 308,745,538 (2010 census) – 3rd most populous country Area of the United States: – 4th most extensive country Atlas of the United States Cities of the United States, by population Environment of the United States Beaches in the United States Climate of the United States Climate change in the United States Environmental issues in the United States Ecoregions in the United States Geology of the United States Earthquakes in the United States National parks of the United States Protected areas of the United States Superfund sites in the United States Wildlife of the United States Flora of the United States Fauna of the United States Birds of the United States Mammals of the United States Reptiles of the United States Amphibians of the United States Geographic features of the United States Fjords\",\n \"title\": \"Outline of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55114493\",\n \"text\": \"An emoji domain is a domain name with one or more emoji in it, for example 😉.. Function With the exception of the information emoji (), the trademark emoji () and the \\\"m\\\" emoji (), for an emoji to work as a domain name, it must be converted into so-called \\\"Punycode\\\". Punycode is a character encoding method used for internationalized domain names (IDNs). This representation is used when registering domains containing special characters. The ASCII representation starts with the prefix \\\"xn--\\\" and is followed by the emoji-containing domain name encoded as Punycode, for example \\\"xn--i-7iq\\\" is \\\"❤\\\" when converted back to Unicode. Each emoji has a unique Punycode representation. For example, \\\"😉\\\" in an IDN is represented as \\\"xn--n28h\\\". There are several generators on the Internet that allow one to convert emoji to Punycode and back. Availability and registration , there are 11 top-level domains for which emoji domain registration is possible: .cf, .fm, .ga, .gq, .kz, .ml, .st, .tk, .to, .uz, and .ws; as well as 12 second-level domains: .radio.am, .radio.fm, .co.il, .org.il, .biz.ua, .co.ua, .pp.ua, .co.uz, .com.uz, .com.ws, .net.ws, and .org.ws. The registration of an emoji domain can be more difficult than with normal domain names using only ASCII characters, since it is sometimes not possible to enter emoji into the online registration forms of domain name registrars, and instead the Punycode representation must be entered. The availability of an emoji domain can be verified by using an emoji domain search engine or by checking the WHOIS data of the punycoded domain. History At least four emoji domains were created on April 19, 2001:☻.com (xn--84h.com), ♨️.com (xn--j6h.com), ♨️.net (xn--j6h.net), and ☮️.com (xn--v4h.com). In 2005, ♌️.com (xn--q5h.com) was registered. On 9 September 2003, https://I♥You.com (xn--iyou-5u3b.com), https://I♥.com (xn--i-n3p.com), I❤️You.com and over a thousand other emoji domains were registered by Menno de Ruiter for the first emoji project on the internet in conjunction with the two principal programmers for the Punycode/IDN project at VeriSign and Galcomm ICANN registrar in Israel. Cabel Sasser of Panic created 💩.la (xn--ls8h.la), \\\"The World's First Emoji Domain\\\", on April 13, 2011. In February 2015, Coca-Cola used a domain name containing a smiley emoji in an advertising campaign aimed at mobile users in Puerto Rico. A 2018 survey of the .ws TLD recorded approximately 25,000 registered emoji domains. On June 26, 2020, an online collective called It Is What It Is employed the 👁️👄👁️.fm (xn--mp8hai.fm) emoji domain to raise money for various social justice causes. The viral campaign, which relied on people's fear of missing out, caused thousands of Twitter users to post both the emoji domain and the phrase \\\"It Is What It Is\\\" in hopes of getting access to a rumored exclusive social network. In the end, It Is What It Is turned out to be a hoax designed to redirect attention to social issues; it ultimately raised over $200,000 and was featured in Wired, Forbes, Business Insider, The Verge, and Gizmodo, among other publications. Issues Support among domain name registrars for emoji domains is\",\n \"title\": \"Emoji domain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14687744\",\n \"text\": \"A Runtime Callable Wrapper (RCW) is a proxy object generated by the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) in order to allow a Component Object Model (COM) object to be accessed from managed code. Although the RCW appears to be an ordinary object to .NET clients, its primary function is to marshal calls and data between a .NET client and a COM object. For example, a managed application written in C# might make use of an existing COM library written in C++ or Visual Basic 6, via RCWs. The runtime creates exactly one RCW for each COM object, regardless of the number of references that exist on that object. The runtime maintains a single RCW per process for each object. If you create an RCW in one application domain or apartment, and then pass a reference to another application domain or apartment, a proxy to the first object will be used. References External links MSDN Runtime Callable Wrapper Reference Component-based software engineering Inter-process communication Microsoft application programming interfaces Object-oriented programming Object models\",\n \"title\": \"Runtime Callable Wrapper\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5529573\",\n \"text\": \"The Nintendo DS Browser is a port of the Opera 8.5 web browser for use on the Nintendo DS, developed by Opera Software and Nintendo, and sold as a standalone game cartridge. Two versions were sold, one for the original Nintendo DS and one for the Nintendo DS Lite, each with a different Slot-2 memory expansion pack to fit the respective system. The browser received mixed reviews from critics, largely focusing on its slow speeds despite its functionality. It was later rendered obsolete by an improved browser on the system's upgraded version, the Nintendo DSi, which, unlike its predecessor, was onboard software. Features Nintendo DS Browser makes use of the Nintendo DS's touchscreen for input, with an on-screen keyboard as well as handwriting recognition and a stock of pre-set text (for example, the .com and .org top-level domains). The browser can render pages in two modes, Small Screen Rendering (SSR) or Overview. In Small Screen Rendering mode, the contents of the page are displayed in a single column fitting the width of the screen - for example, a page featuring two columns of text side-by-side would be displayed as a single column, one after the other. In Overview mode, a scaled-down version of the page is displayed on the touchscreen with a small selection box which can be moved around using the stylus. The contents of the selection box are displayed on the top screen at their full size. This selection can be brought into the touchscreen to perform such actions as click on links or entering text in boxes. The browser connects to the network through IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi access points or hotspots using the built-in wireless capability of the Nintendo DS. While WEP encryption is supported, WPA encryption is not. Nintendo has partnered with Internet security company Astaro to integrate web filtering technology into the Nintendo DS Browser. Called Astaro Parental Control, the technology acts as a proxy filter, providing the option of blocking inappropriate content. This is provided free of charge and can be activated through a simple menu option. The Nintendo DS browser supports JavaScript and SSL in web pages, but does not support plugins like Adobe Flash, or bold text. Due to limited system resources, most other dynamic media, such as videos or sound, will not work in the browser. Search Both browsers include a web search feature. The Nintendo DS Browser defaults to Yahoo! (currently powered by Bing) outside of Japan, or Yahoo! Japan (currently powered by Google) in Japan, but can be configured to any supported search engine by editing the URL in the browser settings. The Nintendo DSi Browser limits search engine options to Google or Yahoo! Yahoo! Japan is no longer supported, as the browsers' security certificates have expired. Standards compliance The Nintendo DSi Browser passes the Acid1 test. It nearly passes the Acid2 test, except for fixed element positioning, resulting in two stray squares. It receives a 59% on the Acid3 test in Overview Mode and a 53% in Column\",\n \"title\": \"Nintendo DS Browser\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"578946\",\n \"text\": \"The domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from military. It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985. The United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military's role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., mod.uk for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses norad.mil with the United States as they jointly operate the North American Aerospace Defense Command. Despite having a dedicated top-level domain, the US military also uses com domains for some of its recruitment sites, such as goarmy.com, as well as for the Defense Commissary Agency's website www.commissaries.com and most non-appropriated fund instrumentalities such as military MWR organizations and military exchanges. Also, the military uses edu domains for its service academies: the United States Military Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy can all be reached using either an edu or a mil domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use com domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses gov for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within mil (defense, dod, and pentagon) redirecting to its domain name www.defense.gov. The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the mil domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. References External links IANA .mil whois information Sponsored top-level domains Military terminology of the United States Domain names in the United States Internet in Canada Internet properties established in 1985\",\n \"title\": \".mil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20846650\",\n \"text\": \"This is the list of countries by number of Internet hosts, based on 2012 figures from the CIA World Factbook. Several dependent territories, not fully recognized states, and non-state territories are also listed. The European Union host (.eu) is mostly composed of French, Polish and German hosts. List (*) The U.S. figure includes hosts in the .us, .mil, .gov, .edu, .com, .org, and .net domains. See also Internet Census of 2012 References Internet-related lists Internet Hosts IT infrastructure\",\n \"title\": \"List of sovereign states by number of Internet hosts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2523900\",\n \"text\": \"German Scholars Boston, also known as German Scholars Agency, and abbreviated as GSA or GSB, is an independent organization of more than 12,000 German-speaking scholars, alumni and professionals living and working in Cambridge or the greater Boston area interested in Germanic culture. It comprises scientists, scholars, students, fellows, post-docs and alumni from all major universities in the area, such as Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University and Tufts University, as well as professionals from different companies, and people from government- and non-governmental organizations. It has more than 6000 alumni. GSB provides a forum for its members to meet, discuss, exchange ideas and vital information. GSB invites to specific cultural and social events to get together on a regular basis. References External links German Scholars Boston .NET website German Scholars Boston .COM website German Scholars Boston .ORG website German Students Boston .NET website German Students Boston .COM website German Students Boston .ORG website German Scholars Agency .NET website German Scholars Agency .COM website German Scholars Agency .ORG website Organizations based in Boston German-American culture in Massachusetts Germany–United States relations\",\n \"title\": \"German Scholars Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"387462\",\n \"text\": \"The Internet uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to associate numeric computer IP addresses with human-readable names. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the DNS root, contains the top-level domains that appear as the suffixes of all Internet domain names. The most widely used (and first) DNS root is administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). In addition, several organizations operate alternative DNS roots, often referred to as alt roots. These alternative domain name systems operate their own root name servers and commonly administer their own specific name spaces consisting of custom top-level domains. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) has spoken out strongly against alternative roots in . Overview The DNS root zone consists of pointers to the authoritative domain name servers for all top-level domains (TLDs). The root zone is hosted on a collection of root servers operated by several organizations around the world that all use a specific, approved list of domains that is managed by ICANN. By contrast, alternative roots typically include pointers to all of the TLD servers for domains delegated by ICANN, as well as name servers for other, custom top-level domains that are not sanctioned by ICANN. Some alternative roots are operated by the organizations that manage these alternative TLDs. Zach Bastick proposes that alternative DNS roots have allowed for more democratic control of the Internet: Unless one specifically changes their DNS resolution settings, alternative DNS top level domains are generally unreachable, and very few Internet service providers provide this configuration by default. Implementations Some organizations provide alternative DNS root services, such as additional top-level domains. Handshake Handshake is a decentralized implementation of a DNS root zone using blockchain and cryptocurrency technology to create a peer-to-peer alternative to the 13 root name servers managed by ICANN. Unlike other attempts, Handshake does not aim to replace the existing DNS; rather, it seeks to supplement and enhance it by allowing anyone to bid, register, and manage their own TLDs without an intermediate registrar or delegating authority. Since the root zone file records are not centrally managed, and instead are stored on a public blockchain, owners of Handshake TLDs can add or change top-level resource records to delegate authoritative name servers and set up DNSSEC zone signing directly. Existing TLDs are reserved in the Handshake blockchain such that resolving traditional domain names (i.e. zones under .com, .org, .net, etc.) through a Handshake node or name server are directed back to ICANN's root servers. In addition, the top 100,000 most popular domains are reserved as Handshake TLDs which can be redeemed by the original domain owner. Namecoin Namecoin is a blockchain and cryptocurrency to support the alternative top-level domain .bit. OpenNIC OpenNIC is a user owned and controlled alternative to InterNIC and ICANN providing a non-national democratic alternative to traditional domain registries. OpenNIC servers are able to resolve all ICANN top-level domains, some OpenNIC original top-level domains, and the resolution of other Alternate DNS Roots with which they have reached peering agreements.\",\n \"title\": \"Alternative DNS root\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3002110\",\n \"text\": \"In programming and software design, binding is an application programming interface (API) that provides glue code specifically made to allow a programming language to use a foreign library or operating system service (one that is not native to that language). Characteristics Binding generally refers to a mapping of one thing to another. In the context of software libraries, bindings are wrapper libraries that bridge two programming languages, so that a library written for one language can be used in another language. Many software libraries are written in system programming languages such as C or C++. To use such libraries from another language, usually of higher-level, such as Java, Common Lisp, Scheme, Python, or Lua, a binding to the library must be created in that language, possibly requiring recompiling the language's code, depending on the amount of modification needed. However, most languages offer a foreign function interface, such as Python's and OCaml's ctypes, and Embeddable Common Lisp's cffi and uffi. For example, Python bindings are used when an extant C library, written for some purpose, is to be used from Python. Another example is libsvn which is written in C to provide an API to access the Subversion software repository. To access Subversion from within Java code, libsvnjavahl can be used, which depends on libsvn being installed and acts as a bridge between the language Java and libsvn, thus providing an API that invokes functions from libsvn to do the work. Major motives to create library bindings include software reuse, to reduce reimplementing a library in several languages, and the difficulty of implementing some algorithms efficiently in some high-level languages. Runtime environment Object models Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) – cross-platform-language model Component Object Model (COM) – Microsoft Windows only cross-language model Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) – extension enabling COM to work over networks Cross Platform Component Object Model (XPCOM) – Mozilla applications cross-platform model Common Language Infrastructure – .NET Framework cross-platform-language model Freedesktop.org D-Bus – open cross-platform-language model Virtual machines Comparison of application virtual machines Porting Portable object – cross-platform-language object model definition See also Application programming interface (API) Application binary interface (ABI) Calling convention Embedded SQL Name mangling Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) – interface binding generator from many languages to many languages, open-source Wrapper function References External links JTC1/SC22/WG11 - Binding Techniques, an ISO standard for language bindings What is a language binding? Compilers Computer libraries\",\n \"title\": \"Language binding\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4701327\",\n \"text\": \"IDN.IDN is an abbreviation for an Internationalized domain name whose Top level domain (TLD) is also internationalized, which could be transliterated .com, .net, .org, etc. or be groupings relevant to the language at hand. Culturally relevant proposals Chinese: Korean: Japanese: Russian: Hebrew: שלום.דבר : shalom.dbr (dbr being roots of the verb 'to talk') דפנה.שלי : daphne.shli (shli being a preposition 'of me,' for personal homepages, etc.) Arabic: كوم : .com نت : .net اورج : .org Concerns and considerations As this is an issue still being \\\"decided upon,\\\" (for many years, apparently) there are many factors to be considered. Here are a few just thrown out to be edited around and made to look pretty. IDN.COM vs. IDN.IDN, important issue as IDN.COM is already available. Compatibility Punycode \\\"branching off from the *main* internet\\\" (various POVs) Who Owns The Internet The UN Resolution from meeting in Tunisia Localization Transliteration of COM NET ORG vs. culturally significant TLD names of the languages' own choosing. Right-to-left formatted languages such as Arabic and Hebrew External links ICANN's IDN Committee Proposal for the Implementation of Internationalized TLDs IDN Guide IDN News Korean Government Position on IDN TLDs IDN's Forum Local Domains Forum International Domain Forum Domain Name System\",\n \"title\": \"IDN.IDN\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15331067\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew W. Troelsen is currently a technology manager at Thomson Reuters in the Enterprise Content Platform (ECP - Big Data) division. He is an author of several books in the Microsoft technology space including books on Microsoft (D)COM, ATL, .NET, C#, VB (4.0 - modern) and COM & .NET Interoperability. His latest edition of his C# book covers the .NET Core platform and each C# 7.0 update. He has over 18 years experience authoring software development (3-5 day) workshops for engineers on MS platform technologies. Books Developer's Workshop to Com and Atl 3.0 (Andrew Troelsen (2000)) C# and the .NET Platform (Andrew Troelsen (2001)) COM and .NET Interoperability (Andrew Troelsen (2002)) Visual Basic .NET and the .NET Platform: An Advanced Guide (Andrew Troelsen (2002)) C# and the .NET Platform, Second Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2003)) Exploring .Net (Andrew Troelsen, Jason Bock (2003)) Pro C# 2005 and the .NET 2.0 Platform, Third Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2005)) Pro VB 2005 and the .NET 2.0 Platform, Second Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2006)) Expert ASP.NET 2.0: Advanced Application Design (Dominic Selly, Andrew Troelsen, Tom Barnaby (2006)) Pro C# 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform, Fourth Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2007)) Pro C# with .NET 3.0, Special Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2007)) Pro VB 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform (Andrew Troelsen (2008)) Pro VB 2010 and the .NET 4 Platform (Andrew Troelsen, Vidya Vrat Agarwal (2010)) Pro C# 2010 and the .NET 4 Platform, Fifth Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2010)) Pro Expression Blend 4 (Andrew Troelsen (2011)) Pro C# 5.0 and the .NET 4.5 Framework, Sixth Edition (Andrew Troelsen (2012)) C# 6.0 and the .NET 4.6 Framework, Seventh Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Philip Japikse (2015)) Pro C# 7: With .NET and .NET Core, Eighth Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Philip Japikse (2017)) Pro C# 8 with .NET Core 3: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming, Ninth Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Phil Japikse (2020)) Pro C# 9 with .NET 5: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming, Tenth Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Phillip Japikse (2021)) Pro C# 10 with .NET 6: Foundational Principles and Practices in Programming, Eleventh Edition (Andrew Troelsen, Phil Japikse (2022)) References http https://www.linkedin.com/in/awtroelsen/ Computer programmers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Troelsen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"918282\",\n \"text\": \".nu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to the island state of Niue. It was one of the first ccTLDs to be marketed to the Internet at large as an alternative to the gTLDs .com, .net, and .org. Playing on the phonetic similarity between nu and new in English, and the fact that means \\\"now\\\" in several northern European languages, it was promoted as a new TLD with an abundance of good domain names available. The .nu domain is now controlled by the Internet Foundation in Sweden amid opposition from the government of Niue. Google treats .nu as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because \\\"users and website owners frequently see [the domain] as being more generic than country-targeted.\\\" Administration Unlike most ccTLDs, .nu is not administered by a representative of its country. In 1997, IANA awarded administration of .nu to The IUSN Foundation (formerly 'Internet Users Society - Niue'), a Massachusetts-based non-profit organisation. The administration and technical operation of the domain were transferred to The Internet Foundation in Sweden (IIS) in September 2013. The IIS said that 66.7 percent of \\\"active\\\" .nu domains at the time were registered to Swedish users. The government of Niue has been trying to administer the .nu ccTLD since at least 2003. In November 2018, the government of Niue initiated a lawsuit against the IIS in the Stockholm District Court to obtain control over the domain. It stated that the Foundation had \\\"taken over Niue's .nu domain without consent in 2013\\\", resulting in a significant loss of revenue for the country. Niue's government stated that the .nu domain was a \\\"national asset of Niue\\\" and had been taken over \\\"unfairly\\\", estimating that it had earned between $27 million and $37 million for the IIS. A later estimate by Niue's legal team stated that the country had missed out on a total of during the combined time that the domain had been administered by IUSN and the IIS. The IIS responded by saying that \\\"It was and is essential for the Swedish internet infrastructure that .nu works in a stable and secure way\\\", and that it had \\\"done the necessary investigations before deciding to become the registry in 2013, involving several leading legal specialists and a direct contact with the relevant governmental institutions\\\". The government of Niue continues the legal discussion on two fronts: directly with ICANN to get the domain name back, and with the Swedish government to reclaim the lost profits. Toke Talagi, the Premier of Niue from 2008 to 2020, called it a form of neo-colonialism. Usage of .nu The .nu domain is particularly popular in Sweden, Denmark, and the Benelux region, as is the word for \\\"now\\\" in Swedish, Danish and Dutch – an example of a domain hack. Although in Norwegian is an archaic word for \\\"now\\\", with being used instead, .nu was initially more popular than .no, with 43,000 .nu addresses being registered in Norway in 1999 compared to 30,000 .no ones. Partially owing to restrictive domain\",\n \"title\": \".nu\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9524131\",\n \"text\": \"Blittable types are data types in the Microsoft .NET Framework that have an identical presentation in memory for both managed and unmanaged code. Understanding the difference between blittable and non-blittable types can aid in using COM Interop or P/Invoke, two techniques for interoperability in .NET applications. Origin A memory copy operation is sometimes referred to as block transfer, shortened to bit blit (and dedicated hardware to make such a transfer is called a blitter). Blittable is a .NET-specific term expressing whether it is legal to copy an object using a block transfer. Interoperability overview Interoperability can be bidirectional sharing of data and methods between unmanaged code and managed .NET code. .NET provides two ways of interoperating between the two: COM Interop and P/Invoke. Though the methodology is different, in both cases marshalling (conversion between representations of data, formats for calling functions and formats for returning values) must take place. COM Interop deals with this conversion between managed code and COM objects, whereas P/Invoke handles interactions between managed code and Win32 code. The concept of blittable and non-blittable data types applies to both—specifically to the problem of converting data between managed and unmanaged memory. This marshalling is performed by the interop marshaller, which is invoked automatically by the CLR when needed. Blittable types defined A blittable type is a data type that does not require special attention from the interop marshaler because by default it has a common representation in managed and unmanaged memory. By pinning the data in memory, the garbage collector will be prevented from moving it, allowing it to be shared in-place with the unmanaged application. This means that both managed and unmanaged code will alter the memory locations of these types in a consistent manner, and much less effort is required by the marshaler to maintain data integrity. The following are some examples of blittable types available in the .NET Framework: System.Byte System.SByte System.Int16 System.UInt16 System.Int32 System.UInt32 System.Int64 System.UInt64 System.IntPtr System.UIntPtr System.Single System.Double Additionally, one-dimensional arrays of these types (including unsafe fixed buffers) as well as complex types containing only instance fields (which includes readonly fields) of these types are blittable. The presence of static or const fields that are non-blittable does not cause the type to become non-blittable, because such fields play no part in marshalling. Complex types (that is structs or classes) must also have instance field layout of Sequential applied using the [StructLayout] attribute in order to be considered blittable by the .NET marshaler. Structs have this attribute applied automatically by the compiler, but it must explicitly be added to a class definition to make an otherwise non-blittable class blittable. If a type is not one of the blittable types, then it is classified as non-blittable. The reason a type is considered non-blittable is that for one representation in managed memory, it may have several potential representations in unmanaged memory or vice versa. Alternatively, there may be exactly one representation for the type in both managed and unmanaged memory. It is also often the\",\n \"title\": \"Blittable types\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55459039\",\n \"text\": \"Lilia Katri Moritz Schwarcz is a Brazilian historian and anthropologist. She is a doctor in social anthropology at the University of São Paulo, full professor at the Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas in the same institution, and visiting professor (Global Scholar) at Princeton University. Her main fields of study are anthropology and history of 19th-century Brazil, focusing on the Brazilian Empire, social identity, slavery and race relations between White and Afro-Brazilian peoples. Schwarcz is Jewish. In 1986, she co-founded the Companhia das Letras publishing house with her husband Luis Schwarcz. She is a curator for the São Paulo Museum of Art, and writes a column at the news website . In 2024, Lilia was elected to occupy seat number 9 of the Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL). Bibliography Retrato em branco e negro: jornais, escravos e cidadãos em São Paulo no fim do século XIX. Companhia das Letras, 1987. * (English edition: ) As Barbas do Imperador (English edition:The Emperor's Beard: Dom Pedro II and His Tropical Monarchy in Brazil. Hill and Wang, 2003. ) O Império em Procissão - Zahar, 2000. A Longa Viagem da Biblioteca dos Reis - Do terremoto de Lisboa à Independência do Brasil. Companhia das Letras, 2002. O Sol do Brasil: Nicolas-Antoine Taunay e as Desventuras Dos Artistas Franceses na Corte de D. João 1816-1821. Companhia das Letras, 2008. - Prêmio Jabuti - Melhor Biografia 2009 D. João Carioca - A corte portuguesa chega ao Brasil 1808-1821. Companhia das Letras, 2008. Um enigma chamado Brasil (Org. com André Botelho). Companhia das Letras, 2009. - Prêmio Jabuti - Ciências Sociais 2010 Agenda brasileira (Org. com André Botelho). Companhia das Letras, 2011. História do Brasil Nação Vol. 3 - A abertura para o mundo 1889-1930 (Org. do volume e Diretora da Coleção). Objetiva, 2012. Nem preto nem branco, muito pelo contrário. Claro Enigma (Companhia das Letras), 2012. A batalha do Avaí - a beleza da barbárie: a Guerra do Paraguai pintada por Pedro Américo. Rio de Janeiro, Sextante. 2013. Brasil: uma Biografia (co-written with Heloisa Murgel Starling). Companhia das Letras. 2015. (English edition: Brazil, a Biography. Penguin Books, 2018) Lima Barreto: Triste Visionário. Companhia das Letras, 2017. Dicionário da Escravidão e Liberdade (organizer, with Flávio dos Santos Gomes). Companhia das Letras, 2018. References External links Lilia Moritz Schwarcz official site Lilia Moritz Schwarcz profile on University of São Paulo Department of Anthropology Brazilian anthropologists Brazilian women anthropologists Brazilian publishers (people) Academic staff of the University of São Paulo Living people 20th-century Brazilian historians Brazilian women historians Brazilian women activists Internet activists Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century Brazilian historians\",\n \"title\": \"Lilia Moritz Schwarcz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33104533\",\n \"text\": \"Windows Runtime (WinRT) is a platform-agnostic component and application architecture first introduced in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 in 2012. It is implemented in C++ and officially supports development in C++ (via C++/WinRT, C++/CX or WRL), Rust/WinRT, Python/WinRT, JavaScript-TypeScript, and the managed code languages C# and Visual Basic (.NET) (VB.NET). WinRT is not a runtime in a traditional sense but rather a language-independent application binary interface based on COM to allow object-oriented APIs to be consumed from multiple languages, with services usually provided by a full-blown runtime, such as type activation. That is, WinRT is an \\\"API delivery system\\\". Apps using the Windows Runtime may run inside a sandboxed environment to allow greater security and stability and can natively support both x86 and ARM. WinRT components are designed with interoperability among multiple languages and APIs in mind, including native, managed and scripting languages. Built-in APIs provided by Windows which use the WinRT ABI are commonly known as WinRT APIs; however, anyone can use the WinRT ABI for their own APIs. Technology WinRT is implemented in the programming language C++ and is object-oriented by design. Its underlying technology, the Windows API (Win32 API), is written mostly in the language C. It is an unmanaged application binary interface based on Component Object Model (COM) that allows interfacing from multiple languages, as does COM. However, the API definitions are stored in .winmd files, which are encoded in ECMA 335 metadata format, which .NET Framework also uses with a few modifications. For WinRT components implemented in native code, the metadata file only contains the definition of methods, classes, interfaces and enumerations and the implementation is provided in a separate DLL. This common metadata format makes it easier to consume WinRT APIs from .NET apps with simpler syntax than P/Invoke. Windows provides a set of built-in APIs which are built on the WinRT ABI which provide everything from the XAML-based WinUI library and device access such as camera, microphone etc... The previous C++/CX (Component Extensions) language, which borrows some C++/CLI syntax, was introduced for writing and consuming WinRT components with less glue code visible to the programmer, relative to classic COM programming in C++, and imposes fewer restrictions relative to C++/CLI on mixing types. The Component Extensions of C++/CX are recommended for use at the API-boundary only, not for other purposes. Regular C++ (with COM-specific discipline) can also be used to program with WinRT components, with the help of the Windows Runtime C++ Template Library (WRL), which is similar in purpose to what Active Template Library provides for COM. In 2019, Microsoft deprecated C++/CX in favor of the C++/WinRT header library. Most WinRT applications run within a sandbox and need explicit user approval to access critical OS features and underlying hardware. By default, file access is restricted to several predetermined locations, such as the directories Documents or Pictures. WinRT applications are packaged in the .appx and later the .msix file format; based upon Open Packaging Conventions, it uses a ZIP format with added XML\",\n \"title\": \"Windows Runtime\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3682503\",\n \"text\": \"A dot-com company, or simply a dot-com (alternatively rendered dot.com, dot com, dotcom or .com), is a company that conducts most of its businesses on the Internet, usually through a website on the World Wide Web that uses the popular top-level domain \\\".com\\\". As of 2021, .com is by far the most used TLD, with almost half of all registrations. The suffix .com in a URL usually (but not always) refers to a commercial or for-profit entity, as opposed to a non-commercial entity or non-profit organization, which usually use .org. The name for the domain came from the word commercial, as that is the main intended use. Since the .com companies are web-based, often their products or services are delivered via web-based mechanisms, even when physical products are involved. On the other hand, some .com companies do not offer any physical products. History Origin of the .com domain (1985–1991) The .com top-level domain (TLD) was one of the first seven created when the Internet was first implemented in 1985; the others were .mil, .gov, .edu, .net, .int, and .org. The United States Department of Defense originally controlled the domain, but control was later transferred to the National Science Foundation as it was mainly used for non-defense-related purposes. Beginning of online commerce and rise in valuation (1992–1999) With the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991, many companies began creating websites to sell their products. In 1994, the first secure online credit card transaction was made using the NetMarket platform. By 1995, over 40 million people were using the Internet. That same year, companies including Amazon.com and eBay were launched, paving the way for future e-commerce companies. At the time of Amazon's IPO in 1997, they were recording a 900% increase in revenue over the previous year. By 1998, with a valuation of over $14 billion, they were still not making a profit. The same phenomenon occurred with many other internet companiesventure capitalists were eager to invest, even when the companies in question were not profitable. In late 1999, the Nasdaq index reached a price-to-earnings ratio of over 200, more than double that of the Japanese asset price bubble at the beginning of the 1990s. Burst of the dot-com bubble (2000–2001) A common indicator used to show the dramatic rise in the number of dot-com companies is the number of advertisements purchased at the Super Bowl. In 1999, only two internet companies bought advertisements, but that number reached 17 the following year. However, this number sharply decreased in 2001, with only 3 dot-com companies purchasing an advertising slot. While the term can refer to present-day companies, it is also used about companies with this business model that came into being during the late 1990s with the rapid growth of the World Wide Web. Many such startups were formed to take advantage of the surplus of venture capital funding and were launched with thin business plans, sometimes with just an idea and a catchy name. The stated goal was often to\",\n \"title\": \"Dot-com company\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12118296\",\n \"text\": \"Co (continued) Com |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe | class=\\\"adr\\\" | East Sussex | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Somerset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe (Salcombe) | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe (Yealmpton) | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe (Buckfastleigh) | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Herefordshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Oxfordshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Berkshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Almer | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Dorset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combebow | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Common | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Surrey | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Down | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Bath and North East Somerset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Fishacre | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Florey | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Somerset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Hay | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Bath and North East Somerset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combeinteignhead | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Martin | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Moor | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Herefordshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Pafford | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Raleigh | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Comberbach | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Cheshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Comberford | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Staffordshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Comberton | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Herefordshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Comberton | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Cambridgeshire | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe St Nicholas | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Somerset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combe Throop | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Somerset | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combpyne | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\" | | class=\\\"note\\\" | |- class=\\\"vcard\\\" | class=\\\"fn org\\\" | Combrew | class=\\\"adr\\\" | Devon | class=\\\"note\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"List of United Kingdom locations: Com-Cor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22062382\",\n \"text\": \"Register.com v. Verio, 356 F.3d 393 (2d Cir. 2004), was a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that addressed several issues relevant to Internet law, such as browse wrap licensing, trespass to servers, and enforcement of the policies of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The decision upheld the ruling of a lower court which prevented a provider of web development services from automatically harvesting publicly available registration data from a domain name registrar's servers for advertising purposes. Background Register.com Register.com is a World Wide Web domain name registrar, appointed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). All registrars must abide by ICANN's Registrar Accreditation Agreement. This agreement included several clauses that were important in this case. The ICANN Registrar Accreditation Agreement First, the Agreement includes a requirement that: \\\"At its expense, Registrar shall provide an interactive web page and a port 43 Whois service providing free public query-based access to up-to-date (i.e. updated at least daily) data concerning all active SLD (second-level domain) registrations sponsored by Registrar in the registry for the .com, .net, and .org TLDs (top-level domains).\\\" Data that is typically listed in a Whois service includes name, address phone number and email address. The Agreement also includes the following clause: \\\"Registrar shall not impose terms and conditions on use of the data provided except as permitted by an ICANN-adopted policy… Registrar shall permit use of data it provides in response to queries for any lawful purposes except to: (a) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail (spam)…\\\" Finally, the Agreement also included the following clause: \\\"No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement shall not be construed to create any obligation by either ICANN or Registrar to any non-party to this Agreement, including any SLD holder.\\\" Register.com's Terms of Use Register.com followed the rules of the Agreement and set up a WHOIS lookup service. It affixed the following statement to each set of data it returned: \\\"By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this data to…support the transmission of mass unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitation via email.\\\" In addition to domain name registration, Register.com also provides web development services. It only solicited its registration customers with its services if they opted to receive such solicitation. Verio, Inc. Verio is a provider of website development services such as web site design and operation. It developed automated software that submitted port 43 WHOIS queries to various registrars on a daily basis. Verio used this data to contact recent registrants and advertise its services to them. These messages included references to Register.com, which led many consumers to believe the advertisements were actually from Register.com, including those who had opted not to receive solicitations. Register.com began to receive complaints from its customers regarding the advertisements. Register.com in turn complained to Verio, saying that the confusion\",\n \"title\": \"Register.com v. Verio\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"222859\",\n \"text\": \"The domain com is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Created in the first group of Internet domains at the beginning of 1985, its name is derived from the word commercial, indicating its original intended purpose for subdomains registered by commercial organizations. Later, the domain opened for general purposes. The domain was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense, but is today operated by Verisign, and remains under ultimate jurisdiction of U.S. law. The .com domain is also more commonly used than the more specific .us by American businesses and enterprises. Verisign registrations in the .com domain are processed via registrars accredited by ICANN. The registry accepts internationalized domain names. The domain was one of the original TLDs of the Internet when the Domain Name System was implemented in January 1985, the others being edu, gov, mil, net, org, and int. It has grown into the largest top-level domain, and has lent its name to the dot-com bubble, the era of the late 1990s during which excessive speculation in Internet-related concepts and companies led to rapid growth in the use and adoption of the Internet. By 2001 it led to a stock market bubble and crash of company valuations and stock pricing. History The domain com was one of the first set of top-level domains when the Domain Name System was first implemented for the Internet on January 1, 1985. The domain was administered by the U.S. Department of Defense, but the department contracted the domain maintenance to SRI International. SRI created DDN-NIC, also known as SRI-NIC, or simply the NIC (Network Information Center), then accessible online with the domain name nic.ddn.mil. Beginning October 1, 1991, an operations contract was awarded to Government Systems Inc. (GSI), which sub-contracted it to Network Solutions Inc. (NSI). On January 1, 1993, the National Science Foundation assumed responsibility of maintenance, as com was primarily being used for non-defense interests. The NSF contracted operation to Network Solutions (NSI). In 1995, the NSF authorized NSI to begin charging registrants an annual fee for the first time since the domain's inception. Initially, the fee was US$50 () per year, with US$35 going to NSI, and US$15 going to a government fund. New registrations had to pay for the first two years, making the new-domain registration fee US$100. In 1997, the United States Department of Commerce assumed authority over these first seven generic TLDs. It is currently operated by Verisign, which had acquired Network Solutions. Verisign later spun off Network Solutions' non-registry functions into a separate company that continues as a registrar. In the English language, the domain is often spelled with a leading period and commonly pronounced as dot-com, and has entered common parlance this way. Although com domains were initially intended to designate commercial entities, the domain has had no restrictions for eligible registrants since the mid-1990s. With the commercialization and popularization of the Internet, the domain was opened to the public and quickly became the most\",\n \"title\": \".com\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40899\",\n \"text\": \"In telecommunication, a combat-net radio (CNR) is a radio operating in a network that (a) provides a half-duplex circuit and (b) uses either a single radio frequency or a discrete set of radio frequencies when in a frequency hopping mode. CNRs are primarily used for push-to-talk-operated radio nets for command and control of combat, combat support, and combat service support operations among military ground, sea, and air forces. In the United States, two military standards govern the use of combat net radios and the host applications that communicate over the network: MIL-STD-188-220 and MIL-STD-2045-47001. In addition to IETF RFCs governing UDP, TCP, and IPv4/IPv6, all seven layers of the OSI communications architecture are addressed. MIL-STD-2045-47001 covers layer 7 (application), while MIL-STD-188-220 covers layers 1 through 3 (physical, data link, and network). Examples AN/PRC-152 by Harris Corporation AN/PRC-117 AN/PRC-77 SINCGARS AN/PRC-148 MBITR PR4G by Thales Communications PRC-525 by EID Clansman Leopard1 by Sat-Com Pty Ltd See also JTRS Joint Electronics Type Designation System Software-defined radio References Military radio systems\",\n \"title\": \"Combat-net radio\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41841421\",\n \"text\": \"Tor2web (pronounced \\\"Tor to Web\\\") is a software project to allow Tor hidden services to be accessed from a standard browser without being connected to the Tor network. It was created by Aaron Swartz and Virgil Griffith. History Tor is a network which enables people to use the Internet anonymously (though with known weaknesses) and to publish content on \\\"hidden services\\\", which exist only within the Tor network for security reasons and thus are typically only accessible to the relatively small number of people using a Tor-connected web browser. Aaron Swartz and Virgil Griffith developed Tor2web in 2008 as a way to support whistleblowing and other forms of anonymous publishing through Tor, allowing materials to remain anonymous while making them accessible to a broader audience. In an interview with Wired Swartz explained that Tor is great for anonymous publishing, but because its focus is not user-friendliness and thus not many people would install it, he wanted to \\\"produce this hybrid where people could publish stuff using Tor and make it so that anyone on the internet could view it\\\". The software developed by Swartz and Griffith is today considered version 1.0. Since then, it has been maintained and developed by Giovanni Pellerano from the Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights as part of the GlobaLeaks Project, with financial support from the Open Technology Fund. Version 2.0 was released in August 2011, and version 3.0 is in beta . Operation and security Rather than typical top-level domains like .com, .org, or .net, hidden service URLs end with .onion and are only accessible when connected to Tor. Tor2web acts as a specialized proxy or middleman between hidden services and users, making them visible to people who are not connected to Tor. To do so, a user takes the URL of a hidden service and replaces .onion with .onion.to. Like Tor, Tor2web operates using servers run voluntarily by an open community of individuals and organizations. Tor2web preserves the anonymity of content publishers but is not itself an anonymity tool and does not offer any protection to users beyond relaying data using HTTP Secure (HTTPS). Since version 2.0, a privacy and security warning is added to the header of each web page it fetches, encouraging readers to use the Tor Browser to obtain anonymity. See also Dark web References External links List of active tor2web-like services / Dark web Tor (anonymity network) Free software programmed in Python Software using the GNU AGPL license\",\n \"title\": \"Tor2web\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1781528\",\n \"text\": \"Single-letter second-level domains are domains in which the second-level domain of the domain name consists of only one letter, such as . In 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved all single-letter and single-digit second-level domains under the top-level domains com, net, and org, and grandfathered those that had already been assigned. In December 2005, ICANN considered auctioning these domain names. Active single-letter domains On December 1, 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved the remaining single-letter and single-digit domain names. The few domains that were already assigned were grandfathered in and continued to exist. The six single-letter domains in existence at that time under .com, .net and .org were the following: The .org TLD was subsequently reopened for single-letter domain registrations. These and selected other gTLD and ccTLD single-letter domain names currently in use, typically as shortcuts, are listed below. Many other single-letter second-level domains have been registered under country code top-level domains. The list of country code top-level domains which have been identified to allow single-letter domains are: .ac .af .ag .ai .am .bo .by .bz .cm .cn .co .cr .cx .cz .de .dk .fm .fr .gd .gg .gl .gp .gs .gt .gy .hn .hr .ht .ie<ref>One and Two Letter .IE Domains Now Available \\\"The release of short .ie domain names \\\" Dublin, 12 October 2015</ref> .im .io .is .je .kg .ki .kw .la .lb .lc .ly .md .mg .mk .mp .ms .mw .mx .mu .nf .np .nz .pe .ph .pk .pl .pn .pr .pw .ro .sh .st .tc .tl .tt .to .tv .ua .vc .vg .vn .vu .ws Non-ASCII single-character domains Single-character non-ASCII second-level domains also exist (as seen below), also known as Internationalized domain names (IDN), these domains are actually registered as their Punycode translations (which are more than a single character) for DNS purposes. ICANN oversees a process for determining registration rules that involves wide-ranging stakeholder input and assorted Working Groups. In the case of .com domains, decisions are then implemented by Verisign, the contracted backend operator for the .com registry. The result is a list of 96,957 codepoints allowed for IDN registrations. As mentioned above, some additional domains previously-registered are \\\"grandfathered\\\" and remain active. Many gTLDs also allow IDN registration. These 96,957 distinct IDN characters eligible for registration in .com are the essential building-blocks of languages worldwide. A single letter domain does not provide the context found in a longer string or group of words. They may appear similar to one another or to other English / Latin characters; due to this potential for confusion, browsers have restricted the characters that may be rendered and will display the restricted characters in their Punycode form. They are sometimes used as pictorial symbols and memorable links. Project94 In 2012, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) initiated Project94, in which 94 one- and two-letter domains in the top-level domain org, that had been traditionally reserved, are awarded to qualifying organizations. Market value of single- or two-letter domains Only three of the 26 possible single-letter\",\n \"title\": \"Single-letter second-level domain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67156995\",\n \"text\": \"In the afternoon of January 21, 2014, the Chinese internet suffered a major failure. The country's DNS infrastructure, which is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses, started directing unrelated domains from various TLDs to the completely unresponsive IP address 65.49.2.178 at 15:10 (UTC+8). As a result, two-thirds of all domestic websites became non-functional, including such high-traffic sites as Baidu and Sina. It is debated what caused this incident. Chinese officials point to the fact that the IP address is owned by Dynamic Internet Technology, an American Falun Gong-affiliated corporation most known for developing the Great Firewall circumvention tool Freegate, and argue that it was caused by external hacking. Independent researchers, however, argue that the incident is more likely caused by a misconfiguration in Great Firewall's DNS poisoning mechanism. Incident timeline At 09:00 on January 21, many of Tencent's online services failed. Tencent later clarified that this failure had nothing to do with the subsequent nationwide incident. At 15:15, China's DNS servers started malfunctioning. Many sites ending in .com, .org, and .net were resolved to a wrong IP address, 65.49.2.178, affecting about two-thirds of the country's websites, while the .cn top level domain was not affected. GreatFire reports that the malfunctioning stopped by 15:39, and by 16:00 the various internet service providers have started manual flushes of the DNS cache to remove the poisoned entries. By 16:50, most sites were back to normal, although it could take up to 12 hours for the DNS cache to completely flush. n.baidu.com, a sub-domain under Baidu, was found to show \\\"catch me if you can\\\" when visited via a browser, although it's unclear whether this was connected to the incident. The source code on the front page of DNS service provider DNSPod's official website was found to include snide content, but DNSPod said via the official Weibo that it was an Easter Egg. Theories The IP address 65.49.2.178 is owned by DIT, as aforementioned in the lead. WooYun, a now-defunct internet security platform, claimed on Weibo to have evidence of the said address sending out spam and carrying out other politically motivated hacking operations. Researchers of Kingsoft Antivirus similarly believe that the IP has carried out attacks. Bill Xia of DIT denied any allegations of hacking. The hacking theory is widely questioned. Dong Fang of Qihoo (China), Ye Xuhui of Hong Kong ISP Association, and two other Chinese experts point out that any attack to cause a simultaneous dysfunction must be enormous in scale, as it needs to cover all the high-level DNS servers in China. Such an attack would be beyond the ability of most hackers. The power, however, is available to the ISPs, and a misconfiguration could have caused this issue. Reuters and Bloomberg report that the attack was caused by a misconfiguration of the Great Firewall. Prof Xiao Qiang of UC Berkeley concurs. GreatFire.org, which specializes in monitoring the Great Firewall, shows \\\"decisive evidence\\\" that the incident was caused by the said firewall. GF.org argues that if such a\",\n \"title\": \"Internet anomalies in mainland China in 2014\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"605077\",\n \"text\": \".us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in early 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be U.S. citizens, residents, or organizations – or foreign entities with a presence in the United States or any territory of the United States. Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments, even though private entities may also register .us domains. The domain is managed by Registry Services, LLC, a domain name registry, on behalf of the United States Department of Commerce. The .us domain is less commonly used by American businesses and enterprises than the more international .com. History On February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD. Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation). Postel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386 and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a \\\"50/500 rule\\\" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state. In June 1998, Postel raised the possibility of covering IANA operating costs by charging locality name registrars, who would pass the costs along to individual registrants. In September 1998, the United States Postal Service proposed funding the operations in order to assume control of .us, as part of a plan to diversify away from postage revenue. On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign. On October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us. A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities. Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007\",\n \"title\": \".us\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["generic top - level domains"],"string":"[\n \"generic top - level domains\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":55,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55304"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the last time the jaguars won a playoff game"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"16779997","text":"The 1999 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 5th in the National Football League and their fifth under head coach Tom Coughlin. Wide receiver Jimmy Smith set a franchise record for most receptions and receiving yards in one season. Smith would finish second in the NFL in receiving yards with 1,636 yards. The Jaguars’ regular season record of 14–2 still stands as their best record in franchise history. This would be the last time Jacksonville made the playoffs until 2005, the last season the team won a playoff game until 2007 and the last time the Jaguars won any division title until they won the AFC South title in 2017. The Jaguars hired former Carolina Panthers head coach Dom Capers to be their defensive coordinator. Under Capers, the team went from 25th in 1998 to 4th in 1999 in total defense. The Jaguars defense yielded the fewest points in the NFL with 217 (an average of 13.6 points per game). Pro Football Reference, however, argues that the 1999 Jaguars had the fifth-easiest schedule of any NFL team between 1971 and 2017. Both regular season losses were to the Tennessee Titans, and they lost again to Tennessee in the AFC Championship Game, making the Titans the only team to beat them the entire season; Jacksonville would not reach the AFC Championship again until 2017. The only other occasion the Jaguars opposed a team with a winning record was their 62–7 demolition of Miami Dolphins in the divisional playoff. Most significantly, Jacksonville missed Super Bowl champion St. Louis, despite defeating the other four teams then comprising the NFC West – including a 41–3 destruction of the San Francisco 49ers on opening day – while their non-division conference opponents were Broncos and Jets squads weakened by injuries to Terrell Davis and Vinny Testaverde. Offseason NFL draft Undrafted free agents Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Postseason AFC Divisional Playoffs: vs (6) Miami Dolphins The Jaguars number one defense forced seven Miami turnovers as the Jaguars won in one of the most lopsided games in NFL playoff history. The Jaguars were up 24–0 after the 1st quarter. The game was so one-sided that the Jaguars were up 41–0 in the 2nd quarter before the Dolphins were finally able to score. The highlight of the game was Fred Taylor's 90-yard touchdown run in the 1st quarter. This was the last game for both Miami quarterback Dan Marino and coach Jimmy Johnson. AFC Championship: vs (4) Tennessee Titans The Jaguars became the first team in NFL history to lose three games to the same team in the same season, with the third loss occurring as the home team (every team until this point had lost a third game on the road). Even though the Titans had four turnovers, the Jaguars had six which proved to be their downfall. The Jaguars failed to score in the second half, in part due to the Titans defense which forced four turnovers after","title":"1999 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"15601837","text":"The 2008 Tennessee Titans season was the team's 49th season and 39th in the National Football League (NFL), their 12th in Tennessee, and their tenth as the Titans. Despite making the playoffs in the 2007 season with a record of 10–6, the Titans were expected by most sportswriters to finish third or even fourth in the AFC South. They nonetheless compiled a 13–3 regular season record—the best in the NFL—and won home-field advantage for the duration of the playoffs after clinching AFC South on December 7 after a win over the Cleveland Browns and a 10–0 start. However, the Titans lost two of their last three regular season games, and were eliminated by the Baltimore Ravens in the divisional round. This was the last season the Tennessee Titans qualified for the playoffs until 2017, and also the last season when the Titans won the AFC South until 2020, when they also lost to the Ravens in their first playoff game. It would be the final season the Titans gained the AFC's top seed for 13 years. 2008 NFL Draft Roster Schedule Pre-season Regular season Note: Division opponents are in bold text. Standings Regular season results Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars The Titans pulled off an important divisional win behind the strong running of rookie RB Chris Johnson, who rushed for 93 yards in his NFL debut, and the arm of backup quarterback Kerry Collins, who replaced starter Vince Young when he went down late in the 4th quarter. Young had been inconsistent, throwing 1 TD pass to Johnson and 2 INTs. However, Collins moved the ball down field effectively and that drive led to the eventual game-winning touchdown run by LenDale White. Jacksonville trailed for much of the game and couldn't run the ball against a locked in Titans defense, who sacked Jaguars quarterback David Garrard seven times. Both teams' defenses played well but the Titans held on. This game was also significant because the Jaguars, Texans, and Colts (in their debut at Lucas Oil Stadium) lost, so the Titans grabbed first place in the AFC South for the first week of the season, ending a 56-week streak of holding 1st place in the division by the Colts as the team started the season 1–0. Week 2: at Cincinnati Bengals The Titans stayed in 1st place thanks to the extremely strong wind from the remnants of Hurricane Ike (which interfered with an important field goal attempt by Shayne Graham) and a sloppy Cincinnati offense in a 24–7 rout. Chris Johnson ran for over 100 yards for the first time in his career and Kerry Collins had a good day filling in for the injured Vince Young. The Titans first scored on a 1-yd TD run by LenDale White after a scoreless 1st quarter and then Cincinnati scored its only touchdown with a Chris Perry 13-yd TD run on 4th down. The Titans, with a little over a minute left, drove the ball downfield and took a 14–7 lead at the","title":"2008 Tennessee Titans season"},{"docid":"58018392","text":"Sacksonville was a nickname given to the defense of the Jacksonville Jaguars during their 2017 season. Their defensive coordinator was Todd Wash. The nickname derived from the high number of sacks tallied by the defense (55), which was second only to the Pittsburgh Steelers, who accumulated 56 sacks. Ranked second overall, the defense revitalized a Jaguars team that went 3–13 the previous season to a 10–6 record and AFC South division title, culminating in an AFC Championship Game appearance. The Sacksonville defense was short-lived as the Jaguars returned to the bottom of the AFC South during their next three seasons, while the defense regressed to ranking 25th in 2019. By 2022, all members of the defense left the team. History After a 29–7 blowout win in Week 1 of the season over the Houston Texans, in which the Jacksonville Jaguars recorded ten sacks (including four by newly acquired Calais Campbell), the Jaguars fanbase collectively started a trend called \"Sacksonville.\" Jacksonville won nine more games to finish with a 10–6 record, making the postseason for the first time since 2007 and clinching their division for the first time since 1999. The division title was also the franchise's first AFC South title, as the Jaguars played in the AFC Central from 1995 to 2001. The Jaguars won the AFC wild card game over the Buffalo Bills at home, 10–3. In the divisional round they defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in Pittsburgh, 45–42. The Jaguars then traveled to New England for their first AFC Championship Game since 1999, where they lost 24–20 to the New England Patriots, ending their season. Following the season, cornerbacks Jalen Ramsey and A. J. Bouye, defensive end Calais Campbell, defensive tackle Malik Jackson, and linebacker Telvin Smith earned Pro Bowl honors. Ramsey and Campbell earned First-Team All-Pro honors, while Smith and Bouye earned Second-Team honors. Following Campbell pulling out of the Pro Bowl due to injury, teammate Yannick Ngakoue went to the Pro Bowl as an alternate. In 2018, the Jaguars defense once again started strong, leading the team to a 3–1 record through its first four games, including a victory over the New England Patriots in an AFC Championship Game rematch. However, injuries and poor play by the offense contributed to significant degradation by the defense, as the team would go on to lose seven straight games and 10 of its last 12, being eliminated from playoff contention after Week 14. Jacksonville's record regressed to 5–11. The unit dissolved with the Jaguars having one of the league's worst defenses in 2019 and multiple players leaving the team. Linebacker Myles Jack, the last remaining member of the Sacksonville defense, left the team in 2022. Starting lineup Source: Statistics References Jacksonville Jaguars Nicknamed groups of American football players","title":"Sacksonville"},{"docid":"52195375","text":"The 2017 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 23rd in the National Football League (NFL) and their first under head coach Doug Marrone. Marrone was hired after acting as the team's interim head coach for the final two games of the 2016 season. The team improved on their 3–13 record from 2016 and ended their 10-year playoff drought dating back to 2008 with a Week 15 win over the Houston Texans. They also secured their first winning season since 2007 after a 30–24 win over the Seattle Seahawks. On December 24, 2017, they clinched their third division title, and their first AFC South title following a Tennessee Titans loss. They won the wild card game against the Buffalo Bills 10–3, then headed to Pittsburgh, beating the Pittsburgh Steelers 45–42 to advance to the AFC Championship to face the New England Patriots, the first time that they had made the AFC Championship game since 1999. Despite leading for much of the game, the Jaguars would allow two fourth quarter touchdowns, and ultimately lost to the Patriots 24–20. The biggest catalyst for the Jaguars success during the 2017 season was their defense. Jacksonville finished in the top of the league in multiple defensive categories, and were considered \"historically good\" by some analysts. The Jaguars defense led the league in forced fumbles (17), completion percentage (56.8), passing yards allowed per game (169.9), passer rating (68.5) and defensive touchdowns (7). They also finished second in sacks (55), interceptions (21), total takeaways (33), yards allowed per game (286.1) and points allowed per game (16.8). Along with their spectacular defense, the Jaguars were also the top rushing offense in the NFL, averaging 141 rush yards per game. The Jaguars would neither make the playoffs nor win the division again until 2022. Unrestricted free agents Acquisitions Draft Notes The Jaguars traded TE Julius Thomas to Miami for its seventh-round selection (240th). The Jaguars traded their second- and sixth-round selections (35th and 187th) to Seattle for its second-round selection (34th). Staff Final roster Preseason Regular season Schedule On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Jaguars would play host to the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game occurred during Week 3 (Sunday, September 24), and was televised in the United States. The kickoff was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Jaguars' 2017 schedule was finalized and announced on April 20. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Houston Texans Week 2: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens NFL London Games Week 4: at New York Jets Week 5: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 6: vs. Los Angeles Rams Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts Week 9: vs. Cincinnati Bengals Week 10: vs. Los Angeles Chargers Week 11: at Cleveland Browns Week 12: at Arizona Cardinals Week 13: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 14: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 15: vs. Houston Texans Week","title":"2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"14630378","text":"Samuel Gutekunst (born May 20, 1984) is a German former American football offensive tackle. Gutekunst has also been a member of the Frankfurt Galaxy, Berlin Thunder, Baltimore Ravens, Jacksonville Jaguars and Seattle Seahawks. Gutekunst started his career with the Heiligenstein Crusaders in Heiligenstein, Germany. After being scouted for the Rheinland Pfalz / Saarland junior all-star team, he transferred to the Saarland Hurricanes where he played for the GFL-juniors in 2003 and subsequently for the seniors in the GFL throughout the 2005 season. While being involved with the Hurricanes, Gutekunst was an offensive line coach for the Rheinland Pfalz / Saarland all-star team 2004-05 as well as for the Heiligenstein Crusaders during the 2004 season. Gutekunst was assigned twice to the Frankfurt Galaxy as a National Player in 2005 and 2006, starting two games during his first and five in his second season, where he won World Bowl XIV against the Amsterdam Admirals at LTU Arena in Düsseldorf. Because of his efforts, he advanced to the NFL through the International Practice Squad Program with the Baltimore Ravens in 2006. That year, the Ravens made the playoffs as AFC North champions. By losing the divisional playoffs to the Indianapolis Colts (15-6), the Ravens were only two games short of competing in Super Bowl XLI. The Ravens ended the season with an overall record of 13–4. After returning to NFL Europe, Gutekunst was assigned to the Berlin Thunder where he started eight games of the 2007 season, missing two with ruptures in his right foot. Following the 2007 season, NFL Europe was shut down. As a part of the developmental program, Gutekunst went back to the NFL with the Jacksonville Jaguars where he spent the 2007 season going to the playoffs for the second time as a part of the Jaguars practice squad. As a free agent, Gutekunst was assigned to the Seattle Seahawks in 2008 but missed training camp and the 2008 season after sustaining an injury to his lower back. He was drafted in the UFL Premiere Season Draft in 2009 by the New York Sentinels, but was unable to attend because of his back injury. Gutekunst now works for SAP in Germany. External links Just Sports Stats Jacksonville Jaguars bio Seattle Seahawks bio 1984 births Living people Sportspeople from Karlsruhe German players of American football American football offensive tackles Frankfurt Galaxy players Berlin Thunder players Jacksonville Jaguars players Baltimore Ravens players Seattle Seahawks players","title":"Samuel Gutekunst"},{"docid":"30486120","text":"Corey Jermaine Chamblin (born May 29, 1977) is an American football coach who is the safeties coach for the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). He was previously the defensive backs coach for the San Antonio Brahmas. He is a former professional gridiron football defensive back and was signed by the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at Tennessee Tech. As a player, Chamblin has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Green Bay Packers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Denver Broncos, Rhein Fire, and Indianapolis Colts. He was head coach of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 2012 to part-way through 2015. He won the 101st Grey Cup and was awarded the Annis Stukus Trophy, given to the CFL's Coach of the Year, in 2013. College career Chamblin was a preseason All-Ohio Valley Conference selection his senior year at Tennessee Tech. He played in 43 games with 35 starts, totaling 161 tackles, three interceptions, eight passes defensed and two blocked punts. Professional career Baltimore Ravens Chamblin signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent, but was waived on September 5. Jacksonville Jaguars Chamblin signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars' practice squad on September 7, before being released on September 21 and signed to the active roster. He appeared in eleven regular season games for the Jaguars, all on special teams, where he notched three special teams tackles and blocked a punt in a divisional playoff game against the Miami Dolphins. Green Bay Packers On August 3, 2001, the Green Bay Packers signed Chamblin. Tampa Bay Buccaneers On January 28, 2002, Chamblin signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Denver Broncos On January 6, 2003 the Denver Broncos signed Chamblin to a future contract. On August 22, 2003, he was waived by the Broncos. Rhein Fire In 2004, Chamblin signed with the Rhein Fire of NFL Europa. Indianapolis Colts On August 10, 2004, Chamblin signed with the Indianapolis Colts. On September 5, 2004, he was cut by the Colts. Coaching career Early years Chamblin began his coaching career with the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe in 2006 before joining the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League in 2007 as the defensive backs coach. He then spent three seasons with the Calgary Stampeders in the same capacity while winning his first Grey Cup championship in 2008. He was then hired as the defensive coordinator of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for the 2011 CFL season. Saskatchewan Roughriders On December 15, 2011, Chamblin was hired as the head coach of the Saskatchewan Roughriders. On November 10, 2013, Chamblin won his first CFL head coaching career playoff game, a 29–25 win over the BC Lions. On November 17, 2013, Chamblin won the West Final over the Calgary Stampeders, taking the Roughriders to the Grey Cup, which they won on November 25, the first time in his head coaching career. In January 2014, Chamblin, along with","title":"Corey Chamblin"},{"docid":"41378821","text":"The 2014 season was the Baltimore Ravens' 19th in the National Football League (NFL) and their seventh under head coach John Harbaugh. The Ravens improved upon their 8–8 record from 2013, when they missed the playoffs for the first time since 2007. Additionally, the Ravens scored a franchise record 409 points and quarterback Joe Flacco passed for a career-high 27 touchdowns and 3,986 yards. The Ravens clinched the sixth seed in the AFC playoffs following their Week 17 win against the Browns. This was their first time making the playoffs in the post-Ray Lewis era, having failed the make the playoffs the previous season. After winning the AFC wild card game against their divisional rival Pittsburgh Steelers, the Ravens were ultimately defeated in the AFC Divisional Round by the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, failing to upset them on the road in a repeat of the Ravens' 2012 Super Bowl winning-season. After this, the Ravens would not qualify to make the postseason again until 2018. The season was not without controversy, however, as TMZ released a video of star running back Ray Rice punching his wife Janay Palmer then dragging her out of the Revel Casino's elevator in Atlantic City. On September 8, 2014 after seeing the video, the Ravens released Rice. Personnel 2014 draft class Draft trades The Ravens finished with the same record and strength of schedule as the Dallas Cowboys at the end of the season. The tiebreaker was determined by way of a coin flip at the NFL Scouting Combine, with the Cowboys selecting 16th in the first round and the Ravens selecting 17th. The Ravens traded their original fourth- and fifth-round selections (Nos. 114 and 159 overall, respectively) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for offensive tackle Eugene Monroe. The Ravens traded their original seventh-round selection (No. 232 overall) to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for center A. Q. Shipley. || 218 Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason During the first preseason game vs the 49ers the Ravens won the third \"Harbowl\", as coach John Harbaugh defeated his brother Jim Harbaugh for the third time (following the Thanksgiving game in 2011 and Super Bowl XLVII). Regular season Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Regular season Week 1: vs. Cincinnati Bengals Week 2: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 3: at Cleveland Browns Week 4: vs. Carolina Panthers Week 5: at Indianapolis Colts Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers Joe Flacco would break an NFL record for fastest time for throwing 5 touchdown passes (16 minutes) since the AFL–NFL merger. Week 7: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 8: at Cincinnati Bengals Week 9: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 10: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 11: Bye Week Week 12: at New Orleans Saints The Ravens were the only AFC North team to defeat all of their NFC South opponents. Week 13: vs. San Diego Chargers Week 14: at Miami Dolphins Week 15: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 16: at Houston Texans Week 17: vs. Cleveland Browns With the","title":"2014 Baltimore Ravens season"},{"docid":"59056215","text":"The 2019 season was the Los Angeles Chargers' 50th in the National Football League (NFL), their 60th overall, their fourth in the Greater Los Angeles Area and their third under head coach Anthony Lynn. It also marked the Chargers' third and final season playing their home games at Dignity Health Sports Park, as the team moved into SoFi Stadium in Inglewood beginning with the 2020 season alongside the Los Angeles Rams. With a 2–5 record after Week 7, the Chargers failed to match or improve on their 12–4 record from 2018. Despite winning on the road against the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 14, the Chargers were mathematically eliminated from playoff contention the same week as a result of the Pittsburgh Steelers beating the Arizona Cardinals 23–17. After a Week 15 loss to the Minnesota Vikings, the Chargers suffered their first losing season since 2016, and their first as a Los Angeles-based team. Also, for the first time since 2015, the Chargers were swept by their division. The Chargers also suffered the most one-score losses by an NFL team during the season, with nine. This was also the final season with longtime quarterback Philip Rivers, as he signed with the Indianapolis Colts in the offseason. Uniform change On April 16, the Chargers announced that the powder blue jerseys that served as the alternate colored jersey would become the primary home colored jerseys, replacing the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home colored jersey since the team's 2007 uniform overhaul. On September 2, the Chargers announced their uniform schedule for the 2019 season. In addition to this uniform switch, the Chargers silently ditched their navy blue facemask for gold. However, the navy blue facemask was still used in games where the Chargers wore navy blue jerseys. NFL draft Roster changes Free agents Staff Final roster Preseason Regular season The Chargers' regular season schedule was released on April 19. Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Indianapolis Colts The Chargers won their first home opener since 2015, when they were based in San Diego. They also started 1–0 for the first time since 2015. The Chargers open their third and final season at Dignity Health Sports Park, as they will move into SoFi Stadium in Inglewood in 2020. Week 2: at Detroit Lions Week 3: vs. Houston Texans Week 4: at Miami Dolphins This was the Chargers' first win in Miami since the 1982 Epic in Miami game. Week 5: vs. Denver Broncos Week 6: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 7: at Tennessee Titans Week 8: at Chicago Bears Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers Week 10: at Oakland Raiders Week 11: vs. Kansas City Chiefs NFL International Series Week 13: at Denver Broncos Week 14: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 15: vs. Minnesota Vikings Week 16: vs. Oakland Raiders This was Chargers final home game at Dignity Health Sports Park before moving into their new stadium in the 2020 season. This was also the last time","title":"2019 Los Angeles Chargers season"},{"docid":"10152700","text":"The 2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's thirteenth season in the National Football League (NFL) and the fifth under head coach Jack Del Rio. They improved upon their 8–8 record from 2006 when they finished third in the AFC South, and returned to the playoffs for the first time since 2005. The franchise would miss the playoffs for the next nine seasons, only returning to the playoffs after winning the AFC South in 2017. Offseason Coaching staff changes After the 2006 season, the Jaguars announced that offensive coordinator Carl Smith, special teams coordinator Pete Rodriguez, quarterbacks coach Ken Anderson, and wide receivers coach Steve Walters would not be returning. Along with these, special teams assistant Mark Michaels' contract had expired and would not be renewed. When hiring, Del Rio created a new position on the staff, assistant wide receivers coach, and so needed to fill six positions. By early February he completed the staff with Dirk Koetter as offensive coordinator, Mike Shula as quarterbacks coach, Todd Monken as wide receivers coach, Robert Prince as wide receivers assistant, Joe DeCamillis as special teams coordinator, and Tom Williams as special teams assistant. Along with the new staff, assistant head coach Mike Tice will take over coaching of the tight ends. Departures After a number of player arrests from the end of 2006 season, cornerback Ahmad Carroll, who was signed by the Jaguars in October after being waived by the Green Bay Packers and played in only one game with the Jaguars, was arrested in May on weapons and drug charges, prompting the Jaguars to release him. Also, in a move that shocked even the Jaguars players, nine-year veteran strong safety Donovin Darius was released. On 31 August 2007, Jaguars coach Jack Del Rio announced in a press conference that Byron Leftwich would be traded or released within the next 72 hours, and that David Garrard would take over the starting duties. The specific reasons were not disclosed. Del Rio was quoted as saying that he \"felt a conviction in his heart that Garrard was the guy for the job and he's earned it\". The Jaguars released 19 players, traded one player, and placed two players on injured reserve to meet the 53 man roster requirements for the beginning of the season. Byron Leftwich, Dan Connolly, Jamaal Fudge, Nick Greisen, Seth Payne, Charles Sharon, Bruce Thornton, Dee Webb, Josh Gattis, Joe Anoa'i, Kevis Coley, Walter Curry, Ryan Gibbons, Tyler King, Jamar Landrom, Roy Manning, Pete McMahon, Rashod Moulton, and Isaac Smolko were released. Alvin Pearman was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for an undisclosed draft choice. James Wyche and Mike Walker were placed on injured reserve for injuries to groin and knee respectively. Signings The off-season brought the arrival of seven free agents to the Jaguars. On offense, offensive tackle Tony Pashos and tight ends Jermaine Wiggins, Richard Angulo and Isaac Smolko were signed. On defense, safety Kevin McCadam and cornerback Bruce Thornton. Additionally, first-year punter Tony Yelk was signed to the","title":"2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"4722685","text":"Brian Jordan Black (born January 28, 1980) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Notre Dame. Black has also been a member of the Houston Texans, Jacksonville Jaguars, New Orleans Saints, and Washington Redskins. During Jordan's career in the NFL, he was elected as a Board of Player Representatives in the National Football League Players Association. Black is currently the head football coach for Fort Bend Christian Academy in Sugar Land, Texas. He brings extensive coaching and playing experience to FBCA. In 2022 Black led the Eagles to their first Football State Championship in school history. Black took over as head coach in 2019 after the Eagles had to forfeit their 2018 season. Black spent 4 years rebuilding the program, taking the Eagles to their first playoff game in the first season he took over as head coach. Jordan has coached more than 35 players who went on to play collegiate athletics. In 2022 he was awarded Private School Coach of the Year by the Touchdown Club of Houston. Black completed his master's of theology from Houston Baptist University in 2021. In his spare time, Black enjoys teaching and preaching at local churches and events. Early years Black played high school football for Dallas Christian School in Mesquite, Texas from 1995–1998, during which time the team won multiple Texas State championships, including a state championship playing basketball. Black's jersey, #77, was retired by Dallas Christian School in 2003. College career Black played in 43 games for the University of Notre Dame, starting 42 of those contests. Professional career Kansas City Chiefs Black was drafted in the 2003 NFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round, with the 153rd overall pick. The Chiefs signed him to a three-year contract. Late in the 2004 season, Black became a regular starter for the Chiefs where he continued for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. The Chiefs re-signed him to a one-year contract on April 26, 2006. Houston Texans On March 8, 2007, the Houston Texans signed Black, who was a free agent, to a two-year contract. On June 9, 2008, The Texans released Black while injured. Black had surgery on August 19, 2008, to repair the torn labrum in his right shoulder. Jacksonville Jaguars Black was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on December 23, 2008. Black accepted an extension of $3.65 million over three years on September 3, 2009. Black became a regular starter for the Jaguars in 2010. On February 7, 2011, Black was released by the Jaguars. New Orleans Saints On August 10, 2011, Black signed with the New Orleans Saints. He was released on September 3, 2011. Washington Redskins After missing a year of football in 2011, Black decided to retire from football and lose some of his playing weight. But on July 30, 2012, he unexpectedly signed with the Washington Redskins. When","title":"Jordan Black (American football)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"16779997\",\n \"text\": \"The 1999 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 5th in the National Football League and their fifth under head coach Tom Coughlin. Wide receiver Jimmy Smith set a franchise record for most receptions and receiving yards in one season. Smith would finish second in the NFL in receiving yards with 1,636 yards. The Jaguars’ regular season record of 14–2 still stands as their best record in franchise history. This would be the last time Jacksonville made the playoffs until 2005, the last season the team won a playoff game until 2007 and the last time the Jaguars won any division title until they won the AFC South title in 2017. The Jaguars hired former Carolina Panthers head coach Dom Capers to be their defensive coordinator. Under Capers, the team went from 25th in 1998 to 4th in 1999 in total defense. The Jaguars defense yielded the fewest points in the NFL with 217 (an average of 13.6 points per game). Pro Football Reference, however, argues that the 1999 Jaguars had the fifth-easiest schedule of any NFL team between 1971 and 2017. Both regular season losses were to the Tennessee Titans, and they lost again to Tennessee in the AFC Championship Game, making the Titans the only team to beat them the entire season; Jacksonville would not reach the AFC Championship again until 2017. The only other occasion the Jaguars opposed a team with a winning record was their 62–7 demolition of Miami Dolphins in the divisional playoff. Most significantly, Jacksonville missed Super Bowl champion St. Louis, despite defeating the other four teams then comprising the NFC West – including a 41–3 destruction of the San Francisco 49ers on opening day – while their non-division conference opponents were Broncos and Jets squads weakened by injuries to Terrell Davis and Vinny Testaverde. Offseason NFL draft Undrafted free agents Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Postseason AFC Divisional Playoffs: vs (6) Miami Dolphins The Jaguars number one defense forced seven Miami turnovers as the Jaguars won in one of the most lopsided games in NFL playoff history. The Jaguars were up 24–0 after the 1st quarter. The game was so one-sided that the Jaguars were up 41–0 in the 2nd quarter before the Dolphins were finally able to score. The highlight of the game was Fred Taylor's 90-yard touchdown run in the 1st quarter. This was the last game for both Miami quarterback Dan Marino and coach Jimmy Johnson. AFC Championship: vs (4) Tennessee Titans The Jaguars became the first team in NFL history to lose three games to the same team in the same season, with the third loss occurring as the home team (every team until this point had lost a third game on the road). Even though the Titans had four turnovers, the Jaguars had six which proved to be their downfall. The Jaguars failed to score in the second half, in part due to the Titans defense which forced four turnovers after\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15601837\",\n \"text\": \"The 2008 Tennessee Titans season was the team's 49th season and 39th in the National Football League (NFL), their 12th in Tennessee, and their tenth as the Titans. Despite making the playoffs in the 2007 season with a record of 10–6, the Titans were expected by most sportswriters to finish third or even fourth in the AFC South. They nonetheless compiled a 13–3 regular season record—the best in the NFL—and won home-field advantage for the duration of the playoffs after clinching AFC South on December 7 after a win over the Cleveland Browns and a 10–0 start. However, the Titans lost two of their last three regular season games, and were eliminated by the Baltimore Ravens in the divisional round. This was the last season the Tennessee Titans qualified for the playoffs until 2017, and also the last season when the Titans won the AFC South until 2020, when they also lost to the Ravens in their first playoff game. It would be the final season the Titans gained the AFC's top seed for 13 years. 2008 NFL Draft Roster Schedule Pre-season Regular season Note: Division opponents are in bold text. Standings Regular season results Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars The Titans pulled off an important divisional win behind the strong running of rookie RB Chris Johnson, who rushed for 93 yards in his NFL debut, and the arm of backup quarterback Kerry Collins, who replaced starter Vince Young when he went down late in the 4th quarter. Young had been inconsistent, throwing 1 TD pass to Johnson and 2 INTs. However, Collins moved the ball down field effectively and that drive led to the eventual game-winning touchdown run by LenDale White. Jacksonville trailed for much of the game and couldn't run the ball against a locked in Titans defense, who sacked Jaguars quarterback David Garrard seven times. Both teams' defenses played well but the Titans held on. This game was also significant because the Jaguars, Texans, and Colts (in their debut at Lucas Oil Stadium) lost, so the Titans grabbed first place in the AFC South for the first week of the season, ending a 56-week streak of holding 1st place in the division by the Colts as the team started the season 1–0. Week 2: at Cincinnati Bengals The Titans stayed in 1st place thanks to the extremely strong wind from the remnants of Hurricane Ike (which interfered with an important field goal attempt by Shayne Graham) and a sloppy Cincinnati offense in a 24–7 rout. Chris Johnson ran for over 100 yards for the first time in his career and Kerry Collins had a good day filling in for the injured Vince Young. The Titans first scored on a 1-yd TD run by LenDale White after a scoreless 1st quarter and then Cincinnati scored its only touchdown with a Chris Perry 13-yd TD run on 4th down. The Titans, with a little over a minute left, drove the ball downfield and took a 14–7 lead at the\",\n \"title\": \"2008 Tennessee Titans season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58018392\",\n \"text\": \"Sacksonville was a nickname given to the defense of the Jacksonville Jaguars during their 2017 season. Their defensive coordinator was Todd Wash. The nickname derived from the high number of sacks tallied by the defense (55), which was second only to the Pittsburgh Steelers, who accumulated 56 sacks. Ranked second overall, the defense revitalized a Jaguars team that went 3–13 the previous season to a 10–6 record and AFC South division title, culminating in an AFC Championship Game appearance. The Sacksonville defense was short-lived as the Jaguars returned to the bottom of the AFC South during their next three seasons, while the defense regressed to ranking 25th in 2019. By 2022, all members of the defense left the team. History After a 29–7 blowout win in Week 1 of the season over the Houston Texans, in which the Jacksonville Jaguars recorded ten sacks (including four by newly acquired Calais Campbell), the Jaguars fanbase collectively started a trend called \\\"Sacksonville.\\\" Jacksonville won nine more games to finish with a 10–6 record, making the postseason for the first time since 2007 and clinching their division for the first time since 1999. The division title was also the franchise's first AFC South title, as the Jaguars played in the AFC Central from 1995 to 2001. The Jaguars won the AFC wild card game over the Buffalo Bills at home, 10–3. In the divisional round they defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in Pittsburgh, 45–42. The Jaguars then traveled to New England for their first AFC Championship Game since 1999, where they lost 24–20 to the New England Patriots, ending their season. Following the season, cornerbacks Jalen Ramsey and A. J. Bouye, defensive end Calais Campbell, defensive tackle Malik Jackson, and linebacker Telvin Smith earned Pro Bowl honors. Ramsey and Campbell earned First-Team All-Pro honors, while Smith and Bouye earned Second-Team honors. Following Campbell pulling out of the Pro Bowl due to injury, teammate Yannick Ngakoue went to the Pro Bowl as an alternate. In 2018, the Jaguars defense once again started strong, leading the team to a 3–1 record through its first four games, including a victory over the New England Patriots in an AFC Championship Game rematch. However, injuries and poor play by the offense contributed to significant degradation by the defense, as the team would go on to lose seven straight games and 10 of its last 12, being eliminated from playoff contention after Week 14. Jacksonville's record regressed to 5–11. The unit dissolved with the Jaguars having one of the league's worst defenses in 2019 and multiple players leaving the team. Linebacker Myles Jack, the last remaining member of the Sacksonville defense, left the team in 2022. Starting lineup Source: Statistics References Jacksonville Jaguars Nicknamed groups of American football players\",\n \"title\": \"Sacksonville\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52195375\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 23rd in the National Football League (NFL) and their first under head coach Doug Marrone. Marrone was hired after acting as the team's interim head coach for the final two games of the 2016 season. The team improved on their 3–13 record from 2016 and ended their 10-year playoff drought dating back to 2008 with a Week 15 win over the Houston Texans. They also secured their first winning season since 2007 after a 30–24 win over the Seattle Seahawks. On December 24, 2017, they clinched their third division title, and their first AFC South title following a Tennessee Titans loss. They won the wild card game against the Buffalo Bills 10–3, then headed to Pittsburgh, beating the Pittsburgh Steelers 45–42 to advance to the AFC Championship to face the New England Patriots, the first time that they had made the AFC Championship game since 1999. Despite leading for much of the game, the Jaguars would allow two fourth quarter touchdowns, and ultimately lost to the Patriots 24–20. The biggest catalyst for the Jaguars success during the 2017 season was their defense. Jacksonville finished in the top of the league in multiple defensive categories, and were considered \\\"historically good\\\" by some analysts. The Jaguars defense led the league in forced fumbles (17), completion percentage (56.8), passing yards allowed per game (169.9), passer rating (68.5) and defensive touchdowns (7). They also finished second in sacks (55), interceptions (21), total takeaways (33), yards allowed per game (286.1) and points allowed per game (16.8). Along with their spectacular defense, the Jaguars were also the top rushing offense in the NFL, averaging 141 rush yards per game. The Jaguars would neither make the playoffs nor win the division again until 2022. Unrestricted free agents Acquisitions Draft Notes The Jaguars traded TE Julius Thomas to Miami for its seventh-round selection (240th). The Jaguars traded their second- and sixth-round selections (35th and 187th) to Seattle for its second-round selection (34th). Staff Final roster Preseason Regular season Schedule On December 13, 2016, the NFL announced that the Jaguars would play host to the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game occurred during Week 3 (Sunday, September 24), and was televised in the United States. The kickoff was announced in conjunction with the release of the regular season schedule. The remainder of the Jaguars' 2017 schedule was finalized and announced on April 20. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Houston Texans Week 2: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 3: vs. Baltimore Ravens NFL London Games Week 4: at New York Jets Week 5: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 6: vs. Los Angeles Rams Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts Week 9: vs. Cincinnati Bengals Week 10: vs. Los Angeles Chargers Week 11: at Cleveland Browns Week 12: at Arizona Cardinals Week 13: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 14: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 15: vs. Houston Texans Week\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14630378\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Gutekunst (born May 20, 1984) is a German former American football offensive tackle. Gutekunst has also been a member of the Frankfurt Galaxy, Berlin Thunder, Baltimore Ravens, Jacksonville Jaguars and Seattle Seahawks. Gutekunst started his career with the Heiligenstein Crusaders in Heiligenstein, Germany. After being scouted for the Rheinland Pfalz / Saarland junior all-star team, he transferred to the Saarland Hurricanes where he played for the GFL-juniors in 2003 and subsequently for the seniors in the GFL throughout the 2005 season. While being involved with the Hurricanes, Gutekunst was an offensive line coach for the Rheinland Pfalz / Saarland all-star team 2004-05 as well as for the Heiligenstein Crusaders during the 2004 season. Gutekunst was assigned twice to the Frankfurt Galaxy as a National Player in 2005 and 2006, starting two games during his first and five in his second season, where he won World Bowl XIV against the Amsterdam Admirals at LTU Arena in Düsseldorf. Because of his efforts, he advanced to the NFL through the International Practice Squad Program with the Baltimore Ravens in 2006. That year, the Ravens made the playoffs as AFC North champions. By losing the divisional playoffs to the Indianapolis Colts (15-6), the Ravens were only two games short of competing in Super Bowl XLI. The Ravens ended the season with an overall record of 13–4. After returning to NFL Europe, Gutekunst was assigned to the Berlin Thunder where he started eight games of the 2007 season, missing two with ruptures in his right foot. Following the 2007 season, NFL Europe was shut down. As a part of the developmental program, Gutekunst went back to the NFL with the Jacksonville Jaguars where he spent the 2007 season going to the playoffs for the second time as a part of the Jaguars practice squad. As a free agent, Gutekunst was assigned to the Seattle Seahawks in 2008 but missed training camp and the 2008 season after sustaining an injury to his lower back. He was drafted in the UFL Premiere Season Draft in 2009 by the New York Sentinels, but was unable to attend because of his back injury. Gutekunst now works for SAP in Germany. External links Just Sports Stats Jacksonville Jaguars bio Seattle Seahawks bio 1984 births Living people Sportspeople from Karlsruhe German players of American football American football offensive tackles Frankfurt Galaxy players Berlin Thunder players Jacksonville Jaguars players Baltimore Ravens players Seattle Seahawks players\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Gutekunst\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30486120\",\n \"text\": \"Corey Jermaine Chamblin (born May 29, 1977) is an American football coach who is the safeties coach for the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). He was previously the defensive backs coach for the San Antonio Brahmas. He is a former professional gridiron football defensive back and was signed by the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at Tennessee Tech. As a player, Chamblin has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Green Bay Packers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Denver Broncos, Rhein Fire, and Indianapolis Colts. He was head coach of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 2012 to part-way through 2015. He won the 101st Grey Cup and was awarded the Annis Stukus Trophy, given to the CFL's Coach of the Year, in 2013. College career Chamblin was a preseason All-Ohio Valley Conference selection his senior year at Tennessee Tech. He played in 43 games with 35 starts, totaling 161 tackles, three interceptions, eight passes defensed and two blocked punts. Professional career Baltimore Ravens Chamblin signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent, but was waived on September 5. Jacksonville Jaguars Chamblin signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars' practice squad on September 7, before being released on September 21 and signed to the active roster. He appeared in eleven regular season games for the Jaguars, all on special teams, where he notched three special teams tackles and blocked a punt in a divisional playoff game against the Miami Dolphins. Green Bay Packers On August 3, 2001, the Green Bay Packers signed Chamblin. Tampa Bay Buccaneers On January 28, 2002, Chamblin signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Denver Broncos On January 6, 2003 the Denver Broncos signed Chamblin to a future contract. On August 22, 2003, he was waived by the Broncos. Rhein Fire In 2004, Chamblin signed with the Rhein Fire of NFL Europa. Indianapolis Colts On August 10, 2004, Chamblin signed with the Indianapolis Colts. On September 5, 2004, he was cut by the Colts. Coaching career Early years Chamblin began his coaching career with the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe in 2006 before joining the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League in 2007 as the defensive backs coach. He then spent three seasons with the Calgary Stampeders in the same capacity while winning his first Grey Cup championship in 2008. He was then hired as the defensive coordinator of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for the 2011 CFL season. Saskatchewan Roughriders On December 15, 2011, Chamblin was hired as the head coach of the Saskatchewan Roughriders. On November 10, 2013, Chamblin won his first CFL head coaching career playoff game, a 29–25 win over the BC Lions. On November 17, 2013, Chamblin won the West Final over the Calgary Stampeders, taking the Roughriders to the Grey Cup, which they won on November 25, the first time in his head coaching career. In January 2014, Chamblin, along with\",\n \"title\": \"Corey Chamblin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41378821\",\n \"text\": \"The 2014 season was the Baltimore Ravens' 19th in the National Football League (NFL) and their seventh under head coach John Harbaugh. The Ravens improved upon their 8–8 record from 2013, when they missed the playoffs for the first time since 2007. Additionally, the Ravens scored a franchise record 409 points and quarterback Joe Flacco passed for a career-high 27 touchdowns and 3,986 yards. The Ravens clinched the sixth seed in the AFC playoffs following their Week 17 win against the Browns. This was their first time making the playoffs in the post-Ray Lewis era, having failed the make the playoffs the previous season. After winning the AFC wild card game against their divisional rival Pittsburgh Steelers, the Ravens were ultimately defeated in the AFC Divisional Round by the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, failing to upset them on the road in a repeat of the Ravens' 2012 Super Bowl winning-season. After this, the Ravens would not qualify to make the postseason again until 2018. The season was not without controversy, however, as TMZ released a video of star running back Ray Rice punching his wife Janay Palmer then dragging her out of the Revel Casino's elevator in Atlantic City. On September 8, 2014 after seeing the video, the Ravens released Rice. Personnel 2014 draft class Draft trades The Ravens finished with the same record and strength of schedule as the Dallas Cowboys at the end of the season. The tiebreaker was determined by way of a coin flip at the NFL Scouting Combine, with the Cowboys selecting 16th in the first round and the Ravens selecting 17th. The Ravens traded their original fourth- and fifth-round selections (Nos. 114 and 159 overall, respectively) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for offensive tackle Eugene Monroe. The Ravens traded their original seventh-round selection (No. 232 overall) to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for center A. Q. Shipley. || 218 Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason During the first preseason game vs the 49ers the Ravens won the third \\\"Harbowl\\\", as coach John Harbaugh defeated his brother Jim Harbaugh for the third time (following the Thanksgiving game in 2011 and Super Bowl XLVII). Regular season Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Regular season Week 1: vs. Cincinnati Bengals Week 2: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 3: at Cleveland Browns Week 4: vs. Carolina Panthers Week 5: at Indianapolis Colts Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers Joe Flacco would break an NFL record for fastest time for throwing 5 touchdown passes (16 minutes) since the AFL–NFL merger. Week 7: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 8: at Cincinnati Bengals Week 9: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 10: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 11: Bye Week Week 12: at New Orleans Saints The Ravens were the only AFC North team to defeat all of their NFC South opponents. Week 13: vs. San Diego Chargers Week 14: at Miami Dolphins Week 15: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 16: at Houston Texans Week 17: vs. Cleveland Browns With the\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Ravens season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59056215\",\n \"text\": \"The 2019 season was the Los Angeles Chargers' 50th in the National Football League (NFL), their 60th overall, their fourth in the Greater Los Angeles Area and their third under head coach Anthony Lynn. It also marked the Chargers' third and final season playing their home games at Dignity Health Sports Park, as the team moved into SoFi Stadium in Inglewood beginning with the 2020 season alongside the Los Angeles Rams. With a 2–5 record after Week 7, the Chargers failed to match or improve on their 12–4 record from 2018. Despite winning on the road against the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 14, the Chargers were mathematically eliminated from playoff contention the same week as a result of the Pittsburgh Steelers beating the Arizona Cardinals 23–17. After a Week 15 loss to the Minnesota Vikings, the Chargers suffered their first losing season since 2016, and their first as a Los Angeles-based team. Also, for the first time since 2015, the Chargers were swept by their division. The Chargers also suffered the most one-score losses by an NFL team during the season, with nine. This was also the final season with longtime quarterback Philip Rivers, as he signed with the Indianapolis Colts in the offseason. Uniform change On April 16, the Chargers announced that the powder blue jerseys that served as the alternate colored jersey would become the primary home colored jerseys, replacing the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home colored jersey since the team's 2007 uniform overhaul. On September 2, the Chargers announced their uniform schedule for the 2019 season. In addition to this uniform switch, the Chargers silently ditched their navy blue facemask for gold. However, the navy blue facemask was still used in games where the Chargers wore navy blue jerseys. NFL draft Roster changes Free agents Staff Final roster Preseason Regular season The Chargers' regular season schedule was released on April 19. Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Indianapolis Colts The Chargers won their first home opener since 2015, when they were based in San Diego. They also started 1–0 for the first time since 2015. The Chargers open their third and final season at Dignity Health Sports Park, as they will move into SoFi Stadium in Inglewood in 2020. Week 2: at Detroit Lions Week 3: vs. Houston Texans Week 4: at Miami Dolphins This was the Chargers' first win in Miami since the 1982 Epic in Miami game. Week 5: vs. Denver Broncos Week 6: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 7: at Tennessee Titans Week 8: at Chicago Bears Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers Week 10: at Oakland Raiders Week 11: vs. Kansas City Chiefs NFL International Series Week 13: at Denver Broncos Week 14: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 15: vs. Minnesota Vikings Week 16: vs. Oakland Raiders This was Chargers final home game at Dignity Health Sports Park before moving into their new stadium in the 2020 season. This was also the last time\",\n \"title\": \"2019 Los Angeles Chargers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10152700\",\n \"text\": \"The 2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's thirteenth season in the National Football League (NFL) and the fifth under head coach Jack Del Rio. They improved upon their 8–8 record from 2006 when they finished third in the AFC South, and returned to the playoffs for the first time since 2005. The franchise would miss the playoffs for the next nine seasons, only returning to the playoffs after winning the AFC South in 2017. Offseason Coaching staff changes After the 2006 season, the Jaguars announced that offensive coordinator Carl Smith, special teams coordinator Pete Rodriguez, quarterbacks coach Ken Anderson, and wide receivers coach Steve Walters would not be returning. Along with these, special teams assistant Mark Michaels' contract had expired and would not be renewed. When hiring, Del Rio created a new position on the staff, assistant wide receivers coach, and so needed to fill six positions. By early February he completed the staff with Dirk Koetter as offensive coordinator, Mike Shula as quarterbacks coach, Todd Monken as wide receivers coach, Robert Prince as wide receivers assistant, Joe DeCamillis as special teams coordinator, and Tom Williams as special teams assistant. Along with the new staff, assistant head coach Mike Tice will take over coaching of the tight ends. Departures After a number of player arrests from the end of 2006 season, cornerback Ahmad Carroll, who was signed by the Jaguars in October after being waived by the Green Bay Packers and played in only one game with the Jaguars, was arrested in May on weapons and drug charges, prompting the Jaguars to release him. Also, in a move that shocked even the Jaguars players, nine-year veteran strong safety Donovin Darius was released. On 31 August 2007, Jaguars coach Jack Del Rio announced in a press conference that Byron Leftwich would be traded or released within the next 72 hours, and that David Garrard would take over the starting duties. The specific reasons were not disclosed. Del Rio was quoted as saying that he \\\"felt a conviction in his heart that Garrard was the guy for the job and he's earned it\\\". The Jaguars released 19 players, traded one player, and placed two players on injured reserve to meet the 53 man roster requirements for the beginning of the season. Byron Leftwich, Dan Connolly, Jamaal Fudge, Nick Greisen, Seth Payne, Charles Sharon, Bruce Thornton, Dee Webb, Josh Gattis, Joe Anoa'i, Kevis Coley, Walter Curry, Ryan Gibbons, Tyler King, Jamar Landrom, Roy Manning, Pete McMahon, Rashod Moulton, and Isaac Smolko were released. Alvin Pearman was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for an undisclosed draft choice. James Wyche and Mike Walker were placed on injured reserve for injuries to groin and knee respectively. Signings The off-season brought the arrival of seven free agents to the Jaguars. On offense, offensive tackle Tony Pashos and tight ends Jermaine Wiggins, Richard Angulo and Isaac Smolko were signed. On defense, safety Kevin McCadam and cornerback Bruce Thornton. Additionally, first-year punter Tony Yelk was signed to the\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4722685\",\n \"text\": \"Brian Jordan Black (born January 28, 1980) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Notre Dame. Black has also been a member of the Houston Texans, Jacksonville Jaguars, New Orleans Saints, and Washington Redskins. During Jordan's career in the NFL, he was elected as a Board of Player Representatives in the National Football League Players Association. Black is currently the head football coach for Fort Bend Christian Academy in Sugar Land, Texas. He brings extensive coaching and playing experience to FBCA. In 2022 Black led the Eagles to their first Football State Championship in school history. Black took over as head coach in 2019 after the Eagles had to forfeit their 2018 season. Black spent 4 years rebuilding the program, taking the Eagles to their first playoff game in the first season he took over as head coach. Jordan has coached more than 35 players who went on to play collegiate athletics. In 2022 he was awarded Private School Coach of the Year by the Touchdown Club of Houston. Black completed his master's of theology from Houston Baptist University in 2021. In his spare time, Black enjoys teaching and preaching at local churches and events. Early years Black played high school football for Dallas Christian School in Mesquite, Texas from 1995–1998, during which time the team won multiple Texas State championships, including a state championship playing basketball. Black's jersey, #77, was retired by Dallas Christian School in 2003. College career Black played in 43 games for the University of Notre Dame, starting 42 of those contests. Professional career Kansas City Chiefs Black was drafted in the 2003 NFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round, with the 153rd overall pick. The Chiefs signed him to a three-year contract. Late in the 2004 season, Black became a regular starter for the Chiefs where he continued for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. The Chiefs re-signed him to a one-year contract on April 26, 2006. Houston Texans On March 8, 2007, the Houston Texans signed Black, who was a free agent, to a two-year contract. On June 9, 2008, The Texans released Black while injured. Black had surgery on August 19, 2008, to repair the torn labrum in his right shoulder. Jacksonville Jaguars Black was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on December 23, 2008. Black accepted an extension of $3.65 million over three years on September 3, 2009. Black became a regular starter for the Jaguars in 2010. On February 7, 2011, Black was released by the Jaguars. New Orleans Saints On August 10, 2011, Black signed with the New Orleans Saints. He was released on September 3, 2011. Washington Redskins After missing a year of football in 2011, Black decided to retire from football and lose some of his playing weight. But on July 30, 2012, he unexpectedly signed with the Washington Redskins. When\",\n \"title\": \"Jordan Black (American football)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"18746586","text":"Jacksonville is home to a number of professional sports teams, and the city has a long history of athletics. The Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) compete at the major league level. Additionally, the PGA Tour is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it hosts The Players Championship every year. In addition, Jacksonville has a number of minor league and semiprofessional sports teams. These include Sporting Club Jacksonville soccer team, the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp baseball team, the Jacksonville Icemen ice hockey team, the Jacksonville Sharks indoor football team, the Jacksonville Axemen rugby league team, and the Jacksonville Giants basketball team. Jacksonville is also home to two universities, Jacksonville University and the University of North Florida, which compete in NCAA Division I. Several college sporting events are also held in Jacksonville annually. Professional sports Jacksonville is home to one major league professional team — the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League — and several minor league teams. American football Football is by far the most popular sport in the Jacksonville area. The city is home to the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The only major league-level sports team to play in Jacksonville, the Jaguars currently play in South Division of the NFL's American Football Conference (AFC). The Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1995, along with the Carolina Panthers. In 1990, the NFL had announced it would expand by two teams, and Jacksonville entered the bidding war. Jacksonville was the smallest market among the bidders, and was considered the unlikeliest choice. However, in 1993, after a series of negotiations, the NFL announced that the second franchise would go to Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Jaguars play at TIAA Bank Field in downtown Jacksonville. The Jaguars have won four division championships, in 1998, 1999, 2017, and 2022, and they have made eight playoff appearances. Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. As the smallest metropolitan area to ever host a Super Bowl, special accommodations were necessary, such as the use of cruise ships as hotels. Jacksonville also has a number of amateur football teams, including the Jacksonville Dixie Blues, a women's football team in the Women's Football Alliance, and the Jacksonville Knights of the Florida Football Alliance. Expansion efforts: 1960s–1980s The success of college football led to interest in bringing professional football to Jacksonville, which began in earnest in the 1960s. In 1966, the New York Jets and the expansion Miami Dolphins played an exhibition game in the Gator Bowl, and this was followed by preseason games with the Boston Patriots facing the Miami Dolphins in 1968 and the Denver Broncos in 1969. In 1967 and 1968, the city hosted the American Football League All Star Game at the Gator Bowl. Jacksonville was the only non-AFL city to host the game. It was presumed at the time that this was a prelude to Jacksonville getting an AFL expansion team, but when the AFL merged with the rival NFL in 1970 expansion plans","title":"Sports in Jacksonville"},{"docid":"2402468","text":"Robert Garland Johnson (born March 18, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans and was a fourth-round pick in the 1995 NFL Draft by the expansion team Jacksonville Jaguars. With USC, Johnson won the 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic. In the Jaguars' opening game of 1997, Johnson started for an injured Mark Brunell and had a breakout performance that set a record for the best completion percentage by a debuting starting quarterback. Johnson signed a $25 million contract with the Buffalo Bills the following season and was named starting quarterback by coach Wade Phillips. Johnson had a tumultuous, injury-ridden run with the Bills and a reputation for frequently being sacked (140 in his career, including 49 in 2000), the inspiration for the nickname \"Robo-sack\". Johnson's injuries and poor performance led Phillips to replace Johnson with the more experienced Doug Flutie as starter. Controversially, Phillips started Johnson over Flutie for the 2000 Wild Card playoff game that the Bills lost to eventual AFC champion Tennessee Titans, after Flutie helped the Bills to an 11–5 record in the 1999 season. Phillips later said that Bills' owner Ralph Wilson had instructed the head coach to start Johnson over Flutie. After two losing seasons with the Bills, Johnson joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for 2002 and won a Super Bowl title with the team as a backup to Brad Johnson (no relation). Rob Johnson played his final games with the Washington Redskins and Oakland Raiders in 2003. He also tried out in 2006 for the New York Giants and in 2008 for the Tennessee Titans. In 2004, Johnson became an assistant football coach at Mission Viejo High School with his brother, both under their father as head coach. Early life Johnson was born in Newport Beach, California and graduated from El Toro High School in 1991. In his senior season of 1990, Johnson completed 207 of 303 attempted passes for 2,788 yards and 28 touchdowns. The Los Angeles Times selected Johnson as first-team All-Orange County. College career Johnson played college football at the University of Southern California, where he was teammates with Keyshawn Johnson, Curtis Conway, Johnnie Morton, Willie McGinest, and All America tackle and fellow Jacksonville Jaguars draftee Tony Boselli. Johnson left USC holding virtually every major passing record and spent much of his senior year as a Heisman Trophy candidate. In his final game for the school, Johnson led his team to victory in the 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic, dominating Texas Tech by a final score of 55–14. 1992 season: 163/285 for 2,118 yards with 12 TD vs 14 INT. 1993 season: 308/449 for 3,630 yards with 29 TD vs 6 INT. 1994 season: 186/276 for 2,499 yards with 15 TD vs 6 INT. Professional career Jacksonville Jaguars 1995 In the 1995 NFL Draft, the expansion team Jacksonville Jaguars drafted Johnson as the first draft pick of the fourth round (99th overall). As a","title":"Rob Johnson (American football)"},{"docid":"48425160","text":"The 2016 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Dirk Koetter. In week 13, the club won their seventh game, eclipsing their win total from 2015. After winning on opening day, Tampa Bay sputtered through the rest of September. Starting running back Doug Martin was sidelined for eight weeks with a hamstring injury, necessitating back-up running backs taking his place in the lineup. After receiving adequate performances from Charles Sims and Antone Smith, both subsequently ended up on injured reserve, along with wide receivers Vincent Jackson and Cecil Shorts. A victory on Monday night against division rival Carolina saw Tampa Bay begin a streak in which they won seven out of their next nine games. Between weeks 10 and 14, the Buccaneers achieved their first five-game winning streak since their first Super Bowl championship season. Losses to the Dallas Cowboys and the New Orleans Saints late in the season hampered the Buccaneers' playoff hopes; heading into week 17, the team was still mathematically alive for a wild card berth, but despite defeating the Carolina Panthers, the team missed the playoffs for the ninth consecutive season, tied for the fourth-longest active streak in the NFL with the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Buccaneers finished tied with the Detroit Lions for the last NFC playoff spot, but lost the tiebreaker because they had a worse record against common opponents than the Lions did. Nevertheless, the Buccaneers achieved their first winning season since the 2010 campaign, when they also narrowly missed the playoffs. Draft Notes On April 3, 2015, the Buccaneers traded safety Dashon Goldson to the Washington Redskins, along with a seventh round pick (#232), for a sixth round pick (#197) in the 2016 NFL Draft. Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Game summaries Week 1: at Atlanta Falcons Quarterback Jameis Winston threw for 281 yards and four touchdown passes, as Tampa Bay defeated Atlanta 31–24. The Buccaneers jumped out to a 31–13 lead late in the third quarter, then held off a rally by the Falcons. Atlanta got the ball back trailing by 7 with just under two minutes to go, but managed only one first down, and turned the ball over on downs to end the game. Week 2: at Arizona Cardinals Arizona routed Tampa Bay 40–7. Quarterback Jameis Winston threw four interceptions and lost one fumble. Running back Doug Martin left the game in the second quarter with a hamstring injury. Week 3: vs. Los Angeles Rams With Los Angeles leading 37–32 at two minute warning, the game was suspended for an hour and ten minutes due to lightning in the area. When the game resumed, the Rams faced 3rd & 11 at their own 5 yard line. Case Keenum threw an incompletion, and the Rams punted to Tampa Bay. Jameis Winston drove the Buccaneers to the Rams 15 yard line in the final minute. With 4 seconds left in regulation, Winston rolled out to his left,","title":"2016 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season"},{"docid":"9840064","text":"The 2003 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 43rd in the National Football League (NFL). They finished second in the NFC North with a 9–7 record, behind the 10–6 Green Bay Packers, but missed the playoffs for a third straight year. Despite gaining 6,294 yards of offense over their 16 games, by far the most in the league, the team managed just 416 points, the sixth-most in the NFL. The Vikings won their first six games of the 2003 season, then lost their next four games, after which they alternated wins and losses for the remainder of the season. The Vikings were officially eliminated from postseason contention with a loss to the Arizona Cardinals on the last play of their final game. Wide receiver Randy Moss led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions, the third time in his career that he led the league in that category. After two seasons of inconsistency, rejuvenated quarterback Daunte Culpepper was voted to play in the second Pro Bowl of his career at the end of the season. Offseason 2003 draft While attempting to agree a trade, the Vikings' time elapsed, allowing the Jacksonville Jaguars to move up and select QB Byron Leftwich. The Carolina Panthers were also able to select OT Jordan Gross before the Vikings ultimately selected DT Kevin Williams. The Vikings traded their fifth-round selection (142nd overall) to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for Cleveland's 2002 seventh-round selection and defensive lineman Stalin Colinet. The Vikings traded quarterback Todd Bouman to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for New Orleans' sixth-round selection (190th overall). Staff Roster Preseason Schedule Game summaries Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 2: at Kansas City Chiefs Week 3: at Oakland Raiders Week 4: vs. Arizona Cardinals Regular season Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at Green Bay Packers Week 2: vs. Chicago Bears Week 3: at Detroit Lions Week 4: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 5: at Atlanta Falcons Week 7: vs. Denver Broncos Week 8: vs. New York Giants Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers Week 10: at San Diego Chargers Week 11: at Oakland Raiders Week 12: vs. Detroit Lions Week 13: at St. Louis Rams Week 14: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 15: at Chicago Bears Week 16: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 17: at Arizona Cardinals Despite still having a chance to make the playoffs by winning the NFC North, the Vikings squandered a 17–6 fourth-quarter lead in the final two minutes and lost to the 3–12 Arizona Cardinals after Josh McCown threw a 28-yard pass to Nate Poole for the game-winning touchdown with no time left, and with the Packers' win over the Broncos, giving them the NFC North title, and ending the Vikings season. Standings Statistics Team leaders * Vikings single season record League rankings References Minnesota Vikings seasons Minnesota Minnesota","title":"2003 Minnesota Vikings season"},{"docid":"62478111","text":"Tyler Isaiah Huntley (born February 3, 1998) is an American football quarterback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Utah Utes, leading them to two Pac-12 Conference South Division titles in 2018 and 2019. He was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2020 and earned Pro Bowl honors in 2022 while filling in for injured starter Lamar Jackson. Early years Huntley attended Hallandale High School in Hallandale Beach, Florida. During his career, he passed for 9,053 yards and 106 touchdowns. As a senior, he was the Florida Gatorade Football Player of the Year. He committed to the University of Utah to play college football, where he played alongside high school teammate Zack Moss. College career As a true freshman at Utah in 2016, Huntley played in four games as a backup to Troy Williams. Huntley was named the starter over Williams in 2017. He started 10 games, missing three due to injury and completed 199 of 312 passes for 2,411 yards, 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. Huntley started the first nine games of his junior year in 2018, missing the last five due to injury, finishing the season by completing 150 of 234 passes for 1,788 yards, 12 touchdowns and six interceptions. He returned as the starter his senior year in 2019, finishing his college career with 14 games, leading the Utes to the Pac-12 Conference final, passing for 3,092 yards and 19 touchdowns with just four interceptions, and rushing for another five touchdowns. College statistics Professional career Baltimore Ravens 2020 season Huntley signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent on April 30, 2020. He was waived on September 5, 2020, and signed to the team's practice squad the next day. Following injuries/COVID-19 issues from the Ravens' three other quarterbacks, he was elevated to the active roster on December 2, December 19, December 26, and January 2, 2021, for the team's week 12, 15, 16, and 17 games against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Jacksonville Jaguars, New York Giants, and Cincinnati Bengals, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He made his NFL debut in the fourth quarter against the Jaguars in week 15, when Huntley stepped in for starter Lamar Jackson and went 2 of 4 for seven yards, along with four rushes for 18 rushing yards (which included two kneel downs) as the Ravens won 40–14. Against the Bengals, as the game quickly became a Ravens blowout, he entered the game late in the third quarter. He completed one pass attempt for eight yards while rushing six times for five yards as the Ravens won 38–3. He was elevated again on January 9 and 15 for the team's wild card and divisional playoff games against the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills, and reverted to the practice squad again following each game. Huntley played the entire fourth quarter of the Bills game after Jackson was knocked out with a concussion, going 6","title":"Tyler Huntley"},{"docid":"69428805","text":"The 2022 season was the Indianapolis Colts' 70th in the National Football League (NFL), their 39th in Indianapolis, their sixth under the leadership of general manager Chris Ballard and their fifth and final season under head coach Frank Reich. In the offseason, the Colts acquired former MVP quarterback Matt Ryan in exchange for a third round pick. After a 3–5–1 start, head coach Reich was fired from the team with former Colts offensive lineman Jeff Saturday being named the interim head coach. Saturday won his first game with the Colts against the Raiders, but did not win any more games, as the team finished the season on a 7–game losing streak. On December 17, The Colts were defeated by the Minnesota Vikings in a game that was notable for being the biggest blown lead in NFL history, as the Colts squandered a 33–0 halftime lead to lose 39–36 in overtime. This loss, coupled with the Jacksonville Jaguars win over the New York Jets the following Thursday, eliminated the Colts from playoff contention. Despite the Colts' poor season, one highlight was a week 3 20–17 upset win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs. Draft Draft trades Staff Final roster Preseason The Colts' preseason opponents and schedule were announced in the spring. Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Houston Texans This was the Colts first tie game since the 1982 season when they were based in Baltimore. Because the Browns won their season opener for the first time since 2004, coupled with this game, the Colts now hold the NFL's longest active season opener winless streak, not having won a season opener since 2013. Week 2: at Jacksonville Jaguars The Colts failed to capitalize on offense, and were shutout for the first time since week 13 of the 2018 season, which was also against the Jaguars. This was also their eighth consecutive loss in Jacksonville. Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 4: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 5: at Denver Broncos Neither side scored a touchdown as Russell Wilson and Matt Ryan struggled throughout the game. Stephon Gilmore helped win with an interception in the endzone and a mishap by Russell Wilson that he threw to Courtland Sutton while he was covered by Gilmore and ended up being incomplete on 4th down, missing a wide open K.J. Hamler. With the win, the Colts improved to 2–2–1. Week 6: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 7: at Tennessee Titans Week 8: vs. Washington Commanders Week 9: at New England Patriots After the game, head coach Frank Reich was fired after a 3-5-1 start, and was replaced by former Colts center Jeff Saturday, who had no coaching experience above the high school level. Week 10: at Las Vegas Raiders Week 11: vs. Philadelphia Eagles Week 12: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 13: at Dallas Cowboys Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings The Colts blew a 33–0 lead and ending up losing in overtime. After the game,","title":"2022 Indianapolis Colts season"},{"docid":"16025124","text":"The 2000 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise's 31st season in the National Football League, the 35th overall and was their first under new head coach Dave Wannstedt who was named the fourth head coach in franchise history on January 16, 2000, the same day that Jimmy Johnson announced his retirement from coaching. For the first season since 1982, Dan Marino was not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement prior to the season. Believed by many as the greatest Miami Dolphin of all time, Marino led the Dolphins to ten playoff appearances, one of which ended in Super Bowl XIX, and is the winningest quarterback to have not won a Super Bowl. Jay Fiedler, who left the Jacksonville Jaguars, succeeded Marino as starting quarterback. Damon Huard remained a backup quarterback and started for Fiedler in one game during the season. Although Marino was no longer on the team, the Dolphins hoped to improve from their 9–7 record in the previous season. The Dolphins began the season strong, with a 6–2 record halfway through. Both losses were by small margins. The second loss occurred during a road game dubbed the Monday Night Miracle, against the New York Jets, which scored 30 points in the fourth quarter and then defeated the Dolphins by a field goal in overtime. The Dolphins fared only slightly worse in the second half of the season, winning five games and losing three. The team finished with a record of 11–5, their best record since 1992. This was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive winning season and the first time the club won the AFC East title since 1994. Additionally, this was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive season in which they advanced to the playoffs. In the wild card round, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 23–17 in overtime. However, the Dolphins were shut out 27–0 by the Oakland Raiders in the divisional round the following week. As of the 2023 season, this is the last season that Miami has won a playoff game, making it 23 straight years that the Miami Dolphins have failed to win in the playoffs. Until the 2021 season, this marked the last time the Dolphins swept the New England Patriots during the regular season. Seven Dolphins players were selected for the Pro Bowl. Offseason NFL draft Staff Roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Games summaries Week 1: vs. Seattle Seahawks Jay Fiedler started as quarterback in the first Miami Dolphins season opener without Dan Marino since 1983. Fiedler threw for 134 yards, completing 15 out of 24 passes, with no turnovers. In contrast, Seattle Seahawks quarterback Jon Kitna was intercepted four times and lost a fumble. Two of the four interceptions were caught by cornerback Sam Madison. Overall, Seattle had six turnovers. Kitna completed 6 out of 13 passes for only 54 yards, before being benched early in the third quarter due to poor performance and being replaced by Brock Huard, brother of Damon Huard. Dolphins running back Lamar","title":"2000 Miami Dolphins season"},{"docid":"52071605","text":"The 2017 season was the Seattle Seahawks' 42nd in the National Football League (NFL) and their eighth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks tried to improve their 10–5–1 record from 2016. However, it did not happen because of injuries to key defensive players and poor offensive performances. After the Atlanta Falcons' Week 17 win over the Carolina Panthers, they were eliminated from playoff contention for the first time since 2011. They also failed to achieve a 10-win season for the first time since that same season. This was Russell Wilson's first season not making the playoffs. During the season, Russell Wilson broke Eli Manning's NFL record for most 4th quarter touchdowns in a single season with 18; the previous record was 15. Wilson also led the NFL in touchdown passes with 34. This was also the final season of the original Legion of Boom playing together, as well as the 21st and last full season under the ownership of Paul Allen, who died during the 2018 season. Roster changes Free agents Unrestricted Restricted Exclusive-Rights Signings Trades Draft Draft trades Undrafted free agents All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2017 NFL Draft concluded on April 29, unless noted otherwise. Staff Final roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Divisional matchups: the NFC West played the NFC East and the AFC South. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Green Bay Packers Week 2: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 3: at Tennessee Titans Week 4: vs. Indianapolis Colts This would be the final game in Seattle for defensive end Cliff Avril, who would suffer a neck injury and be released after a failed physical in the offseason. Week 5: at Los Angeles Rams Week 7: at New York Giants Week 8: vs. Houston Texans Week 9: vs. Washington Redskins Week 10: at Arizona Cardinals In what would be his last game in Seattle, Richard Sherman ruptured his Achilles tendon, effectively ending his season and the Legion of Boom era. Kam Chancellor would also play his final game as he suffered a neck injury and would later announce his retirement in the offseason. Week 11: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 12: at San Francisco 49ers Week 13: vs. Philadelphia Eagles Week 14: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 15: vs. Los Angeles Rams Week 16: at Dallas Cowboys Week 17: vs. Arizona Cardinals With the loss, the Seahawks finished the season 9–7. This was the first season since 2011 the Seahawks failed to qualify for the playoffs. They also had a home record of 4-4, the worst of Russell Wilson's career. They would've still been eliminated even if they won, as the Falcons won their game. This was also Bruce Arians' last game as head coach of the Arizona Cardinals. Standings Division Conference Team leaders References External links Seattle Seattle Seahawks seasons Seattle Seahawks","title":"2017 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"docid":"37982248","text":"The 2013 season was the Arizona Cardinals' 94th in the National Football League (NFL), their 26th in Arizona and their first under head coach Bruce Arians. The team finished with a 10–6 record, which was the second time in 37 years that the team finished with at least 10 wins. The Cardinals doubled their win total from 2012, and were in playoff contention heading into the Week 17 regular season finale, but missed the playoffs for a fourth consecutive season. 2013 draft class Staff Final roster Preseason Schedule Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at St. Louis Rams Week 2: vs. Detroit Lions Week 3: at New Orleans Saints Week 4: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers Week 5: vs. Carolina Panthers Week 6: at San Francisco 49ers Week 7: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 8: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 10: vs. Houston Texans Week 11: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 12: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 13: at Philadelphia Eagles Week 14: vs. St. Louis Rams Week 15: at Tennessee Titans With the win, the Cardinals were the only NFC West team to defeat all of their AFC South opponents. Week 16: at Seattle Seahawks Week 17: vs. San Francisco 49ers The Cardinals finished their regular season at home against the 49ers in hopes of making the playoffs needing not only a win over the 49ers, but also a long shot upset by the Buccaneers over the Saints. After being behind 17–7 at halftime, the Cardinals came back to tie the game but were beaten by their division rivals on a game-winning field goal and finished in 3rd place, barely missing out as they needed to beat the 49ers to win the NFC's last playoff spot. However, even if they had won, they would not have qualified for the playoffs, since the Saints easily defeated the Buccaneers 42–17. They would finish their season 10–6, becoming the league's only team with a winning record to not make the playoffs. Standings Division Conference Footnotes References External links Arizona Arizona Cardinals seasons Arizona","title":"2013 Arizona Cardinals season"},{"docid":"1475861","text":"The National Football League playoffs for the 1999 season began on January 8, 2000. The postseason tournament concluded with the St. Louis Rams defeating the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV, 23–16, on January 30, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. These playoffs were notable in that all outdoor games were played with gametime temperatures of or higher, making for one of the warmest playoff seasons of all time. It was also the first time since 1969 that no California-based NFL team made the playoffs. For only the second time during the Super Bowl era, all three Florida-based teams (the Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers) made the playoffs—something that did not occur again until the 2022–23 postseason, with the Jaguars and Dolphins facing off in the divisional round. As the Jaguars and Buccaneers advanced to their respective conference championships, the postseason became the closest to having a Super Bowl between teams from Florida. Participants Bracket Schedule In the United States, ABC broadcast the first two Wild Card games on January 8, and Super Bowl XXXIV. CBS telecast the rest of the AFC playoff games and Fox the rest of the NFC games. Wild Card playoffs Saturday, January 8, 2000 AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16 This game is remembered for the controversial \"Music City Miracle\": Kevin Dyson took a lateral from Frank Wycheck on a kickoff to score the game-winning touchdown with under 15 seconds left. In the first quarter, the Titans had a big chance to score when Jevon Kearse forced a fumble while sacking Buffalo quarterback Rob Johnson that linebacker Barron Wortham recovered on the Buffalo 29-yard line. It was the start of a long day for Johnson, who ended up completing just 10 of 22 passes while being sacked six times, twice by Kearse. However, Tennessee only gained 3 yards with their next drive and Al Del Greco missed a 43-yard field goal attempt. Early in the second quarter, Craig Hentrich's 44-yard punt pinned the Bills back at their own 4-yard line. Then on 2nd and 6 from the 8, Kearse sacked Johnson, forcing a fumble that went through the end zone for a safety that gave the Titans a 2–0 lead. After the safety, Derrick Mason returned the free kick 42 yards to the Bills 28-yard line. Five plays later, Tennessee quarterback Steve McNair scored on a 1-yard touchdown run. After several punts, Buffalo got a first down on their own 43 when Kurt Schulz forced and recovered a fumble from Titans running back Eddie George. But the Bills could not gain a first down and had to punt. Then the Titans drove 56 yards in 11 plays. Del Greco initially missed a 45-yard field goal attempt, but the Bills were penalized for defensive holding on the play, and Del Greco's second attempt was good from 40 yards on the last play of the half. At the end of the half, the Bills were trailing 12–0 and had only managed to gain","title":"1999–2000 NFL playoffs"},{"docid":"16780011","text":"The 1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's 3rd season in the National Football League and the 3rd under head coach Tom Coughlin. The team looked to reach the AFC Championship for the second straight year following a surprising run in 1996. The Jaguars improved upon their previous 9-7 record and won 11 games. They made the playoffs as a wild card team, playing the Denver Broncos on the road for the second straight year. This time they lost to the Broncos 42–17, bringing the Jaguars’ season to an end. The team also made a couple of changes to the uniforms. They changed the numbers to new font style numbers and added black side panels to the uniforms. During the offseason, the team had changed the font style numbers on the jerseys to a skinnier style with a black drop shadow in the back of the numbers. During the team's 1997 preseason games there were several complaints that the announcers and the viewers had a hard time recognizing the numbers on the players, so the team decided to make the jersey numbers wider and removed the drop shadow numbers by the beginning of the regular season. Offseason Draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs (4) Denver Broncos After upsetting the Broncos in the playoffs in the previous year, the Jaguars fell short in the re-match. John Elway lead the Broncos to a 42–17 win over the visiting Jaguars, throwing for 223 yards and a touchdown. Mark Brunell was 18 for 32 for 203 yards, but had no touchdowns on top of an interception. Similar to the year before when the Broncos could not stop Natrone Means and the Jaguars running game, the Jaguars struggled all game to contain the Broncos running attack. Terrell Davis carried 31 times for 184 yards and two touchdowns. Nonetheless, the game was close throughout, as the Broncos led by only 21-17 late in the 3rd. But the Broncos would score 21 unanswered points in the 4th quarter, ending the Jaguars season. Awards and records Mike Hollis, franchise record (tied), most field goals in one game, 5 field goals (November 30, 1997) Mike Hollis, franchise record, most field goals in one season (tied), 31 field goals Mike Hollis, franchise record, most points in one season, 134 points James Stewart, franchise record, most touchdowns in one game, 5 touchdowns (October 12, 1997) James Stewart, franchise record, most points in one game, 30 points (October 12, 1997) References External links Jaguars on Pro Football Reference Jaguars Schedule on jt-sw.com Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Jacksonville Jaguars","title":"1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"1345171","text":"This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system. All 32 active NFL teams have qualified for and won a game in the playoffs. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play. Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (the Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and Texans), while the Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The other seven clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers/Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL–NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their only league title (in 1969), leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have never won the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at seasons. Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 seasons. Since returning years ago, they have only made the playoffs three times, while the Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history. Active team droughts Post-season droughts Playoff game victory droughts Sortable table, click on the header arrows. AFC/NFC Divisional playoffs game appearance droughts This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a wild card playoff game or had a first-round bye. The Washington Commanders last appeared in the NFC Divisional playoff game as the Washington Redskins. The Las Vegas Raiders last appeared in the AFC Divisional playoff game as the Oakland Raiders. AFC/NFC Championship Game appearance droughts This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a divisional playoff game. The Washington Commanders last appeared in the NFC Championship Game as the Washington Redskins. The Browns were dormant from 1996–1998. Since returning years ago, the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game. The Las Vegas Raiders last appeared in the AFC Championship Game as the Oakland Raiders. The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship Game as the San Diego Chargers. Super Bowl appearance droughts This is also the last time club won AFC or NFC championship game. The Browns are considered to have suspended operation from 1996–1998. Since returning in 1999, or ago they have never appeared in the Super Bowl,while the franchise that moved in 1995, has made two appearances in the Super Bowl since the relocation controversy. The Washington Commanders last appeared","title":"List of NFL franchise post-season droughts"},{"docid":"41378826","text":"The 2014 Cincinnati Bengals season was the franchise's 45th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 47th overall and the twelfth under head coach Marvin Lewis. The Bengals qualified for the playoffs for the 4th consecutive season, but lost to the Indianapolis Colts in the first round, extending their playoff losing streak to 7 games, the 3rd longest losing streak (in terms of games played) in NFL history at the time, behind the Detroit Lions and Kansas City Chiefs who both had 8. 2014 draft class Draft trades The Bengals traded their original fourth- and sixth-round selections (Nos. 123 and 199 overall, respectively) to the Seattle Seahawks in exchange for the Seahawks' fourth-round selection (No. 111 overall). Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Postseason Game summaries Regular season Week 1: at Baltimore Ravens Andy Dalton would throw a 77-yard touchdown pass to A. J. Green with 4:58 remaining to give the Bengals the win. With the win, the Bengals started 1-0. They also won at Baltimore for the first time since 2009. Week 2: vs. Atlanta Falcons The Bengals defense would have themselves a day, intercepting Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan 3 times in the win. With the win, the Bengals started 2-0 for the first time since 2006. Week 3: vs. Tennessee Titans With the win, the Bengals started 3-0 for the first time since 2006. It is also their 3rd 3-0 start under Marvin Lewis. Week 5: at New England Patriots With the loss, the Bengals fell to 3-1. Week 6: vs. Carolina Panthers With the tie, the Bengals were sent to a 3-1-1 record and were given their first tie game since 2008. Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts With the loss, the Bengals fell to 3-2-1. They were also shut out for the first time since 2009. Week 8: vs. Baltimore Ravens With the win, the Bengals improved to 4-2-1, and swept the Ravens for the first time since 2009. Week 9: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars With their 4th straight win over the Jaguars, the Bengals went to 5-2-1. Week 10: vs. Cleveland Browns Andy Dalton would post a passer rating of 2.0 in this game, as the Bengals went down easily to the Browns 24-3. With the loss, the Bengals fell to 5-3-1. Week 11: at New Orleans Saints With the win, the Bengals went to 6-3-1. Week 12: at Houston Texans With the win, the Bengals went to 7-3-1. Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers With the win, the Bengals went to 8-3-1. They also won 3 consecutive road games for the first time in franchise history. They also defeated the Bucs for the first time since 1989. Week 14: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers The Bengals would surrender 25 points in the 4th quarter in this loss. With the loss, the Bengals fell to 8-4-1. Week 15: at Cleveland Browns Johnny Manziel made his first career NFL start in this game. With the shutout win, the Bengals went to","title":"2014 Cincinnati Bengals season"},{"docid":"20994478","text":"The 2009 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 64th season, 60th in the National Football League (NFL), and the first and only full year with Mike Singletary as head coach after being named interim head coach in 2008. It is the seventh year in which the 49ers have their seventh offensive coordinator. They were looking to improve upon their 7–9 record from 2008 with the 10th overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft. The 49ers started the 2009 season hot by winning three of the first four games. Their only loss in that span was against the Minnesota Vikings on a last-second, 32-yard touchdown from quarterback Brett Favre to wide receiver Greg Lewis. With that, and a week-5 blowout loss against the Atlanta Falcons, the team got a bad omen for the remainder of the year. The 49ers' defense, led by linebacker Patrick Willis, kept the 49ers in games, while their offense was inconsistent. Most of the blame was due to their weak offensive line, namely, the injury of left tackle Joe Staley in a week 7 game against the Indianapolis Colts. The 49ers won a week 12 home game over the Jacksonville Jaguars, 20–3. The win helped keep the 49ers' season alive. Going into week 13 against the Seattle Seahawks, the 49ers were heavily favored to win the game; however, critical mistakes in the game cost them the win and gave the team a huge blow of any chances of making the playoffs. The following week on Monday Night Football, the 49ers played the Arizona Cardinals, who were trying to clinch the NFC West. The 49ers' defense came out and exploded on the Cardinals top-ranked offense, causing them to turn over the ball 7 times. This was the first time San Francisco caused 7 or more turnovers in a game since forcing eight against the New Orleans Saints on September 14, 1997. The 49ers won the game 24–9, keeping their very slim playoff hopes alive. The next week they were defeated by the Philadelphia Eagles. The loss officially wiped out the 49ers from playoff contention. Despite being benched for 5 and a half games, Alex Smith came in and threw for a career-best 2,350 yards, 18 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. Frank Gore rushed for 1,120 yards and 13 touchdowns. He was awarded his second Pro Bowl appearance. Tight end Vernon Davis turned his career around by leading the team with 965 yards and 13 touchdowns – which tied the single-season record for most touchdowns by a tight end. Rookie wide receiver Michael Crabtree, who held out the first four games of the season, was able to put up solid numbers, with 625 receiving yards, 48 receptions, and 2 touchdowns. On defense, Patrick Willis, for the second time in his first three seasons in the league, led the NFL with 152 tackles and helped the 49ers become one of the best defensive units in the NFL. He was awarded his third straight Pro Bowl appearance. The 49ers defense would","title":"2009 San Francisco 49ers season"},{"docid":"41378738","text":"The Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 82nd season in the National Football League (NFL) and the second under head coach Chip Kelly. The Eagles led the NFC East for most of the year, but when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Indianapolis Colts in week 16, they were eliminated from playoff contention. Quarterback Nick Foles led them to a 6–2 start, despite struggling with turnovers more so than he did in 2013, where he threw only 2 interceptions and lost 1 fumble. Foles was injured in week 9, causing backup Mark Sanchez to take over as starting quarterback. The Eagles then went 4–4 in the last eight games with two losses against their division rivals, the Cowboys and Redskins. Despite missing the playoffs, they had 9 selections for the 2015 Pro Bowl, second only to the Denver Broncos, who had 11. Roster changes Free agents Signings Trades On March 13, the Eagles traded their fifth round selection from the New England Patriots to the New Orleans Saints for running back Darren Sproles. On May 10, the Eagles traded running back Bryce Brown and a 2014 seventh-round pick (No. 237 overall) to Buffalo for a 2014 seventh-round pick (No. 224 overall) and either a 2015 fourth-round pick or a 2016 third-round pick or a 2016 fourth-round pick. On August 19, the Eagles Acquired RB Kenjon Barner from the Carolina Panthers in exchange for a conditional seventh-round draft pick in 2015. Barner was later cut and the Panthers would receive no compensation. On August 20, the Eagles Acquired kicker Cody Parkey from the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for RB David Fluellen. Parkey would later win the starting kicker position. Roster changes On March 28, 2014, after what was the statistically best season in his career, the Eagles released wide receiver DeSean Jackson. As a free agent, he signed with the Eagles' division rival, the Washington Redskins, on April 2, 2014. The team made headlines when, on May 5, they signed Alejandro Villanueva, who is an Army Ranger, having served three tours of duty in Afghanistan, and has not played football since 2009. 2014 draft class Draft trades Undrafted free agents Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars The Eagles started their season at home against the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Jaguars dominated the first half 17–0 with quarterback Chad Henne throwing two touchdown passes to rookie wide receiver, Allen Hurns. The Jaguars defense forced two fumbles on quarterback Nick Foles . In the second quarter after a Josh Scobee 49-yard field goal, Foles threw an interception in the end zone to Alan Ball. The ensuing drive led to a Scobee field goal that was blocked by the Eagles. The Eagles scored on their opening drive in the second half after veteran running back, Darren Sproles rushed 49 yards for a touchdown in his first game as an Eagle. Then, Foles threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to Tight End, Zach","title":"2014 Philadelphia Eagles season"},{"docid":"10659448","text":"The 2003 season was the St. Louis Rams' 66th in the National Football League, their ninth season in St. Louis and their fourth under head coach Mike Martz. The Rams were coming off a disappointing 7–9 season and former MVP Kurt Warner was demoted to backup quarterback; Marc Bulger earned the starting job after replacing Warner in 2002 and winning six of his seven starts. Though many agree that The Greatest Show on Turf ended after the 2001 season, the Rams nonetheless finished 12–4, winning the NFC West, only to lose to the eventual NFC champions Carolina Panthers. This would be the last time the Rams won the NFC West until the 2017 NFL season. For the first time in 19 years, the Rams lost a playoff game at home. 2003 was also the last winning season that the Rams would achieve in St. Louis and was their last winning season anywhere until 2017 in Los Angeles. They did make the playoffs the following season despite a mediocre 8–8 record, considered one of the worst teams to make the playoffs, along with the 2010 Seahawks (7–9), the 1999 Lions (8–8), and the 1998 Cardinals (9–7). Bulger was voted to play in the Pro Bowl following the season and was the game's MVP. As for Kurt Warner, he was released after the season in order to clear up cap space, and Bulger would spend the next six seasons as the Rams' starting quarterback. Offseason Departures: Wide receiver Ricky Proehl went to the Panthers. Full back James Hodgins went to the Cardinals. Tight end Ernie Conwell went to the Saints. Wide receiver Troy Edwards went to the Jaguars. Cornerback Dre Bly went to the Lions. Acquisitions: Acquired offensive tackle Kyle Turley from the Saints in a trade. Draft Roster Regular season Schedule Notable Games September 7 @ New York Giants Kurt Warner was given one more shot as starter for the Rams and passed for 353 yards and one touchdown to Torry Holt. However, Warner was sacked six times and fumbled on five of them, losing three. The Giants, still smarting from their chaotic playoff loss to the 49ers the previous season, bullied the Rams by recovering the three fumbles and wracking up 146 rushing yards by Tiki Barber en route to a 23–13 win. Warner was briefly hospitalized with a concussion and Rams coach Mike Martz would start Marc Bulger at QB for the remainder of the season. September 14 vs. San Francisco 49ers The Rams and Niners squared off in a tight contest where the game lead tied or changed seven times. Tai Streets and Torry Holt traded touchdown catches in the first quarter, and after a Jeff Chandler field goal put the Niners up 10–7 at the half the game kicked up a gear as Marshall Faulk and Kevan Barlow traded rushing scores in the third, then after two Marc Bulger drives produced ten Rams points and a 24–17 lead Jeff Garcia drove the Niners down field and Terrell","title":"2003 St. Louis Rams season"},{"docid":"8777498","text":"The 2001 Chicago Bears season was their 82nd regular season and 23rd postseason completed in the National Football League (NFL). The team finished with a 13–3 record under head coach Dick Jauron en route to an NFC Central title and the number two seed in the NFC. With former 1st round pick Cade McNown being traded during training camp, the Bears were led by Jim Miller. The team had five comeback wins during the season, including two straight improbable wins where safety Mike Brown returned an interception for the game-winning touchdown in overtime. However, the Bears were upset at home by the Philadelphia Eagles 33–19 in the NFC Divisional playoffs. Offseason Draft choices Staff Roster Season narrative The Bears surprised most with a breakout campaign in 2001. After losing the opening game of the season to the Super Bowl XXXV Champion Baltimore Ravens 17–6 on the road, the Bears won their next six games, starting with a 17–10 victory against their division rival, the Minnesota Vikings in the Bears’ home-opener. They carried their momentum through the Week 3 Bye and won on the road against the Atlanta Falcons (31–3). The Bears returned home and won against the Arizona Cardinals 20–13. After a road shutout of the Cincinnati Bengals 24–0 the Bears played three home games. The first two games of this stretch were back-to-back overtime wins, first against the San Francisco 49ers (37–31), then against the Cleveland Browns (27–21). Both times safety Mike Brown capped remarkable comebacks (the Bears trailed 28–9 in the third quarter against San Francisco, and 21–7 with seconds remaining against Cleveland) by returning an interception in overtime for a touchdown. Unfortunately the Green Bay Packers (their historic rival) buried the Bears’ win streak at home, 20–12. The Bears rebounded, winning their next three games. They first defeated then-division rival Tampa Bay 27–24. A season sweep of the Vikings (13–6) followed, then the Bears defended their turf against the Detroit Lions 13–10. The Bears then traveled to Lambeau Field and were swept by the Packers 17–7. Once again the Bears rebounded, winning their last four games, against the Buccaneers at home (27–3), the Redskins (20–15), the Lions on the road (24–0), and then their season-finale against the Jacksonville Jaguars (33–13). The Bears ended the regular season with a 13–3 record. The Bears entered the playoffs with the league's top defense (allowing a league-low 203 points), an offense ranked 11th in points scored (338 points), and a plus-13 turnover differential (4th in the league), but their magical season ended on a sour note, losing 33–19 to the Philadelphia Eagles in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs at Soldier Field. Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1 Week 2 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 The Bears trailed the 49ers 28–9 in the third quarter. The Bears would score 22 unanswered points after Shane Matthews threw two touchdown passes to David Terrell in the last four minutes to tie the game","title":"2001 Chicago Bears season"},{"docid":"37982207","text":"The Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 81st season in the National Football League (NFL), and the first under head coach Chip Kelly. The Eagles improved on their 4–12 record from 2012, finishing 10–6 and clinching the NFC East division title and the playoffs for the first time since 2010, but after a close game, they lost on a last-second field goal to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round of the playoffs, by a score of 26–24. The season was noted for LeSean McCoy winning the NFL rushing title, and the extremely successful season by Nick Foles where he produced 27 touchdowns to only 2 interceptions. Foles also threw seven touchdowns against the Oakland Raiders, tying an NFL record for most touchdowns in a single game. This was the Eagles' first season since 1998 without long-time head coach Andy Reid, who was fired following the 2012 season, and would become the head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs after his dismissal. Reid made his first return to Philadelphia during Week 3, in which the Chiefs won 26–16. The Eagles had a three-way quarterback competition with Nick Foles, Michael Vick and Matt Barkley, with Vick winning the job. After Vick got injured, however, Foles took over as quarterback and was eventually named the new starting quarterback despite Vick's return. It took 62 weeks overall for the Eagles to win a home game; they continued the home losing streak that lasted throughout the rest of the 2012 season and extended it to 10 games, but they ended the streak by winning 24–16 against Washington at the Linc in Week 11. Personnel changes On December 31, 2012, long time head coach Andy Reid was fired. On January 16, 2013, Chip Kelly was hired as the new head coach. On January 20, Pat Shurmur accepted the offensive coordinator job. Billy Davis accepted the defensive coordinator position on February 7. Tom Gamble was named Vice-president of Player Personnel on February 13, a position that had been vacant since Ryan Grigson left to become general manager of the Indianapolis Colts. Roster changes Free agents Signings Trades On March 15, the Eagles traded their sixth round pick and a conditional 2014 pick to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for wide receiver Arrelious Benn and the Bucs' 2013 seventh round pick. On March 28, the Eagles traded fullback Stanley Havili to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for defensive end Clifton Geathers. On April 11, the Eagles traded running back Dion Lewis to the Cleveland Browns for linebacker Emmanuel Acho. On August 12, the Eagles traded offensive guard Nate Menkin to the Houston Texans for wide receiver Jeff Maehl. 2013 draft class Notes The Eagles traded their original fourth- and seventh-round selections (101st and 210th overall) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for the Jaguars' fourth-round selection (98th overall). The Eagles traded their original sixth-round selection (173rd overall) to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for safety David Sims and the Browns' seventh-round selection (212th overall). The Eagles","title":"2013 Philadelphia Eagles season"},{"docid":"4160046","text":"Jeffrey David Lageman (born July 18, 1967) is an American sports commentator and former professional football player. He played as a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). Lageman played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers and was selected by the New York Jets in the first round of the 1989 NFL Draft. In 1994, he was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars; he retired after an injury in 1998. Though considered small for a defensive lineman, he distinguished himself on the field, recording a total of 47 career quarterback sacks. Following his retirement from sports he went into sports broadcasting in Jacksonville, Florida. Early life Lageman was born in Fairfax, Virginia. He attended Park View High School in nearby Sterling. He attended the University of Virginia for college, where he played both linebacker and defensive end for the Virginia Cavaliers football team. Professional career Although considered undersized to play defensive end in the NFL, a fact that was pointed out by Mel Kiper Jr. during ESPN's coverage of the 1989 NFL Draft, Lageman was taken in the first round by the New York Jets. Lageman's NFL career spanned 10 seasons, the first six with the Jets, and the final four with the Jacksonville Jaguars. His best year came in 1991 when he made ten quarterback sacks. He made a career total of 47 sacks in the NFL. In 1995, Lageman was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars in their inaugural year. With Lageman playing a key role, the Jaguars made the 1996 playoffs and upset the Buffalo Bills and the Denver Broncos on the road before losing to the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game. Lageman's playing career ended on the first game of the 1998 season in Chicago. Although the Jaguars won on a last second touchdown pass from Mark Brunell to Jimmy Smith, they lost Lageman to a torn muscle in his arm. He never played again. Retirement During his time in Jacksonville, Lageman, an avid hunter and fisherman, began his broadcasting career with a radio show titled \"The Outdoors Show\" along with Captain Kevin Faver and Captain Kirk Waltz. After his playing career, Lageman continued his broadcasting career as a football color analyst on Fox television. By 2001, \"The Outdoors Show\" had moved from an all-sports station (WBWL-AM) to a 50,000 watt news-talk station (WOKV) and soon after, Lageman joined the play-by-play man Brian Sexton in the booth of the Jaguars Radio Network as the color analyst. He also serves as co-host of the weekly \"Jaguars This Week\" radio show along with Sexton, Jaguars.com senior writer John Oehser and former Jaguars teammate Tony Boselli, and is a castmember of the weekly television program, Jaguars All Access. Lageman lives in Jacksonville with his wife, Tera Lageman, and their children Taylor and Dylan. References External links Jeff Lageman statistics at DatabaseFootball.com Living people 1967 births Sportspeople from Fairfax, Virginia Players of American football from Fairfax County, Virginia People from Sterling, Virginia Players of American football from Loudoun","title":"Jeff Lageman"},{"docid":"1585533","text":"The National Football League playoffs for the 1996 season began on December 28, 1996. The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI, 35–21, on January 26, 1997, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars, each in just their second year of existence, not only qualified for the playoffs for the first time, but they also both advanced to their respective conference championship games. Participants Bracket Schedule In the United States, ABC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then NBC broadcast the rest of the AFC playoff games. Fox televised the rest of the NFC games and Super Bowl XXXI (their first ever Super Bowl broadcast since becoming the NFC network in 1994). The 1996-97 playoffs marked the first time that ABC employed ESPN’s NFL announce team for its Wild Card Weekend coverage; Mike Patrick replaced Brent Musburger on play-by-play with Joe Theismann replacing Dick Vermeil as analyst. Musburger and Vermeil, who at the time comprised ABC’s #2 college football broadcast team, had called one of the two Wild Card matchups every year since the playoffs expanded in 1990. Wild Card playoffs Saturday, December 28, 1996 AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 30, Buffalo Bills 27 The second-year Jaguars forced four turnovers, racked up three sacks, and outgained Buffalo in total yards 409–308 to earn their first playoff win. After trading points back and forth all day, almost drive for drive, Jaguars safety Chris Hudson would make a decisive hit on Bills quarterback Jim Kelly, knocking him out of the game and forcing a fumble that his team would convert into the game-winning score. Jacksonville was forced to punt on their opening drive, and Russell Copeland returned the ball 16 yards to the Jags' 43-yard line, setting up Kelly's 7-yard touchdown pass to running back Thurman Thomas. But later in the quarter, Jacksonville defensive end Clyde Simmons intercepted a shovel pass intended for Thomas and returned it 20 yards for a touchdown to tie the game. Buffalo stormed right back with a 10-play, 68-yard drive that ended with Thomas' 2-yard touchdown run, making the score 14–7. However, Jacksonville running back Natrone Means's 62-yard carry on their next drive moved the ball to the Bills' 5-yard line. The drive stalled there, but Mike Hollis kicked a 27-yard field goal to make the score 14–10 at the end of the first quarter. The Bills drove to the Jags' 2-yard line on their first drive of the second quarter, but came up empty when Kelly was stuffed for no gain by Jeff Lageman while trying to convert a fourth and 1 on a quarterback sneak. Jacksonville then stormed to their first lead of the day with quarterback Mark Brunell completing a 47-yard pass to tight end Pete Mitchell before Means took off for a 30-yard touchdown burst, giving them a 17–14 advantage. However, Eric Moulds returned the ensuing kickoff 57 yards to the Jags' 42-yard line, setting up","title":"1996–97 NFL playoffs"},{"docid":"48434572","text":"The 2016 season was the 84th in the history of the Pittsburgh Steelers as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League (NFL). It also marked the 17th season under leadership of general manager Kevin Colbert and the 10th under head coach Mike Tomlin. For the first time since 2004, tight end Heath Miller was not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement on February 19, 2016. After going 4–5 in their first nine games, the Steelers ended their season on a high note, winning all of their last seven. The Steelers were the first team since the 2011 Green Bay Packers to play on both Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. The Steelers won the AFC North for the second time in three years and made the playoffs for the third straight year. The team also improved upon their 10–6 record from 2015. Le'Veon Bell made his career first playoff appearance with the Steelers in the 2016–17 playoffs. The Steelers went on to defeat the Miami Dolphins in the Wild Card round and the Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional round before losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 36–17 in the AFC Championship game. This was the Steelers' first appearance in the AFC Championship game since the 2010 NFL season. The team ranked 10th in both offense and defense. This was also the final season under the ownership of Dan Rooney, as he died on April 13, 2017. As of 2023 this is the most recent season the Steelers have won a playoff game, having gone 0-5 (including the AFC Championship loss) since. Draft Notes The Steelers traded a conditional fifth-round selection (#164 overall) to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for cornerback Brandon Boykin – contingent upon Boykin playing 60% of the snaps with the Steelers during the 2015 season. The Steelers traded their original sixth-round selection (#201 overall) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for placekicker Josh Scobee. The Steelers acquired a sixth-round compensatory selection (#220 overall) as a result of the departure of Brice McCain during the free agency period. The Steelers acquired an additional seventh-round selection (#229 overall) in a trade that sent punter Brad Wing to the New York Giants. Undrafted free agents All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2016 NFL draft concluded on April 30 unless otherwise noted. Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason The Steelers' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 7. Dates and times were announced on April 14. Regular season The Steelers' regular season schedule was announced on April 14. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Postseason Game summaries Regular season Week 1: at Washington Redskins The Steelers opened their 2016 season on the road against the Redskins. In the first quarter, the Redskins got on the board jumping out to a 6–0 lead with two field goals kicked by Dustin Hopkins from 31 and 40 yards out. In the second quarter it was all Steelers as","title":"2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season"},{"docid":"16388152","text":"The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football franchise based in Jacksonville, Florida. They are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team, along with the Carolina Panthers, joined the NFL as expansion teams in 1995. The Jaguars, along with the Houston Texans, have never played in a Super Bowl or any other NFL Championship, but have made 3 appearances in AFC Championship games; twice against the New England Patriots after the 1996 season and the 2017 seasons, and once against the Tennessee Titans after the 1999 season. The Jaguars have had nine head coaches since their inaugural 1995 season, including two interim coaches. Tom Coughlin and Jack Del Rio each won 68 games while coaching the Jaguars, though Coughlin is more successful in terms of winning percentage, winning 53.1% of his games in charge. Doug Pederson is the current head coach since his hiring on February 3, 2022. History Tom Coughlin era (1995–2002) The Jaguars first head coach was Tom Coughlin, who was hired by owner Wayne Weaver well over a year before the team's inaugural season in 1995. The Jaguars won four games their first season, surpassing the previous record of wins for an expansion team (three), but falling well short of the Carolina Panthers record-setting pace that same year of seven wins. The next year, 1996, Coughlin and the Jaguars went to the AFC Championship game, a feat repeated in 1999, but both years the Jaguars fell short of the Super Bowl. In 2002, Coughlin was fired. Jack Del Rio era (2003–2011) Hired to replace Coughlin was Jack Del Rio. He was hired on January 16, 2003 and fired on November 29, 2011. He was replaced on an interim basis with Mel Tucker. Del Rio coached the team from 2003 to 2011, recording a winning percentage of 48.9% from 139 regular season games, but was fired after going over eight full seasons without winning a division title. Mike Mularkey era (2012) In 2012, Mike Mularkey was hired as head coach. His team was hit by several key injuries throughout the season and managed going on 2–14, the worst record in franchise history at the time. As a result, new owner Shahid Khan decided he wanted new leadership and fired the General Manager (GM), Gene Smith. The new GM, Dave Caldwell, decided to fire Mike Mularkey. Gus Bradley era (2013–2016) In 2013, the Jaguars hired Gus Bradley to become their new head coach. Bradley served a total of four years as the head coach of the Jaguars (–), but never was able to make the playoffs. Bradley was fired shortly before the end of the 2016 season, holding a record of 14-48. Doug Marrone era (2016–2020) Doug Marrone replaced Bradley for the final two remaining games of the 2016 season as the interim head coach of the Jaguars. On January 9, 2017, the Jaguars removed the interim tag and hired Marrone to be their fifth head coach.","title":"List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches"},{"docid":"72395096","text":"The 2023 season was the New Orleans Saints' 57th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 48th to host games at the Caesars Superdome and the second under head coach Dennis Allen. The team improved on their 7–10 record from 2022, but missed the playoffs for a third consecutive season. The Saints finished tied with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for the NFC South division title, as well as in a three-way tie with the Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks for the last Wild Card spot; however, the Saints lost both tiebreakers. Draft Staff Final roster Preseason The Saints' preseason opponents and schedule were announced in the spring. Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Tennessee Titans In the Saints home opener against the Tennessee Titans, they barely held on with a 16–15 win. They start off the season 1–0. Week 2: at Carolina Panthers With the win, the Saints started 2–0 for the first time since 2013. Week 3: at Green Bay Packers The Saints led 17–0 going into the fourth quarter, but the Packers mounted an 18-point comeback and won, 18–17, on an 8-yard touchdown pass from Love to Romeo Doubs, which was followed by a missed potential game-winning 46-yard field goal attempt by Saints kicker Blake Grupe. With the loss, the Saints fell to 2–1. Week 4: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Saints endured their second consecutive loss, falling to 2-2. Last season, Lattimore and Evans were ejected for fighting. Week 5: at New England Patriots The Saints dominated the Patriots with a 34-point shutout, picking up the third win of the season. They improve to 3-2. Week 6: at Houston Texans The Saints endured a loss to the Texans, thus bringing their record down to 3-3. Week 7: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars For the first time since the 2003 season, the Saints were defeated by the Jaguars. They fall to 3-4. Week 8: at Indianapolis Colts The Saints still defeated the Colts 38-27, even after a tough loss from last Thursday. The Saints improve to 4-4 and tie for first in the division with their rival Falcons. Week 9: vs. Chicago Bears The Saints defeated the Bears 24-17, while the Atlanta Falcons lost to the Minnesota Vikings, thus bringing the Saints' record to 5-4 and allowing them to take the Number 1 spot in the NFC South. Week 10: at Minnesota Vikings Coming off the win over the Bears, the Saints traveled to U.S. Bank Stadium to take on the Minnesota Vikings. The two teams played in London last season. The Saints still lost to the Vikings 27-19, in which they dropped to 5-5 on the season despite also being on top of the NFC South. Week 12: at Atlanta Falcons Week 13: vs. Detroit Lions For the first time since the 2016 season, the Saints were defeated by the Lions. Week 14: vs. Carolina Panthers The Saints previously defeated the Panthers in Week 2. After scoring four","title":"2023 New Orleans Saints season"},{"docid":"62202076","text":"The 2020 season was the Miami Dolphins' 51st in the National Football League (NFL), their 55th overall and their second under head coach Brian Flores. This was the first season since the 2016 season that the Dolphins finished with a winning record. Despite being 2nd in their division, and having double digit wins, the Dolphins failed to make the playoffs due to Indianapolis beating the Jaguars in the last week of the season. This was the fourth time in franchise history that the Dolphins failed to make the playoffs with ten wins. Additionally, the Dolphins were the only team to finish the season with a winning record but fail to qualify for the playoffs. The Dolphins ranked 6th in defense this season. Season Summary The Dolphins dedicated their 2020 season in memory of legendary Dolphins' head coach Don Shula, who died on May 4, 2020, at the age of 90, at his Indian Creek, Florida home. At both home and away games, the Dolphins wore patches bearing Shula's surname and the number 347, the number of Shula's all-time number of wins in his 32 years as an NFL head coach. Shula, the winningest coach in NFL history, served as Dolphins' head coach from 1970 to 1995 and had led the franchise to five Super Bowl appearances, winning back-to-back championships in 1972 and 1973. Famously, in 1972, Shula led the Dolphins to their first Super Bowl title, as well as the only perfect season by a team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger. The Dolphins improved on their 5–11 record from the previous season, following a Week 10 win over the Los Angeles Chargers. After beginning the season 1–3, the Dolphins established themselves as playoff contenders by winning five straight games and starting with a 6–3 record for the first time since 2001. They also started 8–4 for the first time since 2003. The team clinched their first winning season since 2016 after a Week 15 win over the Patriots, which eliminated the Pats from the playoffs for the first time since 2008. On December 26, the Dolphins clinched their first 10-win season since 2016 with a 26–25 victory over the Las Vegas Raiders. A significant factor in Miami's dramatic improvement over their 2019 season of 5–11 was the story of their defense. In 2019, the Dolphins allowed more points than any other team in the NFL. In 2020, only five teams allowed fewer points-per-game than the Dolphins. However, despite the improvements, the Dolphins were eliminated from playoff contention for the fourth consecutive year following a blowout loss to the Buffalo Bills and the Indianapolis Colts' victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 17, becoming the first team to miss the playoffs with 10+ wins since the 2015 Jets, which, coincidentally, were also led by Ryan Fitzpatrick. Despite their elimination from the playoffs, 5th-year cornerback Xavien Howard joined Antonio Cromartie as the only players since the 1970 merger to record at least 10 interceptions in a season, and was the most by","title":"2020 Miami Dolphins season"},{"docid":"2883940","text":"Sean Russell Dawkins (February 3, 1971 – August 9, 2023) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning consensus All-American honors. A first-round draft pick in the 1993 NFL Draft, he played professionally for the Indianapolis Colts, New Orleans Saints, Seattle Seahawks and Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL. Early years Sean Russell Dawkins was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, but raised in Sunnyvale, California. He distinguished himself as a wide receiver at Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. College career Dawkins earned an athletic scholarship to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where he played for the California Golden Bears. While at Cal, Dawkins used his speed and size (6 feet 4 inches, 215 pounds) to establish himself as one of the country's most dangerous deep threats. His first two seasons at California were unqualified successes for him personally, as well as his Golden Bear teammates. In 1990, California won their first Bowl Game since 1938, defeating Wyoming in the Copper Bowl. The following season, the Bears dominated nationally ranked Clemson in the Citrus Bowl, which earned them the No. 7 ranking in the final CNN/USA Today Coaches Poll, their highest finish since 1950. It also marked the first time in school history that California won bowl games in consecutive seasons. The 1992 season, however, included a new coach. After transforming the California program from a laughingstock into a national power, coach Bruce Snyder left Berkeley for Arizona State and was replaced by Keith Gilbertson. Gilbertson's squad struggled to a 4-7 record in 1992, but Dawkins was one bright spot in an otherwise forgettable year. Dawkins was recognized a consensus first-team All-American after the season in 1992, an honor which encouraged him to forgo his senior season and enter the NFL Draft. Professional career Dawkins was selected in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts as the 16th overall pick and the second wide receiver chosen. In his third season with the Colts, Indianapolis won two playoff games before falling to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game. He played in two more playoff games in his career, but both were losses. After one season in New Orleans, Dawkins signed as a free agent with the Seattle Seahawks in 1999. He enjoyed his finest personal year in 1999 with 58 receptions for 992 yards. After two campaigns with Seattle, Dawkins spent his final year with the Jacksonville Jaguars. His career was clearly on the decline by that point, as he made only 20 catches with the Jaguars that season. Before the 2002 season, he signed with the Minnesota Vikings but was among the final cuts and never played in the NFL again. Life after football Dawkins pursued a career in real estate in Sacramento, California, and later trained to become a police officer in San Jose, California. Dawkins died on August","title":"Sean Dawkins"},{"docid":"37982183","text":"The 2013 season was the Kansas City Chiefs' 44th in the National Football League (NFL), their 54th overall and their first under the head coach/general manager tandem of Andy Reid and John Dorsey. After their 26–16 win over the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 3, which was also coach Andy Reid's first visit to Philadelphia since the Eagles fired him the season prior, the Chiefs vastly improved on their 2–14 record from 2012 just three weeks into the season. However, despite starting 9–0, the Chiefs would struggle in the second half of the season, losing 5 out of their last 7 games, and losing control of the AFC West. Despite that, they would still make the playoffs. After defeating the New York Giants 31–7 in Week 4, the Chiefs became the first team in NFL history to win two or fewer games in the previous season, and win the first four games the next. On October 13, 2013, against the Oakland Raiders, Chiefs fans broke the Guinness World Record for loudest crowd roar at an outdoor stadium with 137.5 decibels. Seattle Seahawks fans later reclaimed the record on December 2, 2013, with a roar of 137.6 decibels. After the Indianapolis Colts defeated the Denver Broncos in Week 7, the Chiefs were the final undefeated team in the NFL. They were the first team in NFL history to earn the number one draft pick and be the last undefeated team in consecutive years. The Chiefs clinched a playoff berth. They would lose to the Indianapolis Colts in the Wild Card round of the playoffs 45–44, after blowing a 38–10 lead. The loss extended an 8-game playoff losing streak dating back to the 1993 season, which stood as the longest in NFL history until it was broken by the Detroit Lions in 2016. Roster changes Trades Cuts Free agency Draft Undrafted free agents Preseason cuts *Tony Moeaki was originally released but was subsequently placed on injured reserve Inseason Transactions Cuts Signings Players with multiple transactions This is a list of players who played for the Chiefs at some point during the season who were involved in more than one transaction during the season. Staff Final roster Preseason Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at New Orleans Saints Week 2: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 3: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 4: vs. Green Bay Packers Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Jacksonville Jaguars The Chiefs started their 2013 season on the road against the Jaguars. The Jags scored a safety when J. T. Thomas blocked a punt in the end zone, giving them a 2–0 lead. The Chiefs took the lead when Alex Smith found Donnie Avery on a 5-yard touchdown pass, making the score 7–2. This was followed up by Smith finding Junior Hemingway on a 3-yard pass, extending the Chiefs' lead to 14–2. In the second quarter, the Chiefs continued to dominate as Jamaal Charles ran for a 2-yard touchdown, giving the team a","title":"2013 Kansas City Chiefs season"},{"docid":"11442751","text":"The 1995 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 20th season in the National Football League (NFL). The season began with the team trying to improve on a 6–10 season in 1994, a season in which the team won 4 straight games at the end of the year, and four of their final five. It was Sam Wyche’s final season as the team's head coach. Prior to the season Malcolm Glazer took over ownership of the team, then the Bucs drafted defensive lineman Warren Sapp and linebacker Derrick Brooks, both of whom are recognized as two of the team's greatest ever players. The Buccaneers' first-ever draft pick, Lee Roy Selmon, was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Overview There had been rumors as far back as the end of the 1993 season that new owner Glazer, who purchased the team from the estate of the late Hugh Culverhouse, would move the team after funding to improve Tampa Stadium was not obtained, but a referendum kept the Bucs in Tampa for 1995. The possibility of moving the Buccaneers to Cleveland, Ohio was an undercurrent throughout the 1995 season once Art Modell’s relocation of the Browns to Baltimore was announced. Bucs’ head coach Sam Wyche gained some notoriety for saying \"Five dash Two\" to reporters during a press conference after the seventh game of the season, referring to the team's 5–2 record at the time. Tampa Bay had won 9 of its previous 12 games, going back to the end of the 1994 season, and many observers felt they had become a sleeper NFC playoff contender. However, the good luck and victory string soon ran out, and the team would go 2–7 for the remainder of the season. Following the week seven overtime win over Minnesota, Tampa Bay lost three in a row before beating expansion Jacksonville, only after Jaguars coach Tom Coughlin decided to go for a 2-point conversion when scoring a last-minute touchdown. It failed and the Bucs won 17–16, giving them a sweep of that season's new expansion teams, as they had beaten Carolina 17–10 in week 5. Two more losses followed, and the 6–7 Buccaneers had a prime time ESPN Sunday Night Football game against the Green Bay Packers, who were playing without future Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White due to injury. Tampa Bay pulled out an overtime win over the eventual NFC Central champion Packers to make their record 7–7, ensuring that their streak of 10-loss seasons—dating back to the 1983 season—would end. The Buccaneers had remained in playoff contention through fourteen games for the first time in a 16-game season since 1981, when they won their second division championship in three seasons under coach John McKay and quarterback Doug Williams. (the Buccaneers qualified for the expanded playoff tournament during the strike-shortened 1982 season, their last postseason appearance until 1997). The Bucs, however, lost to the Chicago Bears by 21 points at Soldier Field in the penultimate game of the season, ending their","title":"1995 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season"},{"docid":"8912419","text":"The IUPUI Jaguars are the 18 intercollegiate teams that represent Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. On July 1, 2017, IUPUI left the Summit League to move to the Horizon League in all sports. The Jaguars were formerly known as the IUPUI Metros. History IUPUI first sponsored intercollegiate athletics in 1972, when the men's basketball team began play as the IUPUI Metros. Women's sports were first sponsored in 1975, when the women's basketball, softball, and volleyball teams first competed. In 1978, the Metros joined the NAIA. They joined NCAA Division II in 1993 and moved up to NCAA Division I in 1997. Also in 1997, IUPUI joined the Mid-Continent Conference (now known as the Summit League), and officially changed their nickname to the Jaguars. In 2000, the men's soccer team became the first Jaguar team to compete in an NCAA tournament. On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both the IU and Purdue systems announced that IUPUI will split into two separate universities, with completion of the split to be finished by the fall 2024 semester. Administration of the athletic program will fall to the new Indiana University Indianapolis. Sports A member of the Horizon League, IUPUI sponsors teams in eight men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports: IUPUI had a baseball team from 1979 until 2001. Men's basketball The 1984–85 and 1989–90 men's basketball teams won the NAIA District 21 Tournament and advanced to the NAIA National Tournament. The 1989–90 Jaguars defeated Siena Heights in the NAIA Tournament, but lost their next game to Pfeiffer. The 2002–03 Jaguars won the Mid-Continent Conference Tournament (now called the Summit League) and were the first men's basketball team to reach the NCAA tournament. They lost in the first round to Kentucky. Former basketball coach Ron Hunter accepted the head coaching position at Georgia State University and was succeeded by Todd Howard. Men's soccer The men's soccer team advanced to the NAIA Division 21 Playoffs in 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1993. The 1993 team advanced to the NAIA Division 21 Championship before their season ended. The 1994 team lost in the NAIA Division 21 Tournament. In 2000, the Jaguars won the Mid-Continent Conference Tournament. They defeated Marist in an NCAA tournament play-in game. Their season ended with a loss to SMU in their only NCAA tournament. That year, the Jaguars finished with an 11–9–2 record. Women's basketball The women's basketball team won the NAIA District 21 Tournament in 1989–1990 and 1990–1991. The 1990–1991 team advanced to the semifinals of the NAIA National Tournament before losing to Southwestern Oklahoma State. The Jaguars clinched their first NCAA tournament berth by winning the 2020 Horizon League women's basketball tournament. Women's softball The women's softball team competes at the NAIA level from 1983 through 1991. The Lady Metros (now Jaguars) appeared in nine straight NAIA regional and national tournaments, finishing third place twice and fourth place twice during that time span. They were","title":"IUPUI Jaguars"},{"docid":"1475872","text":"The National Football League playoffs for the 1997 season began on December 27, 1997. The postseason tournament concluded with the Denver Broncos defeating the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII, 31–24, on January 25, 1998, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. For the first time ever, all three Florida teams (the Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers) qualified for the playoffs. The feat would repeat itself in the 1999 postseason and again during the 2022 postseason. Participants Bracket Schedule These playoffs marked the final season that NBC was the AFC network. CBS would then take over the rights to the AFC before the start of the following season. Super Bowl XXXII was also NBC's last NFL broadcast overall until 2006, when they signed on to televise Sunday Night Football. ABC continued to broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, and Fox televised the rest of the NFC games. Wild Card playoffs Saturday, December 27, 1997 NFC: Minnesota Vikings 23, New York Giants 22 The 1997 playoffs were notable for featuring four teams from the NFC Central. At fourth place were the Vikings, who had started the year a promising 8–2 before losing five straight games and barely making the postseason with a 9–7 record. The Vikings had made the playoffs in four of the last five seasons, but had lost each time in the first round. This time, however, they managed to earn a win by scoring 10 points in the final 90 seconds of the game. Vikings quarterback Randall Cunningham got off to a rough start as he lost three first half turnovers that would be converted into nine New York points. After each team punted to start the game, Cunningham lost a fumble that was recovered by defensive tackle Bernard Holsey on the Vikings 23. New York ended up losing yardage with their ensuing drive, but Brad Daluiso kicked a 43-yard field goal to put them up 3–0. Cunningham fumbled again on his next drive, and New York defensive end Michael Strahan recovered the ball on the Minnesota 46-yard line. Quarterback Danny Kanell subsequently completed a 27-yard pass to fullback Charles Way, setting up Daluiso's second field goal that made the score 6–0. In the second quarter, New York increased their lead to 13–0 with a 7-play, 56-yard scoring drive. Kanell kept it going with an 11-yard pass to running back Tiki Barber on third and 4, and then hit David Patten for a 37-yard completion to the Vikings 2-yard line. Three plays later, he threw a 3-yard touchdown pass to tight end Aaron Pierce. After the teams traded punts, Giants cornerback Jason Sehorn intercepted a pass from Cunningham and returned it 36 yards to the Vikings 47-yard line. New York then drove 23 yards to a 41-yard field goal from Daluiso, making the score 16–0. The Vikings punted on their next drive but caught a break when cornerback Duane Butler recovered a fumble from Giants receiver Amani Toomer on the punt return","title":"1997–98 NFL playoffs"},{"docid":"16780110","text":"The 1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise’s fourth year in the National Football League (NFL). The team equaled the 11–5 record from their previous season, but won their first division title, as both the Tennessee Oilers and Pittsburgh Steelers lost crucial games near the end of the regular season. In the playoffs the Jaguars won their Wild Card game versus the New England Patriots, 25–10, but lost the following week in the Divisional round against the New York Jets, 34–24. The Jaguars appeared twice on Monday Night Football, winning both games. NFL draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Season summary Week 1 at Chicago Bears Standings Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs (6) New England Patriots Fred Taylor runs for 162 yards and a touchdown on 31 carries. The Patriots had just 206 total yards and the Jaguars defense forced three turnovers. AFC Divisional Playoffs: vs (2) New York Jets Mark Brunell throws for three touchdowns but completes just 12 of 31 passes with three interceptions. The Jaguars committed four turnovers. Awards and records Mark Brunell, Franchise Record (tied), Most Touchdown Passes in One Game, 4 Passes (November 29, 1998) Mark Brunell, Franchise Record, Most Touchdown Passes in One Season, 20 Passes (November 29, 1998) Fred Taylor, Franchise Record, Most Touchdowns in One Season, 17 Single Game Home Attendance Record, 74,143, December 28, 1998 Single Season Home Attendance Record, 561,472, December 28, 1998 References Jaguars on Pro Football Reference Jaguars Schedule on jt-sw.com Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville Jaguars seasons AFC Central championship seasons Jackson","title":"1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"10696170","text":"The 1998 New England Patriots season was the franchise's 29th season in the National Football League (NFL) and the 39th overall. They finished with a 9–7 record, losing in the first round of the playoffs to the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the offseason, the Patriots tendered restricted free agent running back Curtis Martin with the highest possible tender, which would return the Patriots first- and third-round draft picks if any team were to sign him and the Patriots were to decide not to match the offer. Fueling the rivalry between the two teams, the New York Jets and head coach Bill Parcells, who had resigned from the Patriots two years earlier, signed Martin, the 1995 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year, and per restricted free agency rules ceded their first- and third-round picks in the 1998 NFL Draft to the Patriots. With the first-round pick the Patriots selected another running back Robert Edwards, who rushed for over 1,000 yards in his rookie campaign. Suffering a broken finger in November, veteran quarterback Drew Bledsoe was unable to start the team's final two regular season games and was replaced by Scott Zolak. With a 9–7 record the Patriots finished fourth in the AFC East but earned a sixth seed in the AFC playoffs. With Zolak still at the helm, the Patriots were defeated on the road by the Jacksonville Jaguars, the second straight playoff defeat for second-year head coach Pete Carroll, and is one of only two games the Patriots have ever lost to the Jaguars, the second being in 2018. As of the 2022 NFL season, this remains the last time that a team with a fourth-place finish in its division made the playoffs. 1998 NFL Draft Undrafted free agents Staff Regular season Schedule Standings Playoffs Notable games September 13 vs. Indianapolis Colts: The Peyton Manning/New England Patriots rivalry kicked off with a 29–6 rout of Manning's Colts. Ty Law ran back a first-quarter interception 59 yards for the game's first touchdown, while Terry Glenn's three-yard catch and Robert Edwards' one-yard run went with three field goals by future Colt Adam Vinatieri for the Pats. Torrance Small caught a touchdown from Manning in the final five minutes for the only score by the Colts. Manning ended the day with three picks returned for 71 yards. September 20 vs. Tennessee Oilers: In their final season using the team nickname \"Oilers\", the future Tennessee Titans put on a hard challenge for the Patriots, as Eddie George rushed for 100 yards and caught a 22-yard touchdown from Steve McNair. Al Del Greco and Adam Vinatieri exchanged field goals in the first half and the game lead tied or changed seven times before Lawyer Milloy picked off McNair for a 30-yard fourth-quarter touchdown sealing a 27–16 Patriots win. October 4 at New Orleans Saints: Two seasons since losing Super Bowl XXXI in New Orleans the Patriots made their first trip to the Louisiana Superdome; coincidentally, the coach they were facing was the one who'd crushed them","title":"1998 New England Patriots season"},{"docid":"76440709","text":"Paul Corsaro (born ) is an American basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the IUI Jaguars. He played college football for the Youngstown State Penguins before transferring to play football and basketball for the Indianapolis Greyhounds. He later coached the Greyhounds and for the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons before receiving his current position in 2024. Early life Corsaro attended Roncalli High School in Indiana where he was a top basketball and football athlete, being named a first-team All-South basketball player as a senior while finishing as the basketball team's all-time leading scorer. He began his college career at Youngstown State University playing football in 2008, starting one game at quarterback that year. Corsaro transferred to the University of Indianapolis in 2009 and played both football and basketball. He won three varsity letters and played with both teams from 2009 to 2012, although he missed his senior year of basketball due to injury. In 2010, with the football team, he set a program record for most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback in a season, with eight. He helped the football team reach their first NCAA playoff appearance in 2012. He was a guard in basketball and played quarterback in football from 2009 to 2010, before moving to playing defensive back for his last two seasons. Corsaro graduated in 2012 with a bachelor's degree in communications and later received a master's degree in business administration in 2014. Coaching career Corsaro became a graduate assistant with the Indianapolis basketball program in 2012 and remained an assistant through 2016, when he was promoted to associate head coach. He helped Indianapolis have six consecutive winning seasons in his tenure. They also reached the NCAA tournament four straight times from 2013 to 2016 and had their first appearance in the Sweet Sixteen in 2014–15. He then served as an assistant coach for the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons from 2018 to 2020, as the team had 32 wins in two seasons. Corsaro returned to Indianapolis in 2020 as head coach. He served four seasons in the position and helped the team compile a record of 79–37 during that time, which included two conference championships. He was the NABC Midwest Coach of the Year and the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) Coach of the Year for the 2022–23 season, in which he led the team to a program-record 26 wins and helped them have a top seed in the NCAA tournament. In 2024, Corsaro left UIndy to become the head coach of the nearby Division I IUPUI Jaguars, which will represent the new Indiana University Indianapolis (IU Indianapolis or IUI) when IUPUI splits into two separate institutions at the end of the 2023–24 school year. Head coaching record References 1980s births Living people American football quarterbacks American football defensive backs Guards (basketball) Youngstown State Penguins football players Indianapolis Greyhounds football players Indianapolis Greyhounds men's basketball players Indianapolis Greyhounds men's basketball coaches Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons men's basketball coaches IUPUI Jaguars men's basketball coaches Basketball coaches","title":"Paul Corsaro"},{"docid":"10024156","text":"Fred Hoaglin, (born January 28, 1944) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL) from 1966 to 1976. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers. Playing career Hoaglin graduated from East Palestine High School in East Palestine, Ohio and University of Pittsburgh, from where he was eventually drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the 1966 NFL Draft. He was a member of the first Seattle Seahawks team after being acquired from the Houston Oilers in the 1976 NFL Expansion Draft. NFL assistant coach After he retired as a player, Hoaglin served as an assistant coach for the Detroit Lions (1978–1984), New York Giants (1985–1992), New England Patriots (1993–1996), and Jacksonville Jaguars (1997–2000), serving under the Bill Parcells coaching tree during his stints at the last three franchises. He was an assistant coach for the Giants during their Super Bowl XXI and Super Bowl XXV championship seasons under Parcells, then won an AFC Championship at New England under Parcells in 1996 before the Patriots fell 35-21 to the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI. Parcells resigned from the Patriots to take the head coaching job with the New York Jets after that loss, but Hoaglin joined fellow Parcells coaching tree disciple Tom Coughlin in Jacksonville as the tight ends coach. During his time there, the Jacksonville Jaguars won two AFC Central Division titles, reached the playoffs in three consecutive seasons, and played in the 1999 AFC Championship Game. Coaching History Detroit Lions (1978-1984) (OL) New York Giants (1985-1992) (OL) New England Patriots (1993-1996) (OL) Jacksonville Jaguars (1997-2001) (TE) 1944 births Living people American football offensive linemen Pittsburgh Panthers football players Cleveland Browns players Baltimore Colts players Houston Oilers players Seattle Seahawks players Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players Detroit Lions coaches New York Giants coaches New England Patriots coaches Jacksonville Jaguars coaches People from Alliance, Ohio Players of American football from Stark County, Ohio","title":"Fred Hoaglin"},{"docid":"25847434","text":"The 2010 season was the San Diego Chargers' 41st in the National Football League (NFL) and their 51st overall. The team failed to improve on their 13–3 record the previous season, finishing with a 9–7 record and missing the playoffs for the first time since 2005. The 2010 Chargers are noted for having both the No. 1-ranked offense and defense, the first team to do so since the 1996 Green Bay Packers. However, a struggling special teams unit would help cause the Chargers to lose five of their first seven games, each of which was by a one-possession margin. The San Diego Union-Tribune wrote \"[N]o team even came close to having all those special teams foibles in one season.\" Football Outsiders calculated that the Chargers had the worst special teams in the league in 2010 and the fifth-worst from 1993 to 2010. Although the Chargers won seven of their nine remaining matchups, they were unable to overcome the slow start and missed the postseason by one game. An additional victory would have allowed the Chargers to win the AFC West on a tiebreaker, but they instead finished a game behind the Kansas City Chiefs. In addition to their statistical performance, the Chargers used an NFL-record tying 74 players during the season due to injuries. The 2010 season also saw the Chargers have their first home blackouts since 2004 and was their first since 2000 to not have future Hall of Fame running back LaDainian Tomlinson on the roster. Offseason On February 22, 2010, LaDainian Tomlinson requested his release after nine seasons with the team, and went to the New York Jets. NFL draft After finishing the season with the best record among teams exiting the playoffs in the divisional round, the Chargers picked 28th in the draft. They traded their sixth round pick in a trade that sent defensive tackle Travis Johnson to the Chargers. Draft notes Coaching staff Final roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at Kansas City Chiefs The Chargers began their season at Arrowhead Stadium for a division rivalry match against the Kansas City Chiefs. In the first quarter the Chargers took the early lead as QB Philip Rivers completed a 3-yard TD pass to TE Antonio Gates. The Chiefs replied when RB Jamaal Charles made a 56-yard TD run. In the 2nd quarter the Chargers fell behind when QB Matt Cassel completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Tony Moeaki. This was followed by WR Dexter McCluster returning a punt 94 yards to the endzone for a touchdown. In the third quarter the Chargers cut the lead when QB Philip Rivers threw a 59-yard TD pass to WR Legedu Naanee. In the 4th quarter the Chiefs defense prevented any more scoring from the Chargers. With the loss, San Diego began at 0–1. Week 2: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Chiefs, the Chargers returned home for an AFC duel with the Jaguars. In the 1st quarter, San Diego","title":"2010 San Diego Chargers season"},{"docid":"55953158","text":"The 2018 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 24th in the National Football League (NFL) and their second under head coach Doug Marrone. This was their first season in new uniforms, which were revealed in April 2018. The Jaguars had hopes of matching or improving on their 10–6 campaign from the year prior, but despite a 3–1 start, the Jags fell into a 7 game losing streak and failed to improve on their 10–6 record after a Week 10 loss to the Colts. After they lost to the Tennessee Titans in Week 14, the Jaguars fell to 4–9 and were officially eliminated from postseason contention. They finished 5–11, in last place in the AFC South. Draft Draft trades The Jaguars traded a conditional sixth-round selection to Buffalo in exchange for defensive tackle Marcell Dareus. This pick became a fifth-round selection (166th overall) after Dareus remained on Jacksonville's roster for the remainder of the 2017 season and the Jaguars made the playoffs. The Jaguars traded defensive end Chris Smith to the Bengals in exchange for a conditional selection. As Smith was on the Bengals' active roster for at least six games during the 2017 season, Jacksonville acquired Cincinnati's seventh-round selection (230th overall). Staff Final roster Preseason The Jaguars' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 11. Exact dates and times were finalized on April 19, when the regular season schedule was announced. Regular season Schedule On January 11, 2018, the NFL announced that the Jaguars would play host to the Philadelphia Eagles at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game occurred during Week 8 (October 28), and was televised in the United States. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at New York Giants Week 2: vs. New England Patriots Week 3: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 4: vs. New York Jets Week 5: at Kansas City Chiefs Week 6: at Dallas Cowboys Week 7: vs. Houston Texans Week 8: vs. Philadelphia Eagles NFL London Games Week 10: at Indianapolis Colts Week 11: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 12: at Buffalo Bills Week 13: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 14: at Tennessee Titans Week 15: vs. Washington Redskins Week 16: at Miami Dolphins Week 17: at Houston Texans Standings Division Conference References External links Jacksonville Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Jacksonville Jaguars","title":"2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"16779982","text":"The 1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's 2nd season in the National Football League and the 2nd under head coach Tom Coughlin. The Jaguars improved on their 4–12 record from their inaugural season. The Jaguars marked success as they won six of their last seven games of the season and finished with a record of 9–7. The credit for this midseason turnaround probably lies in the demotion of wide receiver Andre Rison in favor of Jimmy Smith after a game against the St. Louis Rams in which Brunell threw 5 interceptions. The interceptions were blamed on Rison and he was benched. In the team's final game of the regular season against the Atlanta Falcons, needing a win to earn a playoff berth, the Jaguars caught a bit of luck when Morten Andersen missed a 30-yard field goal with less than a minute remaining that would have given the Falcons the lead. The Jaguars clinched the fifth seed in the AFC playoffs. The Jaguars achieved their first ever franchise playoff game victory, in a stunning upset on the road against the Buffalo Bills. The victory against the Bills was notable due to the fact that the Bills roster was made up of many of the same players that had been to four Super Bowls in the decade, including eventual Hall of Fame players Jim Kelly, Thurman Thomas, Andre Reed, and Bruce Smith (who had previously been the league Defensive Player of the Year). Their next game was on the road against the Denver Broncos, who had dominated the AFC with a 13–3 record (and earned the top AFC seed). The upstart Jaguars were not intimidated by the Broncos or their fans and their good fortune continued, as they largely dominated from the second quarter on. A late touchdown pass from Mark Brunell to Jimmy Smith gave the Jags a 30–20 lead. They held on to win in a huge upset, 30–27, in a game that many people still consider the franchise's finest hour. Upon their return home, the Jags were greeted by an estimated 40,000 fans at the stadium. Many of these fans had watched the game on the stadium JumboTron displays and had stayed into the early hours of the morning when the team arrived. In the AFC Championship Game, the Jaguars acquitted themselves very well, playing a tight and close defensive game in a hostile environment for over three quarters before finally losing 20–6 to the New England Patriots on the road. Offseason NFL draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs (4) Buffalo Bills AFC Divisional Playoffs: vs (1) Denver Broncos Considered one of the greatest upsets in NFL playoff history, the Jaguars (who were 14 point underdogs, and initially fell behind 12–0 in the first quarter, but led 13–12 at halftime) would stun the Broncos 30–27. Earlier in the day, Denver Post sports columnist Woody Paige referred to the Jaguars","title":"1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season"},{"docid":"52069599","text":"The 2017 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 68th season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 72nd overall. It was also the first season under the head coach/general manager tandem of Kyle Shanahan and John Lynch. After a 0–9 start, they won 6 of their last 7 games and finished the season 6–10, improving from their last two season records. Despite this, the 49ers were eliminated from playoff contention in Week 12. The 49ers season largely turned around after they acquired quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo from the New England Patriots on October 30, 2017. At this point, the 49ers had a record of 0–8, dead last in the NFC. Garoppolo made his first start during Week 13 against the Chicago Bears and led them to a 15–14 win. Garoppolo won the final five games of the season for the 49ers, bringing the regular-season record to 6–10, the most wins by the team since the 2014 season. During the 5-game win streak, the 49ers won 3 straight games over teams that eventually made the playoffs (Weeks 15–17 against the Tennessee Titans, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Los Angeles Rams). From Weeks 1–12, the 49ers scored just 187 points (17 points per game), which was in the bottom half of the league. During the 5-game win streak, the 49ers offense scored 144 points (28.8 points per game). The highlight of the year was during Week 16, the 49ers scored 44 points against the Jacksonville Jaguars, who had the NFL's top scoring defense at the time, allowing just 14.9 points per game. The 49ers finished the season by being the only team in the NFL to go undefeated in the month of December. The 49ers also became the first team in NFL history to start a season 0–9 and finish with more than three wins. Offseason Coaching changes Owner Jed York announced that he would hire a new general manager and the new head coach due to a bad season. On January 29, 2017, the 49ers hired John Lynch as their general manager. On February 6, 2017, the 49ers hired Atlanta Falcons' offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan as the new coach of the San Francisco 49ers. Roster changes Free agency The 49ers entered free agency with the following: Signings Departures Draft Notes The 49ers acquired an additional sixth-round selection as part of a trade that sent their 2016 seventh-round selection and Vernon Davis to the Denver Broncos. The 49ers acquired an additional seventh-round selection as part of a trade that sent Andy Lee to the Cleveland Browns. The 49ers traded their sixth-round selection (Nos. 186 overall) to the Baltimore Ravens in exchange for their sixth-round selection (Nos. 198 overall) and C Jeremy Zuttah. The 49ers acquired an additional fifth-round selection as part of a trade that sent their Derek Carrier to the Washington Redskins in 2015, but sent a seventh-round selection back due to Carrier's performance. The 49ers traded their first-round selection (Nos. 2 overall) to the Chicago Bears in exchange for their third-","title":"2017 San Francisco 49ers season"},{"docid":"46832371","text":"The Raiders–Steelers rivalry is an NFL rivalry between the Las Vegas Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers. Both teams compete in the American Football Conference (AFC). The historically bitter rivalry started with the Steelers' first playoff win over the Raiders by way of Franco Harris' Immaculate Reception on December 23, 1972. The two teams met in the playoffs for five consecutive seasons (1972–76), an NFL record that has yet to be matched. The series was regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in the history of professional sports, especially in the 1970s. Las Vegas is one of four AFC teams with a winning overall record against Pittsburgh (the Denver Broncos, Jacksonville Jaguars, and New England Patriots are the other three). CBS Sports ranked this rivalry as the best NFL rivalry of the 1970s. History 1970–1984: Beginnings of the rivalry and early success The inaugural game of the rivalry was during Week 6 of the 1970 season where the Raiders crushed the visiting Steelers 31–14. The Steelers would miss out on the postseason while the Raiders went on to lose to the Colts in the AFC Championship. Two seasons later in 1972, the Raiders visited the Steelers in Week 1. The Steelers were more competitive than in previous seasons and won the game 34–28. Both teams finished first in their divisions (Steelers 11–3, Raiders 10–3–1) and eventually went on to play each other in the postseason. The resulting game, the Immaculate Reception, spawned a heated rivalry between the Raiders and Steelers, a rivalry that was at its peak during the 1970s, when both teams were among the best in the league and both were known for their hard-hitting, physical play (The Steelers won 13–7). The teams met in the playoffs in each of the next four seasons, starting with the Raiders' 33–14 victory in the 1973 divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh used the AFC Championship Game victories over Oakland (24–13 at Oakland in 1974 and 16–10 at Pittsburgh in 1975) as a springboard to victories in Super Bowl IX and Super Bowl X, before the Raiders notched a 24–7 AFC Championship Game victory at home in 1976 on their way to winning Super Bowl XI. To date, the two last met in the playoffs in 1983 when the eventual Super Bowl champion Raiders, playing in Los Angeles at the time, crushed the Steelers 38–10. 1984–2002 The rivalry cooled off in the late 1980s, mainly due to the Raiders on-field struggles since appearing in Super Bowl XVIII. The teams also met infrequently for several years, playing only twice in the Raiders' final 10 seasons in Los Angeles, both at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Los Angeles Raiders never played in Pittsburgh, as the teams went 20 years (1980–2000) without facing each other in the Steel City. In Week 3 of the 1990 season, the Steelers would visit the Raiders and get beat 21–3. Both teams would have winning records (Raiders 12–4, Steelers 9–7) but the Steelers sat out of the playoffs while the Raiders made","title":"Raiders–Steelers rivalry"},{"docid":"10769447","text":"The 2002 season was the New York Jets' 33rd in the National Football League (NFL), their 43rd season overall and their second under head coach Herman Edwards. The team tried to improve upon their 10–6 record from 2001 but failed to do so after a 2–5 start. However, the Jets recovered and finished 9–7, winning their second AFC East division title. After a 24–21 week 8 loss to the Cleveland Browns at the Meadowlands dropped the Jets' season record to 2–5, head coach Herman Edwards gave his famous \"You play to win the game\" response to a question in his press conference the following Tuesday. Edwards' vigorous defense of his team's refusal to quit, along with the midseason debut of quarterback Chad Pennington, helped spark the Jets' turnaround. After posting a stunning rout of the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 41–0 at the Meadowlands in the Wild Card round of the playoffs, they lost for the second year in a row to the eventual AFC champion Oakland Raiders, 30–10 in the Divisional round. As of the 2023 season, this is the Jets' most recent AFC East division title and is also the last time they have hosted a home playoff game. Offseason 2002 Expansion Draft 2002 NFL Draft Undrafted free agents Staff Roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Under the NFL's newly established schedule rotation, during the 2002 regular season the Jets played against all of the teams from the AFC West, as well as the Cleveland Browns from the AFC North and the Jacksonville Jaguars from the AFC South, who finished in the same positions as the Jets in their respective divisions in 2001. Their non-conference opponents were from the NFC North. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Buffalo Bills Week 2: vs. New England Patriots Week 3: at Miami Dolphins Week 4: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 5: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 7: vs. Minnesota Vikings Week 8: vs. Cleveland Browns Week 9: at San Diego Chargers Week 10: vs. Miami Dolphins Week 11: at Detroit Lions Week 12: vs. Buffalo Bills Week 13: at Oakland Raiders Week 14: vs. Denver Broncos Week 15: at Chicago Bears Week 16: at New England Patriots Week 17: vs. Green Bay Packers Standings Division Conference Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs. (5) Indianapolis Colts This game turned out to be the Jets' last home playoff game at Giants Stadium, and as of 2023, it is also their last home playoff game to date. AFC Divisional Playoffs: at (1) Oakland Raiders External links 2002 team stats AFC East championship seasons New York Jets seasons New York Jets New York Jets season 21st century in East Rutherford, New Jersey Meadowlands Sports Complex","title":"2002 New York Jets season"},{"docid":"17983822","text":"The 2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's 9th season in the National Football League and the 1st under head coach Jack Del Rio. The Jaguars failed to improve upon their 6–10 regular season record in 2002 and failed to make the playoffs for the fourth season in a row. An 0–8 record in road games eliminated any chance of postseason play. Oddly, despite being in existence since 1995, this season marked the first time that the Jaguars played the San Diego Chargers. This is due to old NFL scheduling formulas in place prior to 2002; the Jaguars had played the Chargers’ division rivals the Kansas City Chiefs four times; the Denver Broncos three times and the Oakland Raiders twice (though not since 1997). Week 3 was Mark Brunell's last game as a Jaguar, as he was benched forcing rookie quarterback Byron Leftwich to take his spot for the rest of the season. Brunell left the team at the end of the season. Jacksonville defeated New Orleans 20–19 in the week 16 game despite the River City Relay, a play that has gone down in NFL lore. Offseason Acquisitions During free agency, the Jaguars signed former Philadelphia Eagles defensive end Hugh Douglas and former Indianapolis Colts linebacker Mike Peterson. Draft Staff Roster Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings References Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Jackson","title":"2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"18746586\",\n \"text\": \"Jacksonville is home to a number of professional sports teams, and the city has a long history of athletics. The Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) compete at the major league level. Additionally, the PGA Tour is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it hosts The Players Championship every year. In addition, Jacksonville has a number of minor league and semiprofessional sports teams. These include Sporting Club Jacksonville soccer team, the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp baseball team, the Jacksonville Icemen ice hockey team, the Jacksonville Sharks indoor football team, the Jacksonville Axemen rugby league team, and the Jacksonville Giants basketball team. Jacksonville is also home to two universities, Jacksonville University and the University of North Florida, which compete in NCAA Division I. Several college sporting events are also held in Jacksonville annually. Professional sports Jacksonville is home to one major league professional team — the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League — and several minor league teams. American football Football is by far the most popular sport in the Jacksonville area. The city is home to the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The only major league-level sports team to play in Jacksonville, the Jaguars currently play in South Division of the NFL's American Football Conference (AFC). The Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1995, along with the Carolina Panthers. In 1990, the NFL had announced it would expand by two teams, and Jacksonville entered the bidding war. Jacksonville was the smallest market among the bidders, and was considered the unlikeliest choice. However, in 1993, after a series of negotiations, the NFL announced that the second franchise would go to Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Jaguars play at TIAA Bank Field in downtown Jacksonville. The Jaguars have won four division championships, in 1998, 1999, 2017, and 2022, and they have made eight playoff appearances. Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. As the smallest metropolitan area to ever host a Super Bowl, special accommodations were necessary, such as the use of cruise ships as hotels. Jacksonville also has a number of amateur football teams, including the Jacksonville Dixie Blues, a women's football team in the Women's Football Alliance, and the Jacksonville Knights of the Florida Football Alliance. Expansion efforts: 1960s–1980s The success of college football led to interest in bringing professional football to Jacksonville, which began in earnest in the 1960s. In 1966, the New York Jets and the expansion Miami Dolphins played an exhibition game in the Gator Bowl, and this was followed by preseason games with the Boston Patriots facing the Miami Dolphins in 1968 and the Denver Broncos in 1969. In 1967 and 1968, the city hosted the American Football League All Star Game at the Gator Bowl. Jacksonville was the only non-AFL city to host the game. It was presumed at the time that this was a prelude to Jacksonville getting an AFL expansion team, but when the AFL merged with the rival NFL in 1970 expansion plans\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Jacksonville\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2402468\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Garland Johnson (born March 18, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans and was a fourth-round pick in the 1995 NFL Draft by the expansion team Jacksonville Jaguars. With USC, Johnson won the 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic. In the Jaguars' opening game of 1997, Johnson started for an injured Mark Brunell and had a breakout performance that set a record for the best completion percentage by a debuting starting quarterback. Johnson signed a $25 million contract with the Buffalo Bills the following season and was named starting quarterback by coach Wade Phillips. Johnson had a tumultuous, injury-ridden run with the Bills and a reputation for frequently being sacked (140 in his career, including 49 in 2000), the inspiration for the nickname \\\"Robo-sack\\\". Johnson's injuries and poor performance led Phillips to replace Johnson with the more experienced Doug Flutie as starter. Controversially, Phillips started Johnson over Flutie for the 2000 Wild Card playoff game that the Bills lost to eventual AFC champion Tennessee Titans, after Flutie helped the Bills to an 11–5 record in the 1999 season. Phillips later said that Bills' owner Ralph Wilson had instructed the head coach to start Johnson over Flutie. After two losing seasons with the Bills, Johnson joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for 2002 and won a Super Bowl title with the team as a backup to Brad Johnson (no relation). Rob Johnson played his final games with the Washington Redskins and Oakland Raiders in 2003. He also tried out in 2006 for the New York Giants and in 2008 for the Tennessee Titans. In 2004, Johnson became an assistant football coach at Mission Viejo High School with his brother, both under their father as head coach. Early life Johnson was born in Newport Beach, California and graduated from El Toro High School in 1991. In his senior season of 1990, Johnson completed 207 of 303 attempted passes for 2,788 yards and 28 touchdowns. The Los Angeles Times selected Johnson as first-team All-Orange County. College career Johnson played college football at the University of Southern California, where he was teammates with Keyshawn Johnson, Curtis Conway, Johnnie Morton, Willie McGinest, and All America tackle and fellow Jacksonville Jaguars draftee Tony Boselli. Johnson left USC holding virtually every major passing record and spent much of his senior year as a Heisman Trophy candidate. In his final game for the school, Johnson led his team to victory in the 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic, dominating Texas Tech by a final score of 55–14. 1992 season: 163/285 for 2,118 yards with 12 TD vs 14 INT. 1993 season: 308/449 for 3,630 yards with 29 TD vs 6 INT. 1994 season: 186/276 for 2,499 yards with 15 TD vs 6 INT. Professional career Jacksonville Jaguars 1995 In the 1995 NFL Draft, the expansion team Jacksonville Jaguars drafted Johnson as the first draft pick of the fourth round (99th overall). As a\",\n \"title\": \"Rob Johnson (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48425160\",\n \"text\": \"The 2016 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League and the first under head coach Dirk Koetter. In week 13, the club won their seventh game, eclipsing their win total from 2015. After winning on opening day, Tampa Bay sputtered through the rest of September. Starting running back Doug Martin was sidelined for eight weeks with a hamstring injury, necessitating back-up running backs taking his place in the lineup. After receiving adequate performances from Charles Sims and Antone Smith, both subsequently ended up on injured reserve, along with wide receivers Vincent Jackson and Cecil Shorts. A victory on Monday night against division rival Carolina saw Tampa Bay begin a streak in which they won seven out of their next nine games. Between weeks 10 and 14, the Buccaneers achieved their first five-game winning streak since their first Super Bowl championship season. Losses to the Dallas Cowboys and the New Orleans Saints late in the season hampered the Buccaneers' playoff hopes; heading into week 17, the team was still mathematically alive for a wild card berth, but despite defeating the Carolina Panthers, the team missed the playoffs for the ninth consecutive season, tied for the fourth-longest active streak in the NFL with the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Buccaneers finished tied with the Detroit Lions for the last NFC playoff spot, but lost the tiebreaker because they had a worse record against common opponents than the Lions did. Nevertheless, the Buccaneers achieved their first winning season since the 2010 campaign, when they also narrowly missed the playoffs. Draft Notes On April 3, 2015, the Buccaneers traded safety Dashon Goldson to the Washington Redskins, along with a seventh round pick (#232), for a sixth round pick (#197) in the 2016 NFL Draft. Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Game summaries Week 1: at Atlanta Falcons Quarterback Jameis Winston threw for 281 yards and four touchdown passes, as Tampa Bay defeated Atlanta 31–24. The Buccaneers jumped out to a 31–13 lead late in the third quarter, then held off a rally by the Falcons. Atlanta got the ball back trailing by 7 with just under two minutes to go, but managed only one first down, and turned the ball over on downs to end the game. Week 2: at Arizona Cardinals Arizona routed Tampa Bay 40–7. Quarterback Jameis Winston threw four interceptions and lost one fumble. Running back Doug Martin left the game in the second quarter with a hamstring injury. Week 3: vs. Los Angeles Rams With Los Angeles leading 37–32 at two minute warning, the game was suspended for an hour and ten minutes due to lightning in the area. When the game resumed, the Rams faced 3rd & 11 at their own 5 yard line. Case Keenum threw an incompletion, and the Rams punted to Tampa Bay. Jameis Winston drove the Buccaneers to the Rams 15 yard line in the final minute. With 4 seconds left in regulation, Winston rolled out to his left,\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9840064\",\n \"text\": \"The 2003 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 43rd in the National Football League (NFL). They finished second in the NFC North with a 9–7 record, behind the 10–6 Green Bay Packers, but missed the playoffs for a third straight year. Despite gaining 6,294 yards of offense over their 16 games, by far the most in the league, the team managed just 416 points, the sixth-most in the NFL. The Vikings won their first six games of the 2003 season, then lost their next four games, after which they alternated wins and losses for the remainder of the season. The Vikings were officially eliminated from postseason contention with a loss to the Arizona Cardinals on the last play of their final game. Wide receiver Randy Moss led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions, the third time in his career that he led the league in that category. After two seasons of inconsistency, rejuvenated quarterback Daunte Culpepper was voted to play in the second Pro Bowl of his career at the end of the season. Offseason 2003 draft While attempting to agree a trade, the Vikings' time elapsed, allowing the Jacksonville Jaguars to move up and select QB Byron Leftwich. The Carolina Panthers were also able to select OT Jordan Gross before the Vikings ultimately selected DT Kevin Williams. The Vikings traded their fifth-round selection (142nd overall) to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for Cleveland's 2002 seventh-round selection and defensive lineman Stalin Colinet. The Vikings traded quarterback Todd Bouman to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for New Orleans' sixth-round selection (190th overall). Staff Roster Preseason Schedule Game summaries Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 2: at Kansas City Chiefs Week 3: at Oakland Raiders Week 4: vs. Arizona Cardinals Regular season Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at Green Bay Packers Week 2: vs. Chicago Bears Week 3: at Detroit Lions Week 4: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 5: at Atlanta Falcons Week 7: vs. Denver Broncos Week 8: vs. New York Giants Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers Week 10: at San Diego Chargers Week 11: at Oakland Raiders Week 12: vs. Detroit Lions Week 13: at St. Louis Rams Week 14: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 15: at Chicago Bears Week 16: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 17: at Arizona Cardinals Despite still having a chance to make the playoffs by winning the NFC North, the Vikings squandered a 17–6 fourth-quarter lead in the final two minutes and lost to the 3–12 Arizona Cardinals after Josh McCown threw a 28-yard pass to Nate Poole for the game-winning touchdown with no time left, and with the Packers' win over the Broncos, giving them the NFC North title, and ending the Vikings season. Standings Statistics Team leaders * Vikings single season record League rankings References Minnesota Vikings seasons Minnesota Minnesota\",\n \"title\": \"2003 Minnesota Vikings season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62478111\",\n \"text\": \"Tyler Isaiah Huntley (born February 3, 1998) is an American football quarterback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Utah Utes, leading them to two Pac-12 Conference South Division titles in 2018 and 2019. He was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2020 and earned Pro Bowl honors in 2022 while filling in for injured starter Lamar Jackson. Early years Huntley attended Hallandale High School in Hallandale Beach, Florida. During his career, he passed for 9,053 yards and 106 touchdowns. As a senior, he was the Florida Gatorade Football Player of the Year. He committed to the University of Utah to play college football, where he played alongside high school teammate Zack Moss. College career As a true freshman at Utah in 2016, Huntley played in four games as a backup to Troy Williams. Huntley was named the starter over Williams in 2017. He started 10 games, missing three due to injury and completed 199 of 312 passes for 2,411 yards, 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. Huntley started the first nine games of his junior year in 2018, missing the last five due to injury, finishing the season by completing 150 of 234 passes for 1,788 yards, 12 touchdowns and six interceptions. He returned as the starter his senior year in 2019, finishing his college career with 14 games, leading the Utes to the Pac-12 Conference final, passing for 3,092 yards and 19 touchdowns with just four interceptions, and rushing for another five touchdowns. College statistics Professional career Baltimore Ravens 2020 season Huntley signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent on April 30, 2020. He was waived on September 5, 2020, and signed to the team's practice squad the next day. Following injuries/COVID-19 issues from the Ravens' three other quarterbacks, he was elevated to the active roster on December 2, December 19, December 26, and January 2, 2021, for the team's week 12, 15, 16, and 17 games against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Jacksonville Jaguars, New York Giants, and Cincinnati Bengals, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He made his NFL debut in the fourth quarter against the Jaguars in week 15, when Huntley stepped in for starter Lamar Jackson and went 2 of 4 for seven yards, along with four rushes for 18 rushing yards (which included two kneel downs) as the Ravens won 40–14. Against the Bengals, as the game quickly became a Ravens blowout, he entered the game late in the third quarter. He completed one pass attempt for eight yards while rushing six times for five yards as the Ravens won 38–3. He was elevated again on January 9 and 15 for the team's wild card and divisional playoff games against the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills, and reverted to the practice squad again following each game. Huntley played the entire fourth quarter of the Bills game after Jackson was knocked out with a concussion, going 6\",\n \"title\": \"Tyler Huntley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69428805\",\n \"text\": \"The 2022 season was the Indianapolis Colts' 70th in the National Football League (NFL), their 39th in Indianapolis, their sixth under the leadership of general manager Chris Ballard and their fifth and final season under head coach Frank Reich. In the offseason, the Colts acquired former MVP quarterback Matt Ryan in exchange for a third round pick. After a 3–5–1 start, head coach Reich was fired from the team with former Colts offensive lineman Jeff Saturday being named the interim head coach. Saturday won his first game with the Colts against the Raiders, but did not win any more games, as the team finished the season on a 7–game losing streak. On December 17, The Colts were defeated by the Minnesota Vikings in a game that was notable for being the biggest blown lead in NFL history, as the Colts squandered a 33–0 halftime lead to lose 39–36 in overtime. This loss, coupled with the Jacksonville Jaguars win over the New York Jets the following Thursday, eliminated the Colts from playoff contention. Despite the Colts' poor season, one highlight was a week 3 20–17 upset win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs. Draft Draft trades Staff Final roster Preseason The Colts' preseason opponents and schedule were announced in the spring. Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Houston Texans This was the Colts first tie game since the 1982 season when they were based in Baltimore. Because the Browns won their season opener for the first time since 2004, coupled with this game, the Colts now hold the NFL's longest active season opener winless streak, not having won a season opener since 2013. Week 2: at Jacksonville Jaguars The Colts failed to capitalize on offense, and were shutout for the first time since week 13 of the 2018 season, which was also against the Jaguars. This was also their eighth consecutive loss in Jacksonville. Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 4: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 5: at Denver Broncos Neither side scored a touchdown as Russell Wilson and Matt Ryan struggled throughout the game. Stephon Gilmore helped win with an interception in the endzone and a mishap by Russell Wilson that he threw to Courtland Sutton while he was covered by Gilmore and ended up being incomplete on 4th down, missing a wide open K.J. Hamler. With the win, the Colts improved to 2–2–1. Week 6: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 7: at Tennessee Titans Week 8: vs. Washington Commanders Week 9: at New England Patriots After the game, head coach Frank Reich was fired after a 3-5-1 start, and was replaced by former Colts center Jeff Saturday, who had no coaching experience above the high school level. Week 10: at Las Vegas Raiders Week 11: vs. Philadelphia Eagles Week 12: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 13: at Dallas Cowboys Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings The Colts blew a 33–0 lead and ending up losing in overtime. After the game,\",\n \"title\": \"2022 Indianapolis Colts season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16025124\",\n \"text\": \"The 2000 Miami Dolphins season was the franchise's 31st season in the National Football League, the 35th overall and was their first under new head coach Dave Wannstedt who was named the fourth head coach in franchise history on January 16, 2000, the same day that Jimmy Johnson announced his retirement from coaching. For the first season since 1982, Dan Marino was not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement prior to the season. Believed by many as the greatest Miami Dolphin of all time, Marino led the Dolphins to ten playoff appearances, one of which ended in Super Bowl XIX, and is the winningest quarterback to have not won a Super Bowl. Jay Fiedler, who left the Jacksonville Jaguars, succeeded Marino as starting quarterback. Damon Huard remained a backup quarterback and started for Fiedler in one game during the season. Although Marino was no longer on the team, the Dolphins hoped to improve from their 9–7 record in the previous season. The Dolphins began the season strong, with a 6–2 record halfway through. Both losses were by small margins. The second loss occurred during a road game dubbed the Monday Night Miracle, against the New York Jets, which scored 30 points in the fourth quarter and then defeated the Dolphins by a field goal in overtime. The Dolphins fared only slightly worse in the second half of the season, winning five games and losing three. The team finished with a record of 11–5, their best record since 1992. This was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive winning season and the first time the club won the AFC East title since 1994. Additionally, this was the Dolphins' fourth consecutive season in which they advanced to the playoffs. In the wild card round, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 23–17 in overtime. However, the Dolphins were shut out 27–0 by the Oakland Raiders in the divisional round the following week. As of the 2023 season, this is the last season that Miami has won a playoff game, making it 23 straight years that the Miami Dolphins have failed to win in the playoffs. Until the 2021 season, this marked the last time the Dolphins swept the New England Patriots during the regular season. Seven Dolphins players were selected for the Pro Bowl. Offseason NFL draft Staff Roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Games summaries Week 1: vs. Seattle Seahawks Jay Fiedler started as quarterback in the first Miami Dolphins season opener without Dan Marino since 1983. Fiedler threw for 134 yards, completing 15 out of 24 passes, with no turnovers. In contrast, Seattle Seahawks quarterback Jon Kitna was intercepted four times and lost a fumble. Two of the four interceptions were caught by cornerback Sam Madison. Overall, Seattle had six turnovers. Kitna completed 6 out of 13 passes for only 54 yards, before being benched early in the third quarter due to poor performance and being replaced by Brock Huard, brother of Damon Huard. Dolphins running back Lamar\",\n \"title\": \"2000 Miami Dolphins season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52071605\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017 season was the Seattle Seahawks' 42nd in the National Football League (NFL) and their eighth under head coach Pete Carroll. The Seahawks tried to improve their 10–5–1 record from 2016. However, it did not happen because of injuries to key defensive players and poor offensive performances. After the Atlanta Falcons' Week 17 win over the Carolina Panthers, they were eliminated from playoff contention for the first time since 2011. They also failed to achieve a 10-win season for the first time since that same season. This was Russell Wilson's first season not making the playoffs. During the season, Russell Wilson broke Eli Manning's NFL record for most 4th quarter touchdowns in a single season with 18; the previous record was 15. Wilson also led the NFL in touchdown passes with 34. This was also the final season of the original Legion of Boom playing together, as well as the 21st and last full season under the ownership of Paul Allen, who died during the 2018 season. Roster changes Free agents Unrestricted Restricted Exclusive-Rights Signings Trades Draft Draft trades Undrafted free agents All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2017 NFL Draft concluded on April 29, unless noted otherwise. Staff Final roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Divisional matchups: the NFC West played the NFC East and the AFC South. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Green Bay Packers Week 2: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 3: at Tennessee Titans Week 4: vs. Indianapolis Colts This would be the final game in Seattle for defensive end Cliff Avril, who would suffer a neck injury and be released after a failed physical in the offseason. Week 5: at Los Angeles Rams Week 7: at New York Giants Week 8: vs. Houston Texans Week 9: vs. Washington Redskins Week 10: at Arizona Cardinals In what would be his last game in Seattle, Richard Sherman ruptured his Achilles tendon, effectively ending his season and the Legion of Boom era. Kam Chancellor would also play his final game as he suffered a neck injury and would later announce his retirement in the offseason. Week 11: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 12: at San Francisco 49ers Week 13: vs. Philadelphia Eagles Week 14: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 15: vs. Los Angeles Rams Week 16: at Dallas Cowboys Week 17: vs. Arizona Cardinals With the loss, the Seahawks finished the season 9–7. This was the first season since 2011 the Seahawks failed to qualify for the playoffs. They also had a home record of 4-4, the worst of Russell Wilson's career. They would've still been eliminated even if they won, as the Falcons won their game. This was also Bruce Arians' last game as head coach of the Arizona Cardinals. Standings Division Conference Team leaders References External links Seattle Seattle Seahawks seasons Seattle Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37982248\",\n \"text\": \"The 2013 season was the Arizona Cardinals' 94th in the National Football League (NFL), their 26th in Arizona and their first under head coach Bruce Arians. The team finished with a 10–6 record, which was the second time in 37 years that the team finished with at least 10 wins. The Cardinals doubled their win total from 2012, and were in playoff contention heading into the Week 17 regular season finale, but missed the playoffs for a fourth consecutive season. 2013 draft class Staff Final roster Preseason Schedule Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at St. Louis Rams Week 2: vs. Detroit Lions Week 3: at New Orleans Saints Week 4: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers Week 5: vs. Carolina Panthers Week 6: at San Francisco 49ers Week 7: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 8: vs. Atlanta Falcons Week 10: vs. Houston Texans Week 11: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 12: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 13: at Philadelphia Eagles Week 14: vs. St. Louis Rams Week 15: at Tennessee Titans With the win, the Cardinals were the only NFC West team to defeat all of their AFC South opponents. Week 16: at Seattle Seahawks Week 17: vs. San Francisco 49ers The Cardinals finished their regular season at home against the 49ers in hopes of making the playoffs needing not only a win over the 49ers, but also a long shot upset by the Buccaneers over the Saints. After being behind 17–7 at halftime, the Cardinals came back to tie the game but were beaten by their division rivals on a game-winning field goal and finished in 3rd place, barely missing out as they needed to beat the 49ers to win the NFC's last playoff spot. However, even if they had won, they would not have qualified for the playoffs, since the Saints easily defeated the Buccaneers 42–17. They would finish their season 10–6, becoming the league's only team with a winning record to not make the playoffs. Standings Division Conference Footnotes References External links Arizona Arizona Cardinals seasons Arizona\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Arizona Cardinals season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1475861\",\n \"text\": \"The National Football League playoffs for the 1999 season began on January 8, 2000. The postseason tournament concluded with the St. Louis Rams defeating the Tennessee Titans in Super Bowl XXXIV, 23–16, on January 30, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. These playoffs were notable in that all outdoor games were played with gametime temperatures of or higher, making for one of the warmest playoff seasons of all time. It was also the first time since 1969 that no California-based NFL team made the playoffs. For only the second time during the Super Bowl era, all three Florida-based teams (the Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers) made the playoffs—something that did not occur again until the 2022–23 postseason, with the Jaguars and Dolphins facing off in the divisional round. As the Jaguars and Buccaneers advanced to their respective conference championships, the postseason became the closest to having a Super Bowl between teams from Florida. Participants Bracket Schedule In the United States, ABC broadcast the first two Wild Card games on January 8, and Super Bowl XXXIV. CBS telecast the rest of the AFC playoff games and Fox the rest of the NFC games. Wild Card playoffs Saturday, January 8, 2000 AFC: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16 This game is remembered for the controversial \\\"Music City Miracle\\\": Kevin Dyson took a lateral from Frank Wycheck on a kickoff to score the game-winning touchdown with under 15 seconds left. In the first quarter, the Titans had a big chance to score when Jevon Kearse forced a fumble while sacking Buffalo quarterback Rob Johnson that linebacker Barron Wortham recovered on the Buffalo 29-yard line. It was the start of a long day for Johnson, who ended up completing just 10 of 22 passes while being sacked six times, twice by Kearse. However, Tennessee only gained 3 yards with their next drive and Al Del Greco missed a 43-yard field goal attempt. Early in the second quarter, Craig Hentrich's 44-yard punt pinned the Bills back at their own 4-yard line. Then on 2nd and 6 from the 8, Kearse sacked Johnson, forcing a fumble that went through the end zone for a safety that gave the Titans a 2–0 lead. After the safety, Derrick Mason returned the free kick 42 yards to the Bills 28-yard line. Five plays later, Tennessee quarterback Steve McNair scored on a 1-yard touchdown run. After several punts, Buffalo got a first down on their own 43 when Kurt Schulz forced and recovered a fumble from Titans running back Eddie George. But the Bills could not gain a first down and had to punt. Then the Titans drove 56 yards in 11 plays. Del Greco initially missed a 45-yard field goal attempt, but the Bills were penalized for defensive holding on the play, and Del Greco's second attempt was good from 40 yards on the last play of the half. At the end of the half, the Bills were trailing 12–0 and had only managed to gain\",\n \"title\": \"1999–2000 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16780011\",\n \"text\": \"The 1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's 3rd season in the National Football League and the 3rd under head coach Tom Coughlin. The team looked to reach the AFC Championship for the second straight year following a surprising run in 1996. The Jaguars improved upon their previous 9-7 record and won 11 games. They made the playoffs as a wild card team, playing the Denver Broncos on the road for the second straight year. This time they lost to the Broncos 42–17, bringing the Jaguars’ season to an end. The team also made a couple of changes to the uniforms. They changed the numbers to new font style numbers and added black side panels to the uniforms. During the offseason, the team had changed the font style numbers on the jerseys to a skinnier style with a black drop shadow in the back of the numbers. During the team's 1997 preseason games there were several complaints that the announcers and the viewers had a hard time recognizing the numbers on the players, so the team decided to make the jersey numbers wider and removed the drop shadow numbers by the beginning of the regular season. Offseason Draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs (4) Denver Broncos After upsetting the Broncos in the playoffs in the previous year, the Jaguars fell short in the re-match. John Elway lead the Broncos to a 42–17 win over the visiting Jaguars, throwing for 223 yards and a touchdown. Mark Brunell was 18 for 32 for 203 yards, but had no touchdowns on top of an interception. Similar to the year before when the Broncos could not stop Natrone Means and the Jaguars running game, the Jaguars struggled all game to contain the Broncos running attack. Terrell Davis carried 31 times for 184 yards and two touchdowns. Nonetheless, the game was close throughout, as the Broncos led by only 21-17 late in the 3rd. But the Broncos would score 21 unanswered points in the 4th quarter, ending the Jaguars season. Awards and records Mike Hollis, franchise record (tied), most field goals in one game, 5 field goals (November 30, 1997) Mike Hollis, franchise record, most field goals in one season (tied), 31 field goals Mike Hollis, franchise record, most points in one season, 134 points James Stewart, franchise record, most touchdowns in one game, 5 touchdowns (October 12, 1997) James Stewart, franchise record, most points in one game, 30 points (October 12, 1997) References External links Jaguars on Pro Football Reference Jaguars Schedule on jt-sw.com Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Jacksonville Jaguars\",\n \"title\": \"1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1345171\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system. All 32 active NFL teams have qualified for and won a game in the playoffs. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play. Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (the Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and Texans), while the Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The other seven clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers/Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL–NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their only league title (in 1969), leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have never won the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at seasons. Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 seasons. Since returning years ago, they have only made the playoffs three times, while the Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history. Active team droughts Post-season droughts Playoff game victory droughts Sortable table, click on the header arrows. AFC/NFC Divisional playoffs game appearance droughts This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a wild card playoff game or had a first-round bye. The Washington Commanders last appeared in the NFC Divisional playoff game as the Washington Redskins. The Las Vegas Raiders last appeared in the AFC Divisional playoff game as the Oakland Raiders. AFC/NFC Championship Game appearance droughts This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a divisional playoff game. The Washington Commanders last appeared in the NFC Championship Game as the Washington Redskins. The Browns were dormant from 1996–1998. Since returning years ago, the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game. The Las Vegas Raiders last appeared in the AFC Championship Game as the Oakland Raiders. The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship Game as the San Diego Chargers. Super Bowl appearance droughts This is also the last time club won AFC or NFC championship game. The Browns are considered to have suspended operation from 1996–1998. Since returning in 1999, or ago they have never appeared in the Super Bowl,while the franchise that moved in 1995, has made two appearances in the Super Bowl since the relocation controversy. The Washington Commanders last appeared\",\n \"title\": \"List of NFL franchise post-season droughts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41378826\",\n \"text\": \"The 2014 Cincinnati Bengals season was the franchise's 45th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 47th overall and the twelfth under head coach Marvin Lewis. The Bengals qualified for the playoffs for the 4th consecutive season, but lost to the Indianapolis Colts in the first round, extending their playoff losing streak to 7 games, the 3rd longest losing streak (in terms of games played) in NFL history at the time, behind the Detroit Lions and Kansas City Chiefs who both had 8. 2014 draft class Draft trades The Bengals traded their original fourth- and sixth-round selections (Nos. 123 and 199 overall, respectively) to the Seattle Seahawks in exchange for the Seahawks' fourth-round selection (No. 111 overall). Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Postseason Game summaries Regular season Week 1: at Baltimore Ravens Andy Dalton would throw a 77-yard touchdown pass to A. J. Green with 4:58 remaining to give the Bengals the win. With the win, the Bengals started 1-0. They also won at Baltimore for the first time since 2009. Week 2: vs. Atlanta Falcons The Bengals defense would have themselves a day, intercepting Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan 3 times in the win. With the win, the Bengals started 2-0 for the first time since 2006. Week 3: vs. Tennessee Titans With the win, the Bengals started 3-0 for the first time since 2006. It is also their 3rd 3-0 start under Marvin Lewis. Week 5: at New England Patriots With the loss, the Bengals fell to 3-1. Week 6: vs. Carolina Panthers With the tie, the Bengals were sent to a 3-1-1 record and were given their first tie game since 2008. Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts With the loss, the Bengals fell to 3-2-1. They were also shut out for the first time since 2009. Week 8: vs. Baltimore Ravens With the win, the Bengals improved to 4-2-1, and swept the Ravens for the first time since 2009. Week 9: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars With their 4th straight win over the Jaguars, the Bengals went to 5-2-1. Week 10: vs. Cleveland Browns Andy Dalton would post a passer rating of 2.0 in this game, as the Bengals went down easily to the Browns 24-3. With the loss, the Bengals fell to 5-3-1. Week 11: at New Orleans Saints With the win, the Bengals went to 6-3-1. Week 12: at Houston Texans With the win, the Bengals went to 7-3-1. Week 13: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers With the win, the Bengals went to 8-3-1. They also won 3 consecutive road games for the first time in franchise history. They also defeated the Bucs for the first time since 1989. Week 14: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers The Bengals would surrender 25 points in the 4th quarter in this loss. With the loss, the Bengals fell to 8-4-1. Week 15: at Cleveland Browns Johnny Manziel made his first career NFL start in this game. With the shutout win, the Bengals went to\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Cincinnati Bengals season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20994478\",\n \"text\": \"The 2009 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 64th season, 60th in the National Football League (NFL), and the first and only full year with Mike Singletary as head coach after being named interim head coach in 2008. It is the seventh year in which the 49ers have their seventh offensive coordinator. They were looking to improve upon their 7–9 record from 2008 with the 10th overall pick in the 2009 NFL Draft. The 49ers started the 2009 season hot by winning three of the first four games. Their only loss in that span was against the Minnesota Vikings on a last-second, 32-yard touchdown from quarterback Brett Favre to wide receiver Greg Lewis. With that, and a week-5 blowout loss against the Atlanta Falcons, the team got a bad omen for the remainder of the year. The 49ers' defense, led by linebacker Patrick Willis, kept the 49ers in games, while their offense was inconsistent. Most of the blame was due to their weak offensive line, namely, the injury of left tackle Joe Staley in a week 7 game against the Indianapolis Colts. The 49ers won a week 12 home game over the Jacksonville Jaguars, 20–3. The win helped keep the 49ers' season alive. Going into week 13 against the Seattle Seahawks, the 49ers were heavily favored to win the game; however, critical mistakes in the game cost them the win and gave the team a huge blow of any chances of making the playoffs. The following week on Monday Night Football, the 49ers played the Arizona Cardinals, who were trying to clinch the NFC West. The 49ers' defense came out and exploded on the Cardinals top-ranked offense, causing them to turn over the ball 7 times. This was the first time San Francisco caused 7 or more turnovers in a game since forcing eight against the New Orleans Saints on September 14, 1997. The 49ers won the game 24–9, keeping their very slim playoff hopes alive. The next week they were defeated by the Philadelphia Eagles. The loss officially wiped out the 49ers from playoff contention. Despite being benched for 5 and a half games, Alex Smith came in and threw for a career-best 2,350 yards, 18 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. Frank Gore rushed for 1,120 yards and 13 touchdowns. He was awarded his second Pro Bowl appearance. Tight end Vernon Davis turned his career around by leading the team with 965 yards and 13 touchdowns – which tied the single-season record for most touchdowns by a tight end. Rookie wide receiver Michael Crabtree, who held out the first four games of the season, was able to put up solid numbers, with 625 receiving yards, 48 receptions, and 2 touchdowns. On defense, Patrick Willis, for the second time in his first three seasons in the league, led the NFL with 152 tackles and helped the 49ers become one of the best defensive units in the NFL. He was awarded his third straight Pro Bowl appearance. The 49ers defense would\",\n \"title\": \"2009 San Francisco 49ers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41378738\",\n \"text\": \"The Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 82nd season in the National Football League (NFL) and the second under head coach Chip Kelly. The Eagles led the NFC East for most of the year, but when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Indianapolis Colts in week 16, they were eliminated from playoff contention. Quarterback Nick Foles led them to a 6–2 start, despite struggling with turnovers more so than he did in 2013, where he threw only 2 interceptions and lost 1 fumble. Foles was injured in week 9, causing backup Mark Sanchez to take over as starting quarterback. The Eagles then went 4–4 in the last eight games with two losses against their division rivals, the Cowboys and Redskins. Despite missing the playoffs, they had 9 selections for the 2015 Pro Bowl, second only to the Denver Broncos, who had 11. Roster changes Free agents Signings Trades On March 13, the Eagles traded their fifth round selection from the New England Patriots to the New Orleans Saints for running back Darren Sproles. On May 10, the Eagles traded running back Bryce Brown and a 2014 seventh-round pick (No. 237 overall) to Buffalo for a 2014 seventh-round pick (No. 224 overall) and either a 2015 fourth-round pick or a 2016 third-round pick or a 2016 fourth-round pick. On August 19, the Eagles Acquired RB Kenjon Barner from the Carolina Panthers in exchange for a conditional seventh-round draft pick in 2015. Barner was later cut and the Panthers would receive no compensation. On August 20, the Eagles Acquired kicker Cody Parkey from the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for RB David Fluellen. Parkey would later win the starting kicker position. Roster changes On March 28, 2014, after what was the statistically best season in his career, the Eagles released wide receiver DeSean Jackson. As a free agent, he signed with the Eagles' division rival, the Washington Redskins, on April 2, 2014. The team made headlines when, on May 5, they signed Alejandro Villanueva, who is an Army Ranger, having served three tours of duty in Afghanistan, and has not played football since 2009. 2014 draft class Draft trades Undrafted free agents Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason Regular season Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars The Eagles started their season at home against the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Jaguars dominated the first half 17–0 with quarterback Chad Henne throwing two touchdown passes to rookie wide receiver, Allen Hurns. The Jaguars defense forced two fumbles on quarterback Nick Foles . In the second quarter after a Josh Scobee 49-yard field goal, Foles threw an interception in the end zone to Alan Ball. The ensuing drive led to a Scobee field goal that was blocked by the Eagles. The Eagles scored on their opening drive in the second half after veteran running back, Darren Sproles rushed 49 yards for a touchdown in his first game as an Eagle. Then, Foles threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to Tight End, Zach\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10659448\",\n \"text\": \"The 2003 season was the St. Louis Rams' 66th in the National Football League, their ninth season in St. Louis and their fourth under head coach Mike Martz. The Rams were coming off a disappointing 7–9 season and former MVP Kurt Warner was demoted to backup quarterback; Marc Bulger earned the starting job after replacing Warner in 2002 and winning six of his seven starts. Though many agree that The Greatest Show on Turf ended after the 2001 season, the Rams nonetheless finished 12–4, winning the NFC West, only to lose to the eventual NFC champions Carolina Panthers. This would be the last time the Rams won the NFC West until the 2017 NFL season. For the first time in 19 years, the Rams lost a playoff game at home. 2003 was also the last winning season that the Rams would achieve in St. Louis and was their last winning season anywhere until 2017 in Los Angeles. They did make the playoffs the following season despite a mediocre 8–8 record, considered one of the worst teams to make the playoffs, along with the 2010 Seahawks (7–9), the 1999 Lions (8–8), and the 1998 Cardinals (9–7). Bulger was voted to play in the Pro Bowl following the season and was the game's MVP. As for Kurt Warner, he was released after the season in order to clear up cap space, and Bulger would spend the next six seasons as the Rams' starting quarterback. Offseason Departures: Wide receiver Ricky Proehl went to the Panthers. Full back James Hodgins went to the Cardinals. Tight end Ernie Conwell went to the Saints. Wide receiver Troy Edwards went to the Jaguars. Cornerback Dre Bly went to the Lions. Acquisitions: Acquired offensive tackle Kyle Turley from the Saints in a trade. Draft Roster Regular season Schedule Notable Games September 7 @ New York Giants Kurt Warner was given one more shot as starter for the Rams and passed for 353 yards and one touchdown to Torry Holt. However, Warner was sacked six times and fumbled on five of them, losing three. The Giants, still smarting from their chaotic playoff loss to the 49ers the previous season, bullied the Rams by recovering the three fumbles and wracking up 146 rushing yards by Tiki Barber en route to a 23–13 win. Warner was briefly hospitalized with a concussion and Rams coach Mike Martz would start Marc Bulger at QB for the remainder of the season. September 14 vs. San Francisco 49ers The Rams and Niners squared off in a tight contest where the game lead tied or changed seven times. Tai Streets and Torry Holt traded touchdown catches in the first quarter, and after a Jeff Chandler field goal put the Niners up 10–7 at the half the game kicked up a gear as Marshall Faulk and Kevan Barlow traded rushing scores in the third, then after two Marc Bulger drives produced ten Rams points and a 24–17 lead Jeff Garcia drove the Niners down field and Terrell\",\n \"title\": \"2003 St. Louis Rams season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8777498\",\n \"text\": \"The 2001 Chicago Bears season was their 82nd regular season and 23rd postseason completed in the National Football League (NFL). The team finished with a 13–3 record under head coach Dick Jauron en route to an NFC Central title and the number two seed in the NFC. With former 1st round pick Cade McNown being traded during training camp, the Bears were led by Jim Miller. The team had five comeback wins during the season, including two straight improbable wins where safety Mike Brown returned an interception for the game-winning touchdown in overtime. However, the Bears were upset at home by the Philadelphia Eagles 33–19 in the NFC Divisional playoffs. Offseason Draft choices Staff Roster Season narrative The Bears surprised most with a breakout campaign in 2001. After losing the opening game of the season to the Super Bowl XXXV Champion Baltimore Ravens 17–6 on the road, the Bears won their next six games, starting with a 17–10 victory against their division rival, the Minnesota Vikings in the Bears’ home-opener. They carried their momentum through the Week 3 Bye and won on the road against the Atlanta Falcons (31–3). The Bears returned home and won against the Arizona Cardinals 20–13. After a road shutout of the Cincinnati Bengals 24–0 the Bears played three home games. The first two games of this stretch were back-to-back overtime wins, first against the San Francisco 49ers (37–31), then against the Cleveland Browns (27–21). Both times safety Mike Brown capped remarkable comebacks (the Bears trailed 28–9 in the third quarter against San Francisco, and 21–7 with seconds remaining against Cleveland) by returning an interception in overtime for a touchdown. Unfortunately the Green Bay Packers (their historic rival) buried the Bears’ win streak at home, 20–12. The Bears rebounded, winning their next three games. They first defeated then-division rival Tampa Bay 27–24. A season sweep of the Vikings (13–6) followed, then the Bears defended their turf against the Detroit Lions 13–10. The Bears then traveled to Lambeau Field and were swept by the Packers 17–7. Once again the Bears rebounded, winning their last four games, against the Buccaneers at home (27–3), the Redskins (20–15), the Lions on the road (24–0), and then their season-finale against the Jacksonville Jaguars (33–13). The Bears ended the regular season with a 13–3 record. The Bears entered the playoffs with the league's top defense (allowing a league-low 203 points), an offense ranked 11th in points scored (338 points), and a plus-13 turnover differential (4th in the league), but their magical season ended on a sour note, losing 33–19 to the Philadelphia Eagles in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs at Soldier Field. Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1 Week 2 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 The Bears trailed the 49ers 28–9 in the third quarter. The Bears would score 22 unanswered points after Shane Matthews threw two touchdown passes to David Terrell in the last four minutes to tie the game\",\n \"title\": \"2001 Chicago Bears season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37982207\",\n \"text\": \"The Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 81st season in the National Football League (NFL), and the first under head coach Chip Kelly. The Eagles improved on their 4–12 record from 2012, finishing 10–6 and clinching the NFC East division title and the playoffs for the first time since 2010, but after a close game, they lost on a last-second field goal to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round of the playoffs, by a score of 26–24. The season was noted for LeSean McCoy winning the NFL rushing title, and the extremely successful season by Nick Foles where he produced 27 touchdowns to only 2 interceptions. Foles also threw seven touchdowns against the Oakland Raiders, tying an NFL record for most touchdowns in a single game. This was the Eagles' first season since 1998 without long-time head coach Andy Reid, who was fired following the 2012 season, and would become the head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs after his dismissal. Reid made his first return to Philadelphia during Week 3, in which the Chiefs won 26–16. The Eagles had a three-way quarterback competition with Nick Foles, Michael Vick and Matt Barkley, with Vick winning the job. After Vick got injured, however, Foles took over as quarterback and was eventually named the new starting quarterback despite Vick's return. It took 62 weeks overall for the Eagles to win a home game; they continued the home losing streak that lasted throughout the rest of the 2012 season and extended it to 10 games, but they ended the streak by winning 24–16 against Washington at the Linc in Week 11. Personnel changes On December 31, 2012, long time head coach Andy Reid was fired. On January 16, 2013, Chip Kelly was hired as the new head coach. On January 20, Pat Shurmur accepted the offensive coordinator job. Billy Davis accepted the defensive coordinator position on February 7. Tom Gamble was named Vice-president of Player Personnel on February 13, a position that had been vacant since Ryan Grigson left to become general manager of the Indianapolis Colts. Roster changes Free agents Signings Trades On March 15, the Eagles traded their sixth round pick and a conditional 2014 pick to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for wide receiver Arrelious Benn and the Bucs' 2013 seventh round pick. On March 28, the Eagles traded fullback Stanley Havili to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for defensive end Clifton Geathers. On April 11, the Eagles traded running back Dion Lewis to the Cleveland Browns for linebacker Emmanuel Acho. On August 12, the Eagles traded offensive guard Nate Menkin to the Houston Texans for wide receiver Jeff Maehl. 2013 draft class Notes The Eagles traded their original fourth- and seventh-round selections (101st and 210th overall) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for the Jaguars' fourth-round selection (98th overall). The Eagles traded their original sixth-round selection (173rd overall) to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for safety David Sims and the Browns' seventh-round selection (212th overall). The Eagles\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4160046\",\n \"text\": \"Jeffrey David Lageman (born July 18, 1967) is an American sports commentator and former professional football player. He played as a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). Lageman played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers and was selected by the New York Jets in the first round of the 1989 NFL Draft. In 1994, he was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars; he retired after an injury in 1998. Though considered small for a defensive lineman, he distinguished himself on the field, recording a total of 47 career quarterback sacks. Following his retirement from sports he went into sports broadcasting in Jacksonville, Florida. Early life Lageman was born in Fairfax, Virginia. He attended Park View High School in nearby Sterling. He attended the University of Virginia for college, where he played both linebacker and defensive end for the Virginia Cavaliers football team. Professional career Although considered undersized to play defensive end in the NFL, a fact that was pointed out by Mel Kiper Jr. during ESPN's coverage of the 1989 NFL Draft, Lageman was taken in the first round by the New York Jets. Lageman's NFL career spanned 10 seasons, the first six with the Jets, and the final four with the Jacksonville Jaguars. His best year came in 1991 when he made ten quarterback sacks. He made a career total of 47 sacks in the NFL. In 1995, Lageman was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars in their inaugural year. With Lageman playing a key role, the Jaguars made the 1996 playoffs and upset the Buffalo Bills and the Denver Broncos on the road before losing to the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game. Lageman's playing career ended on the first game of the 1998 season in Chicago. Although the Jaguars won on a last second touchdown pass from Mark Brunell to Jimmy Smith, they lost Lageman to a torn muscle in his arm. He never played again. Retirement During his time in Jacksonville, Lageman, an avid hunter and fisherman, began his broadcasting career with a radio show titled \\\"The Outdoors Show\\\" along with Captain Kevin Faver and Captain Kirk Waltz. After his playing career, Lageman continued his broadcasting career as a football color analyst on Fox television. By 2001, \\\"The Outdoors Show\\\" had moved from an all-sports station (WBWL-AM) to a 50,000 watt news-talk station (WOKV) and soon after, Lageman joined the play-by-play man Brian Sexton in the booth of the Jaguars Radio Network as the color analyst. He also serves as co-host of the weekly \\\"Jaguars This Week\\\" radio show along with Sexton, Jaguars.com senior writer John Oehser and former Jaguars teammate Tony Boselli, and is a castmember of the weekly television program, Jaguars All Access. Lageman lives in Jacksonville with his wife, Tera Lageman, and their children Taylor and Dylan. References External links Jeff Lageman statistics at DatabaseFootball.com Living people 1967 births Sportspeople from Fairfax, Virginia Players of American football from Fairfax County, Virginia People from Sterling, Virginia Players of American football from Loudoun\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Lageman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1585533\",\n \"text\": \"The National Football League playoffs for the 1996 season began on December 28, 1996. The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI, 35–21, on January 26, 1997, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars, each in just their second year of existence, not only qualified for the playoffs for the first time, but they also both advanced to their respective conference championship games. Participants Bracket Schedule In the United States, ABC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then NBC broadcast the rest of the AFC playoff games. Fox televised the rest of the NFC games and Super Bowl XXXI (their first ever Super Bowl broadcast since becoming the NFC network in 1994). The 1996-97 playoffs marked the first time that ABC employed ESPN’s NFL announce team for its Wild Card Weekend coverage; Mike Patrick replaced Brent Musburger on play-by-play with Joe Theismann replacing Dick Vermeil as analyst. Musburger and Vermeil, who at the time comprised ABC’s #2 college football broadcast team, had called one of the two Wild Card matchups every year since the playoffs expanded in 1990. Wild Card playoffs Saturday, December 28, 1996 AFC: Jacksonville Jaguars 30, Buffalo Bills 27 The second-year Jaguars forced four turnovers, racked up three sacks, and outgained Buffalo in total yards 409–308 to earn their first playoff win. After trading points back and forth all day, almost drive for drive, Jaguars safety Chris Hudson would make a decisive hit on Bills quarterback Jim Kelly, knocking him out of the game and forcing a fumble that his team would convert into the game-winning score. Jacksonville was forced to punt on their opening drive, and Russell Copeland returned the ball 16 yards to the Jags' 43-yard line, setting up Kelly's 7-yard touchdown pass to running back Thurman Thomas. But later in the quarter, Jacksonville defensive end Clyde Simmons intercepted a shovel pass intended for Thomas and returned it 20 yards for a touchdown to tie the game. Buffalo stormed right back with a 10-play, 68-yard drive that ended with Thomas' 2-yard touchdown run, making the score 14–7. However, Jacksonville running back Natrone Means's 62-yard carry on their next drive moved the ball to the Bills' 5-yard line. The drive stalled there, but Mike Hollis kicked a 27-yard field goal to make the score 14–10 at the end of the first quarter. The Bills drove to the Jags' 2-yard line on their first drive of the second quarter, but came up empty when Kelly was stuffed for no gain by Jeff Lageman while trying to convert a fourth and 1 on a quarterback sneak. Jacksonville then stormed to their first lead of the day with quarterback Mark Brunell completing a 47-yard pass to tight end Pete Mitchell before Means took off for a 30-yard touchdown burst, giving them a 17–14 advantage. However, Eric Moulds returned the ensuing kickoff 57 yards to the Jags' 42-yard line, setting up\",\n \"title\": \"1996–97 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48434572\",\n \"text\": \"The 2016 season was the 84th in the history of the Pittsburgh Steelers as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League (NFL). It also marked the 17th season under leadership of general manager Kevin Colbert and the 10th under head coach Mike Tomlin. For the first time since 2004, tight end Heath Miller was not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement on February 19, 2016. After going 4–5 in their first nine games, the Steelers ended their season on a high note, winning all of their last seven. The Steelers were the first team since the 2011 Green Bay Packers to play on both Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. The Steelers won the AFC North for the second time in three years and made the playoffs for the third straight year. The team also improved upon their 10–6 record from 2015. Le'Veon Bell made his career first playoff appearance with the Steelers in the 2016–17 playoffs. The Steelers went on to defeat the Miami Dolphins in the Wild Card round and the Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional round before losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 36–17 in the AFC Championship game. This was the Steelers' first appearance in the AFC Championship game since the 2010 NFL season. The team ranked 10th in both offense and defense. This was also the final season under the ownership of Dan Rooney, as he died on April 13, 2017. As of 2023 this is the most recent season the Steelers have won a playoff game, having gone 0-5 (including the AFC Championship loss) since. Draft Notes The Steelers traded a conditional fifth-round selection (#164 overall) to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for cornerback Brandon Boykin – contingent upon Boykin playing 60% of the snaps with the Steelers during the 2015 season. The Steelers traded their original sixth-round selection (#201 overall) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for placekicker Josh Scobee. The Steelers acquired a sixth-round compensatory selection (#220 overall) as a result of the departure of Brice McCain during the free agency period. The Steelers acquired an additional seventh-round selection (#229 overall) in a trade that sent punter Brad Wing to the New York Giants. Undrafted free agents All undrafted free agents were signed after the 2016 NFL draft concluded on April 30 unless otherwise noted. Staff Final roster Schedule Preseason The Steelers' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 7. Dates and times were announced on April 14. Regular season The Steelers' regular season schedule was announced on April 14. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Postseason Game summaries Regular season Week 1: at Washington Redskins The Steelers opened their 2016 season on the road against the Redskins. In the first quarter, the Redskins got on the board jumping out to a 6–0 lead with two field goals kicked by Dustin Hopkins from 31 and 40 yards out. In the second quarter it was all Steelers as\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Pittsburgh Steelers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16388152\",\n \"text\": \"The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football franchise based in Jacksonville, Florida. They are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team, along with the Carolina Panthers, joined the NFL as expansion teams in 1995. The Jaguars, along with the Houston Texans, have never played in a Super Bowl or any other NFL Championship, but have made 3 appearances in AFC Championship games; twice against the New England Patriots after the 1996 season and the 2017 seasons, and once against the Tennessee Titans after the 1999 season. The Jaguars have had nine head coaches since their inaugural 1995 season, including two interim coaches. Tom Coughlin and Jack Del Rio each won 68 games while coaching the Jaguars, though Coughlin is more successful in terms of winning percentage, winning 53.1% of his games in charge. Doug Pederson is the current head coach since his hiring on February 3, 2022. History Tom Coughlin era (1995–2002) The Jaguars first head coach was Tom Coughlin, who was hired by owner Wayne Weaver well over a year before the team's inaugural season in 1995. The Jaguars won four games their first season, surpassing the previous record of wins for an expansion team (three), but falling well short of the Carolina Panthers record-setting pace that same year of seven wins. The next year, 1996, Coughlin and the Jaguars went to the AFC Championship game, a feat repeated in 1999, but both years the Jaguars fell short of the Super Bowl. In 2002, Coughlin was fired. Jack Del Rio era (2003–2011) Hired to replace Coughlin was Jack Del Rio. He was hired on January 16, 2003 and fired on November 29, 2011. He was replaced on an interim basis with Mel Tucker. Del Rio coached the team from 2003 to 2011, recording a winning percentage of 48.9% from 139 regular season games, but was fired after going over eight full seasons without winning a division title. Mike Mularkey era (2012) In 2012, Mike Mularkey was hired as head coach. His team was hit by several key injuries throughout the season and managed going on 2–14, the worst record in franchise history at the time. As a result, new owner Shahid Khan decided he wanted new leadership and fired the General Manager (GM), Gene Smith. The new GM, Dave Caldwell, decided to fire Mike Mularkey. Gus Bradley era (2013–2016) In 2013, the Jaguars hired Gus Bradley to become their new head coach. Bradley served a total of four years as the head coach of the Jaguars (–), but never was able to make the playoffs. Bradley was fired shortly before the end of the 2016 season, holding a record of 14-48. Doug Marrone era (2016–2020) Doug Marrone replaced Bradley for the final two remaining games of the 2016 season as the interim head coach of the Jaguars. On January 9, 2017, the Jaguars removed the interim tag and hired Marrone to be their fifth head coach.\",\n \"title\": \"List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72395096\",\n \"text\": \"The 2023 season was the New Orleans Saints' 57th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 48th to host games at the Caesars Superdome and the second under head coach Dennis Allen. The team improved on their 7–10 record from 2022, but missed the playoffs for a third consecutive season. The Saints finished tied with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for the NFC South division title, as well as in a three-way tie with the Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks for the last Wild Card spot; however, the Saints lost both tiebreakers. Draft Staff Final roster Preseason The Saints' preseason opponents and schedule were announced in the spring. Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Tennessee Titans In the Saints home opener against the Tennessee Titans, they barely held on with a 16–15 win. They start off the season 1–0. Week 2: at Carolina Panthers With the win, the Saints started 2–0 for the first time since 2013. Week 3: at Green Bay Packers The Saints led 17–0 going into the fourth quarter, but the Packers mounted an 18-point comeback and won, 18–17, on an 8-yard touchdown pass from Love to Romeo Doubs, which was followed by a missed potential game-winning 46-yard field goal attempt by Saints kicker Blake Grupe. With the loss, the Saints fell to 2–1. Week 4: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Saints endured their second consecutive loss, falling to 2-2. Last season, Lattimore and Evans were ejected for fighting. Week 5: at New England Patriots The Saints dominated the Patriots with a 34-point shutout, picking up the third win of the season. They improve to 3-2. Week 6: at Houston Texans The Saints endured a loss to the Texans, thus bringing their record down to 3-3. Week 7: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars For the first time since the 2003 season, the Saints were defeated by the Jaguars. They fall to 3-4. Week 8: at Indianapolis Colts The Saints still defeated the Colts 38-27, even after a tough loss from last Thursday. The Saints improve to 4-4 and tie for first in the division with their rival Falcons. Week 9: vs. Chicago Bears The Saints defeated the Bears 24-17, while the Atlanta Falcons lost to the Minnesota Vikings, thus bringing the Saints' record to 5-4 and allowing them to take the Number 1 spot in the NFC South. Week 10: at Minnesota Vikings Coming off the win over the Bears, the Saints traveled to U.S. Bank Stadium to take on the Minnesota Vikings. The two teams played in London last season. The Saints still lost to the Vikings 27-19, in which they dropped to 5-5 on the season despite also being on top of the NFC South. Week 12: at Atlanta Falcons Week 13: vs. Detroit Lions For the first time since the 2016 season, the Saints were defeated by the Lions. Week 14: vs. Carolina Panthers The Saints previously defeated the Panthers in Week 2. After scoring four\",\n \"title\": \"2023 New Orleans Saints season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62202076\",\n \"text\": \"The 2020 season was the Miami Dolphins' 51st in the National Football League (NFL), their 55th overall and their second under head coach Brian Flores. This was the first season since the 2016 season that the Dolphins finished with a winning record. Despite being 2nd in their division, and having double digit wins, the Dolphins failed to make the playoffs due to Indianapolis beating the Jaguars in the last week of the season. This was the fourth time in franchise history that the Dolphins failed to make the playoffs with ten wins. Additionally, the Dolphins were the only team to finish the season with a winning record but fail to qualify for the playoffs. The Dolphins ranked 6th in defense this season. Season Summary The Dolphins dedicated their 2020 season in memory of legendary Dolphins' head coach Don Shula, who died on May 4, 2020, at the age of 90, at his Indian Creek, Florida home. At both home and away games, the Dolphins wore patches bearing Shula's surname and the number 347, the number of Shula's all-time number of wins in his 32 years as an NFL head coach. Shula, the winningest coach in NFL history, served as Dolphins' head coach from 1970 to 1995 and had led the franchise to five Super Bowl appearances, winning back-to-back championships in 1972 and 1973. Famously, in 1972, Shula led the Dolphins to their first Super Bowl title, as well as the only perfect season by a team since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger. The Dolphins improved on their 5–11 record from the previous season, following a Week 10 win over the Los Angeles Chargers. After beginning the season 1–3, the Dolphins established themselves as playoff contenders by winning five straight games and starting with a 6–3 record for the first time since 2001. They also started 8–4 for the first time since 2003. The team clinched their first winning season since 2016 after a Week 15 win over the Patriots, which eliminated the Pats from the playoffs for the first time since 2008. On December 26, the Dolphins clinched their first 10-win season since 2016 with a 26–25 victory over the Las Vegas Raiders. A significant factor in Miami's dramatic improvement over their 2019 season of 5–11 was the story of their defense. In 2019, the Dolphins allowed more points than any other team in the NFL. In 2020, only five teams allowed fewer points-per-game than the Dolphins. However, despite the improvements, the Dolphins were eliminated from playoff contention for the fourth consecutive year following a blowout loss to the Buffalo Bills and the Indianapolis Colts' victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 17, becoming the first team to miss the playoffs with 10+ wins since the 2015 Jets, which, coincidentally, were also led by Ryan Fitzpatrick. Despite their elimination from the playoffs, 5th-year cornerback Xavien Howard joined Antonio Cromartie as the only players since the 1970 merger to record at least 10 interceptions in a season, and was the most by\",\n \"title\": \"2020 Miami Dolphins season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2883940\",\n \"text\": \"Sean Russell Dawkins (February 3, 1971 – August 9, 2023) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning consensus All-American honors. A first-round draft pick in the 1993 NFL Draft, he played professionally for the Indianapolis Colts, New Orleans Saints, Seattle Seahawks and Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL. Early years Sean Russell Dawkins was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, but raised in Sunnyvale, California. He distinguished himself as a wide receiver at Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. College career Dawkins earned an athletic scholarship to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where he played for the California Golden Bears. While at Cal, Dawkins used his speed and size (6 feet 4 inches, 215 pounds) to establish himself as one of the country's most dangerous deep threats. His first two seasons at California were unqualified successes for him personally, as well as his Golden Bear teammates. In 1990, California won their first Bowl Game since 1938, defeating Wyoming in the Copper Bowl. The following season, the Bears dominated nationally ranked Clemson in the Citrus Bowl, which earned them the No. 7 ranking in the final CNN/USA Today Coaches Poll, their highest finish since 1950. It also marked the first time in school history that California won bowl games in consecutive seasons. The 1992 season, however, included a new coach. After transforming the California program from a laughingstock into a national power, coach Bruce Snyder left Berkeley for Arizona State and was replaced by Keith Gilbertson. Gilbertson's squad struggled to a 4-7 record in 1992, but Dawkins was one bright spot in an otherwise forgettable year. Dawkins was recognized a consensus first-team All-American after the season in 1992, an honor which encouraged him to forgo his senior season and enter the NFL Draft. Professional career Dawkins was selected in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts as the 16th overall pick and the second wide receiver chosen. In his third season with the Colts, Indianapolis won two playoff games before falling to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game. He played in two more playoff games in his career, but both were losses. After one season in New Orleans, Dawkins signed as a free agent with the Seattle Seahawks in 1999. He enjoyed his finest personal year in 1999 with 58 receptions for 992 yards. After two campaigns with Seattle, Dawkins spent his final year with the Jacksonville Jaguars. His career was clearly on the decline by that point, as he made only 20 catches with the Jaguars that season. Before the 2002 season, he signed with the Minnesota Vikings but was among the final cuts and never played in the NFL again. Life after football Dawkins pursued a career in real estate in Sacramento, California, and later trained to become a police officer in San Jose, California. Dawkins died on August\",\n \"title\": \"Sean Dawkins\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37982183\",\n \"text\": \"The 2013 season was the Kansas City Chiefs' 44th in the National Football League (NFL), their 54th overall and their first under the head coach/general manager tandem of Andy Reid and John Dorsey. After their 26–16 win over the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 3, which was also coach Andy Reid's first visit to Philadelphia since the Eagles fired him the season prior, the Chiefs vastly improved on their 2–14 record from 2012 just three weeks into the season. However, despite starting 9–0, the Chiefs would struggle in the second half of the season, losing 5 out of their last 7 games, and losing control of the AFC West. Despite that, they would still make the playoffs. After defeating the New York Giants 31–7 in Week 4, the Chiefs became the first team in NFL history to win two or fewer games in the previous season, and win the first four games the next. On October 13, 2013, against the Oakland Raiders, Chiefs fans broke the Guinness World Record for loudest crowd roar at an outdoor stadium with 137.5 decibels. Seattle Seahawks fans later reclaimed the record on December 2, 2013, with a roar of 137.6 decibels. After the Indianapolis Colts defeated the Denver Broncos in Week 7, the Chiefs were the final undefeated team in the NFL. They were the first team in NFL history to earn the number one draft pick and be the last undefeated team in consecutive years. The Chiefs clinched a playoff berth. They would lose to the Indianapolis Colts in the Wild Card round of the playoffs 45–44, after blowing a 38–10 lead. The loss extended an 8-game playoff losing streak dating back to the 1993 season, which stood as the longest in NFL history until it was broken by the Detroit Lions in 2016. Roster changes Trades Cuts Free agency Draft Undrafted free agents Preseason cuts *Tony Moeaki was originally released but was subsequently placed on injured reserve Inseason Transactions Cuts Signings Players with multiple transactions This is a list of players who played for the Chiefs at some point during the season who were involved in more than one transaction during the season. Staff Final roster Preseason Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at New Orleans Saints Week 2: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 3: at Pittsburgh Steelers Week 4: vs. Green Bay Packers Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Jacksonville Jaguars The Chiefs started their 2013 season on the road against the Jaguars. The Jags scored a safety when J. T. Thomas blocked a punt in the end zone, giving them a 2–0 lead. The Chiefs took the lead when Alex Smith found Donnie Avery on a 5-yard touchdown pass, making the score 7–2. This was followed up by Smith finding Junior Hemingway on a 3-yard pass, extending the Chiefs' lead to 14–2. In the second quarter, the Chiefs continued to dominate as Jamaal Charles ran for a 2-yard touchdown, giving the team a\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Kansas City Chiefs season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11442751\",\n \"text\": \"The 1995 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 20th season in the National Football League (NFL). The season began with the team trying to improve on a 6–10 season in 1994, a season in which the team won 4 straight games at the end of the year, and four of their final five. It was Sam Wyche’s final season as the team's head coach. Prior to the season Malcolm Glazer took over ownership of the team, then the Bucs drafted defensive lineman Warren Sapp and linebacker Derrick Brooks, both of whom are recognized as two of the team's greatest ever players. The Buccaneers' first-ever draft pick, Lee Roy Selmon, was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Overview There had been rumors as far back as the end of the 1993 season that new owner Glazer, who purchased the team from the estate of the late Hugh Culverhouse, would move the team after funding to improve Tampa Stadium was not obtained, but a referendum kept the Bucs in Tampa for 1995. The possibility of moving the Buccaneers to Cleveland, Ohio was an undercurrent throughout the 1995 season once Art Modell’s relocation of the Browns to Baltimore was announced. Bucs’ head coach Sam Wyche gained some notoriety for saying \\\"Five dash Two\\\" to reporters during a press conference after the seventh game of the season, referring to the team's 5–2 record at the time. Tampa Bay had won 9 of its previous 12 games, going back to the end of the 1994 season, and many observers felt they had become a sleeper NFC playoff contender. However, the good luck and victory string soon ran out, and the team would go 2–7 for the remainder of the season. Following the week seven overtime win over Minnesota, Tampa Bay lost three in a row before beating expansion Jacksonville, only after Jaguars coach Tom Coughlin decided to go for a 2-point conversion when scoring a last-minute touchdown. It failed and the Bucs won 17–16, giving them a sweep of that season's new expansion teams, as they had beaten Carolina 17–10 in week 5. Two more losses followed, and the 6–7 Buccaneers had a prime time ESPN Sunday Night Football game against the Green Bay Packers, who were playing without future Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White due to injury. Tampa Bay pulled out an overtime win over the eventual NFC Central champion Packers to make their record 7–7, ensuring that their streak of 10-loss seasons—dating back to the 1983 season—would end. The Buccaneers had remained in playoff contention through fourteen games for the first time in a 16-game season since 1981, when they won their second division championship in three seasons under coach John McKay and quarterback Doug Williams. (the Buccaneers qualified for the expanded playoff tournament during the strike-shortened 1982 season, their last postseason appearance until 1997). The Bucs, however, lost to the Chicago Bears by 21 points at Soldier Field in the penultimate game of the season, ending their\",\n \"title\": \"1995 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8912419\",\n \"text\": \"The IUPUI Jaguars are the 18 intercollegiate teams that represent Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. On July 1, 2017, IUPUI left the Summit League to move to the Horizon League in all sports. The Jaguars were formerly known as the IUPUI Metros. History IUPUI first sponsored intercollegiate athletics in 1972, when the men's basketball team began play as the IUPUI Metros. Women's sports were first sponsored in 1975, when the women's basketball, softball, and volleyball teams first competed. In 1978, the Metros joined the NAIA. They joined NCAA Division II in 1993 and moved up to NCAA Division I in 1997. Also in 1997, IUPUI joined the Mid-Continent Conference (now known as the Summit League), and officially changed their nickname to the Jaguars. In 2000, the men's soccer team became the first Jaguar team to compete in an NCAA tournament. On August 12, 2022, the boards of trustees of both the IU and Purdue systems announced that IUPUI will split into two separate universities, with completion of the split to be finished by the fall 2024 semester. Administration of the athletic program will fall to the new Indiana University Indianapolis. Sports A member of the Horizon League, IUPUI sponsors teams in eight men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports: IUPUI had a baseball team from 1979 until 2001. Men's basketball The 1984–85 and 1989–90 men's basketball teams won the NAIA District 21 Tournament and advanced to the NAIA National Tournament. The 1989–90 Jaguars defeated Siena Heights in the NAIA Tournament, but lost their next game to Pfeiffer. The 2002–03 Jaguars won the Mid-Continent Conference Tournament (now called the Summit League) and were the first men's basketball team to reach the NCAA tournament. They lost in the first round to Kentucky. Former basketball coach Ron Hunter accepted the head coaching position at Georgia State University and was succeeded by Todd Howard. Men's soccer The men's soccer team advanced to the NAIA Division 21 Playoffs in 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1993. The 1993 team advanced to the NAIA Division 21 Championship before their season ended. The 1994 team lost in the NAIA Division 21 Tournament. In 2000, the Jaguars won the Mid-Continent Conference Tournament. They defeated Marist in an NCAA tournament play-in game. Their season ended with a loss to SMU in their only NCAA tournament. That year, the Jaguars finished with an 11–9–2 record. Women's basketball The women's basketball team won the NAIA District 21 Tournament in 1989–1990 and 1990–1991. The 1990–1991 team advanced to the semifinals of the NAIA National Tournament before losing to Southwestern Oklahoma State. The Jaguars clinched their first NCAA tournament berth by winning the 2020 Horizon League women's basketball tournament. Women's softball The women's softball team competes at the NAIA level from 1983 through 1991. The Lady Metros (now Jaguars) appeared in nine straight NAIA regional and national tournaments, finishing third place twice and fourth place twice during that time span. They were\",\n \"title\": \"IUPUI Jaguars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1475872\",\n \"text\": \"The National Football League playoffs for the 1997 season began on December 27, 1997. The postseason tournament concluded with the Denver Broncos defeating the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII, 31–24, on January 25, 1998, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. For the first time ever, all three Florida teams (the Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers) qualified for the playoffs. The feat would repeat itself in the 1999 postseason and again during the 2022 postseason. Participants Bracket Schedule These playoffs marked the final season that NBC was the AFC network. CBS would then take over the rights to the AFC before the start of the following season. Super Bowl XXXII was also NBC's last NFL broadcast overall until 2006, when they signed on to televise Sunday Night Football. ABC continued to broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, and Fox televised the rest of the NFC games. Wild Card playoffs Saturday, December 27, 1997 NFC: Minnesota Vikings 23, New York Giants 22 The 1997 playoffs were notable for featuring four teams from the NFC Central. At fourth place were the Vikings, who had started the year a promising 8–2 before losing five straight games and barely making the postseason with a 9–7 record. The Vikings had made the playoffs in four of the last five seasons, but had lost each time in the first round. This time, however, they managed to earn a win by scoring 10 points in the final 90 seconds of the game. Vikings quarterback Randall Cunningham got off to a rough start as he lost three first half turnovers that would be converted into nine New York points. After each team punted to start the game, Cunningham lost a fumble that was recovered by defensive tackle Bernard Holsey on the Vikings 23. New York ended up losing yardage with their ensuing drive, but Brad Daluiso kicked a 43-yard field goal to put them up 3–0. Cunningham fumbled again on his next drive, and New York defensive end Michael Strahan recovered the ball on the Minnesota 46-yard line. Quarterback Danny Kanell subsequently completed a 27-yard pass to fullback Charles Way, setting up Daluiso's second field goal that made the score 6–0. In the second quarter, New York increased their lead to 13–0 with a 7-play, 56-yard scoring drive. Kanell kept it going with an 11-yard pass to running back Tiki Barber on third and 4, and then hit David Patten for a 37-yard completion to the Vikings 2-yard line. Three plays later, he threw a 3-yard touchdown pass to tight end Aaron Pierce. After the teams traded punts, Giants cornerback Jason Sehorn intercepted a pass from Cunningham and returned it 36 yards to the Vikings 47-yard line. New York then drove 23 yards to a 41-yard field goal from Daluiso, making the score 16–0. The Vikings punted on their next drive but caught a break when cornerback Duane Butler recovered a fumble from Giants receiver Amani Toomer on the punt return\",\n \"title\": \"1997–98 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16780110\",\n \"text\": \"The 1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise’s fourth year in the National Football League (NFL). The team equaled the 11–5 record from their previous season, but won their first division title, as both the Tennessee Oilers and Pittsburgh Steelers lost crucial games near the end of the regular season. In the playoffs the Jaguars won their Wild Card game versus the New England Patriots, 25–10, but lost the following week in the Divisional round against the New York Jets, 34–24. The Jaguars appeared twice on Monday Night Football, winning both games. NFL draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Season summary Week 1 at Chicago Bears Standings Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs (6) New England Patriots Fred Taylor runs for 162 yards and a touchdown on 31 carries. The Patriots had just 206 total yards and the Jaguars defense forced three turnovers. AFC Divisional Playoffs: vs (2) New York Jets Mark Brunell throws for three touchdowns but completes just 12 of 31 passes with three interceptions. The Jaguars committed four turnovers. Awards and records Mark Brunell, Franchise Record (tied), Most Touchdown Passes in One Game, 4 Passes (November 29, 1998) Mark Brunell, Franchise Record, Most Touchdown Passes in One Season, 20 Passes (November 29, 1998) Fred Taylor, Franchise Record, Most Touchdowns in One Season, 17 Single Game Home Attendance Record, 74,143, December 28, 1998 Single Season Home Attendance Record, 561,472, December 28, 1998 References Jaguars on Pro Football Reference Jaguars Schedule on jt-sw.com Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville Jaguars seasons AFC Central championship seasons Jackson\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10696170\",\n \"text\": \"The 1998 New England Patriots season was the franchise's 29th season in the National Football League (NFL) and the 39th overall. They finished with a 9–7 record, losing in the first round of the playoffs to the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the offseason, the Patriots tendered restricted free agent running back Curtis Martin with the highest possible tender, which would return the Patriots first- and third-round draft picks if any team were to sign him and the Patriots were to decide not to match the offer. Fueling the rivalry between the two teams, the New York Jets and head coach Bill Parcells, who had resigned from the Patriots two years earlier, signed Martin, the 1995 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year, and per restricted free agency rules ceded their first- and third-round picks in the 1998 NFL Draft to the Patriots. With the first-round pick the Patriots selected another running back Robert Edwards, who rushed for over 1,000 yards in his rookie campaign. Suffering a broken finger in November, veteran quarterback Drew Bledsoe was unable to start the team's final two regular season games and was replaced by Scott Zolak. With a 9–7 record the Patriots finished fourth in the AFC East but earned a sixth seed in the AFC playoffs. With Zolak still at the helm, the Patriots were defeated on the road by the Jacksonville Jaguars, the second straight playoff defeat for second-year head coach Pete Carroll, and is one of only two games the Patriots have ever lost to the Jaguars, the second being in 2018. As of the 2022 NFL season, this remains the last time that a team with a fourth-place finish in its division made the playoffs. 1998 NFL Draft Undrafted free agents Staff Regular season Schedule Standings Playoffs Notable games September 13 vs. Indianapolis Colts: The Peyton Manning/New England Patriots rivalry kicked off with a 29–6 rout of Manning's Colts. Ty Law ran back a first-quarter interception 59 yards for the game's first touchdown, while Terry Glenn's three-yard catch and Robert Edwards' one-yard run went with three field goals by future Colt Adam Vinatieri for the Pats. Torrance Small caught a touchdown from Manning in the final five minutes for the only score by the Colts. Manning ended the day with three picks returned for 71 yards. September 20 vs. Tennessee Oilers: In their final season using the team nickname \\\"Oilers\\\", the future Tennessee Titans put on a hard challenge for the Patriots, as Eddie George rushed for 100 yards and caught a 22-yard touchdown from Steve McNair. Al Del Greco and Adam Vinatieri exchanged field goals in the first half and the game lead tied or changed seven times before Lawyer Milloy picked off McNair for a 30-yard fourth-quarter touchdown sealing a 27–16 Patriots win. October 4 at New Orleans Saints: Two seasons since losing Super Bowl XXXI in New Orleans the Patriots made their first trip to the Louisiana Superdome; coincidentally, the coach they were facing was the one who'd crushed them\",\n \"title\": \"1998 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76440709\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Corsaro (born ) is an American basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the IUI Jaguars. He played college football for the Youngstown State Penguins before transferring to play football and basketball for the Indianapolis Greyhounds. He later coached the Greyhounds and for the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons before receiving his current position in 2024. Early life Corsaro attended Roncalli High School in Indiana where he was a top basketball and football athlete, being named a first-team All-South basketball player as a senior while finishing as the basketball team's all-time leading scorer. He began his college career at Youngstown State University playing football in 2008, starting one game at quarterback that year. Corsaro transferred to the University of Indianapolis in 2009 and played both football and basketball. He won three varsity letters and played with both teams from 2009 to 2012, although he missed his senior year of basketball due to injury. In 2010, with the football team, he set a program record for most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback in a season, with eight. He helped the football team reach their first NCAA playoff appearance in 2012. He was a guard in basketball and played quarterback in football from 2009 to 2010, before moving to playing defensive back for his last two seasons. Corsaro graduated in 2012 with a bachelor's degree in communications and later received a master's degree in business administration in 2014. Coaching career Corsaro became a graduate assistant with the Indianapolis basketball program in 2012 and remained an assistant through 2016, when he was promoted to associate head coach. He helped Indianapolis have six consecutive winning seasons in his tenure. They also reached the NCAA tournament four straight times from 2013 to 2016 and had their first appearance in the Sweet Sixteen in 2014–15. He then served as an assistant coach for the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons from 2018 to 2020, as the team had 32 wins in two seasons. Corsaro returned to Indianapolis in 2020 as head coach. He served four seasons in the position and helped the team compile a record of 79–37 during that time, which included two conference championships. He was the NABC Midwest Coach of the Year and the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) Coach of the Year for the 2022–23 season, in which he led the team to a program-record 26 wins and helped them have a top seed in the NCAA tournament. In 2024, Corsaro left UIndy to become the head coach of the nearby Division I IUPUI Jaguars, which will represent the new Indiana University Indianapolis (IU Indianapolis or IUI) when IUPUI splits into two separate institutions at the end of the 2023–24 school year. Head coaching record References 1980s births Living people American football quarterbacks American football defensive backs Guards (basketball) Youngstown State Penguins football players Indianapolis Greyhounds football players Indianapolis Greyhounds men's basketball players Indianapolis Greyhounds men's basketball coaches Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons men's basketball coaches IUPUI Jaguars men's basketball coaches Basketball coaches\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Corsaro\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10024156\",\n \"text\": \"Fred Hoaglin, (born January 28, 1944) is an American former professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL) from 1966 to 1976. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers. Playing career Hoaglin graduated from East Palestine High School in East Palestine, Ohio and University of Pittsburgh, from where he was eventually drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the 1966 NFL Draft. He was a member of the first Seattle Seahawks team after being acquired from the Houston Oilers in the 1976 NFL Expansion Draft. NFL assistant coach After he retired as a player, Hoaglin served as an assistant coach for the Detroit Lions (1978–1984), New York Giants (1985–1992), New England Patriots (1993–1996), and Jacksonville Jaguars (1997–2000), serving under the Bill Parcells coaching tree during his stints at the last three franchises. He was an assistant coach for the Giants during their Super Bowl XXI and Super Bowl XXV championship seasons under Parcells, then won an AFC Championship at New England under Parcells in 1996 before the Patriots fell 35-21 to the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI. Parcells resigned from the Patriots to take the head coaching job with the New York Jets after that loss, but Hoaglin joined fellow Parcells coaching tree disciple Tom Coughlin in Jacksonville as the tight ends coach. During his time there, the Jacksonville Jaguars won two AFC Central Division titles, reached the playoffs in three consecutive seasons, and played in the 1999 AFC Championship Game. Coaching History Detroit Lions (1978-1984) (OL) New York Giants (1985-1992) (OL) New England Patriots (1993-1996) (OL) Jacksonville Jaguars (1997-2001) (TE) 1944 births Living people American football offensive linemen Pittsburgh Panthers football players Cleveland Browns players Baltimore Colts players Houston Oilers players Seattle Seahawks players Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players Detroit Lions coaches New York Giants coaches New England Patriots coaches Jacksonville Jaguars coaches People from Alliance, Ohio Players of American football from Stark County, Ohio\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Hoaglin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25847434\",\n \"text\": \"The 2010 season was the San Diego Chargers' 41st in the National Football League (NFL) and their 51st overall. The team failed to improve on their 13–3 record the previous season, finishing with a 9–7 record and missing the playoffs for the first time since 2005. The 2010 Chargers are noted for having both the No. 1-ranked offense and defense, the first team to do so since the 1996 Green Bay Packers. However, a struggling special teams unit would help cause the Chargers to lose five of their first seven games, each of which was by a one-possession margin. The San Diego Union-Tribune wrote \\\"[N]o team even came close to having all those special teams foibles in one season.\\\" Football Outsiders calculated that the Chargers had the worst special teams in the league in 2010 and the fifth-worst from 1993 to 2010. Although the Chargers won seven of their nine remaining matchups, they were unable to overcome the slow start and missed the postseason by one game. An additional victory would have allowed the Chargers to win the AFC West on a tiebreaker, but they instead finished a game behind the Kansas City Chiefs. In addition to their statistical performance, the Chargers used an NFL-record tying 74 players during the season due to injuries. The 2010 season also saw the Chargers have their first home blackouts since 2004 and was their first since 2000 to not have future Hall of Fame running back LaDainian Tomlinson on the roster. Offseason On February 22, 2010, LaDainian Tomlinson requested his release after nine seasons with the team, and went to the New York Jets. NFL draft After finishing the season with the best record among teams exiting the playoffs in the divisional round, the Chargers picked 28th in the draft. They traded their sixth round pick in a trade that sent defensive tackle Travis Johnson to the Chargers. Draft notes Coaching staff Final roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at Kansas City Chiefs The Chargers began their season at Arrowhead Stadium for a division rivalry match against the Kansas City Chiefs. In the first quarter the Chargers took the early lead as QB Philip Rivers completed a 3-yard TD pass to TE Antonio Gates. The Chiefs replied when RB Jamaal Charles made a 56-yard TD run. In the 2nd quarter the Chargers fell behind when QB Matt Cassel completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Tony Moeaki. This was followed by WR Dexter McCluster returning a punt 94 yards to the endzone for a touchdown. In the third quarter the Chargers cut the lead when QB Philip Rivers threw a 59-yard TD pass to WR Legedu Naanee. In the 4th quarter the Chiefs defense prevented any more scoring from the Chargers. With the loss, San Diego began at 0–1. Week 2: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Chiefs, the Chargers returned home for an AFC duel with the Jaguars. In the 1st quarter, San Diego\",\n \"title\": \"2010 San Diego Chargers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55953158\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 24th in the National Football League (NFL) and their second under head coach Doug Marrone. This was their first season in new uniforms, which were revealed in April 2018. The Jaguars had hopes of matching or improving on their 10–6 campaign from the year prior, but despite a 3–1 start, the Jags fell into a 7 game losing streak and failed to improve on their 10–6 record after a Week 10 loss to the Colts. After they lost to the Tennessee Titans in Week 14, the Jaguars fell to 4–9 and were officially eliminated from postseason contention. They finished 5–11, in last place in the AFC South. Draft Draft trades The Jaguars traded a conditional sixth-round selection to Buffalo in exchange for defensive tackle Marcell Dareus. This pick became a fifth-round selection (166th overall) after Dareus remained on Jacksonville's roster for the remainder of the 2017 season and the Jaguars made the playoffs. The Jaguars traded defensive end Chris Smith to the Bengals in exchange for a conditional selection. As Smith was on the Bengals' active roster for at least six games during the 2017 season, Jacksonville acquired Cincinnati's seventh-round selection (230th overall). Staff Final roster Preseason The Jaguars' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 11. Exact dates and times were finalized on April 19, when the regular season schedule was announced. Regular season Schedule On January 11, 2018, the NFL announced that the Jaguars would play host to the Philadelphia Eagles at Wembley Stadium in London, England, as part of their commitment to the London Games. The game occurred during Week 8 (October 28), and was televised in the United States. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at New York Giants Week 2: vs. New England Patriots Week 3: vs. Tennessee Titans Week 4: vs. New York Jets Week 5: at Kansas City Chiefs Week 6: at Dallas Cowboys Week 7: vs. Houston Texans Week 8: vs. Philadelphia Eagles NFL London Games Week 10: at Indianapolis Colts Week 11: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers Week 12: at Buffalo Bills Week 13: vs. Indianapolis Colts Week 14: at Tennessee Titans Week 15: vs. Washington Redskins Week 16: at Miami Dolphins Week 17: at Houston Texans Standings Division Conference References External links Jacksonville Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Jacksonville Jaguars\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16779982\",\n \"text\": \"The 1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's 2nd season in the National Football League and the 2nd under head coach Tom Coughlin. The Jaguars improved on their 4–12 record from their inaugural season. The Jaguars marked success as they won six of their last seven games of the season and finished with a record of 9–7. The credit for this midseason turnaround probably lies in the demotion of wide receiver Andre Rison in favor of Jimmy Smith after a game against the St. Louis Rams in which Brunell threw 5 interceptions. The interceptions were blamed on Rison and he was benched. In the team's final game of the regular season against the Atlanta Falcons, needing a win to earn a playoff berth, the Jaguars caught a bit of luck when Morten Andersen missed a 30-yard field goal with less than a minute remaining that would have given the Falcons the lead. The Jaguars clinched the fifth seed in the AFC playoffs. The Jaguars achieved their first ever franchise playoff game victory, in a stunning upset on the road against the Buffalo Bills. The victory against the Bills was notable due to the fact that the Bills roster was made up of many of the same players that had been to four Super Bowls in the decade, including eventual Hall of Fame players Jim Kelly, Thurman Thomas, Andre Reed, and Bruce Smith (who had previously been the league Defensive Player of the Year). Their next game was on the road against the Denver Broncos, who had dominated the AFC with a 13–3 record (and earned the top AFC seed). The upstart Jaguars were not intimidated by the Broncos or their fans and their good fortune continued, as they largely dominated from the second quarter on. A late touchdown pass from Mark Brunell to Jimmy Smith gave the Jags a 30–20 lead. They held on to win in a huge upset, 30–27, in a game that many people still consider the franchise's finest hour. Upon their return home, the Jags were greeted by an estimated 40,000 fans at the stadium. Many of these fans had watched the game on the stadium JumboTron displays and had stayed into the early hours of the morning when the team arrived. In the AFC Championship Game, the Jaguars acquitted themselves very well, playing a tight and close defensive game in a hostile environment for over three quarters before finally losing 20–6 to the New England Patriots on the road. Offseason NFL draft Personnel Staff Roster Regular season Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs (4) Buffalo Bills AFC Divisional Playoffs: vs (1) Denver Broncos Considered one of the greatest upsets in NFL playoff history, the Jaguars (who were 14 point underdogs, and initially fell behind 12–0 in the first quarter, but led 13–12 at halftime) would stun the Broncos 30–27. Earlier in the day, Denver Post sports columnist Woody Paige referred to the Jaguars\",\n \"title\": \"1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52069599\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 68th season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 72nd overall. It was also the first season under the head coach/general manager tandem of Kyle Shanahan and John Lynch. After a 0–9 start, they won 6 of their last 7 games and finished the season 6–10, improving from their last two season records. Despite this, the 49ers were eliminated from playoff contention in Week 12. The 49ers season largely turned around after they acquired quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo from the New England Patriots on October 30, 2017. At this point, the 49ers had a record of 0–8, dead last in the NFC. Garoppolo made his first start during Week 13 against the Chicago Bears and led them to a 15–14 win. Garoppolo won the final five games of the season for the 49ers, bringing the regular-season record to 6–10, the most wins by the team since the 2014 season. During the 5-game win streak, the 49ers won 3 straight games over teams that eventually made the playoffs (Weeks 15–17 against the Tennessee Titans, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Los Angeles Rams). From Weeks 1–12, the 49ers scored just 187 points (17 points per game), which was in the bottom half of the league. During the 5-game win streak, the 49ers offense scored 144 points (28.8 points per game). The highlight of the year was during Week 16, the 49ers scored 44 points against the Jacksonville Jaguars, who had the NFL's top scoring defense at the time, allowing just 14.9 points per game. The 49ers finished the season by being the only team in the NFL to go undefeated in the month of December. The 49ers also became the first team in NFL history to start a season 0–9 and finish with more than three wins. Offseason Coaching changes Owner Jed York announced that he would hire a new general manager and the new head coach due to a bad season. On January 29, 2017, the 49ers hired John Lynch as their general manager. On February 6, 2017, the 49ers hired Atlanta Falcons' offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan as the new coach of the San Francisco 49ers. Roster changes Free agency The 49ers entered free agency with the following: Signings Departures Draft Notes The 49ers acquired an additional sixth-round selection as part of a trade that sent their 2016 seventh-round selection and Vernon Davis to the Denver Broncos. The 49ers acquired an additional seventh-round selection as part of a trade that sent Andy Lee to the Cleveland Browns. The 49ers traded their sixth-round selection (Nos. 186 overall) to the Baltimore Ravens in exchange for their sixth-round selection (Nos. 198 overall) and C Jeremy Zuttah. The 49ers acquired an additional fifth-round selection as part of a trade that sent their Derek Carrier to the Washington Redskins in 2015, but sent a seventh-round selection back due to Carrier's performance. The 49ers traded their first-round selection (Nos. 2 overall) to the Chicago Bears in exchange for their third-\",\n \"title\": \"2017 San Francisco 49ers season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46832371\",\n \"text\": \"The Raiders–Steelers rivalry is an NFL rivalry between the Las Vegas Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers. Both teams compete in the American Football Conference (AFC). The historically bitter rivalry started with the Steelers' first playoff win over the Raiders by way of Franco Harris' Immaculate Reception on December 23, 1972. The two teams met in the playoffs for five consecutive seasons (1972–76), an NFL record that has yet to be matched. The series was regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in the history of professional sports, especially in the 1970s. Las Vegas is one of four AFC teams with a winning overall record against Pittsburgh (the Denver Broncos, Jacksonville Jaguars, and New England Patriots are the other three). CBS Sports ranked this rivalry as the best NFL rivalry of the 1970s. History 1970–1984: Beginnings of the rivalry and early success The inaugural game of the rivalry was during Week 6 of the 1970 season where the Raiders crushed the visiting Steelers 31–14. The Steelers would miss out on the postseason while the Raiders went on to lose to the Colts in the AFC Championship. Two seasons later in 1972, the Raiders visited the Steelers in Week 1. The Steelers were more competitive than in previous seasons and won the game 34–28. Both teams finished first in their divisions (Steelers 11–3, Raiders 10–3–1) and eventually went on to play each other in the postseason. The resulting game, the Immaculate Reception, spawned a heated rivalry between the Raiders and Steelers, a rivalry that was at its peak during the 1970s, when both teams were among the best in the league and both were known for their hard-hitting, physical play (The Steelers won 13–7). The teams met in the playoffs in each of the next four seasons, starting with the Raiders' 33–14 victory in the 1973 divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh used the AFC Championship Game victories over Oakland (24–13 at Oakland in 1974 and 16–10 at Pittsburgh in 1975) as a springboard to victories in Super Bowl IX and Super Bowl X, before the Raiders notched a 24–7 AFC Championship Game victory at home in 1976 on their way to winning Super Bowl XI. To date, the two last met in the playoffs in 1983 when the eventual Super Bowl champion Raiders, playing in Los Angeles at the time, crushed the Steelers 38–10. 1984–2002 The rivalry cooled off in the late 1980s, mainly due to the Raiders on-field struggles since appearing in Super Bowl XVIII. The teams also met infrequently for several years, playing only twice in the Raiders' final 10 seasons in Los Angeles, both at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Los Angeles Raiders never played in Pittsburgh, as the teams went 20 years (1980–2000) without facing each other in the Steel City. In Week 3 of the 1990 season, the Steelers would visit the Raiders and get beat 21–3. Both teams would have winning records (Raiders 12–4, Steelers 9–7) but the Steelers sat out of the playoffs while the Raiders made\",\n \"title\": \"Raiders–Steelers rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10769447\",\n \"text\": \"The 2002 season was the New York Jets' 33rd in the National Football League (NFL), their 43rd season overall and their second under head coach Herman Edwards. The team tried to improve upon their 10–6 record from 2001 but failed to do so after a 2–5 start. However, the Jets recovered and finished 9–7, winning their second AFC East division title. After a 24–21 week 8 loss to the Cleveland Browns at the Meadowlands dropped the Jets' season record to 2–5, head coach Herman Edwards gave his famous \\\"You play to win the game\\\" response to a question in his press conference the following Tuesday. Edwards' vigorous defense of his team's refusal to quit, along with the midseason debut of quarterback Chad Pennington, helped spark the Jets' turnaround. After posting a stunning rout of the Indianapolis Colts by a score of 41–0 at the Meadowlands in the Wild Card round of the playoffs, they lost for the second year in a row to the eventual AFC champion Oakland Raiders, 30–10 in the Divisional round. As of the 2023 season, this is the Jets' most recent AFC East division title and is also the last time they have hosted a home playoff game. Offseason 2002 Expansion Draft 2002 NFL Draft Undrafted free agents Staff Roster Preseason Regular season Schedule Under the NFL's newly established schedule rotation, during the 2002 regular season the Jets played against all of the teams from the AFC West, as well as the Cleveland Browns from the AFC North and the Jacksonville Jaguars from the AFC South, who finished in the same positions as the Jets in their respective divisions in 2001. Their non-conference opponents were from the NFC North. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1: at Buffalo Bills Week 2: vs. New England Patriots Week 3: at Miami Dolphins Week 4: at Jacksonville Jaguars Week 5: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 7: vs. Minnesota Vikings Week 8: vs. Cleveland Browns Week 9: at San Diego Chargers Week 10: vs. Miami Dolphins Week 11: at Detroit Lions Week 12: vs. Buffalo Bills Week 13: at Oakland Raiders Week 14: vs. Denver Broncos Week 15: at Chicago Bears Week 16: at New England Patriots Week 17: vs. Green Bay Packers Standings Division Conference Postseason Schedule Game summaries AFC Wild Card Playoffs: vs. (5) Indianapolis Colts This game turned out to be the Jets' last home playoff game at Giants Stadium, and as of 2023, it is also their last home playoff game to date. AFC Divisional Playoffs: at (1) Oakland Raiders External links 2002 team stats AFC East championship seasons New York Jets seasons New York Jets New York Jets season 21st century in East Rutherford, New Jersey Meadowlands Sports Complex\",\n \"title\": \"2002 New York Jets season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17983822\",\n \"text\": \"The 2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season was the franchise's 9th season in the National Football League and the 1st under head coach Jack Del Rio. The Jaguars failed to improve upon their 6–10 regular season record in 2002 and failed to make the playoffs for the fourth season in a row. An 0–8 record in road games eliminated any chance of postseason play. Oddly, despite being in existence since 1995, this season marked the first time that the Jaguars played the San Diego Chargers. This is due to old NFL scheduling formulas in place prior to 2002; the Jaguars had played the Chargers’ division rivals the Kansas City Chiefs four times; the Denver Broncos three times and the Oakland Raiders twice (though not since 1997). Week 3 was Mark Brunell's last game as a Jaguar, as he was benched forcing rookie quarterback Byron Leftwich to take his spot for the rest of the season. Brunell left the team at the end of the season. Jacksonville defeated New Orleans 20–19 in the week 16 game despite the River City Relay, a play that has gone down in NFL lore. Offseason Acquisitions During free agency, the Jaguars signed former Philadelphia Eagles defensive end Hugh Douglas and former Indianapolis Colts linebacker Mike Peterson. Draft Staff Roster Schedule Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Standings References Jacksonville Jaguars Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Jackson\",\n \"title\": \"2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2007"],"string":"[\n \"2007\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":56,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31338"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who recorded this guys in love with you"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"9459394","text":"\"This Guy's in Love with You\" is a hit song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David and released by Herb Alpert in May, 1968. Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass, Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording, which was arranged by Bacharach. An earlier recording of the song by British singer Danny Williams with different lyrics, titled \"That Guy's in Love\", appeared on Williams' 1968 self-titled album. History \"This Guy's in Love with You\" was written and published in 1967, but was not released commercially that year. There are differing accounts from Hal David and Herb Alpert regarding the song's original song title and lyrical storyline. Music historian Robin Platts wrote that the original song was titled \"That Guy's in Love\" and told the story of an unfaithful lover, as seen in the following lines: Platts quotes Hal David regarding modifications to the original lyric done for Herb Alpert: Bacharach and David first published the song as \"That Guy's in Love\" on June 15, 1967. Singer Danny Williams released the song in the U.K. as \"That Guy's in Love with You\" on his Deram Records LP Danny Williams in early 1968, singing the lyric about a man who suspects his partner is cheating on him. This recording was not released as a single in the U.K. (and was not released at all in the U.S.), and did not make it to the U.S. or U.K. music charts. The song was later re-published (citing significant changes) on April 15, 1968 as \"This Guy's in Love with You\", which was a week before Alpert appeared in a pre-recorded music video singing the song on his TV special The Beat of the Brass. Herb Alpert released his single \"This Guy's in Love with You\" with the revised lyrics in May of 1968. After Herb Alpert's recording became a #1 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, several versions by well-known female artists were released under the title \"This Girl's in Love with You\", shifting the title and perspective of the song yet again. These artists included Dionne Warwick, Dusty Springfield, Aretha Franklin, Petula Clark, Ella Fitzgerald, Connie Francis, and Diana Ross & The Supremes. Alpert, quoted in Bacharach's 2013 memoir Anyone Who Had a Heart, had a different recollection of the original title from Hal David. Alpert told an interviewer that the song first came to him as \"This Girl's in Love with You\". He explained: \"There’s a question I always ask great writers that I asked Burt that day over the phone. 'Is there a song you have tucked away in your drawer or someplace or a song that didn’t get the right recording that you find yourself whistling in the shower?' And he sent me 'This Girl’s in Love with You.' I called Hal David in New York and asked him if he wouldn’t mind changing the gender.\" Herb Alpert version Alpert recognized in the song qualities that made it","title":"This Guy's in Love with You"},{"docid":"34610399","text":"\"Learning How to Love You\" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released in 1976 as the closing track of his debut album on his Dark Horse record label, Thirty Three & 1/3. Harrison wrote the song for Herb Alpert, sometime singer and co-head of A&M Records, which at the time was the worldwide distributor for Dark Horse. Although the relationship with A&M soured due to Harrison's failure to deliver Thirty Three & 1/3 on schedule, resulting in litigation and a new distribution deal with Warner Bros. Records, Harrison still dedicated the song to Alpert in the album's liner notes. Music critics note the influence of light jazz and soul in the composition, similar to the work of songwriter Burt Bacharach, and Harrison himself considered \"Learning How to Love You\" to be the best song he had written since his much-covered Beatles hit \"Something\". The recording features prominent Fender Rhodes piano from New York musician Richard Tee, and a horn and flute arrangement by Tom Scott. The song was also issued as the B-side to Harrison's two US hit singles in 1976–77, \"This Song\" and \"Crackerbox Palace\". Background and composition A&M Records, co-founded by American musician and composer Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss in 1962, had a reputation as an \"artist-friendly\" international record company, a factor that led to George Harrison agreeing terms with A&M to serve as distributors for his Dark Horse Records label in May 1974. Artists such as Ravi Shankar, Splinter, Stairsteps and Attitudes had all recorded for Dark Horse before Harrison was able to sign with A&M as a Dark Horse act himself, following the expiration of his contract with EMI-affiliated Apple Records in January 1976. Around that time, Harrison and Alpert were working in neighbouring studios at A&M's recording facility on La Brea Avenue, Hollywood, when Alpert asked him to provide a song for his forthcoming solo album. Although Alpert was best known as a trumpeter through his success with the Tijuana Brass, he had a US number 1 hit in 1968 with the original version of \"This Guy's in Love with You\", written by Burt Bacharach and lyricist Hal David. Harrison recalls in his 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine, that he admired Alpert's singing voice, especially on \"This Guy's in Love with You\", and so \"thought I'd try and write a vocal [piece], something with that sort of mood\". According to Eight Arms to Hold You authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter, Harrison's working title for the new composition was \"Herb's Tune\". In her introduction to the 2002 edition of I, Me, Mine, Olivia Harrison notes that it is her handwriting on the original song lyrics for \"Learning How to Love You\", which appear on an airmail envelope reproduced in the book. \"I wrote the first line of lyrics down for him as he was working out the melody,\" she writes. \"Then he took the pen from my hand and wrote words that would later guide him back to the thoughts he wanted","title":"Learning How to Love You"},{"docid":"10191411","text":"Vinton was Bobby Vinton's nineteenth studio album, released in 1969. Three singles came from the album: \"To Know You Is to Love You\", \"The Days of Sand and Shovels\" and \"No Arms Can Ever Hold You\". Cover versions include Herb Alpert's hit \"This Guy's in Love with You\", \"When I Fall in Love\", Tammy Wynette's hit \"Stand by Your Man\", \"It's a Sin to Tell a Lie\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\" and the McGuire Sisters' hit \"May You Always\". Track listing Personnel Bobby Vinton - vocals Billy Sherrill - producer Bill Walker - arranger (\"This Guy's in Love With You\" and \"May You Always\") Bill McElhiney - arranger (\"To Know You Is to Love You\" and \"The Days of Sand and Shovels\") Bob Golden - cover photo Charts Singles References 1969 albums Bobby Vinton albums Albums produced by Billy Sherrill Epic Records albums","title":"Vinton (album)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"9459394\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\" is a hit song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David and released by Herb Alpert in May, 1968. Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass, Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording, which was arranged by Bacharach. An earlier recording of the song by British singer Danny Williams with different lyrics, titled \\\"That Guy's in Love\\\", appeared on Williams' 1968 self-titled album. History \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\" was written and published in 1967, but was not released commercially that year. There are differing accounts from Hal David and Herb Alpert regarding the song's original song title and lyrical storyline. Music historian Robin Platts wrote that the original song was titled \\\"That Guy's in Love\\\" and told the story of an unfaithful lover, as seen in the following lines: Platts quotes Hal David regarding modifications to the original lyric done for Herb Alpert: Bacharach and David first published the song as \\\"That Guy's in Love\\\" on June 15, 1967. Singer Danny Williams released the song in the U.K. as \\\"That Guy's in Love with You\\\" on his Deram Records LP Danny Williams in early 1968, singing the lyric about a man who suspects his partner is cheating on him. This recording was not released as a single in the U.K. (and was not released at all in the U.S.), and did not make it to the U.S. or U.K. music charts. The song was later re-published (citing significant changes) on April 15, 1968 as \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\", which was a week before Alpert appeared in a pre-recorded music video singing the song on his TV special The Beat of the Brass. Herb Alpert released his single \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\" with the revised lyrics in May of 1968. After Herb Alpert's recording became a #1 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, several versions by well-known female artists were released under the title \\\"This Girl's in Love with You\\\", shifting the title and perspective of the song yet again. These artists included Dionne Warwick, Dusty Springfield, Aretha Franklin, Petula Clark, Ella Fitzgerald, Connie Francis, and Diana Ross & The Supremes. Alpert, quoted in Bacharach's 2013 memoir Anyone Who Had a Heart, had a different recollection of the original title from Hal David. Alpert told an interviewer that the song first came to him as \\\"This Girl's in Love with You\\\". He explained: \\\"There’s a question I always ask great writers that I asked Burt that day over the phone. 'Is there a song you have tucked away in your drawer or someplace or a song that didn’t get the right recording that you find yourself whistling in the shower?' And he sent me 'This Girl’s in Love with You.' I called Hal David in New York and asked him if he wouldn’t mind changing the gender.\\\" Herb Alpert version Alpert recognized in the song qualities that made it\",\n \"title\": \"This Guy's in Love with You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34610399\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Learning How to Love You\\\" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released in 1976 as the closing track of his debut album on his Dark Horse record label, Thirty Three & 1/3. Harrison wrote the song for Herb Alpert, sometime singer and co-head of A&M Records, which at the time was the worldwide distributor for Dark Horse. Although the relationship with A&M soured due to Harrison's failure to deliver Thirty Three & 1/3 on schedule, resulting in litigation and a new distribution deal with Warner Bros. Records, Harrison still dedicated the song to Alpert in the album's liner notes. Music critics note the influence of light jazz and soul in the composition, similar to the work of songwriter Burt Bacharach, and Harrison himself considered \\\"Learning How to Love You\\\" to be the best song he had written since his much-covered Beatles hit \\\"Something\\\". The recording features prominent Fender Rhodes piano from New York musician Richard Tee, and a horn and flute arrangement by Tom Scott. The song was also issued as the B-side to Harrison's two US hit singles in 1976–77, \\\"This Song\\\" and \\\"Crackerbox Palace\\\". Background and composition A&M Records, co-founded by American musician and composer Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss in 1962, had a reputation as an \\\"artist-friendly\\\" international record company, a factor that led to George Harrison agreeing terms with A&M to serve as distributors for his Dark Horse Records label in May 1974. Artists such as Ravi Shankar, Splinter, Stairsteps and Attitudes had all recorded for Dark Horse before Harrison was able to sign with A&M as a Dark Horse act himself, following the expiration of his contract with EMI-affiliated Apple Records in January 1976. Around that time, Harrison and Alpert were working in neighbouring studios at A&M's recording facility on La Brea Avenue, Hollywood, when Alpert asked him to provide a song for his forthcoming solo album. Although Alpert was best known as a trumpeter through his success with the Tijuana Brass, he had a US number 1 hit in 1968 with the original version of \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\", written by Burt Bacharach and lyricist Hal David. Harrison recalls in his 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine, that he admired Alpert's singing voice, especially on \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\", and so \\\"thought I'd try and write a vocal [piece], something with that sort of mood\\\". According to Eight Arms to Hold You authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter, Harrison's working title for the new composition was \\\"Herb's Tune\\\". In her introduction to the 2002 edition of I, Me, Mine, Olivia Harrison notes that it is her handwriting on the original song lyrics for \\\"Learning How to Love You\\\", which appear on an airmail envelope reproduced in the book. \\\"I wrote the first line of lyrics down for him as he was working out the melody,\\\" she writes. \\\"Then he took the pen from my hand and wrote words that would later guide him back to the thoughts he wanted\",\n \"title\": \"Learning How to Love You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10191411\",\n \"text\": \"Vinton was Bobby Vinton's nineteenth studio album, released in 1969. Three singles came from the album: \\\"To Know You Is to Love You\\\", \\\"The Days of Sand and Shovels\\\" and \\\"No Arms Can Ever Hold You\\\". Cover versions include Herb Alpert's hit \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\", \\\"When I Fall in Love\\\", Tammy Wynette's hit \\\"Stand by Your Man\\\", \\\"It's a Sin to Tell a Lie\\\", \\\"Try a Little Tenderness\\\" and the McGuire Sisters' hit \\\"May You Always\\\". Track listing Personnel Bobby Vinton - vocals Billy Sherrill - producer Bill Walker - arranger (\\\"This Guy's in Love With You\\\" and \\\"May You Always\\\") Bill McElhiney - arranger (\\\"To Know You Is to Love You\\\" and \\\"The Days of Sand and Shovels\\\") Bob Golden - cover photo Charts Singles References 1969 albums Bobby Vinton albums Albums produced by Billy Sherrill Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Vinton (album)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"6485241","text":"Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You is the second studio album from actor and singer Joe Pesci. History The idea for the album originated from Pesci's character Vincent LaGuardia Gambini, from his 1992 movie My Cousin Vinny. In the movie, Pesci starred as Vinny, an inexperienced lawyer who comes to the rescue of his wrongly accused cousin Billy Gambini, played by Ralph Macchio. Before becoming a professional actor, Pesci was a lounge singer. When he announced his retirement from acting in 1999, he pursued a further career in singing. Pesci remained retired until his return to acting in Robert De Niro's 2006 film The Good Shepherd, where he played Joseph Palmi. The album was released on October 13, 1998, on Columbia Records. It is stamped with a parental advisory sticker for explicit content. A music video was produced for the song \"Wise Guy,\" featuring Pesci reciting his lyrics in various mob-themed settings. \"Wise Guy\" recreates elements from the Blondie song \"Rapture\" and features a chorus lyrically similar to that of Fred Rogers' \"Won't You Be My Neighbor?\". Track listing \"Yo Cousin Vinny\" \"Wise Guy\" \"Take Your Love and Shove It\" \"I've Got News for You\" \"How Do You Like Me So Far\" \"Robbie Hood\" \"Twenty-One\" \"Old Man Time\" \"He'll Have to Go\" \"I Can't Give You Anything But Love\" \"If It Doesn't Snow for Christmas\" \"What A Wonderful World\" \"Yo Cousin Vinny\" (Italian) \"Yo Cousin Vinny\" (Spanish) Reception Critic Michael Gallucci of Allmusic gave the album a negative review and a rating of 1 star out of a possible 5. Gallucci writes that apart from a few jazzy numbers drawing successfully on Pesci's experience as a lounge singer, the album is \"a mound of failed songs and lame jokes.\" References 1998 albums Joe Pesci albums Columbia Records albums Comedy albums by American artists Albums produced by Trackmasters","title":"Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You"},{"docid":"6235276","text":"\"Why I Love You\" is the third single from B2K their self-titled debut album and the song was released in May 2002 and it peaked at number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 19 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song is also featured on the group's second album, Pandemonium!. Music video Directed by Erik White, the video shows the guys are playing at a basketball court with their label mates IMx wearing the original Laker jerseys and Omarion is singing to the late Naya Rivera in the basketball court as she walks away from him. The guys are also wearing jean jackets unbuttoned all the way to the bottom showing their bodies. In another scene, the guys put on a show outside wearing matching red and black leather jackets. There are also scenes of Lil' Fizz sitting down singing the chorus with recording artist Jhené (who at the time was marketed as his cousin and makes a cameo as his girlfriend), while they are sitting down on the bleachers with rottweilers. TG4, IMx and actress Kat Graham make cameos as well. Weekly charts References 2002 singles 2002 songs 2000s ballads B2K songs Epic Records singles Contemporary R&B ballads Music videos directed by Erik White","title":"Why I Love You (B2K song)"},{"docid":"23811549","text":"\"Gettin' Over You\" (originally titled \"Gettin' Over\") is a song by French DJ David Guetta and American singer Chris Willis, from Guetta's fourth studio album, One Love. \"Gettin' Over You\" features additional vocals by Fergie and hip hop duo LMFAO, and was released as the lead single from One More Love on 12 April 2010. The song became Guetta's first number-one hit in France and topped the dance charts in the United Kingdom and United States. It reached top five positions in Australia, Austria, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. Background and composition The lyrics are written by Fergie, Willis, will.i.am and LMFAO. will.i.am was originally intended to perform the vocals alongside Willis and Fergie but he was replaced by LMFAO. In an interview with Digital Spy, Guetta described the song as \"one of my more traditional guitar-sounding club tracks – in the vein of 'Love Is Gone'.\" He said since he refused to let The Black Eyed Peas record the original version for their album The E.N.D., they decided to re-record the song with Fergie. Guetta explained, \"Even after I refused to let the Peas have it, Fergie was still saying, 'I love that track!' So I said, 'If you still want to do it, then we'll do it together'. I wanted to keep Chris Willis on there because I've been working with him since the beginning [...] He's the best singer on the planet.\" Redfoo from LMFAO told MTV News the concept of the song: \"You're in love with a girl and then you guys separate,\" he said, then joked, \"She probably got with Lil Jon or somebody,\" before continuing, \"So I'm gonna party 'til you come get me.\" \"Gettin' Over You\" is written in the key of F minor and is in common time with a tempo of 130 beats per minute. The song uses open fifths instead of a chord progression. Critical reception Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song three out of five stars. He felt that despite the song's \"pounding beats and jaggedy axe\" that \"LMFAO ruin[s] the breakdown, proving that too many cooks can spoil an otherwise tasty electro-housey broth.\" Chris Willis's vocal performance was praised by Entertainment Weekly stating: \"Willis has a pleasant rasp to his voice, and he guts this one out like the lives of millions of glowsticks hang in the balance\". A reviewer from FemaleFirst' stated that \"Gettin' Over You\" is a \"huge summer anthem\" and gave it four out of five stars. Music video The music video began production on 20 April 2010 with Rich Lee who has in the past filmed videos for The Black Eyed Peas. The music video premiered on Tuesday, 18 May 2010. It features Guetta, Willis, Fergie and LMFAO all producing the song in a recording studio. A young guy then overhears them and gets his friends who bring recording equipment which draws in more young people who enter the studio, Guetta, Fergie, and Willis are surprised at first but then accept their","title":"Gettin' Over You"},{"docid":"7036501","text":"\"Spirit on the Water\" is a love ballad written and performed by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released in 2006 as the second track on his album Modern Times. The title is a reference to a passage in the Book of Genesis. It is notable for being the only song on Modern Times to feature a harmonica solo. As with much of Dylan's 21st-century output, he produced the song himself under the pseudonym Jack Frost. Recording Engineer Chris Shaw recalled the recording session for this song fondly as it was the first time Dylan had played harmonica on a studio recording since \"Tryin' to Get to Heaven\" nearly a decade before: \"On Modern Times, we were really excited to have Bob playing harmonica again. That was amazing – I remember sitting there thinking to myself, 'Holy shit. I’m recording Bob Dylan playing harmonica. This is incredible'. I’m a jaded studio guy, y’know, I’ve been working in studios for twenty two years. But every day on (Love and Theft and Modern Times), every day I work with the guy for like five minutes, I’ll be sitting behind that console, and I’ll have this voice in the back of my head: Holy fucking shit. I’m recording Bob Dylan. And all of a sudden the hair on my arm is standing up, and I’m looking around, waiting for someone to barge in and point at me and say, 'He shouldn’t be here'. He’s a blast to work with, Bob. As serious as the guy is, he has an incredibly wicked sense of humour, and he’s actually a lot of fun in the studio. When he’s in a good mood, it’s phenomenal\". The song is played in the key of B-flat major on the studio recording. Critical reception Patrick Doyle, writing in Rolling Stone, where the song placed 17th on a list of \"The 25 Best Bob Dylan Songs of the 21st Century\", calls it a \"love song\" imbued with a \"trancelike feeling\". He describes the song as being told from the point-of-view of a narrator who sings about \"the joy his lover brings him\" before revealing a \"cruel and simple twist of fate at the end\". Dylan scholar Tony Attwood elaborates on the twist ending as \"I love you but I can’t be with you in eternity because I killed a guy in the past\" and notes that he can’t think of \"any other song that uses that twist\". Spectrum Culture included the song on a list of Dylan's \"20 Best Songs of the '00s\". In an article accompanying the list, critic David Harris praised the provocative way the song references both the Bible and the blues, writing \"Dylan may scoff at people who look for threads like these in his songs, but it’s just part of the fun for Dylanologists to sort through the crumbs, allowing songs like 'Spirit on the Water' to work on so many different levels\". Ultimate Classic Rock critic Matthew Wilkening rated \"Spirit on the Water\" as the","title":"Spirit on the Water"},{"docid":"68382284","text":"\"That's When I'll Stop Loving You\" is a song by NSYNC from their 2000 album No Strings Attached, written by Diane Warren and produced by Guy Roche. Production Warren wrote the track “That’s When I’ll Stop Loving You”, having previously penned “Music of My Heart\" (1999) for the film of the same name, which was a collaboration between NSYNC and Gloria Estefan. Warren was in the studio for both recording sessions. The group recorded the song around one microphone, recording vocals and harmonies live, aiming to emulate the 60's The song was the first recorded for the album, being completed by March 1999. Critical reception EW felt it was a rare occasion when NSYNC slipped into Backstreet Boy’s ballad territory. The Baltimore Sun compared it to the work of Boyz II Men. Stereogum felt that on the track was outshined by another ballad on the album, I Thought She Knew. Daily Cougar felt it was the only ballad on the album that wasn't weak. VH1 thought the song's moral was \"Everyone — guy or girl — wants a superhero every now and then.\" References 2000 songs NSYNC songs Songs written by Diane Warren","title":"That's When I'll Stop Loving You"},{"docid":"1145818","text":"Hi Infidelity is the ninth studio album by American rock band REO Speedwagon, released on November 21, 1980, by Epic Records. The album became a big hit in the United States, peaking at number one on the Billboard 200, spending 15 weeks at number one (only 27 albums, and only 7 rock acts, have spent at least 15 weeks at number 1). It went on to become the biggest-selling album of 1981, eventually being certified 10 times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Of the four singles released, \"Take It on the Run\" went to number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, and the band got their first of two number one hits with \"Keep On Loving You\". Background The album title is a play on the term \"in high fidelity,\" which used to appear on album covers. The album art is an illustration of this pun where an act of sexual infidelity is apparently occurring while the man is putting a record LP to play on the hi-fi stereo. Songs Six songs from the album charted on the Billboard charts, including \"Keep On Loving You\" which was the band's first Number 1 hit, and \"Take It on the Run\", which reached No. 5 on the charts. The song \"Tough Guys\" uses an audio clip from the Our Gang short film Hearts Are Thumps (1937). \"Tough Guys\" was one of two songs from the album that charted on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart despite not being released as singles. Music critic Robert Christgau called \"Tough Guys\" his favorite song from the album but suggested that the line \"They think they're full of fire/She thinks they're full of shit\" would prevent the song from reaching the pop Top 40. Record World described \"I Wish You Were There\" as having a \"novel gospel touch.\" Reissues On October 25, 2004, the band recorded the songs of this album live from beginning to end for an XM Radio \"Then Again Live\" special. On July 19, 2011, Sony Music re-released Hi Infidelity with bonus demo tracks for the album's 30th anniversary. Demo tracks were recorded Live at Crystal Studios, Hollywood, June through August 1980. Track listing Original release 30th Anniversary edition (2011) Personnel REO Speedwagon Kevin Cronin – lead and backing vocals (except on \"Someone Tonight\"), acoustic and rhythm guitars, acoustic piano on \"Keep on Loving You\" and \"I Wish You Were There\" Gary Richrath – electric guitar Neal Doughty – keyboards Bruce Hall – bass, lead vocals on \"Someone Tonight\" Alan Gratzer – drums, tambourine on \"I Wish You Were There\" Additional musicians Steve Forman – percussion on \"Keep on Loving You\" Tom Kelly – backing vocals Richard Page – backing vocals N Yolletta – backing vocals on \"In Your Letter\" Maggie Ryder – backing vocals on \"Keep On Loving You\" Technical personnel Kevin Beamish – producer, engineer Kevin Cronin – producer, arrangements Gary Richrath – producer Alan Gratzer – co-producer Tom Cummings – assistant engineer Jeff Eccles – assistant engineer Kent","title":"Hi Infidelity"},{"docid":"28435054","text":"\"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\", or \"Love with a Feeling\" as it was originally titled, is a blues song first recorded by Tampa Red in 1938. Numerous blues artists have interpreted and recorded the song, making it a blues standard. When Freddie King adapted it in 1961, it became his first single to appear in the record charts. Original song Tampa Red recorded \"Love with a Feeling\" as a mid-tempo twelve-bar blues. Accompanying Red, who sang and played slide guitar, were Black Bob Hudson on piano and an unknown bass player. Although Tampa Red wrote several bawdy blues, \"Love with a Feeling\" is tame, with only one verse suggesting the more colorful versions to come: Not long after recording \"Love with a Feeling\", other blues artists began recording their versions of the song. In May 1950, Tampa Red recorded an updated version titled \"Love Her with a Feelin. The song was performed as a Chicago-style blues with Tampa Red on electric slide guitar with blues pianist Little Johnny Jones and a bassist and drummer. He also recorded it as a solo piece with vocal and electric guitar in 1961 for his Don't Tampa with the Blues album. Freddie King rendition In 1960, Freddie King adapted the song as \"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\". In his arrangement, he uses breaks where he sings the first four bars of each twelve-bar verse without the usual instrumental accompaniment. The recording took place in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 26, 1960, with King on vocal and guitar, Sonny Thompson on piano, Bill Willis on bass, Phillip Paul on drums, Clifford Scott on tenor saxophone and Gene Redd on trumpet. The song was released as the B-side of the \"Have You Ever Loved a Woman\" single on King Records subsidiary, Federal Records. Of the two songs, only \"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\" appeared in the record charts. In 1961, the single reached number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100, but did not appear in the magazine's R&B chart. The song is also included on King's first album, Freddy King Sings (1961). On his single and albums, King is often listed as the songwriter, sometimes with Thompson as co-writer. Junior Wells version Chicago blues singer and blues harp player Junior Wells played up the bawdy aspects of the song in several recordings, with blues historian Gerard Herzhaft only commenting \"Junior Wells was particularly able to use the advice of Tampa Red.\" Wells recorded the song as \"You've Gotta Love Her with a Feeling\" for his Delmark Records album On Tap (1974). In November 1996, a live version was recorded at Buddy Guy's Legends club in Chicago. According to music journalist Frank-John Hadley, Wells \"turned in an especially gripping vocal on 'Love Her with a Felling', employing his gnarled enunciations to add an almost unspeakable lustiness to lyrics concerning, well, you know what.\" The recording is included on Wells' Live at Buddy Guy's Legends, released in 1997 by Telarc","title":"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling"},{"docid":"53281646","text":"Hold That Plane! is the third studio album by blues guitarist Buddy Guy. It was recorded in November 1969, but not released by Vanguard Records until 1972. History Buddy Guy had no luck with the record companies. Although he had recorded for Chess since 1958 (mostly as a sideman), his first full-length album wasn't released until ten years later (consisting of material recorded between 1965 and 1967). After leaving Chess, Buddy signed with Vanguard Records who released his second LP in 1968. Though this was a good period for Buddy (he was under new management who organized a lot of live work- especially for big music festivals), and he was popular with black and white audiences as a result, his recording career was still full of unfulfilled promise. A new band (including his brother Phil Guy on rhythm guitar) recorded these tracks in November 1969, but they inexplicably weren't released until almost three years later in 1972. Including two Guy originals (one written with his brother Phil), fiery covers of the Muddy Waters classic \"I'm Ready\" and the Willie Cobbs hit \"You Don't Love Me\" (regularly covered by The Allman Brothers Band at this time). The album opens with a funky adaptation of Herbie Hancock's modern jazz classic \"Watermelon Man\". Track listing Personnel Buddy Guy – guitar, vocals Phil Guy – guitar A.C. Reed – tenor saxophone Gary Bartz – alto saxophone Junior Mance – piano Earnest Johnson – bass Jesse Lewis – drums Additional musicians Bill Folwell – bass on \"Watermelon Man\" Barry Altschul – drums on \"Watermelon Man\" Mark Jordan – piano on \"Come See About Me\" Freebo – bass on \"Come See About Me\" David \"Rip\" Stock – drums on \"Come See About Me\" Technical Jules Halfant - album design Joel Brodsky - cover photography References Buddy Guy albums Vanguard Records albums Albums produced by Michael Cuscuna 1972 albums Albums with cover art by Joel Brodsky","title":"Hold That Plane!"},{"docid":"24752163","text":"Breaking Out is the fifth studio album by Buddy Guy. It was released in 1980 on JSP Records. Recordings The original album tracks were recorded at Sound Station, Chicago, IL, in September 1980 with session musicians. They recorded two more tracks on these sessions, \"Feeling Sexy\" and \"Funk Is The Skunk\". These were originally released on JSP LP Buddy & Philip Guy in 1981. CD releases It was released on CD first on JSP at the end of the 80s with a bonus track (\"Feeling Sexy\") and an alternate cover. The 1996 CD release includes two bonus tracks (which were recorded on another session at Soto Sound Studios in 1981). The 2008 CD release includes three bonus tracks from the 1981 Soto Sound sessions. These five tracks were previously released on Phil Guy's albums, The Red Hot Blues of Phil Guy (1982) and Bad Luck Boy (1983). All of the CD releases have alternate covers. Original track listing \"I Didn't Know My Mother Had a Son Like Me\" - 5:00 \"Have You Ever Been Lonesome\" - 6:22 \"She Winked At Me\" - 4:55 \"Boogie Family Style\" - 4:01 \"Break Out All Over You\" - 4:10 \"You Called Me in My Dream\" - 4:06 \"Me and My Guitar\" (Freddie King) - 4:49 \"You Can Make It If You Try\" (Ted Jarrett) - 4:39 First CD release bonus track \"Feeling Sexy\" - 8:52 1996 reissue track listing \"Have You Ever Been Lonesome\" - 6:22 \"You Can Make It If You Try\" - 4:39 \"Break Out All over You (Poison Ivy)\" - 4:10 \"She Winked At Me\" - 4:55 \"I Didn't Know My Mother Had a Son Like Me\" - 5:00 \"Boogie Family Style\" - 4:01 \"You Called Me in My Dream\" - 4:06 \"Me and My Guitar\" - 4:49 \"Ice Around My Heart\" - 8:53 \"Texas Flood\" - 5:43 2008 reissue track listing \"Have You Ever Been Lonesome\" - 6:25 \"You Can Make It If You Try\" - 4:42 \"Break Out All over You (Poison Ivy)\" - 4:13 \"She Winked At Me\" - 5:08 \"I Didn't Know My Mother Had a Son Like Me\" - 5:02 \"Boogie Family Style\" - 4:03 \"You Called Me in My Dream\" - 4:01 \"Me and My Guitar\" - 5:04 \"Breaking Out On Top\" - 7:25 \"Skin & Bones / Money\" - 8:24 \"Love Is Like Quicksand\" - 5:06 \"Ice Around My Heart\" - 8:53 \"Texas Flood\" - 5:44 Personnel Original album + \"Feeling Sexy\": Buddy Guy - guitar, vocals all except \"Feeling Sexy\" Phil Guy - guitar, vocals on \"Feeling Sexy\" William McDonald - guitar Nick Charles - bass Jene Pickett - keyboards Merle Perkins - drums 1998 & 2006 Reissue bonus tracks: Phil Guy - guitar, vocals Buddy Guy - guitar Doug Williams - guitar Eddie \"Professor\" Lusk - keyboards Maurice John Vaughn - saxophone J. W. Williams - bass Ray Allison - drums References 1988 albums Buddy Guy albums JSP Records albums","title":"Breaking Out (album)"},{"docid":"33444117","text":"Cradle is the only album by the English pop group Acacia, which featured future record producer Guy Sigsworth (Madonna, Alanis Morissette, others) and singer Alexander \"Blackmoth\" Nilere. It is notable for being the first full album released by Sigsworth as both full group member and producer (following his work as keyboard player with Björk and Seal) and for being the first record to heavily feature later solo artist Imogen Heap (who performs on all but one track). Details and history The majority of the album was recorded by Sigsworth and Nilere (with Heap as backing singer and constant musical foil, although not a full band member). Two Acacia live musicians (Luca Ramelli and Eshan K) were also credited as part of the band. Two former Acacia live members (Maurizio Anzalone and Ansuman Biswas) actually performed on more of the album tracks than their successors did, but had left the band by the time of the album releases and were therefore credited only as guest musicians. Much of the album's guitar playing was in fact generated by Sigworth's sampler. The album also features appearances from Colette Meury (Choc Electrique), Loretta Haywood (L.a.z.y.), Ragnhildur \"Ragga\" Gísladóttir (Tricky, Ragga & The Jack Magic Orchestra), Steve Mack (That Petrol Emotion) and Andrew Tumi (later known as \"One\" and as part of Supafly). Cradle was released in 1997 but almost immediately withdrawn due to legal disputes between Warner Music UK and the band's former label Radar Records (although some copies of the album did arrive in the shops and were sold). Fifteen years later in 2012, the band had regained rights to the album and it was re-released via iTunes in May 2012 (followed by an iTunes reissue of the \"Maddening Shroud\" single in September). Track listing Cover versions \"I'm in Love with Love\" is a cover version of a song by the British hard rock/funk band The Holiday Patrons (originally released as the B-side to their 1984 debut single \"Hottest Time of the Year\"). \"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get\" is a cover version of a Morrissey song from the 1994 album Vauxhall and I (the original version was also a number 8 hit single in the UK Singles Chart during 1994) \"Maddening Shroud\" was later covered by Frou Frou, the pop duo set up by Sigsworth and Imogen Heap (the song appears on the lone Frou Frou album Details). Personnel Acacia: Alexander Nilere - voice Guy Sigsworth - synthesizer; sampler; guitar facsimile (synthesized guitar) on all tracks except \"Maddening Shroud\", \"Hate\", \"You Nothing\" & \"Wire\"; piano on \"You Nothing\" & \"Wire\" Luca Ramelli - guitar on \"I'm in Love with Love\" & \"Maddening Shroud\" Eshan K (Eshan Khadaroo) - drums on \"I'm in Love with Love\" and Ansuman Biswas - berimbau & ektara & toys on \"The More You Ignore Me, The Closer I Get\", santoor on \"Unfulfilled Desire\", cymbals & bells & hi-hat on \"Yellow is the Colour of My Cowardice\" Maurizio Anzalone - guitar on \"The More You","title":"Cradle (album)"},{"docid":"2221345","text":"Paul Griggs (born 20 November 1944 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England) is a British musician. He first played professionally in the band The Cortinas, formed in 1963. The Cortinas released one single in 1968 on Polydor Records called \"Phoebe's Flower Shop\" and were renamed Octopus the same year. Octopus, which included Griggs' brother Nigel, supported many well-known groups including Cream and Yes and they released one LP (Restless Night, Penny Farthing, April 1971) and several singles. During its existence, Octopus had several members who later joined famous groups: Drummer Brian Glascock, John Cook and Tim Reeves of Mungo Jerry, and brother Nigel Griggs and Malcolm Green, both later of New Zealand group, Split Enz. According to the Nottingham Post, \"There was a point – when Octopus cut a single and album – when it looked like fame would be theirs ... but it didn't happen.\" When Octopus disbanded, Griggs joined vocal group Guys 'n' Dolls and their first single \"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\" reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. Griggs did not feature on this recording. It had been pre-recorded by session musicians. This was followed by other chart placements. In September 1978, Guys 'n' Dolls supported Frank Sinatra for a week of concerts at the Royal Festival Hall in London and in the same year they took part in the Yamaha Song Festival in Tokyo. Guys 'n' Dolls spent their last years in the Netherlands and during that time Griggs released two solo singles, the first a medley of Shadows instrumentals under the title of \"Guitar Collection\" for EMI Holland. The second a cover of The Beatles song \"You Won't See Me\" for \"Dureco\". After the group disbanded in 1985 Griggs assumed responsibility for Everyday Music Ltd in England, and concentrated on writing and producing. In 1986 he was a finalist in A Song for Europe with his composition, \"I'm Sorry\" which was performed by Chad Brown, and a year later his song \"No More Tears\" was runner-up in \"The Buddy Holly Song Contest\" that was organised and judged by Paul McCartney. Griggs received his award from McCartney at a dinner in London. Griggs has also released a solo CD on his own Fenman label called My Songs (Fen 001CD), on which he played and composed every track. In 1997, he made a guest appearance on the BBC Two quiz show, Never Mind the Buzzcocks. Griggs' song \"I Don't Wanna Lose You\" was recorded by Lonnie Donegan, and featured on Donegan's album Muleskinner Blues. In 2008, Griggs self-published a memoir, Diary of a Musician (Fenman Paperback) based on the diaries he kept from 1960. Discography The Cortinas \"Phoebe's Flower Shop\" / \"Too Much in Love\" (Polydor, May 1968) Octopus \"Laugh at the Poor Man\" / \"Girlfriend\" (Penny Farthing, Nov 1969) \"The River\" / \"Thief\" (Penny Farthing, May 1970) Restless Night (Penny Farthing, April 1971) Guys 'n' Dolls References External links My Memories of Lonnie Donegan by Paul Griggs 1944 births Living people English male singers","title":"Paul Griggs"},{"docid":"24144038","text":"Who Are Those Guys? is the eighth studio album and tenth album overall by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. It was recorded at the Record Plant in Sausalito, California, in October and November 1976. It was produced by Bob Johnston, and released by MCA Records in 1977. Who Are Those Guys? was the first New Riders album to feature Stephen Love on bass guitar. The band's previous bass player, Skip Battin, had left to join the Flying Burrito Brothers. Love, a former member of Rick Nelson's Stone Canyon Band, wrote three of the songs on the album, and sings lead on six of the album's ten tracks. A fourth original song, \"Home Grown\", was written by drummer Spencer Dryden. The NRPS lineup for Who Are Those Guys? also included John \"Marmaduke\" Dawson, David Nelson, and Buddy Cage. Until Where I Come From was released in 2009, this was the only New Riders album that did not have any songs written by Dawson. Track listing \"I Can Heal You\" (Jake Holmes) – 3:20 \"High Rollers\" (Boyd Berlin, Terry Melcher) – 2:46 \"Peggy Sue\" (Buddy Holly, Jerry Allison, Norman Petty) – 2:37 \"(Just) Another Night in Reno\" (Stephen Love) – 2:57 \"It Never Hurts to Be Nice to Somebody\" (Michael McGinnis) – 3:02 \"Love Has Strange Ways\" (Love) – 2:47 \"Hold On It's Coming\" (Country Joe McDonald) – 4:15 \"By and By when I Need You\" (Love) – 2:08 \"Home Grown\" (Spencer Dryden) – 2:35 \"Red Hot Women and Ice Cold Beer\" (Cy Coben) – 2:40 Personnel New Riders of the Purple Sage John Dawson – rhythm guitar, vocals David Nelson – lead guitar, vocals Buddy Cage – pedal steel guitar Stephen Love – bass, vocals Spencer Dryden – drums Additional musicians John Hug – guitar Bill Stewart – drums Production Bob Johnston – producer Jim Ed Norman – arranging Tom Flye – engineer Steve Fontano – assistant engineer Phil Fewsmith – front and back cover art (photography and hand coloring) Notes New Riders of the Purple Sage albums 1977 albums Albums produced by Bob Johnston MCA Records albums","title":"Who Are Those Guys?"},{"docid":"410004","text":"Harold Lane David (May 25, 1921 – September 1, 2012) was an American lyricist. He grew up in New York City. He was best known for his collaborations with composer Burt Bacharach and his association with Dionne Warwick. Early life David was born in New York City, a son of Austrian Jewish immigrants Lina (née Goldberg) and Gedalier David, who owned a delicatessen in New York. He is the younger brother of American lyricist and songwriter Mack David. David attended Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn and studied Journalism at New York University. Career David is credited with popular music lyrics, beginning in the 1940s with material written for bandleader Sammy Kaye and for Guy Lombardo. He worked with Morty Nevins of The Three Suns on four songs for the feature film Two Gals and a Guy (1951), starring Janis Paige and Robert Alda. They also wrote the classic Christmas song I Believe in Santa Claus which was recorded by The Stargazers in 1950. In 1956, David began working with composer Burt Bacharach at Famous Music in the Brill Building in New York. That year, the two published several songs, including \"I Cry More\" (featured in the motion picture Don't Knock the Rock), \"The Morning Mail\", and \"Peggy's In The Pantry\". The next year, their song \"The Story of My Life\" became a country hit for singer Marty Robbins. In the UK, a version of \"The Story of My Life\" recorded by Michael Holliday reached No. 1 in 1958 before being replaced by Perry Como's \"Magic Moments\", the first time any songwriter had consecutive #1 hits in the UK Singles Chart. Subsequently, in the 1960s and early 1970s Bacharach and David wrote some of the most enduring songs in American popular music, many for Dionne Warwick and also for The Carpenters, Dusty Springfield, B. J. Thomas, Gene Pitney, Tom Jones, Jackie DeShannon and others. Bacharach and David hits included \"Alfie\", \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\", \"This Guy's in Love with You\", \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\", \"Do You Know the Way to San Jose\", \"Walk On By\", \"What the World Needs Now Is Love\", \"I Say a Little Prayer\", \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\", \"One Less Bell to Answer\" and \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\". The duo's film work includes the Oscar-nominated title songs for \"What's New Pussycat?\" and \"Alfie\", \"The Look of Love\", from Casino Royale; and the Oscar-winning \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. In addition, the songs \"Don't Make Me Over\", \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" and \"Walk On By\" have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Bacharach and David also collaborated on two musicals with their first work in this genre being the 1966 television musical On the Flip Side which was created as a starring vehicle for Ricky Nelson and Joanie Sommers. Their second musical, Promises, Promises, was nominated for the 1969 Tony Award for Best Musical at the 23rd","title":"Hal David"},{"docid":"36054510","text":"Angellie G. Urquico, better known by her stage name Anja Aguilar, is a Filipina actress and recording artist and Grand Winner of Little Big Star Season 2 in 2006. Former member of Pop Girls from VIVA Records. Life and career Aguilar hails from Marikina, where she was born as Angellie G. Urquico, by which name she was known when she won grand prize at ABS-CBN’s singing competition, Little Big Star, hosted by her idol Sarah Geronimo. As early as four years old, she already exemplified her singing talent at birthday parties and family gatherings. She has since joined over 50 contests which include Batang Vidaylin on ABC-5 (now The 5 Network) and Duet Bulilit on ABS-CBN’s then noontime show MTB. After her breakthrough triumph in Little Big Star, acting opportunities also opened. She starred in an episode of Maalaala Mo Kaya, where she played a 12-year-old girl who fell in love with a 26-year-old guy, played by Piolo Pascual. She made a few drama series on ABS-CBN, such as Maria La Del Barrio, May Minamahal, and Palos. On film, she was seen in a minor role in Praybeyt Benjamin. She appeared in an indie film, Astig, starring Dennis Trillo, and another called Ugat Sa Lupa. In 2009 Anja started a girl-group Pop Girls her screen name is Angellie Urquico in 2011 Anja left the group along with Shy Carlos and Nadine Lustre. Anja signed up with Viva Artists Agency on May 15, 2010, and became a member of Pop Girls. The screen name \"Anja Aguilar\" came to be as a suggestion by VAA President Veronique R. Corpus. In January 2012, she was launched as one of ASAP 2012’s main talents. Her self-titled debut album was released in February. The 10–track album \"Anja Aguilar\" has original compositions by the distinguished Vehnee Saturno, including the hit carrier single To Reach You. She also made an outstanding cover of Willie Revillame’s song, I Love You, which was used by TV5’s drama series P.S. I Love You as its theme song. Director Monti Parungao, the same guy behind the music videos of Bakit Pa Ba by Sarah Geronimo and Masasabi Mo Ba by Rachelle Ann Go, and reputed for his exceptional work in commercials and reality shows like Survivor, also directed the video of To Reach You. Album Anja's album features songs such as \"I Love You,\" and \"When,\" and the Tagalog \"Nasaan Ang Pangako\". TV shows Movies References Filipino women pop singers Star Magic personalities Living people Reality show winners Participants in Philippine reality television series Actors from Marikina Singers from Metro Manila 21st-century Filipino singers 21st-century Filipino women singers Year of birth missing (living people) Viva Records (Philippines) artists","title":"Anja Aguilar"},{"docid":"48512529","text":"The Shy Guys were an American garage rock band from Oak Park, Michigan who were active in the 1960s. They are known for songs such as \"We Gotta Go,\" which became a hit in Detroit and the southern Michigan area, and also in the Buffalo, New York region. They hailed from Oak Park, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Their lineup consisted of Ron Nelson (Ron Lefko) lead guitar and vocals, Stu \"Hirshfield\" Howard on guitar and vocals, Marty Lewis on bass, Mark Finn on drums. Initially the group covered songs made popular by acts such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Beach Boys. The Shy Guys cut their first single \"We Gotta Go\" b/w \"Lay It on the Line,\" which appeared on the Panik label, owned by Joe Revaz from Detroit, where other garage acts such as the Rainy Days and the Human Beings had previously recorded. \"We Gotta Go\" became a hit in southeastern Michigan and in Buffalo, New York, where it was played regularly by DJ Scotty Regan after his relocation from Detroit. \"We Gotta Go\" and \"Lay it on the Line,\" were also released on the local Palmer label with the band's second single, \"A Love So True\" b/w \"Where You Belong.\" At the peak of the band's popularity they opened for the Dave Clark Five and Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs when those bands played in the Chicago area. The Shy Guys next single was a cover of a cover of The Byrds' \"Feel a Whole Lot Better,\" which appeared on the CanUSA label in 1968, but it failed to achieve success. They cut two more songs \"Love So True\" and \"About You\" that went unreleased. The band's momentum dwindled and they broke up later that year. Membership Ron Nelson (Ron Lefko) (lead guitar, vocals) Stu \"Hirshfield\" Howard (guitar, vocals) Marty Lewis (bass) Mark Finn (drums) Discography \"We Gotta Go\" b/w \"Lay It on the Line\" (Panik 5111, May 1966) (Palmer 5005, June 1966) \"A Love So True\" b/w \"Where You Belong\" (Palmer 5008, September 1966) \"I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better\" b/w \"Without You\" (CanUSA 503, 1968) References Garage rock groups from Michigan American folk rock groups Musical groups disestablished in 1968","title":"The Shy Guys"},{"docid":"14507342","text":"\"What's It To You\" is a debut song written by Robert Ellis Orrall and Curtis Wright, and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker that reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was released In July 1993 by Giant Records as his debut single, and was served as the lead-off single from his self-titled debut album (1993). Background Curtis Wright wrote the song with Robert Ellis Orrall. Wright also recorded it on his own self-titled debut album for Liberty Records in 1992. Wright's version was produced by James Stroud, who also produced Walker's version, and Lynn Peterzell. In 1993, Walker opened for George Strait and Alan Jackson and he stated in an interview with Billboard \"I'm real grateful for the opportunity to open for those guys\", with only one hit record, it's hard to keep the audience's attention for 45 minutes, but it's working. I'm surprised, but lately when I go out there, they're going bonkers.\" After the single hit the number one position, Walker stated \"It used to be that having your song go No. 1 meant a certain degree of success. Now, there are so many acts who do it, you just gotta go right back out and do it again.\" In another interview, Walker said, \"Having a No. 1 hit doesn't mean you're making any more money that you did a few years ago.\" Content The song is about a man who is confessing his love to a woman and explaining what love means to him. He wants to know what love is to her. Critical reception Geoffrey Hines of The Washington Post wrote that \"What's It to You\" is \"A silly little song that could be dismissed if it weren't for the way Walker glides into the catchy chorus melody.\" Larry Daniels of KNIX in Phoenix said What's It To You \"Is one of our three best records right now.\" Dave Moulter of the Observer-Reporter wrote, \"What's It to You is representative of the Beaumont, Texas native style: good hard country with rock tinges that immediately make you want to dance.\" In 1999, while reviewing \"Live Laugh Love\", Lance Ringel of The Ledger wrote, \"...What's It To You – a song which could just as easily have scaled the pop charts, and which remains of the best country-rock tunes of the decade.\" Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe listed \"What's It to You \" as the 161st best country single of the 1990s and wrote, \"He infuses his performance with such raw, electric energy that the song becomes an invigorating anthem for those who couldn't be more convinced of their love for someone. And that final clap-along chorus? Pure joy.\" Music video Clay Walker's first music video was directed by Marc Ball. It features Walker and his band performing the song on stage and uses the aspect of a behind the scenes look at filming and production of the video. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1993 debut singles","title":"What's It to You"},{"docid":"51730221","text":"\"Love You Better\" (recorded in Danish and named \"\" in 2018) is a song by Danish singer-songwriter Oh Land for her third studio album, Wish Bone (2013). It was released digitally, along with the rest of the parent album, on 16 September 2013 by Tusk or Tooth Records and A:larm Music. It was written and produced by Oh Land, with David Poe serving as an additional songwriter. An acoustic and folk ballad, \"Love You Better\" is about learning to love your companion more as you age. The song received generally favourable reviews from music critics who described it as romantic and stark. Danish filmmaker Kristian Levring filmed and produced a music video for the song after Oh Land expressed interest in collaborating with him. Leth was able to select any song by Oh Land for the clip and he chose \"Love You Better\". The visual features Oh Land aging in reverse, achieved by the singer wearing tracking devices. Following the release of the video on 21 October 2016, it entered Billboards Denmark Digital Songs chart at number six. Oh Land re-recorded the song in Danish for her 2018 soundtrack Watermusic; the new rendition features guest vocals from Oliver Arndt de Thurah and was retitled \"\". Background and composition \"Love You Better\" is from Oh Land's third studio album, Wish Bone (2013). The album was released on 16 September 2013 by Tusk or Tooth Records and A:larm Music. The song was written and produced by Oh Land, with David Poe serving as an additional songwriter. Poe played his guitar on the track and Danny Cheung served as the track's sole engineer. According to the singer, \"it is a song that means a lot to [her]\" because it serves as a \"delicate, melancholy ode to wisdom and age\". Oh Land spoke regarding the song's meaning and inspiration: It was written in the L.A. sun on an afternoon with my friend David Poe. We were talking about how you sometimes know that you would be better at love if only you were older. But you can't rush old. You have to be young and dumb and let time do its thing before you get the experience you need to handle love right. The song itself was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles. In an interview with Noisey, Oh Land spoke with Kim Taylor Bennett who asked her for further clarification on the lyrics. Bennett interpreted the lyrics as a \"girl who is perhaps incapable of love and commitment\" but by the end of the song, it is revealed that \"it's the guy who is the asshole\", to which Oh Land confirmed and said, \"Yeah, so it's like, 'fuck you!'\". She also described it as a song that \"fast-forwards a bit\" and inspires her because she believes that she \"will do everything better when [she] get[s] older\". Oh Land discusses loving someone to a deeper extent as she ages: \"I will wrap my arms around you and keep you from the cold","title":"Love You Better (Oh Land song)"},{"docid":"40322064","text":"Guy and Pip is an appellation for the very popular Philippine cinema \"love team\" of Nora Aunor and Tirso Cruz III whose work in film, television and recording made them the most popular Philippine show business love team of all time. The nickname \"Guy\" refers to Aunor while \"Pip\" refers to Cruz. The team started working together in the late 1960s until the 1980s. At the peak of their popularity in the 1970s, they were able to make several movies with box-office successes, television shows, as well as radio programs, and their recordings were instant hits. Personal lives Guy and Pip became reel and for a while real partners, and this is what contributed to the success of the love team. Furthermore, the love team was made even more popular with their on-and-off relationship. Fans cried whenever the couple were at odds. Again and again, fans smirked and giggled when the couple were back in each other's arms. However, the love team remained a reel one, and it made a lot of their fans heartbroken—Aunor married her co-star in the movie Banaue, Christopher de Leon, on January 25, 1975, in a civil ceremony; the marriage brought a son, Ian Kristoffer de León, and two adopted daughters, Matet de Leon and Lotlot de Leon. The marriage did not last and was annulled in 1996. Meanwhile, Cruz was married to ramp model Lynn Ynchausti-Cruz on March 25, 1981; they had two sons, TJ and Bodie, and one daughter, Djanin. Early lives Nora Aunor (born Nora Cabaltera Villamayor on May 21, 1953) was from Baryo San Francisco, Iriga, Camarines Sur in the Philippines' Bicol Region. She has nine more siblings, including Eddie Villamayor, a former actor. Aunor used to sell water along the train tracks of a Bicol Railway station at a young age. However, Aunor was gifted with a good voice and, since she was from an impoverished family, she used her voice to earn money by joining amateur singing contests in the region. Aunor became a Champion at the “Darigold Jamboree Singing Contest” singing her winning piece “You and the Night and the Music” and, after that, won in another singing contest, “The Liberty Big Show.” Aunor entered the national singing contest “Tawag ng Tanghalan” where she was defeated on her first try, but it did not stop the young Aunor to try again. On her second try, she eventually became a champion in the Grand National Finals on May 29, 1967, at the age of 14, where she sang “Moonlight Becomes You”. Tirso Cruz III (born Tirso Silvano Cruz on April 1, 1952) is from the Cruz clan. The Cruz Family was popular in the Philippine entertainment industry as a family of singers and musicians who enjoyed playing instruments and composing songs. Being part of the Cruz clan, Tirso eventually joined show business and signed as a contract star of Sampaguita Pictures. He did several supporting roles. He was also a former talent of El Bodegon. Aunor and Cruz were","title":"Guy and Pip"},{"docid":"4542243","text":"Got You on My Mind is a jazz album by William Galison and Madeleine Peyroux, recorded in 1999, and later compiled into an album by Galison alone in 2003. Seven of its eleven tracks are by the two collaborators, the remainder are by Galison alone. The album is made up of a wide variety of material, ranging from jazz standards like Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields' \"The Way You Look Tonight\" to pop songs like John Lennon's \"Jealous Guy\"; and containing two originals by Galison and one by Galison and Peyroux. The instrumentation is also varied, with Galison himself playing six different instruments. Some of the songs are early demo recordings of songs Peyroux later released on Careless Love. Controversy Tha album has a controversy-ridden history. In late 2005 it became known that Peyroux and her record label had been sued for $1 million by her former boyfriend and musical collaborator Galison, who asserted he had produced and co-created Got You on My Mind. According to Galison, in 2003 Peyroux told him she was negotiating a deal with Rounder Records for the album that became Careless Love. Rounder Records did not want the recording Peyroux was making with him to be in stores when the Rounder album came out. Peyroux's contract prohibited her from selling the seven tracks she made with Galison except at live performances. When Galison tried to market the record with another label, both Rounder Records and Peyroux's lawyers threatened to sue him and his distributor for copyright infringement. After Galison's potential distributors dropped him, Galison sued Peyroux and her lawyers for libel and tortious interference. Galison also sued Rounder Records, but later dropped their name from the suit. Rounder Records commented that Galison may be using the legal dispute as an \"ill-advised attempt ... to trade on the name and reputation of Ms Peyroux to boost his career by passing off an inferior version of a Madeleine Peyroux album.\" They also asserted that they had obtained \"directly and from Ms Peyroux, evidence of numerous incidents of physically and verbally abusive behaviour by Mr Galison against Ms Peyroux\"; Galison denied the abuse allegations and characterized them as libellous. Track listing All songs written by William Galison, unless otherwise noted \"Back in Your Own Back Yard\" (Billy Rose, Al Jolson, Dave Dreyer) - 2:34 \"J'ai deux amours\" (Vincent Scotto, Géo Koger, Henri Vanna) - 3:17 \"Flambée montalbanaise\" (Gus Viseur) - 3:03 \"Got You on My Mind\" (Joe Thomas, Howard Biggs) - 4:18 \"Jealous Guy\" (John Lennon) - 3:41 \"The Way You Look Tonight\" (Dorothy Fields, Jerome Kern) - 3:04 \"Rag for Madi\" - 3:19 \"Playin'\" (Galison, Peyroux) - 4:42 \"Shoulda Known\" - 5:09 \"Heaven to Me\" (Ernest Schweikart, Frank Reardon) - 4:05 \"Heaven Help Us All\" (Ron Miller) - 4:32 Recorded at Excello, Brooklyn, New York in March 2003 by Hugh Pool, and mixed by Ted Spencer at Ted Spencer Studio, New York, in January and February 2004, except track 3, recorded and mixed at Tonstudio Schlag in","title":"Got You on My Mind"},{"docid":"39490923","text":"\"Nice to Meet You\" is a song recorded by American pop punk band Forever the Sickest Kids for their third studio album J.A.C.K. It was released as the album's second single on May 28, 2013. It was written by Jonathan Cook, Austin Bello, Caleb Turman, Kyle Burns, Marc Stewart, and Rico Garcia. The song was originally posted as a lyric video on Billboard on May 24 and then later on YouTube by Fearless Records on May 27. Writing and inspiration Vocalist Jonathan Cook explained about the song, \"'Nice to Meet You' was a song we wrote about honest feelings about how the media is so filled with negativity nowadays. We live in the greatest country in the world and these lyrics are about how our country's stereotypes are perceived by outsiders looking in.\" The band's former lead guitarist Marc Stewart co-wrote the song, alongside Rico Garcia, who replaced Stewart as a touring member for the band. The song also revamps the song \"America\" by Been Bradley, the acoustic/electronic project that band members Austin Bello and Caleb Turman had created before the formation of Forever the Sickest Kids. The lyric in the hook, \"America, nice to meet you\", is the same and the background vocals (\"Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh\") imitate the instrumentation from \"America\". In an interview with Turman, he said of the idea, \"It was our chance to rebirth an idea that we really wanted to release. We were like 'Oh, we have this song that we were working on and I'm not entirely sure if it is going to work. But if it does work, it could be amazing.' We told the guys that and played that section of the song. That's how it happened. Everyone seemed to love it and we kind of moved on past it.\" Music video Two clips previewing the music video for the song were uploaded on YouTube by Fearless Records on July 1. The official release of the video was not revealed until December 13, when the band announced it would be released three days later. The video premiered on December 16 on Vevo. The band shot the video with G&L. The music video features the band performing the song in front of a large wall with graffiti on it, mainly displaying political illustrations and the lyrics of the song. The band's touring member, Rico Garcia, is seen performing with the band. The video also follows a group of men who spray paint graffiti of the illustrations and lyrics in the streets, as well. Reception \"Nice to Meet You\" received a positive response among fans and critics, with one reviewer stating, \"These guys continue to produce top quality music – instrumentally and lyrically. 'Nice To Meet You' is basically outlining everything that is wrong with society – from what we hear to what we do. Do yourself a favor and listen to 'Nice To Meet You'...\" Matthew Sievers of SF Media said, \"...this [song's] lyrical content is the best I've seen these guys","title":"Nice to Meet You (song)"},{"docid":"65536389","text":"\"Really Love\" is a song by British YouTuber and rapper KSI from his second studio album, All Over the Place. The song features guest vocals from British singer-songwriter Craig David and production from British DJ and record producer Digital Farm Animals. It was released for digital download and streaming by RBC Records and BMG on 23 October 2020 as the lead single from the album. A UK garage and dance-pop track, its lyrics describe the confusion and misunderstanding of love and question whether the love that one is experiencing is real. \"Really Love\" received positive reviews from music critics, who commonly praised David's infectious chorus and KSI's confident and energetic verses. The song charted at number three in the United Kingdom, where it has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and further charted in seven other countries. An accompanying music video was released on 23 October 2020. The winter-themed video stars the three artists, dressed in full winter gear, at a ski resort. Writing and production \"Really Love\" was co-produced by British DJ and record producer Digital Farm Animals and British record production duo Mojam. The chorus was co-written by British singer-songwriters MNEK and KABBA. They gave the chorus to KSI, who wrote and recorded two verses for \"Really Love\". Being a UK garage track, KSI \"thought it made sense\" to ask British singer-songwriter Craig David to perform the chorus. KSI recalled, \"We [sent the track] to Craig, hoping [that] he'd say yes. And he gave a resounding yes.\" David recalled, \"[KSI] reached out to me [and said], 'I've got this song that I think you'd be perfect on.' And I was like, 'Yeah, I'd be well up for it. Let me hear the song.' I heard it and I was like, 'Bro, this is a tune.' So I jumped on it that [same] night [and] vocalled it. I was going back and forth with [KSI], asking him, 'What [do you] think?' And he was so on it.\" Speaking on collaborating with David, KSI said, \"To say [that] I’m excited is a complete understatement. I’m still in disbelief. I’m working with Craig David; a childhood hero of mine.\" KSI continued, \"I saw him perform last year at Ibiza Rocks and he was amazing. I was in awe of seeing him perform. It was cool to finally be able to make a song with him. I didn't even think I'd be able to make a song with him.\" KSI affirmed, \"We just clicked... It was so easy [to work with him]. He's the nicest guy and a lot of fun to work with.\" Reflecting on the collaboration, David said, \"Working with KSI has been an amazing experience for me and also a lot of fun. He’s a great guy with an amazing energy.\" David affirmed, \"I just really appreciate the fact that [KSI] called me to say, 'Would you jump on this?' I know about [his] career and what he's done, [so] I was like, 'Wow, man. You've","title":"Really Love (KSI song)"},{"docid":"36366034","text":"Robert Ray Whitley (November 22, 1943 – May 5, 2013) was an American beach music composer and singer-songwriter. He was best known for composing hit songs recorded by The Tams and Guy Darrell, and he also released 14 of his own singles between 1961 and 1970. Biography Whitely was born in Columbus, Georgia on November 22, 1943 to Robert S. and Willie Bell Whitley. Whitley was 14 when he formed his first band in his hometown. Producer Felton Jarvis soon discovered him in an Atlanta High School. Jarvis introduced Whitley to Atlanta music producer Bill Lowery, who saw Whitley's potential and signed him to a contract. Whitley's songwriting credits include \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\" (which reached #9 on the Billboard charts), \"I've Been Hurt\", \"Hey Girl, Don't Bother Me\", \"You Lied to Your Daddy\", and \"Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy\" (co-written with J.R. Cobb of the Atlanta Rhythm Section) for The Tams. His compositions were also recorded by Billy Joe Royal, Tommy Roe, Guy Darrell, The Swinging Medallions, Bill Deal and the Rhondels, Mylon LeFevre and Sonia Evans. Whitley toured nationally as a singer and performer, in addition to his work as a songwriter. He was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1991. Later in his life, Whitley struggled with alcoholism and homelessness; as of 2011, he was living in a shelter in Gainesville, Georgia. Whitley died on May 5, 2013, after several months of illness. Ray had one child, Christopher. Discography as a recording artist 1961 - I Wasn't Sure / There Goes A Teardrop - Vee Jay USA VJ 414 1962 - Yessiree-Yessiree / A Love We Can Have And Hold - Vee Jay USA VJ 433 1962 - It Hurts / Deeper In Love - Vee Jay USA VJ 448 1963 - Teenage Crush / Young Heartaches - Vee Jay USA VJ 521 1964 - Walking Back To You / Weep Little Girl Weep - Vee Jay USA VJ 591 1965 - I've Been Hurt / There Is One Boy - Dunhill USA D-201 1965 - Runaway / I'll Tell The Robin - Apt USA 45-25086 1966 - The End Of My World / Just A Boy In Love - Columbia USA 4-43607 1967 - Take Back Your Mind / Here Today, Gone Tomorrow - Columbia USA 4-43980 1968 - 1983 / Gotta Go There - TRX USA 45-T-5007 1969 - Don't Throw Your Love To The Wind / Underdose Of Faith - 123 USA 1707 1970 - Hey Girl, Don't Bother Me / Everybody - Attarack USA ATT 103 Selected songs written by Ray Whitley References Further reading 1943 births 2013 deaths American male singers Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)","title":"Ray Whitley (songwriter)"},{"docid":"2224957","text":"Guys 'n' Dolls were a UK pop group, initially comprising a three-girl/three-boy line-up and later becoming two-girl/two-boy. In the mid-1970s, they scored UK top-ten hits with the singles \"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\" and \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\". In the late 1970s they found further success in the Netherlands, where they had a number-one hit with \"You're My World\". Career Guys 'n' Dolls were formed in November 1974, after Ammo Productions held auditions for three young men and three young women to perform as a vocal group. The six original members were Paul Griggs, David Van Day, Dominic Grant, Thereza Bazar, Martine Howard and Julie Forsyth (daughter of entertainer Bruce Forsyth). Guys 'n' Dolls released their first hit single, \"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\", in January 1975. The song was originally recorded in September 1974 by a group of session singers (including Tony Burrows and Clare Torry) for a TV advertisement for McVitie's biscuits. Guys 'n' Dolls were formed to cash in upon the popularity of the jingle and to present it as a single. However, the group was not ready in time to record an entirely new version for the single's hasty release and so the voices of the session singers remained on the single. The song became an immediate hit, rising to No. 2 in the UK singles chart, launching the group to overnight stardom. The following year, the group scored highly again as their cover of \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" peaked at No.5. Other singles by the group charted more modestly and they only had one hit album, Guys 'n Dolls, released in 1975. In 1977, however, they scored a No.1 hit in both the Netherlands and Belgium with \"You're My World\", launching them on a new phase of their career. By mid-1977, Van Day and Bazar were unhappy with the direction of the group, and their complaints led to the management asking them to leave. By mutual agreement, publicity at the time showed leaving the group was their own decision, to concentrate on songwriting. The duo, as Dollar, had several hits in the late 1970s and 1980s. Guys 'n' Dolls continued as a quartet, with their third album Together (1977) depicting just the four remaining members. The group scored a final minor hit in the UK in 1978, and, after failing to renew their contract with Magnet Records, concentrated on their success in the Netherlands, where they continued having hits for the next few years. In late 1978, the group performed as the opening act for Frank Sinatra in a series of London concerts. In 1979, the group took part in the A Song For Europe contest, hoping to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song \"How Do You Mend a Broken Heart?\". The show was abandoned due to a BBC strike, but the song finished in tenth place of the 12 entries when the judges cast votes on the audio recordings","title":"Guys 'n' Dolls"},{"docid":"9175716","text":"Once is a 2007 Irish romantic musical drama film written and directed by John Carney. The film stars Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová as two struggling musicians in Dublin, Ireland. Hansard and Irglová had previously performed music as the Swell Season, and composed and performed the film's original songs. Once spent years in development with the Irish Film Board and was made for a budget of €112,000. It was a commercial success, earning substantial per-screen box office averages in the United States, and received acclaim from critics. It received awards including the 2007 Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film. Hansard and Irglová's song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2008 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the soundtrack received a Grammy Award nomination. The film has also been adapted into a successful stage musical. Plot A thirty-something busker (Guy) performs with his guitar on Grafton Street, Dublin, but his performance is interrupted when he chases a man who steals his money. Lured by his music, a young Czech flower seller (Girl) talks to him about his songs. Delighted to learn that he repairs hoovers, Girl asks Guy to fix hers. The next day Girl returns with her broken vacuum and tells him she is also a musician. At a music store where Girl usually plays piano, Guy teaches her one of his songs (\"Falling Slowly\"); they sing and play together. He invites her to his father's shop, and on the bus home musically answers Girl's question about what his songs are about: a long-time girlfriend who cheated on him, then left (\"Broken Hearted Hoover Fixer Sucker Guy\"). At the shop, Guy introduces Girl to his father and takes her to his room, but when he asks her to stay the night, she gets upset and leaves. The next day, they reconcile and spend the week writing, rehearsing and recording songs. Girl writes the lyrics for one of Guy's songs (\"If You Want Me\"), singing to herself while walking down the street; at a party, people perform impromptu (including \"Gold\"). Guy works on \"Lies\", a song about his ex-girlfriend, who moved to London. Girl encourages him to win her back. Invited to her home, he discovers she has a toddler and lives with her mother. Guy decides to move to London, but he wants to record a demo of his songs to take with him and asks Girl to record it with him. They secure a bank loan and reserve time at a recording studio. Guy learns Girl has a husband in the Czech Republic. When he asks if she still loves her husband, Girl answers in Czech, \"Miluju tebe\" (\"I love you\"), but coyly declines to translate. After recruiting a band with other buskers, they go into the studio to record. They impress Eamon, the jaded studio engineer, with their first song (\"When Your Mind's Made Up\"). On a break in the early morning, Girl finds a piano in an empty studio and plays Guy one of her own compositions","title":"Once (film)"},{"docid":"17588713","text":"The Old, The New & The Best of Mary Wells is a 1983 album released by Motown singer Mary Wells on the independent label Allegiance Records. Tapping in on her stature as a sixties legend, Wells decided to re-record several of her classic Motown songs, adding in a new wavish sound. The album was produced by Wayne Henderson who would go on to produce Rebbie Jackson's 1984 album Centipede. Only one single was released in the UK, the rerecording of \"My Guy\", as an extended 12\" version that failed to chart. The album was rereleased on CD in 1987 featuring 5 unreleased tracks recorded during the same sessions. Track listing Original LP \"My Guy\" \"The One Who Really Loves You\" \"Two Lovers\" \"You Beat Me to the Punch\" \"Oh Little Boy (Look What You've Done to Me)\" \"Bye Bye Baby\" \"What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One\" \"What Love Has Joined Together\" \"You Lost the Sweetest Boy\" \"Old Love, Let's Try It Again\" 1987 CD Bonus Tracks 11. \"I'm A Lady\" 12. \"Make Up, Break Up\" 13. \"I Feel for You\" 14. \"To Feel Your Love\" 15. \"Money Talks\" 1983 albums Mary Wells albums Albums produced by Wayne Henderson (musician)","title":"I'm a Lady: The Old, New & Best of Mary Wells"},{"docid":"16334736","text":"\"You Look So Good in Love\" is a song written by Glen Ballard, Rory Bourke and Kerry Chater, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in September 1983 as the lead single from his album Right or Wrong. It was also recorded by Mickey Gilley in 1983, appearing on his album You've Really Got a Hold on Me. Content The narrator is a guy looking at his ex-lover fall in love with another guy. He realizes just how happy his former girlfriend looks now that she's fallen in true love. He feels sorry for himself that he wasn't the one to make her happy, but part of him realizes it wasn't meant to be. Music video A video — Strait's first — was issued for the song. Strait disliked the \"slow-paced and romantic themed\" video so he asked for it to be taken off the air, and refused to do music videos for several years afterward. Chart performance The song debuted at number 31 on the Hot Country Songs charts, Strait's highest debut for many years. In January 1984, \"You Look So Good in Love\" was George Strait's third No. 1 song on the chart. Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1983 singles George Strait songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Glen Ballard Songs written by Rory Bourke Song recordings produced by Ray Baker (music producer) Songs written by Kerry Chater MCA Nashville Records singles 1983 songs","title":"You Look So Good in Love"},{"docid":"15493685","text":"\"Two Lovers\" is a single released in 1962 by Mary Wells on the Motown record label. The song was the third consecutive hit to be both written and produced by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles and recorded by Mary Wells, the two previous charters being \"The One Who Really Loves You\" and \"You Beat Me to the Punch.\" The song's cleverly devised lyrics at first appear to be about a girl singing to one lover who is \"sweet and kind\" and a second who treats her bad and makes her sad; eventually, the girl reveals that the two lovers are actually the same person. The song became Wells's most successful release to date, reaching #1 on the Billboard R&B chart and #7 on the Billboard pop chart. Its success would be eclipsed two years later by the singer's most successful release, \"My Guy.\" Cash Box said that \"Two Lovers\" is \"in the soft beat cha cha groove of her recent smasheroo, 'You Beat Me to the Punch'\" and said that Wells sings \"against an attention-getting ork-choral backdrop, that she has a 'Two Lovers' problem in her split-personality guy.\" Personnel Lead and harmony vocals by Mary Wells Background vocals by The Love Tones (Joe Miles and Stan Bracely, with Eddie Kendricks of The Temptations) Written and produced by Smokey Robinson Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Covers Louise Cordet covered the song in 1964 in a Decca session with Jimmy Page. Steve Goodman covered the song on his 1977 Say It In Private album and in concert. Dolly Parton covered the song on her 1987 pop album Rainbow. La Toya Jackson covered the song along with \"My Guy\" on her 1995 Motown cover album, Stop in the Name of Love. The Disney Channel featured the song in a DTV music video set entirely to clips from the 1936 Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Rival, and was featured on the VHS DTV: Love Songs. See also List of number-one R&B singles of 1963 (U.S.) References 1962 singles Mary Wells songs Motown singles Songs written by Smokey Robinson Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson 1962 songs","title":"Two Lovers (Mary Wells song)"},{"docid":"47488368","text":"Play Me Out is the thirteenth studio album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1981 by MCA Records. Having recorded 12 studio albums at Capitol Records over a 10-year period, she felt the move was \"'long overdue... For the last three years I didn't feel I was getting the support from them.'\" Whatever support she received from the new label was not enough to get the album onto Billboard magazine's Top LPs & Tape chart. Single The album includes the song that was her last to reach Billboard's Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. \"I Can't Say Goodbye to You\" made its pop chart debut in the issue of the magazine dated May 23, 1981, and peaked at number 88 during its three weeks there. That same issue also marked its first appearance on the Adult Contemporary chart, where it spent four weeks and got as high as number 42. It also reached number 43 on the UK singles chart. The album's producer, Joel Diamond, had helmed a recording of \"Save Me\" by Donna McDaniel in 1977 that got as high as number 90 on the Hot 100, but MCA did not release Reddy's cover from this album as a single. Country artist Louise Mandrell did, however, have a number six Country hit with it two years after the release of this album, in 1983. Track listing Side 1 \"Optimism Blues\" (Allen Toussaint) – 3:10 \"Do It Like You Done It When You Meant It\" (Howard Greenfield, Neil Sedaka) – 3:28 \"I Can't Say Goodbye to You\" (Becky Hobbs) – 3:46 \"Save Me\" (Guy Fletcher, Doug Flett) – 3:10 \"You Don't Have To Say You Love Me\" (Pino Donaggio, Simon Napier-Bell, Vicki Wickham) – 2:43 Side 2 \"The Stars Fell on California\" (Johnny Bristol) – 3:54 \"I Don't Know Why (I Love That Guy)\" (Becky Hobbs) – 2:35 \"When I Dream\" (Sandy Mason) – 3:54 \"Let's Just Stay Home Tonight\" (Lotti Golden, Richard Scher) – 3:09 \"Play Me Out\" (Lesley Gore, Carol Hall) – 3:07 Personnel Helen Reddy – vocals Joel Diamond – producer; rhythm track arranger; arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\"Play Me Out\") Artie Butler – arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\"I Can't Say Goodbye to You\", \"Save Me\") Charles Calello – arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\"Optimism Blues\", \"You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me\", \"I Don't Know Why (I Love That Guy)\", \"Let's Just Stay Home Tonight\") Gene Page – arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\"Do It Like You Done It When You Meant It\", \"The Stars Fell on California\", \"When I Dream\") Bill Halverson – recording engineer Russell Schmitt – assistant engineer Doug Kirkland – photography George Osaki – art direction Michael Kevin Lee – graphics Jeff Wald – management Denise Maynelli – background vocals Marti McCall – background vocals Myrna Matthews – background vocals Julia Waters Tillman – background vocals Maxine Waters Willard","title":"Play Me Out (Helen Reddy album)"},{"docid":"72868699","text":"Koko Taylor is the 1969 debut album by American blues singer Koko Taylor, released on MCA/Chess Records. It has received positive critical reception. Reception The editorial staff of AllMusic Guide gave Koko Taylor 4.5 out of five stars, with reviewer Bill Dahl commenting that it \"is one of the strongest representations of the belter's Chess days available\". Track listing All songs written by Willie Dixon, except where noted \"Love You Like a Woman\" (Morris Dollison) – 2:06 \"I Love a Lover Like You\" (Choice, Glover, and Merriwether) – 2:43 \"Don't Mess with the Messer\" – 2:42 \"I Don't Care Who Knows\" – 2:10 \"Wang Dang Doodle\" – 2:58 \"I'm a Little Mixed Up\" (Betty James and Clarence Johnson) – 2:39 \"Nitty Gritty\" (Koko Taylor) – 2:42 \"Fire\" – 2:28 \"Whatever I Am You Made Me\" – 2:25 \"Twenty Nine Ways\" – 3:09 \"Insane Asylum\" – 4:15 \"Yes, It's Good For You\" – 2:39 2001 reissue bonus tracks \"Love Sick Tears\" (unknown) – 2:47 \"He Always Knocks Me Out\" (unknown) – 3:04 Personnel Personnel and recording dates for all tracks are unknown. The following details come from the 2001 CD re-release liner notes: \"Love You Like a Woman\" (recorded October 1968) Koko Taylor – vocals \"I Love a Lover Like You\" (recorded ) Koko Taylor – vocals Willie Dixon – bass guitar Buddy Guy – guitar Walter \"Shakey\" Horton – harmonica Clifton James – drums Albert \"Sunnyland Slim\" Luandrew – piano Matt Murphy – guitar (possibly) Johnny Shines – guitar (possibly) \"Don’t Mess with the Messer\" (recorded on ) Koko Taylor – vocals Willie Dixon – double bass Buddy Guy – guitar Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano Matt Murphy – guitar unknown saxophone players and background vocalists \"I Don’t Care Who Knows\" (recorded October 1968) Koko Taylor – vocals \"Wang Dang Doodle\" (recorded on ) Koko Taylor – vocals Gene Barge – saxophone Fred Below – drums Willie Dixon – backing vocals Buddy Guy – guitar Donald Hankins – saxophone Lafayette Leake – piano Jack Meyers – bass guitar Johnny \"Twist\" Williams – guitar \"I’m a Little Mixed Up\" (recorded in 1965) Koko Taylor – vocals Gene Barge – tenor saxophone Willie Dixon – double bass Buddy Guy – guitar Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano unknown background vocalists \"Nitty Gritty\" Koko Taylor – vocals Buddy Guy – guitar Walter \"Shakey\" Horton – harmonic Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano (possibly) Albert \"Sunnyland Slim\" Luandrew – piano (possibly) Jack Meyers – bass guitar Matt Murphy – guitar (possibly) Johnny Shines – guitar (possibly) \"Fire\" (recorded August 1967) Koko Taylor – vocals Gene Barge – tenor saxophone Willie Dixon – vocals Buddy Guy – guitar Lafayette Leake – piano, organ Johnny \"Twist\" Williams – guitar unknown bass guitarist and drummer \"Whatever I Am, You Made Me\" (recorded ) Koko Taylor – vocals Willie Dixon – double bass Buddy Guy – guitar Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano Matt Murphy – guitar unknown saxophonist","title":"Koko Taylor (album)"},{"docid":"8909374","text":"James Ralph Bailey (June 17, 1937 – September 6, 1985) was an American R&B singer and songwriter. A member of The Cadillacs from 1956 to 1972, he also recorded as a solo artist. He worked as a background vocalist for singers such as Aretha Franklin, Roberta Flack, Donny Hathaway, Melvin Van Peebles and Jimmy Castor. Biography Bailey was born on June 17, 1937, in Baltimore, Maryland. He was a member of doo-wop groups The Halos, The Cadillacs, and The Crickets (not Buddy Holly's Crickets), and also recorded as a solo artist. He also co-wrote several hits with songwriter Ken Williams; the songs included \"Everybody Plays the Fool\" by The Main Ingredient, \"Sweet Music, Soft Lights And You\" by Isaac Hayes & Millie Jackson, \"Love, Love, Love\", which he released in 1972 and was covered the following year by Donny Hathaway, and \"Just Me And You\" by Erasmus Hall. He also co-wrote songs with New York singer Vernon Harrell (who had performed with The Coasters). \"Soul Shing-A-Ling\" and \"Seven Days Too Long\" by Chuck Wood in 1966, and \"Sweet, Sweet Lovin'\" by The Platters in 1967 were among songs written by Bailey and Harrell. The pair also co-wrote Harrell's release \"Do It To It\" in 1969 on Calla Records with J. Robinson. His song \"Let Me Prove My Love to You\", which was originally performed by The Main Ingredient, was sampled for Alicia Keys' 2003 single \"You Don't Know My Name\". Career He began his solo career in 1965, releasing records as Jimmy Bailey on Columbia Records. Bailey released a record on Calla Records in 1968 called \"Love Won't Wear Off.\" It was written and produced by Billy Guy of The Coasters. Bailey and Billy Guy had a record company called GuyJim Records. Bailey co-wrote the song, \"Help Me\" with Johnny Northern. The production was handled by Robert Banks. It was released on Wand WND 1135 in 1966. It was credited to Al Wilson, but the singer was not the famous Al Wilson. The song was released on Wand Records in 1966. And Record World mentioned in the September 17, 1966 issue that the label's two newest releases were \"Too Much Too Soon\" by Shirley & Jesse, and \"Help Me\" by Al Wilson\". Death He died on September 6, 1985, in New York City. Discography Just Me n' You (MAM #5011) (1974) Love and Conversation (United Artists #815) (1977) References 1937 births 1985 deaths American rhythm and blues musicians Northern soul musicians 20th-century American musicians The Cadillacs members Musicians from Baltimore Musicians from New York City","title":"J. R. Bailey"},{"docid":"17583532","text":"Mary Wells Sings My Guy is the fourth studio album and fifth overall album released by Motown vocalist Mary Wells. The album features her signature hit of the same name (which had already appeared on Greatest Hits earlier in the year) and the proposed singles \"Whisper You Love Me Boy\" and \"He's the One I Love\", the latter later re-recorded by Tammi Terrell during her own brief Motown tenure. It turned out to be the last studio effort Wells released for Motown as she left the label that year for 20th Century Fox Records. Dezo Hoffmann was credited for front cover photography, with Lee Ivory writing the sleeve notes. Track listing Side one \"He's The One I Love\" (Smokey Robinson) \"Whisper You Love Me Boy\" (Holland–Dozier–Holland) \"My Guy\" (Smokey Robinson) \"Does He Love Me\" (William \"Mickey\" Stevenson) \"How? (When My Heart Belongs To You)\" (Smokey Robinson) \"He Holds His Own\" (Holland-Dozier-Holland) Side two \"My Baby Just Cares for Me\" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) \"I Only Have Eyes for You\" (Al Dubin, Harry Warren) \"You Do Something to Me\" (Cole Porter) \"It Had to Be You\" (Gus Kahn, Isham Jones) \"If You Love Me (Really Love Me)\" (Geoffrey Parsons, Marguerite Monnot) \"At Last\" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) Personnel Mary Wells - lead vocals The Andantes - backing vocals (side 1 tracks 1 - 4, 6; all side 2 tracks) The Love-Tones - backing vocals (side 1 tracks 4 - 6) Eddie Holland - backing vocals (with the Love-Tones on \"He Holds His Own\") The Funk Brothers - Instrumentation 1964 albums Mary Wells albums Albums produced by Smokey Robinson Motown albums Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.","title":"Mary Wells Sings My Guy"},{"docid":"5899784","text":"George Bowser and Rick Blue (real name Richard Elger), better known as Bowser and Blue, are a musical duo from Montreal who write and perform comedic songs. Their material ranges from absurdist humor (\"I've Got a Great Big Dick\", \"Canadian Psychedelic Snowboarding Team\", \"I'm in Like with a Dyke Named Spike\") to pointed political and cultural satire (\"You Should Speak French\", \"Driving in Quebec\", \"Bouchard's Speech\", \"Clinton's Thing\", \"Rappin' Rambo\"). History Elger spent the 1960s performing folk music in coffee houses, and played in two bands: Mantis, and The British North American Act. He met singer/songwriter George Bowser, also a long-time member of the Montreal music scene, and they began performing as a duo in 1978. Their first gig was at Montreal's Irish Lancer pub, but comedy clubs were becoming very popular and the duo discovered their comedic talent early in the 1980s. They then went on a North American tour as the opening band for Katrina and the Waves; that tour introduced them to the college market. In 1986, they were signed to Justin Time Records and released their first album, Bowser & Blue, which featured contributions from Katrina and the Waves members Kimberley Rew, Alex Cooper and Vince de la Cruz, as well as Supertramp frontman Rick Davies. In 1988, they appeared on Just For Laughs, and began appearing weekly, and performing political satire, on the CTV Television Network show Fighting Back. Their specific appeal was the humorous defense of English-speaking Quebecers, at a time when Quebec nationalism was at its peak. They also began regularly entertaining snowbirds in the US, They began staging theatrical shows, notably at Montreal's Centaur Theatre and, from 2007 to 2012, headlined the Canadian Snowbird Extravaganza concert series. In 1991, they formed their own label, You Guys Publishing. Their 1997 national Christmas special A Bowser and Blue Comedy Christmas: Two Nuts Roasting On An Open Fire, garnered a nomination for Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series at the Gemini Awards of 1998. They continue to perform and travel extensively across Canada and, on July 1, 2020, performed a Canada Day Virtual Covid Concert during the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2021, with Josh Freed, Terry Mosher and Ellen David, they created the show Four Anglos Surviving the COVID Apocalypse. In 2022, they released the album Hindsight, which addresses aspects of the pandemic. Discography Albums Bowser & Blue (1986), Justin Time Is It In Yet? (1987), Justin Time The Lovely & Talented Bowser & Blue (1989), Justin Time Westmount Rhodesians (1990), Justin Time Bowser & Blue Live (1991), You Guys Bowser & Blue At The Comedy Nest (1995), You Guys Montréal Souvenirs (1996), You Guys Troubadors (1996), You Guys Crackpots (1997), You Guys Bowser and Blue 20th Anniversary (1998), You Guys We're All Here... (1999), You Guys Red Guitars: Music for Misguided Angels (1999), You Guys She Wants Me (2001), You Guys The Illustrated Canadian Songbook (2003) Pull My Finger (2007), You Guys No Ordinary Dummies (2008), You Guys Live At","title":"Bowser and Blue"},{"docid":"70310702","text":"\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\" is a song from English alternative rock band the House of Love, which was released by Fontana in the UK in 1989 as the second single from their second studio album The House of Love (1990). The song was written by Guy Chadwick, and produced by Stephen Hague and Dave Meegan. \"I Don't Know Why I Love You\" peaked at number 41 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1990, the song was released as a single in the US and as an extended play in Canada. In the US, the song reached number 2 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and its music video achieved Buzz Bin status on MTV. Background Speaking of the song's release as a single in the UK, the band's frontman Guy Chadwick told New Musical Express in 1990, \"I didn't think [it] was going to be a hit. Phonogram were disappointed but I wasn't. I did tell them! It was the first decent thing we'd done for a year but it didn't sound contemporary to me.\" He added to Cash Box that same year, \"I didn't think it was going to be a hit in England, but I was proud of it. I knew that we had made a good record, and I knew that a lot of our fans would like it. We put in a lot of effort into all of the B-sides and extra tracks. But I knew it wasn't going to be a hit single.\" Critical reception On its release, Simon Williams of New Musical Express picked \"I Don't Know Why I Love You\" as one of the magazine's \"singles of the week\". He described the song as \"pleading, bleeding pop genius\" and \"an example of storming creative simplicity, kicking off like a Jesus Jones sample and climaxing as the collective's finest moment yet\". In a review of The House of Love, Robin Denselow of The Guardian felt the song \"surely deserved to be a hit\" and noted it \"mixes some controlled wailing guitar work into an efficient, straightforward, tuneful pop song\". Brent Ainsworth of the Santa Cruz Sentinel praised the song as \"one of the most captivating modern rock songs of 1990\". He added, \"Its mix of acoustic and electric guitar is an aromatic blend, and Chadwick's lyrics relay the band's quizzical stance on romance.\" Formats Personnel Credits are adapted from the UK/European CD single, UK 12-inch single and UK limited edition 7-inch single. The House of Love Guy Chadwick – vocals, guitars Terry Bickers – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Groothuizen – bass guitar Pete Evans – drums Production Stephen Hague – producer on \"I Don't Know Why I Love You\" Dave Meegan – producer and mixing on \"I Don't Know Why I Love You\" The House of Love – all tracks except \"I Don't Know Why I Love You\" Other Suzi Gibbons – photography Charts References 1989 songs 1989 singles 1990 singles The House of Love songs Song recordings produced","title":"I Don't Know Why I Love You (The House of Love song)"},{"docid":"59188086","text":"Butterscotch were an English soft rock band which consisted of Chris Arnold, David Martin and Geoff Morrow, who are also known collectively as the songwriting and record production trio Arnold, Martin and Morrow. They are best known for their top 20 UK and Ireland hit, \"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\". Career As Butterscotch, they scored their first and only hit with \"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\" in June 1970, which reached No. 17 on the UK Singles Chart (remaining on the chart for a total of 11 weeks), and No. 18 on the Irish Singles Chart. Their 1972 song \"Can't You Hear the Song?\" became a hit for Wayne Newton, reaching No. 3 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart, No. 48 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 8 on the Canadian RPM adult contemporary chart and No. 32 on the RPM Top 100. Their song \"Can't Smile Without You\", originally recorded and released by band member David Martin in 1975, became a big hit for Barry Manilow in 1978. A version by the Carpenters was also released in 1976. As Arnold, Martin and Morrow, they wrote and produced for many notable artists such as Elvis Presley (\"A Little Bit of Green\", \"Let's Be Friends\", \"Sweet Angeline\", \"This Is the Story\"), Cliff Richard, Wayne Newton, Dusty Springfield, Cilla Black, Mama Cass, Sandie Shaw, the Carpenters, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Edison Lighthouse, Johnny Mathis, Barry Manilow, Edwin Starr and Jessie J among many others, and also released their own material under this name. Notable hit songs include the following: \"In Thoughts of You\" - Billy Fury (1965) \"It's Up to You Petula\" - Edison Lighthouse (1971) \"Annabella\" - Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds (1971) - U.S. #46, U.S. AC #21 \"Can't You Hear the Song?\" - Wayne Newton (1972) \"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\" - Guys 'n' Dolls (1975) \"Here I Go Again\" - Guys 'n' Dolls / Larry Evoy (1975 / 1977) \"Can't Smile Without You\" - Barry Manilow / the Carpenters (1978 / 1976) \"Leave Before You Love Me\" - Marshmello and Jonas Brothers (2021) In the June 13, 1970 issue of Billboard magazine, the band were featured in the General News section under the headline \"Butterscotch Tour of U.S. for RCA Disk\". Discography Albums Don't You Know Butterscotch? (1970), RCA Victor Singles Butterscotch \"Surprise, Surprise\" (1970), RCA Victor \"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\" (1970), RCA Victor - UK No. 17, IRE No. 18 \"All on a Summer's Day\" (1971), Bell \"Some Day Soon\" (1971), RCA Victor \"Office Girl\" (1971), RCA \"Can't You Hear the Song\" (1972), Jam \"Don't Make Me Laugh\" (1973), Ammo \"Sunday Won't Be Sunday Anymore\" (1974), Ammo Arnold, Martin and Morrow \"Who in the World\" (1971), Bell/RCA Victor \"I Believe in You\" / \"Sweet Angeline\" (1971), Bell \"Windows\" (1972), Bell \"Tomorrow's Song\" (1974), DJM \"Take Me as You Find Me\" (1975), DJM References External links Arnold, Martin and Morrow discography at Discogs English soft rock music groups English musical trios Musical groups","title":"Butterscotch (band)"},{"docid":"51771010","text":"Relight My Fire is an album by the American musician Dan Hartman, released in 1979. The title track, \"Relight My Fire\", became a hit single. Critical reception The Muncie Star dismissed the album as \"more poor disco.\" The Bristol Evening Post wrote that Hartman gallops \"through six lengthy pieces with the rhythm never faltering, the canned excitement polished to a shine.\" Influence The album inspired Miquel Brown's single \"So Many Men — So Little Time\". According to Ian Levine (who cowrote the song with Fiachra Trench):The big record at [the London LGBT nightclub] Heaven was Dan Hartman's 'Relight My Fire'—that's when we brought the big fans out and two thousand people had their hands in the air screaming. It was electrifying. But there weren't enough records coming out that could capture that magic, so we started making our own. I had been at the Circus Maximus in L.A. and I saw a guy wearing a T-shirt that said, 'So many men, so little time,' and I was like, 'One day I want to make a record with that title.' The concept was I sat down with my cowriter and arranger, an Irish guy called Fiachra Trench, and I played him 'Relight My Fire' and I said, 'I want this kind of choppy piano, big powerful chords, and the idea is a woman is going to sing, instead of “I love you, I want you, you're the man of my dreams,” I want the opposite. I want “I wake up next to this man and say, 'Who are you?'” It's so naughty but nice and everyone'll love it.' Track listing Personnel John Luongo - Additional Coproduction, Mixer and Editor Dan Hartman - vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals G.E. Smith, Phil Houghton - guitar Hilly Michaels, Brian Brake - drums Jimmy Maelen, Larry Washington - congas, timbales Craig Peyton - vibraphone Blanche Napoleon - backing vocals John Luongo - Additional Percussion/ Hand Claps Michael Barbiero - additional percussion Loleatta Holloway - lead vocals on \"Vertigo/Relight My Fire\" Edgar Winter - alto saxophone on \"Hands Down\" Stevie Wonder - harmonica on \"Hands Down\" References 1979 albums Dan Hartman albums Albums produced by Dan Hartman Blue Sky Records albums Epic Records albums","title":"Relight My Fire (album)"},{"docid":"76011231","text":"Searching for Solace is the sixth album by American metalcore band The Ghost Inside. The album was released digitally on April 19, 2024, through Epitaph Records, with a physical release scheduled for June 7. Background and production Searching for Solace was produced by Dan Braunstein (Spiritbox, Dayseeker), Cody Quistad (Wage War), Carson Slovak and Grant McFarland (August Burns Red, Bloodywood). This marked the first album by The Ghost Inside with more than one producer. Bassist Jim Riley explained, \"It was neat to go to a person like Dan Braunstein who has known the band for 15 years and have him go, 'I love what you guys have been doing and this is what I see as the next step', or to get in a room with someone like Cody from Wage War and have him be like, 'I love your band. I wish you guys would do something like this.' To go into writing a song with those guys from that place was ...it was really cool. It was really liberating. And I think it also just added to the range that this record has.\" The tracks in the album lyrically deal with COVID-induced isolation, \"grief, loss and the gut-wrenching sadness that comes with losing someone close to you.\" The song \"Cityscapes\" was written in memory of vocalist Jonathan Vigil's father who died during the band's Australian tour in 2012. Vigil stated, \"It's about the day that I lost my father and it just so happened to be in Australia. I remember looking outside my hotel window at the Brisbane skyline, the cityscape of Brisbane, just in tears, not knowing what to do and feeling so lost.\" Release and promotion The Ghost Inside begin releasing their first new material in three years, with the album's first single \"Earn It\", released on July 10, 2023. The album's second single \"Death Grip\" was released on November 7. On February 5, 2024, the band released the third single \"Wash It Away\" and announced details of Searching for Solace including its release date of April 19. The album's final pre-release single, \"Split\" was released on March 19, 2024. In support of the album, the band has embarked on tour through the U.S. from April to May 2024, with bands Paleface Swiss, Bleed from Within and Great American Ghost. The Ghost Inside have also planned a European Tour scheduled for October and November. They have also been announced alongside bands State Champs and The Blackout to perform with various other bands at Slam Dunk Festival on May 25 and 26. Track listing Personnel The Ghost Inside Jonathan Vigil – lead vocals Zach Johnson – lead guitar, backing vocals Andrew Tkaczyk – drums, percussion Chris Davis – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Jim Riley – bass, backing vocals Producers Dan Braunstein Cody Quistad Carson Slovak Grant McFarland References 2024 albums The Ghost Inside (band) albums Epitaph Records albums","title":"Searching for Solace"},{"docid":"51051926","text":"Black Eyed Sons is the eighth studio album by English rock band the Quireboys, released in 2014. The album was released with an unplugged live album records in Sweden and a DVD of a performance in London recorded during the Beautiful Curse tour. Track listing Black Eyed Sons All songs written by Guy Griffin and Spike, except where noted. Troublemaker (Black Eyed Son) What Do Want From Me? Julieanne Double Dealin' Stubborn Kinda Heart Lullaby Of London Town The Messenger You Never Can Tell Mother's Ruin Monte Cassino (Lady Lane) (Written by Guy Griffin, Spike, and Paul Guerin) Unplugged in Sweden Don't Bite the Hand That Feeds You There She Goes Again Devil Of A Man Mona Lisa Smiled Roses & Rings Misled Have A Drink With Me Sweet Mary Ann I Don't Love You Anymore 7 O'Clock Beautifully Cursed in London Black Mariah Too Much Of A Good Thing Misled There She Goes Again Homewreckers & Heartbreakers This Is Rock n Roll Mona Lisa Smiled Diamonds & Dirty Stones 27 Years I Don't Love You Anymore Tramps & Thieves Hey You Beautiful Curse Chain Smokin' I Love This Dirty Town 7 O'Clock For Cryin' Out Loud Mother Mary Sex Party Charts Personnel Jonathan \"Spike\" Gray – lead vocals Guy Griffin – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals Paul Guerin – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals Keith Weir – keyboards, backing vocals Dave McCluskey – drums Nick Malling – bass guitar References 2014 albums The Quireboys albums","title":"Black Eyed Sons"},{"docid":"10409069","text":"\"Such a Lovely Man\" is the eighth episode of the fifth and final series of the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. It first aired on 26 October 1975 on ITV. Background \"Such a Lovely Man\" was recorded in the studio on 17 and 18 April 1975. John Hawkesworth and Alfred Shaughnessy wished an episode to revolve around Hannah Gordon's character Virginia, and Rosemary Anne Sisson wrote \"Such A Lovely Man\". The character of Sir Guy Paynter was inspired by Sir Philip Sassoon, who was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Hythe from 1912 until his death in 1939. Cast Gordon Jackson - Hudson Hannah Gordon - Virginia Bellamy Angela Baddeley - Mrs Bridges David Langton - Richard Bellamy Jean Marsh - Rose Robert Hardy - Sir Guy Paynter Joan Benham - Lady Prudence Fairfax Simon Williams - James Bellamy Christopher Beeny - Edward Gareth Hunt - Frederick Jenny Tomasin - Ruby Polly Adams - Mrs. Polly Merivale Jacqueline Tong - Daisy John Normington - Herbert Turner Leonard Kavanagh - Parsons Steve Ismay - Footman (uncredited) Plot It is the summer of 1925, and Richard finds out that the post of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs is soon to be vacant. He thinks that Sir Guy Paynter, a wealthy and influential bachelor industrialist, would be able to use his influence with senior ministers to help Richard obtain the post. Virginia agrees, and invites Sir Guy to lunch. However, the lunch ends abruptly when Sir Guy makes a remark about death by firing squad for cowardice, not knowing that Virginia's son Michael was court-martialled for such an offence, but only reprimanded, sent back into action, and killed (this is dealt with in the earlier episode Facing Fearful Odds). Sir Guy sends flowers to Virginia to apologise, and he then takes her to a small political luncheon as his hostess. As a thank you, he gives her a signed first edition of Browning's poems. Meanwhile, Ruby answers a newspaper advert for pen pals, and she chooses to write to Herbert Turner, a 35-year-old post office clerk who lives with his parents in Balham. They soon go to the cinema together, and Hudson and Mrs Bridges invite him to Eaton Place for Sunday tea in the servants' hall. Virginia agrees to attend a weekend party at Sir Guy's house, Shelburne, while Richard is in Paris for meetings. Richard tells James that he does not mind Virginia spending time with Sir Guy, because Paynter is not the \"marrying kind\". On the Sunday night, all the other guests leave Shelburne, leaving Sir Guy and Virginia alone except for the staff. He provides champagne and caviar. Virginia then drops hints about the Foreign Office post. Shortly afterwards, the gossip columns of the newspapers are filled with rumours about the pair. The Eaton Place servants speculate that Herbert Turner, who has shown a great interest in the aristocracy, may be the source, but it later emerges that one of the other Shelburne guests had told the newspapers. Richard","title":"Such a Lovely Man"},{"docid":"1684819","text":"The Supremes is a 2000 box set compilation of the material by Motown's most popular act of the 1960s, The Supremes. The set covers The Supremes' entire recording history, from its first recordings as The Primettes in 1960 to its final recordings in 1976. The set is four compact discs long; a bonus disc, An Evening with The Supremes, contained mostly unreleased live recordings and was included in the first 25,000 sets. Included in the set is a 70-page booklet with extensive essays, track annotations, and a full discography. Contents Disc one: The Supremes: Early years Track listing \"Tears of Sorrow\" (The Primettes) \"Pretty Baby\" (The Primettes) \"After All\" \"The Boy That Got Away\" \"I Want a Guy\" [Original 45 Mix] \"Buttered Popcorn\" [Alternate Version] \"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" [Original 45 Mix] \"Let Me Go The Right Way\" [Live] \"My Heart Can't Take It No More\" [Original 45 Mix] \"A Breath Taking, First Sight Soul Shaking, One Night Love Making, Next Day Heartbreaking Guy\" (aka \"A Breathtaking Guy\") [Original 45 Mix] \"Run, Run, Run\" [Original 45 Mix] \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\" [Original 45 Mix] \"Where Did Our Love Go\" \"Baby Love\" \"Ask Any Girl\" [Original 45 Mix] \"Come See About Me\" \"Oowee Baby\" [Original Mix] \"Shake\" \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" [Alternate Version] \"Back in My Arms Again\" \"It's All Your Fault\" [Original Mix] \"Nothing but Heartaches\" \"Take Me Where You Go\" \"People\" [Original Version featuring Florence Ballard] Credits Originally recorded from 1960 to 1965. Lead and Background Vocals: Diane Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, Betty McGlown and Barbara Martin Guest Background Vocals: The Four Tops: Levi Stubbs, Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Lawrence Payton, and Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir (on \"Run, Run, Run\" and \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\") Producers: Hom-Rich, Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, and Holland-Dozier-Holland Instrumentation: The Funk Brothers and L.A. session artists Disc two: The Supremes: The success years Track listing \"I Hear a Symphony\" \"My World Is Empty Without You\" \"Everything Is Good About You\" [Stereo Mix] \"Any Girl in Love (Knows What I'm Going Through)\" \"Surfer Boy\" [Original Mix] \"Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine\" \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\" \"You Can't Hurry Love\" \"Mother Dear\" [Version 2] \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" \"Going Down for the Third Time\" [Original 45 Mix] \"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\" [Alternate Version] \"There's No Stopping Us Now\" [Original 45 Mix] \"Come on and See Me\" [Original Mix] \"My Guy\" \"Falling in Love With Love\" \"The Happening\" [Demo Version] \"All I Know About You\" [Stereo Mix] \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"Somewhere\" (Live at the Copacabana, May 20, 1967) \"Group Introduction\" (Live at the Copacabana, May 20, 1967) \"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\" (Live at the Copacabana, May 20, 1967) Credits Originally recorded from 1965 to 1967. Lead Vocals: Diana Ross and Mary Wilson Background Vocals: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, and Florence Ballard Background Vocals: The Andantes on (Additional Vocals on Surfer Boy) Producers: Holland-Dozier-Holland","title":"The Supremes (2000 album)"},{"docid":"22260720","text":"Lulu is an eponymous album released by Lulu on Alfa Records in 1981. It is notable for containing the hit single \"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\", which became the second-highest-charting single of Lulu's career in the US, hitting the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart in 1981. History Alfa Records released the album Lulu in August 1981, in response to the chart success of \"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\", originally contained on Lulu's 1978 album, Don't Take Love for Granted. In addition to \"I Could Never Miss You\", Lulu featured two other songs from the 1978 album, being the title track, \"Don't Take Love for Granted\" and \"You Are Still a Part of Me\", all of which had been written by Neil Harrison. A new Harrison track, \"Can't Hold Out on Love\", was included, being one of seven new tracks produced by Mark London. Despite not charting in the UK, Lulu reached No. 126 on the Billboard albums chart, making it Lulu's third US charting album—her first in eleven years—and her last to date. \"If I Were You\", which had been a minor hit (No. 70) for Toby Beau in 1980, was released as the follow-up single to \"I Could Never Miss You\"—with \"You Win, I Lose\" as the B-side—and became Lulu's final Hot 100 appearance to date, reaching No. 44 (No. 42 Cash Box) in January 1982. It also hit No. 27 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In August 1982, \"If I Were You\" reached No. 6 in New Zealand. The track \"Who's Foolin' Who,\" a cover of a 1976 Bobby Bland song, earned Lulu a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Lulu lost to Pat Benatar. \"Who's Foolin' Who\" was released as a single, with \"You Win, I Lose\" again serving as the B-side, and peaked at No. 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Track listing \"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:08 \"The Last Time\" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 3:17 \"If I Were You\" (Jerry Fuller, John Hobbs) – 3:13 \"Loving You\" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) – 4:30 \"Can't Hold Out on Love\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:18 \"You Win, I Lose\" (Arlene Matza, Guy Thomas) – 3:40 \"Don't Take Love for Granted\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:24 \"Who's Foolin' Who\" (Dan Walsh, Michael Price, Steve Barri, Michael Omartian) – 3:36 \"You Are Still a Part of Me\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:16 \"If You're Right\" (Peter Sinfield, Andy Hill) – 3:12 Personnel Lulu – vocals Ray Russell, Ronnie Caryl – guitar Alan Jones, Alan Tarney – bass Lynton Naiff, Mike Moran – keyboards, arrangements Graham Jarvis, Peter Van Hooke, Trevor Spencer – drums Ray Cooper – percussion Carol Kenyon, Ronnie Carroll, Tony Rivers – backing vocals Technical Colin Fairley, Jon Kelly – engineers Marion London – director References Lulu (singer) albums 1981 albums Alfa Records albums","title":"Lulu (1981 album)"},{"docid":"74547903","text":"See See Rider is the seventh studio album by American rhythm and blues singer LaVern Baker and her last for Atlantic Records. After this release, Baker slowed down her recording and touring for several years. Reception Editors at AllMusic rated this album 3.5 out of 5 stars, with critic Bruce Eder writing \"there is a little something for everyone\", including many genres, moods, and styles that Baker explored in her music. In the 2004 edition of The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, the two-album compilation was rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and the editors write that this music is the weaker half, but continuing that listeners \"can't go wrong\" with her Atlantic period recordings. Track listing \"See See Rider\" (traditional) – 2:32 \"You Better Stop\" (Jesse Stone, Danny Taylor, and Jerry Wexler) – 2:42 \"He's a Real Gone Guy\" (Nellie Lutcher) – 2:14 \"Story of My Love\" (Nugetre [a pseudonym of Ahmet Ertegun) – 2:10 \"You Said\" (Leroy Toombs and Sara Wright) – 2:19 \"I'm Leavin' You\" (Maurice King) – 2:31 \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\" (Cactus Pryor, Barbara Trammel, and Slim Willet) – 2:30 \"Trying\" (Billy Vaughn) – 2:07 \"Half Your Love\" (Charles Singleton) – 2:17 \"A Little Bird Told Me So\" (Ersel Hickey and Bert Russell) – 2:04 \"Endless Love\" (Barry Mann) – 2:01 \"All the Time\" (Mike Corda) – 2:12 Personnel LaVern Baker – vocals Mickey Baker – guitar on \"You Said\" Emmett Berry – trumpet on \"You Better Stop\" Lawrence Brown – trombone on \"You Better Stop\" Shad Collins – trumpet on \"You Better Stop\" King Curtis – tenor saxophone on \"He's a Real Gone Guy\" Ahmet Ertegun – supervision Loring Eutemey]] – cover design Ernie Hayes – guitar on \"He's a Real Gone Guy\" Ed Kalish – liner notes Mundell Lowe – guitar on \"Half of Your Love\" Dave McRae – tenor saxophone on \"You Better Stop\" Clyde Olive – supervision Sam \"The Man\" Taylor – tenor saxophone on \"You Better Stop\" Allen Vogel – cover design Jerry Wexler – supervision Unidentified musicians include: Backing vocals on \"You Better Stop\" and \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\" Guitar on \"You Better Stop\" Horns on \"Half of Your Love\" Strings on \"He's a Real Gone Guy\" See also List of 1963 albums References External links 1963 albums Atlantic Records albums LaVern Baker albums","title":"See See Rider (album)"},{"docid":"1575040","text":"\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" is a soul song most popularly released as a joint single performed by Diana Ross & the Supremes and the Temptations for the Motown label. This version peaked for two weeks at No. 2 on the Hot 100 in the United States, selling 900,000 copies in its first two weeks, and at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1969. Written by Gamble and Huff and Jerry Ross, it was originally a top 20 R&B hit for Dee Dee Warwick in 1966 (U.S. No. 88 Pop). Madeline Bell's cover peaked at No. 26 on the Hot 100 on 23 March 1968. Early versions Most versions of the song credit the songwriting to Jerry Ross and Kenny Gamble, who were the only two writers named on original record labels. Some recordings also credit Jerry Williams as a third writer, although BMI and some other sources credit Leon Huff, rather than Williams. \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" was released as a single by Dee Dee Warwick on Mercury Records as the follow-up to her Top Ten R&B hit \"I Want to Be With You\"; co-writer Jerry Ross produced the track whose arrangement was by Jimmy Wisner while Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson provided background vocals. This single - whose B-side is the earliest known recorded version of \"Yours Until Tomorrow\" by Gerry Goffin and Carole King - reached No. 13 R&B crossing over to No. 88 Pop in December 1966. Scoring two consecutive Top 20 R&B hits gave Warwick sufficient cachet for her first album release entitled I Want to Be With You/I'm Gonna Make You Love Me. Although Warwick had stronger chart showings than \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\", the song became her best-known hit by virtue of the Supremes/Temptations remake. \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" was the song Warwick performed at the 1999 Rhythm and Blues Foundation awards ceremony when she received a Pioneer Award. Jerry Ross overall produced ten recordings of \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\": these included a version on Jerry Butler's 1967 Soul Artistry album and another by Jay & the Techniques which was featured on the 1968 album release Love, Lost & Found. Ashford & Simpson sang background on all the versions of the song Ross produced with the Jay & the Techniques version also featuring Melba Moore. 1968 \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" was offered to Dusty Springfield who recorded for Philips Records, the UK equivalent of Mercury Records. Springfield passed the song on to Madeline Bell, her friend and regular background vocalist. Springfield sang backup vocals on Bell's version, which was featured on Bell's 1967 Philips album release Bell's a Poppin. According to Bell \"nothing happened with [the album] and the tapes were sent over to America and this one guy took a shine to 'I’m Gonna Make You Love Me'. He printed up 10,000 copies and he sent them round the radio stations and they started playing it. I got","title":"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"},{"docid":"37573784","text":"The Key is the eighth studio album by the British singer-songwriter Joan Armatrading, released on 28 February 1983 by A&M Records (AMLX64912). The album was recorded at Townhouse Studios in Shepherd's Bush, London; Polar Studios in Stockholm and also in New York. The album spawned the single \"Drop the Pilot\", which became one of Armatrading's biggest hits, reaching number 11 in the UK Singles Chart over a 10-week stay. It also quickly became a staple of Armatrading's live performances and has featured on many of her compilation albums. Armatrading and her backing band also performed the song on Top of the Pops in early 1983. Background and recording Steve Lillywhite was commissioned to produce the album; however, A&M Records judged the album to be not commercial enough and asked Armatrading to come up with some additional, more commercial, material. She went away and wrote the tracks \"Drop the Pilot\" and \"What Do Boys Dream\", both of which were produced separately in New York by Val Garay. These two tracks therefore used a completely different set of musicians, which explains the length of the personnel list on this album. Armatrading described her process of song creation, from writing to final recording, at the time of The Key: Armatrading draws on a variety of musical styles for this album, from Stax style brass, rhythm and blues and punk, as well as the rock guitar of Adrian Belew, who had played with David Bowie on Lodger. The album's title refers to the door key which Armatrading habitually wore around her neck at that time and which is featured in the album's photography. She is also pictured playing a Gibson Les Paul electric guitar. \"(I Love It When You) Call Me Names\" was written about two men in a band who were always arguing, and features a guitar solo by Adrian Belew. It was released as a single, though it did not chart. It subsequently became a staple of Armatrading's live performances and has appeared on many of her compilation albums. Armatrading said of the song, \"It's come out as a man and a woman, but I was really looking at two guys. Not two gay guys, just two guys who are friends who tend to treat each other like this, always calling each other names. There's sort of this love/hate relationship between them, but you get the feeling that they really enjoy this thing that they're going through.\" Reception The album was a commercial success for Armatrading, reaching number 10 in the UK album charts and number 32 in the US album charts, as well as spawning the hit single \"Drop the Pilot\". It was certified Gold by the BPI. The album is one of only two Armatrading albums to reach the top 40 in the USA, the other being Me Myself I. The album peaked at number 4 in Australia and was that country's 7th biggest-selling album of the year. Debra Rae Cohen, writing in The New York Times, said that the","title":"The Key (Joan Armatrading album)"},{"docid":"6646771","text":"Richard Barrett (July 14, 1933 – August 3, 2006), also known as Richie Barrett, was an American singer, record producer, and songwriter. Biography Barrett was born in Philadelphia in 1933. In the 1950s, he was a record producer, influential in shaping the rhythm and blues sound. Barrett discovered and promoted Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, the Chantels, Little Anthony & the Imperials, the Valentines, and Philadelphia's the Three Degrees. He managed the Chantels in the 1950s, and later managed the Three Degrees from the early 1960s until the early 1980s, producing many of their albums, and conducting the orchestra at their live shows. As an artist, he is most famous for co-writing (with Leiber and Stoller) and recording, as Richie Barrett, the song \"Some Other Guy\". Barrett sang lead for the Valentines from 1954 to 1957. Ronnie Bright, who later joined the Cadillacs and the Coasters, sang bass. Barrett co-wrote two songs with Carl Hogan (also from the Valentines). One was \"Be Sure My Love,\" which was recorded by the Dubs on Gone Records in 1958; and another, \"So Much,\" was recorded by Little Anthony & the Imperials on End Records in 1958, and also recorded by the Attributes. On the Chantels' single \"Maybe\" (1958), Barrett played piano, bass, and drums. Barrett produced several of the Chantels' records. Barrett's first single was a cover of the Fleetwoods' \"Come Softly to Me\", with the Chantels as backing vocalists. He recorded \"Some Other Guy\" in 1962, a tune modeled on Ray Charles' \"What'd I Say\" and was assured immortality, if not a hit single, following cover versions performed by the Beatles and other Liverpool groups of the time, including the Searchers and the Big Three. A clip of the Beatles performing the song at the Cavern was shown on a regional television program screened by Granada TV in the north-west of England in August or September 1962 shortly after the band had fired their previous drummer Pete Best and replaced him with Ringo Starr, and this low-quality footage has been included on many videos and DVDs since that time. In 1998, Ben Vereen portrayed Barrett in Why Do Fools Fall in Love, a film biography about Frankie Lymon. Death Barrett died of pancreatic cancer in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania on August 3, 2006, at age 73. Discography Singles by the Valentines \"Summer Love\"/\"For You\" (Bruce, 1954, unreleased, as the Dreamers) \"Tonight Kathleen\"/\"Summer Love\" (Old Town 1009, 1954) \"Lily Maebelle\"/\"Falling for You\" (Rama 171, 1955) \"I Love You Darling\"/\"Hand Me Down Love\" (Rama 181, 1955) \"Christmas Prayer\"/\"Kiss Me\" (Rama 186, 1955) \"C'est la vie\"/\"C'est la vie\" (Rama 194, 1956, with the Wrens but not credited) \"Why\"/\"The Woo Woo Train\" (Rama 196, 1956) \"Twenty Minutes Before the Hour\"/\"I'll Never Let You Go\" (Rama 201, 1956) \"Nature's Creation\"/\"My Story of Love\" (Rama 208, 1956) \"Don't Say Goodnight\"/\"I Cried Oh, Oh\" (Rama 228, 1957) Solo singles \"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes\"/\"Remember Me\" (MGM 12616, 1958, as Dickie Barrett) \"Body and Soul\"/\"The Party\" (MGM 12659, 1958) \"Lovely One\"/\"The Snake","title":"Richie Barrett"},{"docid":"9401646","text":"Cuttin' Heads is the 17th album by American singer-songwriter and musician John Mellencamp, released on October 16, 2001. It was his second album for Columbia Records, and it peaked at No. 15 on the Billboard 200 in early November 2001. The album contains only one single, the India.Arie duet \"Peaceful World\". Background \"'Peaceful World' was extracted from a conversation with Pat Peterson, who's been singing backup in my touring band since 1981,\" Mellencamp explained to the Denver Post in an August 2001 feature. \"She's my age, and I asked her, 'What's the one thing that's really disturbing to you?' There was no question about it – it's how this new rap music is really harmful to the black race. You have the new Uncle Tom, the guy wagging the $200,000 watch and saying, ... 'Gimme the money, man, look what I got that you ain't got ... I'll say whatever you want me to say, and when this (ends), I'll just go back to whatever I'm doing, and I don't care about the damage that I've done.' Meanwhile, white kids in suburbs who buy these records find it entertaining if not comical half the time. They have a really distorted view of what the black race is about. It's a very bad thing.\" Chuck D of the rap group Public Enemy sang a verse on the album's title track, which addresses Mellencamp's annoyance and chagrin at the use of the \"N\" word in rap music. \"They just had a rap seminar in New York, and Chuck got up and said, 'Hey, look, I just came back from the cornfields of Indiana, and Mellencamp said something in a song that you guys should have been saying about yourselves 10 years ago!,'\" Mellencamp told the Denver Post, \"I'm just an observer here – I thought coming from me alone, it would be obtuse. But Chuck is the conscience of the whole black community. He was the only choice to do this song with me, because he's the only guy that never participated in it, always kept his integrity and his wits about him. \"Columbia Records died when they heard it. They don't want any problems because of this song. But they were very understanding – they just said, 'Why do you want to do this?' I said, 'Hey, man, I'm a ... folk singer. If I'm not going to have some issues here, that makes me a puppet.'\" Cuttin' Heads is also noteworthy for \"Deep Blue Heart\", a love song that Mellencamp recorded as a duet with country star Trisha Yearwood. \"He played me this song,\" Yearwood told Country.com, \"and he said, 'I kind of have an idea of like when Emmylou Harris sang on Bob Dylan's record, just kind of harmony all the way through.'\" Mellencamp said of \"Deep Blue Heart\" in a November 2001 interview with the Indianapolis Star: \"When I wrote that song, I thought, 'Wow, this is kind of good for this type of song.' I like what","title":"Cuttin' Heads"},{"docid":"53219695","text":"Recording Live at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall is a double live album by blues musicians Buddy Guy and Junior Wells, recorded live in Japan in March 1975 and released only in Japan in that same year. Background and recording The Buddy Guy/Junior Wells Blues Band took a little tour in Japan in March 1975. They recorded three shows at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall in Hiroshima on March 9–11. A double live album was released in 1975, it was re-released on a single CD in 1990, both of them only in Japan. Unfortunately the CD excludes five songs. Track listing LP Side one \"Let Me Love You Baby\" \"How Blue Can You Get\" \"High-Heel Sneakers\" \"One Room Country Shack\" Side two \"First Time I Met The Blues\" \"Stone Crazy\" \"Fever/Work Song\" \"Come On Home To Me Baby\" \"Rock Me Baby\" Side three \"Little By Little\" \"Stop Breakin' Down\" \"Don't Go No Further\" \"Look Over Yonder's Wall\" \"Snatch It Back And Hold It\" Side four \"Help Me Darling\" \"Hoochie Coohie Man\" \"Someday Baby\" \"Waterman Blues\" \"Messin' With The Kid\" CD \"Let Me Love You Baby\" - 4:15 \"How Blue Can You Get\" - 5:25 \"High-Heel Sneakers\" - 5:15 \"First Time I Met The Blues\" - 7:00 \"Stone Crazy\" - 5:15 \"Fever/Work Song\" - 3:30 \"Come On Home To Me Baby\" - 3:55 \"Little By Little\" - 4:50 \"Don't Go No Further\" - 5:05 \"Snatch It Back And Hold It\" - 4:55 \"Help Me Darling\" - 4:40 \"Hoochie Coohie Man/Someday Baby\" - 7:55 \"Waterman Blues\" - 5:20 Note Track lengths are without applause. Personnel Buddy Guy – Guitars, Vocals (LP A/B-sides) (CD tracks 1-6) Junior Wells – Harmonica, Vocals (LP C/D-sides) (CD tracks 8-12) Phil Guy – Guitars, Vocals on \"Rock Me Baby\" (only on LP) A.C. Reed – Tenor Saxophone, Vocals on \"Come on Home to Me\" (CD track 7) Earnest Johnson – Bass Roosevelt Shaw – Drums References Junior Wells albums Buddy Guy albums 1975 live albums","title":"Live Recording at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall"},{"docid":"53000803","text":"The Dollar Done Fell is the second live album by Buddy Guy. Background After Buddy Guy recorded an album for the French label Isabel, Englishman John Stedman, the owner of JSP Records, suggested recording a live show. They recorded it in Chicago at Guy's club, Checkerboard Lounge. The band was the same as on the Isabel session, plus a third guitarist Phil Smith and L.C. Thurman (co-owner of Checkerboard) added a few lead vocals as a guest. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings comments that the album captures Guy “at his most idiomatic”. Releases Nine tracks were released on \"The Dollar Done Fell\" LP in 1980 by JSP. First released on CD in 1988, also on JSP, but with an alternate track list, titled \"Live at the Checkerboard Lounge\". The CD version was missing one track (\"Trouble with My Women\"), and the 16-minute title track (\"The Dollar Done Fell\") fades out at 6:36. Two more tracks were added to the CD version, \"Don't Answer the Door\" featuring lead vocals by L.C. Thurston, and an alternate version of \"Tell Me What's Inside of You\". \"I've Got A Right To Love My Woman\" fades out at 8:05 on the original vinyl, but the CD includes the full-length version. There are three more CD reissues with the same track listing as on the original CD release, but with three alternate covers. It was first released in the U.S. in 1995. Recordings All lead guitar are played by Buddy Guy, except first lead of \"Buddy's Blues Part 1\", 1st lead of \"Done Got Over You\", main lead of \"Don't Answer the Door\" by Phil Guy, lead in the middle of \"Don't Answer the Door\" by Little Phil Smith. Buddy Guy didn't play on \"Don't Answer the Door\" at all. \"You Don't Know How I Feel\" is actually the blues standard \"I'll Take Care of You\", but it was retitled. The music of \"Tell Me What's Inside Of You\" is based on Eric Clapton's \"Strange Brew\". The music of \"The Dollar Done Fell\" is based on the funky standard \"Chicken Heads\". Original vinyl track listing \"Buddy's Blues (Part 1)\" – 4:13 \"I 've Got A Right To Love My Woman\" – 8:05 \"Done Got Over You\" – 4:10 \"Tell Me What's Inside Of You\" – 9:20 \"Trouble With My Women\" – 4:05 \"The Things I Used To Do\" – 3:18 \"You Don't Know How I Feel\" – 3:12 \"The Dollar Done Fell\" – 16:22 \"Buddy\"s Blues (Part 2)\" – 3:25 CD track listing \"Buddy's Blues (Part One)\" – 4:05 \"I've Got A Right To Love My Woman\" – 9:07 \"Tell Me What's Inside Of You\" – 9:24 \"Done Got Over You\" – 4:13 \"The Things I Used To Do\" – 3:20 \"You Don't Know How I Feel\" – 3:22 \"The Dollar Done Fell\" – 6:36 \"Buddy's Blues (Part Two)\" – 4:01 \"Don't Answer The Door\" – 7:31 \"Tell Me What's Inside Of You (Version Two)\" – 7:10 Note \"Buddy's Blues (Part 2)\" is the last","title":"The Dollar Done Fell"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"6485241\",\n \"text\": \"Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You is the second studio album from actor and singer Joe Pesci. History The idea for the album originated from Pesci's character Vincent LaGuardia Gambini, from his 1992 movie My Cousin Vinny. In the movie, Pesci starred as Vinny, an inexperienced lawyer who comes to the rescue of his wrongly accused cousin Billy Gambini, played by Ralph Macchio. Before becoming a professional actor, Pesci was a lounge singer. When he announced his retirement from acting in 1999, he pursued a further career in singing. Pesci remained retired until his return to acting in Robert De Niro's 2006 film The Good Shepherd, where he played Joseph Palmi. The album was released on October 13, 1998, on Columbia Records. It is stamped with a parental advisory sticker for explicit content. A music video was produced for the song \\\"Wise Guy,\\\" featuring Pesci reciting his lyrics in various mob-themed settings. \\\"Wise Guy\\\" recreates elements from the Blondie song \\\"Rapture\\\" and features a chorus lyrically similar to that of Fred Rogers' \\\"Won't You Be My Neighbor?\\\". Track listing \\\"Yo Cousin Vinny\\\" \\\"Wise Guy\\\" \\\"Take Your Love and Shove It\\\" \\\"I've Got News for You\\\" \\\"How Do You Like Me So Far\\\" \\\"Robbie Hood\\\" \\\"Twenty-One\\\" \\\"Old Man Time\\\" \\\"He'll Have to Go\\\" \\\"I Can't Give You Anything But Love\\\" \\\"If It Doesn't Snow for Christmas\\\" \\\"What A Wonderful World\\\" \\\"Yo Cousin Vinny\\\" (Italian) \\\"Yo Cousin Vinny\\\" (Spanish) Reception Critic Michael Gallucci of Allmusic gave the album a negative review and a rating of 1 star out of a possible 5. Gallucci writes that apart from a few jazzy numbers drawing successfully on Pesci's experience as a lounge singer, the album is \\\"a mound of failed songs and lame jokes.\\\" References 1998 albums Joe Pesci albums Columbia Records albums Comedy albums by American artists Albums produced by Trackmasters\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent LaGuardia Gambini Sings Just for You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6235276\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Why I Love You\\\" is the third single from B2K their self-titled debut album and the song was released in May 2002 and it peaked at number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 19 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song is also featured on the group's second album, Pandemonium!. Music video Directed by Erik White, the video shows the guys are playing at a basketball court with their label mates IMx wearing the original Laker jerseys and Omarion is singing to the late Naya Rivera in the basketball court as she walks away from him. The guys are also wearing jean jackets unbuttoned all the way to the bottom showing their bodies. In another scene, the guys put on a show outside wearing matching red and black leather jackets. There are also scenes of Lil' Fizz sitting down singing the chorus with recording artist Jhené (who at the time was marketed as his cousin and makes a cameo as his girlfriend), while they are sitting down on the bleachers with rottweilers. TG4, IMx and actress Kat Graham make cameos as well. Weekly charts References 2002 singles 2002 songs 2000s ballads B2K songs Epic Records singles Contemporary R&B ballads Music videos directed by Erik White\",\n \"title\": \"Why I Love You (B2K song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23811549\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Gettin' Over You\\\" (originally titled \\\"Gettin' Over\\\") is a song by French DJ David Guetta and American singer Chris Willis, from Guetta's fourth studio album, One Love. \\\"Gettin' Over You\\\" features additional vocals by Fergie and hip hop duo LMFAO, and was released as the lead single from One More Love on 12 April 2010. The song became Guetta's first number-one hit in France and topped the dance charts in the United Kingdom and United States. It reached top five positions in Australia, Austria, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. Background and composition The lyrics are written by Fergie, Willis, will.i.am and LMFAO. will.i.am was originally intended to perform the vocals alongside Willis and Fergie but he was replaced by LMFAO. In an interview with Digital Spy, Guetta described the song as \\\"one of my more traditional guitar-sounding club tracks – in the vein of 'Love Is Gone'.\\\" He said since he refused to let The Black Eyed Peas record the original version for their album The E.N.D., they decided to re-record the song with Fergie. Guetta explained, \\\"Even after I refused to let the Peas have it, Fergie was still saying, 'I love that track!' So I said, 'If you still want to do it, then we'll do it together'. I wanted to keep Chris Willis on there because I've been working with him since the beginning [...] He's the best singer on the planet.\\\" Redfoo from LMFAO told MTV News the concept of the song: \\\"You're in love with a girl and then you guys separate,\\\" he said, then joked, \\\"She probably got with Lil Jon or somebody,\\\" before continuing, \\\"So I'm gonna party 'til you come get me.\\\" \\\"Gettin' Over You\\\" is written in the key of F minor and is in common time with a tempo of 130 beats per minute. The song uses open fifths instead of a chord progression. Critical reception Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song three out of five stars. He felt that despite the song's \\\"pounding beats and jaggedy axe\\\" that \\\"LMFAO ruin[s] the breakdown, proving that too many cooks can spoil an otherwise tasty electro-housey broth.\\\" Chris Willis's vocal performance was praised by Entertainment Weekly stating: \\\"Willis has a pleasant rasp to his voice, and he guts this one out like the lives of millions of glowsticks hang in the balance\\\". A reviewer from FemaleFirst' stated that \\\"Gettin' Over You\\\" is a \\\"huge summer anthem\\\" and gave it four out of five stars. Music video The music video began production on 20 April 2010 with Rich Lee who has in the past filmed videos for The Black Eyed Peas. The music video premiered on Tuesday, 18 May 2010. It features Guetta, Willis, Fergie and LMFAO all producing the song in a recording studio. A young guy then overhears them and gets his friends who bring recording equipment which draws in more young people who enter the studio, Guetta, Fergie, and Willis are surprised at first but then accept their\",\n \"title\": \"Gettin' Over You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7036501\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Spirit on the Water\\\" is a love ballad written and performed by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released in 2006 as the second track on his album Modern Times. The title is a reference to a passage in the Book of Genesis. It is notable for being the only song on Modern Times to feature a harmonica solo. As with much of Dylan's 21st-century output, he produced the song himself under the pseudonym Jack Frost. Recording Engineer Chris Shaw recalled the recording session for this song fondly as it was the first time Dylan had played harmonica on a studio recording since \\\"Tryin' to Get to Heaven\\\" nearly a decade before: \\\"On Modern Times, we were really excited to have Bob playing harmonica again. That was amazing – I remember sitting there thinking to myself, 'Holy shit. I’m recording Bob Dylan playing harmonica. This is incredible'. I’m a jaded studio guy, y’know, I’ve been working in studios for twenty two years. But every day on (Love and Theft and Modern Times), every day I work with the guy for like five minutes, I’ll be sitting behind that console, and I’ll have this voice in the back of my head: Holy fucking shit. I’m recording Bob Dylan. And all of a sudden the hair on my arm is standing up, and I’m looking around, waiting for someone to barge in and point at me and say, 'He shouldn’t be here'. He’s a blast to work with, Bob. As serious as the guy is, he has an incredibly wicked sense of humour, and he’s actually a lot of fun in the studio. When he’s in a good mood, it’s phenomenal\\\". The song is played in the key of B-flat major on the studio recording. Critical reception Patrick Doyle, writing in Rolling Stone, where the song placed 17th on a list of \\\"The 25 Best Bob Dylan Songs of the 21st Century\\\", calls it a \\\"love song\\\" imbued with a \\\"trancelike feeling\\\". He describes the song as being told from the point-of-view of a narrator who sings about \\\"the joy his lover brings him\\\" before revealing a \\\"cruel and simple twist of fate at the end\\\". Dylan scholar Tony Attwood elaborates on the twist ending as \\\"I love you but I can’t be with you in eternity because I killed a guy in the past\\\" and notes that he can’t think of \\\"any other song that uses that twist\\\". Spectrum Culture included the song on a list of Dylan's \\\"20 Best Songs of the '00s\\\". In an article accompanying the list, critic David Harris praised the provocative way the song references both the Bible and the blues, writing \\\"Dylan may scoff at people who look for threads like these in his songs, but it’s just part of the fun for Dylanologists to sort through the crumbs, allowing songs like 'Spirit on the Water' to work on so many different levels\\\". Ultimate Classic Rock critic Matthew Wilkening rated \\\"Spirit on the Water\\\" as the\",\n \"title\": \"Spirit on the Water\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68382284\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"That's When I'll Stop Loving You\\\" is a song by NSYNC from their 2000 album No Strings Attached, written by Diane Warren and produced by Guy Roche. Production Warren wrote the track “That’s When I’ll Stop Loving You”, having previously penned “Music of My Heart\\\" (1999) for the film of the same name, which was a collaboration between NSYNC and Gloria Estefan. Warren was in the studio for both recording sessions. The group recorded the song around one microphone, recording vocals and harmonies live, aiming to emulate the 60's The song was the first recorded for the album, being completed by March 1999. Critical reception EW felt it was a rare occasion when NSYNC slipped into Backstreet Boy’s ballad territory. The Baltimore Sun compared it to the work of Boyz II Men. Stereogum felt that on the track was outshined by another ballad on the album, I Thought She Knew. Daily Cougar felt it was the only ballad on the album that wasn't weak. VH1 thought the song's moral was \\\"Everyone — guy or girl — wants a superhero every now and then.\\\" References 2000 songs NSYNC songs Songs written by Diane Warren\",\n \"title\": \"That's When I'll Stop Loving You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1145818\",\n \"text\": \"Hi Infidelity is the ninth studio album by American rock band REO Speedwagon, released on November 21, 1980, by Epic Records. The album became a big hit in the United States, peaking at number one on the Billboard 200, spending 15 weeks at number one (only 27 albums, and only 7 rock acts, have spent at least 15 weeks at number 1). It went on to become the biggest-selling album of 1981, eventually being certified 10 times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Of the four singles released, \\\"Take It on the Run\\\" went to number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, and the band got their first of two number one hits with \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\". Background The album title is a play on the term \\\"in high fidelity,\\\" which used to appear on album covers. The album art is an illustration of this pun where an act of sexual infidelity is apparently occurring while the man is putting a record LP to play on the hi-fi stereo. Songs Six songs from the album charted on the Billboard charts, including \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\" which was the band's first Number 1 hit, and \\\"Take It on the Run\\\", which reached No. 5 on the charts. The song \\\"Tough Guys\\\" uses an audio clip from the Our Gang short film Hearts Are Thumps (1937). \\\"Tough Guys\\\" was one of two songs from the album that charted on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart despite not being released as singles. Music critic Robert Christgau called \\\"Tough Guys\\\" his favorite song from the album but suggested that the line \\\"They think they're full of fire/She thinks they're full of shit\\\" would prevent the song from reaching the pop Top 40. Record World described \\\"I Wish You Were There\\\" as having a \\\"novel gospel touch.\\\" Reissues On October 25, 2004, the band recorded the songs of this album live from beginning to end for an XM Radio \\\"Then Again Live\\\" special. On July 19, 2011, Sony Music re-released Hi Infidelity with bonus demo tracks for the album's 30th anniversary. Demo tracks were recorded Live at Crystal Studios, Hollywood, June through August 1980. Track listing Original release 30th Anniversary edition (2011) Personnel REO Speedwagon Kevin Cronin – lead and backing vocals (except on \\\"Someone Tonight\\\"), acoustic and rhythm guitars, acoustic piano on \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" and \\\"I Wish You Were There\\\" Gary Richrath – electric guitar Neal Doughty – keyboards Bruce Hall – bass, lead vocals on \\\"Someone Tonight\\\" Alan Gratzer – drums, tambourine on \\\"I Wish You Were There\\\" Additional musicians Steve Forman – percussion on \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" Tom Kelly – backing vocals Richard Page – backing vocals N Yolletta – backing vocals on \\\"In Your Letter\\\" Maggie Ryder – backing vocals on \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\" Technical personnel Kevin Beamish – producer, engineer Kevin Cronin – producer, arrangements Gary Richrath – producer Alan Gratzer – co-producer Tom Cummings – assistant engineer Jeff Eccles – assistant engineer Kent\",\n \"title\": \"Hi Infidelity\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28435054\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\\\", or \\\"Love with a Feeling\\\" as it was originally titled, is a blues song first recorded by Tampa Red in 1938. Numerous blues artists have interpreted and recorded the song, making it a blues standard. When Freddie King adapted it in 1961, it became his first single to appear in the record charts. Original song Tampa Red recorded \\\"Love with a Feeling\\\" as a mid-tempo twelve-bar blues. Accompanying Red, who sang and played slide guitar, were Black Bob Hudson on piano and an unknown bass player. Although Tampa Red wrote several bawdy blues, \\\"Love with a Feeling\\\" is tame, with only one verse suggesting the more colorful versions to come: Not long after recording \\\"Love with a Feeling\\\", other blues artists began recording their versions of the song. In May 1950, Tampa Red recorded an updated version titled \\\"Love Her with a Feelin. The song was performed as a Chicago-style blues with Tampa Red on electric slide guitar with blues pianist Little Johnny Jones and a bassist and drummer. He also recorded it as a solo piece with vocal and electric guitar in 1961 for his Don't Tampa with the Blues album. Freddie King rendition In 1960, Freddie King adapted the song as \\\"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\\\". In his arrangement, he uses breaks where he sings the first four bars of each twelve-bar verse without the usual instrumental accompaniment. The recording took place in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 26, 1960, with King on vocal and guitar, Sonny Thompson on piano, Bill Willis on bass, Phillip Paul on drums, Clifford Scott on tenor saxophone and Gene Redd on trumpet. The song was released as the B-side of the \\\"Have You Ever Loved a Woman\\\" single on King Records subsidiary, Federal Records. Of the two songs, only \\\"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\\\" appeared in the record charts. In 1961, the single reached number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100, but did not appear in the magazine's R&B chart. The song is also included on King's first album, Freddy King Sings (1961). On his single and albums, King is often listed as the songwriter, sometimes with Thompson as co-writer. Junior Wells version Chicago blues singer and blues harp player Junior Wells played up the bawdy aspects of the song in several recordings, with blues historian Gerard Herzhaft only commenting \\\"Junior Wells was particularly able to use the advice of Tampa Red.\\\" Wells recorded the song as \\\"You've Gotta Love Her with a Feeling\\\" for his Delmark Records album On Tap (1974). In November 1996, a live version was recorded at Buddy Guy's Legends club in Chicago. According to music journalist Frank-John Hadley, Wells \\\"turned in an especially gripping vocal on 'Love Her with a Felling', employing his gnarled enunciations to add an almost unspeakable lustiness to lyrics concerning, well, you know what.\\\" The recording is included on Wells' Live at Buddy Guy's Legends, released in 1997 by Telarc\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got to Love Her with a Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53281646\",\n \"text\": \"Hold That Plane! is the third studio album by blues guitarist Buddy Guy. It was recorded in November 1969, but not released by Vanguard Records until 1972. History Buddy Guy had no luck with the record companies. Although he had recorded for Chess since 1958 (mostly as a sideman), his first full-length album wasn't released until ten years later (consisting of material recorded between 1965 and 1967). After leaving Chess, Buddy signed with Vanguard Records who released his second LP in 1968. Though this was a good period for Buddy (he was under new management who organized a lot of live work- especially for big music festivals), and he was popular with black and white audiences as a result, his recording career was still full of unfulfilled promise. A new band (including his brother Phil Guy on rhythm guitar) recorded these tracks in November 1969, but they inexplicably weren't released until almost three years later in 1972. Including two Guy originals (one written with his brother Phil), fiery covers of the Muddy Waters classic \\\"I'm Ready\\\" and the Willie Cobbs hit \\\"You Don't Love Me\\\" (regularly covered by The Allman Brothers Band at this time). The album opens with a funky adaptation of Herbie Hancock's modern jazz classic \\\"Watermelon Man\\\". Track listing Personnel Buddy Guy – guitar, vocals Phil Guy – guitar A.C. Reed – tenor saxophone Gary Bartz – alto saxophone Junior Mance – piano Earnest Johnson – bass Jesse Lewis – drums Additional musicians Bill Folwell – bass on \\\"Watermelon Man\\\" Barry Altschul – drums on \\\"Watermelon Man\\\" Mark Jordan – piano on \\\"Come See About Me\\\" Freebo – bass on \\\"Come See About Me\\\" David \\\"Rip\\\" Stock – drums on \\\"Come See About Me\\\" Technical Jules Halfant - album design Joel Brodsky - cover photography References Buddy Guy albums Vanguard Records albums Albums produced by Michael Cuscuna 1972 albums Albums with cover art by Joel Brodsky\",\n \"title\": \"Hold That Plane!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24752163\",\n \"text\": \"Breaking Out is the fifth studio album by Buddy Guy. It was released in 1980 on JSP Records. Recordings The original album tracks were recorded at Sound Station, Chicago, IL, in September 1980 with session musicians. They recorded two more tracks on these sessions, \\\"Feeling Sexy\\\" and \\\"Funk Is The Skunk\\\". These were originally released on JSP LP Buddy & Philip Guy in 1981. CD releases It was released on CD first on JSP at the end of the 80s with a bonus track (\\\"Feeling Sexy\\\") and an alternate cover. The 1996 CD release includes two bonus tracks (which were recorded on another session at Soto Sound Studios in 1981). The 2008 CD release includes three bonus tracks from the 1981 Soto Sound sessions. These five tracks were previously released on Phil Guy's albums, The Red Hot Blues of Phil Guy (1982) and Bad Luck Boy (1983). All of the CD releases have alternate covers. Original track listing \\\"I Didn't Know My Mother Had a Son Like Me\\\" - 5:00 \\\"Have You Ever Been Lonesome\\\" - 6:22 \\\"She Winked At Me\\\" - 4:55 \\\"Boogie Family Style\\\" - 4:01 \\\"Break Out All Over You\\\" - 4:10 \\\"You Called Me in My Dream\\\" - 4:06 \\\"Me and My Guitar\\\" (Freddie King) - 4:49 \\\"You Can Make It If You Try\\\" (Ted Jarrett) - 4:39 First CD release bonus track \\\"Feeling Sexy\\\" - 8:52 1996 reissue track listing \\\"Have You Ever Been Lonesome\\\" - 6:22 \\\"You Can Make It If You Try\\\" - 4:39 \\\"Break Out All over You (Poison Ivy)\\\" - 4:10 \\\"She Winked At Me\\\" - 4:55 \\\"I Didn't Know My Mother Had a Son Like Me\\\" - 5:00 \\\"Boogie Family Style\\\" - 4:01 \\\"You Called Me in My Dream\\\" - 4:06 \\\"Me and My Guitar\\\" - 4:49 \\\"Ice Around My Heart\\\" - 8:53 \\\"Texas Flood\\\" - 5:43 2008 reissue track listing \\\"Have You Ever Been Lonesome\\\" - 6:25 \\\"You Can Make It If You Try\\\" - 4:42 \\\"Break Out All over You (Poison Ivy)\\\" - 4:13 \\\"She Winked At Me\\\" - 5:08 \\\"I Didn't Know My Mother Had a Son Like Me\\\" - 5:02 \\\"Boogie Family Style\\\" - 4:03 \\\"You Called Me in My Dream\\\" - 4:01 \\\"Me and My Guitar\\\" - 5:04 \\\"Breaking Out On Top\\\" - 7:25 \\\"Skin & Bones / Money\\\" - 8:24 \\\"Love Is Like Quicksand\\\" - 5:06 \\\"Ice Around My Heart\\\" - 8:53 \\\"Texas Flood\\\" - 5:44 Personnel Original album + \\\"Feeling Sexy\\\": Buddy Guy - guitar, vocals all except \\\"Feeling Sexy\\\" Phil Guy - guitar, vocals on \\\"Feeling Sexy\\\" William McDonald - guitar Nick Charles - bass Jene Pickett - keyboards Merle Perkins - drums 1998 & 2006 Reissue bonus tracks: Phil Guy - guitar, vocals Buddy Guy - guitar Doug Williams - guitar Eddie \\\"Professor\\\" Lusk - keyboards Maurice John Vaughn - saxophone J. W. Williams - bass Ray Allison - drums References 1988 albums Buddy Guy albums JSP Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Breaking Out (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33444117\",\n \"text\": \"Cradle is the only album by the English pop group Acacia, which featured future record producer Guy Sigsworth (Madonna, Alanis Morissette, others) and singer Alexander \\\"Blackmoth\\\" Nilere. It is notable for being the first full album released by Sigsworth as both full group member and producer (following his work as keyboard player with Björk and Seal) and for being the first record to heavily feature later solo artist Imogen Heap (who performs on all but one track). Details and history The majority of the album was recorded by Sigsworth and Nilere (with Heap as backing singer and constant musical foil, although not a full band member). Two Acacia live musicians (Luca Ramelli and Eshan K) were also credited as part of the band. Two former Acacia live members (Maurizio Anzalone and Ansuman Biswas) actually performed on more of the album tracks than their successors did, but had left the band by the time of the album releases and were therefore credited only as guest musicians. Much of the album's guitar playing was in fact generated by Sigworth's sampler. The album also features appearances from Colette Meury (Choc Electrique), Loretta Haywood (L.a.z.y.), Ragnhildur \\\"Ragga\\\" Gísladóttir (Tricky, Ragga & The Jack Magic Orchestra), Steve Mack (That Petrol Emotion) and Andrew Tumi (later known as \\\"One\\\" and as part of Supafly). Cradle was released in 1997 but almost immediately withdrawn due to legal disputes between Warner Music UK and the band's former label Radar Records (although some copies of the album did arrive in the shops and were sold). Fifteen years later in 2012, the band had regained rights to the album and it was re-released via iTunes in May 2012 (followed by an iTunes reissue of the \\\"Maddening Shroud\\\" single in September). Track listing Cover versions \\\"I'm in Love with Love\\\" is a cover version of a song by the British hard rock/funk band The Holiday Patrons (originally released as the B-side to their 1984 debut single \\\"Hottest Time of the Year\\\"). \\\"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get\\\" is a cover version of a Morrissey song from the 1994 album Vauxhall and I (the original version was also a number 8 hit single in the UK Singles Chart during 1994) \\\"Maddening Shroud\\\" was later covered by Frou Frou, the pop duo set up by Sigsworth and Imogen Heap (the song appears on the lone Frou Frou album Details). Personnel Acacia: Alexander Nilere - voice Guy Sigsworth - synthesizer; sampler; guitar facsimile (synthesized guitar) on all tracks except \\\"Maddening Shroud\\\", \\\"Hate\\\", \\\"You Nothing\\\" & \\\"Wire\\\"; piano on \\\"You Nothing\\\" & \\\"Wire\\\" Luca Ramelli - guitar on \\\"I'm in Love with Love\\\" & \\\"Maddening Shroud\\\" Eshan K (Eshan Khadaroo) - drums on \\\"I'm in Love with Love\\\" and Ansuman Biswas - berimbau & ektara & toys on \\\"The More You Ignore Me, The Closer I Get\\\", santoor on \\\"Unfulfilled Desire\\\", cymbals & bells & hi-hat on \\\"Yellow is the Colour of My Cowardice\\\" Maurizio Anzalone - guitar on \\\"The More You\",\n \"title\": \"Cradle (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2221345\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Griggs (born 20 November 1944 in St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England) is a British musician. He first played professionally in the band The Cortinas, formed in 1963. The Cortinas released one single in 1968 on Polydor Records called \\\"Phoebe's Flower Shop\\\" and were renamed Octopus the same year. Octopus, which included Griggs' brother Nigel, supported many well-known groups including Cream and Yes and they released one LP (Restless Night, Penny Farthing, April 1971) and several singles. During its existence, Octopus had several members who later joined famous groups: Drummer Brian Glascock, John Cook and Tim Reeves of Mungo Jerry, and brother Nigel Griggs and Malcolm Green, both later of New Zealand group, Split Enz. According to the Nottingham Post, \\\"There was a point – when Octopus cut a single and album – when it looked like fame would be theirs ... but it didn't happen.\\\" When Octopus disbanded, Griggs joined vocal group Guys 'n' Dolls and their first single \\\"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\\\" reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. Griggs did not feature on this recording. It had been pre-recorded by session musicians. This was followed by other chart placements. In September 1978, Guys 'n' Dolls supported Frank Sinatra for a week of concerts at the Royal Festival Hall in London and in the same year they took part in the Yamaha Song Festival in Tokyo. Guys 'n' Dolls spent their last years in the Netherlands and during that time Griggs released two solo singles, the first a medley of Shadows instrumentals under the title of \\\"Guitar Collection\\\" for EMI Holland. The second a cover of The Beatles song \\\"You Won't See Me\\\" for \\\"Dureco\\\". After the group disbanded in 1985 Griggs assumed responsibility for Everyday Music Ltd in England, and concentrated on writing and producing. In 1986 he was a finalist in A Song for Europe with his composition, \\\"I'm Sorry\\\" which was performed by Chad Brown, and a year later his song \\\"No More Tears\\\" was runner-up in \\\"The Buddy Holly Song Contest\\\" that was organised and judged by Paul McCartney. Griggs received his award from McCartney at a dinner in London. Griggs has also released a solo CD on his own Fenman label called My Songs (Fen 001CD), on which he played and composed every track. In 1997, he made a guest appearance on the BBC Two quiz show, Never Mind the Buzzcocks. Griggs' song \\\"I Don't Wanna Lose You\\\" was recorded by Lonnie Donegan, and featured on Donegan's album Muleskinner Blues. In 2008, Griggs self-published a memoir, Diary of a Musician (Fenman Paperback) based on the diaries he kept from 1960. Discography The Cortinas \\\"Phoebe's Flower Shop\\\" / \\\"Too Much in Love\\\" (Polydor, May 1968) Octopus \\\"Laugh at the Poor Man\\\" / \\\"Girlfriend\\\" (Penny Farthing, Nov 1969) \\\"The River\\\" / \\\"Thief\\\" (Penny Farthing, May 1970) Restless Night (Penny Farthing, April 1971) Guys 'n' Dolls References External links My Memories of Lonnie Donegan by Paul Griggs 1944 births Living people English male singers\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Griggs\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24144038\",\n \"text\": \"Who Are Those Guys? is the eighth studio album and tenth album overall by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. It was recorded at the Record Plant in Sausalito, California, in October and November 1976. It was produced by Bob Johnston, and released by MCA Records in 1977. Who Are Those Guys? was the first New Riders album to feature Stephen Love on bass guitar. The band's previous bass player, Skip Battin, had left to join the Flying Burrito Brothers. Love, a former member of Rick Nelson's Stone Canyon Band, wrote three of the songs on the album, and sings lead on six of the album's ten tracks. A fourth original song, \\\"Home Grown\\\", was written by drummer Spencer Dryden. The NRPS lineup for Who Are Those Guys? also included John \\\"Marmaduke\\\" Dawson, David Nelson, and Buddy Cage. Until Where I Come From was released in 2009, this was the only New Riders album that did not have any songs written by Dawson. Track listing \\\"I Can Heal You\\\" (Jake Holmes) – 3:20 \\\"High Rollers\\\" (Boyd Berlin, Terry Melcher) – 2:46 \\\"Peggy Sue\\\" (Buddy Holly, Jerry Allison, Norman Petty) – 2:37 \\\"(Just) Another Night in Reno\\\" (Stephen Love) – 2:57 \\\"It Never Hurts to Be Nice to Somebody\\\" (Michael McGinnis) – 3:02 \\\"Love Has Strange Ways\\\" (Love) – 2:47 \\\"Hold On It's Coming\\\" (Country Joe McDonald) – 4:15 \\\"By and By when I Need You\\\" (Love) – 2:08 \\\"Home Grown\\\" (Spencer Dryden) – 2:35 \\\"Red Hot Women and Ice Cold Beer\\\" (Cy Coben) – 2:40 Personnel New Riders of the Purple Sage John Dawson – rhythm guitar, vocals David Nelson – lead guitar, vocals Buddy Cage – pedal steel guitar Stephen Love – bass, vocals Spencer Dryden – drums Additional musicians John Hug – guitar Bill Stewart – drums Production Bob Johnston – producer Jim Ed Norman – arranging Tom Flye – engineer Steve Fontano – assistant engineer Phil Fewsmith – front and back cover art (photography and hand coloring) Notes New Riders of the Purple Sage albums 1977 albums Albums produced by Bob Johnston MCA Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Who Are Those Guys?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"410004\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Lane David (May 25, 1921 – September 1, 2012) was an American lyricist. He grew up in New York City. He was best known for his collaborations with composer Burt Bacharach and his association with Dionne Warwick. Early life David was born in New York City, a son of Austrian Jewish immigrants Lina (née Goldberg) and Gedalier David, who owned a delicatessen in New York. He is the younger brother of American lyricist and songwriter Mack David. David attended Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn and studied Journalism at New York University. Career David is credited with popular music lyrics, beginning in the 1940s with material written for bandleader Sammy Kaye and for Guy Lombardo. He worked with Morty Nevins of The Three Suns on four songs for the feature film Two Gals and a Guy (1951), starring Janis Paige and Robert Alda. They also wrote the classic Christmas song I Believe in Santa Claus which was recorded by The Stargazers in 1950. In 1956, David began working with composer Burt Bacharach at Famous Music in the Brill Building in New York. That year, the two published several songs, including \\\"I Cry More\\\" (featured in the motion picture Don't Knock the Rock), \\\"The Morning Mail\\\", and \\\"Peggy's In The Pantry\\\". The next year, their song \\\"The Story of My Life\\\" became a country hit for singer Marty Robbins. In the UK, a version of \\\"The Story of My Life\\\" recorded by Michael Holliday reached No. 1 in 1958 before being replaced by Perry Como's \\\"Magic Moments\\\", the first time any songwriter had consecutive #1 hits in the UK Singles Chart. Subsequently, in the 1960s and early 1970s Bacharach and David wrote some of the most enduring songs in American popular music, many for Dionne Warwick and also for The Carpenters, Dusty Springfield, B. J. Thomas, Gene Pitney, Tom Jones, Jackie DeShannon and others. Bacharach and David hits included \\\"Alfie\\\", \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\\\", \\\"This Guy's in Love with You\\\", \\\"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\\\", \\\"Do You Know the Way to San Jose\\\", \\\"Walk On By\\\", \\\"What the World Needs Now Is Love\\\", \\\"I Say a Little Prayer\\\", \\\"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\\\", \\\"One Less Bell to Answer\\\" and \\\"Anyone Who Had a Heart\\\". The duo's film work includes the Oscar-nominated title songs for \\\"What's New Pussycat?\\\" and \\\"Alfie\\\", \\\"The Look of Love\\\", from Casino Royale; and the Oscar-winning \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\\\" from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. In addition, the songs \\\"Don't Make Me Over\\\", \\\"(They Long to Be) Close to You\\\" and \\\"Walk On By\\\" have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Bacharach and David also collaborated on two musicals with their first work in this genre being the 1966 television musical On the Flip Side which was created as a starring vehicle for Ricky Nelson and Joanie Sommers. Their second musical, Promises, Promises, was nominated for the 1969 Tony Award for Best Musical at the 23rd\",\n \"title\": \"Hal David\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36054510\",\n \"text\": \"Angellie G. Urquico, better known by her stage name Anja Aguilar, is a Filipina actress and recording artist and Grand Winner of Little Big Star Season 2 in 2006. Former member of Pop Girls from VIVA Records. Life and career Aguilar hails from Marikina, where she was born as Angellie G. Urquico, by which name she was known when she won grand prize at ABS-CBN’s singing competition, Little Big Star, hosted by her idol Sarah Geronimo. As early as four years old, she already exemplified her singing talent at birthday parties and family gatherings. She has since joined over 50 contests which include Batang Vidaylin on ABC-5 (now The 5 Network) and Duet Bulilit on ABS-CBN’s then noontime show MTB. After her breakthrough triumph in Little Big Star, acting opportunities also opened. She starred in an episode of Maalaala Mo Kaya, where she played a 12-year-old girl who fell in love with a 26-year-old guy, played by Piolo Pascual. She made a few drama series on ABS-CBN, such as Maria La Del Barrio, May Minamahal, and Palos. On film, she was seen in a minor role in Praybeyt Benjamin. She appeared in an indie film, Astig, starring Dennis Trillo, and another called Ugat Sa Lupa. In 2009 Anja started a girl-group Pop Girls her screen name is Angellie Urquico in 2011 Anja left the group along with Shy Carlos and Nadine Lustre. Anja signed up with Viva Artists Agency on May 15, 2010, and became a member of Pop Girls. The screen name \\\"Anja Aguilar\\\" came to be as a suggestion by VAA President Veronique R. Corpus. In January 2012, she was launched as one of ASAP 2012’s main talents. Her self-titled debut album was released in February. The 10–track album \\\"Anja Aguilar\\\" has original compositions by the distinguished Vehnee Saturno, including the hit carrier single To Reach You. She also made an outstanding cover of Willie Revillame’s song, I Love You, which was used by TV5’s drama series P.S. I Love You as its theme song. Director Monti Parungao, the same guy behind the music videos of Bakit Pa Ba by Sarah Geronimo and Masasabi Mo Ba by Rachelle Ann Go, and reputed for his exceptional work in commercials and reality shows like Survivor, also directed the video of To Reach You. Album Anja's album features songs such as \\\"I Love You,\\\" and \\\"When,\\\" and the Tagalog \\\"Nasaan Ang Pangako\\\". TV shows Movies References Filipino women pop singers Star Magic personalities Living people Reality show winners Participants in Philippine reality television series Actors from Marikina Singers from Metro Manila 21st-century Filipino singers 21st-century Filipino women singers Year of birth missing (living people) Viva Records (Philippines) artists\",\n \"title\": \"Anja Aguilar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48512529\",\n \"text\": \"The Shy Guys were an American garage rock band from Oak Park, Michigan who were active in the 1960s. They are known for songs such as \\\"We Gotta Go,\\\" which became a hit in Detroit and the southern Michigan area, and also in the Buffalo, New York region. They hailed from Oak Park, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Their lineup consisted of Ron Nelson (Ron Lefko) lead guitar and vocals, Stu \\\"Hirshfield\\\" Howard on guitar and vocals, Marty Lewis on bass, Mark Finn on drums. Initially the group covered songs made popular by acts such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Beach Boys. The Shy Guys cut their first single \\\"We Gotta Go\\\" b/w \\\"Lay It on the Line,\\\" which appeared on the Panik label, owned by Joe Revaz from Detroit, where other garage acts such as the Rainy Days and the Human Beings had previously recorded. \\\"We Gotta Go\\\" became a hit in southeastern Michigan and in Buffalo, New York, where it was played regularly by DJ Scotty Regan after his relocation from Detroit. \\\"We Gotta Go\\\" and \\\"Lay it on the Line,\\\" were also released on the local Palmer label with the band's second single, \\\"A Love So True\\\" b/w \\\"Where You Belong.\\\" At the peak of the band's popularity they opened for the Dave Clark Five and Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs when those bands played in the Chicago area. The Shy Guys next single was a cover of a cover of The Byrds' \\\"Feel a Whole Lot Better,\\\" which appeared on the CanUSA label in 1968, but it failed to achieve success. They cut two more songs \\\"Love So True\\\" and \\\"About You\\\" that went unreleased. The band's momentum dwindled and they broke up later that year. Membership Ron Nelson (Ron Lefko) (lead guitar, vocals) Stu \\\"Hirshfield\\\" Howard (guitar, vocals) Marty Lewis (bass) Mark Finn (drums) Discography \\\"We Gotta Go\\\" b/w \\\"Lay It on the Line\\\" (Panik 5111, May 1966) (Palmer 5005, June 1966) \\\"A Love So True\\\" b/w \\\"Where You Belong\\\" (Palmer 5008, September 1966) \\\"I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better\\\" b/w \\\"Without You\\\" (CanUSA 503, 1968) References Garage rock groups from Michigan American folk rock groups Musical groups disestablished in 1968\",\n \"title\": \"The Shy Guys\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14507342\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"What's It To You\\\" is a debut song written by Robert Ellis Orrall and Curtis Wright, and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker that reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was released In July 1993 by Giant Records as his debut single, and was served as the lead-off single from his self-titled debut album (1993). Background Curtis Wright wrote the song with Robert Ellis Orrall. Wright also recorded it on his own self-titled debut album for Liberty Records in 1992. Wright's version was produced by James Stroud, who also produced Walker's version, and Lynn Peterzell. In 1993, Walker opened for George Strait and Alan Jackson and he stated in an interview with Billboard \\\"I'm real grateful for the opportunity to open for those guys\\\", with only one hit record, it's hard to keep the audience's attention for 45 minutes, but it's working. I'm surprised, but lately when I go out there, they're going bonkers.\\\" After the single hit the number one position, Walker stated \\\"It used to be that having your song go No. 1 meant a certain degree of success. Now, there are so many acts who do it, you just gotta go right back out and do it again.\\\" In another interview, Walker said, \\\"Having a No. 1 hit doesn't mean you're making any more money that you did a few years ago.\\\" Content The song is about a man who is confessing his love to a woman and explaining what love means to him. He wants to know what love is to her. Critical reception Geoffrey Hines of The Washington Post wrote that \\\"What's It to You\\\" is \\\"A silly little song that could be dismissed if it weren't for the way Walker glides into the catchy chorus melody.\\\" Larry Daniels of KNIX in Phoenix said What's It To You \\\"Is one of our three best records right now.\\\" Dave Moulter of the Observer-Reporter wrote, \\\"What's It to You is representative of the Beaumont, Texas native style: good hard country with rock tinges that immediately make you want to dance.\\\" In 1999, while reviewing \\\"Live Laugh Love\\\", Lance Ringel of The Ledger wrote, \\\"...What's It To You – a song which could just as easily have scaled the pop charts, and which remains of the best country-rock tunes of the decade.\\\" Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe listed \\\"What's It to You \\\" as the 161st best country single of the 1990s and wrote, \\\"He infuses his performance with such raw, electric energy that the song becomes an invigorating anthem for those who couldn't be more convinced of their love for someone. And that final clap-along chorus? Pure joy.\\\" Music video Clay Walker's first music video was directed by Marc Ball. It features Walker and his band performing the song on stage and uses the aspect of a behind the scenes look at filming and production of the video. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 1993 debut singles\",\n \"title\": \"What's It to You\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51730221\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Love You Better\\\" (recorded in Danish and named \\\"\\\" in 2018) is a song by Danish singer-songwriter Oh Land for her third studio album, Wish Bone (2013). It was released digitally, along with the rest of the parent album, on 16 September 2013 by Tusk or Tooth Records and A:larm Music. It was written and produced by Oh Land, with David Poe serving as an additional songwriter. An acoustic and folk ballad, \\\"Love You Better\\\" is about learning to love your companion more as you age. The song received generally favourable reviews from music critics who described it as romantic and stark. Danish filmmaker Kristian Levring filmed and produced a music video for the song after Oh Land expressed interest in collaborating with him. Leth was able to select any song by Oh Land for the clip and he chose \\\"Love You Better\\\". The visual features Oh Land aging in reverse, achieved by the singer wearing tracking devices. Following the release of the video on 21 October 2016, it entered Billboards Denmark Digital Songs chart at number six. Oh Land re-recorded the song in Danish for her 2018 soundtrack Watermusic; the new rendition features guest vocals from Oliver Arndt de Thurah and was retitled \\\"\\\". Background and composition \\\"Love You Better\\\" is from Oh Land's third studio album, Wish Bone (2013). The album was released on 16 September 2013 by Tusk or Tooth Records and A:larm Music. The song was written and produced by Oh Land, with David Poe serving as an additional songwriter. Poe played his guitar on the track and Danny Cheung served as the track's sole engineer. According to the singer, \\\"it is a song that means a lot to [her]\\\" because it serves as a \\\"delicate, melancholy ode to wisdom and age\\\". Oh Land spoke regarding the song's meaning and inspiration: It was written in the L.A. sun on an afternoon with my friend David Poe. We were talking about how you sometimes know that you would be better at love if only you were older. But you can't rush old. You have to be young and dumb and let time do its thing before you get the experience you need to handle love right. The song itself was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles. In an interview with Noisey, Oh Land spoke with Kim Taylor Bennett who asked her for further clarification on the lyrics. Bennett interpreted the lyrics as a \\\"girl who is perhaps incapable of love and commitment\\\" but by the end of the song, it is revealed that \\\"it's the guy who is the asshole\\\", to which Oh Land confirmed and said, \\\"Yeah, so it's like, 'fuck you!'\\\". She also described it as a song that \\\"fast-forwards a bit\\\" and inspires her because she believes that she \\\"will do everything better when [she] get[s] older\\\". Oh Land discusses loving someone to a deeper extent as she ages: \\\"I will wrap my arms around you and keep you from the cold\",\n \"title\": \"Love You Better (Oh Land song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40322064\",\n \"text\": \"Guy and Pip is an appellation for the very popular Philippine cinema \\\"love team\\\" of Nora Aunor and Tirso Cruz III whose work in film, television and recording made them the most popular Philippine show business love team of all time. The nickname \\\"Guy\\\" refers to Aunor while \\\"Pip\\\" refers to Cruz. The team started working together in the late 1960s until the 1980s. At the peak of their popularity in the 1970s, they were able to make several movies with box-office successes, television shows, as well as radio programs, and their recordings were instant hits. Personal lives Guy and Pip became reel and for a while real partners, and this is what contributed to the success of the love team. Furthermore, the love team was made even more popular with their on-and-off relationship. Fans cried whenever the couple were at odds. Again and again, fans smirked and giggled when the couple were back in each other's arms. However, the love team remained a reel one, and it made a lot of their fans heartbroken—Aunor married her co-star in the movie Banaue, Christopher de Leon, on January 25, 1975, in a civil ceremony; the marriage brought a son, Ian Kristoffer de León, and two adopted daughters, Matet de Leon and Lotlot de Leon. The marriage did not last and was annulled in 1996. Meanwhile, Cruz was married to ramp model Lynn Ynchausti-Cruz on March 25, 1981; they had two sons, TJ and Bodie, and one daughter, Djanin. Early lives Nora Aunor (born Nora Cabaltera Villamayor on May 21, 1953) was from Baryo San Francisco, Iriga, Camarines Sur in the Philippines' Bicol Region. She has nine more siblings, including Eddie Villamayor, a former actor. Aunor used to sell water along the train tracks of a Bicol Railway station at a young age. However, Aunor was gifted with a good voice and, since she was from an impoverished family, she used her voice to earn money by joining amateur singing contests in the region. Aunor became a Champion at the “Darigold Jamboree Singing Contest” singing her winning piece “You and the Night and the Music” and, after that, won in another singing contest, “The Liberty Big Show.” Aunor entered the national singing contest “Tawag ng Tanghalan” where she was defeated on her first try, but it did not stop the young Aunor to try again. On her second try, she eventually became a champion in the Grand National Finals on May 29, 1967, at the age of 14, where she sang “Moonlight Becomes You”. Tirso Cruz III (born Tirso Silvano Cruz on April 1, 1952) is from the Cruz clan. The Cruz Family was popular in the Philippine entertainment industry as a family of singers and musicians who enjoyed playing instruments and composing songs. Being part of the Cruz clan, Tirso eventually joined show business and signed as a contract star of Sampaguita Pictures. He did several supporting roles. He was also a former talent of El Bodegon. Aunor and Cruz were\",\n \"title\": \"Guy and Pip\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4542243\",\n \"text\": \"Got You on My Mind is a jazz album by William Galison and Madeleine Peyroux, recorded in 1999, and later compiled into an album by Galison alone in 2003. Seven of its eleven tracks are by the two collaborators, the remainder are by Galison alone. The album is made up of a wide variety of material, ranging from jazz standards like Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields' \\\"The Way You Look Tonight\\\" to pop songs like John Lennon's \\\"Jealous Guy\\\"; and containing two originals by Galison and one by Galison and Peyroux. The instrumentation is also varied, with Galison himself playing six different instruments. Some of the songs are early demo recordings of songs Peyroux later released on Careless Love. Controversy Tha album has a controversy-ridden history. In late 2005 it became known that Peyroux and her record label had been sued for $1 million by her former boyfriend and musical collaborator Galison, who asserted he had produced and co-created Got You on My Mind. According to Galison, in 2003 Peyroux told him she was negotiating a deal with Rounder Records for the album that became Careless Love. Rounder Records did not want the recording Peyroux was making with him to be in stores when the Rounder album came out. Peyroux's contract prohibited her from selling the seven tracks she made with Galison except at live performances. When Galison tried to market the record with another label, both Rounder Records and Peyroux's lawyers threatened to sue him and his distributor for copyright infringement. After Galison's potential distributors dropped him, Galison sued Peyroux and her lawyers for libel and tortious interference. Galison also sued Rounder Records, but later dropped their name from the suit. Rounder Records commented that Galison may be using the legal dispute as an \\\"ill-advised attempt ... to trade on the name and reputation of Ms Peyroux to boost his career by passing off an inferior version of a Madeleine Peyroux album.\\\" They also asserted that they had obtained \\\"directly and from Ms Peyroux, evidence of numerous incidents of physically and verbally abusive behaviour by Mr Galison against Ms Peyroux\\\"; Galison denied the abuse allegations and characterized them as libellous. Track listing All songs written by William Galison, unless otherwise noted \\\"Back in Your Own Back Yard\\\" (Billy Rose, Al Jolson, Dave Dreyer) - 2:34 \\\"J'ai deux amours\\\" (Vincent Scotto, Géo Koger, Henri Vanna) - 3:17 \\\"Flambée montalbanaise\\\" (Gus Viseur) - 3:03 \\\"Got You on My Mind\\\" (Joe Thomas, Howard Biggs) - 4:18 \\\"Jealous Guy\\\" (John Lennon) - 3:41 \\\"The Way You Look Tonight\\\" (Dorothy Fields, Jerome Kern) - 3:04 \\\"Rag for Madi\\\" - 3:19 \\\"Playin'\\\" (Galison, Peyroux) - 4:42 \\\"Shoulda Known\\\" - 5:09 \\\"Heaven to Me\\\" (Ernest Schweikart, Frank Reardon) - 4:05 \\\"Heaven Help Us All\\\" (Ron Miller) - 4:32 Recorded at Excello, Brooklyn, New York in March 2003 by Hugh Pool, and mixed by Ted Spencer at Ted Spencer Studio, New York, in January and February 2004, except track 3, recorded and mixed at Tonstudio Schlag in\",\n \"title\": \"Got You on My Mind\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39490923\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Nice to Meet You\\\" is a song recorded by American pop punk band Forever the Sickest Kids for their third studio album J.A.C.K. It was released as the album's second single on May 28, 2013. It was written by Jonathan Cook, Austin Bello, Caleb Turman, Kyle Burns, Marc Stewart, and Rico Garcia. The song was originally posted as a lyric video on Billboard on May 24 and then later on YouTube by Fearless Records on May 27. Writing and inspiration Vocalist Jonathan Cook explained about the song, \\\"'Nice to Meet You' was a song we wrote about honest feelings about how the media is so filled with negativity nowadays. We live in the greatest country in the world and these lyrics are about how our country's stereotypes are perceived by outsiders looking in.\\\" The band's former lead guitarist Marc Stewart co-wrote the song, alongside Rico Garcia, who replaced Stewart as a touring member for the band. The song also revamps the song \\\"America\\\" by Been Bradley, the acoustic/electronic project that band members Austin Bello and Caleb Turman had created before the formation of Forever the Sickest Kids. The lyric in the hook, \\\"America, nice to meet you\\\", is the same and the background vocals (\\\"Ooh, ooh, ooh, ooh\\\") imitate the instrumentation from \\\"America\\\". In an interview with Turman, he said of the idea, \\\"It was our chance to rebirth an idea that we really wanted to release. We were like 'Oh, we have this song that we were working on and I'm not entirely sure if it is going to work. But if it does work, it could be amazing.' We told the guys that and played that section of the song. That's how it happened. Everyone seemed to love it and we kind of moved on past it.\\\" Music video Two clips previewing the music video for the song were uploaded on YouTube by Fearless Records on July 1. The official release of the video was not revealed until December 13, when the band announced it would be released three days later. The video premiered on December 16 on Vevo. The band shot the video with G&L. The music video features the band performing the song in front of a large wall with graffiti on it, mainly displaying political illustrations and the lyrics of the song. The band's touring member, Rico Garcia, is seen performing with the band. The video also follows a group of men who spray paint graffiti of the illustrations and lyrics in the streets, as well. Reception \\\"Nice to Meet You\\\" received a positive response among fans and critics, with one reviewer stating, \\\"These guys continue to produce top quality music – instrumentally and lyrically. 'Nice To Meet You' is basically outlining everything that is wrong with society – from what we hear to what we do. Do yourself a favor and listen to 'Nice To Meet You'...\\\" Matthew Sievers of SF Media said, \\\"...this [song's] lyrical content is the best I've seen these guys\",\n \"title\": \"Nice to Meet You (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65536389\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Really Love\\\" is a song by British YouTuber and rapper KSI from his second studio album, All Over the Place. The song features guest vocals from British singer-songwriter Craig David and production from British DJ and record producer Digital Farm Animals. It was released for digital download and streaming by RBC Records and BMG on 23 October 2020 as the lead single from the album. A UK garage and dance-pop track, its lyrics describe the confusion and misunderstanding of love and question whether the love that one is experiencing is real. \\\"Really Love\\\" received positive reviews from music critics, who commonly praised David's infectious chorus and KSI's confident and energetic verses. The song charted at number three in the United Kingdom, where it has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and further charted in seven other countries. An accompanying music video was released on 23 October 2020. The winter-themed video stars the three artists, dressed in full winter gear, at a ski resort. Writing and production \\\"Really Love\\\" was co-produced by British DJ and record producer Digital Farm Animals and British record production duo Mojam. The chorus was co-written by British singer-songwriters MNEK and KABBA. They gave the chorus to KSI, who wrote and recorded two verses for \\\"Really Love\\\". Being a UK garage track, KSI \\\"thought it made sense\\\" to ask British singer-songwriter Craig David to perform the chorus. KSI recalled, \\\"We [sent the track] to Craig, hoping [that] he'd say yes. And he gave a resounding yes.\\\" David recalled, \\\"[KSI] reached out to me [and said], 'I've got this song that I think you'd be perfect on.' And I was like, 'Yeah, I'd be well up for it. Let me hear the song.' I heard it and I was like, 'Bro, this is a tune.' So I jumped on it that [same] night [and] vocalled it. I was going back and forth with [KSI], asking him, 'What [do you] think?' And he was so on it.\\\" Speaking on collaborating with David, KSI said, \\\"To say [that] I’m excited is a complete understatement. I’m still in disbelief. I’m working with Craig David; a childhood hero of mine.\\\" KSI continued, \\\"I saw him perform last year at Ibiza Rocks and he was amazing. I was in awe of seeing him perform. It was cool to finally be able to make a song with him. I didn't even think I'd be able to make a song with him.\\\" KSI affirmed, \\\"We just clicked... It was so easy [to work with him]. He's the nicest guy and a lot of fun to work with.\\\" Reflecting on the collaboration, David said, \\\"Working with KSI has been an amazing experience for me and also a lot of fun. He’s a great guy with an amazing energy.\\\" David affirmed, \\\"I just really appreciate the fact that [KSI] called me to say, 'Would you jump on this?' I know about [his] career and what he's done, [so] I was like, 'Wow, man. You've\",\n \"title\": \"Really Love (KSI song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36366034\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Ray Whitley (November 22, 1943 – May 5, 2013) was an American beach music composer and singer-songwriter. He was best known for composing hit songs recorded by The Tams and Guy Darrell, and he also released 14 of his own singles between 1961 and 1970. Biography Whitely was born in Columbus, Georgia on November 22, 1943 to Robert S. and Willie Bell Whitley. Whitley was 14 when he formed his first band in his hometown. Producer Felton Jarvis soon discovered him in an Atlanta High School. Jarvis introduced Whitley to Atlanta music producer Bill Lowery, who saw Whitley's potential and signed him to a contract. Whitley's songwriting credits include \\\"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\\\" (which reached #9 on the Billboard charts), \\\"I've Been Hurt\\\", \\\"Hey Girl, Don't Bother Me\\\", \\\"You Lied to Your Daddy\\\", and \\\"Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy\\\" (co-written with J.R. Cobb of the Atlanta Rhythm Section) for The Tams. His compositions were also recorded by Billy Joe Royal, Tommy Roe, Guy Darrell, The Swinging Medallions, Bill Deal and the Rhondels, Mylon LeFevre and Sonia Evans. Whitley toured nationally as a singer and performer, in addition to his work as a songwriter. He was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1991. Later in his life, Whitley struggled with alcoholism and homelessness; as of 2011, he was living in a shelter in Gainesville, Georgia. Whitley died on May 5, 2013, after several months of illness. Ray had one child, Christopher. Discography as a recording artist 1961 - I Wasn't Sure / There Goes A Teardrop - Vee Jay USA VJ 414 1962 - Yessiree-Yessiree / A Love We Can Have And Hold - Vee Jay USA VJ 433 1962 - It Hurts / Deeper In Love - Vee Jay USA VJ 448 1963 - Teenage Crush / Young Heartaches - Vee Jay USA VJ 521 1964 - Walking Back To You / Weep Little Girl Weep - Vee Jay USA VJ 591 1965 - I've Been Hurt / There Is One Boy - Dunhill USA D-201 1965 - Runaway / I'll Tell The Robin - Apt USA 45-25086 1966 - The End Of My World / Just A Boy In Love - Columbia USA 4-43607 1967 - Take Back Your Mind / Here Today, Gone Tomorrow - Columbia USA 4-43980 1968 - 1983 / Gotta Go There - TRX USA 45-T-5007 1969 - Don't Throw Your Love To The Wind / Underdose Of Faith - 123 USA 1707 1970 - Hey Girl, Don't Bother Me / Everybody - Attarack USA ATT 103 Selected songs written by Ray Whitley References Further reading 1943 births 2013 deaths American male singers Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Whitley (songwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2224957\",\n \"text\": \"Guys 'n' Dolls were a UK pop group, initially comprising a three-girl/three-boy line-up and later becoming two-girl/two-boy. In the mid-1970s, they scored UK top-ten hits with the singles \\\"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\\\" and \\\"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\\\". In the late 1970s they found further success in the Netherlands, where they had a number-one hit with \\\"You're My World\\\". Career Guys 'n' Dolls were formed in November 1974, after Ammo Productions held auditions for three young men and three young women to perform as a vocal group. The six original members were Paul Griggs, David Van Day, Dominic Grant, Thereza Bazar, Martine Howard and Julie Forsyth (daughter of entertainer Bruce Forsyth). Guys 'n' Dolls released their first hit single, \\\"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\\\", in January 1975. The song was originally recorded in September 1974 by a group of session singers (including Tony Burrows and Clare Torry) for a TV advertisement for McVitie's biscuits. Guys 'n' Dolls were formed to cash in upon the popularity of the jingle and to present it as a single. However, the group was not ready in time to record an entirely new version for the single's hasty release and so the voices of the session singers remained on the single. The song became an immediate hit, rising to No. 2 in the UK singles chart, launching the group to overnight stardom. The following year, the group scored highly again as their cover of \\\"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\\\" peaked at No.5. Other singles by the group charted more modestly and they only had one hit album, Guys 'n Dolls, released in 1975. In 1977, however, they scored a No.1 hit in both the Netherlands and Belgium with \\\"You're My World\\\", launching them on a new phase of their career. By mid-1977, Van Day and Bazar were unhappy with the direction of the group, and their complaints led to the management asking them to leave. By mutual agreement, publicity at the time showed leaving the group was their own decision, to concentrate on songwriting. The duo, as Dollar, had several hits in the late 1970s and 1980s. Guys 'n' Dolls continued as a quartet, with their third album Together (1977) depicting just the four remaining members. The group scored a final minor hit in the UK in 1978, and, after failing to renew their contract with Magnet Records, concentrated on their success in the Netherlands, where they continued having hits for the next few years. In late 1978, the group performed as the opening act for Frank Sinatra in a series of London concerts. In 1979, the group took part in the A Song For Europe contest, hoping to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song \\\"How Do You Mend a Broken Heart?\\\". The show was abandoned due to a BBC strike, but the song finished in tenth place of the 12 entries when the judges cast votes on the audio recordings\",\n \"title\": \"Guys 'n' Dolls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9175716\",\n \"text\": \"Once is a 2007 Irish romantic musical drama film written and directed by John Carney. The film stars Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová as two struggling musicians in Dublin, Ireland. Hansard and Irglová had previously performed music as the Swell Season, and composed and performed the film's original songs. Once spent years in development with the Irish Film Board and was made for a budget of €112,000. It was a commercial success, earning substantial per-screen box office averages in the United States, and received acclaim from critics. It received awards including the 2007 Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film. Hansard and Irglová's song \\\"Falling Slowly\\\" won the 2008 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the soundtrack received a Grammy Award nomination. The film has also been adapted into a successful stage musical. Plot A thirty-something busker (Guy) performs with his guitar on Grafton Street, Dublin, but his performance is interrupted when he chases a man who steals his money. Lured by his music, a young Czech flower seller (Girl) talks to him about his songs. Delighted to learn that he repairs hoovers, Girl asks Guy to fix hers. The next day Girl returns with her broken vacuum and tells him she is also a musician. At a music store where Girl usually plays piano, Guy teaches her one of his songs (\\\"Falling Slowly\\\"); they sing and play together. He invites her to his father's shop, and on the bus home musically answers Girl's question about what his songs are about: a long-time girlfriend who cheated on him, then left (\\\"Broken Hearted Hoover Fixer Sucker Guy\\\"). At the shop, Guy introduces Girl to his father and takes her to his room, but when he asks her to stay the night, she gets upset and leaves. The next day, they reconcile and spend the week writing, rehearsing and recording songs. Girl writes the lyrics for one of Guy's songs (\\\"If You Want Me\\\"), singing to herself while walking down the street; at a party, people perform impromptu (including \\\"Gold\\\"). Guy works on \\\"Lies\\\", a song about his ex-girlfriend, who moved to London. Girl encourages him to win her back. Invited to her home, he discovers she has a toddler and lives with her mother. Guy decides to move to London, but he wants to record a demo of his songs to take with him and asks Girl to record it with him. They secure a bank loan and reserve time at a recording studio. Guy learns Girl has a husband in the Czech Republic. When he asks if she still loves her husband, Girl answers in Czech, \\\"Miluju tebe\\\" (\\\"I love you\\\"), but coyly declines to translate. After recruiting a band with other buskers, they go into the studio to record. They impress Eamon, the jaded studio engineer, with their first song (\\\"When Your Mind's Made Up\\\"). On a break in the early morning, Girl finds a piano in an empty studio and plays Guy one of her own compositions\",\n \"title\": \"Once (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17588713\",\n \"text\": \"The Old, The New & The Best of Mary Wells is a 1983 album released by Motown singer Mary Wells on the independent label Allegiance Records. Tapping in on her stature as a sixties legend, Wells decided to re-record several of her classic Motown songs, adding in a new wavish sound. The album was produced by Wayne Henderson who would go on to produce Rebbie Jackson's 1984 album Centipede. Only one single was released in the UK, the rerecording of \\\"My Guy\\\", as an extended 12\\\" version that failed to chart. The album was rereleased on CD in 1987 featuring 5 unreleased tracks recorded during the same sessions. Track listing Original LP \\\"My Guy\\\" \\\"The One Who Really Loves You\\\" \\\"Two Lovers\\\" \\\"You Beat Me to the Punch\\\" \\\"Oh Little Boy (Look What You've Done to Me)\\\" \\\"Bye Bye Baby\\\" \\\"What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One\\\" \\\"What Love Has Joined Together\\\" \\\"You Lost the Sweetest Boy\\\" \\\"Old Love, Let's Try It Again\\\" 1987 CD Bonus Tracks 11. \\\"I'm A Lady\\\" 12. \\\"Make Up, Break Up\\\" 13. \\\"I Feel for You\\\" 14. \\\"To Feel Your Love\\\" 15. \\\"Money Talks\\\" 1983 albums Mary Wells albums Albums produced by Wayne Henderson (musician)\",\n \"title\": \"I'm a Lady: The Old, New & Best of Mary Wells\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16334736\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"You Look So Good in Love\\\" is a song written by Glen Ballard, Rory Bourke and Kerry Chater, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in September 1983 as the lead single from his album Right or Wrong. It was also recorded by Mickey Gilley in 1983, appearing on his album You've Really Got a Hold on Me. Content The narrator is a guy looking at his ex-lover fall in love with another guy. He realizes just how happy his former girlfriend looks now that she's fallen in true love. He feels sorry for himself that he wasn't the one to make her happy, but part of him realizes it wasn't meant to be. Music video A video — Strait's first — was issued for the song. Strait disliked the \\\"slow-paced and romantic themed\\\" video so he asked for it to be taken off the air, and refused to do music videos for several years afterward. Chart performance The song debuted at number 31 on the Hot Country Songs charts, Strait's highest debut for many years. In January 1984, \\\"You Look So Good in Love\\\" was George Strait's third No. 1 song on the chart. Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1983 singles George Strait songs Mickey Gilley songs Songs written by Glen Ballard Songs written by Rory Bourke Song recordings produced by Ray Baker (music producer) Songs written by Kerry Chater MCA Nashville Records singles 1983 songs\",\n \"title\": \"You Look So Good in Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15493685\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Two Lovers\\\" is a single released in 1962 by Mary Wells on the Motown record label. The song was the third consecutive hit to be both written and produced by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles and recorded by Mary Wells, the two previous charters being \\\"The One Who Really Loves You\\\" and \\\"You Beat Me to the Punch.\\\" The song's cleverly devised lyrics at first appear to be about a girl singing to one lover who is \\\"sweet and kind\\\" and a second who treats her bad and makes her sad; eventually, the girl reveals that the two lovers are actually the same person. The song became Wells's most successful release to date, reaching #1 on the Billboard R&B chart and #7 on the Billboard pop chart. Its success would be eclipsed two years later by the singer's most successful release, \\\"My Guy.\\\" Cash Box said that \\\"Two Lovers\\\" is \\\"in the soft beat cha cha groove of her recent smasheroo, 'You Beat Me to the Punch'\\\" and said that Wells sings \\\"against an attention-getting ork-choral backdrop, that she has a 'Two Lovers' problem in her split-personality guy.\\\" Personnel Lead and harmony vocals by Mary Wells Background vocals by The Love Tones (Joe Miles and Stan Bracely, with Eddie Kendricks of The Temptations) Written and produced by Smokey Robinson Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Covers Louise Cordet covered the song in 1964 in a Decca session with Jimmy Page. Steve Goodman covered the song on his 1977 Say It In Private album and in concert. Dolly Parton covered the song on her 1987 pop album Rainbow. La Toya Jackson covered the song along with \\\"My Guy\\\" on her 1995 Motown cover album, Stop in the Name of Love. The Disney Channel featured the song in a DTV music video set entirely to clips from the 1936 Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Rival, and was featured on the VHS DTV: Love Songs. See also List of number-one R&B singles of 1963 (U.S.) References 1962 singles Mary Wells songs Motown singles Songs written by Smokey Robinson Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson 1962 songs\",\n \"title\": \"Two Lovers (Mary Wells song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47488368\",\n \"text\": \"Play Me Out is the thirteenth studio album by Australian-American pop singer Helen Reddy that was released in 1981 by MCA Records. Having recorded 12 studio albums at Capitol Records over a 10-year period, she felt the move was \\\"'long overdue... For the last three years I didn't feel I was getting the support from them.'\\\" Whatever support she received from the new label was not enough to get the album onto Billboard magazine's Top LPs & Tape chart. Single The album includes the song that was her last to reach Billboard's Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye to You\\\" made its pop chart debut in the issue of the magazine dated May 23, 1981, and peaked at number 88 during its three weeks there. That same issue also marked its first appearance on the Adult Contemporary chart, where it spent four weeks and got as high as number 42. It also reached number 43 on the UK singles chart. The album's producer, Joel Diamond, had helmed a recording of \\\"Save Me\\\" by Donna McDaniel in 1977 that got as high as number 90 on the Hot 100, but MCA did not release Reddy's cover from this album as a single. Country artist Louise Mandrell did, however, have a number six Country hit with it two years after the release of this album, in 1983. Track listing Side 1 \\\"Optimism Blues\\\" (Allen Toussaint) – 3:10 \\\"Do It Like You Done It When You Meant It\\\" (Howard Greenfield, Neil Sedaka) – 3:28 \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye to You\\\" (Becky Hobbs) – 3:46 \\\"Save Me\\\" (Guy Fletcher, Doug Flett) – 3:10 \\\"You Don't Have To Say You Love Me\\\" (Pino Donaggio, Simon Napier-Bell, Vicki Wickham) – 2:43 Side 2 \\\"The Stars Fell on California\\\" (Johnny Bristol) – 3:54 \\\"I Don't Know Why (I Love That Guy)\\\" (Becky Hobbs) – 2:35 \\\"When I Dream\\\" (Sandy Mason) – 3:54 \\\"Let's Just Stay Home Tonight\\\" (Lotti Golden, Richard Scher) – 3:09 \\\"Play Me Out\\\" (Lesley Gore, Carol Hall) – 3:07 Personnel Helen Reddy – vocals Joel Diamond – producer; rhythm track arranger; arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\\\"Play Me Out\\\") Artie Butler – arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\\\"I Can't Say Goodbye to You\\\", \\\"Save Me\\\") Charles Calello – arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\\\"Optimism Blues\\\", \\\"You Don’t Have to Say You Love Me\\\", \\\"I Don't Know Why (I Love That Guy)\\\", \\\"Let's Just Stay Home Tonight\\\") Gene Page – arranger and conductor for strings, horns and background vocals (\\\"Do It Like You Done It When You Meant It\\\", \\\"The Stars Fell on California\\\", \\\"When I Dream\\\") Bill Halverson – recording engineer Russell Schmitt – assistant engineer Doug Kirkland – photography George Osaki – art direction Michael Kevin Lee – graphics Jeff Wald – management Denise Maynelli – background vocals Marti McCall – background vocals Myrna Matthews – background vocals Julia Waters Tillman – background vocals Maxine Waters Willard\",\n \"title\": \"Play Me Out (Helen Reddy album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72868699\",\n \"text\": \"Koko Taylor is the 1969 debut album by American blues singer Koko Taylor, released on MCA/Chess Records. It has received positive critical reception. Reception The editorial staff of AllMusic Guide gave Koko Taylor 4.5 out of five stars, with reviewer Bill Dahl commenting that it \\\"is one of the strongest representations of the belter's Chess days available\\\". Track listing All songs written by Willie Dixon, except where noted \\\"Love You Like a Woman\\\" (Morris Dollison) – 2:06 \\\"I Love a Lover Like You\\\" (Choice, Glover, and Merriwether) – 2:43 \\\"Don't Mess with the Messer\\\" – 2:42 \\\"I Don't Care Who Knows\\\" – 2:10 \\\"Wang Dang Doodle\\\" – 2:58 \\\"I'm a Little Mixed Up\\\" (Betty James and Clarence Johnson) – 2:39 \\\"Nitty Gritty\\\" (Koko Taylor) – 2:42 \\\"Fire\\\" – 2:28 \\\"Whatever I Am You Made Me\\\" – 2:25 \\\"Twenty Nine Ways\\\" – 3:09 \\\"Insane Asylum\\\" – 4:15 \\\"Yes, It's Good For You\\\" – 2:39 2001 reissue bonus tracks \\\"Love Sick Tears\\\" (unknown) – 2:47 \\\"He Always Knocks Me Out\\\" (unknown) – 3:04 Personnel Personnel and recording dates for all tracks are unknown. The following details come from the 2001 CD re-release liner notes: \\\"Love You Like a Woman\\\" (recorded October 1968) Koko Taylor – vocals \\\"I Love a Lover Like You\\\" (recorded ) Koko Taylor – vocals Willie Dixon – bass guitar Buddy Guy – guitar Walter \\\"Shakey\\\" Horton – harmonica Clifton James – drums Albert \\\"Sunnyland Slim\\\" Luandrew – piano Matt Murphy – guitar (possibly) Johnny Shines – guitar (possibly) \\\"Don’t Mess with the Messer\\\" (recorded on ) Koko Taylor – vocals Willie Dixon – double bass Buddy Guy – guitar Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano Matt Murphy – guitar unknown saxophone players and background vocalists \\\"I Don’t Care Who Knows\\\" (recorded October 1968) Koko Taylor – vocals \\\"Wang Dang Doodle\\\" (recorded on ) Koko Taylor – vocals Gene Barge – saxophone Fred Below – drums Willie Dixon – backing vocals Buddy Guy – guitar Donald Hankins – saxophone Lafayette Leake – piano Jack Meyers – bass guitar Johnny \\\"Twist\\\" Williams – guitar \\\"I’m a Little Mixed Up\\\" (recorded in 1965) Koko Taylor – vocals Gene Barge – tenor saxophone Willie Dixon – double bass Buddy Guy – guitar Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano unknown background vocalists \\\"Nitty Gritty\\\" Koko Taylor – vocals Buddy Guy – guitar Walter \\\"Shakey\\\" Horton – harmonic Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano (possibly) Albert \\\"Sunnyland Slim\\\" Luandrew – piano (possibly) Jack Meyers – bass guitar Matt Murphy – guitar (possibly) Johnny Shines – guitar (possibly) \\\"Fire\\\" (recorded August 1967) Koko Taylor – vocals Gene Barge – tenor saxophone Willie Dixon – vocals Buddy Guy – guitar Lafayette Leake – piano, organ Johnny \\\"Twist\\\" Williams – guitar unknown bass guitarist and drummer \\\"Whatever I Am, You Made Me\\\" (recorded ) Koko Taylor – vocals Willie Dixon – double bass Buddy Guy – guitar Clifton James – drums Lafayette Leake – piano Matt Murphy – guitar unknown saxophonist\",\n \"title\": \"Koko Taylor (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8909374\",\n \"text\": \"James Ralph Bailey (June 17, 1937 – September 6, 1985) was an American R&B singer and songwriter. A member of The Cadillacs from 1956 to 1972, he also recorded as a solo artist. He worked as a background vocalist for singers such as Aretha Franklin, Roberta Flack, Donny Hathaway, Melvin Van Peebles and Jimmy Castor. Biography Bailey was born on June 17, 1937, in Baltimore, Maryland. He was a member of doo-wop groups The Halos, The Cadillacs, and The Crickets (not Buddy Holly's Crickets), and also recorded as a solo artist. He also co-wrote several hits with songwriter Ken Williams; the songs included \\\"Everybody Plays the Fool\\\" by The Main Ingredient, \\\"Sweet Music, Soft Lights And You\\\" by Isaac Hayes & Millie Jackson, \\\"Love, Love, Love\\\", which he released in 1972 and was covered the following year by Donny Hathaway, and \\\"Just Me And You\\\" by Erasmus Hall. He also co-wrote songs with New York singer Vernon Harrell (who had performed with The Coasters). \\\"Soul Shing-A-Ling\\\" and \\\"Seven Days Too Long\\\" by Chuck Wood in 1966, and \\\"Sweet, Sweet Lovin'\\\" by The Platters in 1967 were among songs written by Bailey and Harrell. The pair also co-wrote Harrell's release \\\"Do It To It\\\" in 1969 on Calla Records with J. Robinson. His song \\\"Let Me Prove My Love to You\\\", which was originally performed by The Main Ingredient, was sampled for Alicia Keys' 2003 single \\\"You Don't Know My Name\\\". Career He began his solo career in 1965, releasing records as Jimmy Bailey on Columbia Records. Bailey released a record on Calla Records in 1968 called \\\"Love Won't Wear Off.\\\" It was written and produced by Billy Guy of The Coasters. Bailey and Billy Guy had a record company called GuyJim Records. Bailey co-wrote the song, \\\"Help Me\\\" with Johnny Northern. The production was handled by Robert Banks. It was released on Wand WND 1135 in 1966. It was credited to Al Wilson, but the singer was not the famous Al Wilson. The song was released on Wand Records in 1966. And Record World mentioned in the September 17, 1966 issue that the label's two newest releases were \\\"Too Much Too Soon\\\" by Shirley & Jesse, and \\\"Help Me\\\" by Al Wilson\\\". Death He died on September 6, 1985, in New York City. Discography Just Me n' You (MAM #5011) (1974) Love and Conversation (United Artists #815) (1977) References 1937 births 1985 deaths American rhythm and blues musicians Northern soul musicians 20th-century American musicians The Cadillacs members Musicians from Baltimore Musicians from New York City\",\n \"title\": \"J. R. Bailey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17583532\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Wells Sings My Guy is the fourth studio album and fifth overall album released by Motown vocalist Mary Wells. The album features her signature hit of the same name (which had already appeared on Greatest Hits earlier in the year) and the proposed singles \\\"Whisper You Love Me Boy\\\" and \\\"He's the One I Love\\\", the latter later re-recorded by Tammi Terrell during her own brief Motown tenure. It turned out to be the last studio effort Wells released for Motown as she left the label that year for 20th Century Fox Records. Dezo Hoffmann was credited for front cover photography, with Lee Ivory writing the sleeve notes. Track listing Side one \\\"He's The One I Love\\\" (Smokey Robinson) \\\"Whisper You Love Me Boy\\\" (Holland–Dozier–Holland) \\\"My Guy\\\" (Smokey Robinson) \\\"Does He Love Me\\\" (William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson) \\\"How? (When My Heart Belongs To You)\\\" (Smokey Robinson) \\\"He Holds His Own\\\" (Holland-Dozier-Holland) Side two \\\"My Baby Just Cares for Me\\\" (Gus Kahn, Walter Donaldson) \\\"I Only Have Eyes for You\\\" (Al Dubin, Harry Warren) \\\"You Do Something to Me\\\" (Cole Porter) \\\"It Had to Be You\\\" (Gus Kahn, Isham Jones) \\\"If You Love Me (Really Love Me)\\\" (Geoffrey Parsons, Marguerite Monnot) \\\"At Last\\\" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) Personnel Mary Wells - lead vocals The Andantes - backing vocals (side 1 tracks 1 - 4, 6; all side 2 tracks) The Love-Tones - backing vocals (side 1 tracks 4 - 6) Eddie Holland - backing vocals (with the Love-Tones on \\\"He Holds His Own\\\") The Funk Brothers - Instrumentation 1964 albums Mary Wells albums Albums produced by Smokey Robinson Motown albums Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Wells Sings My Guy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5899784\",\n \"text\": \"George Bowser and Rick Blue (real name Richard Elger), better known as Bowser and Blue, are a musical duo from Montreal who write and perform comedic songs. Their material ranges from absurdist humor (\\\"I've Got a Great Big Dick\\\", \\\"Canadian Psychedelic Snowboarding Team\\\", \\\"I'm in Like with a Dyke Named Spike\\\") to pointed political and cultural satire (\\\"You Should Speak French\\\", \\\"Driving in Quebec\\\", \\\"Bouchard's Speech\\\", \\\"Clinton's Thing\\\", \\\"Rappin' Rambo\\\"). History Elger spent the 1960s performing folk music in coffee houses, and played in two bands: Mantis, and The British North American Act. He met singer/songwriter George Bowser, also a long-time member of the Montreal music scene, and they began performing as a duo in 1978. Their first gig was at Montreal's Irish Lancer pub, but comedy clubs were becoming very popular and the duo discovered their comedic talent early in the 1980s. They then went on a North American tour as the opening band for Katrina and the Waves; that tour introduced them to the college market. In 1986, they were signed to Justin Time Records and released their first album, Bowser & Blue, which featured contributions from Katrina and the Waves members Kimberley Rew, Alex Cooper and Vince de la Cruz, as well as Supertramp frontman Rick Davies. In 1988, they appeared on Just For Laughs, and began appearing weekly, and performing political satire, on the CTV Television Network show Fighting Back. Their specific appeal was the humorous defense of English-speaking Quebecers, at a time when Quebec nationalism was at its peak. They also began regularly entertaining snowbirds in the US, They began staging theatrical shows, notably at Montreal's Centaur Theatre and, from 2007 to 2012, headlined the Canadian Snowbird Extravaganza concert series. In 1991, they formed their own label, You Guys Publishing. Their 1997 national Christmas special A Bowser and Blue Comedy Christmas: Two Nuts Roasting On An Open Fire, garnered a nomination for Best Performance or Host in a Variety Program or Series at the Gemini Awards of 1998. They continue to perform and travel extensively across Canada and, on July 1, 2020, performed a Canada Day Virtual Covid Concert during the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2021, with Josh Freed, Terry Mosher and Ellen David, they created the show Four Anglos Surviving the COVID Apocalypse. In 2022, they released the album Hindsight, which addresses aspects of the pandemic. Discography Albums Bowser & Blue (1986), Justin Time Is It In Yet? (1987), Justin Time The Lovely & Talented Bowser & Blue (1989), Justin Time Westmount Rhodesians (1990), Justin Time Bowser & Blue Live (1991), You Guys Bowser & Blue At The Comedy Nest (1995), You Guys Montréal Souvenirs (1996), You Guys Troubadors (1996), You Guys Crackpots (1997), You Guys Bowser and Blue 20th Anniversary (1998), You Guys We're All Here... (1999), You Guys Red Guitars: Music for Misguided Angels (1999), You Guys She Wants Me (2001), You Guys The Illustrated Canadian Songbook (2003) Pull My Finger (2007), You Guys No Ordinary Dummies (2008), You Guys Live At\",\n \"title\": \"Bowser and Blue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70310702\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\\\" is a song from English alternative rock band the House of Love, which was released by Fontana in the UK in 1989 as the second single from their second studio album The House of Love (1990). The song was written by Guy Chadwick, and produced by Stephen Hague and Dave Meegan. \\\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\\\" peaked at number 41 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1990, the song was released as a single in the US and as an extended play in Canada. In the US, the song reached number 2 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and its music video achieved Buzz Bin status on MTV. Background Speaking of the song's release as a single in the UK, the band's frontman Guy Chadwick told New Musical Express in 1990, \\\"I didn't think [it] was going to be a hit. Phonogram were disappointed but I wasn't. I did tell them! It was the first decent thing we'd done for a year but it didn't sound contemporary to me.\\\" He added to Cash Box that same year, \\\"I didn't think it was going to be a hit in England, but I was proud of it. I knew that we had made a good record, and I knew that a lot of our fans would like it. We put in a lot of effort into all of the B-sides and extra tracks. But I knew it wasn't going to be a hit single.\\\" Critical reception On its release, Simon Williams of New Musical Express picked \\\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\\\" as one of the magazine's \\\"singles of the week\\\". He described the song as \\\"pleading, bleeding pop genius\\\" and \\\"an example of storming creative simplicity, kicking off like a Jesus Jones sample and climaxing as the collective's finest moment yet\\\". In a review of The House of Love, Robin Denselow of The Guardian felt the song \\\"surely deserved to be a hit\\\" and noted it \\\"mixes some controlled wailing guitar work into an efficient, straightforward, tuneful pop song\\\". Brent Ainsworth of the Santa Cruz Sentinel praised the song as \\\"one of the most captivating modern rock songs of 1990\\\". He added, \\\"Its mix of acoustic and electric guitar is an aromatic blend, and Chadwick's lyrics relay the band's quizzical stance on romance.\\\" Formats Personnel Credits are adapted from the UK/European CD single, UK 12-inch single and UK limited edition 7-inch single. The House of Love Guy Chadwick – vocals, guitars Terry Bickers – lead guitar, backing vocals Chris Groothuizen – bass guitar Pete Evans – drums Production Stephen Hague – producer on \\\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\\\" Dave Meegan – producer and mixing on \\\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\\\" The House of Love – all tracks except \\\"I Don't Know Why I Love You\\\" Other Suzi Gibbons – photography Charts References 1989 songs 1989 singles 1990 singles The House of Love songs Song recordings produced\",\n \"title\": \"I Don't Know Why I Love You (The House of Love song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59188086\",\n \"text\": \"Butterscotch were an English soft rock band which consisted of Chris Arnold, David Martin and Geoff Morrow, who are also known collectively as the songwriting and record production trio Arnold, Martin and Morrow. They are best known for their top 20 UK and Ireland hit, \\\"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\\\". Career As Butterscotch, they scored their first and only hit with \\\"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\\\" in June 1970, which reached No. 17 on the UK Singles Chart (remaining on the chart for a total of 11 weeks), and No. 18 on the Irish Singles Chart. Their 1972 song \\\"Can't You Hear the Song?\\\" became a hit for Wayne Newton, reaching No. 3 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart, No. 48 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 8 on the Canadian RPM adult contemporary chart and No. 32 on the RPM Top 100. Their song \\\"Can't Smile Without You\\\", originally recorded and released by band member David Martin in 1975, became a big hit for Barry Manilow in 1978. A version by the Carpenters was also released in 1976. As Arnold, Martin and Morrow, they wrote and produced for many notable artists such as Elvis Presley (\\\"A Little Bit of Green\\\", \\\"Let's Be Friends\\\", \\\"Sweet Angeline\\\", \\\"This Is the Story\\\"), Cliff Richard, Wayne Newton, Dusty Springfield, Cilla Black, Mama Cass, Sandie Shaw, the Carpenters, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Edison Lighthouse, Johnny Mathis, Barry Manilow, Edwin Starr and Jessie J among many others, and also released their own material under this name. Notable hit songs include the following: \\\"In Thoughts of You\\\" - Billy Fury (1965) \\\"It's Up to You Petula\\\" - Edison Lighthouse (1971) \\\"Annabella\\\" - Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds (1971) - U.S. #46, U.S. AC #21 \\\"Can't You Hear the Song?\\\" - Wayne Newton (1972) \\\"There's a Whole Lot of Loving\\\" - Guys 'n' Dolls (1975) \\\"Here I Go Again\\\" - Guys 'n' Dolls / Larry Evoy (1975 / 1977) \\\"Can't Smile Without You\\\" - Barry Manilow / the Carpenters (1978 / 1976) \\\"Leave Before You Love Me\\\" - Marshmello and Jonas Brothers (2021) In the June 13, 1970 issue of Billboard magazine, the band were featured in the General News section under the headline \\\"Butterscotch Tour of U.S. for RCA Disk\\\". Discography Albums Don't You Know Butterscotch? (1970), RCA Victor Singles Butterscotch \\\"Surprise, Surprise\\\" (1970), RCA Victor \\\"Don't You Know (She Said Hello)\\\" (1970), RCA Victor - UK No. 17, IRE No. 18 \\\"All on a Summer's Day\\\" (1971), Bell \\\"Some Day Soon\\\" (1971), RCA Victor \\\"Office Girl\\\" (1971), RCA \\\"Can't You Hear the Song\\\" (1972), Jam \\\"Don't Make Me Laugh\\\" (1973), Ammo \\\"Sunday Won't Be Sunday Anymore\\\" (1974), Ammo Arnold, Martin and Morrow \\\"Who in the World\\\" (1971), Bell/RCA Victor \\\"I Believe in You\\\" / \\\"Sweet Angeline\\\" (1971), Bell \\\"Windows\\\" (1972), Bell \\\"Tomorrow's Song\\\" (1974), DJM \\\"Take Me as You Find Me\\\" (1975), DJM References External links Arnold, Martin and Morrow discography at Discogs English soft rock music groups English musical trios Musical groups\",\n \"title\": \"Butterscotch (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51771010\",\n \"text\": \"Relight My Fire is an album by the American musician Dan Hartman, released in 1979. The title track, \\\"Relight My Fire\\\", became a hit single. Critical reception The Muncie Star dismissed the album as \\\"more poor disco.\\\" The Bristol Evening Post wrote that Hartman gallops \\\"through six lengthy pieces with the rhythm never faltering, the canned excitement polished to a shine.\\\" Influence The album inspired Miquel Brown's single \\\"So Many Men — So Little Time\\\". According to Ian Levine (who cowrote the song with Fiachra Trench):The big record at [the London LGBT nightclub] Heaven was Dan Hartman's 'Relight My Fire'—that's when we brought the big fans out and two thousand people had their hands in the air screaming. It was electrifying. But there weren't enough records coming out that could capture that magic, so we started making our own. I had been at the Circus Maximus in L.A. and I saw a guy wearing a T-shirt that said, 'So many men, so little time,' and I was like, 'One day I want to make a record with that title.' The concept was I sat down with my cowriter and arranger, an Irish guy called Fiachra Trench, and I played him 'Relight My Fire' and I said, 'I want this kind of choppy piano, big powerful chords, and the idea is a woman is going to sing, instead of “I love you, I want you, you're the man of my dreams,” I want the opposite. I want “I wake up next to this man and say, 'Who are you?'” It's so naughty but nice and everyone'll love it.' Track listing Personnel John Luongo - Additional Coproduction, Mixer and Editor Dan Hartman - vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals G.E. Smith, Phil Houghton - guitar Hilly Michaels, Brian Brake - drums Jimmy Maelen, Larry Washington - congas, timbales Craig Peyton - vibraphone Blanche Napoleon - backing vocals John Luongo - Additional Percussion/ Hand Claps Michael Barbiero - additional percussion Loleatta Holloway - lead vocals on \\\"Vertigo/Relight My Fire\\\" Edgar Winter - alto saxophone on \\\"Hands Down\\\" Stevie Wonder - harmonica on \\\"Hands Down\\\" References 1979 albums Dan Hartman albums Albums produced by Dan Hartman Blue Sky Records albums Epic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Relight My Fire (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76011231\",\n \"text\": \"Searching for Solace is the sixth album by American metalcore band The Ghost Inside. The album was released digitally on April 19, 2024, through Epitaph Records, with a physical release scheduled for June 7. Background and production Searching for Solace was produced by Dan Braunstein (Spiritbox, Dayseeker), Cody Quistad (Wage War), Carson Slovak and Grant McFarland (August Burns Red, Bloodywood). This marked the first album by The Ghost Inside with more than one producer. Bassist Jim Riley explained, \\\"It was neat to go to a person like Dan Braunstein who has known the band for 15 years and have him go, 'I love what you guys have been doing and this is what I see as the next step', or to get in a room with someone like Cody from Wage War and have him be like, 'I love your band. I wish you guys would do something like this.' To go into writing a song with those guys from that place was ...it was really cool. It was really liberating. And I think it also just added to the range that this record has.\\\" The tracks in the album lyrically deal with COVID-induced isolation, \\\"grief, loss and the gut-wrenching sadness that comes with losing someone close to you.\\\" The song \\\"Cityscapes\\\" was written in memory of vocalist Jonathan Vigil's father who died during the band's Australian tour in 2012. Vigil stated, \\\"It's about the day that I lost my father and it just so happened to be in Australia. I remember looking outside my hotel window at the Brisbane skyline, the cityscape of Brisbane, just in tears, not knowing what to do and feeling so lost.\\\" Release and promotion The Ghost Inside begin releasing their first new material in three years, with the album's first single \\\"Earn It\\\", released on July 10, 2023. The album's second single \\\"Death Grip\\\" was released on November 7. On February 5, 2024, the band released the third single \\\"Wash It Away\\\" and announced details of Searching for Solace including its release date of April 19. The album's final pre-release single, \\\"Split\\\" was released on March 19, 2024. In support of the album, the band has embarked on tour through the U.S. from April to May 2024, with bands Paleface Swiss, Bleed from Within and Great American Ghost. The Ghost Inside have also planned a European Tour scheduled for October and November. They have also been announced alongside bands State Champs and The Blackout to perform with various other bands at Slam Dunk Festival on May 25 and 26. Track listing Personnel The Ghost Inside Jonathan Vigil – lead vocals Zach Johnson – lead guitar, backing vocals Andrew Tkaczyk – drums, percussion Chris Davis – rhythm guitar, backing vocals Jim Riley – bass, backing vocals Producers Dan Braunstein Cody Quistad Carson Slovak Grant McFarland References 2024 albums The Ghost Inside (band) albums Epitaph Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Searching for Solace\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51051926\",\n \"text\": \"Black Eyed Sons is the eighth studio album by English rock band the Quireboys, released in 2014. The album was released with an unplugged live album records in Sweden and a DVD of a performance in London recorded during the Beautiful Curse tour. Track listing Black Eyed Sons All songs written by Guy Griffin and Spike, except where noted. Troublemaker (Black Eyed Son) What Do Want From Me? Julieanne Double Dealin' Stubborn Kinda Heart Lullaby Of London Town The Messenger You Never Can Tell Mother's Ruin Monte Cassino (Lady Lane) (Written by Guy Griffin, Spike, and Paul Guerin) Unplugged in Sweden Don't Bite the Hand That Feeds You There She Goes Again Devil Of A Man Mona Lisa Smiled Roses & Rings Misled Have A Drink With Me Sweet Mary Ann I Don't Love You Anymore 7 O'Clock Beautifully Cursed in London Black Mariah Too Much Of A Good Thing Misled There She Goes Again Homewreckers & Heartbreakers This Is Rock n Roll Mona Lisa Smiled Diamonds & Dirty Stones 27 Years I Don't Love You Anymore Tramps & Thieves Hey You Beautiful Curse Chain Smokin' I Love This Dirty Town 7 O'Clock For Cryin' Out Loud Mother Mary Sex Party Charts Personnel Jonathan \\\"Spike\\\" Gray – lead vocals Guy Griffin – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals Paul Guerin – lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals Keith Weir – keyboards, backing vocals Dave McCluskey – drums Nick Malling – bass guitar References 2014 albums The Quireboys albums\",\n \"title\": \"Black Eyed Sons\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10409069\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Such a Lovely Man\\\" is the eighth episode of the fifth and final series of the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. It first aired on 26 October 1975 on ITV. Background \\\"Such a Lovely Man\\\" was recorded in the studio on 17 and 18 April 1975. John Hawkesworth and Alfred Shaughnessy wished an episode to revolve around Hannah Gordon's character Virginia, and Rosemary Anne Sisson wrote \\\"Such A Lovely Man\\\". The character of Sir Guy Paynter was inspired by Sir Philip Sassoon, who was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Hythe from 1912 until his death in 1939. Cast Gordon Jackson - Hudson Hannah Gordon - Virginia Bellamy Angela Baddeley - Mrs Bridges David Langton - Richard Bellamy Jean Marsh - Rose Robert Hardy - Sir Guy Paynter Joan Benham - Lady Prudence Fairfax Simon Williams - James Bellamy Christopher Beeny - Edward Gareth Hunt - Frederick Jenny Tomasin - Ruby Polly Adams - Mrs. Polly Merivale Jacqueline Tong - Daisy John Normington - Herbert Turner Leonard Kavanagh - Parsons Steve Ismay - Footman (uncredited) Plot It is the summer of 1925, and Richard finds out that the post of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs is soon to be vacant. He thinks that Sir Guy Paynter, a wealthy and influential bachelor industrialist, would be able to use his influence with senior ministers to help Richard obtain the post. Virginia agrees, and invites Sir Guy to lunch. However, the lunch ends abruptly when Sir Guy makes a remark about death by firing squad for cowardice, not knowing that Virginia's son Michael was court-martialled for such an offence, but only reprimanded, sent back into action, and killed (this is dealt with in the earlier episode Facing Fearful Odds). Sir Guy sends flowers to Virginia to apologise, and he then takes her to a small political luncheon as his hostess. As a thank you, he gives her a signed first edition of Browning's poems. Meanwhile, Ruby answers a newspaper advert for pen pals, and she chooses to write to Herbert Turner, a 35-year-old post office clerk who lives with his parents in Balham. They soon go to the cinema together, and Hudson and Mrs Bridges invite him to Eaton Place for Sunday tea in the servants' hall. Virginia agrees to attend a weekend party at Sir Guy's house, Shelburne, while Richard is in Paris for meetings. Richard tells James that he does not mind Virginia spending time with Sir Guy, because Paynter is not the \\\"marrying kind\\\". On the Sunday night, all the other guests leave Shelburne, leaving Sir Guy and Virginia alone except for the staff. He provides champagne and caviar. Virginia then drops hints about the Foreign Office post. Shortly afterwards, the gossip columns of the newspapers are filled with rumours about the pair. The Eaton Place servants speculate that Herbert Turner, who has shown a great interest in the aristocracy, may be the source, but it later emerges that one of the other Shelburne guests had told the newspapers. Richard\",\n \"title\": \"Such a Lovely Man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1684819\",\n \"text\": \"The Supremes is a 2000 box set compilation of the material by Motown's most popular act of the 1960s, The Supremes. The set covers The Supremes' entire recording history, from its first recordings as The Primettes in 1960 to its final recordings in 1976. The set is four compact discs long; a bonus disc, An Evening with The Supremes, contained mostly unreleased live recordings and was included in the first 25,000 sets. Included in the set is a 70-page booklet with extensive essays, track annotations, and a full discography. Contents Disc one: The Supremes: Early years Track listing \\\"Tears of Sorrow\\\" (The Primettes) \\\"Pretty Baby\\\" (The Primettes) \\\"After All\\\" \\\"The Boy That Got Away\\\" \\\"I Want a Guy\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Buttered Popcorn\\\" [Alternate Version] \\\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Let Me Go The Right Way\\\" [Live] \\\"My Heart Can't Take It No More\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"A Breath Taking, First Sight Soul Shaking, One Night Love Making, Next Day Heartbreaking Guy\\\" (aka \\\"A Breathtaking Guy\\\") [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" \\\"Baby Love\\\" \\\"Ask Any Girl\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Come See About Me\\\" \\\"Oowee Baby\\\" [Original Mix] \\\"Shake\\\" \\\"Stop! In the Name of Love\\\" [Alternate Version] \\\"Back in My Arms Again\\\" \\\"It's All Your Fault\\\" [Original Mix] \\\"Nothing but Heartaches\\\" \\\"Take Me Where You Go\\\" \\\"People\\\" [Original Version featuring Florence Ballard] Credits Originally recorded from 1960 to 1965. Lead and Background Vocals: Diane Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, Betty McGlown and Barbara Martin Guest Background Vocals: The Four Tops: Levi Stubbs, Renaldo \\\"Obie\\\" Benson, Lawrence Payton, and Abdul \\\"Duke\\\" Fakir (on \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\" and \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\") Producers: Hom-Rich, Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, and Holland-Dozier-Holland Instrumentation: The Funk Brothers and L.A. session artists Disc two: The Supremes: The success years Track listing \\\"I Hear a Symphony\\\" \\\"My World Is Empty Without You\\\" \\\"Everything Is Good About You\\\" [Stereo Mix] \\\"Any Girl in Love (Knows What I'm Going Through)\\\" \\\"Surfer Boy\\\" [Original Mix] \\\"Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine\\\" \\\"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\\\" \\\"You Can't Hurry Love\\\" \\\"Mother Dear\\\" [Version 2] \\\"You Keep Me Hangin' On\\\" \\\"Going Down for the Third Time\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\\\" [Alternate Version] \\\"There's No Stopping Us Now\\\" [Original 45 Mix] \\\"Come on and See Me\\\" [Original Mix] \\\"My Guy\\\" \\\"Falling in Love With Love\\\" \\\"The Happening\\\" [Demo Version] \\\"All I Know About You\\\" [Stereo Mix] \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" \\\"Somewhere\\\" (Live at the Copacabana, May 20, 1967) \\\"Group Introduction\\\" (Live at the Copacabana, May 20, 1967) \\\"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\\\" (Live at the Copacabana, May 20, 1967) Credits Originally recorded from 1965 to 1967. Lead Vocals: Diana Ross and Mary Wilson Background Vocals: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, and Florence Ballard Background Vocals: The Andantes on (Additional Vocals on Surfer Boy) Producers: Holland-Dozier-Holland\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes (2000 album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22260720\",\n \"text\": \"Lulu is an eponymous album released by Lulu on Alfa Records in 1981. It is notable for containing the hit single \\\"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\\\", which became the second-highest-charting single of Lulu's career in the US, hitting the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart in 1981. History Alfa Records released the album Lulu in August 1981, in response to the chart success of \\\"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\\\", originally contained on Lulu's 1978 album, Don't Take Love for Granted. In addition to \\\"I Could Never Miss You\\\", Lulu featured two other songs from the 1978 album, being the title track, \\\"Don't Take Love for Granted\\\" and \\\"You Are Still a Part of Me\\\", all of which had been written by Neil Harrison. A new Harrison track, \\\"Can't Hold Out on Love\\\", was included, being one of seven new tracks produced by Mark London. Despite not charting in the UK, Lulu reached No. 126 on the Billboard albums chart, making it Lulu's third US charting album—her first in eleven years—and her last to date. \\\"If I Were You\\\", which had been a minor hit (No. 70) for Toby Beau in 1980, was released as the follow-up single to \\\"I Could Never Miss You\\\"—with \\\"You Win, I Lose\\\" as the B-side—and became Lulu's final Hot 100 appearance to date, reaching No. 44 (No. 42 Cash Box) in January 1982. It also hit No. 27 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In August 1982, \\\"If I Were You\\\" reached No. 6 in New Zealand. The track \\\"Who's Foolin' Who,\\\" a cover of a 1976 Bobby Bland song, earned Lulu a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Lulu lost to Pat Benatar. \\\"Who's Foolin' Who\\\" was released as a single, with \\\"You Win, I Lose\\\" again serving as the B-side, and peaked at No. 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Track listing \\\"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\\\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:08 \\\"The Last Time\\\" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 3:17 \\\"If I Were You\\\" (Jerry Fuller, John Hobbs) – 3:13 \\\"Loving You\\\" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) – 4:30 \\\"Can't Hold Out on Love\\\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:18 \\\"You Win, I Lose\\\" (Arlene Matza, Guy Thomas) – 3:40 \\\"Don't Take Love for Granted\\\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:24 \\\"Who's Foolin' Who\\\" (Dan Walsh, Michael Price, Steve Barri, Michael Omartian) – 3:36 \\\"You Are Still a Part of Me\\\" (Neil Harrison) – 3:16 \\\"If You're Right\\\" (Peter Sinfield, Andy Hill) – 3:12 Personnel Lulu – vocals Ray Russell, Ronnie Caryl – guitar Alan Jones, Alan Tarney – bass Lynton Naiff, Mike Moran – keyboards, arrangements Graham Jarvis, Peter Van Hooke, Trevor Spencer – drums Ray Cooper – percussion Carol Kenyon, Ronnie Carroll, Tony Rivers – backing vocals Technical Colin Fairley, Jon Kelly – engineers Marion London – director References Lulu (singer) albums 1981 albums Alfa Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Lulu (1981 album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74547903\",\n \"text\": \"See See Rider is the seventh studio album by American rhythm and blues singer LaVern Baker and her last for Atlantic Records. After this release, Baker slowed down her recording and touring for several years. Reception Editors at AllMusic rated this album 3.5 out of 5 stars, with critic Bruce Eder writing \\\"there is a little something for everyone\\\", including many genres, moods, and styles that Baker explored in her music. In the 2004 edition of The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, the two-album compilation was rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and the editors write that this music is the weaker half, but continuing that listeners \\\"can't go wrong\\\" with her Atlantic period recordings. Track listing \\\"See See Rider\\\" (traditional) – 2:32 \\\"You Better Stop\\\" (Jesse Stone, Danny Taylor, and Jerry Wexler) – 2:42 \\\"He's a Real Gone Guy\\\" (Nellie Lutcher) – 2:14 \\\"Story of My Love\\\" (Nugetre [a pseudonym of Ahmet Ertegun) – 2:10 \\\"You Said\\\" (Leroy Toombs and Sara Wright) – 2:19 \\\"I'm Leavin' You\\\" (Maurice King) – 2:31 \\\"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\\\" (Cactus Pryor, Barbara Trammel, and Slim Willet) – 2:30 \\\"Trying\\\" (Billy Vaughn) – 2:07 \\\"Half Your Love\\\" (Charles Singleton) – 2:17 \\\"A Little Bird Told Me So\\\" (Ersel Hickey and Bert Russell) – 2:04 \\\"Endless Love\\\" (Barry Mann) – 2:01 \\\"All the Time\\\" (Mike Corda) – 2:12 Personnel LaVern Baker – vocals Mickey Baker – guitar on \\\"You Said\\\" Emmett Berry – trumpet on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" Lawrence Brown – trombone on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" Shad Collins – trumpet on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" King Curtis – tenor saxophone on \\\"He's a Real Gone Guy\\\" Ahmet Ertegun – supervision Loring Eutemey]] – cover design Ernie Hayes – guitar on \\\"He's a Real Gone Guy\\\" Ed Kalish – liner notes Mundell Lowe – guitar on \\\"Half of Your Love\\\" Dave McRae – tenor saxophone on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" Clyde Olive – supervision Sam \\\"The Man\\\" Taylor – tenor saxophone on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" Allen Vogel – cover design Jerry Wexler – supervision Unidentified musicians include: Backing vocals on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" and \\\"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\\\" Guitar on \\\"You Better Stop\\\" Horns on \\\"Half of Your Love\\\" Strings on \\\"He's a Real Gone Guy\\\" See also List of 1963 albums References External links 1963 albums Atlantic Records albums LaVern Baker albums\",\n \"title\": \"See See Rider (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1575040\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\" is a soul song most popularly released as a joint single performed by Diana Ross & the Supremes and the Temptations for the Motown label. This version peaked for two weeks at No. 2 on the Hot 100 in the United States, selling 900,000 copies in its first two weeks, and at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1969. Written by Gamble and Huff and Jerry Ross, it was originally a top 20 R&B hit for Dee Dee Warwick in 1966 (U.S. No. 88 Pop). Madeline Bell's cover peaked at No. 26 on the Hot 100 on 23 March 1968. Early versions Most versions of the song credit the songwriting to Jerry Ross and Kenny Gamble, who were the only two writers named on original record labels. Some recordings also credit Jerry Williams as a third writer, although BMI and some other sources credit Leon Huff, rather than Williams. \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\" was released as a single by Dee Dee Warwick on Mercury Records as the follow-up to her Top Ten R&B hit \\\"I Want to Be With You\\\"; co-writer Jerry Ross produced the track whose arrangement was by Jimmy Wisner while Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson provided background vocals. This single - whose B-side is the earliest known recorded version of \\\"Yours Until Tomorrow\\\" by Gerry Goffin and Carole King - reached No. 13 R&B crossing over to No. 88 Pop in December 1966. Scoring two consecutive Top 20 R&B hits gave Warwick sufficient cachet for her first album release entitled I Want to Be With You/I'm Gonna Make You Love Me. Although Warwick had stronger chart showings than \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\", the song became her best-known hit by virtue of the Supremes/Temptations remake. \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\" was the song Warwick performed at the 1999 Rhythm and Blues Foundation awards ceremony when she received a Pioneer Award. Jerry Ross overall produced ten recordings of \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\": these included a version on Jerry Butler's 1967 Soul Artistry album and another by Jay & the Techniques which was featured on the 1968 album release Love, Lost & Found. Ashford & Simpson sang background on all the versions of the song Ross produced with the Jay & the Techniques version also featuring Melba Moore. 1968 \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\" was offered to Dusty Springfield who recorded for Philips Records, the UK equivalent of Mercury Records. Springfield passed the song on to Madeline Bell, her friend and regular background vocalist. Springfield sang backup vocals on Bell's version, which was featured on Bell's 1967 Philips album release Bell's a Poppin. According to Bell \\\"nothing happened with [the album] and the tapes were sent over to America and this one guy took a shine to 'I’m Gonna Make You Love Me'. He printed up 10,000 copies and he sent them round the radio stations and they started playing it. I got\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37573784\",\n \"text\": \"The Key is the eighth studio album by the British singer-songwriter Joan Armatrading, released on 28 February 1983 by A&M Records (AMLX64912). The album was recorded at Townhouse Studios in Shepherd's Bush, London; Polar Studios in Stockholm and also in New York. The album spawned the single \\\"Drop the Pilot\\\", which became one of Armatrading's biggest hits, reaching number 11 in the UK Singles Chart over a 10-week stay. It also quickly became a staple of Armatrading's live performances and has featured on many of her compilation albums. Armatrading and her backing band also performed the song on Top of the Pops in early 1983. Background and recording Steve Lillywhite was commissioned to produce the album; however, A&M Records judged the album to be not commercial enough and asked Armatrading to come up with some additional, more commercial, material. She went away and wrote the tracks \\\"Drop the Pilot\\\" and \\\"What Do Boys Dream\\\", both of which were produced separately in New York by Val Garay. These two tracks therefore used a completely different set of musicians, which explains the length of the personnel list on this album. Armatrading described her process of song creation, from writing to final recording, at the time of The Key: Armatrading draws on a variety of musical styles for this album, from Stax style brass, rhythm and blues and punk, as well as the rock guitar of Adrian Belew, who had played with David Bowie on Lodger. The album's title refers to the door key which Armatrading habitually wore around her neck at that time and which is featured in the album's photography. She is also pictured playing a Gibson Les Paul electric guitar. \\\"(I Love It When You) Call Me Names\\\" was written about two men in a band who were always arguing, and features a guitar solo by Adrian Belew. It was released as a single, though it did not chart. It subsequently became a staple of Armatrading's live performances and has appeared on many of her compilation albums. Armatrading said of the song, \\\"It's come out as a man and a woman, but I was really looking at two guys. Not two gay guys, just two guys who are friends who tend to treat each other like this, always calling each other names. There's sort of this love/hate relationship between them, but you get the feeling that they really enjoy this thing that they're going through.\\\" Reception The album was a commercial success for Armatrading, reaching number 10 in the UK album charts and number 32 in the US album charts, as well as spawning the hit single \\\"Drop the Pilot\\\". It was certified Gold by the BPI. The album is one of only two Armatrading albums to reach the top 40 in the USA, the other being Me Myself I. The album peaked at number 4 in Australia and was that country's 7th biggest-selling album of the year. Debra Rae Cohen, writing in The New York Times, said that the\",\n \"title\": \"The Key (Joan Armatrading album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6646771\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Barrett (July 14, 1933 – August 3, 2006), also known as Richie Barrett, was an American singer, record producer, and songwriter. Biography Barrett was born in Philadelphia in 1933. In the 1950s, he was a record producer, influential in shaping the rhythm and blues sound. Barrett discovered and promoted Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, the Chantels, Little Anthony & the Imperials, the Valentines, and Philadelphia's the Three Degrees. He managed the Chantels in the 1950s, and later managed the Three Degrees from the early 1960s until the early 1980s, producing many of their albums, and conducting the orchestra at their live shows. As an artist, he is most famous for co-writing (with Leiber and Stoller) and recording, as Richie Barrett, the song \\\"Some Other Guy\\\". Barrett sang lead for the Valentines from 1954 to 1957. Ronnie Bright, who later joined the Cadillacs and the Coasters, sang bass. Barrett co-wrote two songs with Carl Hogan (also from the Valentines). One was \\\"Be Sure My Love,\\\" which was recorded by the Dubs on Gone Records in 1958; and another, \\\"So Much,\\\" was recorded by Little Anthony & the Imperials on End Records in 1958, and also recorded by the Attributes. On the Chantels' single \\\"Maybe\\\" (1958), Barrett played piano, bass, and drums. Barrett produced several of the Chantels' records. Barrett's first single was a cover of the Fleetwoods' \\\"Come Softly to Me\\\", with the Chantels as backing vocalists. He recorded \\\"Some Other Guy\\\" in 1962, a tune modeled on Ray Charles' \\\"What'd I Say\\\" and was assured immortality, if not a hit single, following cover versions performed by the Beatles and other Liverpool groups of the time, including the Searchers and the Big Three. A clip of the Beatles performing the song at the Cavern was shown on a regional television program screened by Granada TV in the north-west of England in August or September 1962 shortly after the band had fired their previous drummer Pete Best and replaced him with Ringo Starr, and this low-quality footage has been included on many videos and DVDs since that time. In 1998, Ben Vereen portrayed Barrett in Why Do Fools Fall in Love, a film biography about Frankie Lymon. Death Barrett died of pancreatic cancer in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania on August 3, 2006, at age 73. Discography Singles by the Valentines \\\"Summer Love\\\"/\\\"For You\\\" (Bruce, 1954, unreleased, as the Dreamers) \\\"Tonight Kathleen\\\"/\\\"Summer Love\\\" (Old Town 1009, 1954) \\\"Lily Maebelle\\\"/\\\"Falling for You\\\" (Rama 171, 1955) \\\"I Love You Darling\\\"/\\\"Hand Me Down Love\\\" (Rama 181, 1955) \\\"Christmas Prayer\\\"/\\\"Kiss Me\\\" (Rama 186, 1955) \\\"C'est la vie\\\"/\\\"C'est la vie\\\" (Rama 194, 1956, with the Wrens but not credited) \\\"Why\\\"/\\\"The Woo Woo Train\\\" (Rama 196, 1956) \\\"Twenty Minutes Before the Hour\\\"/\\\"I'll Never Let You Go\\\" (Rama 201, 1956) \\\"Nature's Creation\\\"/\\\"My Story of Love\\\" (Rama 208, 1956) \\\"Don't Say Goodnight\\\"/\\\"I Cried Oh, Oh\\\" (Rama 228, 1957) Solo singles \\\"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes\\\"/\\\"Remember Me\\\" (MGM 12616, 1958, as Dickie Barrett) \\\"Body and Soul\\\"/\\\"The Party\\\" (MGM 12659, 1958) \\\"Lovely One\\\"/\\\"The Snake\",\n \"title\": \"Richie Barrett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9401646\",\n \"text\": \"Cuttin' Heads is the 17th album by American singer-songwriter and musician John Mellencamp, released on October 16, 2001. It was his second album for Columbia Records, and it peaked at No. 15 on the Billboard 200 in early November 2001. The album contains only one single, the India.Arie duet \\\"Peaceful World\\\". Background \\\"'Peaceful World' was extracted from a conversation with Pat Peterson, who's been singing backup in my touring band since 1981,\\\" Mellencamp explained to the Denver Post in an August 2001 feature. \\\"She's my age, and I asked her, 'What's the one thing that's really disturbing to you?' There was no question about it – it's how this new rap music is really harmful to the black race. You have the new Uncle Tom, the guy wagging the $200,000 watch and saying, ... 'Gimme the money, man, look what I got that you ain't got ... I'll say whatever you want me to say, and when this (ends), I'll just go back to whatever I'm doing, and I don't care about the damage that I've done.' Meanwhile, white kids in suburbs who buy these records find it entertaining if not comical half the time. They have a really distorted view of what the black race is about. It's a very bad thing.\\\" Chuck D of the rap group Public Enemy sang a verse on the album's title track, which addresses Mellencamp's annoyance and chagrin at the use of the \\\"N\\\" word in rap music. \\\"They just had a rap seminar in New York, and Chuck got up and said, 'Hey, look, I just came back from the cornfields of Indiana, and Mellencamp said something in a song that you guys should have been saying about yourselves 10 years ago!,'\\\" Mellencamp told the Denver Post, \\\"I'm just an observer here – I thought coming from me alone, it would be obtuse. But Chuck is the conscience of the whole black community. He was the only choice to do this song with me, because he's the only guy that never participated in it, always kept his integrity and his wits about him. \\\"Columbia Records died when they heard it. They don't want any problems because of this song. But they were very understanding – they just said, 'Why do you want to do this?' I said, 'Hey, man, I'm a ... folk singer. If I'm not going to have some issues here, that makes me a puppet.'\\\" Cuttin' Heads is also noteworthy for \\\"Deep Blue Heart\\\", a love song that Mellencamp recorded as a duet with country star Trisha Yearwood. \\\"He played me this song,\\\" Yearwood told Country.com, \\\"and he said, 'I kind of have an idea of like when Emmylou Harris sang on Bob Dylan's record, just kind of harmony all the way through.'\\\" Mellencamp said of \\\"Deep Blue Heart\\\" in a November 2001 interview with the Indianapolis Star: \\\"When I wrote that song, I thought, 'Wow, this is kind of good for this type of song.' I like what\",\n \"title\": \"Cuttin' Heads\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53219695\",\n \"text\": \"Recording Live at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall is a double live album by blues musicians Buddy Guy and Junior Wells, recorded live in Japan in March 1975 and released only in Japan in that same year. Background and recording The Buddy Guy/Junior Wells Blues Band took a little tour in Japan in March 1975. They recorded three shows at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall in Hiroshima on March 9–11. A double live album was released in 1975, it was re-released on a single CD in 1990, both of them only in Japan. Unfortunately the CD excludes five songs. Track listing LP Side one \\\"Let Me Love You Baby\\\" \\\"How Blue Can You Get\\\" \\\"High-Heel Sneakers\\\" \\\"One Room Country Shack\\\" Side two \\\"First Time I Met The Blues\\\" \\\"Stone Crazy\\\" \\\"Fever/Work Song\\\" \\\"Come On Home To Me Baby\\\" \\\"Rock Me Baby\\\" Side three \\\"Little By Little\\\" \\\"Stop Breakin' Down\\\" \\\"Don't Go No Further\\\" \\\"Look Over Yonder's Wall\\\" \\\"Snatch It Back And Hold It\\\" Side four \\\"Help Me Darling\\\" \\\"Hoochie Coohie Man\\\" \\\"Someday Baby\\\" \\\"Waterman Blues\\\" \\\"Messin' With The Kid\\\" CD \\\"Let Me Love You Baby\\\" - 4:15 \\\"How Blue Can You Get\\\" - 5:25 \\\"High-Heel Sneakers\\\" - 5:15 \\\"First Time I Met The Blues\\\" - 7:00 \\\"Stone Crazy\\\" - 5:15 \\\"Fever/Work Song\\\" - 3:30 \\\"Come On Home To Me Baby\\\" - 3:55 \\\"Little By Little\\\" - 4:50 \\\"Don't Go No Further\\\" - 5:05 \\\"Snatch It Back And Hold It\\\" - 4:55 \\\"Help Me Darling\\\" - 4:40 \\\"Hoochie Coohie Man/Someday Baby\\\" - 7:55 \\\"Waterman Blues\\\" - 5:20 Note Track lengths are without applause. Personnel Buddy Guy – Guitars, Vocals (LP A/B-sides) (CD tracks 1-6) Junior Wells – Harmonica, Vocals (LP C/D-sides) (CD tracks 8-12) Phil Guy – Guitars, Vocals on \\\"Rock Me Baby\\\" (only on LP) A.C. Reed – Tenor Saxophone, Vocals on \\\"Come on Home to Me\\\" (CD track 7) Earnest Johnson – Bass Roosevelt Shaw – Drums References Junior Wells albums Buddy Guy albums 1975 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Live Recording at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53000803\",\n \"text\": \"The Dollar Done Fell is the second live album by Buddy Guy. Background After Buddy Guy recorded an album for the French label Isabel, Englishman John Stedman, the owner of JSP Records, suggested recording a live show. They recorded it in Chicago at Guy's club, Checkerboard Lounge. The band was the same as on the Isabel session, plus a third guitarist Phil Smith and L.C. Thurman (co-owner of Checkerboard) added a few lead vocals as a guest. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings comments that the album captures Guy “at his most idiomatic”. Releases Nine tracks were released on \\\"The Dollar Done Fell\\\" LP in 1980 by JSP. First released on CD in 1988, also on JSP, but with an alternate track list, titled \\\"Live at the Checkerboard Lounge\\\". The CD version was missing one track (\\\"Trouble with My Women\\\"), and the 16-minute title track (\\\"The Dollar Done Fell\\\") fades out at 6:36. Two more tracks were added to the CD version, \\\"Don't Answer the Door\\\" featuring lead vocals by L.C. Thurston, and an alternate version of \\\"Tell Me What's Inside of You\\\". \\\"I've Got A Right To Love My Woman\\\" fades out at 8:05 on the original vinyl, but the CD includes the full-length version. There are three more CD reissues with the same track listing as on the original CD release, but with three alternate covers. It was first released in the U.S. in 1995. Recordings All lead guitar are played by Buddy Guy, except first lead of \\\"Buddy's Blues Part 1\\\", 1st lead of \\\"Done Got Over You\\\", main lead of \\\"Don't Answer the Door\\\" by Phil Guy, lead in the middle of \\\"Don't Answer the Door\\\" by Little Phil Smith. Buddy Guy didn't play on \\\"Don't Answer the Door\\\" at all. \\\"You Don't Know How I Feel\\\" is actually the blues standard \\\"I'll Take Care of You\\\", but it was retitled. The music of \\\"Tell Me What's Inside Of You\\\" is based on Eric Clapton's \\\"Strange Brew\\\". The music of \\\"The Dollar Done Fell\\\" is based on the funky standard \\\"Chicken Heads\\\". Original vinyl track listing \\\"Buddy's Blues (Part 1)\\\" – 4:13 \\\"I 've Got A Right To Love My Woman\\\" – 8:05 \\\"Done Got Over You\\\" – 4:10 \\\"Tell Me What's Inside Of You\\\" – 9:20 \\\"Trouble With My Women\\\" – 4:05 \\\"The Things I Used To Do\\\" – 3:18 \\\"You Don't Know How I Feel\\\" – 3:12 \\\"The Dollar Done Fell\\\" – 16:22 \\\"Buddy\\\"s Blues (Part 2)\\\" – 3:25 CD track listing \\\"Buddy's Blues (Part One)\\\" – 4:05 \\\"I've Got A Right To Love My Woman\\\" – 9:07 \\\"Tell Me What's Inside Of You\\\" – 9:24 \\\"Done Got Over You\\\" – 4:13 \\\"The Things I Used To Do\\\" – 3:20 \\\"You Don't Know How I Feel\\\" – 3:22 \\\"The Dollar Done Fell\\\" – 6:36 \\\"Buddy's Blues (Part Two)\\\" – 4:01 \\\"Don't Answer The Door\\\" – 7:31 \\\"Tell Me What's Inside Of You (Version Two)\\\" – 7:10 Note \\\"Buddy's Blues (Part 2)\\\" is the last\",\n \"title\": \"The Dollar Done Fell\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Herb Alpert"],"string":"[\n \"Herb Alpert\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":57,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55305"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where does the book the absolutely true diary of a part time indian take place"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"825178","text":"Sherman Joseph Alexie Jr. (born October 7, 1966) is a Native American novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and filmmaker. His writings draw on his experiences as an Indigenous American with ancestry from several tribes. He grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation and now lives in Seattle, Washington. His best-known book is the semi-autobiographical young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007), which won the 2007 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the Odyssey Award as best 2008 audiobook for young people (read by Alexie). He also wrote The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993), a collection of short stories, which was adapted as the film Smoke Signals (1998), for which he also wrote the screenplay. His first novel, Reservation Blues, received a 1996 American Book Award. His 2009 collection of short stories and poems, War Dances, won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. Early life Alexie was born at Sacred Heart Hospital in Spokane, Washington. He is a citizen of the Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation and grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation. His father, Sherman Joseph Alexie, was a citizen of the Coeur D'Alene Tribe, and his mother, Lillian Agnes Cox, who was Spokane and also of Colville, Choctaw, and European American ancestry. One of his paternal great-grandfathers was of Russian descent. Alexie was born with hydrocephalus, a condition that occurs when there is an abnormally large amount of cerebral fluid in the brain's ventricular system. He had to have brain surgery when he was six months old, and was at high risk of death or mental disabilities if he survived. Alexie's surgery was successful; he did not experience mental damage but had other side effects. His parents were alcoholics, though his mother achieved sobriety. His father often left the house on drinking binges for days at a time. To support her six children, Alexie's mother, Lillian, sewed quilts, worked as a clerk at the Wellpinit Trading Post, and had some other jobs. Alexie has described his life at the reservation school as challenging, as he was constantly teased by other kids and endured abuse he described as \"torture\" from white nuns who taught there. They called him \"The Globe\" because his head was larger than usual, due to his hydrocephalus as an infant. Until the age of seven, Alexie had seizures and bedwetting; he had to take strong drugs to control them. Because of his health problems, he was excluded from many of the activities that are rites of passage for young Indian males. Alexie excelled academically, reading everything available, including auto repair manuals. Education In order to better his education, Alexie decided to leave the reservation and attend high school in Reardan, Washington., 22 miles from the reservation, and where Alexie was the only Native American student. He excelled at his studies and became a star player on the basketball team, the Reardan High School Indians. He was elected class president and was a","title":"Sherman Alexie"},{"docid":"29668289","text":"Wellpinit is an unincorporated community in Stevens County, Washington, United States. Wellpinit has a post office with ZIP code 99040. It is the setting of the young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie. The population of the ZIP Code Tabulation Area for 99040 was 930 at the 2000 census. The community is located on the Spokane Indian Reservation. Notable residents Sherman Alexie - Native American author (grew up here) References Unincorporated communities in Stevens County, Washington Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)","title":"Wellpinit, Washington"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"825178\",\n \"text\": \"Sherman Joseph Alexie Jr. (born October 7, 1966) is a Native American novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and filmmaker. His writings draw on his experiences as an Indigenous American with ancestry from several tribes. He grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation and now lives in Seattle, Washington. His best-known book is the semi-autobiographical young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007), which won the 2007 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the Odyssey Award as best 2008 audiobook for young people (read by Alexie). He also wrote The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993), a collection of short stories, which was adapted as the film Smoke Signals (1998), for which he also wrote the screenplay. His first novel, Reservation Blues, received a 1996 American Book Award. His 2009 collection of short stories and poems, War Dances, won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. Early life Alexie was born at Sacred Heart Hospital in Spokane, Washington. He is a citizen of the Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation and grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation. His father, Sherman Joseph Alexie, was a citizen of the Coeur D'Alene Tribe, and his mother, Lillian Agnes Cox, who was Spokane and also of Colville, Choctaw, and European American ancestry. One of his paternal great-grandfathers was of Russian descent. Alexie was born with hydrocephalus, a condition that occurs when there is an abnormally large amount of cerebral fluid in the brain's ventricular system. He had to have brain surgery when he was six months old, and was at high risk of death or mental disabilities if he survived. Alexie's surgery was successful; he did not experience mental damage but had other side effects. His parents were alcoholics, though his mother achieved sobriety. His father often left the house on drinking binges for days at a time. To support her six children, Alexie's mother, Lillian, sewed quilts, worked as a clerk at the Wellpinit Trading Post, and had some other jobs. Alexie has described his life at the reservation school as challenging, as he was constantly teased by other kids and endured abuse he described as \\\"torture\\\" from white nuns who taught there. They called him \\\"The Globe\\\" because his head was larger than usual, due to his hydrocephalus as an infant. Until the age of seven, Alexie had seizures and bedwetting; he had to take strong drugs to control them. Because of his health problems, he was excluded from many of the activities that are rites of passage for young Indian males. Alexie excelled academically, reading everything available, including auto repair manuals. Education In order to better his education, Alexie decided to leave the reservation and attend high school in Reardan, Washington., 22 miles from the reservation, and where Alexie was the only Native American student. He excelled at his studies and became a star player on the basketball team, the Reardan High School Indians. He was elected class president and was a\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Alexie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29668289\",\n \"text\": \"Wellpinit is an unincorporated community in Stevens County, Washington, United States. Wellpinit has a post office with ZIP code 99040. It is the setting of the young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie. The population of the ZIP Code Tabulation Area for 99040 was 930 at the 2000 census. The community is located on the Spokane Indian Reservation. Notable residents Sherman Alexie - Native American author (grew up here) References Unincorporated communities in Stevens County, Washington Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)\",\n \"title\": \"Wellpinit, Washington\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"49727706","text":"Novoneel Chakraborty is an Indian author and scriptwriter. Early life and career Chakraborty was born in Silchar, Assam and has lived in Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. He did his schooling at Cathedral School, Lucknow. His first book, A thing beyond forever, was published in 2009. In 2019, he began writing for digital storytelling platform Wattpad using the pen name Elizabeth Eli. His book \"The Forever series\" found its place in Times of India's Most Stunning Books of 2017. His thriller series The Stranger Trilogy was translated into six Indian languages and has been adapted into a web series titled Hello Mini by Applause Entertainment and Rose movies. His thriller novel Black Suits You has been adapted by AltBalaji into web series Bekaboo. List of Works Novels A thing beyond forever (September 2010) That Kiss in the Rain (November 2011) How about a SIN tonight? (May 2012) Ex...a twisted love story (October 2013) The Stranger Trilogy Marry me, Stranger (November 2014) All yours, Stranger (July 2015) Forget me not, Stranger (April 2016) Black suits you (November 2016) \"Forever Series\" Forever Is a Lie (August 2017) Forever Is True (October 2017) Cheaters (February 2018) The Best Couple Ever (October 2018) Red Suits You (October 2018) Half Torn Hearts (February 2019) Do You Love Me Enough? (June 2019) Roses Are Blood Red (December 2019) Chill Down the Spine (April 2020) Cross Your Heart, Take My Name (November 2020) Whisper To Me Your Lies (October 2021) A Thousand Kisses Deep (July 2022) Heart On The Edge (December 2022) The Heartbreak Club: One Girl Vs One Twisted Legacy (March 2024) Television Million Dollar Girl (Channel V) Secret Diaries (Channel V) Twist Waala Love (Channel V) Pyaar Tuney Kya Kiya (Zing TV) Savdhaan India (star bharat) Mann Mein Vishwas Hai (Sony) Love is in the stories (Romedy Now) Web series Marry Me, Stranger as \"Hello Mini\" (2019) released on MX Player All Yours, Stranger as \"Hello Mini 2\" (2021) released on MX Player Forgot me not, Stranger as \"Hello Mini 3\" (2021) released on MX Player Black Suits You as \"Bekaboo\" (2019) released on (ALTBalaji) \"Rejctx\" (2019) released on ZEE5 original \"Rejctx 2\" (2020) released on ZEE5 originals Forever Series as \"Roohaniyat\" (2022) on MX Player References External links Novoneel Chakraborty at Penguin India Date of birth missing (living people) Living people Indian writers Novelists from Assam Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Novoneel Chakraborty"},{"docid":"24972899","text":"Invisible is a novel by Paul Auster published in 2009 by Henry Holt and Company. It was Auster’s fifteenth novel. The book is divided into four overlapping parts, told by three different narrators. Plot summary The first section, titled \"Spring\" and told in first person, chronicles the entanglement of Columbia University student Adam Walker with French political science professor Rudolf Born, who meet in New York City in the spring of 1967 and who form an alliance to publish a literary magazine. Their friendship splinters as a result of a tense love triangle with Born's girlfriend Margot and as a result of a late night mugging that ends in violence. The second section, \"Summer\" describes the events in Adam's life later that summer in New York sharing an apartment with his older sister, Gwyn. This section of the story is told in second person. Adam's story of the summer of 1967 is also framed by his having sent his manuscript, written in 2007, to a college friend of his, James Freeman, who we are told is a famous author. In the framing story, James tells us how he receives the manuscript from a dying Adam and they arrange to meet. In the third section, \"Fall\" we learn that Adam, in 2007, has died before he and James could meet, and has completed only notes of the third and final section of his memoir of 1967. James fleshes out the notes Adam has left in a third person account. \"Fall\" tells the story of Adam's trip to Paris, where he encounters Born and Margot, as well as other friends of Born's, a woman named Hélène and her daughter Cécile. Adam inserts himself into the lives of these women and contrives a scheme to atone for guilt he carries stemming from his actions following the mugging in New York. The final section takes place in 2007. James has been told by Gwyn that the major events of the second section of the book are entirely made-up, and James wonders whether any of the purported memoir is true. In searching for corroboration, James tracks down Cécile, now a distinguished literary scholar. She concludes the story by describing in her diary how she, in 2007, has a final strange contact with Rudolf Born, at his remote island home in the Caribbean. Themes The book centers on the tension between sex and war in the hearts of 1960s radicals, and the magnetism of intelligence and evil. As with much of Auster's work the novel deals with questions of shifting identity, puzzles and illusion, a persistent sense of dread, and of characters feeling trapped by circumstances over which they have no control. Reviews \"Invisible by Paul Auster: review\" at The Telegraph \"Invisible, by Paul Auster\" at The Independent \"Invisible by Paul Auster\" at The Guardian \"Love Crimes\" at The New York Times Notes 2009 American novels Novels by Paul Auster Novels set in Columbia University Henry Holt and Company books","title":"Invisible (Auster novel)"},{"docid":"6606298","text":"The Princess Diaries is a series of epistolary young adult novels written by Meg Cabot, and is also the title of the first volume, published in 2000. The series spent 48 weeks on the New York Times Children's Series Best Sellers List. The series revolves around Amelia 'Mia' Thermopolis, a teenager in New York who discovers that she is the princess of a small European principality called Genovia. The series follows Mia's life throughout high school in the 2000s and juggling regular teenage life with being a royal princess. The books are noted for containing many pop culture references from the 2000s that influence some of the plot. Meg Cabot quotes the series' inspiration on her website stating: \"I was inspired to write The Princess Diaries when my mom, after the death of my father, began dating one of my teachers; they later went on to get married just as Mia's mom does in the book! I have always had a 'thing' for princesses (my parents used to joke that when I was smaller, I did a lot of insisting that my 'real' parents, the king and queen, were going to come get me soon, and that everyone had better start being a lot nicer to me) so I stuck a princess in the book just for kicks... and voilà! The Princess Diaries was born.\" In 2015, a spin-off series for tweens launched. Mia's half-sister Olivia made her debut in From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess, released in May 2015. The new book in the Princess Diaries series, The Quarantine Princess Diaries, was published in March 2023. Setting The series is set primarily in the Manhattan borough of New York City. Some books take place in Genovia, a fictional European country. Genovia is a principality between France and Italy ruled by Mia's father, Prince Philippe Renaldi, and by Mia's grandmother, Dowager Princess Clarisse Renaldi. Characters Mia Thermopolis Amelia Mignonette Grimaldi Thermopolis Renaldo (Amelia Mignonette Thermopolis Renaldi in the movies), Princess of Genovia is the protagonist of the series. She is the daughter of Helen Thermopolis, a painter, and Philippe Renaldo, the crown prince of Genovia. Mia is also the Princess Regent of Genovia. Mia is sometimes shy and has a down-to-earth personality, though on occasion Mia shows herself to be quite sarcastic and sly. Throughout the series she is very critical of herself, describing herself as flat-chested, taller than most girls at 5-foot-9, and having embarrassingly large feet. She also has a tendency to over-analyze things and worry too much. In the 2001 film, The Princess Diaries, Mia (portrayed by Anne Hathaway) is aged 15, unlicensed, and owns a 1965 Mustang. She has similar qualities, but her father dies two months prior to when the movie begins, and her last name is Renaldi instead of Renaldo. She lives in San Francisco instead of New York. Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo, Dowager Princess of Genovia Clarisse Maria was formally known as Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo, Dowager Princess of Genovia. Clarisse","title":"The Princess Diaries"},{"docid":"19678551","text":"Ready or Not is the sequel to the novel All-American Girl. Both were written by Meg Cabot, who is also the author of The Princess Diaries. The book takes place about one year after the events of All-American Girl. The book were banned by School District of Indian River County. It received 3.75 stars on goodreads.com. Plot Description Samantha \"Sam\" Madison is still teen ambassador to the United Nations and happily dating the President's son, David. She is also still a semi-celebrity for saving the President's life but does not like the attention she gets for it. As a way to go back to being unnoticed, Sam dyes her naturally red hair to jet black at the beginning of the novel. She and David also start to take a life-drawing class together, though she did not realize that it was about sketching nude models. When David invites her to spend Thanksgiving at Camp David, Sam believes that he wants to have sex. Unsure of whether she's ready for that step in their relationship, she consults her older sister Lucy. Lucy ends up being extremely helpful by giving her sex advice and buying Sam contraceptives. Meanwhile, The President announces his \"Return to Family\" campaign, which includes plans to limit access to abortion and birth control. Samantha is faced with a huge dilemma when she accidentally comes off as condemning the \"Return to Family\" policy on an MTV special by accidentally implying that she and David have had sex. Sam receives mostly negative backlash for her remarks, but is supported by her friends and family for being honest. When she goes to Camp David during Thanksgiving, she waits in her room all night for David to come, but he never does. Feeling furious, she sneaks into David's room and berates him for his mixed-messages over them having sex. David replies that he didn't mean to imply that anything was going to happen between them. Sam comes to understand that she made up the whole dilemma in her head, but also realizes that she does want to have sex because she loves David. When Sam comes home, she tells Lucy about her and David's first time and discovers that Lucy is actually still a virgin. Lucy explains that she wants to find someone she truly loves before taking that big step. She believes that her tutor Harold is \"the One\" for her, like how David is for Sam. References External links Meg Cabot's official website Meg Cabot Book Club 2005 American novels American young adult novels Novels by Meg Cabot HarperCollins books","title":"Ready or Not (novel)"},{"docid":"8379669","text":"In statistics, mean absolute error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement. MAE is calculated as the sum of absolute errors (i.e., the Manhattan distance) divided by the sample size:It is thus an arithmetic average of the absolute errors , where is the prediction and the true value. Alternative formulations may include relative frequencies as weight factors. The mean absolute error uses the same scale as the data being measured. This is known as a scale-dependent accuracy measure and therefore cannot be used to make comparisons between predicted values that use different scales. The mean absolute error is a common measure of forecast error in time series analysis, sometimes used in confusion with the more standard definition of mean absolute deviation. The same confusion exists more generally. Quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement In remote sensing the MAE is sometimes expressed as the sum of two components: quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement. Quantity disagreement is the absolute value of the mean error:Allocation disagreement is MAE minus quantity disagreement. It is also possible to identify the types of difference by looking at an plot. Quantity difference exists when the average of the X values does not equal the average of the Y values. Allocation difference exists if and only if points reside on both sides of the identity line. Related measures The mean absolute error is one of a number of ways of comparing forecasts with their eventual outcomes. Well-established alternatives are the mean absolute scaled error (MASE), mean absolute log error (MALE), and the mean squared error. These all summarize performance in ways that disregard the direction of over- or under- prediction; a measure that does place emphasis on this is the mean signed difference. Where a prediction model is to be fitted using a selected performance measure, in the sense that the least squares approach is related to the mean squared error, the equivalent for mean absolute error is least absolute deviations. MAE is not identical to root-mean square error (RMSE), although some researchers report and interpret it that way. The MAE is conceptually simpler and also easier to interpret than RMSE: it is simply the average absolute vertical or horizontal distance between each point in a scatter plot and the Y=X line. In other words, MAE is the average absolute difference between X and Y. Furthermore, each error contributes to MAE in proportion to the absolute value of the error. This is in contrast to RMSE which involves squaring the differences, so that a few large differences will increase the RMSE to a greater degree than the MAE. Optimality property The mean absolute error of a real variable c with respect to the random variable X isProvided that the probability distribution of X is such that the above expectation exists, then m is a median of","title":"Mean absolute error"},{"docid":"12816623","text":"Standing in the Light, The Captive Diary of Catharine Carey Logan, is a Dear America novel written by Mary Pope Osborne. It was first published in 1998. The novel is set in Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania in 1763. Plot summary Catherine has always lived a simple life with her Quaker family. But when she and her brother are captured by Indians her whole world is turned upside down. She is adopted by an old woman and her daughter. The old woman lost her other daughter, Snow Bird, to measles. Initially, Catherine despises the Indians and is in anguish for her brother who was taken to live with another tribe. She yells at and insults the Indians, until she gets dreams of her brother indicating that he lives over the hill. She decided to climb it, but first she had to cross an icy river. the ice broke, and she was saved by a hunter named Snow Hunter. She discovers that he can speak English, and tells him of the dreams she had of her brother. The next day, Thomas was with her, but he was very sick. Catherine and the old woman nurse him back to health. Catherine and Thomas start to develop close bonds with Snow Hunter and the other Indians, Catherine especially. And then, one day the English attack their camp. They took Catherine and Thomas back to their original family, not knowing if Snow Hunter and the others are alive or not. This was especially hard for Catherine, because she had grown to love Snow Hunter. She felt estranged from her true family, and when her father read her diary, she still was miserable eventually she adapted to her true life but never forgot her experiences with the Lenape. Main characters Catherine Snow Hunter Thomas Little Cloud White Owl Little One Mother Father 1998 American novels American historical novels American children's novels Children's historical novels Fiction set in 1763 Novels set in the 1760s Novels set in Pennsylvania Novels about race and ethnicity American captivity narratives Delaware Valley 1998 children's books Children's books set in Pennsylvania Children's books set in the 1760s Children's books about Native Americans Fictional diaries","title":"Standing in the Light: The Captive Diary of Catherine Carey Logan"},{"docid":"696619","text":"In mathematics, the binomial series is a generalization of the polynomial that comes from a binomial formula expression like for a nonnegative integer . Specifically, the binomial series is the MacLaurin series for the function , where and . Explicitly, where the power series on the right-hand side of () is expressed in terms of the (generalized) binomial coefficients Note that if is a nonnegative integer then the term and all later terms in the series are , since each contains a factor of . Thus, in this case, the series is finite and gives the algebraic binomial formula. Convergence Conditions for convergence Whether () converges depends on the values of the complex numbers and . More precisely: If , the series converges absolutely for any complex number . If , the series converges absolutely if and only if either or , where denotes the real part of . If and , the series converges if and only if . If , the series converges if and only if either or . If , the series diverges except when is a non-negative integer, in which case the series is a finite sum. In particular, if is not a non-negative integer, the situation at the boundary of the disk of convergence, , is summarized as follows: If , the series converges absolutely. If , the series converges conditionally if and diverges if . If , the series diverges. Identities to be used in the proof The following hold for any complex number : Unless is a nonnegative integer (in which case the binomial coefficients vanish as is larger than ), a useful asymptotic relationship for the binomial coefficients is, in Landau notation: This is essentially equivalent to Euler's definition of the Gamma function: and implies immediately the coarser bounds for some positive constants and . Formula () for the generalized binomial coefficient can be rewritten as Proof To prove (i) and (v), apply the ratio test and use formula () above to show that whenever is not a nonnegative integer, the radius of convergence is exactly 1. Part (ii) follows from formula (), by comparison with the -series with . To prove (iii), first use formula () to obtain and then use (ii) and formula () again to prove convergence of the right-hand side when is assumed. On the other hand, the series does not converge if and , again by formula (). Alternatively, we may observe that for all , . Thus, by formula (), for all . This completes the proof of (iii). Turning to (iv), we use identity () above with and in place of , along with formula (), to obtain as . Assertion (iv) now follows from the asymptotic behavior of the sequence . (Precisely, certainly converges to if and diverges to if . If , then converges if and only if the sequence converges , which is certainly true if but false if : in the latter case the sequence is dense , due to","title":"Binomial series"},{"docid":"3376041","text":"This is a history of aesthetics. Ancient Greek aesthetics The first important contributions to aesthetic theory are usually considered to stem from philosophers in Ancient Greece, among which the most noticeable are Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus. When interpreting writings from this time, it is worth noticing that it is debatable whether an exact equivalent to the term beauty existed in classical Greek. Xenophon regarded the beautiful as coincident with the good, while both of these concepts are resolvable into the useful. Every beautiful object is so called because it serves some rational end: either the security or the gratification of man. Socrates rather emphasized the power of beauty to further the more necessary ends of life than the immediate gratification which a beautiful object affords to perception and contemplation. His doctrine puts forward the relativity of beauty. Plato, in contrast, recognized that beauty exists as an abstract Form. It is therefore absolute and does not necessarily stand in relation to a percipient mind. Plato Of the views of Plato on the subject, it is hardly less difficult to gain a clear conception from the Dialogues, than it is in the case of ethical good. In some of these, various definitions of the beautiful are rejected as inadequate by the Platonic Socrates. At the same time we may conclude that Plato's mind leaned decidedly to the conception of an absolute beauty, which took its place in his scheme of ideas or self-existing forms. This true beauty is nothing discoverable as an attribute in another thing, for these are only beautiful things, not the beautiful itself. Love (Eros) produces aspiration towards this pure idea. Elsewhere the soul's intuition of the self-beautiful is said to be a reminiscence of its prenatal existence. As to the precise forms in which the idea of beauty reveals itself, Plato is not very decided. His theory of an absolute beauty does not easily adjust itself to the notion of its contributing merely a variety of sensuous pleasure, to which he appears to lean in some dialogues. He tends to identify the self-beautiful with the conceptions of the true and the good, and thus there arose the Platonic formula kalokagathia. So far as his writings embody the notion of any common element in beautiful objects, it is proportion, harmony or unity among their parts. He emphasizes unity in its simplest aspect as seen in evenness of line and purity of color. He recognizes in places the beauty of the mind, and seems to think that the highest beauty of proportion is to be found in the union of a beautiful mind with a beautiful body. He had but a poor opinion of art, regarding it as a trick of imitation (mimesis) which takes us another step further from the luminous sphere of rational intuition into the shadowy region of the semblances of sense. Accordingly, in his scheme for an ideal republic, he provided for the most inexorable censorship of poets, etc., so as to make art as far","title":"History of aesthetics"},{"docid":"63854472","text":"Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora? is a 2016 non-fiction book authored by five Kashmiri women: Essar Batool, Ifrah Butt, Munaza Rashid, Natasha Rather and Samreena Mushtaq. The book concerns the alleged 1991 mass rape by Indian security forces and is part of a series on \"Sexual Violence and Impunity in South Asia\" published by Zubaan Books and supported by the International Development Research Centre. The book was officially released at the Jaipur Literature Festival. Inspired by the public reaction to the Nirbhaya gang rape in December 2012, the five Kashmiri authors chronicle the night of 23/24 February 1991 in Kupwara district in the neighboring villages of Kunan and Poshpora, where the 68th Mountain Brigade of the 4th Rajputana Rifle killed several male members and allegedly raped a number of women. The Kunan Poshpora incident is the second time the Indian Army has been accused of \"mass sexual violence\", the first one is the mass rape accusation on Indian Army's IPKF against Tamil girls in Sri lanka ( Indian Army faces rape allegations in North Eastern States) The authors themselves lobbied the government to reopen the investigation of the incident, which was done in 2013. Description The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is about the overall role that women have played in the resistance movement in Kashmir. This is followed by each of the authors penning down what they personally remember of the incident. The next two chapters lay out the background of what was happening in Kashmir at the time. Here the authors analyze a police case diary, statements to the State Human Rights Commission and the interviews of the authors with those in the village. The book is the first extensive interaction with the alleged victims. The fourth chapter portrays the lives of the two villages today. The fifth chapter covers the official information on the case where the authors criticize the Verghese report by the Press Council of India team which had concluded that the incident was a hoax. The sixth chapter goes on to reconstruct the events of that night through first person interviews. The seventh and last chapter of the book narrates the struggle by the survivors and authors to get justice including a public interest litigation in 2013. February 23 is now known as ‘Kashmiri Women’s Resistance Day’. Critical reception The book has been seen as the ability of Kashmiri women to tell their own story, lead the discourse, and show resistance. The new information, the interviews with the people of Kunan and Poshpora, as well as the case diary which the authors have brought into the public domain also add to the value of the book. The authors faced numerous hurdles in conducting a book launch. A seminar in Ambedkar University in which one of the authors was due to speak was cancelled for fear of violence. See also 41 biranganas Rape during the Kashmir conflict References Bibliography Rape in India 2016 non-fiction books Books about the Kashmir conflict","title":"Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora?"},{"docid":"4864","text":"Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies. It is one of five arguments from the \"properties, causes, and effects\" of \"true motion and rest\" that support his contention that, in general, true motion and rest cannot be defined as special instances of motion or rest relative to other bodies, but instead can be defined only by reference to absolute space. Alternatively, these experiments provide an operational definition of what is meant by \"absolute rotation\", and do not pretend to address the question of \"rotation relative to what?\" General relativity dispenses with absolute space and with physics whose cause is external to the system, with the concept of geodesics of spacetime. Background These arguments, and a discussion of the distinctions between absolute and relative time, space, place and motion, appear in a scholium at the end of Definitions sections in Book I of Newton's work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) (not to be confused with General Scholium at the end of Book III), which established the foundations of classical mechanics and introduced his law of universal gravitation, which yielded the first quantitatively adequate dynamical explanation of planetary motion. Despite their embrace of the principle of rectilinear inertia and the recognition of the kinematical relativity of apparent motion (which underlies whether the Ptolemaic or the Copernican system is correct), natural philosophers of the seventeenth century continued to consider true motion and rest as physically separate descriptors of an individual body. The dominant view Newton opposed was devised by René Descartes, and was supported (in part) by Gottfried Leibniz. It held that empty space is a metaphysical impossibility because space is nothing other than the extension of matter, or, in other words, that when one speaks of the space between things one is actually making reference to the relationship that exists between those things and not to some entity that stands between them. Concordant with the above understanding, any assertion about the motion of a body boils down to a description over time in which the body under consideration is at t1 found in the vicinity of one group of \"landmark\" bodies and at some t2 is found in the vicinity of some other \"landmark\" body or bodies. Descartes recognized that there would be a real difference, however, between a situation in which a body with movable parts and originally at rest with respect to a surrounding ring was itself accelerated to a certain angular velocity with respect to the ring, and another situation in which the surrounding ring were given a contrary acceleration with respect to the central object. With sole regard to the central object and the surrounding ring, the motions would be indistinguishable from each other assuming that both the central object and the surrounding ring were absolutely rigid objects. However, if neither the central object nor the surrounding ring","title":"Bucket argument"},{"docid":"47219332","text":"is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Cube, a brand of Cuffs. It was originally released on September 30, 2011, for Microsoft Windows. Later, Alchemist ported the game without the erotic content to the PlayStation Portable. Your Diary will be released for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. The story revolves around Tomoki Nagamine, who has feelings for an upperclassman named Sayuki Ayase. Upon receiving a diary from the library manager, he is informed by Yua that all of his happiest memories will be recorded in the diary. The gameplay of Your Diary follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the four female main characters by the player character. The game ranked as the third best-selling bishōjo game at the time of its release. It received a manga adaptation which serialized in Hakusensha's Young Animal Island between volumes 19 and 24. Gameplay Your Diary is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Tomoki Nagamine. Much of its gameplay is spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue. The text is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Tomoki is talking to, over background art. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story, which take the place of the background art and character sprites. Your Diary follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. There are four main plot lines in the original Windows release that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. Some decisions can lead the game to end prematurely and offer an alternative ending to the plot. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. In adult versions of the game, there are scenes depicting Tomoki and a given heroine having sex. Plot Story Tomoki Nagamine attempts to confess his love to an upperclassman named Sayuki Ayase; however, he does not succeed in doing so, being caught off by a sad expression on her face. In the meantime, he works alongside his crush Sayuki in the library committee. One day, after wandering into a seemingly-abandoned library, the library manager Misuzu gives Tomoki a diary called \"Your Diary\", telling him that the book chose him. A cute girl introducing herself as Yua—who is the goddess of happiness—comes bursting out of the book and informs Tomoki that all his happiest memories will be recorded in his diary. The story mostly revolves around Tomoki interacting with the four heroines (in later versions, seven) and","title":"Your Diary (video game)"},{"docid":"18961510","text":"Subhash Awchat is an Indian artist and author based in Mumbai. Literary career Awchat wrote the novel Madam in memory of Smita Patil, a collection of short stories, and a book of essays. His book Studio was collated from diaries that Awchat wrote over a period of 20 years. Studio is dedicated to Smita Patil and opens with a poem dedicated to Patil, who was a childhood friend of Awchat's. Awchat talks about the book: \"Studio does not explicitly deal with my art, but the undercurrent of art is forever present. Here, in my own way, I have expressed my idea about art among other things. I have tried to explore the need for an artist to step out of the immediate urban microcosm, and into the rural India.\" Career as an artist Awchat started off as a graphic designer but left the world of advertising to take up painting. Awchat intermittently worked on canvases from his Clown series from 1986 to 1991. Awchat's writing is an offshoot of his art in that each time he struggles with his artwork he returns to writing as a creative outlet. Subhash Awachat acted in the award winning Marathi film 22 June 1897 (1979). Awchat is working on a commission. he is planning on moving to Alibaug, Maharashtra. References Indian male writers Writers from Pune 1960 births Living people","title":"Subhash Awchat"},{"docid":"64151087","text":"\"Diary Queen\" is the 12th episode of the thirty-second season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 696th episode overall. The episode was directed by Matthew Nastuk and written by Jeff Westbrook. The episode follows Bart’s discovery of his former teacher's diary. Plot When Ned Flanders holds a yard sale, Bart and Milhouse buy several books as part of a scheme to record a stunt. When that backfires, the boys discover their late teacher Edna Krabappel's old diary among the books. They then escape Fat Tony and his mob and prank the school staff. Despite Milhouse repeatedly urging him not to invade Edna's privacy, Bart heads to his treehouse and starts reading the diary, discovering a page where Edna had written that she thought Bart had potential in succeeding in school. Convinced that he is the most improved student, Bart starts doing well in school. After Bart passes a test, the family celebrates with a cake, but Marge and Lisa look around his room, suspecting him of cheating. With the help of Maggie, Lisa finds the diary at the treehouse and discovers that Edna was actually referring to her pet cat. Lisa hides this from Bart, which soon stresses her out. When Bart decides to enter the school spelling bee, Lisa reveals the truth, causing a depressed Bart to hide in his treehouse alone. Later in the treehouse, Ned reveals to Bart that his family had considered leaving Springfield, but were stopped by Edna, who believed she needed to stay, as children like Bart needed her. Realizing that Edna truly did care for him, Bart returns the diary to Ned. At home, Ned reads the diary and is brought to tears over an entry where Edna says that being married to him made her dreams come true. The episode ends with a montage of Edna's moments throughout the series. Production Casting The late Marcia Wallace guest-stars as Edna Krabappel through archive recordings. Her estate cleared her appearance and was compensated for it. The show did not give a farewell to Wallace's character at the time of her passing because producers were not aware she was ill, so this episode was an attempt to memorialize her. The producers also decided not to reveal how Edna died. This is the final episode in which actor Harry Shearer voices the black character of Dr. Hibbert. Beginning with the following episode \"Wad Goals,\" he is voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, who is African-American. In addition, Julio had his voice provided by Mario Jose in this episode. Joe Mantegna appears as Fat Tony. Release The episode was scheduled to debut on January 10, 2021, but was rescheduled to February 14 due to being preempted by the NFL playoffs. Rain delays at the 2021 Daytona 500 further delayed all prime time shows scheduled for broadcast to February 21. Reception Viewing figures In the United States, the episode was watched live by 1.43 million viewers. Critical response Tony Sokol with Den of Geek, said","title":"Diary Queen"},{"docid":"44478984","text":"\"Black Hole Sun\" is the 4th episode of the sixth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series' 115th episode overall. \"Black Hole Sun\" was originally aired on October 23, 2014, on The CW. The episode was written by Melinda Hsu Taylor and Neil Reynolds and directed by Kellie Cyrus. Plot Back in the present, Stefan wants to leave Mystic Falls to continue his life, but Elena wants him to prove to her that he is indeed happy and then she will accept his decision. While sitting in a snack/bar, Stefan proposes to her in front of everyone, showing her how they can get new identities and new lives and start over. When Elena leaves, Stefan gets into a fight with a guy letting him beat him up. Elena comes back to take her jacket and stops the fight, compels the guy and sends him home. When she tells Stefan that she does not agree with his coping methods and asks for explanations, Stefan tell her that everyone has their own to move on. He tells her what she asked Alaric (Matthew Davis) to do and that she removed all her good memories about Damon just because she could not handle his death. Elena does not want to believe him and when she gets home, she asks Alaric if it is true. Alaric gives her a diary of hers where she wrote everything about her decision and when he asks her if she want her memories back, she tells him no. Matt (Zach Roerig) decides to probe Tripp (Colin Ferguson) to find out how much he knows about vampires. When Matt tells him about Jay (Matthew Barnes) told him before he died that he was tracking a vampire, Tripp decides to trust him and tells him all he knows while leading him to the place where he keeps Enzo (Michael Malarkey). He says that Enzo was the one who killed Jay but he wants to make him talk and reveal where his other vampire friends are before he kills him. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) returns to the Salvatore house and finds Sarah (Gabrielle Walsh) there. Sarah tells him that she knows about his vampire sister and she also shows him a picture she found in the house of her parents. Sarah asks for explanations and if he knows them. Jeremey recognizes Zach in the picture and tells her that her father is Zach Salvatore. Sarah explains that her mother was killed (by Damon Salvatore) while she was pregnant but the doctor did an emergency C-section (Caesarean section) and didn’t save the baby (Sarah’s little sister) Feature music In the episode \"Black Hole Sun\" the songs are: \"Black Is the Color\" by Lucette \"St. Louis Who\" by The Lexingtons \"Harlem\" by Cathedrals \"Fell on Black Days\" by Soundgarden \"Wild Ones\" by Jessarae \"Figure It Out\" by Royal Blood \"The Power of Love\" by Gabrielle Aplin Cultural references The title of the episode refers to a sun during an","title":"Black Hole Sun (The Vampire Diaries)"},{"docid":"1840172","text":"Guadalcanal Diary is a memoir written by war correspondent Richard Tregaskis and originally published by Random House on January 1, 1943. The book recounts the author's time with the United States Marine Corps on Guadalcanal in the early stages of the pivotal months-long battle there starting in 1942. It was the first book published by Random House to sell more than 100,000 copies. Almost immediately after publication, the memoir was made into a movie of the same name featuring William Bendix, Richard Conte, Anthony Quinn, and John Archer, marking the movie debut of Richard Jaeckel. Synopsis The book chronicles the author's experiences as a war correspondent for the International News Service (INS) during the first seven weeks of the Guadalcanal campaign, from the first landings on August 7, 1942 to his departure on September 26, 1942. Tregaskis was also around for Operation Dovetail, a practice run for the Guadalcanal landings, but while he was on board one of the troop transports involved, his book does not cover the operation or him being at Koro Island, where the operation took place. Tregaskis relates combat and conversation in vernacular, citing the full name, rank, and hometown of each of the Marines he encountered during the weeks he was on the island. Background During his time on the frontlines with troops from the United States Marine Corps, Tregaskis wrote down what he saw onto various small notebooks, which he stored in his pockets and had numbered for easier reference. At night, he would compile the information into his diary, adding references to specific books in the event he wanted to publish his journal as a full-length book. On September 25, Tregaskis flew out of the island to New Caledonia and then boarded a flight for Honolulu, where he began writing Guadalcanal Diary. Due to wartime media regulations, he had to write the book under supervision at the Navy offices at Pearl Harbor, and his diary was kept in a safe during the night. (Tregaskis never got the diary back.) According to a follow-up essay Tregaskis wrote in 1964, his manuscript was subject to military censorship by the Office of Naval Intelligence. For example, one of the Naval Intelligence officers excised a portion about Japanese encampments smelling \"sweet-ish\"; the officer, according to Tregaskis, was \"apparently\" worried about Japanese troops reading the book and using deodorant to hide their camps. Tregaskis finished his manuscript in November 1942 and sent it over to Barris Faris, editor-in-chief of the INS, who in turn sent it over to Ward Greene, head editor of King Features Syndicate. Greene then sent it out to nine other publishers for bidding, an unusual practice at the time. Bennett Cerf, one of the founders of Random House, received his copy on November 11, read it from beginning to end that night, and called Greene the next day to secure publishing rights, anticipating a high demand for stories about the Guadalcanal campaign. Random House rushed Guadalcanal Diary into print and published the book on","title":"Guadalcanal Diary (book)"},{"docid":"2873866","text":"Rustomji Homusji Mody, known to most as Russi Mody (17 January 1918 – 16 May 2014), was a chairman and managing director of Tata Steel and a leading member of the Tata Group. Early years Russi was born on 17 January 1918 in Bombay (now Mumbai) to a Parsi family. His father was Sir Homi Mody. His mother was Lady Jerbai Mody née Dubash. Russi had two brothers, Kali Homi Mody and Piloo Mody. After a few years of schooling in India, he was sent to England for further studies. He studied at St Cyprian's School, Harrow School and later at Christ Church, Oxford. On his return to India he joined Tata Steel as an office assistant. Russi was married to Siloo Mugaseth, the daughter of his mother's sister, and lived in Kolkata until his death. Career Mody joined Tata Steel in 1939 and he was promoted to the position of Director of Personnel in 1953. He took up the position of the Director of Raw Materials in 1965. In 1970, he was appointed Director of Operations and became Joint Managing Director in 1972. He was the most generous Managing Director of Tata Steel Ltd. He started many rewards like giving of AC Maruti Suzuki 800 to all Divisional Managers of Tata Steel. He never faced a strike at the Tata Steel Plant. After retiring from Tata Steel in March 1993, the then Prime Minister of India, Shri P V Narasimha Rao appointed Mody as Joint Chairman of Indian Airlines and Air India. Russi Mody Centre for Excellence, built by noted architect Hafeez Contractor that contains archives of the Tata Group, was named after him. Anecdotes Hearsay has it that Russi Mody was pulled up by a policeman as he tried to park his car on the narrow road. Admonished with \"Tumhara baap ka rasta hain kya?\" (\"Does this road belong to your father?\") the young scion pointed in good humour to the road sign indeed printed with the distinguished paternal name. He was also known to eat 16-egg omelette for breakfasts. During his studies at Oxford, he happened to accompany Albert Einstein on the violin, while he played the piano. Once, Sir Jehangir Ghandy was scheduled to come to Calcutta on a Wednesday afternoon when he would normally play tennis. In his diary lying on the table, he wrote, \"TPT CSC meeting on Wednesday at 3 pm,\" and told his secretaries to take Sir Jehangir to his room, show him the diary and say that Russi had gone to the meeting. True enough, Sir Jehangir came and was shown the diary. He nodded knowledgeably and walked away. Little did he know that TPT CSC was an abbreviation of \"To Play Tennis at Calcutta South Club\". Award Padma Bhushan (1989) Death Mody died during the night of 16 May 2014 at a private hospital in Kolkata. Books Russi Modi: The Man who also made Steel Russi Modi: The Man And His Vision See also Up, close and intimate with Russi","title":"Russi Mody"},{"docid":"41097543","text":"If It's Not Forever is a novel by Durjoy Datta and Nikita Singh. It was published in the year 2012 by Grapevine India Publishers. It is set on the story of the 2011 Delhi High Court blasts. Though mentioned as a love story, it is more of a suspense thriller. There are seven characters mentioned in this book, with the main protagonist being Debashish (Deb), who hails from Bengal and is deeply scarred with haunting memories of the blast. The book has received average reviews from critics all over India. Plot The author starts off with memories of the blast day. Deb had survived the bomb attack that left eighty nine people injured and many people dead. He feels sick at home and could not help wipe away the evil memories of the day. He recites the tragic event repeatedly to Avantika, his girlfriend. Avantika loves him and also feels bad, but she tries her best to make him forget what had happened. Quoting from the book, Deb says, \"It could have been me\". Deb is said to work at a publishing house \"that publishes trash novels\". His co-worker is named as Shrey, who is addicted towards girls and cannot live without them. He finally recovers from it. He wants to seek redemption as he stood there, on the blast day, watching the victims die. He finds a diary while re-visiting the area, and the edge of the diary is burnt beyond recognition. He takes it home and reads it. The diary has \"R.D\" written on it. No name, or for that matter address, is provided. But Deb wants to return the diary to Ragini, who \"R.D\" loved. Most of the novel revolves around the trio (Avantika, Shrey, Deb) and a girl named Tiya, travelling in an old car. They travel and the secrets come back to life. From Dehradun to Mumbai, the novel covers most of the Indian metropolitan cities. In the beginning of the novel the trio's daily life is described. Shrey is reported to work at Grapevine India, and often goes out to \"meet someone from the Times\". Deb knows that Shrey is actually meeting new girls. It is also highlighted in the novel that Avantika, Deb's girlfriend, hates the company of Shrey's girlfriend Tiya. Tiya is said to be stupid and crazy. Deb doesn't reveal anything about the diary to anyone. He reads the diary and decides to find Ragini so she could know about R.D's true feelings. He plans a road trip with Shrey to Dehradun where R.D and his best friend were studying. They reach Dehradun where Deb goes to Imperial academy to search for R.D's best friend who was listed as an all rounder of that year. He finds his name is Piyush Makhija and an address of Haridwar. When he comes back to hotel he finds out that Tiya is crashing their trip and deeply misses Avantika. Next day they reach Haridwar, Avantika surprises Deb by coming their and spends time with","title":"If It's Not Forever"},{"docid":"15509438","text":"Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas is a 2001 novel by James Patterson that argues the importance of balance within one's life. Two interwoven stories are told throughout the novel. The framing story is based on Katie Wilkinson, a New York City book editor, whose relationship with poet Matthew Harrison ends suddenly. During this period, Katie learns about Matt's past through the diary written by Suzanne. Background Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas marks Patterson's first attempt in the romance genre. Patterson, a best-selling author, is known for his mystery thriller series featuring detective Alex Cross. Continuing the trend with his novels, Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas has sold millions of copies, proving to be very popular. Patterson used some of his experience with heartbreak to write Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas. In 1974, Patterson fell in love with Jane Blanchard. After dating for several years, she was diagnosed with a terminal brain tumor. When she died, Patterson devoted his time to writing and stayed away from romantic relationships. Over a decade later, he married Susan, who wrote a diary for their baby son. Plot New York City book editor Katie Wilkinson is devastated when her boyfriend, poet Matt Harrison, abruptly breaks up with her for no apparent reason. He later sends her a diary as a means of explaining why he can't be with her, and Katie discovers the diary is written by a woman named Suzanne, who is writing to her newborn son, Nicholas. Suzanne begins her story in Boston, where she was working as a doctor in a hospital. After she has a heart attack at a young age, her fiancé leaves her, partly because he believes they won't be able to have children due to her health issues. In an effort to start over, she moves to Martha's Vineyard and buys a house that she plans to fix up. Suzanne meets Matt Harrison, a house painter, at a diner and hires him to paint her house. They fall in love and are married, and soon after have a son, Nicholas. When Suzanne becomes pregnant again, she becomes ill with toxemia and is hospitalized, ultimately losing the baby. With Matt's support, she recovers and writes that she feels lucky to have the life that she does. Suzanne's diary entries end suddenly after she writes about having pictures of Nicholas, now almost a year old, taken in a professional studio. Matt takes over writing in the diary and expresses immense grief over the loss of his wife, eventually revealing that Suzanne had a heart attack while driving to pick up the photos of Nicholas and crashed the car, killing both Suzanne and Nicholas. In the present, Katie is devastated by the truth about Matt's past and finally understands that his tremendous grief and guilt is keeping him from moving on with Katie, who he does not know is pregnant by him. She visits Martha's Vineyard and pays her respects at the graves of Suzanne and Nicholas, then finds the house where Matt lived with","title":"Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas"},{"docid":"5879362","text":"Pori () is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by Subramaniam Siva. The film stars Jiiva and Pooja. Pori released on 9 February 2007. The film met with negative reviews and turned out to be a box office bomb. Plot Hari (Jiiva) is an unemployed youth who runs a pavement book shop in Tripiclane area. His father (Nagesh), an upright retired schoolteacher, buys him a shop in a building with his PF money. He names it \"Periyar Bookshop\" and runs it with his friends (Karunas and Ganeshkar). Meanwhile, he constantly bumps into a TV reporter Pooja (Pooja), and a love-hate relationship happens. One day, a Malaysian-based businessman named Mahadevan (Seeman) comes and evicts Hari from the shop, claiming that it belongs to him. Hari now discovers that his father was cheated by a land mafia gang which specializes in forged documents and is hand-in-glove with revenue officials. He decides to take the gauntlet and unveil the evil forces behind the property grabbers. Soon, he discovers that Nama Shivayam (Sampath Raj), Vinayagam real estates owner, is the brains behind the entire operation. How Hari becomes a one-man army and brings Nama Shivayam to justice forms the rest of the story. Cast Production The film was initially announced in December 2005 with Jiiva and Nila starring, before the latter was replaced by Pooja. A set resembling a street consisting of book shops and homes where most of the action takes place was built at AVM Studios for and was shot there for three weeks while the film was also shot around locations such as Besant Nagar, Ashok Nagar and K. K. Nagar. Soundtrack Soundtrack was composed by Dhina, with lyrics by Yugabharathi. Reception A critic from Nowrunning.com rated the film 1/5, stating that \"If you have all the time in the world to do nothing else, go watch Pori. A seriously depressing movie with absolute lack of comedy, story line, good music and everything which goes into making a good movie.\" Sify wrote \"There is no script or narrative as the director deploys all cinematic cliches since time immemorial. Six songs at regular intervals that are badly picturised tests your patience. Jeeva has done a larger-than-life role which just does not suit him\". Rediff wrote \"Watch Pori if you want to aimlessly fritter time away\". Chennai Online wrote \"This is the director's second film after the highly successful 'Thiruda Thirudi'. The debut film, though lacking in finesse, had managed to hold audience interest with its humour, colourful characters and peppy song-dance numbers. But 'Pori' fails to excite with its lacklustre script and predictable situations\". Lajjavathi of Kalki wrote the story starts only after the break, so it becomes very tiring. She added that the director confuses himself and us by putting many characters. References External links 2000s Indian films 2000s Tamil-language films 2007 action comedy films 2007 films Films directed by Subramaniam Siva Films scored by Dhina Indian action comedy films","title":"Pori (film)"},{"docid":"3895521","text":"La invención de Morel (; 1940) — translated as The Invention of Morel or Morel's Invention — is a novel by Argentine writer Adolfo Bioy Casares. It was Bioy Casares' breakthrough effort, for which he won the 1941 First Municipal Prize for Literature of the City of Buenos Aires. He considered it the true beginning of his literary career, despite being his seventh book. The first edition cover artist was Norah Borges, sister of Bioy Casares' lifelong friend, Jorge Luis Borges. Plot introduction A fugitive hides on a deserted island somewhere in Polynesia. Tourists arrive, and his fear of being discovered becomes a mixed emotion when he falls in love with one of them. He wants to tell her his feelings, but an anomalous phenomenon keeps them apart. Plot summary The fugitive starts a diary after tourists arrive on the desert island where he is hiding. Although he considers their presence a miracle, he is afraid they will turn him in to the authorities. He retreats to the swamps while they take over the museum on top of the hill where he used to live. The diary described the fugitive as a writer from Venezuela sentenced to life in prison. He believes he is on the (fictional) island of Villings, a part of the Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu), but is not sure. All he knows is that the island is the focus of a strange disease whose symptoms are similar to radiation poisoning. Among the tourists is a woman who watches the sunset every day from the cliff on the west side of the island. He spies on her and while doing so falls in love. She and another man, a bearded tennis player called Morel who visits her frequently, speak French among themselves. Morel calls her Faustine. The fugitive decides to approach her, but she does not react to him. He assumes she is ignoring him; however, his encounters with the other tourists have the same result. Nobody on the island notices him. He points out that the conversations between Faustine and Morel repeat every week and fears he is going crazy. As suddenly as they appeared, the tourists vanish. The fugitive returns to the museum to investigate and finds no evidence of people being there during his absence. He attributes the experience to a hallucination caused by food poisoning, but the tourists reappear that night. They have come out of nowhere and yet they talk as if they have been there for a while. He watches them closely while still avoiding direct contact and notices more strange things. In the aquarium he encounters identical copies of the dead fish he found on his day of arrival. During a day at the pool, he sees the tourists jump to shake off the cold when the heat is unbearable. The strangest thing he notices is the presence of two suns and two moons in the sky. He comes up with all sorts of theories about what is happening on the","title":"The Invention of Morel"},{"docid":"53992416","text":"Psychoanalyse und Yoga (English: Psychoanalysis and Yoga) is a 1923 book by the German writer and philosopher Oscar Adolf Hermann Schmitz (16 April 1873 – 17 December 1931). The book introduces the synthesis of the Indian yoga method and the European psychoanalysis with the aim to create a yoga system for Europeans. The content of his essay is an elaboration on a lecture series about yoga and psychoanalysis given at the psychoanalytic conference of the School of Wisdom, which took place on the 3rd until 5 March in 1923. Since 1916, Schmitz worked on a framework that should include yoga and Psychoanalysis, but he lacked the final piece that would have allowed him to meaningfully combine them. The inspiration for the absolute binding of yoga and psychoanalysis came from a correspondence with Count Hermann Keyserling, an associate of Schmitz and one of the founders of the school of wisdom, to whom Schmitz dedicated the book. Keyserling's doctrine of creative self-awareness (schöpferische Selbsterkenntnis) serves as a basis for this synthesis and states that there is only one aim in life, namely self-fulfillment, which can be attained by a combination of both methods. Content The book is split into three sections, which build upon each other in order to explain the logic behind the synthesis of the two opposing methods, yoga and psychoanalysis. Schmitz not only attempts to relate them, but he tries to establish psychoanalysis as a European yoga method. In the first part, he explains general terms and concepts of yoga and psychoanalysis and how they relate to each other by referring to the Indian philosophy and different schools of psychoanalysis. In general, he believes that both methods were developed because people have the natural desire to search for a way to unify the individual with the true, inner self. In Indian philosophy, this true inner self is also known as the Atman, which every person should become aware of. While Yoga is a method to separate from the world to find unity with the personal origin, psychoanalysis instead focuses on the isolated parts of the individual and analyses them critically. However, there is no certain way of how to integrate the single pieces back together into one unity. As a result of their differences, the two methods complement each other. Yoga tries to silence a person's conscious awareness in order to let the unconscious surface. This allows a person to free himself from it and to finally find Atman. However, Europeans are often held up to reach in-depth self-knowledge because they are afraid of their unconscious, which can only be identified and eliminated with the help of psychoanalysis. Schmitz elaborates on the characteristics of the different schools of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl G. Jung. In his opinion, the Jungian system comes closest to the Indian yoga method in that it considers a person's psyche as an individual unity and not as a function or part of society. According to Jung's analytical psychology, a person's conscious","title":"Psychoanalyse und Yoga"},{"docid":"61532","text":"In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent) if the sum of the absolute values of the summands is finite. More precisely, a real or complex series is said to converge absolutely if for some real number Similarly, an improper integral of a function, is said to converge absolutely if the integral of the absolute value of the integrand is finite—that is, if A convergent series that is not absolutely convergent is called conditionally convergent. Absolute convergence is important for the study of infinite series because its definition is strong enough to guarantee that a series will have some properties of finite sums that not all convergent series possess—absolutely convergent series behave \"nicely\". For instance, rearrangements do not change the value of the sum. This is not true for conditionally convergent series: The alternating harmonic series converges to while its rearrangement (in which the repeating pattern of signs is two positive terms followed by one negative term) converges to Background In finite sums, the order in which terms are added is both associative and commutative, meaning that grouping and rearranging do not matter. (1 + 2) + 3 is the same as 1 + (2 + 3), and both are the same as (3 + 2) + 1. However, this is not true when adding infinitely many numbers, and wrongly assuming that it is true can lead to apparent paradoxes. One classic example is the alternating sum whose terms alternate between +1 and −1. What is the value of S? One way to evaluate S is to group the first and second term, the third and fourth, and so on: But another way to evaluate S is to leave the first term alone and group the second and third term, then the fourth and fifth term, and so on: This leads to an apparent paradox: does or ? The answer is that because S is not absolutely convergent, grouping or rearranging its terms changes the value of the sum. This means and are not equal. In fact, the series does not converge, so S does not have a value to find in the first place. A series that is absolutely convergent does not have this problem: grouping or rearranging its terms does not change the value of the sum. Definition for real and complex numbers A sum of real numbers or complex numbers is absolutely convergent if the sum of the absolute values of the terms converges. Sums of more general elements The same definition can be used for series whose terms are not numbers but rather elements of an arbitrary abelian topological group. In that case, instead of using the absolute value, the definition requires the group to have a norm, which is a positive real-valued function on an abelian group (written additively, with identity element 0) such that: The norm of the identity element of is zero: For every implies For every For every In this case, the function","title":"Absolute convergence"},{"docid":"20856189","text":"Selected Stories of Lu Hsun is a collection of English translations of major stories of the Chinese author Lu Xun translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang and first published in 1960 by the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing. This book was republished in 2007 by the Foreign Languages Press with the updated title of Lu Xun Selected Works. Stories included in the collection are drawn from three of Lu Xun's story collections: 《吶喊》Call to Arms (CTA), 《彷徨》 \"Wandering\" (W), and 《故事新編》 \"Old Tales Retold\" (OTR). Major themes One major theme in the stories in this collection is that habits of mind (psychology or \"spirit\") need to be examined; improvements in material conditions and institutions, while important, are not sufficient by themselves to renew China. See in particular A Madman's Diary and The True Story of Ah Q. Lu Xun employed point of view in his stories in a way that was novel at the time for Chinese literature, helping readers consider new possibilities about the true nature of the reality around them. A second major theme in the stories is the problem of how members of the intellectual class are to live their lives. It is a theme in many stories, including Kong Yiji, My Old Home, In the Wine Shop, Regret for the Past, and others. A third major theme in the stories is commentary on traditional customs and institutions. The stories look at the specific dysfunctions of particular customs and institutions, and also at the general result in which people are discarded. It is a theme in many stories, especially Kong Yiji and The New Year Sacrifice. Story synopses Preface to Call to Arms In the preface, signed on December 3, 1922, Lu Xun describes the evolution of his social concerns. An important thread to this preface is his encounters with traditional Chinese medicine and the problems of health care, which bears directly on several stories in the collection. Lu Xun also describes one of his overarching objectives as a writer and social critic: he sees society as \"an iron house without windows, absolutely indestructible, with many people fast asleep inside who will soon die of suffocation.\" Is it possible to help them? Or will he only make them suffer unnecessarily by intervening? A Madman's Diary (狂人日記, (CTA), dated April 1918) This story ostensibly reveals the delusions of a man who has passed through a period of madness, and has now returned to sanity and participation in \"normal\" society. A theme in the story is the nature of reality, and the difficulty of attaining a perspective from which to see reality clearly. \"I begin to realize that during the past thirty-odd years I have been in the dark . . .\" A secondary theme is the self-destructiveness of traditional Chinese society, likening it to cannibalism. \"I have only just realized that I have been living all these years in a place where for four thousand years they have been eating human flesh.\" The story is said to","title":"Selected Stories of Lu Hsun"},{"docid":"63106386","text":"A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane is a biography of J. B. S. Haldane, British-Indian geneticist, communist and writer; written by Samanth Subramanian and published by Simon and Schuster in 2019. Publication A Dominant Character is a biography of J. B. S. Haldane who was a British-Indian geneticist, scientist, innovator, author, writer and communist philosopher. The book was published on 10 December 2019 by Simon & Schuster UK and has 384 pages. Summary J.B.S. Haldane was a scientist who was born in Britain yet was spiritually inclined towards India. He saw action in the two World Wars, was engaged in the most radical politics of his day, conducted scientific research, and wrote with flair and conviction. The book describes his intellect, vision of society, philosophy, and scientific progress. In the latter part, the book mentions his journey to India and within India, from Kolkata to Bhubaneswar. Reception Jacob Koshy, in The Hindu, wrote that the work is an \"exquisite literary expedition\" into J.B.S.’ boyhood, his family history, his schooling. Koshy wrote that many facts of Haldane's life are well documented in the book and concluded that Subramanian gave compelling context. Shobhit Mahajan wrote that the book is a \"comprehensive account\" of Haldane's life in a review for Outlook magazine. He noted that the biography grapples well with a great life and found the book well-researched, with extensive use of Haldane's diaries and private letters. He praised the author's \"lucid writing\" and described the book as a \"page-turner\" with brilliant asides. He further wrote that the book does a decent job of explaining complicated scientific work in simpler terms, but points out that the author leaves out some details of the work done by Haldane. Vineetha Mokkil, writing for The Hindu Businessline, praised the work and called it a \"major contribution in modern intellectual history as well as an insightful and moving biography\". She wrote that the author did a \"fine job\" in bringing Haldane to life. In a review for The Wire, T. N. Avinash also wrote that author did \"admirable job\" describing Haldane's life and how political scenarios formed his worldview. However, he criticised the omission of some of the scientific responses to Haldane's work, such as Ernst Mayr’s critique of ‘beanbag genetics’. R. Prasannan, writing for The Week Magazine, called the work an \"honest biography\", but noted that there are few details about Bhubaneswar, a city where Haldane settled in later life. He also lamented the lack of an index. Firstpost listed it in the Books of Week on 11 January 2020. The book has been selected as one of the 100 Notable Books of 2020 by The New York Times. References External links The New York Times review of A Dominant Character 2019 non-fiction books Books about scientists Indian biographies 21st-century Indian books Simon & Schuster books","title":"A Dominant Character"},{"docid":"47831477","text":"The Dead House is a 2015 young adult novel and the debut novel of Dawn Kurtagich. The book was published in paperback in the United Kingdom on 6 August and 15 September 2015 by Orion Publishing and in hardcover in the United States on 15 September 2015 by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. It is told through a mixture of medias such as diary entries, news clippings, video footage, and various interviews. Synopsis At the beginning of the novel, the reader is made aware that the book's content was compiled from several sources, including a diary that was found in the remains of Elmbridge High School, a British high school that burned down 25 years prior. The material is a mixture of video clips, interviews, recovered diary entries, Post-it Notes, and other similar items, and will also occasionally have notations about missing content. Throughout the book, Kaitlyn repeatedly refers to her diary as \"Dee\" in her entries. Carly and Kaitlyn Johnson are two personalities that exist in the same body. They've been living in a mental hospital named Claydon Mental Hospital for an undisclosed amount of time. She works directly with a therapist named Dr. Annabeth Lansing, and it is established that Kaitlyn/Carly's parents died in a horrific accident that they cannot remember. They are aware of each other's existence, but they never directly interact as Carly is only active during the day and Kaitlyn at night, although they do communicate through various means, which they attempt to hide from others. In the mental hospital, Dr. Lansing diagnoses them as having dissociative identity disorder, an eating disorder (Carly), self-harming (Kaitlyn), and hearing voices (Kaitlyn, who hears the voice of a demonic entity known as Aka Manah). Dr. Lansing also believes that Kaitlyn is not the true personality and that Carly created her as a coping mechanism, although Kaitlyn insists that she is real and existed before their parents' deaths. Carly/Kaitlyn is sent to Elmbridge where Carly makes friends with a spiritual girl named Naida. Naida believes that both personalities are real and that they're two souls in one body. As the semester progresses, Kaitlyn uses an attic in an abandoned building as a refuge and meets Ari, with whom she reluctantly falls in love. Her peace is short-lived as Kaitlyn begins to see visions of a menacing dead girl and becomes stressed when she cannot see her little sister Jaimie, who was placed into foster care. Things come to a head when Carly stops emerging, provoking Kaitlyn into attempting suicide, which sends her back to the mental institution. Their therapist is surprised since she assumed that Carly was the dominant personality, but assumes that this is a sign of both personalities merging. During this time she comes back into contact with her friend John, who she hasn't seen since her parents' accident. Naida asks Kaitlyn to break herself out of the hospital, fearing that a Shyan, a dark magic user, is after Kaitlyn/Carly because of the power held by","title":"The Dead House"},{"docid":"4649413","text":"White Mughals is a 2002 history book by William Dalrymple. It is Dalrymple's fifth major book, and tells the true story of a love affair that took place in early nineteenth century Hyderabad between James Achilles Kirkpatrick and Khair-un-Nissa Begum. Summary The book is a work of social history about the warm relations that existed between the British and some Indians in the 18th and early 19th century, when one in three British men in India was married to an Indian woman. It documents the inter-ethnic liaisons between British officers, such as Charles \"Hindoo\" Stuart, and Indian women, and the geopolitical context of late 18th century India. Like From the Holy Mountain, it also examines the interactions of Christianity and Islam, emphasizing the surprisingly porous relationship between the two in pre-modern times. At the heart of White Mughals is the story of affair which saw a British dignitary, the East India Company Resident in Hyderabad, Captain James Achilles Kirkpatrick, convert to Islam and marry Khair-un-Nissa, a Hyderabadi noblewoman of royal Mughal descent. As the British Resident in Hyderabad, Kirkpatrick is shown to balance the requirements of his employers, the East India Company, with his sympathetic attitude to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The very title of White Mughals indicates its subject: the late 18th- and early 19th-century period in India, where there had been ‘a succession of unexpected and unplanned minglings of peoples and cultures and ideas’. On one level, the book tells the tragic love story of James Kirkpatrick, ‘the thoroughly orientalised’ British Resident in Hyderabad and Khair, a beautiful young Muslim noblewoman. On another level, the story is about trade, military and political dealings, based on Dalrymple's researches among letters, diaries, reports, and dispatches (much of it in cipher). Out of these sources he draws a fascinating picture of sexual attitudes and social etiquette, finding an \"increasingly racist and dismissive attitude\" among both Europeans and Indians towards mixed race offspring after the rise of Evangelical Christianity. He paces the gradual revelations with a novelist's skills, leading us on, after the death of Kirkpatrick, to \"the saddest and most tragic part of the whole story\". The doomed lovers actually engender an optimistic coda, when their two children move to Britain. The daughter Kitty becomes a friend and muse of Scottish writer and philosopher Thomas Carlyle, and re-establishes contact with her grandmother in India through Henry Russell. Production The usage of memoirs and chronicles in Urdu and Persian (the court language of India at the time) were used as sources for the writing of the book. Dalrymple collected these by retrieving it from the cellars and back rooms of secondhand booksellers in India. He dedicated the book to Bruce Wannell for the latter's help with translation of source texts in Persian and for providing insight into the Muslim world. Popular culture and adaptations In August 2011, William Dalrymple announced that Ralph Fiennes would direct and star in the movie version of White Mughals. Nothing seems to have come of this project,","title":"White Mughals"},{"docid":"71734966","text":"Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer is an Indian Netflix true crime docuseries which premiered on 7 September 2022. Produced by India Today Group and directed by Dheeraj Jindal. It is the second installment of Indian Predator series. Premise This docuseries is inspired by the notorious case of Raja Kolander, who is thought to be a cannibal and is responsible for the deaths of more than 15 people in eastern Uttar Pradesh. It consists of three episodes, and its timeline begins in the year 2000, when Dhirendra Singh, a journalist based in Allahabad, vanished without a trace. But later his decapitated and mutilated body was found in the neighbouring state of Madhya Pradesh. Episodes Episode 1: The Murderer Episode 2: The Cannibal Episode 3: The King Reception Writing for The Indian Express, Rohan Naahar in his review suggest that \"The Diary of a Serial Killer has one key ingredient that separates it from its predecessor: an on-camera interview with the serial killer himself.\" The Hindu's Bhuvanesh Chandar, a senior sub-editor of the paper in his review suggests \" (the docuseries)... is a chilling exploration into the darkest of corners of the human mind. There is a strong narrative structure in place — there is a reason why the series begins and ends with Dheerendra’s murder in particular— and it also resists employing cheap gimmicks to elevate drama or fear.\" See also Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi, Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom, part of the same television franchise References External links Hindi-language television shows Netflix original programming True crime television series Indian documentary television series Television series about serial killers Indian crime television series","title":"Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer"},{"docid":"51197437","text":"The Peter Pan Prize (Swedish: Peter Pan-Prisets) was established in 2000 by IBBY Sweden and the Göteborg Book Fair. It is awarded annually \"to a book for children or young adults of high quality in both literary and subject terms, satisfying one or more of the following criteria: (1) by an author previously unpublished or little known in Sweden; (2) from a country, language group or culture with limited representation in Sweden; (3) with content concerning children or young adults in less familiar countries and cultures less familiar to Swedish readers\" Runner-up prizes are called Silver Stars (Swedish: Silverstjärna). Peter Pan Prize Winners 2019 Doften av ett hem (The Scent of a Home) - by Bonnie Sue Hitchcock 2018 Akissi och det flygande fåret (Akisssi and Flying Sheep) - by Marguerite Abouet and Mathieu Sapin 2017 Mitt år av längtan (My Year of Longing) - by Dasha Tolstikova 2016 Sabelles röda klänning (Sabelle's Red Dress) - by Marina Michaelidou-Kadi, illus. Daniela Stamatiadi 2015 Guji Guji (Guji Guji) - by Chih-Yuan Chen 2014 Världens ände (Everybody Jam) - by Ali Lewis, translated by Elisabeth Fredholm (Förlaget Opal) 2013 Naku, Nakuu, Nakuuu! - by Nanoy Rafael, illus. Sergio Bumatay III, translated by Anna Gustafsson Chen 2012 Ensam hemma (While We Were Out) - by Lee 2011 Ankomsten (The Arrival) - by Shaun Tan for translated from English (Kabusa Böcker) 2010 Makwelane och krokodilen (Makwelane and the Crocodile) - by Maria Hendricks, illus. Piet Grobler, translated by Ulla Forsén 2009 Den absolut sanna historien om mitt liv som halvtidsindian (The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian) - by Sherman Alexie, translated by Ingela Jernberg 2008 Blunda och öppna ditt fönster (Vừa Nhắm Mắt Vừa Mở Cửa Sổ) [Open the Window with Closed Eyes] - by Nguyen Ngoc Thuan, translated by Hoai Anh Tran 2007 Kiffe Kiffe imorgon (Kiffe Kiffe demain) - by Faïza Guène, translated by Lotta Riad 2006 Long-longs nyår: en berättelse om den kinesiska vårfesten (Long-Long's New Year) - by Catherine Gower, illust. He Zhihong, translated by Lotta Riad 2005 Persepolis - by Marjane Satrapi, translated by Gabriella Theiler 2004 Över näktergalens golv (Across the Nightingale Floor) - by Lian Hearn, translated by Carla Wiberg 2003 Den osynliga flickan (The Breadwinner) - by Deborah Ellis, translated by Helena Ridelberg 2002 Alexis Kouros for På en ö i havet (On an Island in the Sea), translated by Janina Orlov (Alfabeta Bokförlag) 2001 Hipp, hurra för mormor (Hip, Hip, Hurray for Grandma) - by Cari Best, illus. Giselle Potter, translated by Barbro Lagergren 2000 Katies krig (Katie's War) - by Aubrey Flegg, translated by Gunilla Borén Shortlist 2020 Molnbullar – by Baek Heena (South Korea), translated by Johee Kim and Jonas Thelander Josefs vagga – by Jude Daly (South Africa), translated by Ulla Forsén Planeten Frank – by David Yoon (USA), translated by Carina Jansson Dubbel trubbel för Anna Hibiscus! – by Atinuke (Nigeria), illus. Lauren Tobia (UK), translated by Matilda Wallin Min pappa och jag – by Nari Hong (South Korea),","title":"Peter Pan Prize"},{"docid":"61188949","text":"Kardashian Konfidential is a 2010 non-fiction book by sisters Kim Kardashian, Kourtney Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian and their Ghostwriter. The book is a mix of autobiography and self-help. It contains family photos, anecdotes, personal letters, and diary entries. It was listed on The New York Times Best Seller list in late 2010. Kardashian Konfidential is the first book published by the Kardashian sisters. Synopsis The book contains personal stories, photographs, and diary entries from each of the three sisters. Among the personal stories, Khloé discusses her regret about losing her virginity at age 14 to an older boyfriend, writing \"Feeling rushed and pressured and unsure should have been my clue that I wasn't ready to take that step.\" Kim discusses being starstruck by meeting many celebrities she had admired. Kourtney talks about her obsessive need for neatness and organization in her home. All three write about their late father, attorney Robert Kardashian. They also write about their father's friendship with O. J. Simpson and their memories of the O. J. Simpson trial in 1995 and the effect it had on their family. In addition to personal stories, the book contains advice about makeup, style, and dating. In regards to dating, Kim Kardashian writes in the book \"When no one in your family likes a person, there's got to be something to it,\" referring to her unsuccessful relationship with her second husband. Reception The book made The New York Times Best Seller list, and reached #31 on the USA Today Best seller list. Breia Brissey of Entertainment Weekly wrote of the book, \"it's all relatively endearing coming from this bunch, and a must-read for any true Kardashian fan.\" She also noted that while the book does share a lot of personal information about the family, it largely ignores anything negative such as the details of Kim's first marriage. References 2010 non-fiction books Show business memoirs","title":"Kardashian Konfidential"},{"docid":"6697752","text":"Dhirendra Verma (17 May 1897 – 23 April 1973) was an Indian poet and writer. He used to write in Hindi and Brij Bhasha. Verma holds the same prominence for introducing scientific methods to research in Hindi language and literature as does Ramchandra Shukla. On the basis of his research in Indian languages, he published the first scientific history of Indian languages in 1933. He wrote his doctoral thesis on Brij Bhasha in French which was later translated into Hindi. Life Verma was born on 17 May 1897 in Bhui colony of Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh, India. His father, Khanchand, was a Jamindar by birth and occupation. Khanchand had deep interest in Indian culture and was influenced by the ideals of Arya Samaj. Verma was significantly influenced by his father and the ideals of Arya Samaj in his formative years. Verma died on 23 April 1973. Education Verma was admitted to D.A.V. College, Dehradun in 1908. However, he soon returned to his father and took admission in Queen's College, Lucknow. He passed the \"School Leaving Certificate Examination\" with first division with special honours in Hindi. Subsequently, he went to Myor Central College, Allahabad where he received his M.A. in Sanskrit (1921) from. Later, he was awarded a D. Litt degree from Paris University. Teacher and researcher Verma was appointed as the first lecturer of Hindi language at Allahabad University in 1924. Subsequently, he was promoted as a Professor and then Head of Department of Hindi department at Allahabad University, which he headed for several years. Later on, he served as the Vice Chancellor of Sagar University in Madhya Pradesh. It was his stint as a teacher and researcher that brought a lot of fame for Verma. He is recognized as the pioneer in introducing scientific methods to research in Hindi language and literature. Verma is known to have mentored many prominent writers, among them Dharamvir Bharati, who edited the Hindi magazine Dharmyug. Works Along with Rahul Sankrityayan, Dhirendra Verma represented the spatial and temporal dimensions of Akshayat. Considered knowledgeable on Hindi literature, Verma has written many books. Notable among them in Hindi are Hindi-Rashtra ya Suba Hindustan (1930) Hindi Bhasha ka Itihasa ( History of Hindi language ) (1933). Notable books written by Verma in Brij Bhasha are Brij Chhap- Grammar of Brij Bhasha, Ashtchhap, Sursagar Saar, etc. Also he wrote books on rural Hindi. Verma was the principal editor of the first 'हिन्दी विश्वकोश' (Hindi Encyclopedia). Verma maintained a diary during his student years in 1917–23 about the political events taking place in India then. The diary entries were published in four parts called Meri kalej dayari (My College Diary). Father Kamil Bulke, the Belgian Jesuit, who later became famous as India's most famous Christian Hindi scholar, wrote that it was on the inspiration of Verma that he went to Allahabad in 1945 and did research in Hindi for four years. Partial bibliography References 1897 births 1973 deaths People from Bareilly Poets from Uttar Pradesh Hindi-language poets Hindi-language writers","title":"Dhirendra Verma"},{"docid":"1062412","text":"Absolutely Live is the first live album by the American rock band the Doors, released on July 20, 1970, by Elektra Records. The double album features songs recorded at concerts held in 1969 and 1970 in several U.S. cities. It includes the first full release of the performance piece \"Celebration of the Lizard\" and several other tracks that had not previously appeared on any official Doors release. The album peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 in September 1970. Recording Many shows were recorded during the band's 1970 Roadhouse Blues Tour to create the Absolutely Live album. The Doors' producer and longtime collaborator Paul A. Rothchild claimed to have painstakingly edited the album from many different shows to create one cohesive concert. According to Rothchild, the best part of a song from one performance may have been spliced together with another part of the same song from another performance, in an attempt to create \"the ultimate concert\". Rothchild said, \"I couldn't get complete takes of a lot of songs, so sometimes I'd cut from Detroit to Philadelphia in mid-song. There must be 2,000 edits on that album.\" However, most of the tracks were taken from the Doors' performances at the Felt Forum in New York City on January 17 and 18, 1970. Absolutely Live marks the first release of the Doors' performance piece \"Celebration of the Lizard\" in its entirety, which had originally been attempted in the studio during the Waiting for the Sun sessions but was eventually abandoned. The album also included several new songs: \"Love Hides\", \"Build Me a Woman\", \"Universal Mind\", \"Dead Rats, Dead Cats\" (performed as a preamble to \"Break on Through\") and cover versions of Bo Diddley's \"Who Do You Love?\" and Willie Dixon's \"Close to You\" (the latter featuring lead vocals by keyboardist Ray Manzarek). Reflecting on the live album in an interview, Jim Morrison remarked, \"I think [Absolutely Live is] a fairly true document of what the band sounds like on fairly good night. It's not the best we can do and it's certainly not the worst. It's a true document of an above average evening.\" In his autobiography, Manzarek explained the group's intentions with the album: \"We wanted to get the Doors experience on tape. Live. One time. For the ages. And in doing so, perhaps we could capture the moment of escape. Live.\" Album cover According to the biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrison hated the album cover for Absolutely Live. He had changed his appearance dramatically since the band's early days, growing a beard and discarding his onstage leather attire in an attempt to overcome his \"rock god\" image, but was dismayed to find that his record label opted for an earlier photograph of him for the cover. In his book Krautrocksampler, the British rock musician and writer Julian Cope described the photo of Morrison as one of his \"two favorite all-time images of rock 'n' roll singers\". Release and reception Absolutely Live sold only 225,000 copies,","title":"Absolutely Live (The Doors album)"},{"docid":"6883979","text":"The book series The Saga of Darren Shan features humans, vampires and various other types of fantasy characters. Overview A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the property or that the character's presence in the property has yet to be announced. A Main indicates that a character had a starring role in the property. A Recurring indicates the character appeared in two or more times within the property. A Guest indicates the character appeared once in the property. Vampires Darren Shan Darren Shan is the main character of his diary, which is expressed from his point of view. As explained in the last book, \"Sons of Destiny\", the diary was supposedly transferred from Mr. Tall to the author. In the first book, Cirque Du Freak/Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare, \"Darren\" says he used no real names in the books. These are just the names used by him in substitution of the real names of the key players in his life (he does this for their protection and in fear of being discovered for his true self). Darren became enamored with Larten Crepsley's spider Madam Octa when he went to the Cirque du Freak, where he also learned vampires were real, Mr. Crepsley was one, and his best friend Steve Leonard wanted to become one. However, when Steve was bitten by Madam Octa, Darren was forced to seek the help of Mr. Crepsley, who agreed on the condition that Darren become his vampire assistant instead. Forced to leave his family, Darren died with his master's help, and joined Cirque du Freak. Many years later, he leaves for Vampire Mountain with his mentor, where he is forced to take part in the Trials of Initiation to prove his worth. He fails in the fourth trial, and decides to escape execution with help from his friend, pacifist and soon to be Prince Kurda Smahlt. As they flee, they come across a group of Vampaneze Kurda has smuggled into the mountain, intending to take it by force, in the hope his people would be spared from the rise of the Lord of the Vampaneze, who has finally appeared. Barely escaping alive, Darren is instrumental in foiling Kurda's plot, and made a Prince for his bravery. He learns after several years at war that he is one of three hunters with the power to kill the Lord of the Vampaneze before the vampires are eradicated. Near the beginning of the quest he is told by Lady Evanna that a Lord of the Shadows will rise at the end of the war between the two clans, and only his identity has yet to be determined - he will either be the Lord of the Vampaneze, or Darren himself. Several months later, the hunters are caught in an elaborate trap created by the Lord of the Vampaneze, resulting ultimately in Mr. Crepsley's death, and Darren learning that Steve Leonard is the Lord. The final confrontation comes two years later, with Darren killing","title":"List of The Saga of Darren Shan characters"},{"docid":"72412838","text":"Amit Lodha (Hindi: अमित लोढ़ा) (born 22 February 1974) is a 1998 batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of Bihar Cadre, currently serving as Inspector General of Police. He has received several awards for his work. He is known for his book Bihar Diaries: The True Story of How Bihar's Most Dangerous Criminal Was Caught. The web-series Khakee: The Bihar Chapter on Netflix is based on that book. Early life and career Lodha is an 1995 alumnus of IIT Delhi. He joined the IPS in 1998. Lodha was posted in the newly created, Sheikhpura District of Bihar in 2005. As of February 2024, Lodha is an Inspector General rank officer in Bihar Police. Controversies In December 2022 Lodha was booked under several sections of Indian Penal Code and Prevention of Corruption Act for entering a commercial deal with Netflix as a government servant and writing the book Bihar Diaries without taking prior permission or approval from the government. Lodha has mentioned that he has done nothing wrong. Controversy has also been created by the media that he was suspended but he has never been suspended, the government has also not released any statement regarding suspension. He is still in service serving as Inspector General (SCRB) in Patna, Bihar. See also Ashok Mahto gang Chandan Kushwaha References 1974 births People from Jaipur IIT Delhi alumni Indian police officers Living people Penguin Books people Indian Police Service officers","title":"Amit Lodha"},{"docid":"28944306","text":"Anees Jung (born 15 December, 1944) is an Indian author, journalist and columnist for newspapers in India and abroad, whose most known work, Unveiling India (1987) was a chronicle of the lives of women in India, noted especially for the depiction of Muslim women behind the purdah. Early life and education Born in Rourkela, and growing up in Hyderabad, Anees Jung is from an aristocratic family – her father, Nawab Hosh Yar Jung, was a scholar and poet, and served as the musahib (adviser) to the last Nizam (prince) of Hyderabad State. Her mother and brother are also Urdu poets. After schooling and college at Osmania University in Hyderabad, she went to the United States for higher studies at University of Michigan Ann Arbor, where she did her master's degree in sociology and American studies. Career She started her career in writing with the Youth Times, a Times of India publication, where she worked as a journalist and editor (1973 to 1980). She has subsequently worked for The Christian Science Monitor and the International Herald Tribune. Anees Jung lives in Delhi. Books Jung published Unveiling India in 1987. It is a travel diary focusing on interviews with women. She has written several subsequent books on the same, talking to women about their everyday lives, including Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim women in India (1993), Seven Sisters (1994). Breaking the Silence (1997) is based on conversations on women's lives from around the world. Others are maltreated by alcoholic fathers or married off early or sexually abused, though some find refuge in schools set up by well-meaning NGOs. A section of this book is part of the NCERT Class 12 English Book in CBSE Schools Jung is noted for her lively and vivid descriptions. Bibliography When a Place Becomes a Person. Vikas Pub. House, 1977. Flashpoints: Poems in Prose. Tarang Paperbacks, 1981. . Unveiling India, Penguin Books, 1987. . The Song of India. Himalayan Books, 1990. Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim Women in India. Penguin Books, 1993. Seven Sisters: Among the Women of South Asia. Penguin Books, 1994. Breaking the Silence: Voices of Women from Around the World. Penguin Books, 1997. Olives from Jericho: Peace in Winter Gardens. UNESCO, 1999. . Beyond the Courtyard: a Sequel to Unveiling India. Viking, 2003 Lost Spring: Stories of Stolen Childhood. Penguin Books, 2005. . See also List of Indian writers Indian literature References 1944 births Living people People from Rourkela 20th-century Indian journalists Indian women columnists Writers from Hyderabad, India Indian Muslims Osmania University alumni University of Michigan alumni Indian travel writers Indian columnists 20th-century Indian women writers Journalists from Odisha Indian women travel writers Women writers from Telangana Women writers from Odisha 20th-century Indian women journalists 21st-century Indian women journalists 21st-century Indian journalists","title":"Anees Jung"},{"docid":"5782067","text":"The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer: My Life at Rose Red is a 2001 novel by Ridley Pearson focusing on the life of the fictional John and Ellen Rimbauer and the construction of their mansion, Rose Red, in the early 20th century. Built on an old Indian burial ground, Rose Red is considered haunted and mysterious tragedies occur throughout the mansion's history. The novel is written in the form of a diary by Ellen Rimbauer, and annotated by the fictional professor of paranormal activity, Joyce Reardon. The novel also presents a fictional afterword by Ellen Rimbauer's grandson, Steven. Genesis of the novel The novel's genesis came as part of a $200,000 promotional marketing campaign for Stephen King's Rose Red television miniseries. Marketing of the film presented the movie as based on actual events. In 2000, two years before the Rose Red miniseries aired, the producers contracted with author Ridley Pearson to write a tie-in novel, to be titled The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer: My Life at Rose Red, under the pseudonym \"Dr. Joyce Reardon\" (one of the main characters of the miniseries). The novel presented itself as nonfiction, and claimed to be the actual diary of Ellen Rimbauer (wife of the builder of Rose Red). The work was originally intended to be an architectural book featuring photos and drawings of the fictional Rose Red house with the supernatural elements subtly woven into the text and photos, but Pearson (building on several references to a diary in King's script for the miniseries) wrote it as Ellen Rimbauer's diary instead. Inspired by the 1999 film The Blair Witch Project, King came up with the idea of presenting the novel as a real one by having \"Dr. Joyce Reardon\" edit the \"diary.\" King also inserted a reference into the book's foreword that a \"best-selling author had found the journal in Maine\", so that fans would be misled into concluding that King had written the work. The ruse worked. Fans and the press speculated for some time that Stephen King or his wife Tabitha King had written the book until Pearson was revealed to be the novel's author. To help promote the miniseries and further blur the line between reality and fiction, the book contained a link to a fictional \"Beaumont University\" Web site where \"Dr. Joyce Reardon\" was alleged to have taught. The site contains in-universe promotional material as well as an easter egg page with diary entries that were \"censored\" from the main book. A mockumentary was released by ABC a few weeks prior to the miniseries' release entitled Unlocking Rose Red:The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer. The special utilized actors who only vaguely resembled the ones within the miniseries for Steven Rimbauer and Joyce Reardon to speak about the happenings at Rose Red whilst promoting the upcoming miniseries by Stephen King which was seemingly referred to as a production heavily based on a true story. Excerpts from the novel were read out by an actress for the mockumentary, while a narrator and various","title":"The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer: My Life at Rose Red"},{"docid":"56122077","text":"A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia, is a book written by Anna Politkovskaya and published by Random House in May 2007 discussing Russia under Vladimir Putin. Scott Simon wrote the foreword and Arch Tait translated the writing into English. Harvill Secker published the United Kingdom edition. In some versions Jon Snow, the main news anchor for the United Kingdom's Channel 4, wrote the foreword. History Published after the author's death, it extracts from her notebook and other writings and gives her account of the period from December 2003 to August 2005, including what she described as \"the death of Russian parliamentary democracy\", the Beslan school hostage crisis, and the \"winter and summer of discontent\" from January to August 2005. Because she was murdered \"while translation was being completed, final editing had to go ahead without her help\", wrote Tait in a note to the book. According to Viv Groskop of The Guardian, A Russian Diary has a stronger emphasis on politics compared to A Dirty War and Putin's Russia, and therefore is \"less moving and immediate\". It does not focus on Politkovskaya's personal life. According to the book, Russia under Vladimir Putin reverted into an authoritarian society centered around the ruler. Content The book has three parts. The initial section covers the 2003 Russian legislative election and the 2004 Russian presidential election. The following section discusses the insurgency of the Second Chechen War, the Beslan school siege and its consequences, and other events in the second Putin term. She recalled a meeting with Ramzan Kadyrov, Head of the Chechen Republic. The last section describes 2005 pensioner protests. Robert Legvold of Foreign Affairs wrote, \"The tragedies generated by the Chechen war are what she knew best and wrote, knifelike, about\". Reception Bridget Kendall wrote that the translation was \"admirably readable\". Andrew Meier wrote in The New York Times that Politskaya's \"insightful black humor\" is a positive while he criticized elements of the translation and editing, citing references to Russia-related terms unexplained in the text and use of specific British English terms. \"Who killed Anna and who lay beyond her killer remains unknown\", wrote Snow in his foreword to the book's UK edition. \"Her murder robbed too many of us of absolutely vital sources of information and contact\", he concluded, \"Yet it may, ultimately, be seen to have at least helped prepare the way for the unmasking of the dark forces at the heart of Russia's current being. I must confess that I finished reading A Russian Diary feeling that it should be taken up and dropped from the air in vast quantities throughout the length and breadth of Mother Russia, for all her people to read.\" Kirkus Reviews stated that the diary entries in the book \"may lack total journalistic objectivity, but Politkovskaya more than justifies her bias with this emotional portrait of the dangerous lives of the Russian people.\" Publishers Weekly stated that it was \"A rare and intelligent memoir-if an","title":"A Russian Diary"},{"docid":"63193614","text":"Elliott Merrick (May 11, 1905 – April 22, 1997) was an American writer best known for his memoirs about Labrador. He was also an editor, teacher, farmer and sailor. In addition he wrote for magazines, including The New Yorker and Reader's Digest. Elliott Tucker Merrick III was born into an affluent family in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale University. He worked at his father's firm, The National Lead Company, for a year before deciding he wanted a more outdoor-oriented life. He took a job as a teacher at the remote Grenfell Mission (a medical missionary station) at Indian Harbour, Labrador. He then transferred tonearby North West River where he met his soon to be wife, Kate, a nurse from Australia. He wrote about his time there in Frost and Fire (1939). He penned Kate's memoir, based on her memories of Labrador, titled Northern Nurse (1942). The book was quite successful spending time on The New York Times Bestseller List. His first book True North (1933), is a diary about living in Goose Bay, Labrador. He wrote a memoir Green Mountain Farm (1948) about farm life in northern Vermont, where he lived with his wife and children during the depression of the 1930s. He taught English at the University of Vermont. He was an editor for the Office of War Information and worked with the merchant marine during World War II. These experiences informed his book Passing By (1947). He was later employed by the United States Forest Service in Asheville, North Carolina for 22 years, working as a science editor and publications officer. After retirement he spent time with his wife sailing, from which was published posthumously Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003). During the last years of his life Merrick was close friend with the outdoor writer Lawrence Millman, who wrote a short biographical remembrance in 2020. He said Merrick \"looked to Thoreau for guidance\", and Walden was his \"bible\". Merrick once said, \"Nature, love it or leave it, is all we've got.\" Works Source: Fiction From This Hill Look Down (1934) Ever the Wind Blows (1936) Frost and Fire (1939) Passing By (1947) The Long Crossing and Other Labrador Stories (1992) Nonfiction True North (1933) Northern Nurse (1942) Green Mountain Farm (1948) Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003) References 1905 births 1997 deaths American writers People of the United States Office of War Information Writers from Montclair, New Jersey","title":"Elliott Merrick"},{"docid":"3219921","text":"In mathematics, the symmetric derivative is an operation generalizing the ordinary derivative. It is defined as: The expression under the limit is sometimes called the symmetric difference quotient. A function is said to be symmetrically differentiable at a point x if its symmetric derivative exists at that point. If a function is differentiable (in the usual sense) at a point, then it is also symmetrically differentiable, but the converse is not true. A well-known counterexample is the absolute value function , which is not differentiable at , but is symmetrically differentiable here with symmetric derivative 0. For differentiable functions, the symmetric difference quotient does provide a better numerical approximation of the derivative than the usual difference quotient. The symmetric derivative at a given point equals the arithmetic mean of the left and right derivatives at that point, if the latter two both exist. Neither Rolle's theorem nor the mean-value theorem hold for the symmetric derivative; some similar but weaker statements have been proved. Examples The absolute value function For the absolute value function , using the notation for the symmetric derivative, we have at that Hence the symmetric derivative of the absolute value function exists at and is equal to zero, even though its ordinary derivative does not exist at that point (due to a \"sharp\" turn in the curve at ). Note that in this example both the left and right derivatives at 0 exist, but they are unequal (one is −1, while the other is +1); their average is 0, as expected. The function x−2 For the function , at we have Again, for this function the symmetric derivative exists at , while its ordinary derivative does not exist at due to discontinuity in the curve there. Furthermore, neither the left nor the right derivative is finite at 0, i.e. this is an essential discontinuity. The Dirichlet function The Dirichlet function, defined as: has a symmetric derivative at every , but is not symmetrically differentiable at any ; i.e. the symmetric derivative exists at rational numbers but not at irrational numbers. Quasi-mean-value theorem The symmetric derivative does not obey the usual mean-value theorem (of Lagrange). As a counterexample, the symmetric derivative of has the image , but secants for f can have a wider range of slopes; for instance, on the interval , the mean-value theorem would mandate that there exist a point where the (symmetric) derivative takes the value A theorem somewhat analogous to Rolle's theorem but for the symmetric derivative was established in 1967 by C. E. Aull, who named it quasi-Rolle theorem. If is continuous on the closed interval and symmetrically differentiable on the open interval , and , then there exist two points , in such that , and . A lemma also established by Aull as a stepping stone to this theorem states that if is continuous on the closed interval and symmetrically differentiable on the open interval , and additionally , then there exist a point in where the symmetric derivative is","title":"Symmetric derivative"},{"docid":"72849990","text":"Equal is a two-hander Korean musical based on the Japanese stage play of the same name by Kenichi Suemitsu. The musical's book and lyrics are by Soovin Kim, with music by Woody Pak. The musical is set in 17th century Europe, during the Black Death pandemic. The story takes place over a week and follows the attempts of Theo, a country doctor, to find a cure for the mysterious illness that is killing his best friend Nicola. Equal held its first theatrical run from December 31, 2021 to February 20, 2022 at Uniplex Hall 1 in Seoul, South Korea. A second Seoul production ran from June 3, 2022 to July 24, 2022, also at Uniplex Hall 1. A number of the 2022 Seoul cast reprised their roles in Equal's first Japanese production, which ran from August 4, 2022 to August 14, 2022 at Tokyo's Hulic Hall. Plot In 1665, while witch hunts and the Black Death ravage the European countryside, childhood friends Theo and Nicola live together in a small cabin. Monday Theo returns home from his shift at the local hospital with pastries for a grateful Nicola, whose mysterious illness prevents him from leaving the house (“‘Cause I Know You”). After Nicola collapses in a coughing fit, Theo leads him back to bed, where he finds Nicola’s locked diary. He teases him about it before being struck with a migraine of his own. Tuesday Nicola writes about Theo in his diary, hoping they’ll be together forever, but worried over Theo’s worsening migraines (“You’re Perfect”). Theo interrupts with a letter from Audette, a mutual childhood friend who Theo believes to be in love with Nicola, and he and Nicola reminisce about their time together as children (“Audette’s Letter\"). To comfort a now melancholy Theo, Nicola suggests they reenact a ritual the three friends once attempted in order to save the life of a drowned kitten. He reveals that he still has the magic stone they used for the spell, though Theo has forgotten both the stone and the ritual (“Our Magic Spell”). Wednesday Theo arrives home with an antique book, claiming that he has found the cure to Nicola’s illness: using alchemy, he will transform Nicola into a ‘golden human’ who can live forever (“Golden Human”). Nicola is unconvinced, but Theo is too excited to listen to his objections. He eventually reveals the true reason for his excitement: he’s fallen in love with Marietta, a woman who works at the bakery, and intends to marry her after Nicola is cured. He urges Nicola to write a letter to Audette and confess to her, so that they can both be married and find happiness (“Say How You Feel”). After Theo leaves to meet Marietta again, a heartbroken Nicola pulls out a set of vials and mixes two potions, one red and one black. He contemplates both potions while writing in his diary (“You’re Perfect - Reprise”). Thursday When Theo returns from work, he finds the house empty. Nicola eventually stumbles through","title":"Equal (musical)"},{"docid":"33535053","text":"Few Things Left Unsaid is a 2011 novel by Indian author and engineer Sudeep Nagarkar. Sudeep used to write in his personal diary. One of his friends read it and suggested to write a script on it. The book was launched in Juhu Crossword book store on 13 July 2011 by Cabinet Minister Suresh Shetty. Sudeep was also interviewed by Stack Your Rack magazine and RJ Jeethuraj from Radio Mirchi. An article in the Times of India stated that the book sold more than 8000 copies within one fortnight. Plot Few Things Left Unsaid is about the story of two college mates, Aditya and Riya. They both fall in love after they meet up through their friends. They both were taking some time to express their things; once they both expressed, they moved into the next level in few days. They even take 7 promises as couples take during their wedding. They keep falling deep into the heavenly thing called love. Finally, a break-up takes place due to some twists and turns. References External links Official Website - Book Website on Sudeep Nagarkar 2011 Indian novels 2011 debut novels","title":"Few Things Left Unsaid"},{"docid":"6014040","text":"The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole, Margaret Hilda Roberts and Susan Lilian Townsend is the third book in the Adrian Mole series, written by Sue Townsend. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage (supposed) intellectual. The title is long and often shortened to the more convenient The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole but the three names are part of the full title and represent fictional (or otherwise) actual content of the book. The book covers the same themes as the first volumes although it differs in style from the other books. There are short collections of Adrian's classic diary entries covering important events over a brief period of a few days (such as Christmas, Adrian leaving home, Adrian's first job etc.) during the mid-1980s, but the continuous regular diary entries from the other books are absent. There are also several longer transcripts of radio programmes on Pirate Radio Four, plus collections of letters and correspondence with characters from the earlier books, including Barry Kent, who is in prison. This format means that it covers a longer time span than any other Adrian Mole book at the expense of some detail. The book also contains extracts from Sue Townsend's own diaries together with some of her essays, plus a collection of entries from an unknown teenage girl's diary written in the 1930s in Grantham. Townsend suggests that the girl was called Margaret Hilda Roberts and no one knows what became of her, although most readers will spot that this is a strong and bitter satire about Margaret Thatcher (Margaret Hilda Roberts was her maiden name). Townsend originally created this satire in the first few issues of the newspaper Today, as The Secret Diary of Margaret Hilda Roberts Aged 13. The Adrian Mole section was subsequently published as part of the omnibus edition Adrian Mole: From Minor to Major. References 1989 British novels British young adult novels Novels set in Leicestershire Novels set in the 1980s Adrian Mole novels Methuen Publishing books","title":"The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole"},{"docid":"3626462","text":"This is a list of notable writers whose readership is predominantly teenagers or young adults, or adult fiction writers who have published significant works intended for teens/young adults. Examples of the author's more notable works are given here. A Atia Abawi: A Land of Permanent Goodbyes Joan Abelove: Go and Come Back, Saying It Out Loud, Lost and Found Hailey Abbott: The Secrets of Boys, Summer Boys, The Bridesmaid, The Perfect Boy Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé: Ace of Spades Marguerite Abouet: Aya Elizabeth Acevedo: The Poet X, Clap When You Land, With the Fire on High Richard Adams: Watership Down, Shardik, The Plague Dogs Tomi Adeyemi: Children of Blood and Bone Alexandra Adornetto: Halo, Hades, Heaven Renée Ahdieh: The Wrath & the Dawn, Flame in the Mist Melissa Albert: The Hazel Wood Becky Albertalli: Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda, The Upside of Unrequited, Leah on the Offbeat Louisa May Alcott: Little Women, Jo's Boys, Eight Cousins Lloyd Alexander: The Prydain Chronicles, Westmark, The Kestrel, The Beggar Queen Sherman Alexie: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian S.K. Ali: Saints & Misfits, Love from A to Z Isabel Allende: City of the Beasts, Kingdom of the Golden Dragon, Forest of the Pygmies David Almond: Kit's Wilderness, Heaven Eyes, Clay Elaine M. Alphin: Counterfeit Son Adi Alsaid: Let's Get Lost, Never Always Sometimes Julia Alvarez: How the García Girls Lost Their Accents, Yo!, Before We Were Free Laurie Halse Anderson: Speak, Fever 1793, Catalyst, Prom, Twisted, Wintergirls M. T. Anderson: Feed, The Pox Party Jesse Andrews: Me and Earl and the Dying Girl V. C. Andrews: Flowers in the Attic Josephine Angelini: Starcrossed trilogy Anthony: A Journey, through Time, with Anthony Kim Antieau: Mercy, Unbound Allen Appel: Twice Upon a Time Jules Archer: The Plot to Seize the White House, The Incredible Sixties, Treason in America Jennifer Armentrout: Covenant series, Lux series, Dark Elements series, Cursed Kelley Armstrong: Darkest Powers Jay Asher: Thirteen Reasons Why, The Future of Us Amelia Atwater-Rhodes: Den of Shadows series, Kiesha'ra series Victoria Aveyard: Red Queen Avi: Nothing But the Truth, The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle, Crispin: The Cross of Lead Nafiza Azad: The Candle and the Flame B Natalie Babbitt: Tuck Everlasting Helen Bailey: Electra Brown series Catherine Banner: The Last Descendants series Leigh Bardugo: Shadow and Bone, Six of Crows Jennifer Lynn Barnes: The Inheritance Games series, Debutantes series, The Fixer series, The Naturals series T. A. Barron: The Ancient One John Barrowman and Carole Barrowman: Hollow Earth Karen Bass: Graffiti Knight Cat Bauer: Harley's Ninth, Harley, Like a Person Joan Bauer: Rules of the Road, Squashed, Stand Tall, Hope Was Here Michael Gerard Bauer: The Running Man, Don't Call Me Ishmael L. Frank Baum: Aunt Jane's Nieces series Patricia Beatty: Lupita Mañana, Charley Skedaddle, Eight Mules from Monterey, Bonanza Girl, Turn Homeward, Hannalee Margaret Bechard: Hanging onto Max, Star Hatchling, Spacer and Rat, If It Doesn't Kill You David Belbin: Love Lessons, Festival, Denial, The Last Virgin, Dead Guilty Clare Bell: Ratha series","title":"List of young adult fiction writers"},{"docid":"3042082","text":"Which Lie Did I Tell?: More Adventures in the Screen Trade is a work of non-fiction first published in 2000 by novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It is the follow-up to his 1982 book Adventures in the Screen Trade. Originally to be called The Big Campfire, the inspiration for the title came when Goldman was in the office of a Hollywood producer who was talking on the phone to one of his associates. Suddenly he cupped his hands over the receiver, snapped his fingers and said \"Bill, Bill! Which lie did I tell?\" Contents The book begins with more stories about movies he has been involved with, starting with the period from 1982—when Adventures in the Screen Trade was published—to 1986 when he received no movie work. Goldman then tells the unfortunate story of how he became mixed up in the film adaptation of Memoirs of an Invisible Man, before the saving grace of The Princess Bride brought him his first screen credit in nearly nine years. Other adventures are Misery, The Year of the Comet (which he uses as an example of how a movie can become a failure at the script level), Maverick (which he uses as an example of the principle that the best scene sometimes needs to be cut), The Ghost and the Darkness (which he uses as an example of how ego can hinder a film's production and artistic integrity) and Absolute Power (which he uses as an example to illustrate why a movie does not have to be faithful to the book on which it is based). Two films he does not cover are Heat (for legal reasons) and The Chamber, because he did not consider it interesting. The next part of the book has Goldman analyzing scenes from various screenplays he admires including There's Something About Mary, North by Northwest and Chinatown. The next section covers how he gets movie ideas, and details four examples and why he didn't pursue them. \"The Old Guy\", inspired by the true story about an elderly criminal (eventually made into a 2018 movie, The Old Man and The Gun, apparently without Goldman's participation). Goldman learned of the story in an April 1999 article in the San Francisco Chronicle. \"The Good Guy\", an original story idea linking characters in the Littleton, Colorado school shooting and the death of JonBenet Ramsey, which took place in Boulder, Colorado. \"The Mastermind\", expanding on the actual 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa painting, partially based on Seymour Reit's book The Day They Stole the Mona Lisa. \"The Dolphin,\" inspired by a New York Times article about an autistic 10-year-old boy surviving four days lost in an alligator- and snake-infested Florida swamp. The final section is an original screenplay where he examines the writing process and asks other famous screenwriters for their opinions. In between chapters are various musings on a range of topics from why not to open a script with a courtroom scene to how he sets about adapting a book.","title":"Which Lie Did I Tell?"},{"docid":"6263628","text":"Ellen Forney (born March 8, 1968) is an American cartoonist, educator, and wellness coach. She is known for her autobiographic comics which include I was Seven in '75; I Love Led Zepellin; and Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo and Me. She teaches at the Cornish College of the Arts. Her work covers mental illness, political activism, drugs, and the riot grrrl movement. Currently, she is based in Seattle, Washington. Career Forney received a B.A. degree from Wesleyan University, where she majored in psychology. In the 1990s, she produced the autobiographical strip I Was Seven in '75, which ran in Seattle's alternative-weekly paper The Stranger. She self-published a collection in 1997 with a Xeric Foundation grant. A complete collection was published as Monkey Food by Fantagraphics in 1999. In 2006 she published I Love Led Zeppelin, which collected comics she had done for various newspapers and magazines, and included collaborations with Margaret Cho, Kristin Gore, Camille Paglia, and Dan Savage. It was nominated for an Eisner Award as Best Reality-Based Comic. In 2007 she illustrated Sherman Alexie's young-adult novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, which won the National Book Award. In 2008 she published Lust which adapted personal ads from The Stranger into illustrated/comics form. Her graphic memoir Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me addressed her experiences with bipolar disorder. Specifically, the memoir deals with how Forney perceives her mental illness in relation to her art, as well as her fears about medication diminishing her creativity. Forney also notes the role mental illness has played in other artists lives, referring to a list of artists and writers with depression as \"Club Van Gogh.\" It was published by Penguin Books' Gotham Books imprint in November 2012, and it was a New York Times Bestseller. Marbles featured prominently in a graphic medicine exhibit that Forney curated for the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Forney's 2018 book Rock Steady: Brilliant Advice from My Bipolar Life is a graphic self-help guide, published by Fantagraphics. In it, Forney promotes her personal acronym for self-care: SMEDMERTS, which stands for Sleep, Meds, Eat, Doctor, Mindfulness, Exercise, Routine, Tools, Support System. Other work Ellen Forney is also the artist responsible for \"Crossed Pinkies\" and \"Walking Fingers\", two murals in the Sound Transit Capitol Hill light rail station at Seattle. She also is open for commissions such as portraits, wedding invitations, and tattoo designs. More recently, Forney started offering wellness coaching for those who suffer from bipolar disorder. She also connects with audiences about graphic medicine, health, and comics in frequent speaking engagements. Personal life Forney identifies herself as bisexual. She was diagnosed with Bipolar 1 Disorder in 1998. Bibliography MONKEY FOOD: The Complete \"I Was Seven in '75\" Collection, Fantagraphic Books (1999). I Love Led Zeppelin: Panty-Dropping Comics, Fantagraphics Books (2006). Lust: Kinky Online Personal Ads from Seattle's The Stranger, Fantagraphics Books (2008). The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, Art by Ellen Forney, Little Brown (2007). Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me:","title":"Ellen Forney"},{"docid":"65177689","text":"Scrap Book, formally published as Govardhanrám Madhavrám Tripáthi's Scrap Book, is a diary written by Indian writer Govardhanram Tripathi from 1885 to 1906. It is a repository of the author's wide-ranging thoughts, including on moral and spiritual conflicts. It provides many details about Govardhanram's life and family. Background Govardhanram obtained his LLB degree in 1883 after repeated failures, and moved to Mumbai in 1884 to practice as a pleader at high court. In January 1885, when he was 30, he started writing Scrap Book. He noted in it important points and quotations from books that he read. He wrote in the diary till 3 November 1906, a few months before his death. It is believed that Govardhanram maintained a personal diary also, but this has not been found. Originally spanning seven notebooks, it was edited by (whose name is romanized as Kantilal Pandya), Sanmukhlal Pandya, and Ramprasad Bakshi and published in three volumes from 1957 to 1959. Bakshi published an abridged version in Gujarati titled Govardhanram Ni Manannondh. Contents The subjects of the Scrap Book can be divided in three sections: (1) Govardhanram's speculations and comments on Hindu religio-philosophical texts and concepts; (2) his views on contemporary socio-political issues, issues, institutions and leaders; and (3) problems, resentments and pain in his personal life as the head of Hindu joint family. The notes in the Scrap Book include Govardhanram's personal comments on a wide range of subjects including his personal problems, his nature, emotions, ideals, the problem of his retiring from the active life, Sannyas and Yoga, family life and its problems, perception on the soul, God, life after death, virtue, immorality, bliss, astrology, his own writings, and contemporary events. Reception In Tridip Suhrud's assessment, Scrap Book was outstanding among Indian self-focused compositions that elaborate on the themes and the quest of the medieval Bhakti tradition, giving, perhaps for the first time, a vernacular version of the idea that the self is an experimental locus, where what is recorded, the outer and inner worlds, while fusing in the self can simultaneously be disentangled to create separate dimensions. The most exemplary modern expression of the paradox was, he added, Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography. Scholars including Uttamlal Trivedi and Balwantray Thakore have extensively used these observations while writing on Govardhanram. References External links Scrap Book; Volume I, II, II & IV (part i) Scrap Book; Volume IV (part ii), V & VI Scrap Book; Volume VII Govardhanram Ni Manannondh (abridged version in Gujarati) Books published posthumously Diaries Indian non-fiction books","title":"Scrap Book (diary)"},{"docid":"64715537","text":"\"Omphalos\" is a science fantasy short story by American author Ted Chiang. It is named after the Omphalos hypothesis and a 1857 book by English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse. It was first published in Chiang's 2019 collection, Exhalation: Stories. Plot The story is told through the prayers and letters of pious archaeologist Dr. Dorothea Morrel and takes place in an alternate 20th century where young Earth creationism is true. Dorothea travels from an archaeological dig in Arisona to give a public lecture on Chicagou, where she explains how dendrochronology has determined the world to be 8,912 years old as well as indicating that the first trees were created fully grown, as they have a ringless core. The museum's latest exhibit includes Atacaman mummies belonging to the first generation of humans—created as adults by God and thus lacking navels. Believing that primordial beings with apparent signs of growth would have been tantamount to deception, Dorothea is passionate that God intended humans to understand Him through science. From a meeting with her cousin, Dorothea believes that an illegal sale of museum relics is taking place. The clues lead her to a post office in San Francisco, where, to her surprise, the thief turns out to be a teen, Wilhelmina McCullough. She is the daughter of Dr. Nathan McCullough, director of the University of Alta California. Wilhelmina explains that she did not steal out of personal gain but to strengthen people's faith before her father's recent discovery is made public. Dr. McCullough reveals to Dorothea that he reviewed a scientific paper by an astronomer who challenges the consensus that the Sun is the only star at absolute rest. Not only does his research indicate that the Solar System moves like any other star, but that in defiance of celestial mechanics, the star 58 Eridani circles a seemingly empty spot every 24 hours, and its center is at absolute rest relative to the luminiferous aether. He reasons that God is miraculously sustaining a geocentric star system around a truly unmoving planet whose inhabitants constitute His true reason for creating the universe. This could mean that humanity is simply a test or an unintended side effect, that humanity is not part of a divine plan, and that suffering (including Dr. McCullough's son's death) is meaningless. Disturbed, Dorothea tells her cousin that she is taking a leave now that she finds her job meaningless. Weeks later, however, Dorothea plans to resume her work, realizing that doing science for its own sake is just as fulfilling—regardless of God's plan. Reception \"Omphalos\" won the Locus Award for Best Novelette in 2020. It was also a finalist for the 2020 Hugo Award for Best Novelette and the Theodore Sturgeon Award. The Nation considered the basic premise—a creationist archaeologist in conflict with a creationist astronomer—to be \"hilarious\", but noted that the story is not a humorous work, and emphasized that Dorothea is an empiricist who uses the scientific method. In The Washington Post, Paul Di Filippo called the story \"masterful","title":"Omphalos (story)"},{"docid":"59350268","text":"Jennifer Niven is a New York Times and international best selling American author who is best known for the 2015 young adult book, All the Bright Places. Life and career Niven grew up in Richmond, Indiana. As well as writing novels, Niven has also worked as a screenwriter, journalist and an associate producer at ABC Television. Her first two books were non-fiction narratives called The Ice Master (published in 2000) and Ada Blackjack: A True Story of Survival in the Arctic (published in 2003). In 2010, she published a memoir of her years in high school called The Aqua Net Diaries: Big Hair, Big Dreams, Small Town. She began writing a series of historical novels in 2009. The first, Velva Jean Learns to Drive, was based on a short film of the same name that she had made. It won an Emmy Award and the Colin Higgins Award for Screenwriting. The series also includes, Velva Jean Learns to Fly, Becoming Clementine and American Blonde. Niven's first young adult novel, All the Bright Places was released in 2015. The narrative follows two teenagers, Violet and Finch who are struggling with mental health issues. It won a 2015 Goodreads choice award for Best Young Adult Fiction and was longlisted for the 2015 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. It has been adapted into a film by Netflix and stars Elle Fanning, Justice Smith, Keegan-Michael Key, Alexandra Shipp, and Luke Wilson. Production on the film began in October 2018 and it was released on 28 February 2020. She released another bestselling young adult novel in 2016 called Holding Up the Universe, and her third young adult novel, Breathless, was released in September, 2020. Bibliography Young Adult All the Bright Places (2015) Holding Up the Universe (2016) Breathless (2020) Take Me With You When You Go with David Levithan (2021) Velva Jean Series Velva Jean Learns to Drive (2009) Velva Jean Learns to Fly (2011) Becoming Clementine (2012) American Blonde (2014) Non-fiction The Ice Master (2000) Ada Blackjack: A True Story of Survival in the Arctic (2003) The Aqua Net Diaries: Big Hair, Big Dreams, Small Town (2010) Ada Blackjack, survivante de l'Arctique, éditions Paulsen, 2019 References Living people American women novelists 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American women writers Novelists from Indiana American young adult novelists American women writers of young adult literature American women screenwriters Screenwriters from Indiana 21st-century American screenwriters Year of birth missing (living people) Writers from Richmond, Indiana","title":"Jennifer Niven"},{"docid":"3816801","text":"Mário João Carlos do Rosário de Brito Miranda (2 May 1926 – 11 December 2011), popularly known as Mario Miranda or Mario de Miranda, was an Indian cartoonist and painter based in Loutolim in the Indian state of Goa. Miranda had been a regular with The Times of India and other newspapers in Mumbai, including The Economic Times, though he got his popularity with his works published in The Illustrated Weekly of India. He was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan (posthumously) in 2012. Life and career Early life Miranda was born in Daman, then in Portuguese India, to Goan Catholic parents. At an early age, he would draw caricatures and sketch on the walls of his home, until his mother brought him a blank book. He then began making personalised postcards for his friends, charging them a token amount, in the 1930s and 1940s. He even started getting into trouble at school, for sketching Catholic priests. Mario Miranda's early cartoons presented vignettes of Goan village life, a theme he is best known for even today. He would maintain diaries from the age of 10, sketching the life around him. He studied at St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore and then did a B.A. in history at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, while focusing on the Indian Administrative Service (IAS). Thereafter he started studying architecture at the behest of his parents, though he soon lost interest. He then began getting small commissions and would sketch people in his private diaries in 1949. He loved good food and red wine in moderation but would mainly visit eateries and taverns to document the lives of the patrons. Career beginnings Miranda started his career in an advertising studio, where he worked for four years, before taking up cartooning full-time. He got his first break as a cartoonist with The Illustrated Weekly of India which published a few of his works. His drawings & cartoons also brought him an offer to work at the Current magazine. A year later, the Times of India offered him a slot, even though they had rejected him at first. Thereafter, his creations, such as Miss Nimbupani and Miss Fonseca, appeared on a regular basis in Femina, Economic Times, and The Illustrated Weekly of India. Mario then won a grant by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and lived in Portugal for year, helping him \"broaden his horizons\". He then moved to London, working for different newspapers and even working in television animation. During his five years spent there, his caricatures were published in magazines like Mad, Lilliput and Punch. He then travelled to many countries, either working or conducting exhibitions. Return to Mumbai Miranda returned to India for good in the late 1980s and was offered back his old job with the Times of India in Mumbai, where he worked with noted cartoonist, R.K. Laxman. Thereafter, Miranda met artist Habiba Hydari. Habiba was part of Hyderabad based Hydari family and grand-daughter of Akbar Hydari. They got married and","title":"Mario Miranda"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"49727706\",\n \"text\": \"Novoneel Chakraborty is an Indian author and scriptwriter. Early life and career Chakraborty was born in Silchar, Assam and has lived in Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. He did his schooling at Cathedral School, Lucknow. His first book, A thing beyond forever, was published in 2009. In 2019, he began writing for digital storytelling platform Wattpad using the pen name Elizabeth Eli. His book \\\"The Forever series\\\" found its place in Times of India's Most Stunning Books of 2017. His thriller series The Stranger Trilogy was translated into six Indian languages and has been adapted into a web series titled Hello Mini by Applause Entertainment and Rose movies. His thriller novel Black Suits You has been adapted by AltBalaji into web series Bekaboo. List of Works Novels A thing beyond forever (September 2010) That Kiss in the Rain (November 2011) How about a SIN tonight? (May 2012) Ex...a twisted love story (October 2013) The Stranger Trilogy Marry me, Stranger (November 2014) All yours, Stranger (July 2015) Forget me not, Stranger (April 2016) Black suits you (November 2016) \\\"Forever Series\\\" Forever Is a Lie (August 2017) Forever Is True (October 2017) Cheaters (February 2018) The Best Couple Ever (October 2018) Red Suits You (October 2018) Half Torn Hearts (February 2019) Do You Love Me Enough? (June 2019) Roses Are Blood Red (December 2019) Chill Down the Spine (April 2020) Cross Your Heart, Take My Name (November 2020) Whisper To Me Your Lies (October 2021) A Thousand Kisses Deep (July 2022) Heart On The Edge (December 2022) The Heartbreak Club: One Girl Vs One Twisted Legacy (March 2024) Television Million Dollar Girl (Channel V) Secret Diaries (Channel V) Twist Waala Love (Channel V) Pyaar Tuney Kya Kiya (Zing TV) Savdhaan India (star bharat) Mann Mein Vishwas Hai (Sony) Love is in the stories (Romedy Now) Web series Marry Me, Stranger as \\\"Hello Mini\\\" (2019) released on MX Player All Yours, Stranger as \\\"Hello Mini 2\\\" (2021) released on MX Player Forgot me not, Stranger as \\\"Hello Mini 3\\\" (2021) released on MX Player Black Suits You as \\\"Bekaboo\\\" (2019) released on (ALTBalaji) \\\"Rejctx\\\" (2019) released on ZEE5 original \\\"Rejctx 2\\\" (2020) released on ZEE5 originals Forever Series as \\\"Roohaniyat\\\" (2022) on MX Player References External links Novoneel Chakraborty at Penguin India Date of birth missing (living people) Living people Indian writers Novelists from Assam Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Novoneel Chakraborty\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24972899\",\n \"text\": \"Invisible is a novel by Paul Auster published in 2009 by Henry Holt and Company. It was Auster’s fifteenth novel. The book is divided into four overlapping parts, told by three different narrators. Plot summary The first section, titled \\\"Spring\\\" and told in first person, chronicles the entanglement of Columbia University student Adam Walker with French political science professor Rudolf Born, who meet in New York City in the spring of 1967 and who form an alliance to publish a literary magazine. Their friendship splinters as a result of a tense love triangle with Born's girlfriend Margot and as a result of a late night mugging that ends in violence. The second section, \\\"Summer\\\" describes the events in Adam's life later that summer in New York sharing an apartment with his older sister, Gwyn. This section of the story is told in second person. Adam's story of the summer of 1967 is also framed by his having sent his manuscript, written in 2007, to a college friend of his, James Freeman, who we are told is a famous author. In the framing story, James tells us how he receives the manuscript from a dying Adam and they arrange to meet. In the third section, \\\"Fall\\\" we learn that Adam, in 2007, has died before he and James could meet, and has completed only notes of the third and final section of his memoir of 1967. James fleshes out the notes Adam has left in a third person account. \\\"Fall\\\" tells the story of Adam's trip to Paris, where he encounters Born and Margot, as well as other friends of Born's, a woman named Hélène and her daughter Cécile. Adam inserts himself into the lives of these women and contrives a scheme to atone for guilt he carries stemming from his actions following the mugging in New York. The final section takes place in 2007. James has been told by Gwyn that the major events of the second section of the book are entirely made-up, and James wonders whether any of the purported memoir is true. In searching for corroboration, James tracks down Cécile, now a distinguished literary scholar. She concludes the story by describing in her diary how she, in 2007, has a final strange contact with Rudolf Born, at his remote island home in the Caribbean. Themes The book centers on the tension between sex and war in the hearts of 1960s radicals, and the magnetism of intelligence and evil. As with much of Auster's work the novel deals with questions of shifting identity, puzzles and illusion, a persistent sense of dread, and of characters feeling trapped by circumstances over which they have no control. Reviews \\\"Invisible by Paul Auster: review\\\" at The Telegraph \\\"Invisible, by Paul Auster\\\" at The Independent \\\"Invisible by Paul Auster\\\" at The Guardian \\\"Love Crimes\\\" at The New York Times Notes 2009 American novels Novels by Paul Auster Novels set in Columbia University Henry Holt and Company books\",\n \"title\": \"Invisible (Auster novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6606298\",\n \"text\": \"The Princess Diaries is a series of epistolary young adult novels written by Meg Cabot, and is also the title of the first volume, published in 2000. The series spent 48 weeks on the New York Times Children's Series Best Sellers List. The series revolves around Amelia 'Mia' Thermopolis, a teenager in New York who discovers that she is the princess of a small European principality called Genovia. The series follows Mia's life throughout high school in the 2000s and juggling regular teenage life with being a royal princess. The books are noted for containing many pop culture references from the 2000s that influence some of the plot. Meg Cabot quotes the series' inspiration on her website stating: \\\"I was inspired to write The Princess Diaries when my mom, after the death of my father, began dating one of my teachers; they later went on to get married just as Mia's mom does in the book! I have always had a 'thing' for princesses (my parents used to joke that when I was smaller, I did a lot of insisting that my 'real' parents, the king and queen, were going to come get me soon, and that everyone had better start being a lot nicer to me) so I stuck a princess in the book just for kicks... and voilà! The Princess Diaries was born.\\\" In 2015, a spin-off series for tweens launched. Mia's half-sister Olivia made her debut in From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess, released in May 2015. The new book in the Princess Diaries series, The Quarantine Princess Diaries, was published in March 2023. Setting The series is set primarily in the Manhattan borough of New York City. Some books take place in Genovia, a fictional European country. Genovia is a principality between France and Italy ruled by Mia's father, Prince Philippe Renaldi, and by Mia's grandmother, Dowager Princess Clarisse Renaldi. Characters Mia Thermopolis Amelia Mignonette Grimaldi Thermopolis Renaldo (Amelia Mignonette Thermopolis Renaldi in the movies), Princess of Genovia is the protagonist of the series. She is the daughter of Helen Thermopolis, a painter, and Philippe Renaldo, the crown prince of Genovia. Mia is also the Princess Regent of Genovia. Mia is sometimes shy and has a down-to-earth personality, though on occasion Mia shows herself to be quite sarcastic and sly. Throughout the series she is very critical of herself, describing herself as flat-chested, taller than most girls at 5-foot-9, and having embarrassingly large feet. She also has a tendency to over-analyze things and worry too much. In the 2001 film, The Princess Diaries, Mia (portrayed by Anne Hathaway) is aged 15, unlicensed, and owns a 1965 Mustang. She has similar qualities, but her father dies two months prior to when the movie begins, and her last name is Renaldi instead of Renaldo. She lives in San Francisco instead of New York. Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo, Dowager Princess of Genovia Clarisse Maria was formally known as Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo, Dowager Princess of Genovia. Clarisse\",\n \"title\": \"The Princess Diaries\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19678551\",\n \"text\": \"Ready or Not is the sequel to the novel All-American Girl. Both were written by Meg Cabot, who is also the author of The Princess Diaries. The book takes place about one year after the events of All-American Girl. The book were banned by School District of Indian River County. It received 3.75 stars on goodreads.com. Plot Description Samantha \\\"Sam\\\" Madison is still teen ambassador to the United Nations and happily dating the President's son, David. She is also still a semi-celebrity for saving the President's life but does not like the attention she gets for it. As a way to go back to being unnoticed, Sam dyes her naturally red hair to jet black at the beginning of the novel. She and David also start to take a life-drawing class together, though she did not realize that it was about sketching nude models. When David invites her to spend Thanksgiving at Camp David, Sam believes that he wants to have sex. Unsure of whether she's ready for that step in their relationship, she consults her older sister Lucy. Lucy ends up being extremely helpful by giving her sex advice and buying Sam contraceptives. Meanwhile, The President announces his \\\"Return to Family\\\" campaign, which includes plans to limit access to abortion and birth control. Samantha is faced with a huge dilemma when she accidentally comes off as condemning the \\\"Return to Family\\\" policy on an MTV special by accidentally implying that she and David have had sex. Sam receives mostly negative backlash for her remarks, but is supported by her friends and family for being honest. When she goes to Camp David during Thanksgiving, she waits in her room all night for David to come, but he never does. Feeling furious, she sneaks into David's room and berates him for his mixed-messages over them having sex. David replies that he didn't mean to imply that anything was going to happen between them. Sam comes to understand that she made up the whole dilemma in her head, but also realizes that she does want to have sex because she loves David. When Sam comes home, she tells Lucy about her and David's first time and discovers that Lucy is actually still a virgin. Lucy explains that she wants to find someone she truly loves before taking that big step. She believes that her tutor Harold is \\\"the One\\\" for her, like how David is for Sam. References External links Meg Cabot's official website Meg Cabot Book Club 2005 American novels American young adult novels Novels by Meg Cabot HarperCollins books\",\n \"title\": \"Ready or Not (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8379669\",\n \"text\": \"In statistics, mean absolute error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement. MAE is calculated as the sum of absolute errors (i.e., the Manhattan distance) divided by the sample size:It is thus an arithmetic average of the absolute errors , where is the prediction and the true value. Alternative formulations may include relative frequencies as weight factors. The mean absolute error uses the same scale as the data being measured. This is known as a scale-dependent accuracy measure and therefore cannot be used to make comparisons between predicted values that use different scales. The mean absolute error is a common measure of forecast error in time series analysis, sometimes used in confusion with the more standard definition of mean absolute deviation. The same confusion exists more generally. Quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement In remote sensing the MAE is sometimes expressed as the sum of two components: quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement. Quantity disagreement is the absolute value of the mean error:Allocation disagreement is MAE minus quantity disagreement. It is also possible to identify the types of difference by looking at an plot. Quantity difference exists when the average of the X values does not equal the average of the Y values. Allocation difference exists if and only if points reside on both sides of the identity line. Related measures The mean absolute error is one of a number of ways of comparing forecasts with their eventual outcomes. Well-established alternatives are the mean absolute scaled error (MASE), mean absolute log error (MALE), and the mean squared error. These all summarize performance in ways that disregard the direction of over- or under- prediction; a measure that does place emphasis on this is the mean signed difference. Where a prediction model is to be fitted using a selected performance measure, in the sense that the least squares approach is related to the mean squared error, the equivalent for mean absolute error is least absolute deviations. MAE is not identical to root-mean square error (RMSE), although some researchers report and interpret it that way. The MAE is conceptually simpler and also easier to interpret than RMSE: it is simply the average absolute vertical or horizontal distance between each point in a scatter plot and the Y=X line. In other words, MAE is the average absolute difference between X and Y. Furthermore, each error contributes to MAE in proportion to the absolute value of the error. This is in contrast to RMSE which involves squaring the differences, so that a few large differences will increase the RMSE to a greater degree than the MAE. Optimality property The mean absolute error of a real variable c with respect to the random variable X isProvided that the probability distribution of X is such that the above expectation exists, then m is a median of\",\n \"title\": \"Mean absolute error\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12816623\",\n \"text\": \"Standing in the Light, The Captive Diary of Catharine Carey Logan, is a Dear America novel written by Mary Pope Osborne. It was first published in 1998. The novel is set in Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania in 1763. Plot summary Catherine has always lived a simple life with her Quaker family. But when she and her brother are captured by Indians her whole world is turned upside down. She is adopted by an old woman and her daughter. The old woman lost her other daughter, Snow Bird, to measles. Initially, Catherine despises the Indians and is in anguish for her brother who was taken to live with another tribe. She yells at and insults the Indians, until she gets dreams of her brother indicating that he lives over the hill. She decided to climb it, but first she had to cross an icy river. the ice broke, and she was saved by a hunter named Snow Hunter. She discovers that he can speak English, and tells him of the dreams she had of her brother. The next day, Thomas was with her, but he was very sick. Catherine and the old woman nurse him back to health. Catherine and Thomas start to develop close bonds with Snow Hunter and the other Indians, Catherine especially. And then, one day the English attack their camp. They took Catherine and Thomas back to their original family, not knowing if Snow Hunter and the others are alive or not. This was especially hard for Catherine, because she had grown to love Snow Hunter. She felt estranged from her true family, and when her father read her diary, she still was miserable eventually she adapted to her true life but never forgot her experiences with the Lenape. Main characters Catherine Snow Hunter Thomas Little Cloud White Owl Little One Mother Father 1998 American novels American historical novels American children's novels Children's historical novels Fiction set in 1763 Novels set in the 1760s Novels set in Pennsylvania Novels about race and ethnicity American captivity narratives Delaware Valley 1998 children's books Children's books set in Pennsylvania Children's books set in the 1760s Children's books about Native Americans Fictional diaries\",\n \"title\": \"Standing in the Light: The Captive Diary of Catherine Carey Logan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"696619\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, the binomial series is a generalization of the polynomial that comes from a binomial formula expression like for a nonnegative integer . Specifically, the binomial series is the MacLaurin series for the function , where and . Explicitly, where the power series on the right-hand side of () is expressed in terms of the (generalized) binomial coefficients Note that if is a nonnegative integer then the term and all later terms in the series are , since each contains a factor of . Thus, in this case, the series is finite and gives the algebraic binomial formula. Convergence Conditions for convergence Whether () converges depends on the values of the complex numbers and . More precisely: If , the series converges absolutely for any complex number . If , the series converges absolutely if and only if either or , where denotes the real part of . If and , the series converges if and only if . If , the series converges if and only if either or . If , the series diverges except when is a non-negative integer, in which case the series is a finite sum. In particular, if is not a non-negative integer, the situation at the boundary of the disk of convergence, , is summarized as follows: If , the series converges absolutely. If , the series converges conditionally if and diverges if . If , the series diverges. Identities to be used in the proof The following hold for any complex number : Unless is a nonnegative integer (in which case the binomial coefficients vanish as is larger than ), a useful asymptotic relationship for the binomial coefficients is, in Landau notation: This is essentially equivalent to Euler's definition of the Gamma function: and implies immediately the coarser bounds for some positive constants and . Formula () for the generalized binomial coefficient can be rewritten as Proof To prove (i) and (v), apply the ratio test and use formula () above to show that whenever is not a nonnegative integer, the radius of convergence is exactly 1. Part (ii) follows from formula (), by comparison with the -series with . To prove (iii), first use formula () to obtain and then use (ii) and formula () again to prove convergence of the right-hand side when is assumed. On the other hand, the series does not converge if and , again by formula (). Alternatively, we may observe that for all , . Thus, by formula (), for all . This completes the proof of (iii). Turning to (iv), we use identity () above with and in place of , along with formula (), to obtain as . Assertion (iv) now follows from the asymptotic behavior of the sequence . (Precisely, certainly converges to if and diverges to if . If , then converges if and only if the sequence converges , which is certainly true if but false if : in the latter case the sequence is dense , due to\",\n \"title\": \"Binomial series\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3376041\",\n \"text\": \"This is a history of aesthetics. Ancient Greek aesthetics The first important contributions to aesthetic theory are usually considered to stem from philosophers in Ancient Greece, among which the most noticeable are Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus. When interpreting writings from this time, it is worth noticing that it is debatable whether an exact equivalent to the term beauty existed in classical Greek. Xenophon regarded the beautiful as coincident with the good, while both of these concepts are resolvable into the useful. Every beautiful object is so called because it serves some rational end: either the security or the gratification of man. Socrates rather emphasized the power of beauty to further the more necessary ends of life than the immediate gratification which a beautiful object affords to perception and contemplation. His doctrine puts forward the relativity of beauty. Plato, in contrast, recognized that beauty exists as an abstract Form. It is therefore absolute and does not necessarily stand in relation to a percipient mind. Plato Of the views of Plato on the subject, it is hardly less difficult to gain a clear conception from the Dialogues, than it is in the case of ethical good. In some of these, various definitions of the beautiful are rejected as inadequate by the Platonic Socrates. At the same time we may conclude that Plato's mind leaned decidedly to the conception of an absolute beauty, which took its place in his scheme of ideas or self-existing forms. This true beauty is nothing discoverable as an attribute in another thing, for these are only beautiful things, not the beautiful itself. Love (Eros) produces aspiration towards this pure idea. Elsewhere the soul's intuition of the self-beautiful is said to be a reminiscence of its prenatal existence. As to the precise forms in which the idea of beauty reveals itself, Plato is not very decided. His theory of an absolute beauty does not easily adjust itself to the notion of its contributing merely a variety of sensuous pleasure, to which he appears to lean in some dialogues. He tends to identify the self-beautiful with the conceptions of the true and the good, and thus there arose the Platonic formula kalokagathia. So far as his writings embody the notion of any common element in beautiful objects, it is proportion, harmony or unity among their parts. He emphasizes unity in its simplest aspect as seen in evenness of line and purity of color. He recognizes in places the beauty of the mind, and seems to think that the highest beauty of proportion is to be found in the union of a beautiful mind with a beautiful body. He had but a poor opinion of art, regarding it as a trick of imitation (mimesis) which takes us another step further from the luminous sphere of rational intuition into the shadowy region of the semblances of sense. Accordingly, in his scheme for an ideal republic, he provided for the most inexorable censorship of poets, etc., so as to make art as far\",\n \"title\": \"History of aesthetics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63854472\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora? is a 2016 non-fiction book authored by five Kashmiri women: Essar Batool, Ifrah Butt, Munaza Rashid, Natasha Rather and Samreena Mushtaq. The book concerns the alleged 1991 mass rape by Indian security forces and is part of a series on \\\"Sexual Violence and Impunity in South Asia\\\" published by Zubaan Books and supported by the International Development Research Centre. The book was officially released at the Jaipur Literature Festival. Inspired by the public reaction to the Nirbhaya gang rape in December 2012, the five Kashmiri authors chronicle the night of 23/24 February 1991 in Kupwara district in the neighboring villages of Kunan and Poshpora, where the 68th Mountain Brigade of the 4th Rajputana Rifle killed several male members and allegedly raped a number of women. The Kunan Poshpora incident is the second time the Indian Army has been accused of \\\"mass sexual violence\\\", the first one is the mass rape accusation on Indian Army's IPKF against Tamil girls in Sri lanka ( Indian Army faces rape allegations in North Eastern States) The authors themselves lobbied the government to reopen the investigation of the incident, which was done in 2013. Description The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is about the overall role that women have played in the resistance movement in Kashmir. This is followed by each of the authors penning down what they personally remember of the incident. The next two chapters lay out the background of what was happening in Kashmir at the time. Here the authors analyze a police case diary, statements to the State Human Rights Commission and the interviews of the authors with those in the village. The book is the first extensive interaction with the alleged victims. The fourth chapter portrays the lives of the two villages today. The fifth chapter covers the official information on the case where the authors criticize the Verghese report by the Press Council of India team which had concluded that the incident was a hoax. The sixth chapter goes on to reconstruct the events of that night through first person interviews. The seventh and last chapter of the book narrates the struggle by the survivors and authors to get justice including a public interest litigation in 2013. February 23 is now known as ‘Kashmiri Women’s Resistance Day’. Critical reception The book has been seen as the ability of Kashmiri women to tell their own story, lead the discourse, and show resistance. The new information, the interviews with the people of Kunan and Poshpora, as well as the case diary which the authors have brought into the public domain also add to the value of the book. The authors faced numerous hurdles in conducting a book launch. A seminar in Ambedkar University in which one of the authors was due to speak was cancelled for fear of violence. See also 41 biranganas Rape during the Kashmir conflict References Bibliography Rape in India 2016 non-fiction books Books about the Kashmir conflict\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4864\",\n \"text\": \"Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies. It is one of five arguments from the \\\"properties, causes, and effects\\\" of \\\"true motion and rest\\\" that support his contention that, in general, true motion and rest cannot be defined as special instances of motion or rest relative to other bodies, but instead can be defined only by reference to absolute space. Alternatively, these experiments provide an operational definition of what is meant by \\\"absolute rotation\\\", and do not pretend to address the question of \\\"rotation relative to what?\\\" General relativity dispenses with absolute space and with physics whose cause is external to the system, with the concept of geodesics of spacetime. Background These arguments, and a discussion of the distinctions between absolute and relative time, space, place and motion, appear in a scholium at the end of Definitions sections in Book I of Newton's work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) (not to be confused with General Scholium at the end of Book III), which established the foundations of classical mechanics and introduced his law of universal gravitation, which yielded the first quantitatively adequate dynamical explanation of planetary motion. Despite their embrace of the principle of rectilinear inertia and the recognition of the kinematical relativity of apparent motion (which underlies whether the Ptolemaic or the Copernican system is correct), natural philosophers of the seventeenth century continued to consider true motion and rest as physically separate descriptors of an individual body. The dominant view Newton opposed was devised by René Descartes, and was supported (in part) by Gottfried Leibniz. It held that empty space is a metaphysical impossibility because space is nothing other than the extension of matter, or, in other words, that when one speaks of the space between things one is actually making reference to the relationship that exists between those things and not to some entity that stands between them. Concordant with the above understanding, any assertion about the motion of a body boils down to a description over time in which the body under consideration is at t1 found in the vicinity of one group of \\\"landmark\\\" bodies and at some t2 is found in the vicinity of some other \\\"landmark\\\" body or bodies. Descartes recognized that there would be a real difference, however, between a situation in which a body with movable parts and originally at rest with respect to a surrounding ring was itself accelerated to a certain angular velocity with respect to the ring, and another situation in which the surrounding ring were given a contrary acceleration with respect to the central object. With sole regard to the central object and the surrounding ring, the motions would be indistinguishable from each other assuming that both the central object and the surrounding ring were absolutely rigid objects. However, if neither the central object nor the surrounding ring\",\n \"title\": \"Bucket argument\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47219332\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Cube, a brand of Cuffs. It was originally released on September 30, 2011, for Microsoft Windows. Later, Alchemist ported the game without the erotic content to the PlayStation Portable. Your Diary will be released for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. The story revolves around Tomoki Nagamine, who has feelings for an upperclassman named Sayuki Ayase. Upon receiving a diary from the library manager, he is informed by Yua that all of his happiest memories will be recorded in the diary. The gameplay of Your Diary follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the four female main characters by the player character. The game ranked as the third best-selling bishōjo game at the time of its release. It received a manga adaptation which serialized in Hakusensha's Young Animal Island between volumes 19 and 24. Gameplay Your Diary is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Tomoki Nagamine. Much of its gameplay is spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue. The text is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Tomoki is talking to, over background art. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story, which take the place of the background art and character sprites. Your Diary follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. There are four main plot lines in the original Windows release that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. Some decisions can lead the game to end prematurely and offer an alternative ending to the plot. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. In adult versions of the game, there are scenes depicting Tomoki and a given heroine having sex. Plot Story Tomoki Nagamine attempts to confess his love to an upperclassman named Sayuki Ayase; however, he does not succeed in doing so, being caught off by a sad expression on her face. In the meantime, he works alongside his crush Sayuki in the library committee. One day, after wandering into a seemingly-abandoned library, the library manager Misuzu gives Tomoki a diary called \\\"Your Diary\\\", telling him that the book chose him. A cute girl introducing herself as Yua—who is the goddess of happiness—comes bursting out of the book and informs Tomoki that all his happiest memories will be recorded in his diary. The story mostly revolves around Tomoki interacting with the four heroines (in later versions, seven) and\",\n \"title\": \"Your Diary (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18961510\",\n \"text\": \"Subhash Awchat is an Indian artist and author based in Mumbai. Literary career Awchat wrote the novel Madam in memory of Smita Patil, a collection of short stories, and a book of essays. His book Studio was collated from diaries that Awchat wrote over a period of 20 years. Studio is dedicated to Smita Patil and opens with a poem dedicated to Patil, who was a childhood friend of Awchat's. Awchat talks about the book: \\\"Studio does not explicitly deal with my art, but the undercurrent of art is forever present. Here, in my own way, I have expressed my idea about art among other things. I have tried to explore the need for an artist to step out of the immediate urban microcosm, and into the rural India.\\\" Career as an artist Awchat started off as a graphic designer but left the world of advertising to take up painting. Awchat intermittently worked on canvases from his Clown series from 1986 to 1991. Awchat's writing is an offshoot of his art in that each time he struggles with his artwork he returns to writing as a creative outlet. Subhash Awachat acted in the award winning Marathi film 22 June 1897 (1979). Awchat is working on a commission. he is planning on moving to Alibaug, Maharashtra. References Indian male writers Writers from Pune 1960 births Living people\",\n \"title\": \"Subhash Awchat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64151087\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Diary Queen\\\" is the 12th episode of the thirty-second season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 696th episode overall. The episode was directed by Matthew Nastuk and written by Jeff Westbrook. The episode follows Bart’s discovery of his former teacher's diary. Plot When Ned Flanders holds a yard sale, Bart and Milhouse buy several books as part of a scheme to record a stunt. When that backfires, the boys discover their late teacher Edna Krabappel's old diary among the books. They then escape Fat Tony and his mob and prank the school staff. Despite Milhouse repeatedly urging him not to invade Edna's privacy, Bart heads to his treehouse and starts reading the diary, discovering a page where Edna had written that she thought Bart had potential in succeeding in school. Convinced that he is the most improved student, Bart starts doing well in school. After Bart passes a test, the family celebrates with a cake, but Marge and Lisa look around his room, suspecting him of cheating. With the help of Maggie, Lisa finds the diary at the treehouse and discovers that Edna was actually referring to her pet cat. Lisa hides this from Bart, which soon stresses her out. When Bart decides to enter the school spelling bee, Lisa reveals the truth, causing a depressed Bart to hide in his treehouse alone. Later in the treehouse, Ned reveals to Bart that his family had considered leaving Springfield, but were stopped by Edna, who believed she needed to stay, as children like Bart needed her. Realizing that Edna truly did care for him, Bart returns the diary to Ned. At home, Ned reads the diary and is brought to tears over an entry where Edna says that being married to him made her dreams come true. The episode ends with a montage of Edna's moments throughout the series. Production Casting The late Marcia Wallace guest-stars as Edna Krabappel through archive recordings. Her estate cleared her appearance and was compensated for it. The show did not give a farewell to Wallace's character at the time of her passing because producers were not aware she was ill, so this episode was an attempt to memorialize her. The producers also decided not to reveal how Edna died. This is the final episode in which actor Harry Shearer voices the black character of Dr. Hibbert. Beginning with the following episode \\\"Wad Goals,\\\" he is voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, who is African-American. In addition, Julio had his voice provided by Mario Jose in this episode. Joe Mantegna appears as Fat Tony. Release The episode was scheduled to debut on January 10, 2021, but was rescheduled to February 14 due to being preempted by the NFL playoffs. Rain delays at the 2021 Daytona 500 further delayed all prime time shows scheduled for broadcast to February 21. Reception Viewing figures In the United States, the episode was watched live by 1.43 million viewers. Critical response Tony Sokol with Den of Geek, said\",\n \"title\": \"Diary Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44478984\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Black Hole Sun\\\" is the 4th episode of the sixth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series' 115th episode overall. \\\"Black Hole Sun\\\" was originally aired on October 23, 2014, on The CW. The episode was written by Melinda Hsu Taylor and Neil Reynolds and directed by Kellie Cyrus. Plot Back in the present, Stefan wants to leave Mystic Falls to continue his life, but Elena wants him to prove to her that he is indeed happy and then she will accept his decision. While sitting in a snack/bar, Stefan proposes to her in front of everyone, showing her how they can get new identities and new lives and start over. When Elena leaves, Stefan gets into a fight with a guy letting him beat him up. Elena comes back to take her jacket and stops the fight, compels the guy and sends him home. When she tells Stefan that she does not agree with his coping methods and asks for explanations, Stefan tell her that everyone has their own to move on. He tells her what she asked Alaric (Matthew Davis) to do and that she removed all her good memories about Damon just because she could not handle his death. Elena does not want to believe him and when she gets home, she asks Alaric if it is true. Alaric gives her a diary of hers where she wrote everything about her decision and when he asks her if she want her memories back, she tells him no. Matt (Zach Roerig) decides to probe Tripp (Colin Ferguson) to find out how much he knows about vampires. When Matt tells him about Jay (Matthew Barnes) told him before he died that he was tracking a vampire, Tripp decides to trust him and tells him all he knows while leading him to the place where he keeps Enzo (Michael Malarkey). He says that Enzo was the one who killed Jay but he wants to make him talk and reveal where his other vampire friends are before he kills him. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) returns to the Salvatore house and finds Sarah (Gabrielle Walsh) there. Sarah tells him that she knows about his vampire sister and she also shows him a picture she found in the house of her parents. Sarah asks for explanations and if he knows them. Jeremey recognizes Zach in the picture and tells her that her father is Zach Salvatore. Sarah explains that her mother was killed (by Damon Salvatore) while she was pregnant but the doctor did an emergency C-section (Caesarean section) and didn’t save the baby (Sarah’s little sister) Feature music In the episode \\\"Black Hole Sun\\\" the songs are: \\\"Black Is the Color\\\" by Lucette \\\"St. Louis Who\\\" by The Lexingtons \\\"Harlem\\\" by Cathedrals \\\"Fell on Black Days\\\" by Soundgarden \\\"Wild Ones\\\" by Jessarae \\\"Figure It Out\\\" by Royal Blood \\\"The Power of Love\\\" by Gabrielle Aplin Cultural references The title of the episode refers to a sun during an\",\n \"title\": \"Black Hole Sun (The Vampire Diaries)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1840172\",\n \"text\": \"Guadalcanal Diary is a memoir written by war correspondent Richard Tregaskis and originally published by Random House on January 1, 1943. The book recounts the author's time with the United States Marine Corps on Guadalcanal in the early stages of the pivotal months-long battle there starting in 1942. It was the first book published by Random House to sell more than 100,000 copies. Almost immediately after publication, the memoir was made into a movie of the same name featuring William Bendix, Richard Conte, Anthony Quinn, and John Archer, marking the movie debut of Richard Jaeckel. Synopsis The book chronicles the author's experiences as a war correspondent for the International News Service (INS) during the first seven weeks of the Guadalcanal campaign, from the first landings on August 7, 1942 to his departure on September 26, 1942. Tregaskis was also around for Operation Dovetail, a practice run for the Guadalcanal landings, but while he was on board one of the troop transports involved, his book does not cover the operation or him being at Koro Island, where the operation took place. Tregaskis relates combat and conversation in vernacular, citing the full name, rank, and hometown of each of the Marines he encountered during the weeks he was on the island. Background During his time on the frontlines with troops from the United States Marine Corps, Tregaskis wrote down what he saw onto various small notebooks, which he stored in his pockets and had numbered for easier reference. At night, he would compile the information into his diary, adding references to specific books in the event he wanted to publish his journal as a full-length book. On September 25, Tregaskis flew out of the island to New Caledonia and then boarded a flight for Honolulu, where he began writing Guadalcanal Diary. Due to wartime media regulations, he had to write the book under supervision at the Navy offices at Pearl Harbor, and his diary was kept in a safe during the night. (Tregaskis never got the diary back.) According to a follow-up essay Tregaskis wrote in 1964, his manuscript was subject to military censorship by the Office of Naval Intelligence. For example, one of the Naval Intelligence officers excised a portion about Japanese encampments smelling \\\"sweet-ish\\\"; the officer, according to Tregaskis, was \\\"apparently\\\" worried about Japanese troops reading the book and using deodorant to hide their camps. Tregaskis finished his manuscript in November 1942 and sent it over to Barris Faris, editor-in-chief of the INS, who in turn sent it over to Ward Greene, head editor of King Features Syndicate. Greene then sent it out to nine other publishers for bidding, an unusual practice at the time. Bennett Cerf, one of the founders of Random House, received his copy on November 11, read it from beginning to end that night, and called Greene the next day to secure publishing rights, anticipating a high demand for stories about the Guadalcanal campaign. Random House rushed Guadalcanal Diary into print and published the book on\",\n \"title\": \"Guadalcanal Diary (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2873866\",\n \"text\": \"Rustomji Homusji Mody, known to most as Russi Mody (17 January 1918 – 16 May 2014), was a chairman and managing director of Tata Steel and a leading member of the Tata Group. Early years Russi was born on 17 January 1918 in Bombay (now Mumbai) to a Parsi family. His father was Sir Homi Mody. His mother was Lady Jerbai Mody née Dubash. Russi had two brothers, Kali Homi Mody and Piloo Mody. After a few years of schooling in India, he was sent to England for further studies. He studied at St Cyprian's School, Harrow School and later at Christ Church, Oxford. On his return to India he joined Tata Steel as an office assistant. Russi was married to Siloo Mugaseth, the daughter of his mother's sister, and lived in Kolkata until his death. Career Mody joined Tata Steel in 1939 and he was promoted to the position of Director of Personnel in 1953. He took up the position of the Director of Raw Materials in 1965. In 1970, he was appointed Director of Operations and became Joint Managing Director in 1972. He was the most generous Managing Director of Tata Steel Ltd. He started many rewards like giving of AC Maruti Suzuki 800 to all Divisional Managers of Tata Steel. He never faced a strike at the Tata Steel Plant. After retiring from Tata Steel in March 1993, the then Prime Minister of India, Shri P V Narasimha Rao appointed Mody as Joint Chairman of Indian Airlines and Air India. Russi Mody Centre for Excellence, built by noted architect Hafeez Contractor that contains archives of the Tata Group, was named after him. Anecdotes Hearsay has it that Russi Mody was pulled up by a policeman as he tried to park his car on the narrow road. Admonished with \\\"Tumhara baap ka rasta hain kya?\\\" (\\\"Does this road belong to your father?\\\") the young scion pointed in good humour to the road sign indeed printed with the distinguished paternal name. He was also known to eat 16-egg omelette for breakfasts. During his studies at Oxford, he happened to accompany Albert Einstein on the violin, while he played the piano. Once, Sir Jehangir Ghandy was scheduled to come to Calcutta on a Wednesday afternoon when he would normally play tennis. In his diary lying on the table, he wrote, \\\"TPT CSC meeting on Wednesday at 3 pm,\\\" and told his secretaries to take Sir Jehangir to his room, show him the diary and say that Russi had gone to the meeting. True enough, Sir Jehangir came and was shown the diary. He nodded knowledgeably and walked away. Little did he know that TPT CSC was an abbreviation of \\\"To Play Tennis at Calcutta South Club\\\". Award Padma Bhushan (1989) Death Mody died during the night of 16 May 2014 at a private hospital in Kolkata. Books Russi Modi: The Man who also made Steel Russi Modi: The Man And His Vision See also Up, close and intimate with Russi\",\n \"title\": \"Russi Mody\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41097543\",\n \"text\": \"If It's Not Forever is a novel by Durjoy Datta and Nikita Singh. It was published in the year 2012 by Grapevine India Publishers. It is set on the story of the 2011 Delhi High Court blasts. Though mentioned as a love story, it is more of a suspense thriller. There are seven characters mentioned in this book, with the main protagonist being Debashish (Deb), who hails from Bengal and is deeply scarred with haunting memories of the blast. The book has received average reviews from critics all over India. Plot The author starts off with memories of the blast day. Deb had survived the bomb attack that left eighty nine people injured and many people dead. He feels sick at home and could not help wipe away the evil memories of the day. He recites the tragic event repeatedly to Avantika, his girlfriend. Avantika loves him and also feels bad, but she tries her best to make him forget what had happened. Quoting from the book, Deb says, \\\"It could have been me\\\". Deb is said to work at a publishing house \\\"that publishes trash novels\\\". His co-worker is named as Shrey, who is addicted towards girls and cannot live without them. He finally recovers from it. He wants to seek redemption as he stood there, on the blast day, watching the victims die. He finds a diary while re-visiting the area, and the edge of the diary is burnt beyond recognition. He takes it home and reads it. The diary has \\\"R.D\\\" written on it. No name, or for that matter address, is provided. But Deb wants to return the diary to Ragini, who \\\"R.D\\\" loved. Most of the novel revolves around the trio (Avantika, Shrey, Deb) and a girl named Tiya, travelling in an old car. They travel and the secrets come back to life. From Dehradun to Mumbai, the novel covers most of the Indian metropolitan cities. In the beginning of the novel the trio's daily life is described. Shrey is reported to work at Grapevine India, and often goes out to \\\"meet someone from the Times\\\". Deb knows that Shrey is actually meeting new girls. It is also highlighted in the novel that Avantika, Deb's girlfriend, hates the company of Shrey's girlfriend Tiya. Tiya is said to be stupid and crazy. Deb doesn't reveal anything about the diary to anyone. He reads the diary and decides to find Ragini so she could know about R.D's true feelings. He plans a road trip with Shrey to Dehradun where R.D and his best friend were studying. They reach Dehradun where Deb goes to Imperial academy to search for R.D's best friend who was listed as an all rounder of that year. He finds his name is Piyush Makhija and an address of Haridwar. When he comes back to hotel he finds out that Tiya is crashing their trip and deeply misses Avantika. Next day they reach Haridwar, Avantika surprises Deb by coming their and spends time with\",\n \"title\": \"If It's Not Forever\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15509438\",\n \"text\": \"Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas is a 2001 novel by James Patterson that argues the importance of balance within one's life. Two interwoven stories are told throughout the novel. The framing story is based on Katie Wilkinson, a New York City book editor, whose relationship with poet Matthew Harrison ends suddenly. During this period, Katie learns about Matt's past through the diary written by Suzanne. Background Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas marks Patterson's first attempt in the romance genre. Patterson, a best-selling author, is known for his mystery thriller series featuring detective Alex Cross. Continuing the trend with his novels, Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas has sold millions of copies, proving to be very popular. Patterson used some of his experience with heartbreak to write Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas. In 1974, Patterson fell in love with Jane Blanchard. After dating for several years, she was diagnosed with a terminal brain tumor. When she died, Patterson devoted his time to writing and stayed away from romantic relationships. Over a decade later, he married Susan, who wrote a diary for their baby son. Plot New York City book editor Katie Wilkinson is devastated when her boyfriend, poet Matt Harrison, abruptly breaks up with her for no apparent reason. He later sends her a diary as a means of explaining why he can't be with her, and Katie discovers the diary is written by a woman named Suzanne, who is writing to her newborn son, Nicholas. Suzanne begins her story in Boston, where she was working as a doctor in a hospital. After she has a heart attack at a young age, her fiancé leaves her, partly because he believes they won't be able to have children due to her health issues. In an effort to start over, she moves to Martha's Vineyard and buys a house that she plans to fix up. Suzanne meets Matt Harrison, a house painter, at a diner and hires him to paint her house. They fall in love and are married, and soon after have a son, Nicholas. When Suzanne becomes pregnant again, she becomes ill with toxemia and is hospitalized, ultimately losing the baby. With Matt's support, she recovers and writes that she feels lucky to have the life that she does. Suzanne's diary entries end suddenly after she writes about having pictures of Nicholas, now almost a year old, taken in a professional studio. Matt takes over writing in the diary and expresses immense grief over the loss of his wife, eventually revealing that Suzanne had a heart attack while driving to pick up the photos of Nicholas and crashed the car, killing both Suzanne and Nicholas. In the present, Katie is devastated by the truth about Matt's past and finally understands that his tremendous grief and guilt is keeping him from moving on with Katie, who he does not know is pregnant by him. She visits Martha's Vineyard and pays her respects at the graves of Suzanne and Nicholas, then finds the house where Matt lived with\",\n \"title\": \"Suzanne's Diary for Nicholas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5879362\",\n \"text\": \"Pori () is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by Subramaniam Siva. The film stars Jiiva and Pooja. Pori released on 9 February 2007. The film met with negative reviews and turned out to be a box office bomb. Plot Hari (Jiiva) is an unemployed youth who runs a pavement book shop in Tripiclane area. His father (Nagesh), an upright retired schoolteacher, buys him a shop in a building with his PF money. He names it \\\"Periyar Bookshop\\\" and runs it with his friends (Karunas and Ganeshkar). Meanwhile, he constantly bumps into a TV reporter Pooja (Pooja), and a love-hate relationship happens. One day, a Malaysian-based businessman named Mahadevan (Seeman) comes and evicts Hari from the shop, claiming that it belongs to him. Hari now discovers that his father was cheated by a land mafia gang which specializes in forged documents and is hand-in-glove with revenue officials. He decides to take the gauntlet and unveil the evil forces behind the property grabbers. Soon, he discovers that Nama Shivayam (Sampath Raj), Vinayagam real estates owner, is the brains behind the entire operation. How Hari becomes a one-man army and brings Nama Shivayam to justice forms the rest of the story. Cast Production The film was initially announced in December 2005 with Jiiva and Nila starring, before the latter was replaced by Pooja. A set resembling a street consisting of book shops and homes where most of the action takes place was built at AVM Studios for and was shot there for three weeks while the film was also shot around locations such as Besant Nagar, Ashok Nagar and K. K. Nagar. Soundtrack Soundtrack was composed by Dhina, with lyrics by Yugabharathi. Reception A critic from Nowrunning.com rated the film 1/5, stating that \\\"If you have all the time in the world to do nothing else, go watch Pori. A seriously depressing movie with absolute lack of comedy, story line, good music and everything which goes into making a good movie.\\\" Sify wrote \\\"There is no script or narrative as the director deploys all cinematic cliches since time immemorial. Six songs at regular intervals that are badly picturised tests your patience. Jeeva has done a larger-than-life role which just does not suit him\\\". Rediff wrote \\\"Watch Pori if you want to aimlessly fritter time away\\\". Chennai Online wrote \\\"This is the director's second film after the highly successful 'Thiruda Thirudi'. The debut film, though lacking in finesse, had managed to hold audience interest with its humour, colourful characters and peppy song-dance numbers. But 'Pori' fails to excite with its lacklustre script and predictable situations\\\". Lajjavathi of Kalki wrote the story starts only after the break, so it becomes very tiring. She added that the director confuses himself and us by putting many characters. References External links 2000s Indian films 2000s Tamil-language films 2007 action comedy films 2007 films Films directed by Subramaniam Siva Films scored by Dhina Indian action comedy films\",\n \"title\": \"Pori (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3895521\",\n \"text\": \"La invención de Morel (; 1940) — translated as The Invention of Morel or Morel's Invention — is a novel by Argentine writer Adolfo Bioy Casares. It was Bioy Casares' breakthrough effort, for which he won the 1941 First Municipal Prize for Literature of the City of Buenos Aires. He considered it the true beginning of his literary career, despite being his seventh book. The first edition cover artist was Norah Borges, sister of Bioy Casares' lifelong friend, Jorge Luis Borges. Plot introduction A fugitive hides on a deserted island somewhere in Polynesia. Tourists arrive, and his fear of being discovered becomes a mixed emotion when he falls in love with one of them. He wants to tell her his feelings, but an anomalous phenomenon keeps them apart. Plot summary The fugitive starts a diary after tourists arrive on the desert island where he is hiding. Although he considers their presence a miracle, he is afraid they will turn him in to the authorities. He retreats to the swamps while they take over the museum on top of the hill where he used to live. The diary described the fugitive as a writer from Venezuela sentenced to life in prison. He believes he is on the (fictional) island of Villings, a part of the Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu), but is not sure. All he knows is that the island is the focus of a strange disease whose symptoms are similar to radiation poisoning. Among the tourists is a woman who watches the sunset every day from the cliff on the west side of the island. He spies on her and while doing so falls in love. She and another man, a bearded tennis player called Morel who visits her frequently, speak French among themselves. Morel calls her Faustine. The fugitive decides to approach her, but she does not react to him. He assumes she is ignoring him; however, his encounters with the other tourists have the same result. Nobody on the island notices him. He points out that the conversations between Faustine and Morel repeat every week and fears he is going crazy. As suddenly as they appeared, the tourists vanish. The fugitive returns to the museum to investigate and finds no evidence of people being there during his absence. He attributes the experience to a hallucination caused by food poisoning, but the tourists reappear that night. They have come out of nowhere and yet they talk as if they have been there for a while. He watches them closely while still avoiding direct contact and notices more strange things. In the aquarium he encounters identical copies of the dead fish he found on his day of arrival. During a day at the pool, he sees the tourists jump to shake off the cold when the heat is unbearable. The strangest thing he notices is the presence of two suns and two moons in the sky. He comes up with all sorts of theories about what is happening on the\",\n \"title\": \"The Invention of Morel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53992416\",\n \"text\": \"Psychoanalyse und Yoga (English: Psychoanalysis and Yoga) is a 1923 book by the German writer and philosopher Oscar Adolf Hermann Schmitz (16 April 1873 – 17 December 1931). The book introduces the synthesis of the Indian yoga method and the European psychoanalysis with the aim to create a yoga system for Europeans. The content of his essay is an elaboration on a lecture series about yoga and psychoanalysis given at the psychoanalytic conference of the School of Wisdom, which took place on the 3rd until 5 March in 1923. Since 1916, Schmitz worked on a framework that should include yoga and Psychoanalysis, but he lacked the final piece that would have allowed him to meaningfully combine them. The inspiration for the absolute binding of yoga and psychoanalysis came from a correspondence with Count Hermann Keyserling, an associate of Schmitz and one of the founders of the school of wisdom, to whom Schmitz dedicated the book. Keyserling's doctrine of creative self-awareness (schöpferische Selbsterkenntnis) serves as a basis for this synthesis and states that there is only one aim in life, namely self-fulfillment, which can be attained by a combination of both methods. Content The book is split into three sections, which build upon each other in order to explain the logic behind the synthesis of the two opposing methods, yoga and psychoanalysis. Schmitz not only attempts to relate them, but he tries to establish psychoanalysis as a European yoga method. In the first part, he explains general terms and concepts of yoga and psychoanalysis and how they relate to each other by referring to the Indian philosophy and different schools of psychoanalysis. In general, he believes that both methods were developed because people have the natural desire to search for a way to unify the individual with the true, inner self. In Indian philosophy, this true inner self is also known as the Atman, which every person should become aware of. While Yoga is a method to separate from the world to find unity with the personal origin, psychoanalysis instead focuses on the isolated parts of the individual and analyses them critically. However, there is no certain way of how to integrate the single pieces back together into one unity. As a result of their differences, the two methods complement each other. Yoga tries to silence a person's conscious awareness in order to let the unconscious surface. This allows a person to free himself from it and to finally find Atman. However, Europeans are often held up to reach in-depth self-knowledge because they are afraid of their unconscious, which can only be identified and eliminated with the help of psychoanalysis. Schmitz elaborates on the characteristics of the different schools of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl G. Jung. In his opinion, the Jungian system comes closest to the Indian yoga method in that it considers a person's psyche as an individual unity and not as a function or part of society. According to Jung's analytical psychology, a person's conscious\",\n \"title\": \"Psychoanalyse und Yoga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61532\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent) if the sum of the absolute values of the summands is finite. More precisely, a real or complex series is said to converge absolutely if for some real number Similarly, an improper integral of a function, is said to converge absolutely if the integral of the absolute value of the integrand is finite—that is, if A convergent series that is not absolutely convergent is called conditionally convergent. Absolute convergence is important for the study of infinite series because its definition is strong enough to guarantee that a series will have some properties of finite sums that not all convergent series possess—absolutely convergent series behave \\\"nicely\\\". For instance, rearrangements do not change the value of the sum. This is not true for conditionally convergent series: The alternating harmonic series converges to while its rearrangement (in which the repeating pattern of signs is two positive terms followed by one negative term) converges to Background In finite sums, the order in which terms are added is both associative and commutative, meaning that grouping and rearranging do not matter. (1 + 2) + 3 is the same as 1 + (2 + 3), and both are the same as (3 + 2) + 1. However, this is not true when adding infinitely many numbers, and wrongly assuming that it is true can lead to apparent paradoxes. One classic example is the alternating sum whose terms alternate between +1 and −1. What is the value of S? One way to evaluate S is to group the first and second term, the third and fourth, and so on: But another way to evaluate S is to leave the first term alone and group the second and third term, then the fourth and fifth term, and so on: This leads to an apparent paradox: does or ? The answer is that because S is not absolutely convergent, grouping or rearranging its terms changes the value of the sum. This means and are not equal. In fact, the series does not converge, so S does not have a value to find in the first place. A series that is absolutely convergent does not have this problem: grouping or rearranging its terms does not change the value of the sum. Definition for real and complex numbers A sum of real numbers or complex numbers is absolutely convergent if the sum of the absolute values of the terms converges. Sums of more general elements The same definition can be used for series whose terms are not numbers but rather elements of an arbitrary abelian topological group. In that case, instead of using the absolute value, the definition requires the group to have a norm, which is a positive real-valued function on an abelian group (written additively, with identity element 0) such that: The norm of the identity element of is zero: For every implies For every For every In this case, the function\",\n \"title\": \"Absolute convergence\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20856189\",\n \"text\": \"Selected Stories of Lu Hsun is a collection of English translations of major stories of the Chinese author Lu Xun translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang and first published in 1960 by the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing. This book was republished in 2007 by the Foreign Languages Press with the updated title of Lu Xun Selected Works. Stories included in the collection are drawn from three of Lu Xun's story collections: 《吶喊》Call to Arms (CTA), 《彷徨》 \\\"Wandering\\\" (W), and 《故事新編》 \\\"Old Tales Retold\\\" (OTR). Major themes One major theme in the stories in this collection is that habits of mind (psychology or \\\"spirit\\\") need to be examined; improvements in material conditions and institutions, while important, are not sufficient by themselves to renew China. See in particular A Madman's Diary and The True Story of Ah Q. Lu Xun employed point of view in his stories in a way that was novel at the time for Chinese literature, helping readers consider new possibilities about the true nature of the reality around them. A second major theme in the stories is the problem of how members of the intellectual class are to live their lives. It is a theme in many stories, including Kong Yiji, My Old Home, In the Wine Shop, Regret for the Past, and others. A third major theme in the stories is commentary on traditional customs and institutions. The stories look at the specific dysfunctions of particular customs and institutions, and also at the general result in which people are discarded. It is a theme in many stories, especially Kong Yiji and The New Year Sacrifice. Story synopses Preface to Call to Arms In the preface, signed on December 3, 1922, Lu Xun describes the evolution of his social concerns. An important thread to this preface is his encounters with traditional Chinese medicine and the problems of health care, which bears directly on several stories in the collection. Lu Xun also describes one of his overarching objectives as a writer and social critic: he sees society as \\\"an iron house without windows, absolutely indestructible, with many people fast asleep inside who will soon die of suffocation.\\\" Is it possible to help them? Or will he only make them suffer unnecessarily by intervening? A Madman's Diary (狂人日記, (CTA), dated April 1918) This story ostensibly reveals the delusions of a man who has passed through a period of madness, and has now returned to sanity and participation in \\\"normal\\\" society. A theme in the story is the nature of reality, and the difficulty of attaining a perspective from which to see reality clearly. \\\"I begin to realize that during the past thirty-odd years I have been in the dark . . .\\\" A secondary theme is the self-destructiveness of traditional Chinese society, likening it to cannibalism. \\\"I have only just realized that I have been living all these years in a place where for four thousand years they have been eating human flesh.\\\" The story is said to\",\n \"title\": \"Selected Stories of Lu Hsun\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63106386\",\n \"text\": \"A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane is a biography of J. B. S. Haldane, British-Indian geneticist, communist and writer; written by Samanth Subramanian and published by Simon and Schuster in 2019. Publication A Dominant Character is a biography of J. B. S. Haldane who was a British-Indian geneticist, scientist, innovator, author, writer and communist philosopher. The book was published on 10 December 2019 by Simon & Schuster UK and has 384 pages. Summary J.B.S. Haldane was a scientist who was born in Britain yet was spiritually inclined towards India. He saw action in the two World Wars, was engaged in the most radical politics of his day, conducted scientific research, and wrote with flair and conviction. The book describes his intellect, vision of society, philosophy, and scientific progress. In the latter part, the book mentions his journey to India and within India, from Kolkata to Bhubaneswar. Reception Jacob Koshy, in The Hindu, wrote that the work is an \\\"exquisite literary expedition\\\" into J.B.S.’ boyhood, his family history, his schooling. Koshy wrote that many facts of Haldane's life are well documented in the book and concluded that Subramanian gave compelling context. Shobhit Mahajan wrote that the book is a \\\"comprehensive account\\\" of Haldane's life in a review for Outlook magazine. He noted that the biography grapples well with a great life and found the book well-researched, with extensive use of Haldane's diaries and private letters. He praised the author's \\\"lucid writing\\\" and described the book as a \\\"page-turner\\\" with brilliant asides. He further wrote that the book does a decent job of explaining complicated scientific work in simpler terms, but points out that the author leaves out some details of the work done by Haldane. Vineetha Mokkil, writing for The Hindu Businessline, praised the work and called it a \\\"major contribution in modern intellectual history as well as an insightful and moving biography\\\". She wrote that the author did a \\\"fine job\\\" in bringing Haldane to life. In a review for The Wire, T. N. Avinash also wrote that author did \\\"admirable job\\\" describing Haldane's life and how political scenarios formed his worldview. However, he criticised the omission of some of the scientific responses to Haldane's work, such as Ernst Mayr’s critique of ‘beanbag genetics’. R. Prasannan, writing for The Week Magazine, called the work an \\\"honest biography\\\", but noted that there are few details about Bhubaneswar, a city where Haldane settled in later life. He also lamented the lack of an index. Firstpost listed it in the Books of Week on 11 January 2020. The book has been selected as one of the 100 Notable Books of 2020 by The New York Times. References External links The New York Times review of A Dominant Character 2019 non-fiction books Books about scientists Indian biographies 21st-century Indian books Simon & Schuster books\",\n \"title\": \"A Dominant Character\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47831477\",\n \"text\": \"The Dead House is a 2015 young adult novel and the debut novel of Dawn Kurtagich. The book was published in paperback in the United Kingdom on 6 August and 15 September 2015 by Orion Publishing and in hardcover in the United States on 15 September 2015 by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. It is told through a mixture of medias such as diary entries, news clippings, video footage, and various interviews. Synopsis At the beginning of the novel, the reader is made aware that the book's content was compiled from several sources, including a diary that was found in the remains of Elmbridge High School, a British high school that burned down 25 years prior. The material is a mixture of video clips, interviews, recovered diary entries, Post-it Notes, and other similar items, and will also occasionally have notations about missing content. Throughout the book, Kaitlyn repeatedly refers to her diary as \\\"Dee\\\" in her entries. Carly and Kaitlyn Johnson are two personalities that exist in the same body. They've been living in a mental hospital named Claydon Mental Hospital for an undisclosed amount of time. She works directly with a therapist named Dr. Annabeth Lansing, and it is established that Kaitlyn/Carly's parents died in a horrific accident that they cannot remember. They are aware of each other's existence, but they never directly interact as Carly is only active during the day and Kaitlyn at night, although they do communicate through various means, which they attempt to hide from others. In the mental hospital, Dr. Lansing diagnoses them as having dissociative identity disorder, an eating disorder (Carly), self-harming (Kaitlyn), and hearing voices (Kaitlyn, who hears the voice of a demonic entity known as Aka Manah). Dr. Lansing also believes that Kaitlyn is not the true personality and that Carly created her as a coping mechanism, although Kaitlyn insists that she is real and existed before their parents' deaths. Carly/Kaitlyn is sent to Elmbridge where Carly makes friends with a spiritual girl named Naida. Naida believes that both personalities are real and that they're two souls in one body. As the semester progresses, Kaitlyn uses an attic in an abandoned building as a refuge and meets Ari, with whom she reluctantly falls in love. Her peace is short-lived as Kaitlyn begins to see visions of a menacing dead girl and becomes stressed when she cannot see her little sister Jaimie, who was placed into foster care. Things come to a head when Carly stops emerging, provoking Kaitlyn into attempting suicide, which sends her back to the mental institution. Their therapist is surprised since she assumed that Carly was the dominant personality, but assumes that this is a sign of both personalities merging. During this time she comes back into contact with her friend John, who she hasn't seen since her parents' accident. Naida asks Kaitlyn to break herself out of the hospital, fearing that a Shyan, a dark magic user, is after Kaitlyn/Carly because of the power held by\",\n \"title\": \"The Dead House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4649413\",\n \"text\": \"White Mughals is a 2002 history book by William Dalrymple. It is Dalrymple's fifth major book, and tells the true story of a love affair that took place in early nineteenth century Hyderabad between James Achilles Kirkpatrick and Khair-un-Nissa Begum. Summary The book is a work of social history about the warm relations that existed between the British and some Indians in the 18th and early 19th century, when one in three British men in India was married to an Indian woman. It documents the inter-ethnic liaisons between British officers, such as Charles \\\"Hindoo\\\" Stuart, and Indian women, and the geopolitical context of late 18th century India. Like From the Holy Mountain, it also examines the interactions of Christianity and Islam, emphasizing the surprisingly porous relationship between the two in pre-modern times. At the heart of White Mughals is the story of affair which saw a British dignitary, the East India Company Resident in Hyderabad, Captain James Achilles Kirkpatrick, convert to Islam and marry Khair-un-Nissa, a Hyderabadi noblewoman of royal Mughal descent. As the British Resident in Hyderabad, Kirkpatrick is shown to balance the requirements of his employers, the East India Company, with his sympathetic attitude to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The very title of White Mughals indicates its subject: the late 18th- and early 19th-century period in India, where there had been ‘a succession of unexpected and unplanned minglings of peoples and cultures and ideas’. On one level, the book tells the tragic love story of James Kirkpatrick, ‘the thoroughly orientalised’ British Resident in Hyderabad and Khair, a beautiful young Muslim noblewoman. On another level, the story is about trade, military and political dealings, based on Dalrymple's researches among letters, diaries, reports, and dispatches (much of it in cipher). Out of these sources he draws a fascinating picture of sexual attitudes and social etiquette, finding an \\\"increasingly racist and dismissive attitude\\\" among both Europeans and Indians towards mixed race offspring after the rise of Evangelical Christianity. He paces the gradual revelations with a novelist's skills, leading us on, after the death of Kirkpatrick, to \\\"the saddest and most tragic part of the whole story\\\". The doomed lovers actually engender an optimistic coda, when their two children move to Britain. The daughter Kitty becomes a friend and muse of Scottish writer and philosopher Thomas Carlyle, and re-establishes contact with her grandmother in India through Henry Russell. Production The usage of memoirs and chronicles in Urdu and Persian (the court language of India at the time) were used as sources for the writing of the book. Dalrymple collected these by retrieving it from the cellars and back rooms of secondhand booksellers in India. He dedicated the book to Bruce Wannell for the latter's help with translation of source texts in Persian and for providing insight into the Muslim world. Popular culture and adaptations In August 2011, William Dalrymple announced that Ralph Fiennes would direct and star in the movie version of White Mughals. Nothing seems to have come of this project,\",\n \"title\": \"White Mughals\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71734966\",\n \"text\": \"Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer is an Indian Netflix true crime docuseries which premiered on 7 September 2022. Produced by India Today Group and directed by Dheeraj Jindal. It is the second installment of Indian Predator series. Premise This docuseries is inspired by the notorious case of Raja Kolander, who is thought to be a cannibal and is responsible for the deaths of more than 15 people in eastern Uttar Pradesh. It consists of three episodes, and its timeline begins in the year 2000, when Dhirendra Singh, a journalist based in Allahabad, vanished without a trace. But later his decapitated and mutilated body was found in the neighbouring state of Madhya Pradesh. Episodes Episode 1: The Murderer Episode 2: The Cannibal Episode 3: The King Reception Writing for The Indian Express, Rohan Naahar in his review suggest that \\\"The Diary of a Serial Killer has one key ingredient that separates it from its predecessor: an on-camera interview with the serial killer himself.\\\" The Hindu's Bhuvanesh Chandar, a senior sub-editor of the paper in his review suggests \\\" (the docuseries)... is a chilling exploration into the darkest of corners of the human mind. There is a strong narrative structure in place — there is a reason why the series begins and ends with Dheerendra’s murder in particular— and it also resists employing cheap gimmicks to elevate drama or fear.\\\" See also Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi, Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom, part of the same television franchise References External links Hindi-language television shows Netflix original programming True crime television series Indian documentary television series Television series about serial killers Indian crime television series\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51197437\",\n \"text\": \"The Peter Pan Prize (Swedish: Peter Pan-Prisets) was established in 2000 by IBBY Sweden and the Göteborg Book Fair. It is awarded annually \\\"to a book for children or young adults of high quality in both literary and subject terms, satisfying one or more of the following criteria: (1) by an author previously unpublished or little known in Sweden; (2) from a country, language group or culture with limited representation in Sweden; (3) with content concerning children or young adults in less familiar countries and cultures less familiar to Swedish readers\\\" Runner-up prizes are called Silver Stars (Swedish: Silverstjärna). Peter Pan Prize Winners 2019 Doften av ett hem (The Scent of a Home) - by Bonnie Sue Hitchcock 2018 Akissi och det flygande fåret (Akisssi and Flying Sheep) - by Marguerite Abouet and Mathieu Sapin 2017 Mitt år av längtan (My Year of Longing) - by Dasha Tolstikova 2016 Sabelles röda klänning (Sabelle's Red Dress) - by Marina Michaelidou-Kadi, illus. Daniela Stamatiadi 2015 Guji Guji (Guji Guji) - by Chih-Yuan Chen 2014 Världens ände (Everybody Jam) - by Ali Lewis, translated by Elisabeth Fredholm (Förlaget Opal) 2013 Naku, Nakuu, Nakuuu! - by Nanoy Rafael, illus. Sergio Bumatay III, translated by Anna Gustafsson Chen 2012 Ensam hemma (While We Were Out) - by Lee 2011 Ankomsten (The Arrival) - by Shaun Tan for translated from English (Kabusa Böcker) 2010 Makwelane och krokodilen (Makwelane and the Crocodile) - by Maria Hendricks, illus. Piet Grobler, translated by Ulla Forsén 2009 Den absolut sanna historien om mitt liv som halvtidsindian (The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian) - by Sherman Alexie, translated by Ingela Jernberg 2008 Blunda och öppna ditt fönster (Vừa Nhắm Mắt Vừa Mở Cửa Sổ) [Open the Window with Closed Eyes] - by Nguyen Ngoc Thuan, translated by Hoai Anh Tran 2007 Kiffe Kiffe imorgon (Kiffe Kiffe demain) - by Faïza Guène, translated by Lotta Riad 2006 Long-longs nyår: en berättelse om den kinesiska vårfesten (Long-Long's New Year) - by Catherine Gower, illust. He Zhihong, translated by Lotta Riad 2005 Persepolis - by Marjane Satrapi, translated by Gabriella Theiler 2004 Över näktergalens golv (Across the Nightingale Floor) - by Lian Hearn, translated by Carla Wiberg 2003 Den osynliga flickan (The Breadwinner) - by Deborah Ellis, translated by Helena Ridelberg 2002 Alexis Kouros for På en ö i havet (On an Island in the Sea), translated by Janina Orlov (Alfabeta Bokförlag) 2001 Hipp, hurra för mormor (Hip, Hip, Hurray for Grandma) - by Cari Best, illus. Giselle Potter, translated by Barbro Lagergren 2000 Katies krig (Katie's War) - by Aubrey Flegg, translated by Gunilla Borén Shortlist 2020 Molnbullar – by Baek Heena (South Korea), translated by Johee Kim and Jonas Thelander Josefs vagga – by Jude Daly (South Africa), translated by Ulla Forsén Planeten Frank – by David Yoon (USA), translated by Carina Jansson Dubbel trubbel för Anna Hibiscus! – by Atinuke (Nigeria), illus. Lauren Tobia (UK), translated by Matilda Wallin Min pappa och jag – by Nari Hong (South Korea),\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Pan Prize\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61188949\",\n \"text\": \"Kardashian Konfidential is a 2010 non-fiction book by sisters Kim Kardashian, Kourtney Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian and their Ghostwriter. The book is a mix of autobiography and self-help. It contains family photos, anecdotes, personal letters, and diary entries. It was listed on The New York Times Best Seller list in late 2010. Kardashian Konfidential is the first book published by the Kardashian sisters. Synopsis The book contains personal stories, photographs, and diary entries from each of the three sisters. Among the personal stories, Khloé discusses her regret about losing her virginity at age 14 to an older boyfriend, writing \\\"Feeling rushed and pressured and unsure should have been my clue that I wasn't ready to take that step.\\\" Kim discusses being starstruck by meeting many celebrities she had admired. Kourtney talks about her obsessive need for neatness and organization in her home. All three write about their late father, attorney Robert Kardashian. They also write about their father's friendship with O. J. Simpson and their memories of the O. J. Simpson trial in 1995 and the effect it had on their family. In addition to personal stories, the book contains advice about makeup, style, and dating. In regards to dating, Kim Kardashian writes in the book \\\"When no one in your family likes a person, there's got to be something to it,\\\" referring to her unsuccessful relationship with her second husband. Reception The book made The New York Times Best Seller list, and reached #31 on the USA Today Best seller list. Breia Brissey of Entertainment Weekly wrote of the book, \\\"it's all relatively endearing coming from this bunch, and a must-read for any true Kardashian fan.\\\" She also noted that while the book does share a lot of personal information about the family, it largely ignores anything negative such as the details of Kim's first marriage. References 2010 non-fiction books Show business memoirs\",\n \"title\": \"Kardashian Konfidential\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6697752\",\n \"text\": \"Dhirendra Verma (17 May 1897 – 23 April 1973) was an Indian poet and writer. He used to write in Hindi and Brij Bhasha. Verma holds the same prominence for introducing scientific methods to research in Hindi language and literature as does Ramchandra Shukla. On the basis of his research in Indian languages, he published the first scientific history of Indian languages in 1933. He wrote his doctoral thesis on Brij Bhasha in French which was later translated into Hindi. Life Verma was born on 17 May 1897 in Bhui colony of Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh, India. His father, Khanchand, was a Jamindar by birth and occupation. Khanchand had deep interest in Indian culture and was influenced by the ideals of Arya Samaj. Verma was significantly influenced by his father and the ideals of Arya Samaj in his formative years. Verma died on 23 April 1973. Education Verma was admitted to D.A.V. College, Dehradun in 1908. However, he soon returned to his father and took admission in Queen's College, Lucknow. He passed the \\\"School Leaving Certificate Examination\\\" with first division with special honours in Hindi. Subsequently, he went to Myor Central College, Allahabad where he received his M.A. in Sanskrit (1921) from. Later, he was awarded a D. Litt degree from Paris University. Teacher and researcher Verma was appointed as the first lecturer of Hindi language at Allahabad University in 1924. Subsequently, he was promoted as a Professor and then Head of Department of Hindi department at Allahabad University, which he headed for several years. Later on, he served as the Vice Chancellor of Sagar University in Madhya Pradesh. It was his stint as a teacher and researcher that brought a lot of fame for Verma. He is recognized as the pioneer in introducing scientific methods to research in Hindi language and literature. Verma is known to have mentored many prominent writers, among them Dharamvir Bharati, who edited the Hindi magazine Dharmyug. Works Along with Rahul Sankrityayan, Dhirendra Verma represented the spatial and temporal dimensions of Akshayat. Considered knowledgeable on Hindi literature, Verma has written many books. Notable among them in Hindi are Hindi-Rashtra ya Suba Hindustan (1930) Hindi Bhasha ka Itihasa ( History of Hindi language ) (1933). Notable books written by Verma in Brij Bhasha are Brij Chhap- Grammar of Brij Bhasha, Ashtchhap, Sursagar Saar, etc. Also he wrote books on rural Hindi. Verma was the principal editor of the first 'हिन्दी विश्वकोश' (Hindi Encyclopedia). Verma maintained a diary during his student years in 1917–23 about the political events taking place in India then. The diary entries were published in four parts called Meri kalej dayari (My College Diary). Father Kamil Bulke, the Belgian Jesuit, who later became famous as India's most famous Christian Hindi scholar, wrote that it was on the inspiration of Verma that he went to Allahabad in 1945 and did research in Hindi for four years. Partial bibliography References 1897 births 1973 deaths People from Bareilly Poets from Uttar Pradesh Hindi-language poets Hindi-language writers\",\n \"title\": \"Dhirendra Verma\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1062412\",\n \"text\": \"Absolutely Live is the first live album by the American rock band the Doors, released on July 20, 1970, by Elektra Records. The double album features songs recorded at concerts held in 1969 and 1970 in several U.S. cities. It includes the first full release of the performance piece \\\"Celebration of the Lizard\\\" and several other tracks that had not previously appeared on any official Doors release. The album peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 in September 1970. Recording Many shows were recorded during the band's 1970 Roadhouse Blues Tour to create the Absolutely Live album. The Doors' producer and longtime collaborator Paul A. Rothchild claimed to have painstakingly edited the album from many different shows to create one cohesive concert. According to Rothchild, the best part of a song from one performance may have been spliced together with another part of the same song from another performance, in an attempt to create \\\"the ultimate concert\\\". Rothchild said, \\\"I couldn't get complete takes of a lot of songs, so sometimes I'd cut from Detroit to Philadelphia in mid-song. There must be 2,000 edits on that album.\\\" However, most of the tracks were taken from the Doors' performances at the Felt Forum in New York City on January 17 and 18, 1970. Absolutely Live marks the first release of the Doors' performance piece \\\"Celebration of the Lizard\\\" in its entirety, which had originally been attempted in the studio during the Waiting for the Sun sessions but was eventually abandoned. The album also included several new songs: \\\"Love Hides\\\", \\\"Build Me a Woman\\\", \\\"Universal Mind\\\", \\\"Dead Rats, Dead Cats\\\" (performed as a preamble to \\\"Break on Through\\\") and cover versions of Bo Diddley's \\\"Who Do You Love?\\\" and Willie Dixon's \\\"Close to You\\\" (the latter featuring lead vocals by keyboardist Ray Manzarek). Reflecting on the live album in an interview, Jim Morrison remarked, \\\"I think [Absolutely Live is] a fairly true document of what the band sounds like on fairly good night. It's not the best we can do and it's certainly not the worst. It's a true document of an above average evening.\\\" In his autobiography, Manzarek explained the group's intentions with the album: \\\"We wanted to get the Doors experience on tape. Live. One time. For the ages. And in doing so, perhaps we could capture the moment of escape. Live.\\\" Album cover According to the biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrison hated the album cover for Absolutely Live. He had changed his appearance dramatically since the band's early days, growing a beard and discarding his onstage leather attire in an attempt to overcome his \\\"rock god\\\" image, but was dismayed to find that his record label opted for an earlier photograph of him for the cover. In his book Krautrocksampler, the British rock musician and writer Julian Cope described the photo of Morrison as one of his \\\"two favorite all-time images of rock 'n' roll singers\\\". Release and reception Absolutely Live sold only 225,000 copies,\",\n \"title\": \"Absolutely Live (The Doors album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6883979\",\n \"text\": \"The book series The Saga of Darren Shan features humans, vampires and various other types of fantasy characters. Overview A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the property or that the character's presence in the property has yet to be announced. A Main indicates that a character had a starring role in the property. A Recurring indicates the character appeared in two or more times within the property. A Guest indicates the character appeared once in the property. Vampires Darren Shan Darren Shan is the main character of his diary, which is expressed from his point of view. As explained in the last book, \\\"Sons of Destiny\\\", the diary was supposedly transferred from Mr. Tall to the author. In the first book, Cirque Du Freak/Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare, \\\"Darren\\\" says he used no real names in the books. These are just the names used by him in substitution of the real names of the key players in his life (he does this for their protection and in fear of being discovered for his true self). Darren became enamored with Larten Crepsley's spider Madam Octa when he went to the Cirque du Freak, where he also learned vampires were real, Mr. Crepsley was one, and his best friend Steve Leonard wanted to become one. However, when Steve was bitten by Madam Octa, Darren was forced to seek the help of Mr. Crepsley, who agreed on the condition that Darren become his vampire assistant instead. Forced to leave his family, Darren died with his master's help, and joined Cirque du Freak. Many years later, he leaves for Vampire Mountain with his mentor, where he is forced to take part in the Trials of Initiation to prove his worth. He fails in the fourth trial, and decides to escape execution with help from his friend, pacifist and soon to be Prince Kurda Smahlt. As they flee, they come across a group of Vampaneze Kurda has smuggled into the mountain, intending to take it by force, in the hope his people would be spared from the rise of the Lord of the Vampaneze, who has finally appeared. Barely escaping alive, Darren is instrumental in foiling Kurda's plot, and made a Prince for his bravery. He learns after several years at war that he is one of three hunters with the power to kill the Lord of the Vampaneze before the vampires are eradicated. Near the beginning of the quest he is told by Lady Evanna that a Lord of the Shadows will rise at the end of the war between the two clans, and only his identity has yet to be determined - he will either be the Lord of the Vampaneze, or Darren himself. Several months later, the hunters are caught in an elaborate trap created by the Lord of the Vampaneze, resulting ultimately in Mr. Crepsley's death, and Darren learning that Steve Leonard is the Lord. The final confrontation comes two years later, with Darren killing\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Saga of Darren Shan characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72412838\",\n \"text\": \"Amit Lodha (Hindi: अमित लोढ़ा) (born 22 February 1974) is a 1998 batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of Bihar Cadre, currently serving as Inspector General of Police. He has received several awards for his work. He is known for his book Bihar Diaries: The True Story of How Bihar's Most Dangerous Criminal Was Caught. The web-series Khakee: The Bihar Chapter on Netflix is based on that book. Early life and career Lodha is an 1995 alumnus of IIT Delhi. He joined the IPS in 1998. Lodha was posted in the newly created, Sheikhpura District of Bihar in 2005. As of February 2024, Lodha is an Inspector General rank officer in Bihar Police. Controversies In December 2022 Lodha was booked under several sections of Indian Penal Code and Prevention of Corruption Act for entering a commercial deal with Netflix as a government servant and writing the book Bihar Diaries without taking prior permission or approval from the government. Lodha has mentioned that he has done nothing wrong. Controversy has also been created by the media that he was suspended but he has never been suspended, the government has also not released any statement regarding suspension. He is still in service serving as Inspector General (SCRB) in Patna, Bihar. See also Ashok Mahto gang Chandan Kushwaha References 1974 births People from Jaipur IIT Delhi alumni Indian police officers Living people Penguin Books people Indian Police Service officers\",\n \"title\": \"Amit Lodha\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28944306\",\n \"text\": \"Anees Jung (born 15 December, 1944) is an Indian author, journalist and columnist for newspapers in India and abroad, whose most known work, Unveiling India (1987) was a chronicle of the lives of women in India, noted especially for the depiction of Muslim women behind the purdah. Early life and education Born in Rourkela, and growing up in Hyderabad, Anees Jung is from an aristocratic family – her father, Nawab Hosh Yar Jung, was a scholar and poet, and served as the musahib (adviser) to the last Nizam (prince) of Hyderabad State. Her mother and brother are also Urdu poets. After schooling and college at Osmania University in Hyderabad, she went to the United States for higher studies at University of Michigan Ann Arbor, where she did her master's degree in sociology and American studies. Career She started her career in writing with the Youth Times, a Times of India publication, where she worked as a journalist and editor (1973 to 1980). She has subsequently worked for The Christian Science Monitor and the International Herald Tribune. Anees Jung lives in Delhi. Books Jung published Unveiling India in 1987. It is a travel diary focusing on interviews with women. She has written several subsequent books on the same, talking to women about their everyday lives, including Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim women in India (1993), Seven Sisters (1994). Breaking the Silence (1997) is based on conversations on women's lives from around the world. Others are maltreated by alcoholic fathers or married off early or sexually abused, though some find refuge in schools set up by well-meaning NGOs. A section of this book is part of the NCERT Class 12 English Book in CBSE Schools Jung is noted for her lively and vivid descriptions. Bibliography When a Place Becomes a Person. Vikas Pub. House, 1977. Flashpoints: Poems in Prose. Tarang Paperbacks, 1981. . Unveiling India, Penguin Books, 1987. . The Song of India. Himalayan Books, 1990. Night of the New Moon: Encounters with Muslim Women in India. Penguin Books, 1993. Seven Sisters: Among the Women of South Asia. Penguin Books, 1994. Breaking the Silence: Voices of Women from Around the World. Penguin Books, 1997. Olives from Jericho: Peace in Winter Gardens. UNESCO, 1999. . Beyond the Courtyard: a Sequel to Unveiling India. Viking, 2003 Lost Spring: Stories of Stolen Childhood. Penguin Books, 2005. . See also List of Indian writers Indian literature References 1944 births Living people People from Rourkela 20th-century Indian journalists Indian women columnists Writers from Hyderabad, India Indian Muslims Osmania University alumni University of Michigan alumni Indian travel writers Indian columnists 20th-century Indian women writers Journalists from Odisha Indian women travel writers Women writers from Telangana Women writers from Odisha 20th-century Indian women journalists 21st-century Indian women journalists 21st-century Indian journalists\",\n \"title\": \"Anees Jung\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5782067\",\n \"text\": \"The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer: My Life at Rose Red is a 2001 novel by Ridley Pearson focusing on the life of the fictional John and Ellen Rimbauer and the construction of their mansion, Rose Red, in the early 20th century. Built on an old Indian burial ground, Rose Red is considered haunted and mysterious tragedies occur throughout the mansion's history. The novel is written in the form of a diary by Ellen Rimbauer, and annotated by the fictional professor of paranormal activity, Joyce Reardon. The novel also presents a fictional afterword by Ellen Rimbauer's grandson, Steven. Genesis of the novel The novel's genesis came as part of a $200,000 promotional marketing campaign for Stephen King's Rose Red television miniseries. Marketing of the film presented the movie as based on actual events. In 2000, two years before the Rose Red miniseries aired, the producers contracted with author Ridley Pearson to write a tie-in novel, to be titled The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer: My Life at Rose Red, under the pseudonym \\\"Dr. Joyce Reardon\\\" (one of the main characters of the miniseries). The novel presented itself as nonfiction, and claimed to be the actual diary of Ellen Rimbauer (wife of the builder of Rose Red). The work was originally intended to be an architectural book featuring photos and drawings of the fictional Rose Red house with the supernatural elements subtly woven into the text and photos, but Pearson (building on several references to a diary in King's script for the miniseries) wrote it as Ellen Rimbauer's diary instead. Inspired by the 1999 film The Blair Witch Project, King came up with the idea of presenting the novel as a real one by having \\\"Dr. Joyce Reardon\\\" edit the \\\"diary.\\\" King also inserted a reference into the book's foreword that a \\\"best-selling author had found the journal in Maine\\\", so that fans would be misled into concluding that King had written the work. The ruse worked. Fans and the press speculated for some time that Stephen King or his wife Tabitha King had written the book until Pearson was revealed to be the novel's author. To help promote the miniseries and further blur the line between reality and fiction, the book contained a link to a fictional \\\"Beaumont University\\\" Web site where \\\"Dr. Joyce Reardon\\\" was alleged to have taught. The site contains in-universe promotional material as well as an easter egg page with diary entries that were \\\"censored\\\" from the main book. A mockumentary was released by ABC a few weeks prior to the miniseries' release entitled Unlocking Rose Red:The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer. The special utilized actors who only vaguely resembled the ones within the miniseries for Steven Rimbauer and Joyce Reardon to speak about the happenings at Rose Red whilst promoting the upcoming miniseries by Stephen King which was seemingly referred to as a production heavily based on a true story. Excerpts from the novel were read out by an actress for the mockumentary, while a narrator and various\",\n \"title\": \"The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer: My Life at Rose Red\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56122077\",\n \"text\": \"A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia, is a book written by Anna Politkovskaya and published by Random House in May 2007 discussing Russia under Vladimir Putin. Scott Simon wrote the foreword and Arch Tait translated the writing into English. Harvill Secker published the United Kingdom edition. In some versions Jon Snow, the main news anchor for the United Kingdom's Channel 4, wrote the foreword. History Published after the author's death, it extracts from her notebook and other writings and gives her account of the period from December 2003 to August 2005, including what she described as \\\"the death of Russian parliamentary democracy\\\", the Beslan school hostage crisis, and the \\\"winter and summer of discontent\\\" from January to August 2005. Because she was murdered \\\"while translation was being completed, final editing had to go ahead without her help\\\", wrote Tait in a note to the book. According to Viv Groskop of The Guardian, A Russian Diary has a stronger emphasis on politics compared to A Dirty War and Putin's Russia, and therefore is \\\"less moving and immediate\\\". It does not focus on Politkovskaya's personal life. According to the book, Russia under Vladimir Putin reverted into an authoritarian society centered around the ruler. Content The book has three parts. The initial section covers the 2003 Russian legislative election and the 2004 Russian presidential election. The following section discusses the insurgency of the Second Chechen War, the Beslan school siege and its consequences, and other events in the second Putin term. She recalled a meeting with Ramzan Kadyrov, Head of the Chechen Republic. The last section describes 2005 pensioner protests. Robert Legvold of Foreign Affairs wrote, \\\"The tragedies generated by the Chechen war are what she knew best and wrote, knifelike, about\\\". Reception Bridget Kendall wrote that the translation was \\\"admirably readable\\\". Andrew Meier wrote in The New York Times that Politskaya's \\\"insightful black humor\\\" is a positive while he criticized elements of the translation and editing, citing references to Russia-related terms unexplained in the text and use of specific British English terms. \\\"Who killed Anna and who lay beyond her killer remains unknown\\\", wrote Snow in his foreword to the book's UK edition. \\\"Her murder robbed too many of us of absolutely vital sources of information and contact\\\", he concluded, \\\"Yet it may, ultimately, be seen to have at least helped prepare the way for the unmasking of the dark forces at the heart of Russia's current being. I must confess that I finished reading A Russian Diary feeling that it should be taken up and dropped from the air in vast quantities throughout the length and breadth of Mother Russia, for all her people to read.\\\" Kirkus Reviews stated that the diary entries in the book \\\"may lack total journalistic objectivity, but Politkovskaya more than justifies her bias with this emotional portrait of the dangerous lives of the Russian people.\\\" Publishers Weekly stated that it was \\\"A rare and intelligent memoir-if an\",\n \"title\": \"A Russian Diary\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63193614\",\n \"text\": \"Elliott Merrick (May 11, 1905 – April 22, 1997) was an American writer best known for his memoirs about Labrador. He was also an editor, teacher, farmer and sailor. In addition he wrote for magazines, including The New Yorker and Reader's Digest. Elliott Tucker Merrick III was born into an affluent family in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale University. He worked at his father's firm, The National Lead Company, for a year before deciding he wanted a more outdoor-oriented life. He took a job as a teacher at the remote Grenfell Mission (a medical missionary station) at Indian Harbour, Labrador. He then transferred tonearby North West River where he met his soon to be wife, Kate, a nurse from Australia. He wrote about his time there in Frost and Fire (1939). He penned Kate's memoir, based on her memories of Labrador, titled Northern Nurse (1942). The book was quite successful spending time on The New York Times Bestseller List. His first book True North (1933), is a diary about living in Goose Bay, Labrador. He wrote a memoir Green Mountain Farm (1948) about farm life in northern Vermont, where he lived with his wife and children during the depression of the 1930s. He taught English at the University of Vermont. He was an editor for the Office of War Information and worked with the merchant marine during World War II. These experiences informed his book Passing By (1947). He was later employed by the United States Forest Service in Asheville, North Carolina for 22 years, working as a science editor and publications officer. After retirement he spent time with his wife sailing, from which was published posthumously Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003). During the last years of his life Merrick was close friend with the outdoor writer Lawrence Millman, who wrote a short biographical remembrance in 2020. He said Merrick \\\"looked to Thoreau for guidance\\\", and Walden was his \\\"bible\\\". Merrick once said, \\\"Nature, love it or leave it, is all we've got.\\\" Works Source: Fiction From This Hill Look Down (1934) Ever the Wind Blows (1936) Frost and Fire (1939) Passing By (1947) The Long Crossing and Other Labrador Stories (1992) Nonfiction True North (1933) Northern Nurse (1942) Green Mountain Farm (1948) Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003) References 1905 births 1997 deaths American writers People of the United States Office of War Information Writers from Montclair, New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Elliott Merrick\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3219921\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, the symmetric derivative is an operation generalizing the ordinary derivative. It is defined as: The expression under the limit is sometimes called the symmetric difference quotient. A function is said to be symmetrically differentiable at a point x if its symmetric derivative exists at that point. If a function is differentiable (in the usual sense) at a point, then it is also symmetrically differentiable, but the converse is not true. A well-known counterexample is the absolute value function , which is not differentiable at , but is symmetrically differentiable here with symmetric derivative 0. For differentiable functions, the symmetric difference quotient does provide a better numerical approximation of the derivative than the usual difference quotient. The symmetric derivative at a given point equals the arithmetic mean of the left and right derivatives at that point, if the latter two both exist. Neither Rolle's theorem nor the mean-value theorem hold for the symmetric derivative; some similar but weaker statements have been proved. Examples The absolute value function For the absolute value function , using the notation for the symmetric derivative, we have at that Hence the symmetric derivative of the absolute value function exists at and is equal to zero, even though its ordinary derivative does not exist at that point (due to a \\\"sharp\\\" turn in the curve at ). Note that in this example both the left and right derivatives at 0 exist, but they are unequal (one is −1, while the other is +1); their average is 0, as expected. The function x−2 For the function , at we have Again, for this function the symmetric derivative exists at , while its ordinary derivative does not exist at due to discontinuity in the curve there. Furthermore, neither the left nor the right derivative is finite at 0, i.e. this is an essential discontinuity. The Dirichlet function The Dirichlet function, defined as: has a symmetric derivative at every , but is not symmetrically differentiable at any ; i.e. the symmetric derivative exists at rational numbers but not at irrational numbers. Quasi-mean-value theorem The symmetric derivative does not obey the usual mean-value theorem (of Lagrange). As a counterexample, the symmetric derivative of has the image , but secants for f can have a wider range of slopes; for instance, on the interval , the mean-value theorem would mandate that there exist a point where the (symmetric) derivative takes the value A theorem somewhat analogous to Rolle's theorem but for the symmetric derivative was established in 1967 by C. E. Aull, who named it quasi-Rolle theorem. If is continuous on the closed interval and symmetrically differentiable on the open interval , and , then there exist two points , in such that , and . A lemma also established by Aull as a stepping stone to this theorem states that if is continuous on the closed interval and symmetrically differentiable on the open interval , and additionally , then there exist a point in where the symmetric derivative is\",\n \"title\": \"Symmetric derivative\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72849990\",\n \"text\": \"Equal is a two-hander Korean musical based on the Japanese stage play of the same name by Kenichi Suemitsu. The musical's book and lyrics are by Soovin Kim, with music by Woody Pak. The musical is set in 17th century Europe, during the Black Death pandemic. The story takes place over a week and follows the attempts of Theo, a country doctor, to find a cure for the mysterious illness that is killing his best friend Nicola. Equal held its first theatrical run from December 31, 2021 to February 20, 2022 at Uniplex Hall 1 in Seoul, South Korea. A second Seoul production ran from June 3, 2022 to July 24, 2022, also at Uniplex Hall 1. A number of the 2022 Seoul cast reprised their roles in Equal's first Japanese production, which ran from August 4, 2022 to August 14, 2022 at Tokyo's Hulic Hall. Plot In 1665, while witch hunts and the Black Death ravage the European countryside, childhood friends Theo and Nicola live together in a small cabin. Monday Theo returns home from his shift at the local hospital with pastries for a grateful Nicola, whose mysterious illness prevents him from leaving the house (“‘Cause I Know You”). After Nicola collapses in a coughing fit, Theo leads him back to bed, where he finds Nicola’s locked diary. He teases him about it before being struck with a migraine of his own. Tuesday Nicola writes about Theo in his diary, hoping they’ll be together forever, but worried over Theo’s worsening migraines (“You’re Perfect”). Theo interrupts with a letter from Audette, a mutual childhood friend who Theo believes to be in love with Nicola, and he and Nicola reminisce about their time together as children (“Audette’s Letter\\\"). To comfort a now melancholy Theo, Nicola suggests they reenact a ritual the three friends once attempted in order to save the life of a drowned kitten. He reveals that he still has the magic stone they used for the spell, though Theo has forgotten both the stone and the ritual (“Our Magic Spell”). Wednesday Theo arrives home with an antique book, claiming that he has found the cure to Nicola’s illness: using alchemy, he will transform Nicola into a ‘golden human’ who can live forever (“Golden Human”). Nicola is unconvinced, but Theo is too excited to listen to his objections. He eventually reveals the true reason for his excitement: he’s fallen in love with Marietta, a woman who works at the bakery, and intends to marry her after Nicola is cured. He urges Nicola to write a letter to Audette and confess to her, so that they can both be married and find happiness (“Say How You Feel”). After Theo leaves to meet Marietta again, a heartbroken Nicola pulls out a set of vials and mixes two potions, one red and one black. He contemplates both potions while writing in his diary (“You’re Perfect - Reprise”). Thursday When Theo returns from work, he finds the house empty. Nicola eventually stumbles through\",\n \"title\": \"Equal (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33535053\",\n \"text\": \"Few Things Left Unsaid is a 2011 novel by Indian author and engineer Sudeep Nagarkar. Sudeep used to write in his personal diary. One of his friends read it and suggested to write a script on it. The book was launched in Juhu Crossword book store on 13 July 2011 by Cabinet Minister Suresh Shetty. Sudeep was also interviewed by Stack Your Rack magazine and RJ Jeethuraj from Radio Mirchi. An article in the Times of India stated that the book sold more than 8000 copies within one fortnight. Plot Few Things Left Unsaid is about the story of two college mates, Aditya and Riya. They both fall in love after they meet up through their friends. They both were taking some time to express their things; once they both expressed, they moved into the next level in few days. They even take 7 promises as couples take during their wedding. They keep falling deep into the heavenly thing called love. Finally, a break-up takes place due to some twists and turns. References External links Official Website - Book Website on Sudeep Nagarkar 2011 Indian novels 2011 debut novels\",\n \"title\": \"Few Things Left Unsaid\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6014040\",\n \"text\": \"The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole, Margaret Hilda Roberts and Susan Lilian Townsend is the third book in the Adrian Mole series, written by Sue Townsend. It focuses on the worries and regrets of a teenage (supposed) intellectual. The title is long and often shortened to the more convenient The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole but the three names are part of the full title and represent fictional (or otherwise) actual content of the book. The book covers the same themes as the first volumes although it differs in style from the other books. There are short collections of Adrian's classic diary entries covering important events over a brief period of a few days (such as Christmas, Adrian leaving home, Adrian's first job etc.) during the mid-1980s, but the continuous regular diary entries from the other books are absent. There are also several longer transcripts of radio programmes on Pirate Radio Four, plus collections of letters and correspondence with characters from the earlier books, including Barry Kent, who is in prison. This format means that it covers a longer time span than any other Adrian Mole book at the expense of some detail. The book also contains extracts from Sue Townsend's own diaries together with some of her essays, plus a collection of entries from an unknown teenage girl's diary written in the 1930s in Grantham. Townsend suggests that the girl was called Margaret Hilda Roberts and no one knows what became of her, although most readers will spot that this is a strong and bitter satire about Margaret Thatcher (Margaret Hilda Roberts was her maiden name). Townsend originally created this satire in the first few issues of the newspaper Today, as The Secret Diary of Margaret Hilda Roberts Aged 13. The Adrian Mole section was subsequently published as part of the omnibus edition Adrian Mole: From Minor to Major. References 1989 British novels British young adult novels Novels set in Leicestershire Novels set in the 1980s Adrian Mole novels Methuen Publishing books\",\n \"title\": \"The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3626462\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of notable writers whose readership is predominantly teenagers or young adults, or adult fiction writers who have published significant works intended for teens/young adults. Examples of the author's more notable works are given here. A Atia Abawi: A Land of Permanent Goodbyes Joan Abelove: Go and Come Back, Saying It Out Loud, Lost and Found Hailey Abbott: The Secrets of Boys, Summer Boys, The Bridesmaid, The Perfect Boy Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé: Ace of Spades Marguerite Abouet: Aya Elizabeth Acevedo: The Poet X, Clap When You Land, With the Fire on High Richard Adams: Watership Down, Shardik, The Plague Dogs Tomi Adeyemi: Children of Blood and Bone Alexandra Adornetto: Halo, Hades, Heaven Renée Ahdieh: The Wrath & the Dawn, Flame in the Mist Melissa Albert: The Hazel Wood Becky Albertalli: Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda, The Upside of Unrequited, Leah on the Offbeat Louisa May Alcott: Little Women, Jo's Boys, Eight Cousins Lloyd Alexander: The Prydain Chronicles, Westmark, The Kestrel, The Beggar Queen Sherman Alexie: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian S.K. Ali: Saints & Misfits, Love from A to Z Isabel Allende: City of the Beasts, Kingdom of the Golden Dragon, Forest of the Pygmies David Almond: Kit's Wilderness, Heaven Eyes, Clay Elaine M. Alphin: Counterfeit Son Adi Alsaid: Let's Get Lost, Never Always Sometimes Julia Alvarez: How the García Girls Lost Their Accents, Yo!, Before We Were Free Laurie Halse Anderson: Speak, Fever 1793, Catalyst, Prom, Twisted, Wintergirls M. T. Anderson: Feed, The Pox Party Jesse Andrews: Me and Earl and the Dying Girl V. C. Andrews: Flowers in the Attic Josephine Angelini: Starcrossed trilogy Anthony: A Journey, through Time, with Anthony Kim Antieau: Mercy, Unbound Allen Appel: Twice Upon a Time Jules Archer: The Plot to Seize the White House, The Incredible Sixties, Treason in America Jennifer Armentrout: Covenant series, Lux series, Dark Elements series, Cursed Kelley Armstrong: Darkest Powers Jay Asher: Thirteen Reasons Why, The Future of Us Amelia Atwater-Rhodes: Den of Shadows series, Kiesha'ra series Victoria Aveyard: Red Queen Avi: Nothing But the Truth, The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle, Crispin: The Cross of Lead Nafiza Azad: The Candle and the Flame B Natalie Babbitt: Tuck Everlasting Helen Bailey: Electra Brown series Catherine Banner: The Last Descendants series Leigh Bardugo: Shadow and Bone, Six of Crows Jennifer Lynn Barnes: The Inheritance Games series, Debutantes series, The Fixer series, The Naturals series T. A. Barron: The Ancient One John Barrowman and Carole Barrowman: Hollow Earth Karen Bass: Graffiti Knight Cat Bauer: Harley's Ninth, Harley, Like a Person Joan Bauer: Rules of the Road, Squashed, Stand Tall, Hope Was Here Michael Gerard Bauer: The Running Man, Don't Call Me Ishmael L. Frank Baum: Aunt Jane's Nieces series Patricia Beatty: Lupita Mañana, Charley Skedaddle, Eight Mules from Monterey, Bonanza Girl, Turn Homeward, Hannalee Margaret Bechard: Hanging onto Max, Star Hatchling, Spacer and Rat, If It Doesn't Kill You David Belbin: Love Lessons, Festival, Denial, The Last Virgin, Dead Guilty Clare Bell: Ratha series\",\n \"title\": \"List of young adult fiction writers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3042082\",\n \"text\": \"Which Lie Did I Tell?: More Adventures in the Screen Trade is a work of non-fiction first published in 2000 by novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It is the follow-up to his 1982 book Adventures in the Screen Trade. Originally to be called The Big Campfire, the inspiration for the title came when Goldman was in the office of a Hollywood producer who was talking on the phone to one of his associates. Suddenly he cupped his hands over the receiver, snapped his fingers and said \\\"Bill, Bill! Which lie did I tell?\\\" Contents The book begins with more stories about movies he has been involved with, starting with the period from 1982—when Adventures in the Screen Trade was published—to 1986 when he received no movie work. Goldman then tells the unfortunate story of how he became mixed up in the film adaptation of Memoirs of an Invisible Man, before the saving grace of The Princess Bride brought him his first screen credit in nearly nine years. Other adventures are Misery, The Year of the Comet (which he uses as an example of how a movie can become a failure at the script level), Maverick (which he uses as an example of the principle that the best scene sometimes needs to be cut), The Ghost and the Darkness (which he uses as an example of how ego can hinder a film's production and artistic integrity) and Absolute Power (which he uses as an example to illustrate why a movie does not have to be faithful to the book on which it is based). Two films he does not cover are Heat (for legal reasons) and The Chamber, because he did not consider it interesting. The next part of the book has Goldman analyzing scenes from various screenplays he admires including There's Something About Mary, North by Northwest and Chinatown. The next section covers how he gets movie ideas, and details four examples and why he didn't pursue them. \\\"The Old Guy\\\", inspired by the true story about an elderly criminal (eventually made into a 2018 movie, The Old Man and The Gun, apparently without Goldman's participation). Goldman learned of the story in an April 1999 article in the San Francisco Chronicle. \\\"The Good Guy\\\", an original story idea linking characters in the Littleton, Colorado school shooting and the death of JonBenet Ramsey, which took place in Boulder, Colorado. \\\"The Mastermind\\\", expanding on the actual 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa painting, partially based on Seymour Reit's book The Day They Stole the Mona Lisa. \\\"The Dolphin,\\\" inspired by a New York Times article about an autistic 10-year-old boy surviving four days lost in an alligator- and snake-infested Florida swamp. The final section is an original screenplay where he examines the writing process and asks other famous screenwriters for their opinions. In between chapters are various musings on a range of topics from why not to open a script with a courtroom scene to how he sets about adapting a book.\",\n \"title\": \"Which Lie Did I Tell?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6263628\",\n \"text\": \"Ellen Forney (born March 8, 1968) is an American cartoonist, educator, and wellness coach. She is known for her autobiographic comics which include I was Seven in '75; I Love Led Zepellin; and Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo and Me. She teaches at the Cornish College of the Arts. Her work covers mental illness, political activism, drugs, and the riot grrrl movement. Currently, she is based in Seattle, Washington. Career Forney received a B.A. degree from Wesleyan University, where she majored in psychology. In the 1990s, she produced the autobiographical strip I Was Seven in '75, which ran in Seattle's alternative-weekly paper The Stranger. She self-published a collection in 1997 with a Xeric Foundation grant. A complete collection was published as Monkey Food by Fantagraphics in 1999. In 2006 she published I Love Led Zeppelin, which collected comics she had done for various newspapers and magazines, and included collaborations with Margaret Cho, Kristin Gore, Camille Paglia, and Dan Savage. It was nominated for an Eisner Award as Best Reality-Based Comic. In 2007 she illustrated Sherman Alexie's young-adult novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, which won the National Book Award. In 2008 she published Lust which adapted personal ads from The Stranger into illustrated/comics form. Her graphic memoir Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me addressed her experiences with bipolar disorder. Specifically, the memoir deals with how Forney perceives her mental illness in relation to her art, as well as her fears about medication diminishing her creativity. Forney also notes the role mental illness has played in other artists lives, referring to a list of artists and writers with depression as \\\"Club Van Gogh.\\\" It was published by Penguin Books' Gotham Books imprint in November 2012, and it was a New York Times Bestseller. Marbles featured prominently in a graphic medicine exhibit that Forney curated for the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Forney's 2018 book Rock Steady: Brilliant Advice from My Bipolar Life is a graphic self-help guide, published by Fantagraphics. In it, Forney promotes her personal acronym for self-care: SMEDMERTS, which stands for Sleep, Meds, Eat, Doctor, Mindfulness, Exercise, Routine, Tools, Support System. Other work Ellen Forney is also the artist responsible for \\\"Crossed Pinkies\\\" and \\\"Walking Fingers\\\", two murals in the Sound Transit Capitol Hill light rail station at Seattle. She also is open for commissions such as portraits, wedding invitations, and tattoo designs. More recently, Forney started offering wellness coaching for those who suffer from bipolar disorder. She also connects with audiences about graphic medicine, health, and comics in frequent speaking engagements. Personal life Forney identifies herself as bisexual. She was diagnosed with Bipolar 1 Disorder in 1998. Bibliography MONKEY FOOD: The Complete \\\"I Was Seven in '75\\\" Collection, Fantagraphic Books (1999). I Love Led Zeppelin: Panty-Dropping Comics, Fantagraphics Books (2006). Lust: Kinky Online Personal Ads from Seattle's The Stranger, Fantagraphics Books (2008). The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, by Sherman Alexie, Art by Ellen Forney, Little Brown (2007). Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me:\",\n \"title\": \"Ellen Forney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65177689\",\n \"text\": \"Scrap Book, formally published as Govardhanrám Madhavrám Tripáthi's Scrap Book, is a diary written by Indian writer Govardhanram Tripathi from 1885 to 1906. It is a repository of the author's wide-ranging thoughts, including on moral and spiritual conflicts. It provides many details about Govardhanram's life and family. Background Govardhanram obtained his LLB degree in 1883 after repeated failures, and moved to Mumbai in 1884 to practice as a pleader at high court. In January 1885, when he was 30, he started writing Scrap Book. He noted in it important points and quotations from books that he read. He wrote in the diary till 3 November 1906, a few months before his death. It is believed that Govardhanram maintained a personal diary also, but this has not been found. Originally spanning seven notebooks, it was edited by (whose name is romanized as Kantilal Pandya), Sanmukhlal Pandya, and Ramprasad Bakshi and published in three volumes from 1957 to 1959. Bakshi published an abridged version in Gujarati titled Govardhanram Ni Manannondh. Contents The subjects of the Scrap Book can be divided in three sections: (1) Govardhanram's speculations and comments on Hindu religio-philosophical texts and concepts; (2) his views on contemporary socio-political issues, issues, institutions and leaders; and (3) problems, resentments and pain in his personal life as the head of Hindu joint family. The notes in the Scrap Book include Govardhanram's personal comments on a wide range of subjects including his personal problems, his nature, emotions, ideals, the problem of his retiring from the active life, Sannyas and Yoga, family life and its problems, perception on the soul, God, life after death, virtue, immorality, bliss, astrology, his own writings, and contemporary events. Reception In Tridip Suhrud's assessment, Scrap Book was outstanding among Indian self-focused compositions that elaborate on the themes and the quest of the medieval Bhakti tradition, giving, perhaps for the first time, a vernacular version of the idea that the self is an experimental locus, where what is recorded, the outer and inner worlds, while fusing in the self can simultaneously be disentangled to create separate dimensions. The most exemplary modern expression of the paradox was, he added, Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography. Scholars including Uttamlal Trivedi and Balwantray Thakore have extensively used these observations while writing on Govardhanram. References External links Scrap Book; Volume I, II, II & IV (part i) Scrap Book; Volume IV (part ii), V & VI Scrap Book; Volume VII Govardhanram Ni Manannondh (abridged version in Gujarati) Books published posthumously Diaries Indian non-fiction books\",\n \"title\": \"Scrap Book (diary)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64715537\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Omphalos\\\" is a science fantasy short story by American author Ted Chiang. It is named after the Omphalos hypothesis and a 1857 book by English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse. It was first published in Chiang's 2019 collection, Exhalation: Stories. Plot The story is told through the prayers and letters of pious archaeologist Dr. Dorothea Morrel and takes place in an alternate 20th century where young Earth creationism is true. Dorothea travels from an archaeological dig in Arisona to give a public lecture on Chicagou, where she explains how dendrochronology has determined the world to be 8,912 years old as well as indicating that the first trees were created fully grown, as they have a ringless core. The museum's latest exhibit includes Atacaman mummies belonging to the first generation of humans—created as adults by God and thus lacking navels. Believing that primordial beings with apparent signs of growth would have been tantamount to deception, Dorothea is passionate that God intended humans to understand Him through science. From a meeting with her cousin, Dorothea believes that an illegal sale of museum relics is taking place. The clues lead her to a post office in San Francisco, where, to her surprise, the thief turns out to be a teen, Wilhelmina McCullough. She is the daughter of Dr. Nathan McCullough, director of the University of Alta California. Wilhelmina explains that she did not steal out of personal gain but to strengthen people's faith before her father's recent discovery is made public. Dr. McCullough reveals to Dorothea that he reviewed a scientific paper by an astronomer who challenges the consensus that the Sun is the only star at absolute rest. Not only does his research indicate that the Solar System moves like any other star, but that in defiance of celestial mechanics, the star 58 Eridani circles a seemingly empty spot every 24 hours, and its center is at absolute rest relative to the luminiferous aether. He reasons that God is miraculously sustaining a geocentric star system around a truly unmoving planet whose inhabitants constitute His true reason for creating the universe. This could mean that humanity is simply a test or an unintended side effect, that humanity is not part of a divine plan, and that suffering (including Dr. McCullough's son's death) is meaningless. Disturbed, Dorothea tells her cousin that she is taking a leave now that she finds her job meaningless. Weeks later, however, Dorothea plans to resume her work, realizing that doing science for its own sake is just as fulfilling—regardless of God's plan. Reception \\\"Omphalos\\\" won the Locus Award for Best Novelette in 2020. It was also a finalist for the 2020 Hugo Award for Best Novelette and the Theodore Sturgeon Award. The Nation considered the basic premise—a creationist archaeologist in conflict with a creationist astronomer—to be \\\"hilarious\\\", but noted that the story is not a humorous work, and emphasized that Dorothea is an empiricist who uses the scientific method. In The Washington Post, Paul Di Filippo called the story \\\"masterful\",\n \"title\": \"Omphalos (story)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59350268\",\n \"text\": \"Jennifer Niven is a New York Times and international best selling American author who is best known for the 2015 young adult book, All the Bright Places. Life and career Niven grew up in Richmond, Indiana. As well as writing novels, Niven has also worked as a screenwriter, journalist and an associate producer at ABC Television. Her first two books were non-fiction narratives called The Ice Master (published in 2000) and Ada Blackjack: A True Story of Survival in the Arctic (published in 2003). In 2010, she published a memoir of her years in high school called The Aqua Net Diaries: Big Hair, Big Dreams, Small Town. She began writing a series of historical novels in 2009. The first, Velva Jean Learns to Drive, was based on a short film of the same name that she had made. It won an Emmy Award and the Colin Higgins Award for Screenwriting. The series also includes, Velva Jean Learns to Fly, Becoming Clementine and American Blonde. Niven's first young adult novel, All the Bright Places was released in 2015. The narrative follows two teenagers, Violet and Finch who are struggling with mental health issues. It won a 2015 Goodreads choice award for Best Young Adult Fiction and was longlisted for the 2015 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. It has been adapted into a film by Netflix and stars Elle Fanning, Justice Smith, Keegan-Michael Key, Alexandra Shipp, and Luke Wilson. Production on the film began in October 2018 and it was released on 28 February 2020. She released another bestselling young adult novel in 2016 called Holding Up the Universe, and her third young adult novel, Breathless, was released in September, 2020. Bibliography Young Adult All the Bright Places (2015) Holding Up the Universe (2016) Breathless (2020) Take Me With You When You Go with David Levithan (2021) Velva Jean Series Velva Jean Learns to Drive (2009) Velva Jean Learns to Fly (2011) Becoming Clementine (2012) American Blonde (2014) Non-fiction The Ice Master (2000) Ada Blackjack: A True Story of Survival in the Arctic (2003) The Aqua Net Diaries: Big Hair, Big Dreams, Small Town (2010) Ada Blackjack, survivante de l'Arctique, éditions Paulsen, 2019 References Living people American women novelists 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American women writers Novelists from Indiana American young adult novelists American women writers of young adult literature American women screenwriters Screenwriters from Indiana 21st-century American screenwriters Year of birth missing (living people) Writers from Richmond, Indiana\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Niven\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3816801\",\n \"text\": \"Mário João Carlos do Rosário de Brito Miranda (2 May 1926 – 11 December 2011), popularly known as Mario Miranda or Mario de Miranda, was an Indian cartoonist and painter based in Loutolim in the Indian state of Goa. Miranda had been a regular with The Times of India and other newspapers in Mumbai, including The Economic Times, though he got his popularity with his works published in The Illustrated Weekly of India. He was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan (posthumously) in 2012. Life and career Early life Miranda was born in Daman, then in Portuguese India, to Goan Catholic parents. At an early age, he would draw caricatures and sketch on the walls of his home, until his mother brought him a blank book. He then began making personalised postcards for his friends, charging them a token amount, in the 1930s and 1940s. He even started getting into trouble at school, for sketching Catholic priests. Mario Miranda's early cartoons presented vignettes of Goan village life, a theme he is best known for even today. He would maintain diaries from the age of 10, sketching the life around him. He studied at St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bangalore and then did a B.A. in history at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, while focusing on the Indian Administrative Service (IAS). Thereafter he started studying architecture at the behest of his parents, though he soon lost interest. He then began getting small commissions and would sketch people in his private diaries in 1949. He loved good food and red wine in moderation but would mainly visit eateries and taverns to document the lives of the patrons. Career beginnings Miranda started his career in an advertising studio, where he worked for four years, before taking up cartooning full-time. He got his first break as a cartoonist with The Illustrated Weekly of India which published a few of his works. His drawings & cartoons also brought him an offer to work at the Current magazine. A year later, the Times of India offered him a slot, even though they had rejected him at first. Thereafter, his creations, such as Miss Nimbupani and Miss Fonseca, appeared on a regular basis in Femina, Economic Times, and The Illustrated Weekly of India. Mario then won a grant by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and lived in Portugal for year, helping him \\\"broaden his horizons\\\". He then moved to London, working for different newspapers and even working in television animation. During his five years spent there, his caricatures were published in magazines like Mad, Lilliput and Punch. He then travelled to many countries, either working or conducting exhibitions. Return to Mumbai Miranda returned to India for good in the late 1980s and was offered back his old job with the Times of India in Mumbai, where he worked with noted cartoonist, R.K. Laxman. Thereafter, Miranda met artist Habiba Hydari. Habiba was part of Hyderabad based Hydari family and grand-daughter of Akbar Hydari. They got married and\",\n \"title\": \"Mario Miranda\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Spokane Indian Reservation"],"string":"[\n \"Spokane Indian Reservation\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":58,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55306"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where did harry and the hendersons take place"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"2037975","text":"Harry and the Hendersons is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed and produced by William Dear and starring John Lithgow, Melinda Dillon, Don Ameche, David Suchet, Margaret Langrick, Joshua Rudoy, Lainie Kazan, and Kevin Peter Hall. Steven Spielberg served as its uncredited executive producer, while Rick Baker provided the makeup and the creature designs for Harry. The film tells the story of a Seattle family's encounter with the cryptozoological creature Bigfoot, partially inspired by the numerous claims of sightings in the Pacific Northwest, California, and other parts of both the United States and Canada over three centuries. In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near Interstate 90 and the town of Index near US 2, as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle. Harry and the Hendersons grossed $50 million worldwide. It won an Oscar for Best Makeup at the 60th Academy Awards, and inspired a television spin-off of the same name. In the United Kingdom, the film was originally released as Bigfoot and the Hendersons, though the television series retained the American title. The DVD and all current showings of the film in the UK now refer to the film by its original title. Plot Following a camping trip in the nearby Cascade mountains, George Henderson drives home to suburban Seattle with his family when he hits a Bigfoot with his station wagon. Believing it to be dead and the key to fame and fortune, the family straps the creature to the roof of their car. A hunter tracking the creature discovers the Hendersons' damaged license plate. That night, George goes to examine the Bigfoot and discovers it was alive and has escaped. He finds the creature in the kitchen, having knocked over the refrigerator while looking for food. The family realizes that he is intelligent and friendly, and George decides to return him to the wilderness. Naming the Bigfoot \"Harry\", George tries to lure him into the station wagon, but Harry becomes upset and runs off. Saddened, the family attempt to resume their normal lives, but sightings of Harry become more frequent as media fervor heightens. George tries to find Harry and visits the \"North American Museum of Anthropology\" to speak with Dr. Wallace Wrightwood, a supposed expert on Bigfoot. Giving his phone number to the museum clerk, George resumes his search. The legendary French-Canadian hunter-turned-Bigfoot-tracker, Jacques LaFleur, finds the Henderson household. George follows a Bigfoot sighting into the city while Harry evades hunters and the police as he attempts to find safety. George saves Harry from LaFleur, who is arrested, and reunites him with the Henderson family. George invites Dr. Wrightwood to dinner. He urges the Hendersons to give up on Bigfoot as it has destroyed his life but then meets Harry, restoring his enthusiasm. Bailed out of jail, LaFleur travels to the Henderson house. Harry and the Hendersons escape with Dr. Wrightwood in his","title":"Harry and the Hendersons"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"2037975\",\n \"text\": \"Harry and the Hendersons is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed and produced by William Dear and starring John Lithgow, Melinda Dillon, Don Ameche, David Suchet, Margaret Langrick, Joshua Rudoy, Lainie Kazan, and Kevin Peter Hall. Steven Spielberg served as its uncredited executive producer, while Rick Baker provided the makeup and the creature designs for Harry. The film tells the story of a Seattle family's encounter with the cryptozoological creature Bigfoot, partially inspired by the numerous claims of sightings in the Pacific Northwest, California, and other parts of both the United States and Canada over three centuries. In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near Interstate 90 and the town of Index near US 2, as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle. Harry and the Hendersons grossed $50 million worldwide. It won an Oscar for Best Makeup at the 60th Academy Awards, and inspired a television spin-off of the same name. In the United Kingdom, the film was originally released as Bigfoot and the Hendersons, though the television series retained the American title. The DVD and all current showings of the film in the UK now refer to the film by its original title. Plot Following a camping trip in the nearby Cascade mountains, George Henderson drives home to suburban Seattle with his family when he hits a Bigfoot with his station wagon. Believing it to be dead and the key to fame and fortune, the family straps the creature to the roof of their car. A hunter tracking the creature discovers the Hendersons' damaged license plate. That night, George goes to examine the Bigfoot and discovers it was alive and has escaped. He finds the creature in the kitchen, having knocked over the refrigerator while looking for food. The family realizes that he is intelligent and friendly, and George decides to return him to the wilderness. Naming the Bigfoot \\\"Harry\\\", George tries to lure him into the station wagon, but Harry becomes upset and runs off. Saddened, the family attempt to resume their normal lives, but sightings of Harry become more frequent as media fervor heightens. George tries to find Harry and visits the \\\"North American Museum of Anthropology\\\" to speak with Dr. Wallace Wrightwood, a supposed expert on Bigfoot. Giving his phone number to the museum clerk, George resumes his search. The legendary French-Canadian hunter-turned-Bigfoot-tracker, Jacques LaFleur, finds the Henderson household. George follows a Bigfoot sighting into the city while Harry evades hunters and the police as he attempts to find safety. George saves Harry from LaFleur, who is arrested, and reunites him with the Henderson family. George invites Dr. Wrightwood to dinner. He urges the Hendersons to give up on Bigfoot as it has destroyed his life but then meets Harry, restoring his enthusiasm. Bailed out of jail, LaFleur travels to the Henderson house. Harry and the Hendersons escape with Dr. Wrightwood in his\",\n \"title\": \"Harry and the Hendersons\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"17246751","text":"Mark Andrew Henderson (born November 14, 1969) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. He is an Olympic gold medalist, three-time World champion, two-time Pan American Games champion, four-time Pan Pacific champion and five-time U.S. National champion. He competed at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, where he was the butterfly leg of the gold medal 4×100-meter medley relay, which set the world, Olympic, American, and U.S. Open records. Career Before his high school years, Olympic champion Mark Henderson swam for the Fort Washington Pool Assoc., Inc. in the Prince-Mont Swim League in Fort Washington, Prince Georges County Maryland where he still holds records in the 25 Butterfly 10 year old & Under in 1980 and the 100 Freestyle 15-18 year old in 1988. While in high school, Henderson swam for Curl-Burke Swim Club (renamed to Nation's Capital Swim Club) and was coached by Jeff King. He attended college at the University of California, Berkeley where he swam for coach Nort Thornton's California Golden Bears swimming and diving team. At the U.S. Olympic Trials in 1992, Henderson entered the meet ranked 2nd in the world in the 100m butterfly, but concentrated too much on his competition and took out his race much too fast (under world record pace at the 50m mark). He led the race to the final 10 meters where he \"bonked\" and dropped from first to seventh place. Henderson returned to competition after an 8-month retirement with a vengeance. In 1993, Henderson won gold at the U.S. Open and Summer U.S. Nationals and another two gold medals at the Pan Pacific Championships. He finished his comeback year with a gold and two silvers at the inaugural Short Course World Championships in Palma, Majorca. In 1994, Henderson joined the first USA Swimming resident team which was located at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was run and coached by former world record holder Jonty Skinner. Over the next two years, Skinner coached Henderson to two National titles, a gold at the World Championships, a gold and silver at the Pan Pacific Championships and two Pan American Gold medals. Henderson found redemption at the 1996 Olympic Trials by qualifying for the team in the 100 meter butterfly. Upon his retirement from swimming, Henderson worked in the financial industry concentrating on Japan and U.S. equities for 15 years for the likes of JP Morgan Securities, Citigroup, and Janney Montgomery Scott. He retired from Wall Street in 2016 and is started a company called The Athletes Village which is building a platform to motivate and enhance the sports experience for youth athletes, their parents and coaches by connecting them through a Q&A/Search platform with elite athletes and experts in all the fields of sports (coaching, parenting, nutrition, psychology, strength training, injury prevention, etc.) Henderson was married to Summer Sanders from 1997 to 2001. In 2006, Mark married Tamara Blanchard. They have two children: Brooke & Brady, a Bernese Mountain Dog (Harry) and a","title":"Mark Henderson (swimmer)"},{"docid":"7040044","text":"Earle Lavon \"Von\" Freeman Sr. (October 3, 1923 – August 11, 2012) was an American hard bop jazz tenor saxophonist. Biography Born in Chicago, Illinois, Freeman was exposed as a young child to jazz. His father, George, a city policeman, was a close friend of Louis Armstrong, with Armstrong living at the Freeman house when he first arrived in Chicago. Freeman's father taught him to play piano and bought him his first saxophone when he was seven. His musical education continued at DuSable High School, where his band director was Walter Dyett. Freeman began his professional career at the age of 16 in Horace Henderson's Orchestra. Freeman enlisted into the Navy during World War II and was trained at Camp Robert Smalls in Chicago. \"All the great musicians ended up at Great Lakes\", he recalled. \"It was an incubator for the best and the brightest lights in the jazz world at that time, and the musical jam sessions were simply phenomenal.\" After training, he was sent to Hawaii as part of the Hellcats stationed at Barbers Point Naval Air Station in a band that starred Harry \"Pee Wee\" Jackson, the trumpeter from Cleveland whose nickname was Gabriel. The Hellcats were frequent winners of the islands' competitive Battle of the Bands competitions and included musicians who had formerly played in bands fronted by Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Ella Fitzgerald, Lucky Millinder, Les Hite, Count Basie, Fats Waller, and Tiny Bradshaw. After his return to Chicago, where he remained for the duration of his career, Freeman played with his brothers George on guitar and Eldridge \"Bruz\" Freeman on drums at the Pershing Hotel Ballroom. Various leading jazzmen such as Charlie Parker, Roy Eldridge and Dizzy Gillespie played there with the Freemans as the backing band. In the early 1950s, Von played in Sun Ra's band. Von Freeman's first venture into the recording studio took place in 1954, backing a vocal group called The Maples for Al Benson's Blue Lake label. He appeared on Andrew Hill's second single on the Ping label in 1956, followed by some recording for Vee-Jay with Jimmy Witherspoon and Albert B. Smith in the late 1950s, and a recorded appearance at a Charlie Parker tribute concert in 1970. In 1972, Freeman first recorded under his own name, the album Doin' It Right Now with the support of Roland Kirk. His next effort was a marathon session in 1975 released over two albums by Nessa. After that he lived, regularly performed, and recorded in Chicago. His recordings included three albums with his son, the tenorist Chico Freeman, and You Talkin' to Me with 22-year-old saxophonist Frank Catalano, following their successful appearance at the Chicago Jazz Festival in 1999. Four live albums for SteepleChase Records, Inside Chicago documented his partnership with trumpeter Brad Goode. One of Freeman's contributions was his mentoring of countless younger musicians such as Corey Wilkes and Ben Paterson as well as his steadfast support of what he liked to call \"hardcore jazz\" (as he still did","title":"Von Freeman"},{"docid":"37666314","text":"The 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was set on April 25, 1982, at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia. During the early 1980s, the NASCAR Winston Cup Series was plagued with top teams running big engines and finishing in third place to avoid inspection. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore. Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day. Background Martinsville Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races. The standard track at Martinsville Speedway is a four-turn short track oval that is long. The track's turns are banked at eleven degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at zero degrees. The back stretch also has a zero degree banking. Race report A total starting grid of 31 drivers competed for three and a half hours in this 500-lap racing competition. D.K. Ulrich was involved in a crash on lap 14; leading to his last-place finish. An audience consisting of 36,500 live spectators eventually got to see Harry Gant defeat Butch Lindley by a distance of slightly more than a lap. The majority of the field was driving Buick vehicles while participating in the event. Terry Labonte and Ricky Rudd would dominate the first one hundred laps of this race while Harry Gant would monopolize the closing laps of this race with a 1-lap lead over everyone else. Joe Ruttman would be the lowest finishing driver to complete the race; albeit more than 50 laps behind the only driver on the lead lap, who was Harry Gant. This would be his first victory ever in the NASCAR Cup Series. The pole position earned was Terry Labonte with his amazing solo qualifying speed of ; actual racing speeds for this event averaged around . Brad Teague's 11th place finish in this race was also the highest finishing position in the Cup series for team owner, Charlie Henderson. Winnings for this event ranged from the winner's share of $26,795 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place finisher's share of $1,300 ($ when adjusted for inflation). The overall prize purse for this racing event added up to $170,500 ($ when adjusted for inflation). Qualifying Top 10 finishers Standings after the race References Virginia National Bank 500 Virginia National Bank 500 NASCAR races at Martinsville Speedway","title":"1982 Virginia National Bank 500"},{"docid":"47948331","text":"Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser (14 November 1848 – 26 February 1919) was a British officer of the Indian Civil Service and the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal between 1903 and 1908. Early life and education Born in Bombay on 14 November 1848, Fraser was educated at the Edinburgh Academy before being called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He was a son of Rev. Alexander Garden Fraser (1814–1904) and Joanna Maria Shaw (1823–1864). Career He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1871, serving in the Central Provinces for nearly thirty years. During his service he rose to be the Chief Commissioner of Central Provinces in 1899. In December 1902, Fraser was picked as the new Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, following the sudden death of Sir John Woodburn the previous month. He did not take up the position until the middle of 1903, however, first finishing his duties as President of the Indian Police Commission. Fraser retained the position of Governor of the Western province of Bengal following the 1905 Partition of Bengal. However, his role in the planning of partition of Bengal, earned him notoriety among nationalist agitators, with a notable assassination attempt in 1907 which attempted to derail his train. Another assassination attempt in November 1908 involved a pistol which failed to go off, the would-be assassin later declaring that he wanted to show Bengalis that even the Lieutenant-Governor was not invincible. He was succeeded in 1908 by Sir William Baker. He was elected President of The Asiatic Society for 1905–07. In 1897, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI), and he was knighted with the KCSI in the 1903 Durbar Honours. Fraser 's published works include his memoirs Among Indian Rajahs and Ryots published in 1909, and India under Curzon and After published in 1911. He lived his final years at 22 Heriot Row in Edinburgh's Second New Town. Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser died on 26 February 1919. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh, on the south wall of the north section, backing onto the original cemetery. The stone is very distinctive, carrying a St Andrews Cross in red granite by McGlashan. He is also the founder and the first principal of one of the biggest and most popular public school Rajkumar College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Family His wife Henrietta died in 1952. Their children included the cricketers Patrick and Charles Fraser (d.1929) and the soldier Cpt Harry Lugard Fraser and Professor Alec Garden Fraser, principal of Trinity College. References . External links 1848 births 1919 deaths People educated at Edinburgh Academy Scottish lawyers Lieutenant-governors of Bengal Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India Indian Civil Service (British India) officers Scottish civil servants Presidents of The Asiatic Society Burials at the Dean Cemetery","title":"Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser"},{"docid":"38229119","text":"Lin Oliver (born February 2, 1947) is an American writer, producer, and the co-founder (with Steve Mooser) of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators. During the 1990s and early 2000s, she wrote and produced a number of works for television and film, notably the 1990s television show, Harry and the Hendersons. As an author of books for children, Oliver began collaborating on the Hank Zipzer series with actor Henry Winkler in 2003. They next created the prequel series Here's Hank, the Ghost Buddy series, and the Alien Superstar series. Childhood and education Oliver was born in Los Angeles, California, and was the editor-in-chief of her school newspaper at Ulysses S. Grant High School. She received her B.A. in English Literature from the University of California, Berkeley, a Masters in Educational Psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles, and has completed coursework for an Ed.D. (also UCLA). Career Oliver won a job working in television through a contest after graduating from college. She then quit the position, and found a federally funded job for a children's writer (creating a K-6 reading series for children) at the unemployment office. In the position, she worked with Steve Mooser during a three-year contract to create stories and novels as part of the Great Society program. As neither knew much about the field, both Oliver and Mooser realized that they needed to create an organization dedicated to children's literature, and thus created the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators (where Lin is now executive director). Oliver was the Executive Vice President of MCA Universal for 12 years, and was the writer and executive producer for \"over 300 episodes of television and three feature films,\" including Harry and the Hendersons. She currently runs her own production company, Lin Oliver Productions, and is the author of a number of children's books including, Who Shrunk Daniel Funk, and Almost Identical. In 2003, Oliver began to collaborate with actor Henry Winkler on the Hank Zipzer children's book series. All of the characters in the books are based on real people, including Hank who is based on Winkler as a child. The idea originated with Winkler's agent at CAA, Alan Berger, who in 1998 first suggested the idea to him. However, Winkler did not believe he was capable of creating children's books. It was only a few years later, after the suggestion was made to him again, that Winkler agreed, and began collaborating with Oliver. After they completed the main books, Oliver and Winkler created a prequel series, Here's Hank that explores Hank's life as a second grader (2012 to 2016). Oliver and Winkler co-authored the TV-tie in books to the series. They continued to work together on the Ghost Buddy books (2012–2013), the Alien Superstar series (2019–2021), and the Detective Duck series. Personal life Oliver is married to Alan Baker, Associate Dean, USC School of Cinematic Arts. They have three sons, Theo, Ollie, and Cole. Works Books Oliver has written a number of books for","title":"Lin Oliver"},{"docid":"7949052","text":"Alice Corbin Henderson (April 16, 1881 – July 18, 1949) was an American poet, author and poetry editor. Early life and education Alice Corbin was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Her mother died in 1884 and she was briefly sent to live with her father's cousin Alice Mallory Richardson in Chicago before returning to her father in Kansas after his remarriage in 1891. Corbin attended the University of Chicago, and in 1898 published a collection of poetry The Linnet Songs. In 1904 she rented a studio in the Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago, and it was there she met her future husband, William Penhallow Henderson, a painter, architect and furniture designer, who was teaching there at the time. They married on October 14, 1905. Career In 1912 Henderson's second collection of poems, The Spinning Woman of the Sky, was published, and she became assistant editor to Harriet Monroe at Poetry magazine. She left Chicago for Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1916, after having been diagnosed with tuberculosis. She continued working on Poetry by long distance until 1922. Like her husband, Henderson was devoted to the people and cultures of New Mexico and the Southwestern United States. She published Red Earth, Poems of New Mexico in 1920 and The Turquoise Trail, an Anthology of New Mexico Poetry in 1928. During the Depression, Corbin was Editor-in-Chief of the New Mexico Federal Writers' Project. In 1937, Henderson published Brothers of Light: The Penitentes of the Southwest, for which her husband provided the illustrations. The book was reprinted by Yucca Tree Press in 1998 (). She was also a supporter of Native Americans civil rights and art. In 1920 she assembled a group of watercolor paintings by Awa Tsireh for exhibition at the Arts Club of Chicago. In 1937, Henderson helped found what is now called the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, and became its curator. Legacy Many of her papers can be found in the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas in Austin. The Santa Fe home of her and her husband, at 555-57 Camino del Monte Sol, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Camino del Monte Sol Historic District. See also References External links Alice Corbin Henderson at PoetryFoundation.org Alice Corbin Henderson: An Inventory of Her Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin 1881 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American poets 20th-century American women writers American women poets Poets from Missouri University of Chicago alumni Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico Writers from St. Louis","title":"Alice Corbin Henderson"},{"docid":"10666300","text":"Joan Whitney Kramer (June 26, 1914 – July 12, 1990), also known as Zoe Parenteau and Joan Whitney, was an American singer and songwriter. Early years Born as Zoe Parenteau in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on June 26, 1914, Parenteau received her early music training while singing in the choir of the church she attended. She subsequently attended Finch College in New York City. Career, name change and marriage Professionally, Parenteau pursued voice studies with Alex Kramer, with whom she later collaborated on multiple songs, including \"Candy\", \"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens\" and \"Far Away Places.\" In 1934, while playing a showgirl in The Great Waltz on Broadway, Parenteau took the stage name Joan Whitney. She appeared in that production for two years. She also became known for her singing appearances with the bands of Will Osbourne and Leo Reisman. In August 1944, she appeared in concert in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the world premiere of \"A Salute to the Composers of America's Popular Songs.\" The orchestra was conducted by Sigmund Romberg and the master of ceremonies was Oscar Hammerstein II. The list of participating performers included Romberg, Kramer and Richard Rodgers, as well as Harry Armstrong, Abel Baer, Peter DeRose, Milton Drake, Dorothy Fields, Ray Henderson, Al Hoffman, Herman Hupfeld, Jerry Livingston, Luckey Roberts, Nat Simon, Harry Tierney, and Charles Tobias. Whitney subsequently married her mentor and collaborator, Alex Kramer. She and Kramer had one son, Doren, while living in Forest Hills, New York. Honors Joan Whitney Kramer and her husband, Alex, were nominated to the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1982. Death Kramer died on July 12, 1990, in Westport, Connecticut at the age of seventy-six from Alzheimer's disease. Songs written with Alex Kramer \"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens\" (1946) \"Behave Yourself\" \"Comme Ci Comme Ca\" -English lyrics by- Joan Whitney and Alex Kramer -music by- Bruno Coquatrix (1949) \"Deep as the River\" (recorded by Harry Belafonte in 1949) \"Far Away Places\" (1948) \"High on a Windy Hill\" (1940) \"I Only Saw Him (You) Once\" (1947) \"Love Somebody\" (1947) \"Money Is the Root of All Evil (Take It Away Take It Away Take It Away)\" (1945) \"No Man Is an Island\" \"That's The Way It Is\" (1945) \"Why Is It?\" (1940) with Mack David and Alex Kramer \"Candy\" (1944) \"Come With Me My Honey (The Song Of Calypso Joe)\" (fox-trot rhumba), song featured by Bob Crosby and His Band in the film Meet Miss Bobby Socks (1944) \"It's Love, Love, Love\" (1943) with Hy Zaret and Alex Kramer \"I'm Not Afraid\" (1952) \"It All Comes Back To Me Now\" (1940) \"Got A Letter From My Kid Today\" (1940) \"My Sister and I\" (1941) \"So You're The One\" (1940) \"The Doll With A Sawdust Heart\" (1951) \"To Be Loved By You\" (1952) \"You'll Never Get Away\" (1952) \"Christmas Roses\" (1952) References External links Obituary in New York Times Actresses from Pittsburgh American women singer-songwriters American musical theatre actresses Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States 1914 births","title":"Joan Whitney Kramer"},{"docid":"18307800","text":"This is a list of National Basketball Association players whose last names begin with H. The list also includes players from the American National Basketball League (NBL), the Basketball Association of America (BAA), and the original American Basketball Association (ABA). All of these leagues contributed to the formation of the present-day NBA. Individuals who played in the NBL prior to its 1949 merger with the BAA are listed in italics, as they are not traditionally listed in the NBA's official player registers. H Ha Seung-Jin Bill Haarlow Rui Hachimura Rudy Hackett Hamed Haddadi Jim Hadnot Scott Haffner Cliff Hagan Glenn Hagan Tom Hagan Ashton Hagans Bob Hahn George Haines Warren Hair Al Hairston Happy Hairston Lindsay Hairston Malik Hairston P. J. Hairston Marcus Haislip Chick Halbert Swede Halbrook Bruce Hale Hal Hale Jack Haley Tyrese Haliburton Shaler Halimon Devon Hall Donta Hall Jordan Hall Josh Hall Mike Hall Tyler Hall Jeff Halliburton Darvin Ham Ray Hamann Steve Hamer Dale Hamilton Daniel Hamilton Dennis Hamilton Joe Hamilton Jordan Hamilton Justin Hamilton Ralph Hamilton Richard Hamilton Roy Hamilton Steve Hamilton Tang Hamilton Thomas Hamilton Zendon Hamilton Geert Hammink Julian Hammond Tom Hammonds A. J. Hammons Joe Hamood R. J. Hampton Darrin Hancock Ben Handlogten Cecil Hankins Phil Hankinson Dusty Hannahs Alex Hannum Don Hanrahan Rollen Hans Ben Hansbrough Tyler Hansbrough Bob Hansen Glenn Hansen Lars Hansen Travis Hansen Reggie Hanson Bill Hanzlik Bill Hapac Luke Harangody Penny Hardaway Tim Hardaway Tim Hardaway Jr. James Harden Reggie Harding Charles Hardnett Alan Hardy Darrell Hardy Jaden Hardy James Hardy Ira Harge John Hargis Maurice Harkless Jerry Harkness Skip Harlicka Jerome Harmon Derek Harper Jared Harper Justin Harper Mike Harper Ron Harper Ron Harper Jr. Matt Harpring Montrezl Harrell Josh Harrellson Adam Harrington Al Harrington Lorinza Harrington Othella Harrington Art Harris Bernie Harris Billy Harris Bob Harris Chris Harris Devin Harris Elias Harris Gary Harris Jalen Harris Joe Harris Kevon Harris Lucious Harris Luther Harris Manny Harris Mike Harris Steve Harris Terrel Harris Tobias Harris Tony Harris Aaron Harrison Andrew Harrison Bob Harrison David Harrison Shaquille Harrison Jason Hart Josh Hart Isaiah Hartenstein Huck Hartman Antonio Harvey Don Harvey Donnell Harvey Nick Hashu Scott Haskin Clem Haskins Udonis Haslem Trenton Hassell Billy Hassett Joe Hassett Bob Hassmiller Scott Hastings Kirk Haston Vernon Hatton Sam Hauser John Havlicek Spencer Hawes Steve Hawes Connie Hawkins Earl Hawkins Hersey Hawkins Juaquin Hawkins Marshall Hawkins Michael Hawkins Robert Hawkins Tom Hawkins Chuck Hawley Nate Hawthorne Chuck Hayes Elvin Hayes Jarvis Hayes Jaxson Hayes Jim Hayes Killian Hayes Nigel Hayes Ray Hayes Steve Hayes Gordon Hayward Lazar Hayward Brendan Haywood Spencer Haywood John Hazen Walt Hazzard Luther Head Shane Heal Brian Heaney Gar Heard Reggie Hearn Pete Hecomovich Herm Hedderick Alvin Heggs Tom Heinsohn Dickie Hemric Alan Henderson Cedric Henderson (b. 1965) Cedric Henderson (b. 1975) Curt Henderson David Henderson Gerald Henderson Gerald Henderson Jr. J. R. Henderson Jerome Henderson Kevin Henderson Scoot Henderson Tom Henderson Taylor Hendricks Mark Hendrickson Larry Hennessy Don Henriksen Aaron Henry Al Henry Bill Henry","title":"List of NBA players (H)"},{"docid":"10760968","text":"Ger Henderson (born 5 May 1954) is a former Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with the Kilkenny senior inter-county team in the 1970s and 1980s. Early life Ger Henderson was born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny in 1954. He was educated locally at Johnstown national school where his interest in hurling first began. Later, Henderson and his two brothers, Pat and John, would form the backbone of the Kilkenny team of the 1970s and early 1980s. Playing career Club Henderson played his club hurling with the local Fenians club in Johnstown. He was too young to play senior hurling when the club triumphed winning county championship titles in the early 1970s, however, he did win county title and a Leinster club title in 1974. Inter-county By 1972, Henderson was a member of the Kilkenny minor hurling team that won the All-Ireland title. He later joined the county's under-21 side, winning back-to-back All-Ireland titles in 1974 and 1975. By this stage, Henderson was also a member of the Kilkenny senior hurling panel. In 1976, he tasted his first senior hurling success when he won a National Hurling League medal. Two years later, in 1978, Henderson had taken over from his brother Pat as centre-back on the team, and he won his first Leinster title that year. Kilkenny were later defeated by Cork in the All-Ireland final. In spite of this, Henderson's championship performance earned him his first All-Star award. In 1979, Henderson captured a second Leinster title before later collecting his first All-Ireland following a win over Galway. Once again he was presented with an All-Star award, as well as claiming the Texaco Hurler of the Year award. Three years later, Henderson won a second National League and a third Leinster medal, before winning a second All-Ireland medal following a win over Cork. Once again, his performance at centre-back earned him his third All-Star award. In 1983, Henderson captured another quartet of National League, Leinster, All-Ireland and All-Star honours. The following few years saw Kilkenny's hurling fortunes take a downturn. In spite of this, Henderson won a fourth National League in 1986, before adding a fifth Leinster title in 1987. Kilkenny were later defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland final. References 1954 births Living people Kilkenny inter-county hurlers All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners Fenians hurlers","title":"Ger Henderson"},{"docid":"15217944","text":"Sir Denys Hartley Henderson (11 October 1932 – 21 May 2016) was a British businessman. He was chairman of ICI from 1987 to 1995. Life and career Early life Henderson was born on 11 October 1932, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where his father was a tea planter. The family returned to Scotland and Henderson went to school in Aberdeen and graduated from the University of Aberdeen in 1955 in Arts and Law with an MA and an LL.B. National Service Henderson trained as a solicitor but never practised at a law firm. He says that it was his National Service that finally convinced him to use his legal training, by showing him a side of the law which he could never aspire to in civvy street. He was a captain in the directorate of army legal services and for 18 months acted as a prosecuting attorney handling everything from fraud, assault and attempted murder to what he has described, with great delicacy, as \"various unnatural offences\". After that kind of drama he said there was no way he could face the tedium of a provincial solicitor's office where wills and small debt summonses would be the highlights of life. Imperial Chemical Industries Henderson joined the secretary's department at ICI head office in 1957 and was paid £900 a year. He said \"The honest truth is I just wanted a job that paid the rent\" adding that \"I found the change from having a huge amount of personal initiative and personal responsibility as a prosecuting officer to being a 'scrubber' in the secretary's department not very stimulating – I made one or two attempts to leave but never did.\" He went on to hold various ICI legal posts including at Paints and after taking on various commercial roles went on to become Chairman of the Paints division in 1977, a position he held until 1980 when he joined the main ICI board. Henderson joined the main ICI board in 1980 and was appointed deputy chairman in 1986, succeeding Sir John Harvey-Jones as chairman a year later. He was instrumental in implementing a major streamlining of ICI to help it ride out the recession and face up to the tough competition of the 1990s, including a severe belt tightening and decentralised organisation with a lot of authority delegated to the chief executives who ran the individual businesses. In recognition of his service to not only his business but his country, Henderson was created a Knight Bachelor in the 1989 Birthday Honours. On 15 May 1991, Hanson disclosed that it had purchased about 20 million, or 2.8 percent, of ICI's shares, leading to speculation of a possible takeover of what was at the time the UK's third-largest company. A management team headed by Henderson and Frank Whitely, its deputy chairman, led the takeover-defense plan against Lord Hanson, the chairman of Hanson, and his partner, Sir Gordon White (later Lord White of Hull), enlisting the help of S. G. Warburg & Co, the British","title":"Denys Henderson"},{"docid":"8054572","text":"The King Harry Ferry Bridge is a vehicular chain ferry which crosses the Carrick Roads reach of the estuary of the River Fal in Cornwall, England, UK. The ferry crosses between the parishes of Feock and Philleigh, roughly halfway between the city of Truro, the lowest bridging point on the estuary, and the town of Falmouth, at the estuary's mouth. The ferry is owned and operated by the King Harry Steam Ferry Company Ltd. The current ferry boat, named No. 7, was built in 2006 and can carry up to 34 cars. History It is likely that there has been a ferry of some description at the King Harry Passage for centuries, but there are conflicting stories about the origins of the name. One such story is that King Henry VIII spent his honeymoon with Anne Boleyn at St Mawes, and signed a charter for the ferry on this site. A more likely origin lies in the fact that a small chapel formerly stood on the Philleigh side of the passage. All that remains of this today is a small pile of stones, but is mentioned in 1528 as \"The Chapel of St. Mary and King Henry\", commemorating King Henry VI, murdered in 1471. In the 19th century, the ferry was operated by broad beamed rowing boats which had planks laid sideways across them to take to or three wheeled vehicles. The King Harry Steam Ferry was initiated in 1888 as a submerged chain ferry Bridge, using a steam engine to pull the ferry along the chains, and replacing a manually propelled barge that was previously used on the route. As its name suggests, the current ferry bridge is the seventh vessel to be used since 1888. Although the owning company has retained the words Steam Ferry in its name, all ferries since 1956 have used diesel-electric propulsion. The company is now owned by a syndicate of five local families. Description The crossing of the River Fal has been voted one of the ten most scenic ferry trips in the world by The Independent, alongside the Staten Island Ferry in New York and the Star Ferry in Hong Kong. The Feock terminal of the ferry is adjacent to the renowned Trelissick house and garden. A toll is charged for vehicular use of the ferry; a charitable donation is invited from pedestrians. Local people purchase concession tickets to keep the price low. If the ferry is not operating, the alternative is a detour via the city of Truro. References Further reading Henderson, C. (1935) \"Ferries in Cornwall\", in Essays in Cornish History, edited by A. L. Rowse and M. I. Henderson. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 163–67 External links King Harry Ferry web site Ferry transport in England Water transport in Cornwall Chain ferries in the United Kingdom","title":"King Harry Ferry"},{"docid":"20703651","text":"Harry Henderson (23 September 1923 – July 1997) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Northumberland. He was born in Northumberland and died in Newcastle upon Tyne. Henderson, whose Minor Counties career for Northumberland stretched back 24 seasons, made his sole List A appearance at the age of 48, in 1971. He did not bat or bowl during the match, though he took one catch from behind the stumps. Henderson continued to represent Northumberland until the end of the 1971 season. External links Harry Henderson at Cricket Archive 1923 births 1997 deaths English cricketers Northumberland cricketers","title":"Harry Henderson (cricketer)"},{"docid":"45691983","text":"Things Are Looking Up is a 1935 British musical comedy film directed by Albert de Courville, produced by Michael Balcon for Gaumont British and starring Cicely Courtneidge, Max Miller and William Gargan. It was made at Islington Studios by British Gaumont, an affiliate of Gainsborough Pictures. The film's sets were designed by Alex Vetchinsky. The film was distributed by Gaumont British Distributors. Courtneidge plays a dual role as the sisters Bertha and Cicely Fytte. Bertha is a dour schoolteacher, while the bubbly Cicely runs a nearby circus. When Bertha elopes, Cicely takes her place at the school to prevent her from getting the sack. It was the film debut for Vivien Leigh. Things Are Looking Up was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom in 1935. Plot Cicely Fytte is a circus equestrienne and the twin sister of Bertha Fytte who disapproves of her. Bertha is a strict schoolteacher at a girls' boarding school and not well liked by the girls. One day Bertha elopes with a wrestler so Cicely temporarily takes her place as teacher for one day - to prevent her from losing her job. Cicely is livelier and not as disapproving as Bertha so the girls are initially surprised by Cicely's bubbly personality - unaware that she isn't Bertha. A series of comical events follow: up-beating singing in a music class (leading to the composition of the song \"Things Are Looking Up\"), winning a tennis match at Wimbledon (despite not having as much experience as Bertha and breaking a racket) and trying to teach geometry (despite not knowing the subject). In spite of her unorthodox methods, she becomes successful and by the time Bertha (having been shortlisted to succeed the retiring headmistress) returns, she becomes headmistress. As soon as Bertha comes back to the school, Cicely leaves with the music teacher, Van Gaard in his car and they sing their song from the music lesson Cicely covered - Things Are Looking Up. Cast Cicely Courtneidge as Cicely Fytte / Bertha Fytte Max Miller as Joey William Gargan as Van Gaard Mary Lawson as Mary Fytte Mark Lester as Chairman Henrietta Watson as Miss McTavish Cicely Oates as Miss Crabbe Judy Kelly as Opal Dick Henderson as Mr. Money Dickie Henderson as Mr. Money's Son (billed as Dick Henderson Jr.) Charles Mortimer as Harry Hay Plumb as Tennis Umpire Danny Green as Big Black Fox Suzanne Lenglen as Madame Bombardier Vivien Leigh as Schoolgirl (uncredited) Alma Taylor as Schoolmistress (uncredited) Wyn Weaver as Governor (uncredited) Ian Wilson as Drummer in Band (uncredited) Critical reception TV Guide called the film a \"quite good comedy,\" and rated it two out of four stars. David Quinlan describes the film as a comedy dominated by Cicely Courtneidge. Halliwell's Film & Video Guide described the film as a \"[lively] star vehicle for an oddly matched team.\" References Bibliography Cook, Pam. (1997). Gainsborough Pictures. Performing Arts Howard Reid, John. (2005). Hollywood's Miracles of Entertainment. Lulu.com Quinlan, David. (1984). British Sound Films: The Studio Years","title":"Things Are Looking Up (film)"},{"docid":"29509799","text":"Dale Harris (born 1968 in West London) is an English classical guitarist, multi-genre guitar-instrumentalist and composer. Harris has produced several albums, Espiritu De La Guitarra (2006), Dark Tales (with Jez Henderson in 2007), Reverie on a Hill in 2008, The Music of Dale Harris: A Case of the Spanish Guitar in 2013 and Idyll: European Guitar Music in 2017. From 1994 to 1996, he was the backing guitarist with country music singer Lorne Gibson. In 2004, Harris published Cryptograms in the Music of Alban Berg. He teaches guitar and is director of Cryptogram Records Ltd. Biography Dale Harris was born in 1968 in West London, England. Harris was taught the guitar by his father at the age of four years and was seven when he first performed in public in Southern Spain. Harris has performed in Europe, South Africa, performing as a soloist, with ensembles, with an orchestra and as an accompanist. He holds a First Class Honours degree in music; a Master of Arts degree With Distinction from the University of Canterbury, Kent where he studied with guitar teacher John Mills; and a PhD in Musicology from Kent University under the supervision of composer Roderick Watkins and the Alban Berg scholar and author Douglas Jarman. In 2002, Harris composed the music for a promotional film commissioned by the BP corporation. Since 2005, Harris has continually toured western Europe. In 2008, he became a CD reviewer for The Lute Society (UK). Harris' work, both live and in recordings have been played on the BBC, Independent radio and Television and many Internet-based media outlets. Harris continues to be based in West London where he performs and teaches guitar and he is currently transcribing the classic chamber and orchestral works for solo guitar. Discography Espiritu De La Guitarra, (Cryptogram Records, 2006). Dark Tales, Dale Harris & Jez Henderson (Cryptogram Records, 2007). Reverie on a Hill (Cryptogram Records, 2008). The Music of Dale Harris: A Case of the Spanish Guitar (Cryptogram, 2013). Idyll: European Guitar Music (Cryptogram, 2017). From The Vaults (Volume 1): Is There Life on Mars? (Dale Harris, 2013). From The Vaults (Volume 2): Nowhere To Hide Here in the West (Dale Harris, 2013). From The Vaults (Volume 3): Beyond Classical (Dale Harris, 2013). Bibliography Cryptograms in the Music of Alban Berg, Harris, D. G. (2004), PhD Thesis, Canterbury University, Kent, UK. References 1968 births Living people American classical guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male musicians","title":"Dale Harris"},{"docid":"61103044","text":"Marian Henderson (16 April 1937 – 21 May 2015) was an Australian folk and jazz singer later referred to as \"the queen of the (Australian) 1960s folk revival\". She worked extensively in Australian folk and jazz clubs during the 1960s and 1970s and appeared on television and a number of Australian folk music recordings, though recorded only one album under her own name. Life and career Henderson was born Marian Grossman in Melbourne, Australia, to an air force family which moved frequently with her father's job, resulting in her attending 13 schools. Her first musical instrument was piano, which she played by ear in her early teens. From age 18 she commenced singing jazz (frequently with rock-and-roll bands) and then gravitated towards folk music, learning the guitar with which to accompany her own singing in the style of other popular performers of the early 1960s. For several years she had been dating ex-schoolmate and fellow musician/songwriter Don Henderson, with whom she formed a rock and roll band, the Thunderbirds, before she lost interest and turned to jazz singing. The couple married in 1958. Don encouraged her career and wrote songs for her to sing but the marriage lasted only until 1962. Marian, however, kept the surname Henderson as a performing name for the remainder of her career. From 1961 to 1962, Henderson joined with the Australian folk singer Alex Hood and international jazz guitarist/commercial artist Chris Daw, recently arrived in Sydney, in the trio \"Daw, Hood And Henderson\" which released an EP of \"workers' songs\", Oh Pay Me, in 1962. From 1963 onwards she was featured as a solo performer at popular Sydney folk music club \"the Troubadour\" three or four nights a week, performing a mix of British, American and Australian traditional material, and in 1964 was recruited by Pix magazine to record a series of EPs of folk songs for its readers. She performed on ABC Television show including \"Jazz Meets Folk\" from 1964 onwards alongside jazz musician Don Burrows and others, whose backing also featured on her Pix recordings, plus an episode of the folk music show Dave's Place in 1965. Her own album, Cameo, was released on MCA in 1970; in addition to touring in Australia, she also performed overseas including in New Guinea, Fiji and Ireland. In 1971 she took the female lead on two tracks on fellow Australian singer Harry Robertson's seminal album of whaling songs, Whale Chasing Men, singing lead on \"Norfolk Whalers\" and \"Whaling Wife\". Henderson was also the host and featured singer in a new contemporary music show on Australian television, Sit Yourself Down, Take A Look Round, that premiered in 1974. Henderson was an attraction in the Australian folk and contemporary/popular music scene up till the late 1970s, when she effectively retired from music to bring up her son, first in Lismore then in the small village of Nimbin, New South Wales. In 1978 she participated in a one-off progressive jazz rock recording by a group entitled \"First Light\", released","title":"Marian Henderson"},{"docid":"55638990","text":"\"Danger Zone\" is the fifth episode of the fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 298th episode overall. It aired on October 26, 2017 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Jalysa Conway and directed by Cecilie Mosli; Conway, an Air Force veteran, found inspiration in her own experiences to conceive the episode. \"Danger Zone\" takes place during two time lapses: the present time, in Seattle, where Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) deals with the decision his sister, Megan Hunt (Abigail Spencer) has made with former fiancé Nathan Riggs (Martin Henderson), to move in to Malibu, California with Megan's adopted son from Iraq, Farouk; and in Iraq during 2007, where Megan, Riggs, Owen and his best friend Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) were stationed, explaining the backstory of Megan's kidnapping and Riggs' proposal to her. \"Danger Zone\" was designed as the departure for series regular Martin Henderson, having joined the cast in 2015 and conceived originally as the love interest for Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) following the death of her husband, Derek (Patrick Dempsey). The episode's original broadcast was watched by 7.67 million viewers. It received moderately positive reception from critics and fans, praising Spencer's performance, as well Mosli's direction and Conway's writing, but being less receptive into Martin Henderson's abrupt departure. Plot In Iraq in 2007, Megan is waiting to hear back on stratification rankings. She needs to be number one to realise her dream of becoming flight surgeon. As she goes to wake up Nathan, she finds a necklace under a pile of clothes. He claims he intended to propose to her and chose for a necklace rather than a ring since she loses everything that is not attached to her. She accepts and shares the news with Teddy and Owen, but her happiness is quickly crushed when it is announced that she is not number one in the ranking. Megan thinks that Owen, her Commanding Officer, has recommended her, while he actually did the opposite in an attempt to protect her from the dangerous position. As multiple wounded soldiers come in after two of their Iraqi allies went rogue, the siblings end up operating on the same patient and Megan discovers the truth. Meanwhile, Teddy and Nathan operate together. Teddy knows Nathan cheated on Megan because she recognised the necklace as belonging to a woman named Felicia. He admits to cheating and she convinces him to tell Megan the truth since he really does want to marry her. This leads to a heated confrontation between the two, which is interrupted when Megan has to tend to Sana, one of her patients. When Megan tells Owen about Nathan cheating, he tells her to get away from Nathan and board the next evacuation helicopter with the patient, which is against protocol. At the same time, Teddy's patient informs her that the second shooter was actually an Iraqi woman, whom the Army doctors were previously told tried to wrestle the gun out","title":"Danger Zone (Grey's Anatomy)"},{"docid":"10336502","text":"Bon Voyage! is a 1962 American comedy film directed by James Neilson and produced by Walt Disney Productions. It stars Fred MacMurray, Jane Wyman, Deborah Walley, Tommy Kirk, and Kevin Corcoran as the Willard family on a European holiday. The character actor James Millhollin appears in the film as the ship's librarian. Plot Harry Willard finally makes good his promise to take his bride of 20 years on a long-delayed trip by ship to Europe. They are accompanied by their 19-year-old son (Elliott), 18-year-old daughter (Amy), and 11-year-old son (Skipper). From the time they arrive at the dock, an unending series of comedy adventures and romantic encounters ensue until, exhausted but happy, they leave with memories that will stay with them all for years to come. Cast Fred MacMurray as Harry Willard Jane Wyman as Katie Willard Michael Callan as Nick O'Mara Deborah Walley as Amy Willard Jessie Royce Landis as Countessa 'La Comtesse' DuFresne Tommy Kirk as Elliott Willard Georgette Anys as Madame Clebert Kevin Corcoran as Skipper Willard Ivan Desny as Rudolph Hunschak Françoise Prévost as The Girl Alex Gerry as Horace Bidwell Howard Smith as Judge Henderson Max Showalter as The Tight Suit James Millhollin as Ship's Librarian Marcel Hillaire as Sewer Guide Richard Wattis as Party Guest Production The film was based on a 1956 novel by Joseph and Merrijane Hayes. Joseph Hayes had written The Desperate Hours and Bon Voyage was his second book; he and his wife wrote it after taking a trip across the Atlantic. Film rights were bought by Universal before the book had even been published for $125,000 and that the film was to be produced by Ross Hunter and written by the Hayes'. Esther Williams was originally announced as star. Then, James Cagney was going to play the lead. Filming dates were pushed back when Bing Crosby was linked to the project. In early 1960, Disney optioned the novel. Disney said it was likely Ken Annakin would direct with Karl Malden, James MacArthur and Janet Munro to star. Later, Robert Stevenson was announced as director. Disney said: \"It's far out for us, but still Disney. I'm really a gag man and missed the kind of pictures Frank Capra and Harold Lloyd used to make. Since nobody else wanted to do them, I decided to make them myself.\" Eventually, Fred MacMurray, Jane Wyman, and Tommy Kirk were confirmed as the three leads, but casting the daughter proved more difficult. Disney commented: \"You must build a picture. You don't write it all – only part of it. And it's the light and comic picture that's toughest of all to build.\" Michael Callan was cast from the play of West Side Story. Deborah Walley was cast on the basis of her performance in Gidget Goes Hawaiian. Filming began on 15 August 1961. It took place partly on location on a genuine ocean cruiser travelling across the Atlantic and in France. Walt Disney accompanied the film on location. Tommy Kirk did not get along","title":"Bon Voyage! (1962 film)"},{"docid":"31397783","text":"Elmo Henderson (born April 8, 1935) is an American former boxer from Texas. Despite his dubious claim of a 1972 win against Muhammad Ali in an exhibition match in San Antonio, Texas, he did not become particularly well known in the boxing community; John Spong of the Texas Monthly said that the match was the \"shot not heard round the world\". However, people who attended the exhibition say Elmo Henderson did not defeat Ali, and newspaper reports after the exhibition made no mention of Ali losing. After the match, Henderson became a part of George Foreman's Rumble in the Jungle event in Zaire and won a libel suit against Norman Mailer and Playboy. As of 2003, Henderson was a homeless man in Austin, Texas. As of 2015, Henderson lives in a care home in Northern California. Believed to have died, was still bragging about beating Ali to anyone who would listen to him while in the hospital towards the end of his life. History Henderson, a high school dropout from Stop Six, Fort Worth, first began boxing in 1954 and frequented events in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. He went to prison in Huntsville, Texas in 1961 after stealing a television from a truck. In 1964, Henderson won the Texas state boxing title by defeating Benny Bowser, a boxer from Austin, Texas, in the second round of the competition. In the following year, Henderson again faced Bowser and lost the title to him after the judges made a split decision to grant the title to Bowser. In 1967 Henderson had a series of fights; in August of that year the California Athletic Commission asked Henderson to take an examination of his brain so doctors could determine if he had received brain damage. Henderson did not take the examination and instead went to New Zealand to match against Bobby Dunlop; he defeated Dunlop in the New Zealand match, and then Dunlop defeated Henderson in a rematch in Sydney, Australia three months later. The California Athletic Commission suspended Henderson's state boxing license after it learned of the matches in Australasia. In 1968, police from Fort Worth found marijuana in Henderson's possession, and he briefly returned to prison. In 1972 Nevada suspended Henderson's boxing license because, unless the boxer gets an exception, the state did not allow people of 36 years of age or older to be boxers. Despite the suspensions in California and Nevada, Henderson continued boxing in other states. Five states, including Texas, granted Henderson boxing licenses after California suspended its license of Henderson. Elmo Henderson used to train at Archie Moore's gym on the corner of Sage and Gateway in Vallejo, California. Archie Moore was the Light Heavyweight champion and had lost to Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali) on November 15, 1962. Henderson had fought Ernie Shavers on October 29, 1971, in Stateline, Nevada and was knocked out in the fourth round, Shavers was the hardest puncher that Henderson had ever encountered during his career, at that time Ernie Shavers had never","title":"Elmo Henderson"},{"docid":"26678963","text":"The Common Touch is a 1941 British drama film directed by John Baxter and starring Geoffrey Hibbert, Harry Welchman, Greta Gynt, and Joyce Howard. The film is a remake by the director of his 1933 film Doss House. Pianist Mark Hambourg appears in a small role. Plot At the age of 18 Peter Henderson is orphaned and has to leave school in the middle of the term (after winning a cricket match) to take over the father's firm, \"Henderson's\", one of the most important in the City of London. The directors are shocked by his youth. Cartwright, one of the company directors, tries to retain control of the decision-making, but Peter follows his father's explicit instructions to learn about the business. One day, Peter asks an employee about what occupies a certain city block his firm wants to demolish. (Cartwright and his cronies are secretly trying to enrich themselves.) The man tells him about Charlie's, a dosshouse. Peter and a former schoolmate disguise themselves as down-and-outs to look the place over. While they are there, Charlie notifies everyone that the establishment will be closing soon, as it and the neighbouring tenements will be demolished by the firm which owns the block. Inky, one of the residents, consults lawyer \"Lincoln's Inn\". He has kept away from his beautiful daughter, cabaret performer Sylvia Meadows, because of his forgery and blackmailing past. He thinks he is the reason Sylvia has not married noted cricketer Stuart Gordon; Lincoln agrees to see what he can do. Peter eavesdrops when Charlie consults with Lincoln, and learns that Cartwright is involved in the eviction and is coming to Charlie's tomorrow. Inky sends a letter to his daughter via Peter, which he delivers at a cricket match, but she does not believe her father can keep his word, as he has been previously unable to do so. When Inky is told, that she remains scared that any husband will discover Inky's criminal past, he commits suicide. He leaves behind a letter for Lincoln's Inn which reveals that he forged the signature of John Henderson on a document on behalf of Cartwright, which he believes has something to do with the closing of Charlie's. However, Lincoln states they need to get their hands on some of Cartwright's papers as corroboration. Peter takes Tich, a former safe-breaker, to Cartwright's apartment and break into his safe while Mary keeps him occupied with flattery. With the relevant document obtained, Peter informs Charlie's residents that his company will rebuild a new and better Charlie's. Cast Geoffrey Hibbert as Peter Henderson Harry Welchman as \"Lincoln's Inn\" Greta Gynt as Sylvia Meadows Joyce Howard as Mary Edward Rigby as \"Tich\" the manager of the dosshouse Bransby Williams as Ben George Carney as Charlie who runs the dosshouse Eliot Makeham as \"Inky\" Mark Hambourg as \"Chopin\" Paul Martin as Chris Raymond Lovell as Cartwright John Longden as Stuart Gordon Wally Patch as \"Nobby\" Edgar Driver as \"Oily\" Bernard Miles as Cricket Steward Scott Sanders as Pat","title":"The Common Touch"},{"docid":"29602915","text":"Cyrano is an opera in four acts composed by Walter Damrosch to an English language libretto by William James Henderson based on Edmond Rostand's 1897 play, Cyrano de Bergerac. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on February 27, 1913, with Pasquale Amato in the title role and Frances Alda as Roxane. Background and performance history By the time Damrosch began his Cyrano project, Rostand's play, Cyrano de Bergerac, on which the opera is based, was already well known in the United States. Its first US performance in English had taken place in New York City with Richard Mansfield in the title role in 1898, less than year after its Paris premiere. From 1900 to 1901, Constant Coquelin, who created the title role, had also toured North America performing the play in the original French with Sarah Bernhardt as Roxanne. When Damrosch decided to turn the play into an opera, he commissioned the Anglo-American critic and musicologist, William Henderson to write an English libretto. The libretto closely followed the actions and events of the play, apart from the final confrontation between Roxanne and Cyrano which takes place shortly after the battle at Arras instead of fifteen years later as in the play. Damrosch had finished composing the opera by 1903, but its first performance opportunity did not come until ten years later. Giulio Gatti-Casazza, the Metropolitan Opera's General Manager from 1908 to 1935, had started a policy of producing at least one new English language opera each season. In 1911 Damrosch invited Gatti-Casazza and Arturo Toscanini to his house to hear excerpts from Cyrano, and it was chosen for the 1912/1913 season. He had revised his original score somewhat and further cuts were made to its original five-hour and half-hour running time during the rehearsal period. Shortly before the opera's opening, Edmond Rostand pronounced himself \"indignant\" at the liberties which Damrosch and Henderson had taken in adapting his play, particularly the ending. Rostand had never obtained copyright for the play in the United States and could not prevent adaptations there but vowed that he would never allow Damrosch's Cyrano to be performed in any country where the play had been copyrighted. Cyrano premiered on February 27, 1913, with Pasquale Amato in the title role and Frances Alda (Gatti-Casazza's wife) as Roxanne in a performance conducted by Alfred Hertz. The sets were designed by Antonio Rovescalli while the costumes were designed by the famed Paris company, Maison Muelle. The work was warmly received by the audience at the opening night, but less so by the critics. The critic for the Boston Evening Transcript had praise for the libretto but found the music \"lack[ing] individuality, imagination, and communicative force.\" Robert Aldrich in his opening night review for The New York Times likewise praised the libretto as a literary work and noted how well Henderson's verse was suited to the needs of the singers, but went on to say: The music of Cyrano is undoubtedly composed with skill, with verve,","title":"Cyrano (Damrosch)"},{"docid":"59147905","text":"The 1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. For over a century after the Civil War, Tennessee’s white citizenry was divided according to partisan loyalties established in that war. Unionist regions covering almost all of East Tennessee, Kentucky Pennyroyal-allied Macon County, and the five West Tennessee Highland Rim counties of Carroll, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin and Wayne voted Republican – generally by landslide margins – as they saw the Democratic Party as the “war party” who had forced them into a war they did not wish to fight. Contrariwise, the rest of Middle and West Tennessee who had supported and driven the state’s secession was equally fiercely Democratic as it associated the Republicans with Reconstruction. After the state’s white landowning class re-established its rule in the early 1870s, black and Unionist white combined to forge adequate support for the GOP to produce a competitive political system for two decades, although during this era the Republicans could only capture statewide offices when the Democratic Party was divided on this issue of payment of state debt. White Democrats in West Tennessee were always aiming to eliminate black political influence, and during the 1880s they attempted to do this by election fraud and stuffing of ballot boxes. During the 1888 elections, this fraud increased substantially and the GOP’s fortunes showed a decline at the state level to just 35 out of 132 state legislators. This would lead to much more drastic changes in the future, but in the presidential race Democratic nominee and incumbent President Grover Cleveland, running with the former Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Allen G. Thurman won only 52.26 percent of the popular vote, against former Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana), running with Levi P. Morton, the 31st governor of New York who gained 45.76 percent. Cleveland’s margin was, given the political changes taking place, only a small improvement over his 1884 win in Tennessee; however, he did re-establish the majority-black far southwestern part of the state as rock-ribbed Democratic until the party turned towards Civil Rights under Harry S. Truman. The Union Labor Party chose Alson Streeter, a former Illinois state representative, and Charles E. Cunningham as their presidential and vice-presidential candidates and received 0.02% of the vote. The Prohibition Party ran brigadier general Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks and received 1.97% of the vote. Results Results by county Notes References Tennessee 1888 1888 Tennessee elections","title":"1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee"},{"docid":"54363469","text":"The Real Electrifying Eddie Harris is an album by saxophonist Eddie Harris recorded in 1982 and originally released on the Mutt & Jeff label before being reissued on CD on Ubiquity Records in 1999. Reception John Vallier of AllMusic said \"The album showcases Harris' versatility, improvisational skill, and mastery of tone\". Track listing All compositions by Eddie Harris except where noted \"Theme in Search of a Movie\" (Charles Stepney) – 7:40 \"Listen Here\" – 4:05 \"Essence of Matter\" – 5:34 \"Deacceleration\" – 6:37 \"For Your Life\" (Bill Henderson) – 9:43 \"Let The Healing Begin\" (Larry Gales) – 5:04 Personnel Eddie Harris – tenor saxophone Bill Henderson – piano Larry Gales – bass Carl Burnett – drums References Eddie Harris albums 1982 albums Ubiquity Records albums","title":"The Real Electrifying Eddie Harris"},{"docid":"6274671","text":"Paul Lee Harris (born 2 November 1978) is a Zimbabwean born former South African cricketer who played Test cricket as a left-arm orthodox spin bowler for the South African team between 2007 and 2011. He has also played domestic cricket for Northerns, Titans, Western Province and Warwickshire. Early life Harris was born at Salisbury in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) where his father Mark was a member of the British South Africa Police until 1980. As a young child he moved with his family to South Africa and was brought up in Fish Hoek, Cape Town, South Africa. His father is a pastor in the Fish Hoek area. Harris lives in Olympus, Pretoria, with his wife Marilet. Cricket career While playing for Fish Hoek High School Harris was spotted by Western Province coach Duncan Fletcher who brought him into the provincial underage system. At Western Province Harris played alongside then-future England player Jonathan Trott. Harris made his first-class cricket debut for Western Province B in 1998 in an UCB Bowl match against Eastern Province B in Port Elizabeth. It took over two years for Harris to play another first-class match. Due to intense competition for spinning roles, with Paul Adams and Claude Henderson being preferred over Harris, he only played two matches for Western Province, in March 2001 and February 2002. After the 2001–02 cricket season, Harris transferred to Northerns. With the restructuring of South African domestic cricket in 2004 Harris played for the Titans in the SuperSport Series while continuing to play occasionally for Northerns in the South African Airways Provincial Challenges. During the 2006 English cricket season, he joined Warwickshire under the Kolpak ruling after New Zealand spinner Daniel Vettori was injured. He immediately made his debut for the Bears in a Twenty20 Cup match against Worcestershire. He formed a spin bowling partnership with off-spinner Alex Loudon. After representing South Africa internationally he became ineligible to play as a Kolpak ruling player for Warwickshire. International cricket Following the retirement from international cricket of fellow spinner Nicky Boje in late 2006, he was given his first call-up for South Africa after Claude Henderson made himself unavailable. He played his first match in the third Test of the 2006–07 South Africa-India series against India at Newlands Cricket Ground. His career was off to an eventful start, taking four wickets in the first innings including the wicket of Sachin Tendulkar and is widely considered the best spinner for the Proteas since re-admission. Harris began to show some more promise on the tour to Pakistan in October and November 2007 taking 12 wickets at an average of 20.66 including best figures of 5–73 in the first Test in Karachi. In August 2007 Harris, returning to the country of his birth, led South Africa A to a win over Zimbabwe A, taking nine wickets in a man-of-the-match performance. In March 2008 Harris was selected in the South African One Day International team that toured Bangladesh. Harris played three ODI matches against Bangladesh in Chittagong, Mirpur","title":"Paul Harris (South African cricketer)"},{"docid":"25426306","text":"Michael Lindsay Henderson (born 10 October 1935) is a former New Zealand fencer who won a bronze medal representing his country at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Biography Henderson was born on 10 October 1935. He won the bronze medal as part of the New Zealand men's sabre team at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth alongside Bob Binning and Brian Pickworth. At those games, he also competed in the team foil event with Brian Pickworth and Keith Mann, finishing fifth, and in the individual men's foil and sabre events where he did not progress to the final pool stages. In 1965, Henderson won the men's sabre title at the New Zealand national fencing championships. At the time of the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, Henderson was working as a salesman. At those games, he finished sixth in the men's individual foil but did not progress beyond the elimination round of the individual sabre. In the teams events, he was a member of the New Zealand trios that finished fourth in both the sabre and foil competitions. Henderson attended the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, where he represented New Zealand in the team and individual events in all three disciplines, namely foil, sabre, and épée. He did not progress beyond the pool stages of any of the individual events. The New Zealand épée team finished in fourth place, while the foil and sabre teams reached the semi-final stages. References 1935 births Living people New Zealand male sabre fencers Fencers at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Fencers at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Fencers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand Commonwealth Games medallists in fencing Medallists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games","title":"Michael Henderson (fencer)"},{"docid":"5631758","text":"Chick Henderson (22 November 1912 – 24 June 1944) was an English singer who achieved popularity and acclaim as a prolific recording artist and performer of the British dance band era in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Chick Henderson was born Henderson Rowntree in Hartlepool, England. He attended Galleys Field School on Hartlepool Headland. \"Chick\" was nothing more than his mother's nickname for her smallest son. His first recordings were made for Harry Leader in June 1935. The following year he began singing for Joe Loss' popular radio orchestra. He stayed with Loss for five years and became a great favourite among young women who formed his core audience. A tall, handsome man with a rich, strong vocal delivery, he appeared on postcards and magazine covers. In his short life, Chick Henderson made over 250 recordings but, as with many dance band singers, his name did not appear on the record label—only the orchestra was listed. In July 1939, he recorded with Joe Loss' orchestra what would become his biggest-selling recording \"Begin the Beguine\", which sold over a million copies, the only recording by a 1930s vocalist to achieve such a triumph. Chick Henderson's five-year singing career came to an end with his final recordings in 1940. Less than a year following the start of World War II in September 1939, he began serving in the Merchant Navy. He survived two torpedo attacks on his ships, but after four years of service, sustained fatal wounds in Southsea from flying bomb shrapnel. Chick Henderson was 31 years old. A Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, on strength of HMS Victory at time of his death, he was buried in Haslar Royal Naval Cemetery under his real name. References External links Chick Henderson biography with publicity photo Brief overview of Chick Henderson's life and career 1912 births 1944 deaths Military personnel from County Durham People from West Hartlepool English radio personalities British entertainers Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II Deaths by German airstrikes during World War II Royal Navy officers of World War II Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II Burials in Hampshire","title":"Chick Henderson (singer)"},{"docid":"14518481","text":"John B. Henderson, Esq. (1925-2010) was an attorney, business executive, sailor and member of the Miami Lighthouse Board. He was an American naval officer and Secretary of Defense operative during the Truman presidency. A native of Australia, John Henderson came to the U.S. with his parents as a child and settled in Brooklyn. After the death of his parents, he was reared by an aunt who lived in Maryland, where he first learned to sail. Henderson attended a military prep school and, later, Brown University. He was commissioned as a naval officer just before the end of World War II. He later attended graduate school and earned a law degree from Harvard Law School. As a young lawyer and naval officer he worked as counsel to the Secretary of Defense, writing memos for then President Harry S. Truman. After government service he became a corporate attorney when he was stricken retinitis pigmentosa and lost his sight. \"I continued working as Vice President and Legal Counsel for Textron, but I was no longer considered a candidate to be its President\", he recalled. He carried on as an attorney and businessman. He also continued with his avocation, sailing, having bought and sailed three different boats after losing his sight. His longest journey was from his home in Providence, Rhode Island to South Florida after retiring. In Florida, he became active with the Miami Lighthouse and joined its Board in the 1990s. References Place of birth missing 1925 births Lawyers from Brooklyn Businesspeople from Miami Harvard Law School alumni American blind people Brown University alumni Australian emigrants to the United States 2010 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American lawyers Blind lawyers American lawyers with disabilities Australian blind people Australian activists with disabilities Australian lawyers with disabilities 20th-century Australian lawyers Blind activists American activists with disabilities","title":"John Henderson (activist)"},{"docid":"10822464","text":"Girard B. Henderson (February 25, 1905 – November 16, 1983) was an American business man and philanthropist. He was a director of Avon Products and the founder of the Alexander Dawson Schools. The author Donald Porter described him as a \"short, tough-talking millionaire\". Early life Henderson is the son of Alexander Dawson Henderson, one of the co-initiators of what would become Avon Products. He married Theodora G. Henderson. In January 1955, they entered a separation agreement working towards a divorce. They had two daughters. On June 5, 1964, Henderson married his second wife, Mary Hollingsworth (1905–1988) in Clark County, Nevada. Career In 1933, Henderson opened the Henderson Motor Co., a Chrysler Dodge dealership in Suffern, New York, with Kenneth Burnham. Henderson later landed a contract to truck materials for Avon from New York City to Suffern. The McConnells rewarded Henderson by selling him shares in Avon at 1 cent per share. By 1973, his share value had increased to $135 million, at which time he told Forbes he had no intention of selling. In 1940, Henderson was elected to serve on the Board of Directors for Avon Products. He remained on the board for 35 years. In 1950, Henderson created the Alarm Corporation in Carmel, California. The company provided underground cable service to Monterey Peninsula communities. The company had its receiving antenna site on the high ground of Pebble Beach. In 1966, Time magazine published a story that revealed Henderson's interests in half a dozen businesses, and that he owned 1,035,410 shares of Avon stock. Henderson owned a majority stake in a company called Underground World Homes. In 1964, he sponsored the Underground World Home exhibit at the New York World's Fair. In addition to the underground home, there was also an exhibit sponsored by Henderson called \"Why Live Underground?\" At the height of the Cold War and fearing nuclear war or other catastrophe, Henderson built and lived in underground homes in Colorado and Las Vegas, Nevada. In 1978, architect Jay Swayze designed and built for Henderson a large underground house in Las Vegas, that included a swimming pool and putting green surrounded by pastel murals. The property sold in 1990 for $1.3 million after Henderson died, and again in 2005 for $2 million. In 1964, Henderson got involved in the Blue Channel Seafood Company in Port Royal, South Carolina. The company did direct mail advertising of their products, which included clam chowder and crabmeat. He acquired full ownership in 1968 from Sterling Harris, the founder and president. Henderson created the Dawson Yacht Corporation in Las Vegas, Nevada, as a subsidiary of Alexander Dawson, Inc. Alexander Dawson Foundation In 1957, Henderson formed the Alexander Dawson Foundation. In 1980, he created the Colorado Junior Republic School (CJR) on a 380 acre site near Lafayette, Colorado, as a boarding school for children who otherwise wouldn't have an opportunity for an education. Death On November 16, 1983, Henderson died. He is buried near Beaufort, South Carolina. References External links Mary's Family Connections by","title":"Girard B. Henderson"},{"docid":"9143171","text":"Michael William Hegman (born January 17, 1953) is a former American football linebacker who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Tennessee State University. Early years Hegman did not start playing football until his senior year at Northside High School in Memphis, Tennessee. He began his college career at Alabama A&M University and then transferred to Tennessee State University, where he walked on to the Tennessee State Tigers football team. He was a teammate of Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones, and the starting middle linebacker on the school's 10–0 team, that won the black college football national championship in 1973. The next year, he finished with a school record 158 tackles. At the end of his junior season, it was incorrectly believed that Hegman still had a year of eligibility. The Dallas Cowboys were thought to be one of the only NFL teams that knew he was eligible for the draft, and drafted him in what came to be known as the Dirty Dozen Draft in 1975. Two games into the 1975 college football season, the NCAA declared him ineligible and forced him to sit our the rest of the games. Although he sat out most of the year, he was allowed to play in the Senior Bowl. Professional career The Dallas Cowboys selected him as a junior in the seventh round (173rd overall) of the 1975 NFL Draft. The team was allowed to retain his rights, after they were proven right that he was technically eligibile, because his class had graduated that year. After his unusual entrance into the NFL in 1976, he spent most of his first four seasons playing special teams and as an outside linebacker backup to Thomas \"Hollywood\" Henderson and D. D. Lewis. During Super Bowl XIII against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he made his most famous play, taking the ball from Terry Bradshaw and scoring on a 37-yard fumble return for a touchdown. Hegman became the starting strong-side linebacker after the team waived Henderson 11 games into the 1979 season. In 1985, he lost five games with a broken arm. In 1987, he missed 6 games with a broken leg. In 1988, he suffered cartilage tear in his right knee during the preseason and was placed on the injured reserve list. He was released as part of a youth movement on October 25. Hegman played 12 years and started in 116 games, becoming a dependable player in the Cowboys defense for more than a decade. He helped the Cowboys win two NFC Championships and one Super Bowl during his career. Personal life During the 1980 offseason, he faced prosecution on a charge of forging a friend's name on $10,534 worth of checks. The case was dismissed after he paid the money he owed, with the help of players like Cliff Harris, Roger Staubach, Bob Breunig and Tony Dorsett, who gave $2,000 dollars each to help cover the debt. References 1953 births Living people American football outside","title":"Mike Hegman"},{"docid":"1135828","text":"Meredith Henderson (born November 24, 1983) is a Canadian actress known for playing the title role in The Adventures of Shirley Holmes. She also had a leading role as wheelchair-using Cleo Bellows in the 2001 children's television series MythQuest opposite Christopher Jacot. In 2005, she appeared in Shania: A Life in Eight Albums, a biopic of country star Shania Twain, in which she played the lead role. She did all the singing, dancing and guitar playing herself. Henderson also had a recurring role as the girlfriend of Harris Allan's character Hunter on the critically acclaimed, groundbreaking gay TV series Queer as Folk. Her sister is actress Beki Lantos. Filmography Producer Shut up and deal (2007) Awards and nominations References External links 1983 births Living people 20th-century Canadian actresses 21st-century Canadian actresses Actresses from Ottawa Canadian child actresses Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses","title":"Meredith Henderson"},{"docid":"25587056","text":"Michael Jay Harris (born 1962) is an American comic book artist who was active in the industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Harris was able to use his personal interests in weapons and martial arts to establish himself as an illustrator for characters like The Punisher and G.I. Joe, and titles like Cops: The Job, and No Escape. Biography Harris attended New York City's Stuyvesant High School ('79) where he studied under Frank McCourt and School of Visual Arts, where he studied under Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Marshall Arisman, and Gil Stone; Harris's influences included J. C. Leyendecker, Heinrich Kley, and Neal Adams. Breaking into the industry in 1985, Harris worked as a fill-in artist on several Marvel Comics titles, such as Web of Spider-Man, The 'Nam, Nomad, and Nova: Deathstorm. Harris (with writer David Michelinie) co-created the Spider-Man enemies Chance and Foreigner, both in Web of Spider-Man #15 (June 1986). Later, Harris contributed to Punisher War Zone, and Punisher War Journal, and illustrated the Marvel limited series Cops: The Job, No Escape, and Dragon Strike. During the 1980s, before becoming a Marvel Comics regular, Harris also freelanced for DC Comics (where he illustrated, among others, All-Star Squadron), Comico, Deluxe Comics, Eclipse Comics, Fantagraphics, First Comics, and Harris Publications. In the mid-1990s, Harris worked for Tekno Comix/Big Entertainment on such titles as Lost Universe and Lady Justice. During this period Harris also did some G.I. Joe mini-comics, which were packaged with the toys; and illustrated a Magnus, Robot Fighter trading card for Valiant Comics. Leaving comic books in 1997, Harris moved on to the computer game and animation industries. While working at Interplay, his artwork for Max 2 was included in the Society of Illustrators 40th Annual Exhibition. Harris has had no significant comic book credits since 1999, but contributes Editorial Cartoons to the American Thinker online magazine on a regular basis. Harris enlisted in the New York National Guard in 1986 as a 19D Cavalry Scout. He was selected for Officer Candidate School and was commissioned as an armored cavalry officer in 1988, and is proficient with a variety of small arms, armor weapons and demolitions. He is also a martial arts student, having studied judo, aikido, Taekwondo, and T'ang Soo Do. He has served in a variety of positions with the Army Reserve and National Guard, and was assessed to the Active Guard Reserve program in 2004. Harris has served combat tours in Iraq and continued to produce artwork for the Army informally while working in operational assignments. He retired from the Army in 2016, at the rank of lieutenant colonel, with 30 years of active and reserve service. Bibliography Comics work includes: All-Star Squadron #48-49, #61-62 [cover only] (DC, August—September 1985, September-October 1986) Web of Spider-Man #6, (Marvel, November 1985),13-15 (Marvel, April-June 1986) The Amazing Spider-Man #278 (Marvel, July 1986) - Part of the Scourge of the Underworld crossover story Punisher: The Prize (with writer C.J. Henderson) (Marvel Comics, 1990) Punisher War Zone #9-11 (Marvel Comics)","title":"Mike Harris (comics)"},{"docid":"40311375","text":"The Lone Wolf in Mexico is a 1947 American black-and-white mystery-adventure film directed by D. Ross Lederman for Columbia Pictures. It features Gerald Mohr as the title character, detective Lone Wolf. Chronologically the third-to-last Lone Wolf film in Columbia's theatrical series, it was followed by The Lone Wolf in London later in 1947 and The Lone Wolf and His Lady in 1949. Plot Former jewel thief Michael Lanyard (The Lone Wolf) (Gerald Mohr) along with his butler, Jamison (Eric Blore), go to Mexico on vacation. Lanyard, once a thief has been working as a private investigator. Liliane Dumont (Jacqueline deWit), one of the Lone Wolf's old flames, and Mrs. Van Weir (Winifred Harris) invite Lanyard and Jamison to dinner at Henderson's (John Gallaudet) El Paseo nightclub . They meet Sharon Montgomery (Sheila Ryan), a jeweller's spouse and gambling addict, who has lost a fortune at the casino. Leon Dumont (Bernard Nedell), deWit's husband, tries to enlist Lanyard in a jewel theft. Jamison takes Montgomery home, but when he is not looking, she slips a valuable compact into his coat pocket. After the Lone Wolf steals a necklace, he discovers it is a fake and replaces it back in the nightclub safe. When Dumont is murdered, Montgomery accuses Lanyard of the murder and Jamison of stealing her compact. Mrs. Van Weir is also heavily in debt with Henderson demanding her precious necklace to clear her gambling losses. Montgomery blackmails Henderson and tries to warn Lanyard but is also murdered, leaving him no alternative, he must track down the criminal mastermind behind the murders. Mrs. Van Weir plots with Henderson but her worthless necklace is what gives her away and Lanyard calls in the police to bring Henderson and Van Weir, the real murderer to justice. Cast Gerald Mohr as Michael Lanyard Sheila Ryan as Sharon Montgomery Jacqueline deWit as Liliane Dumont Eric Blore as Jamison Nestor Paiva as Carlos Rodriguez John Gallaudet as Henderson Bernard Nedell as Leon Dumont Winifred Harris as Mrs. Van Weir Peter Brocco as Emil Alan Edwards as Charles Montgomery Fred Godoy as Captain Mendez Jose Portugal as Policeman Production The Lone Wolf in Mexico was directed by D. Ross Lederman and was written by Martin Goldsmith, Maurice Tombragel and Phil Magee. After a sickly Warren Williams decided to discontinue playing the title detective Michael Landyard, also known as Lone Wolf, Gerald Mohr was roped in by Columbia Pictures, the producer and the distributor, to play the character in The Notorious Lone Wolf (1946) and The Lone Wolf in London (1947), as well as The Lone Wolf in Mexico. The Lone Wolf in Mexico marked the penultimate Lone Wolf film in which Mohr starred as the title character. Principal photography with the working title of The Lone Wolf's Invitation to Murder, commenced on September 4, 1946, and finished on September 18, 1946, taking place in Mexico. Reception The Lone Wolf in Mexico was theatrically released in the United States on January 16, 1947. It was written to","title":"The Lone Wolf in Mexico"},{"docid":"5744206","text":"Loy Wesley Henderson (June 28, 1892 – March 24, 1986) was a United States Foreign Service Officer and diplomat. Background Loy Wesley Henderson was born on June 28, 1892, in Rogers, Arkansas, to a poor Methodist preacher. He attended college in a small town in Kansas before transferring to Northwestern University. Career Early career An arm injury prevented Henderson from fighting in World War I, so he served as a Red Cross volunteer instead. In 1922, Henderson joined the United States Foreign Service. Eastern Europe and USSR After an initial consular tour in Ireland, Henderson began a 24-year focus on Soviet and Eastern European Affairs. He then investigated the connection between the Soviet Comintern and left wing organizations in the United States while serving in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. In 1933, the Roosevelt Administration extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union and Henderson was assigned to Russia to help reopen the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Aiding him in this task were fellow junior officers George F. Kennan and Charles Bohlen, who along with Henderson would later be considered the Department's top Soviet specialists. In 1935, the Kremlin broke its pledge not to interfere in U. S. domestic politics. In response, Ambassador Bullitt returned to Washington in disgust, leaving Henderson for a time as chargé d'affaires in Moscow. As chargé, Henderson warned Washington that the Soviet Union was likely to cooperate with Nazi Germany. Four years later, Moscow signed the Soviet-German Non-aggression Pact of 1939. Henderson was one of the contributors to the Welles declaration of 1940, which established US non recognition policy of Baltic states occupation by Soviet Union. Henderson deeply distrusted the Kremlin and was at odds with the enthusiasm most Americans—and President Roosevelt—had in early 1942 for their new Soviet wartime allies. On the occasion of the third anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, however, he submitted in a memorandum as Chargé in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, dated November 16, 1936, a description of the failure of the last years giving a lot place to the arguments of the Soviet side to raise a better understanding. Nevertheless Eleanor Roosevelt and other Soviet sympathizers in the White House pressured the State Department to transfer Henderson out of the Soviet section. As a result, Henderson was sent to Baghdad as the U.S. ambassador to Iraq. \"A man of the highest character, absolutely incorruptible....Overruled time after time, he asked in 1943 to be relieved of his duties as chief of the division\". Near Eastern Affairs In between serving as U.S. Minister in Iraq (1943–45), Ambassador to India (1948–51) and Ambassador to Iran (1951–54), Henderson returned to Washington in 1945 to serve at the State Department as the director of the Office of Near Eastern Affairs. In 1945, Syrians in Damascus led an uprising against French rule. In response, French forces bombed Damascus. Henderson, as head of Near Eastern Affairs, advised President Harry Truman to force the","title":"Loy W. Henderson"},{"docid":"54200102","text":"Pilgrimage is a novel sequence by the British author Dorothy Richardson, from the first half of the 20th century. It comprises 13 volumes, including a final posthumous volume. It is now considered a significant work of literary modernism. Richardson's own term for the volumes was \"chapters\". Overview Miriam Henderson, the central character in the Pilgrimage novel sequence, is based on the author's own life between 1891 and 1915. Pilgrimage was read as a work of fiction and \"its critics did not suspect that its content was a reshaping of DMR's own experience\", nor that it was a roman à clef. Miriam, like Richardson, \"is the third of four daughters [whose] parents had longed for a boy and had treated her as if she fulfilled that expectation\". This upbringing is reflected in Miriam's \"strong ambivalence toward her role as a woman\". Dorothy Richardson had the same ambivalence. Content The first novel Pointed Roofs (1915), is set in 1893. At 17 years old Miriam Henderson, as Richardson herself did, teaches English at a finishing school in Hanover, Germany. Both author and character have to do this because of their father's financial problems. The following year, 1916, Richardson published Backwater, where Miriam \"works as resident governess in a school frequented by the daughters of the North London middle class\". Honeycomb was published in 1917. Saturday Review commented, \"Miss Richardson is not without talent but it is the talent of neurasthenia.\" And that the \"only living thing in the book\" is \"the morbid and self-conscious mind [of the heroine].\" In this novel Miriam works as a governess to the two children of the Corrie family during 1895. Mr. Corrie is a successful lawyer. Honeycomb ends with the suicide of Miriam's mother. Events in this novel again parallel Dorothy Richardson's own life: her mother committed suicide in 1895. The fourth part, The Tunnel, appeared in 1919. In it Miriam starts on a more independent life when she takes a room in Bloomsbury in central London at 21, and works as a receptionist at a dental surgery. These are events again parallel Dorothy Richardson's life. Olive Heseltine described the novel to be \"simply life. Shapeless, trivial, pointless, boring, beautiful, curious, profound. And above all, absorbing.\" On the other hand, an \"elderly male reviewer,\" for The Spectator found it disturbing that \"Miss Richardson is not concerned with the satisfaction of the average reader\". Interim, published 1920, is Richardson's fifth novel and was serialized in Little Review, along with James Joyce's Ulysses in 1919. While New York Times Book Review admits that Richardson has \"talent,\" her heroine \"is not particularly interesting\" and this novel would be \"probably ... almost unintelligible\" to those who have not a \"close acquaintance\" her previous novels in the sequence. Much of the action in this chapter of Pilgrimage takes place in Miriam's lodgings. The sixth section of Pilgrimage, Deadlock, appeared 1921. Una Hunt, in a review for The New Republic, referred to her \"intense excitement in reading this novel,\" and calls Deadlock \"an","title":"Pilgrimage (novel sequence)"},{"docid":"34441811","text":"A Is for Acid is a 2002 British television film based on the life of the serial killer John Haigh, known as the Acid Bath Murderer because he dissolved the bodies of six people in sulphuric acid. Haigh, hanged in 1949 for his crimes, had wrongly believed that murder could not be proven without the presence of a body. Starring Martin Clunes in the lead role, the film was shot in Scarborough, chosen because its appearance was believed to be similar to that of London when Haigh lived there during the 1940s, and also Saltaire to represent his early life. The film was produced by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network and aired on 9 September 2002. Directed by Harry Bradbeer and written by Glenn Chandler, A Is for Acid also featured among its cast Keeley Hawes, Richard Hope and Celia Imrie. Plot John George Haigh is raised in a Yorkshire village by sheltering parents who fellowship with the strict Plymouth Brethren. His father teaches him that their family is different from others, being among \"God's elect\"; but as an adult John turns to petty crime. He marries Beatrice 'Betty' Hamer, who becomes pregnant with his child. While serving a prison sentence for fraud, Haigh reads about the term corpus delicti, wrongly assuming it means murder cannot be proven without the presence of a body. He subsequently dreams up what he believes to be the perfect murder and experiments by dissolving mice in sulphuric acid. After learning that Betty gave birth to a daughter and moved away, Haigh travels to London upon his release, where he finds employment as an engineer. After being fired from his job because of a relationship with his boss's daughter, Gillian Rogers, Haigh sets himself up as an inventor. He bumps into a former employer, Donald McSwan, who has a successful property business. Befriending McSwan and his elderly parents, William and Amy, Haigh offers to help them when Donald is conscripted to fight in the Second World War. Donald agrees to Haigh's suggestion that he run the business and take care of his parents while Donald hides out in Scotland for the duration of the war. Haigh then invites Donald to his workshop where he bludgeons his friend to death and places his body in a vat of acid to dissolve, then forges Donald's signature to take control of his affairs. He keeps up the pretense that Donald is on the run through the rest of the war, but as Britain celebrates VE Day, Haigh tells William and Amy that Donald has returned to London and is waiting for them at his workshop. He then kills them both after individually driving them there. With the McSwans' money, Haigh sets himself up at the Onslow Court Hotel in Kensington. Haigh's next victims are Archie and Rose Henderson, a doctor and his wife, whom he befriends after visiting a shop they have recently purchased. Dr. Henderson discloses to Haigh that he and Rose are quite wealthy, but","title":"A Is for Acid"},{"docid":"171241","text":"James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (December 18, 1897 – December 29, 1952) was an American pianist, bandleader, arranger and composer, important in the development of big band jazz and swing music. He was one of the most prolific black musical arrangers and, along with Duke Ellington, is considered one of the most influential arrangers and bandleaders in jazz history. Henderson's influence was vast. He helped bridge the gap between the Dixieland and the swing eras. He was often known as \"Smack\" Henderson (because of smacking sounds he made with his lips). Early life, family and education James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson was born in Cuthbert, Georgia. He was raised in a middle-class African-American family. His father, Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (1857–1943), was the principal of the nearby Howard Normal Randolph School from 1880 until 1942. Their home is a historic site. Henderson's mother, a teacher, taught him and his brother Horace to play the piano. He began lessons by age six. His father would occasionally lock Fletcher in his room to practice for hours. By age 13, Henderson possessed a keen ability to read music and sense pitch. He pursued the studies with his mother and further engaged himself in lessons on European art. Although a talented musician, Henderson initially dedicated himself to mathematics and science. At age 18, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and changed his name to Fletcher Henderson, giving up James, his grandfather's name. He attended Atlanta University (where he was a member of the fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha) and graduated in 1920 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry and mathematics. Career After graduation, Henderson moved to New York City with the intention of attending Columbia University for a master's degree in chemistry. However, there is no evidence that he actually enrolled. He did land a part-time job as a lab assistant in a downtown Manhattan chemistry firm, but this only lasted a year. In New York City, Henderson shared an apartment with a pianist who worked as a musician in a riverboat orchestra. When his roommate was too sick to perform, Henderson substituted, and this soon led to a job as a full-time replacement. In late 1920, he found work as a song demonstrator with the Pace and Handy Music Co. Henderson now found that music would be more profitable than chemistry and left his job as a laboratory chemist to begin a life in music. When Harry Pace left the company to start Black Swan Records, he took Henderson with him to be musical director, a job which lasted from 1921 until 1923. From 1920 to 1923, he primarily played piano accompaniment for blues singers. Henderson toured with the Black Swan Troubadours featuring Ethel Waters from October 1921 to July 1922. After hearing cornetist Louis Armstrong (then around 20 years old) in New Orleans while on tour in April 1922, Henderson sent him an offer, but Armstrong refused because Henderson would not hire Zutty Singleton as well. Henderson's activities up to the end of 1923 were mainly recording","title":"Fletcher Henderson"},{"docid":"336323","text":"Thomas Henderson FRSE FRS FRAS (28 December 1798 – 23 November 1844) was a Scottish astronomer and mathematician noted for being the first person to measure the distance to Alpha Centauri, the major component of the nearest stellar system to Earth, the first to determine the parallax of a fixed star, and for being the first Astronomer Royal for Scotland. Early life Born in Dundee, he was educated at the High School of Dundee, after which he trained as a lawyer, working his way up through the profession as an assistant to a variety of nobles. However, his major hobbies were astronomy and mathematics, and after coming up with a new method for using lunar occultation to measure longitude he came to the attention of Thomas Young, superintendent of the Royal Navy's \"Nautical Almanac\". Young helped the young Henderson enter the larger world of astronomical science, and on his death a posthumous letter recommended to the Admiralty that Henderson take his place. Career Africa Henderson was passed over for that position, but the recommendation was enough to get him a position at the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. There he made a considerable number of stellar observations between April 1832 and May 1833, including those for which he is remembered today. It was pointed out to him by Manuel John Johnson of the East India Company's observatory on Saint Helena that the bright southern star Alpha Centauri had a large proper motion, and Henderson concluded that it might be relatively close. The 1830s version of the \"space race\" was to be the first person to measure the distance to a star using parallax, a task which is easier the closer the star. Henderson was thus in a good position to be this person. After retiring back to the United Kingdom due to bad health, he began analysing his measurements and eventually came to the conclusion that Alpha Centauri was just slightly less than one parsec away, 3.25 light years. This figure is reasonably accurate, being 25.6% too small. Henderson did not immediately publish his results, however (there had been previous, discredited attempts to claim a measurement of stellar parallax), and eventually he was beaten to the punch by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, who published a parallax of 10.3 light years (9.6% too small) for 61 Cygni in 1838. Henderson published his results in 1839, but was relegated to second place because of his lack of confidence. He later published confirming observations by Thomas Maclear. Alpha Centauri remained the nearest known star until the discovery of Proxima Centauri in 1915 by Robert T. A. Innes. Scotland In the meantime, his measurement work at the Cape had led him to be appointed the first Astronomer Royal for Scotland in 1834. The vacant chair of astronomy at the University of Edinburgh was given to him on the advice of Prime Minister Lord Melbourne. From 1834 he worked at the City Observatory (then called the Calton Hill Observatory) in","title":"Thomas Henderson (astronomer)"},{"docid":"23751721","text":"Harry Henderson may refer to: Harry Henderson (cricketer) (1923–1997), English cricketer Harry Henderson (boxer) (1904–1976), American boxer Harry Henderson (footballer) (1880–1964), Australian rules footballer Harry Henderson (Neighbours), character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours See also Harry and the Hendersons, a 1987 American film Harold Henderson (disambiguation) Henry Henderson (disambiguation)","title":"Harry Henderson"},{"docid":"20429076","text":"John Henderson (born 4 May 1973) is a Scottish darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. Career Henderson started out in the PDC circuit and played one tournament in Scotland as well as the 2003 UK Open where he lost in the first round, having won his preliminary match. He then qualified for the 2005 BDO World Darts Championship, where he beat Stephen Bunting in the first round before losing in round two to Martin Adams – hitting a record thirteen 180s (for a five-set match) in the 3–2 defeat. Henderson then reached the quarter-finals of the 2005 British Open and the last 32 of the 2005 Winmau World Masters. Henderson reached the final of the 2007 British Open. He beat Tony O'Shea in the quarter-finals and Ted Hankey in the semis before losing to Gary Anderson in the final. This was followed however with failure to qualify for the 2008 BDO World Championship and an early exit from the 2007 World Masters. 2008–2009 2008 was a good year for Henderson, reaching the semi-finals of the Norway Open and the quarter-finals of the WDF Europe Cup. On 20 September 2008 Henderson captured his very first title, winning the 2008 British Open. He scored notable wins over Edwin Max and Dave Chisnall to earn a spot into the televised stages which were shown live on Setanta Sports. He then defeated Gary Robson in the quarter-finals and Mareno Michels in the semis before avenging his defeat over Anderson twelve months previously by beating him in the final to win the £3,000 top prize. The win also helped Henderson finish fourth in the BDO International Grand Prix, earning him another £2,750 for his efforts. He also shot up the world rankings as a result of the win, moving him into the WDF's top 20. He then captured the German Open in 2009, beating Stephen Bunting in the final which elevated Henderson to seven in the WDF rankings. 2010–2011 Henderson then qualified for the 2010 BDO World Championship, winning one of four places available from the Inter-Playoff Qualifiers in Bridlington. He was defeated in the second round by Scott Waites. Henderson failed to qualify for the 2011 tournament, but did qualify for the 2010 Grand Slam of Darts where he finished third in his group. After being defeated by Mervyn King he was accused of standing in front of the oche, however after watching the match again, King admitted that he had over-reacted and apologised to Henderson in a pre-match interview. On 15 January 2011, Henderson came through qualifying at the PDC Q-School event and has therefore left the British Darts Organisation. On joining the PDC he said \"It means everything to me the first two days were hard and I felt a lot of pressure today but to qualify, so I'm delighted I did it.\" In the 2011 Derby championships, Henderson hit a nine-darter in his second leg of the second round beating Andy Hamilton 6–5 and earning £800. Henderson","title":"John Henderson (darts player)"},{"docid":"34439295","text":"Lorna J. Kesterson (December 30, 1925 – January 16, 2012) was an American journalist, newspaper editor and politician. She served as the first female mayor of the city of Henderson, Nevada, for two consecutive four-year terms from 1985 to 1993. She was the first and only woman to be Henderson's mayor until Debra March was sworn in to office in 2017. Kesterson was also a longtime reporter and managing editor for the Henderson Home News, a local community newspaper. Biography Early life Kesterson was born Lorna Jolley in St. George, Utah, on December 30, 1925, to parents Donal and Nora Jolley. She was raised in Springdale, Utah. She moved to Boulder City, Nevada, ranch with her family during the 1930s and graduated from Boulder City High School. She and her sisters were nicknamed the \"Boulder City Babes\" during the 1930s owing to their looks. Kesterson received her bachelor's degree in journalism from Utah State University. She worked as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after completing college, primarily in Philadelphia and New York City. She returned to Clark County, Nevada, where she began her career and started a family with her husband, Robert \"Bob\" Kesterson. She had four children. U.S. President Harry S. Truman awarded her the Red Cross Certification of Merit in 1947 for rescuing a boy scout from California who was drowning in Lake Mead. Journalism Kesterson reported for both the Las Vegas Review-Journal and the Las Vegas Sun during the 1950s. She covered local Henderson and Boulder City news for the newspapers. Kesterson was next hired as a reporter for the now defunct Henderson Home News, a local community paper, for nearly thirty years before launching a career in politics. She later became the managing editor of the Henderson Home News as well. Kesterson sold the newspaper's articles to larger publications, including the Deseret News and the Las Vegas Sun. She continued to work as a reporter while serving on the Henderson City Council from 1977 to 1985. She retired as managing editor of the Henderson Home News upon her election as Mayor of Henderson in 1985. Political career Kesterson did not enter politics until she was 49 years old. She was appointed to the Henderson City Council in 1975. Kesterson was named as Henderson's woman of the year in 1975, the same year as her appointment. Two years later, in 1977, Keterson won re-election to the Henderson city council, and served on the council until 1981. She remained a newspaper reporter and editor while serving on the council until her retirement from the newspaper in 1985. In 1985, Lorna Kesterson was elected Henderson's first female mayor, becoming the first woman to hold that office. She was re-elected to a second, four-year in term in 1989. Henderson experienced unprecedented population growth during Kesterson's eight-year tenure as mayor, ultimately becoming Nevada's second largest city after Las Vegas. Kesterson and the city council planned the city's new infrastructure, neighborhoods, city parks and","title":"Lorna Kesterson"},{"docid":"15285623","text":"A Stranger Came Ashore is a 1975 young adult novel written by Scottish author Mollie Hunter. Set in the Shetland Islands in the north of Scotland, the plot revolves around a boy called Robbie Henderson, his family and a mysterious stranger named Finn Learson. Plot summary One night on the island of Black Ness, the Hendersons are sitting at home in their but-and-benhouse. There is a heavy storm outside. Then a figure bursts through the door, soaking wet. He is tall, lean and handsome, and calls himself Finn Learson, and he claims to be the only survivor of a shipwreck. The Hendersons trust and help him, except the youngest child, Robbie, his Old Da (grandfather), and his dog Tam, who are suspicious of Finn. Old Da takes an instant dislike to Finn, and Robbie also senses the man is not what he seems. Later that night, when the family have retired to bed, Robbie cannot sleep and hears peculiar noises coming from the main room, where Finn Learson and the dog, Tam, are sleeping. Robbie ventures to peek around the door and is horrified to see that Tam is crouched low to attack Learson, but Learson gazes deep into the dog's eyes... sending Tam into a calm sleep. Robbie is appalled but hides what he has seen. Old Da mysteriously dies not long after, but before he does he warns Robbie not to trust Finn. He reminds Robbie of stories of selkies, sea spirits which are seals in the water but are able to shed their seal skin on dry land and appear as beautiful seductive humans. Robbie remembers stories about the Great Selkie, the malign ruler of the selkies, who dwells in his sea-palace and seduces golden-haired girls away with him to his home under the sea. Every so often, the Great Selkie returns to find another human bride, as each bride he abducts dies whenever she tries to escape his clutches; he then uses their golden hair to roof his palace. Robbie begins to fear for his elder sister, Elspeth, who is golden-haired, very beautiful and entranced by Finn Learson. Robbie becomes convinced that Finn is the Great Selkie, but his family does not believe him. Elspeth states that she will choose one man, Finn or Nicol, (Nicol, who was her man before Finn Learson came ashore) to marry her on the celebration night of Up Helly Aa. Robbie goes to the schoolmaster, Yarl Corbie, for help. Yarl has been accused of being a wizard. Yarl reveals that Finn is indeed the Great Selkie, that he knew all along, and that Finn will try to tempt Elspeth to join him under the sea, as he did with Yarl's fiancée many years before. With help from Yarl, Robbie steals Finn's seal skin and hides it in a place where Finn won't be able to leave without turning into the great selkie in front of everyone. On Up Helly Aa, Robbie plans with Nicol (who will do anything to save","title":"A Stranger Came Ashore"},{"docid":"480387","text":"Joe Henderson (April 24, 1937 – June 30, 2001) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. In a career spanning more than four decades, Henderson played with many of the leading American players of his day and recorded for several prominent labels, including Blue Note, Milestone, and Verve. Biography Early life Born in Lima, Ohio, Henderson was one of 14 children. He was encouraged by his parents, Dennis and Irene (née Farley) and older brother James T. to study music. He dedicated his first album to them \"for being so understanding and tolerant\" during his formative years. Early musical interests included drums, piano, saxophone and composition. According to trumpeter Kenny Dorham, two local piano teachers who went to school with Henderson's brothers and sisters, Richard Patterson and Don Hurless, gave him a knowledge of the piano. He was particularly enamored of his brother's record collection. A hometown drummer, John Jarette, advised Henderson to listen to musicians like Lester Young, Stan Getz, Dexter Gordon and Charlie Parker. He also liked Flip Phillips, Lee Konitz and the Jazz at the Philharmonic recordings. However, Parker became his greatest inspiration. Henderson's first approach to the saxophone was under the tutelage of Herbert Murphy in high school. During this time, he wrote several scores for the school band. By age 18, Henderson was active on the Detroit jazz scene of the mid-'50s, playing in jam sessions with visiting New York City stars. While attending classes for flute and bass at Wayne State University, he further developed his saxophone and compositional skills under the guidance of renowned teacher Larry Teal at the Teal School of Music. In late 1959, he formed his first group. By the time he arrived at Wayne State University, he had transcribed and memorized so many Lester Young solos that his professors believed he had perfect pitch. Henderson's college classmates included Yusef Lateef, Barry Harris and Donald Byrd. He also studied music at Kentucky State College. Shortly prior to his army induction in 1960, Henderson was commissioned by UNAC to write some arrangements for the suite \"Swings and Strings\", which was later performed by a ten-member orchestra and the local dance band of Jimmy Wilkins. Early career Henderson spent two years (1960–62) in the U.S. Army: first in Fort Benning, where he competed in an Army talent show and won first place, then in Fort Belvoir, where he was chosen for a world tour, with a show to entertain soldiers. While in Paris, he met Kenny Drew and Kenny Clarke. Then he was sent to Maryland to conclude his enlistment. In 1962, he was finally discharged and promptly moved to New York. He first met trumpeter Kenny Dorham, who provided invaluable guidance, at saxophonist Junior Cook's place. That evening, they went to hear Dexter Gordon at Birdland. Henderson was asked by Gordon to play something with his rhythm section and happily accepted. Although Henderson's earliest recordings were marked by a strong hard-bop influence, his playing encompassed not only the bebop tradition, but R&B,","title":"Joe Henderson"},{"docid":"1824092","text":"Antigone Rising is a rock band based in New York City. The band's current line up is Cathy Henderson (lead guitar), Kristen Henderson (bass guitar and drums), and Nini Camps (lead vocals and rhythm guitar). The band formed a nonprofit called Girls Rising in 2014 to inspire girls and lgbtq youth to pursue nontraditional careers. The annual Girls Rising music festival takes place annually and has featured artists such as Shawn Colvin, Lisa Loeb, Paula Cole, Carnie Wilson amongst others. Melissa Etheridge and Joan Jett have both created Girls Rising grants to help kids pursue nontraditional paths. History The band originally met at Bucknell University and was formed in Greenwich Village, New York City, with sisters Cathy (guitar) and Kristen Henderson (guitar/drums), Penelope \"Peppy\" Kokines as lead vocalist and Suzanne Obolsky on vocals and percussion. In 1999 the band recruited Cassidy as the lead singer. Their first four albums were recorded mostly with independent labels and financed through fan donations. In 2003, they signed up with Lava Records, a label personally run by Atlantic Records chairman Jason Flom. In 2005, they became the first artists to be promoted in Starbucks' Hear Music Series, created to discover and spotlight new music. The high visibility, exclusive sale, in-store promotion and airplay at Starbucks across the United States helped the band's acoustic album, From the Ground Up, sell over 450,000 copies by the end of 2005. The album's single, \"Don't Look Back\", gained popularity among country audiences after its video received heavy airplay on CMT. Flom departed Lava in 2005. The band's deal with the label continued, but ended in 2008. A new album, Tales From Wonderland was recorded in 2007, but not released. In 2008, Cassidy left the band. Cassidy released the band's final album, Tales From Wonderland without permission as Sink Or Swim under the name The Cassidy Project. The other band members were not happy about this, with Kristen Henderson publicly voicing their displeasure. Two songs were removed from \"Sink Or Swim\" before its release where Cassidy's name did not appear on the writing credits. In 2009, Nini Camps, having made several guest appearances with the band, officially joined as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist. Kristen Henderson, now known as Kristen Ellis-Henderson, shifted from rhythm guitar to bass. Also in 2009, both Ellis-Henderson and Camps became mothers to children. A studio CD, 23 Red, was released in 2011, distributed through Joan Jett's Blackheart Records Group. The band line up as of 2013 was Kristen Ellis-Henderson on bass guitar and backing vocals, Cathy Henderson on lead guitar and backing vocals, Dena Tauriello on drums and Nini Camps on rhythm guitar and lead vocals. The band's 2013 single, \"That Was The Whiskey\", was co-written with the Nashville songwriter Lori McKenna. In 2014, the band released an EP, Whiskey & Wine Vol. I. In 2015, the band released another EP, Whiskey & Wine Vol. II. Touring In their early years, Antigone Rising toured widely, and have shared stages with the Bangles, Joan","title":"Antigone Rising"},{"docid":"7491869","text":"The Henderson Gleaner (also known as The Gleaner) is the daily newspaper in Henderson, Kentucky. The newspaper is published Tuesday through Sunday mornings. It has not been published on Mondays since it was founded in the 1880s. The Gleaner was locally owned for more than a century, but was purchased by A. H. Belo in March 1997, before being acquired by the E. W. Scripps Company on October 31, 2000, becoming part of the Evansville Courier & Press. Scripps later divested their newspaper holdings, and on April 1, 2015, the Journal Media Group took over as owners of the paper. In April 2016, Gannett acquired Journal Media Group, including The Gleaner. History The Gleaner was founded by Clarence Christian Givens in 1883 in Providence, Kentucky, approximately 35 miles south of Henderson. Givens remained there for six months, then moved his newspaper farther south to Madisonville, Kentucky. In July 1885, Givens relocated the newspaper to Henderson. It became a daily publication in 1888, with the exception that it produced no Monday edition, and was published as the Henderson Morning Gleaner. The Gleaner was not the city's first newspaper; The Columbian was first published in 1823, and the Henderson Reporter was in print from 1853 to 1885. At least a dozen other newspapers have also operated in Henderson at various times, but few copies of those papers have survived. The Henderson Morning Gleaner competed with the Henderson Evening Journal for several years. By 1909, the Evening Journal was losing $500 a week and had been taken over by its bank. Leigh Harris of Illinois, bought the Journal, and his first editorial consisted of the single sentence: \"I have come to Henderson to run a newspaper\". In around 1920, Harris and the Givens family negotiated a merger of the Gleaner and Journal, creating the Henderson Gleaner and Journal. The word \"Journal\" was dropped from the masthead in 1973. Harris later bought out C. C. Givens altogether, becoming the city's sole newspaper publisher. Harris chaired numerous Henderson causes and committees, including serving as chairman of the local American Red Cross chapter during the Ohio River flood of 1937. Henderson was one of the few cities along the Ohio River that escaped the floodwaters of 1937, owing to its position on a bluff well above the river. Harris noted in the newspaper that Henderson was \"on the Ohio but never in it\", using that as a marketing tool as he and other prominent citizens worked to attract new industries to the city. After Harris' death in 1955, his family leased the newspaper to J. Albert Dear of Jersey City, New Jersey. His company, Dear Publication and Radio Inc., bought the newspaper outright two years later. In 1960, the Dear family sent a son, Walter Dear II, to Henderson to serve as promotions manager. He became editor in 1963 and later served as publisher. Dear promoted the community, and was among the city's primary fundraisers for community improvements such as a new YMCA building, a Fine","title":"Henderson Gleaner"},{"docid":"49667902","text":"Anthem is a master-planned community in Henderson, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Valley. It was developed by Del Webb Corporation and opened in 1998. History Anthem was developed by Del Webb Corporation. In November 1997, Henderson, Nevada approved the first phase of Anthem by annexing of vacant land into the city. Del Webb acquired the land through a property swap with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the annexation had been in the planning for two years prior to its approval. Del Webb planned to start preparing the site for construction by the end of 1997. Anthem was expected to take 15 to 20 years to fully build out. The development project would include a country club community and a Sun City senior community. Anthem would eventually consist of 11,000 to 13,000 homes. Approximately 72 acres of the first phase were set aside for parks and recreation. Henderson ensured that its water supply would meet the future needs of the new community. As part of the annexation agreement, Del Webb and property owners would be responsible for projects such as the paving of roads and the installation of sewer lines and utilities. Del Webb would also pay to build a fire station, and worked with the Clark County School District to locate a 20-acre site for the construction of a middle school. By January 1998, the inspector general for the U.S. Department of the Interior was investigating the land swap deal after former and current BLM officials complained about it. The land was valued at $10,900 per acre, although critics of the deal said each acre was worth $36,000. The deal also raised questions about the involvement of Bruce Babbitt and senator Harry Reid, who both supported it. Babbitt, the Secretary of the Interior, had once represented Del Webb in efforts to acquire BLM land. Although Babbitt recused himself from the Anthem deal, he became involved with the project at a critical point when he ordered the BLM to prioritize the Anthem deal. At the time, other property exchange applications had been put on hold. In addition, Del Webb had previously held a fundraiser for Reid in 1994, although Reid said his support for the Anthem deal was unrelated to the fundraising. The Anthem land was ultimately appraised at $12,210 per acre, although a retired appraiser challenged this figure, stating each acre was worth between $15,000 and $17,000, which would equal taxpayer losses ranging from $8 million to $24 million in undervalued appraisals. Del Webb and the BLM stated that critics did not take into consideration the $250 million infrastructure that Del Webb was putting into place on the land. Anthem home sales began in mid-1998, and the community held its grand opening on October 24, 1998. Approximately 3,000 people attended, more than twice what was expected. Anthem consisted of three subdivisions: Anthem Country Club, Sun City Anthem, and Coventry Homes at Anthem. The latter subdivision was marketed as affordable housing. Sun City Anthem offered new residents free","title":"Anthem, Henderson"},{"docid":"21105230","text":"|} The Finesse Juvenile Hurdle is a Grade 2 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years. It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and 1 furlong (2 miles and 179 yards, or 3,382 metres), and during its running there are eight hurdles to be jumped. The race is for novice hurdlers, and it is scheduled to take place each year in January. The race is currently sponsored by JCB and run under the name of the JCB Triumph Trial Juvenile Hurdle – similar races of the same name also take place at Cheltenham's November and December meetings. The race was first run in 1985 and winners of the race usually go on to participate in the Triumph Hurdle in March. Since 1989 three horses have achieved victory in both events – Katchit in 2007, Peace And Co in 2015 and Defi Du Seuil in 2017. Winners {| class = \"sortable\" | border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; font-size:90%\" |- bgcolor=\"#77dd77\" align=\"center\" ! Year ! Winner ! Jockey ! Trainer |- |1985||Out of The Gloom |Jonjo O'Neill |Peter Easterby |- |1986||Tangognat |Peter Scudamore |Rod Simpson |-bgcolor=\"#eeeeee\" |1987Abandoned because of frost |- | 1988 | width=170px | Jason's Quest | width=190px | M Williams | width=190px | John Baker |- | 1989 | Highland Bud | Richard Dunwoody | David Nicholson |- | 1990 | Sayyure | Graham McCourt | Nigel Tinkler |- | 1991 | Hopscotch | Peter Scudamore | Martin Pipe |- bgcolor=\"#eeeeee\" | 1992Abandoned due to frost |- | 1993 | Major Bugler | Adrian Maguire | Toby Balding |- | 1994 | Pridwell | Richard Dunwoody | Martin Pipe |- | 1995 | Brave Tornado | Tony McCoy | Toby Balding |- bgcolor=\"#eeeeee\" | 1996Abandoned due to frost |- | 1997 | Shooting Light | Richard Dunwoody | Pat Murphy |- | 1998 | Zafarabad | Richard Johnson | David Nicholson |- | 1999 | Hors La Loi III | Thierry Doumen | François Doumen |- | 2000 | Mister Banjo | Mick Fitzgerald | Nicky Henderson |- | 2001 | Jair du Cochet | Jacques Ricou | Guillaume Macaire |- | 2002 | Vol Solitaire | Joe Tizzard | Paul Nicholls |- | 2003 | Moneytrain | Robert Thornton | Christian von der Recke |- | 2004 | Mondul | Ollie McPhail | Milton Harris |- | 2005 | Akilak | Graham Lee | Howard Johnson |- bgcolor=\"#eeeeee\" | 2006Abandoned due to frost |- | 2007 | Katchit | Robert Thornton | Alan King |- | 2008 | Franchoek | Robert Thornton | Alan King |- | 2009 | Walkon | Robert Thornton | Alan King |- | 2010 | Baccalaureate | Paddy Brennan | Nigel Twiston-Davies |- | 2011 | Local Hero | Tony McCoy | Steve Gollings |- | 2012 | Grumeti | Wayne Hutchinson | Alan King |- | 2013 | Rolling Star | Barry Geraghty | Nicky Henderson |-","title":"Finesse Juvenile Hurdle"},{"docid":"465127","text":"(James) Hamish Scott Henderson (11 November 1919 – 9 March 2002) was a Scottish poet, songwriter, communist, intellectual and soldier. He was a catalyst for the folk revival in Scotland. He was also an accomplished folk song collector and discovered such notable performers as Jeannie Robertson, Flora MacNeil and Calum Johnston. Born in Blairgowrie, Perthshire on the first Armistice Day 11 November 1919, to a single mother, Janet Henderson, a Queen's Nurse who had served in France, and was then working in the war hospital at Blair Castle. His name was recorded at registration as James but he preferred the Scots form Hamish. Early life Henderson spent his early years in nearby Glen Shee and eventually moved to England with his mother. He won a scholarship to Dulwich School in London; however, his mother died shortly before he was due to take up his place and he had to live in an orphanage while studying there. He studied Modern Languages at Downing College, Cambridge, in the years leading up to World War II, and as a visiting student in Germany ran messages for an organization run by the Society of Friends aiding the German resistance and helping to rescue Jews. World War II Although he argued strongly for peace, even well into the early years of the war, he became convinced that a satisfactory peace could not be reached and so he threw himself into the war effort. Joining as an enlisted soldier in the Pioneer Corps, he later applied for and received a commission in the Intelligence Corps. He was quite effective as an interrogator due to his command of six European languages and deep understanding of German culture. He took part in the Desert War in Africa, during which he wrote his poem Elegies For the Dead in Cyrenaica, encompassing every aspect of a soldier's experience of the sands of North Africa. On 2 May 1945, Henderson personally oversaw the drafting of the surrender order of Italy issued by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. Henderson collected the lyrics to \"D-Day Dodgers,\" a satirical song to the tune of \"Lili Marlene\", attributed to Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn, who served in Italy. Henderson also wrote the lyrics to \"The 51st (Highland) Division's Farewell to Sicily\", set to a pipe tune called \"Farewell to the Creeks\". The book in which these were collected, Ballads of World War II, was published \"privately\" to evade censorship, but earned Henderson a ten-year ban from BBC radio, preventing a series on ballad-making from being made. His 1948 war poetry book, Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica, received the Somerset Maugham Award. Folk song collector Henderson threw himself into the work of the folk revival after the war, discovering and bringing to public attention Jeannie Robertson, Flora MacNeil, Calum Johnston (see Annie and Calum Johnston of Barra ) and others. In the 1950s, he acted as a guide to the American folklorist, Alan Lomax, who collected many field recordings in Scotland. (See Alan Lomax, Collector of Songs). People's Festival","title":"Hamish Henderson"},{"docid":"19299229","text":"Admiral Sir William Hannam Henderson, (20 June 1845 – 29 April 1931) was a British flag officer of the Royal Navy, and the first editor of The Naval Review. Family background Henderson was born in the coastal village of Worth in Kent, the eldest of four sons born to John Henderson and Laura Catherine (née Hannam). His three brothers also served in the Navy; Reginald Friend Hannam Henderson became an Admiral, Frank Hannam Henderson a Vice-Admiral, and John Hannam Henderson, retired as a Commander. (John's son Sir Reginald G. H. Henderson also became an Admiral.) Naval career Henderson entered the Navy in 1859, aged 14, as a cadet aboard . From 1860 to 1864 he served aboard the 90-gun second rate ship of the line , flagship of Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, and also the steam sloop Styx, on the North America and West Indies Station, receiving promotion to sub-lieutenant in 1864. He then served aboard in the Channel Squadron. He was promoted to lieutenant on 11 September 1866, and served aboard the troopship at Portsmouth from 1867, until taking part in the voyage around the world of the Flying Squadron in 1869–1870, serving aboard , flagship of Rear Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby. From 1872 to 1875 Henderson served aboard the screw sloop on the Pacific Station, then the sloop Eclipse on the North America and West Indies Station in 1877, and was on 'particular service' aboard the breastwork monitor in 1878. He was promoted to commander on 1 January 1880, with seniority from 31 December 1879, and served aboard the armoured cruiser , flagship of Commodore Sir James Erskine, on the Australia Station from 1881 to 1885. On 1 January 1886 he was promoted to captain, and was sent to study at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, where he was appalled to discover that apart from a few lectures on international law and naval history, studies were confined purely to technical matters, resulting in a total lack of knowledge of, and preparation for, war. He wrote a strongly worded letter, which he took personally to the Admiralty, and was permitted to read it to the Sea Lords in which he urged that naval officers should be instructed in naval history, strategy and tactics. Only Lord Charles Beresford was in any way interested in Henderson's ideas, which in the end came to nothing. In May 1888 Henderson received a letter from Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, commenting on Henderson's remarks on a paper by Rear-Admiral Colomb on the naval defences of the United Kingdom. The two men became regular correspondents thereafter, but did not meet in person for several years. Undeterred by lack of official support, Henderson became a firm believer in value of a free debate, despite having taken part in a discussion on a paper by Sir Edward Reed at the United Service Institute, in which he criticised the s. A few days later Henderson received a message from the First Sea Lord stating that his remarks had","title":"William Hannam Henderson"},{"docid":"25464283","text":"Project Runway Season 7 is the seventh season of the television show Project Runway. The first episode aired on January 14, 2010, on Lifetime. Season 7 featured the return of the show to New York City, following a move to Los Angeles for Season 6. Returning as judges are supermodel Heidi Klum, fashion designer Michael Kors, and Marie Claire fashion director Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returned as a mentor to the aspiring designers. The winner of this season, Seth Aaron Henderson received an editorial feature in an issue of Marie Claire magazine, a cash prize of $100,000 to start a personal line line, an opportunity to sell the line on Bluefly.com, and a $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett-Packard to create, design, and run a business. The winning model of this season will receive a $25,000 cash prize and take part in the winning designer's fashion spread in Marie Claire. In 2012, Anthony Williams and Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 1), with Anthony placing 9th and Mila placing 6th of 13. Also in 2012, Emilio Sosa competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 2) and again was the runner-up. In 2013, Seth Aaron Henderson competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 3) and won the competition. In 2014, Jay Sario competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 4) placing 6th of 14. In 2018, Anthony Williams once again competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 6) and won the competition. In 2019, Seth Aaron Henderson returned for a third time to compete on Project Runway All Stars (season 7) against worldwide Project Runway winners. Seth Aaron placed 13th of 14. In 2023, Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway (season 20), placing 13th of 14. Contestants Anthony was originally eliminated after Amy, but returned to the competition following Maya's withdrawal Models Challenges : Team Emilio and Seth Aaron co-won Episode 9, for the first time since Season 2. : Maya withdrew for personal reasons at the beginning of Episode 11. Anthony, who was originally eliminated in Episode 10, was brought back to take her place. Also, two winners were chosen for this challenge: Emilio and Anthony. Each of their dresses will be worn on the red carpet by Heidi Klum and Jessica Alba. This is the first time two designers won a single challenge yet were not a team. : Emilio was advanced to fashion week first during the judging session. Seth Aaron was also advanced to fashion week. Jay and Mila will both create collections for fashion week, however only one will advance to compete at Bryant Park with Emilio and Seth Aaron. : Jay and Mila each presented three looks to the judges. After much deliberation, they concluded that Mila was more ready to show at fashion week than Jay. She advanced to the finale, and Jay was consequently eliminated. The designer won Project Runway Season 7. The designer was advanced to Fashion Week. The designer won the challenge. The designer came in second but did","title":"Project Runway season 7"},{"docid":"40593165","text":"The Great Plane Robbery (aka The Great Plane Robber) is a 1940 crime-adventure B film directed by Lewis D. Collins. Collins was more often associated with directing serials for Universal and Columbia Pictures. It stars Jack Holt, Stanley Fields and Noel Madison. Though typical of the melodramas that Holt made after transitioning from silent screen epics, western and adventure films were his forte. Reviewer Hal Erickson found it ironic that Holt, who in real life had a fear of flying, starred in so many aviation-oriented films. It was written by Albert DeMond from a story by Harold Greene. Plot Special agent Mike Henderson (Jack Holt) has been assigned by an insurance company to protect gangster Joe Colson (Noel Madison). Joe has recently been released from prison, just three months before his life insurance policy, worth half a million dollars, is due to expire. After Mike arrives at Leavenworth, Kansas, on the day of Colson's release, he discovers that two gangsters, Eddie (Paul Fix) and Nick (Harry Cording), are there as well, waiting to see Joe. They greet him and then take Joe aboard an aircraft, with Mike following closely behind. That night, Eddie and Nick storm the cockpit and force the pilot to land near a lodge where Frankie Toller (Stanley Fields), Joe's successor, awaits. When they arrive, Frankie divulges that he will hold Joe prisoner until Joe reveals where his fortune is stashed. Later, he sees Mike and inducts him into the gang, believing he is one of Joe's old friends. The aircraft's disappearance becomes a worldwide sensation. The next morning, the gang discovers that an insurance company detective was a passenger on the missing aircraft. The gang assumes it is salesman Homer Pringle (Hobart Cavanaugh). Mike, managing to convince Frankie that Joe is completely broke, proposes that they force Homer to call the insurance company with an offer to ransom Joe. Accordingly, Mike and two others go into town, where Mike stages the fake killing of Homer by shooting him with blanks. Mike and the gang members return to Frankie, while Homer telephones the police. As Frankie prepares to flee, the police arrive and arrest him and the rest of the gang. Afterward, the passengers board the aircraft and finally reach their destination. Meanwhile, Joe is taken into custody for a different offense, assuring Mike that he will outlive his policy. Cast Jack Holt as Mike Henderson Stanley Fields as Frankie Toller Vicki Lester as Helen Carver Noel Madison as Joe Colson Granville Owen as Jim Day Theodore Von Eltz as Rod Brothers Hobart Cavanaugh as Homer Pringle Milburn Stone as Krebber Paul Fix as Eddie Lindo Harry Cording as Nick Harmon John Hamilton as Dr. Jamison Doris Lloyd as Mrs. Jamison Lane Chandler as Bill Whitcomb Production Principal photography, under the working title of Keep Him Alive, took place from April 14 to 24, 1940. Some filming took place at the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia, California. Reception The Great Plane Robbery received negative reviews. In his book","title":"The Great Plane Robbery (1940 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"17246751\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Andrew Henderson (born November 14, 1969) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. He is an Olympic gold medalist, three-time World champion, two-time Pan American Games champion, four-time Pan Pacific champion and five-time U.S. National champion. He competed at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, where he was the butterfly leg of the gold medal 4×100-meter medley relay, which set the world, Olympic, American, and U.S. Open records. Career Before his high school years, Olympic champion Mark Henderson swam for the Fort Washington Pool Assoc., Inc. in the Prince-Mont Swim League in Fort Washington, Prince Georges County Maryland where he still holds records in the 25 Butterfly 10 year old & Under in 1980 and the 100 Freestyle 15-18 year old in 1988. While in high school, Henderson swam for Curl-Burke Swim Club (renamed to Nation's Capital Swim Club) and was coached by Jeff King. He attended college at the University of California, Berkeley where he swam for coach Nort Thornton's California Golden Bears swimming and diving team. At the U.S. Olympic Trials in 1992, Henderson entered the meet ranked 2nd in the world in the 100m butterfly, but concentrated too much on his competition and took out his race much too fast (under world record pace at the 50m mark). He led the race to the final 10 meters where he \\\"bonked\\\" and dropped from first to seventh place. Henderson returned to competition after an 8-month retirement with a vengeance. In 1993, Henderson won gold at the U.S. Open and Summer U.S. Nationals and another two gold medals at the Pan Pacific Championships. He finished his comeback year with a gold and two silvers at the inaugural Short Course World Championships in Palma, Majorca. In 1994, Henderson joined the first USA Swimming resident team which was located at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was run and coached by former world record holder Jonty Skinner. Over the next two years, Skinner coached Henderson to two National titles, a gold at the World Championships, a gold and silver at the Pan Pacific Championships and two Pan American Gold medals. Henderson found redemption at the 1996 Olympic Trials by qualifying for the team in the 100 meter butterfly. Upon his retirement from swimming, Henderson worked in the financial industry concentrating on Japan and U.S. equities for 15 years for the likes of JP Morgan Securities, Citigroup, and Janney Montgomery Scott. He retired from Wall Street in 2016 and is started a company called The Athletes Village which is building a platform to motivate and enhance the sports experience for youth athletes, their parents and coaches by connecting them through a Q&A/Search platform with elite athletes and experts in all the fields of sports (coaching, parenting, nutrition, psychology, strength training, injury prevention, etc.) Henderson was married to Summer Sanders from 1997 to 2001. In 2006, Mark married Tamara Blanchard. They have two children: Brooke & Brady, a Bernese Mountain Dog (Harry) and a\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Henderson (swimmer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7040044\",\n \"text\": \"Earle Lavon \\\"Von\\\" Freeman Sr. (October 3, 1923 – August 11, 2012) was an American hard bop jazz tenor saxophonist. Biography Born in Chicago, Illinois, Freeman was exposed as a young child to jazz. His father, George, a city policeman, was a close friend of Louis Armstrong, with Armstrong living at the Freeman house when he first arrived in Chicago. Freeman's father taught him to play piano and bought him his first saxophone when he was seven. His musical education continued at DuSable High School, where his band director was Walter Dyett. Freeman began his professional career at the age of 16 in Horace Henderson's Orchestra. Freeman enlisted into the Navy during World War II and was trained at Camp Robert Smalls in Chicago. \\\"All the great musicians ended up at Great Lakes\\\", he recalled. \\\"It was an incubator for the best and the brightest lights in the jazz world at that time, and the musical jam sessions were simply phenomenal.\\\" After training, he was sent to Hawaii as part of the Hellcats stationed at Barbers Point Naval Air Station in a band that starred Harry \\\"Pee Wee\\\" Jackson, the trumpeter from Cleveland whose nickname was Gabriel. The Hellcats were frequent winners of the islands' competitive Battle of the Bands competitions and included musicians who had formerly played in bands fronted by Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Ella Fitzgerald, Lucky Millinder, Les Hite, Count Basie, Fats Waller, and Tiny Bradshaw. After his return to Chicago, where he remained for the duration of his career, Freeman played with his brothers George on guitar and Eldridge \\\"Bruz\\\" Freeman on drums at the Pershing Hotel Ballroom. Various leading jazzmen such as Charlie Parker, Roy Eldridge and Dizzy Gillespie played there with the Freemans as the backing band. In the early 1950s, Von played in Sun Ra's band. Von Freeman's first venture into the recording studio took place in 1954, backing a vocal group called The Maples for Al Benson's Blue Lake label. He appeared on Andrew Hill's second single on the Ping label in 1956, followed by some recording for Vee-Jay with Jimmy Witherspoon and Albert B. Smith in the late 1950s, and a recorded appearance at a Charlie Parker tribute concert in 1970. In 1972, Freeman first recorded under his own name, the album Doin' It Right Now with the support of Roland Kirk. His next effort was a marathon session in 1975 released over two albums by Nessa. After that he lived, regularly performed, and recorded in Chicago. His recordings included three albums with his son, the tenorist Chico Freeman, and You Talkin' to Me with 22-year-old saxophonist Frank Catalano, following their successful appearance at the Chicago Jazz Festival in 1999. Four live albums for SteepleChase Records, Inside Chicago documented his partnership with trumpeter Brad Goode. One of Freeman's contributions was his mentoring of countless younger musicians such as Corey Wilkes and Ben Paterson as well as his steadfast support of what he liked to call \\\"hardcore jazz\\\" (as he still did\",\n \"title\": \"Von Freeman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37666314\",\n \"text\": \"The 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was set on April 25, 1982, at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia. During the early 1980s, the NASCAR Winston Cup Series was plagued with top teams running big engines and finishing in third place to avoid inspection. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore. Only manual transmission vehicles were allowed to participate in this race; a policy that NASCAR has retained to the present day. Background Martinsville Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races. The standard track at Martinsville Speedway is a four-turn short track oval that is long. The track's turns are banked at eleven degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at zero degrees. The back stretch also has a zero degree banking. Race report A total starting grid of 31 drivers competed for three and a half hours in this 500-lap racing competition. D.K. Ulrich was involved in a crash on lap 14; leading to his last-place finish. An audience consisting of 36,500 live spectators eventually got to see Harry Gant defeat Butch Lindley by a distance of slightly more than a lap. The majority of the field was driving Buick vehicles while participating in the event. Terry Labonte and Ricky Rudd would dominate the first one hundred laps of this race while Harry Gant would monopolize the closing laps of this race with a 1-lap lead over everyone else. Joe Ruttman would be the lowest finishing driver to complete the race; albeit more than 50 laps behind the only driver on the lead lap, who was Harry Gant. This would be his first victory ever in the NASCAR Cup Series. The pole position earned was Terry Labonte with his amazing solo qualifying speed of ; actual racing speeds for this event averaged around . Brad Teague's 11th place finish in this race was also the highest finishing position in the Cup series for team owner, Charlie Henderson. Winnings for this event ranged from the winner's share of $26,795 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place finisher's share of $1,300 ($ when adjusted for inflation). The overall prize purse for this racing event added up to $170,500 ($ when adjusted for inflation). Qualifying Top 10 finishers Standings after the race References Virginia National Bank 500 Virginia National Bank 500 NASCAR races at Martinsville Speedway\",\n \"title\": \"1982 Virginia National Bank 500\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47948331\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser (14 November 1848 – 26 February 1919) was a British officer of the Indian Civil Service and the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal between 1903 and 1908. Early life and education Born in Bombay on 14 November 1848, Fraser was educated at the Edinburgh Academy before being called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He was a son of Rev. Alexander Garden Fraser (1814–1904) and Joanna Maria Shaw (1823–1864). Career He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1871, serving in the Central Provinces for nearly thirty years. During his service he rose to be the Chief Commissioner of Central Provinces in 1899. In December 1902, Fraser was picked as the new Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, following the sudden death of Sir John Woodburn the previous month. He did not take up the position until the middle of 1903, however, first finishing his duties as President of the Indian Police Commission. Fraser retained the position of Governor of the Western province of Bengal following the 1905 Partition of Bengal. However, his role in the planning of partition of Bengal, earned him notoriety among nationalist agitators, with a notable assassination attempt in 1907 which attempted to derail his train. Another assassination attempt in November 1908 involved a pistol which failed to go off, the would-be assassin later declaring that he wanted to show Bengalis that even the Lieutenant-Governor was not invincible. He was succeeded in 1908 by Sir William Baker. He was elected President of The Asiatic Society for 1905–07. In 1897, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI), and he was knighted with the KCSI in the 1903 Durbar Honours. Fraser 's published works include his memoirs Among Indian Rajahs and Ryots published in 1909, and India under Curzon and After published in 1911. He lived his final years at 22 Heriot Row in Edinburgh's Second New Town. Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser died on 26 February 1919. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh, on the south wall of the north section, backing onto the original cemetery. The stone is very distinctive, carrying a St Andrews Cross in red granite by McGlashan. He is also the founder and the first principal of one of the biggest and most popular public school Rajkumar College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Family His wife Henrietta died in 1952. Their children included the cricketers Patrick and Charles Fraser (d.1929) and the soldier Cpt Harry Lugard Fraser and Professor Alec Garden Fraser, principal of Trinity College. References . External links 1848 births 1919 deaths People educated at Edinburgh Academy Scottish lawyers Lieutenant-governors of Bengal Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India Indian Civil Service (British India) officers Scottish civil servants Presidents of The Asiatic Society Burials at the Dean Cemetery\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38229119\",\n \"text\": \"Lin Oliver (born February 2, 1947) is an American writer, producer, and the co-founder (with Steve Mooser) of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators. During the 1990s and early 2000s, she wrote and produced a number of works for television and film, notably the 1990s television show, Harry and the Hendersons. As an author of books for children, Oliver began collaborating on the Hank Zipzer series with actor Henry Winkler in 2003. They next created the prequel series Here's Hank, the Ghost Buddy series, and the Alien Superstar series. Childhood and education Oliver was born in Los Angeles, California, and was the editor-in-chief of her school newspaper at Ulysses S. Grant High School. She received her B.A. in English Literature from the University of California, Berkeley, a Masters in Educational Psychology from the University of California, Los Angeles, and has completed coursework for an Ed.D. (also UCLA). Career Oliver won a job working in television through a contest after graduating from college. She then quit the position, and found a federally funded job for a children's writer (creating a K-6 reading series for children) at the unemployment office. In the position, she worked with Steve Mooser during a three-year contract to create stories and novels as part of the Great Society program. As neither knew much about the field, both Oliver and Mooser realized that they needed to create an organization dedicated to children's literature, and thus created the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators (where Lin is now executive director). Oliver was the Executive Vice President of MCA Universal for 12 years, and was the writer and executive producer for \\\"over 300 episodes of television and three feature films,\\\" including Harry and the Hendersons. She currently runs her own production company, Lin Oliver Productions, and is the author of a number of children's books including, Who Shrunk Daniel Funk, and Almost Identical. In 2003, Oliver began to collaborate with actor Henry Winkler on the Hank Zipzer children's book series. All of the characters in the books are based on real people, including Hank who is based on Winkler as a child. The idea originated with Winkler's agent at CAA, Alan Berger, who in 1998 first suggested the idea to him. However, Winkler did not believe he was capable of creating children's books. It was only a few years later, after the suggestion was made to him again, that Winkler agreed, and began collaborating with Oliver. After they completed the main books, Oliver and Winkler created a prequel series, Here's Hank that explores Hank's life as a second grader (2012 to 2016). Oliver and Winkler co-authored the TV-tie in books to the series. They continued to work together on the Ghost Buddy books (2012–2013), the Alien Superstar series (2019–2021), and the Detective Duck series. Personal life Oliver is married to Alan Baker, Associate Dean, USC School of Cinematic Arts. They have three sons, Theo, Ollie, and Cole. Works Books Oliver has written a number of books for\",\n \"title\": \"Lin Oliver\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7949052\",\n \"text\": \"Alice Corbin Henderson (April 16, 1881 – July 18, 1949) was an American poet, author and poetry editor. Early life and education Alice Corbin was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Her mother died in 1884 and she was briefly sent to live with her father's cousin Alice Mallory Richardson in Chicago before returning to her father in Kansas after his remarriage in 1891. Corbin attended the University of Chicago, and in 1898 published a collection of poetry The Linnet Songs. In 1904 she rented a studio in the Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago, and it was there she met her future husband, William Penhallow Henderson, a painter, architect and furniture designer, who was teaching there at the time. They married on October 14, 1905. Career In 1912 Henderson's second collection of poems, The Spinning Woman of the Sky, was published, and she became assistant editor to Harriet Monroe at Poetry magazine. She left Chicago for Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1916, after having been diagnosed with tuberculosis. She continued working on Poetry by long distance until 1922. Like her husband, Henderson was devoted to the people and cultures of New Mexico and the Southwestern United States. She published Red Earth, Poems of New Mexico in 1920 and The Turquoise Trail, an Anthology of New Mexico Poetry in 1928. During the Depression, Corbin was Editor-in-Chief of the New Mexico Federal Writers' Project. In 1937, Henderson published Brothers of Light: The Penitentes of the Southwest, for which her husband provided the illustrations. The book was reprinted by Yucca Tree Press in 1998 (). She was also a supporter of Native Americans civil rights and art. In 1920 she assembled a group of watercolor paintings by Awa Tsireh for exhibition at the Arts Club of Chicago. In 1937, Henderson helped found what is now called the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, and became its curator. Legacy Many of her papers can be found in the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas in Austin. The Santa Fe home of her and her husband, at 555-57 Camino del Monte Sol, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Camino del Monte Sol Historic District. See also References External links Alice Corbin Henderson at PoetryFoundation.org Alice Corbin Henderson: An Inventory of Her Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin 1881 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American poets 20th-century American women writers American women poets Poets from Missouri University of Chicago alumni Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico Writers from St. Louis\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Corbin Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10666300\",\n \"text\": \"Joan Whitney Kramer (June 26, 1914 – July 12, 1990), also known as Zoe Parenteau and Joan Whitney, was an American singer and songwriter. Early years Born as Zoe Parenteau in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on June 26, 1914, Parenteau received her early music training while singing in the choir of the church she attended. She subsequently attended Finch College in New York City. Career, name change and marriage Professionally, Parenteau pursued voice studies with Alex Kramer, with whom she later collaborated on multiple songs, including \\\"Candy\\\", \\\"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens\\\" and \\\"Far Away Places.\\\" In 1934, while playing a showgirl in The Great Waltz on Broadway, Parenteau took the stage name Joan Whitney. She appeared in that production for two years. She also became known for her singing appearances with the bands of Will Osbourne and Leo Reisman. In August 1944, she appeared in concert in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the world premiere of \\\"A Salute to the Composers of America's Popular Songs.\\\" The orchestra was conducted by Sigmund Romberg and the master of ceremonies was Oscar Hammerstein II. The list of participating performers included Romberg, Kramer and Richard Rodgers, as well as Harry Armstrong, Abel Baer, Peter DeRose, Milton Drake, Dorothy Fields, Ray Henderson, Al Hoffman, Herman Hupfeld, Jerry Livingston, Luckey Roberts, Nat Simon, Harry Tierney, and Charles Tobias. Whitney subsequently married her mentor and collaborator, Alex Kramer. She and Kramer had one son, Doren, while living in Forest Hills, New York. Honors Joan Whitney Kramer and her husband, Alex, were nominated to the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1982. Death Kramer died on July 12, 1990, in Westport, Connecticut at the age of seventy-six from Alzheimer's disease. Songs written with Alex Kramer \\\"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens\\\" (1946) \\\"Behave Yourself\\\" \\\"Comme Ci Comme Ca\\\" -English lyrics by- Joan Whitney and Alex Kramer -music by- Bruno Coquatrix (1949) \\\"Deep as the River\\\" (recorded by Harry Belafonte in 1949) \\\"Far Away Places\\\" (1948) \\\"High on a Windy Hill\\\" (1940) \\\"I Only Saw Him (You) Once\\\" (1947) \\\"Love Somebody\\\" (1947) \\\"Money Is the Root of All Evil (Take It Away Take It Away Take It Away)\\\" (1945) \\\"No Man Is an Island\\\" \\\"That's The Way It Is\\\" (1945) \\\"Why Is It?\\\" (1940) with Mack David and Alex Kramer \\\"Candy\\\" (1944) \\\"Come With Me My Honey (The Song Of Calypso Joe)\\\" (fox-trot rhumba), song featured by Bob Crosby and His Band in the film Meet Miss Bobby Socks (1944) \\\"It's Love, Love, Love\\\" (1943) with Hy Zaret and Alex Kramer \\\"I'm Not Afraid\\\" (1952) \\\"It All Comes Back To Me Now\\\" (1940) \\\"Got A Letter From My Kid Today\\\" (1940) \\\"My Sister and I\\\" (1941) \\\"So You're The One\\\" (1940) \\\"The Doll With A Sawdust Heart\\\" (1951) \\\"To Be Loved By You\\\" (1952) \\\"You'll Never Get Away\\\" (1952) \\\"Christmas Roses\\\" (1952) References External links Obituary in New York Times Actresses from Pittsburgh American women singer-songwriters American musical theatre actresses Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States 1914 births\",\n \"title\": \"Joan Whitney Kramer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18307800\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of National Basketball Association players whose last names begin with H. The list also includes players from the American National Basketball League (NBL), the Basketball Association of America (BAA), and the original American Basketball Association (ABA). All of these leagues contributed to the formation of the present-day NBA. Individuals who played in the NBL prior to its 1949 merger with the BAA are listed in italics, as they are not traditionally listed in the NBA's official player registers. H Ha Seung-Jin Bill Haarlow Rui Hachimura Rudy Hackett Hamed Haddadi Jim Hadnot Scott Haffner Cliff Hagan Glenn Hagan Tom Hagan Ashton Hagans Bob Hahn George Haines Warren Hair Al Hairston Happy Hairston Lindsay Hairston Malik Hairston P. J. Hairston Marcus Haislip Chick Halbert Swede Halbrook Bruce Hale Hal Hale Jack Haley Tyrese Haliburton Shaler Halimon Devon Hall Donta Hall Jordan Hall Josh Hall Mike Hall Tyler Hall Jeff Halliburton Darvin Ham Ray Hamann Steve Hamer Dale Hamilton Daniel Hamilton Dennis Hamilton Joe Hamilton Jordan Hamilton Justin Hamilton Ralph Hamilton Richard Hamilton Roy Hamilton Steve Hamilton Tang Hamilton Thomas Hamilton Zendon Hamilton Geert Hammink Julian Hammond Tom Hammonds A. J. Hammons Joe Hamood R. J. Hampton Darrin Hancock Ben Handlogten Cecil Hankins Phil Hankinson Dusty Hannahs Alex Hannum Don Hanrahan Rollen Hans Ben Hansbrough Tyler Hansbrough Bob Hansen Glenn Hansen Lars Hansen Travis Hansen Reggie Hanson Bill Hanzlik Bill Hapac Luke Harangody Penny Hardaway Tim Hardaway Tim Hardaway Jr. James Harden Reggie Harding Charles Hardnett Alan Hardy Darrell Hardy Jaden Hardy James Hardy Ira Harge John Hargis Maurice Harkless Jerry Harkness Skip Harlicka Jerome Harmon Derek Harper Jared Harper Justin Harper Mike Harper Ron Harper Ron Harper Jr. Matt Harpring Montrezl Harrell Josh Harrellson Adam Harrington Al Harrington Lorinza Harrington Othella Harrington Art Harris Bernie Harris Billy Harris Bob Harris Chris Harris Devin Harris Elias Harris Gary Harris Jalen Harris Joe Harris Kevon Harris Lucious Harris Luther Harris Manny Harris Mike Harris Steve Harris Terrel Harris Tobias Harris Tony Harris Aaron Harrison Andrew Harrison Bob Harrison David Harrison Shaquille Harrison Jason Hart Josh Hart Isaiah Hartenstein Huck Hartman Antonio Harvey Don Harvey Donnell Harvey Nick Hashu Scott Haskin Clem Haskins Udonis Haslem Trenton Hassell Billy Hassett Joe Hassett Bob Hassmiller Scott Hastings Kirk Haston Vernon Hatton Sam Hauser John Havlicek Spencer Hawes Steve Hawes Connie Hawkins Earl Hawkins Hersey Hawkins Juaquin Hawkins Marshall Hawkins Michael Hawkins Robert Hawkins Tom Hawkins Chuck Hawley Nate Hawthorne Chuck Hayes Elvin Hayes Jarvis Hayes Jaxson Hayes Jim Hayes Killian Hayes Nigel Hayes Ray Hayes Steve Hayes Gordon Hayward Lazar Hayward Brendan Haywood Spencer Haywood John Hazen Walt Hazzard Luther Head Shane Heal Brian Heaney Gar Heard Reggie Hearn Pete Hecomovich Herm Hedderick Alvin Heggs Tom Heinsohn Dickie Hemric Alan Henderson Cedric Henderson (b. 1965) Cedric Henderson (b. 1975) Curt Henderson David Henderson Gerald Henderson Gerald Henderson Jr. J. R. Henderson Jerome Henderson Kevin Henderson Scoot Henderson Tom Henderson Taylor Hendricks Mark Hendrickson Larry Hennessy Don Henriksen Aaron Henry Al Henry Bill Henry\",\n \"title\": \"List of NBA players (H)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10760968\",\n \"text\": \"Ger Henderson (born 5 May 1954) is a former Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with the Kilkenny senior inter-county team in the 1970s and 1980s. Early life Ger Henderson was born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny in 1954. He was educated locally at Johnstown national school where his interest in hurling first began. Later, Henderson and his two brothers, Pat and John, would form the backbone of the Kilkenny team of the 1970s and early 1980s. Playing career Club Henderson played his club hurling with the local Fenians club in Johnstown. He was too young to play senior hurling when the club triumphed winning county championship titles in the early 1970s, however, he did win county title and a Leinster club title in 1974. Inter-county By 1972, Henderson was a member of the Kilkenny minor hurling team that won the All-Ireland title. He later joined the county's under-21 side, winning back-to-back All-Ireland titles in 1974 and 1975. By this stage, Henderson was also a member of the Kilkenny senior hurling panel. In 1976, he tasted his first senior hurling success when he won a National Hurling League medal. Two years later, in 1978, Henderson had taken over from his brother Pat as centre-back on the team, and he won his first Leinster title that year. Kilkenny were later defeated by Cork in the All-Ireland final. In spite of this, Henderson's championship performance earned him his first All-Star award. In 1979, Henderson captured a second Leinster title before later collecting his first All-Ireland following a win over Galway. Once again he was presented with an All-Star award, as well as claiming the Texaco Hurler of the Year award. Three years later, Henderson won a second National League and a third Leinster medal, before winning a second All-Ireland medal following a win over Cork. Once again, his performance at centre-back earned him his third All-Star award. In 1983, Henderson captured another quartet of National League, Leinster, All-Ireland and All-Star honours. The following few years saw Kilkenny's hurling fortunes take a downturn. In spite of this, Henderson won a fourth National League in 1986, before adding a fifth Leinster title in 1987. Kilkenny were later defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland final. References 1954 births Living people Kilkenny inter-county hurlers All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners Fenians hurlers\",\n \"title\": \"Ger Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15217944\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Denys Hartley Henderson (11 October 1932 – 21 May 2016) was a British businessman. He was chairman of ICI from 1987 to 1995. Life and career Early life Henderson was born on 11 October 1932, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where his father was a tea planter. The family returned to Scotland and Henderson went to school in Aberdeen and graduated from the University of Aberdeen in 1955 in Arts and Law with an MA and an LL.B. National Service Henderson trained as a solicitor but never practised at a law firm. He says that it was his National Service that finally convinced him to use his legal training, by showing him a side of the law which he could never aspire to in civvy street. He was a captain in the directorate of army legal services and for 18 months acted as a prosecuting attorney handling everything from fraud, assault and attempted murder to what he has described, with great delicacy, as \\\"various unnatural offences\\\". After that kind of drama he said there was no way he could face the tedium of a provincial solicitor's office where wills and small debt summonses would be the highlights of life. Imperial Chemical Industries Henderson joined the secretary's department at ICI head office in 1957 and was paid £900 a year. He said \\\"The honest truth is I just wanted a job that paid the rent\\\" adding that \\\"I found the change from having a huge amount of personal initiative and personal responsibility as a prosecuting officer to being a 'scrubber' in the secretary's department not very stimulating – I made one or two attempts to leave but never did.\\\" He went on to hold various ICI legal posts including at Paints and after taking on various commercial roles went on to become Chairman of the Paints division in 1977, a position he held until 1980 when he joined the main ICI board. Henderson joined the main ICI board in 1980 and was appointed deputy chairman in 1986, succeeding Sir John Harvey-Jones as chairman a year later. He was instrumental in implementing a major streamlining of ICI to help it ride out the recession and face up to the tough competition of the 1990s, including a severe belt tightening and decentralised organisation with a lot of authority delegated to the chief executives who ran the individual businesses. In recognition of his service to not only his business but his country, Henderson was created a Knight Bachelor in the 1989 Birthday Honours. On 15 May 1991, Hanson disclosed that it had purchased about 20 million, or 2.8 percent, of ICI's shares, leading to speculation of a possible takeover of what was at the time the UK's third-largest company. A management team headed by Henderson and Frank Whitely, its deputy chairman, led the takeover-defense plan against Lord Hanson, the chairman of Hanson, and his partner, Sir Gordon White (later Lord White of Hull), enlisting the help of S. G. Warburg & Co, the British\",\n \"title\": \"Denys Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8054572\",\n \"text\": \"The King Harry Ferry Bridge is a vehicular chain ferry which crosses the Carrick Roads reach of the estuary of the River Fal in Cornwall, England, UK. The ferry crosses between the parishes of Feock and Philleigh, roughly halfway between the city of Truro, the lowest bridging point on the estuary, and the town of Falmouth, at the estuary's mouth. The ferry is owned and operated by the King Harry Steam Ferry Company Ltd. The current ferry boat, named No. 7, was built in 2006 and can carry up to 34 cars. History It is likely that there has been a ferry of some description at the King Harry Passage for centuries, but there are conflicting stories about the origins of the name. One such story is that King Henry VIII spent his honeymoon with Anne Boleyn at St Mawes, and signed a charter for the ferry on this site. A more likely origin lies in the fact that a small chapel formerly stood on the Philleigh side of the passage. All that remains of this today is a small pile of stones, but is mentioned in 1528 as \\\"The Chapel of St. Mary and King Henry\\\", commemorating King Henry VI, murdered in 1471. In the 19th century, the ferry was operated by broad beamed rowing boats which had planks laid sideways across them to take to or three wheeled vehicles. The King Harry Steam Ferry was initiated in 1888 as a submerged chain ferry Bridge, using a steam engine to pull the ferry along the chains, and replacing a manually propelled barge that was previously used on the route. As its name suggests, the current ferry bridge is the seventh vessel to be used since 1888. Although the owning company has retained the words Steam Ferry in its name, all ferries since 1956 have used diesel-electric propulsion. The company is now owned by a syndicate of five local families. Description The crossing of the River Fal has been voted one of the ten most scenic ferry trips in the world by The Independent, alongside the Staten Island Ferry in New York and the Star Ferry in Hong Kong. The Feock terminal of the ferry is adjacent to the renowned Trelissick house and garden. A toll is charged for vehicular use of the ferry; a charitable donation is invited from pedestrians. Local people purchase concession tickets to keep the price low. If the ferry is not operating, the alternative is a detour via the city of Truro. References Further reading Henderson, C. (1935) \\\"Ferries in Cornwall\\\", in Essays in Cornish History, edited by A. L. Rowse and M. I. Henderson. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 163–67 External links King Harry Ferry web site Ferry transport in England Water transport in Cornwall Chain ferries in the United Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"King Harry Ferry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20703651\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Henderson (23 September 1923 – July 1997) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Northumberland. He was born in Northumberland and died in Newcastle upon Tyne. Henderson, whose Minor Counties career for Northumberland stretched back 24 seasons, made his sole List A appearance at the age of 48, in 1971. He did not bat or bowl during the match, though he took one catch from behind the stumps. Henderson continued to represent Northumberland until the end of the 1971 season. External links Harry Henderson at Cricket Archive 1923 births 1997 deaths English cricketers Northumberland cricketers\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Henderson (cricketer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45691983\",\n \"text\": \"Things Are Looking Up is a 1935 British musical comedy film directed by Albert de Courville, produced by Michael Balcon for Gaumont British and starring Cicely Courtneidge, Max Miller and William Gargan. It was made at Islington Studios by British Gaumont, an affiliate of Gainsborough Pictures. The film's sets were designed by Alex Vetchinsky. The film was distributed by Gaumont British Distributors. Courtneidge plays a dual role as the sisters Bertha and Cicely Fytte. Bertha is a dour schoolteacher, while the bubbly Cicely runs a nearby circus. When Bertha elopes, Cicely takes her place at the school to prevent her from getting the sack. It was the film debut for Vivien Leigh. Things Are Looking Up was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom in 1935. Plot Cicely Fytte is a circus equestrienne and the twin sister of Bertha Fytte who disapproves of her. Bertha is a strict schoolteacher at a girls' boarding school and not well liked by the girls. One day Bertha elopes with a wrestler so Cicely temporarily takes her place as teacher for one day - to prevent her from losing her job. Cicely is livelier and not as disapproving as Bertha so the girls are initially surprised by Cicely's bubbly personality - unaware that she isn't Bertha. A series of comical events follow: up-beating singing in a music class (leading to the composition of the song \\\"Things Are Looking Up\\\"), winning a tennis match at Wimbledon (despite not having as much experience as Bertha and breaking a racket) and trying to teach geometry (despite not knowing the subject). In spite of her unorthodox methods, she becomes successful and by the time Bertha (having been shortlisted to succeed the retiring headmistress) returns, she becomes headmistress. As soon as Bertha comes back to the school, Cicely leaves with the music teacher, Van Gaard in his car and they sing their song from the music lesson Cicely covered - Things Are Looking Up. Cast Cicely Courtneidge as Cicely Fytte / Bertha Fytte Max Miller as Joey William Gargan as Van Gaard Mary Lawson as Mary Fytte Mark Lester as Chairman Henrietta Watson as Miss McTavish Cicely Oates as Miss Crabbe Judy Kelly as Opal Dick Henderson as Mr. Money Dickie Henderson as Mr. Money's Son (billed as Dick Henderson Jr.) Charles Mortimer as Harry Hay Plumb as Tennis Umpire Danny Green as Big Black Fox Suzanne Lenglen as Madame Bombardier Vivien Leigh as Schoolgirl (uncredited) Alma Taylor as Schoolmistress (uncredited) Wyn Weaver as Governor (uncredited) Ian Wilson as Drummer in Band (uncredited) Critical reception TV Guide called the film a \\\"quite good comedy,\\\" and rated it two out of four stars. David Quinlan describes the film as a comedy dominated by Cicely Courtneidge. Halliwell's Film & Video Guide described the film as a \\\"[lively] star vehicle for an oddly matched team.\\\" References Bibliography Cook, Pam. (1997). Gainsborough Pictures. Performing Arts Howard Reid, John. (2005). Hollywood's Miracles of Entertainment. Lulu.com Quinlan, David. (1984). British Sound Films: The Studio Years\",\n \"title\": \"Things Are Looking Up (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29509799\",\n \"text\": \"Dale Harris (born 1968 in West London) is an English classical guitarist, multi-genre guitar-instrumentalist and composer. Harris has produced several albums, Espiritu De La Guitarra (2006), Dark Tales (with Jez Henderson in 2007), Reverie on a Hill in 2008, The Music of Dale Harris: A Case of the Spanish Guitar in 2013 and Idyll: European Guitar Music in 2017. From 1994 to 1996, he was the backing guitarist with country music singer Lorne Gibson. In 2004, Harris published Cryptograms in the Music of Alban Berg. He teaches guitar and is director of Cryptogram Records Ltd. Biography Dale Harris was born in 1968 in West London, England. Harris was taught the guitar by his father at the age of four years and was seven when he first performed in public in Southern Spain. Harris has performed in Europe, South Africa, performing as a soloist, with ensembles, with an orchestra and as an accompanist. He holds a First Class Honours degree in music; a Master of Arts degree With Distinction from the University of Canterbury, Kent where he studied with guitar teacher John Mills; and a PhD in Musicology from Kent University under the supervision of composer Roderick Watkins and the Alban Berg scholar and author Douglas Jarman. In 2002, Harris composed the music for a promotional film commissioned by the BP corporation. Since 2005, Harris has continually toured western Europe. In 2008, he became a CD reviewer for The Lute Society (UK). Harris' work, both live and in recordings have been played on the BBC, Independent radio and Television and many Internet-based media outlets. Harris continues to be based in West London where he performs and teaches guitar and he is currently transcribing the classic chamber and orchestral works for solo guitar. Discography Espiritu De La Guitarra, (Cryptogram Records, 2006). Dark Tales, Dale Harris & Jez Henderson (Cryptogram Records, 2007). Reverie on a Hill (Cryptogram Records, 2008). The Music of Dale Harris: A Case of the Spanish Guitar (Cryptogram, 2013). Idyll: European Guitar Music (Cryptogram, 2017). From The Vaults (Volume 1): Is There Life on Mars? (Dale Harris, 2013). From The Vaults (Volume 2): Nowhere To Hide Here in the West (Dale Harris, 2013). From The Vaults (Volume 3): Beyond Classical (Dale Harris, 2013). Bibliography Cryptograms in the Music of Alban Berg, Harris, D. G. (2004), PhD Thesis, Canterbury University, Kent, UK. References 1968 births Living people American classical guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Dale Harris\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61103044\",\n \"text\": \"Marian Henderson (16 April 1937 – 21 May 2015) was an Australian folk and jazz singer later referred to as \\\"the queen of the (Australian) 1960s folk revival\\\". She worked extensively in Australian folk and jazz clubs during the 1960s and 1970s and appeared on television and a number of Australian folk music recordings, though recorded only one album under her own name. Life and career Henderson was born Marian Grossman in Melbourne, Australia, to an air force family which moved frequently with her father's job, resulting in her attending 13 schools. Her first musical instrument was piano, which she played by ear in her early teens. From age 18 she commenced singing jazz (frequently with rock-and-roll bands) and then gravitated towards folk music, learning the guitar with which to accompany her own singing in the style of other popular performers of the early 1960s. For several years she had been dating ex-schoolmate and fellow musician/songwriter Don Henderson, with whom she formed a rock and roll band, the Thunderbirds, before she lost interest and turned to jazz singing. The couple married in 1958. Don encouraged her career and wrote songs for her to sing but the marriage lasted only until 1962. Marian, however, kept the surname Henderson as a performing name for the remainder of her career. From 1961 to 1962, Henderson joined with the Australian folk singer Alex Hood and international jazz guitarist/commercial artist Chris Daw, recently arrived in Sydney, in the trio \\\"Daw, Hood And Henderson\\\" which released an EP of \\\"workers' songs\\\", Oh Pay Me, in 1962. From 1963 onwards she was featured as a solo performer at popular Sydney folk music club \\\"the Troubadour\\\" three or four nights a week, performing a mix of British, American and Australian traditional material, and in 1964 was recruited by Pix magazine to record a series of EPs of folk songs for its readers. She performed on ABC Television show including \\\"Jazz Meets Folk\\\" from 1964 onwards alongside jazz musician Don Burrows and others, whose backing also featured on her Pix recordings, plus an episode of the folk music show Dave's Place in 1965. Her own album, Cameo, was released on MCA in 1970; in addition to touring in Australia, she also performed overseas including in New Guinea, Fiji and Ireland. In 1971 she took the female lead on two tracks on fellow Australian singer Harry Robertson's seminal album of whaling songs, Whale Chasing Men, singing lead on \\\"Norfolk Whalers\\\" and \\\"Whaling Wife\\\". Henderson was also the host and featured singer in a new contemporary music show on Australian television, Sit Yourself Down, Take A Look Round, that premiered in 1974. Henderson was an attraction in the Australian folk and contemporary/popular music scene up till the late 1970s, when she effectively retired from music to bring up her son, first in Lismore then in the small village of Nimbin, New South Wales. In 1978 she participated in a one-off progressive jazz rock recording by a group entitled \\\"First Light\\\", released\",\n \"title\": \"Marian Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55638990\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Danger Zone\\\" is the fifth episode of the fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 298th episode overall. It aired on October 26, 2017 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Jalysa Conway and directed by Cecilie Mosli; Conway, an Air Force veteran, found inspiration in her own experiences to conceive the episode. \\\"Danger Zone\\\" takes place during two time lapses: the present time, in Seattle, where Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) deals with the decision his sister, Megan Hunt (Abigail Spencer) has made with former fiancé Nathan Riggs (Martin Henderson), to move in to Malibu, California with Megan's adopted son from Iraq, Farouk; and in Iraq during 2007, where Megan, Riggs, Owen and his best friend Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) were stationed, explaining the backstory of Megan's kidnapping and Riggs' proposal to her. \\\"Danger Zone\\\" was designed as the departure for series regular Martin Henderson, having joined the cast in 2015 and conceived originally as the love interest for Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) following the death of her husband, Derek (Patrick Dempsey). The episode's original broadcast was watched by 7.67 million viewers. It received moderately positive reception from critics and fans, praising Spencer's performance, as well Mosli's direction and Conway's writing, but being less receptive into Martin Henderson's abrupt departure. Plot In Iraq in 2007, Megan is waiting to hear back on stratification rankings. She needs to be number one to realise her dream of becoming flight surgeon. As she goes to wake up Nathan, she finds a necklace under a pile of clothes. He claims he intended to propose to her and chose for a necklace rather than a ring since she loses everything that is not attached to her. She accepts and shares the news with Teddy and Owen, but her happiness is quickly crushed when it is announced that she is not number one in the ranking. Megan thinks that Owen, her Commanding Officer, has recommended her, while he actually did the opposite in an attempt to protect her from the dangerous position. As multiple wounded soldiers come in after two of their Iraqi allies went rogue, the siblings end up operating on the same patient and Megan discovers the truth. Meanwhile, Teddy and Nathan operate together. Teddy knows Nathan cheated on Megan because she recognised the necklace as belonging to a woman named Felicia. He admits to cheating and she convinces him to tell Megan the truth since he really does want to marry her. This leads to a heated confrontation between the two, which is interrupted when Megan has to tend to Sana, one of her patients. When Megan tells Owen about Nathan cheating, he tells her to get away from Nathan and board the next evacuation helicopter with the patient, which is against protocol. At the same time, Teddy's patient informs her that the second shooter was actually an Iraqi woman, whom the Army doctors were previously told tried to wrestle the gun out\",\n \"title\": \"Danger Zone (Grey's Anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10336502\",\n \"text\": \"Bon Voyage! is a 1962 American comedy film directed by James Neilson and produced by Walt Disney Productions. It stars Fred MacMurray, Jane Wyman, Deborah Walley, Tommy Kirk, and Kevin Corcoran as the Willard family on a European holiday. The character actor James Millhollin appears in the film as the ship's librarian. Plot Harry Willard finally makes good his promise to take his bride of 20 years on a long-delayed trip by ship to Europe. They are accompanied by their 19-year-old son (Elliott), 18-year-old daughter (Amy), and 11-year-old son (Skipper). From the time they arrive at the dock, an unending series of comedy adventures and romantic encounters ensue until, exhausted but happy, they leave with memories that will stay with them all for years to come. Cast Fred MacMurray as Harry Willard Jane Wyman as Katie Willard Michael Callan as Nick O'Mara Deborah Walley as Amy Willard Jessie Royce Landis as Countessa 'La Comtesse' DuFresne Tommy Kirk as Elliott Willard Georgette Anys as Madame Clebert Kevin Corcoran as Skipper Willard Ivan Desny as Rudolph Hunschak Françoise Prévost as The Girl Alex Gerry as Horace Bidwell Howard Smith as Judge Henderson Max Showalter as The Tight Suit James Millhollin as Ship's Librarian Marcel Hillaire as Sewer Guide Richard Wattis as Party Guest Production The film was based on a 1956 novel by Joseph and Merrijane Hayes. Joseph Hayes had written The Desperate Hours and Bon Voyage was his second book; he and his wife wrote it after taking a trip across the Atlantic. Film rights were bought by Universal before the book had even been published for $125,000 and that the film was to be produced by Ross Hunter and written by the Hayes'. Esther Williams was originally announced as star. Then, James Cagney was going to play the lead. Filming dates were pushed back when Bing Crosby was linked to the project. In early 1960, Disney optioned the novel. Disney said it was likely Ken Annakin would direct with Karl Malden, James MacArthur and Janet Munro to star. Later, Robert Stevenson was announced as director. Disney said: \\\"It's far out for us, but still Disney. I'm really a gag man and missed the kind of pictures Frank Capra and Harold Lloyd used to make. Since nobody else wanted to do them, I decided to make them myself.\\\" Eventually, Fred MacMurray, Jane Wyman, and Tommy Kirk were confirmed as the three leads, but casting the daughter proved more difficult. Disney commented: \\\"You must build a picture. You don't write it all – only part of it. And it's the light and comic picture that's toughest of all to build.\\\" Michael Callan was cast from the play of West Side Story. Deborah Walley was cast on the basis of her performance in Gidget Goes Hawaiian. Filming began on 15 August 1961. It took place partly on location on a genuine ocean cruiser travelling across the Atlantic and in France. Walt Disney accompanied the film on location. Tommy Kirk did not get along\",\n \"title\": \"Bon Voyage! (1962 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31397783\",\n \"text\": \"Elmo Henderson (born April 8, 1935) is an American former boxer from Texas. Despite his dubious claim of a 1972 win against Muhammad Ali in an exhibition match in San Antonio, Texas, he did not become particularly well known in the boxing community; John Spong of the Texas Monthly said that the match was the \\\"shot not heard round the world\\\". However, people who attended the exhibition say Elmo Henderson did not defeat Ali, and newspaper reports after the exhibition made no mention of Ali losing. After the match, Henderson became a part of George Foreman's Rumble in the Jungle event in Zaire and won a libel suit against Norman Mailer and Playboy. As of 2003, Henderson was a homeless man in Austin, Texas. As of 2015, Henderson lives in a care home in Northern California. Believed to have died, was still bragging about beating Ali to anyone who would listen to him while in the hospital towards the end of his life. History Henderson, a high school dropout from Stop Six, Fort Worth, first began boxing in 1954 and frequented events in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. He went to prison in Huntsville, Texas in 1961 after stealing a television from a truck. In 1964, Henderson won the Texas state boxing title by defeating Benny Bowser, a boxer from Austin, Texas, in the second round of the competition. In the following year, Henderson again faced Bowser and lost the title to him after the judges made a split decision to grant the title to Bowser. In 1967 Henderson had a series of fights; in August of that year the California Athletic Commission asked Henderson to take an examination of his brain so doctors could determine if he had received brain damage. Henderson did not take the examination and instead went to New Zealand to match against Bobby Dunlop; he defeated Dunlop in the New Zealand match, and then Dunlop defeated Henderson in a rematch in Sydney, Australia three months later. The California Athletic Commission suspended Henderson's state boxing license after it learned of the matches in Australasia. In 1968, police from Fort Worth found marijuana in Henderson's possession, and he briefly returned to prison. In 1972 Nevada suspended Henderson's boxing license because, unless the boxer gets an exception, the state did not allow people of 36 years of age or older to be boxers. Despite the suspensions in California and Nevada, Henderson continued boxing in other states. Five states, including Texas, granted Henderson boxing licenses after California suspended its license of Henderson. Elmo Henderson used to train at Archie Moore's gym on the corner of Sage and Gateway in Vallejo, California. Archie Moore was the Light Heavyweight champion and had lost to Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali) on November 15, 1962. Henderson had fought Ernie Shavers on October 29, 1971, in Stateline, Nevada and was knocked out in the fourth round, Shavers was the hardest puncher that Henderson had ever encountered during his career, at that time Ernie Shavers had never\",\n \"title\": \"Elmo Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26678963\",\n \"text\": \"The Common Touch is a 1941 British drama film directed by John Baxter and starring Geoffrey Hibbert, Harry Welchman, Greta Gynt, and Joyce Howard. The film is a remake by the director of his 1933 film Doss House. Pianist Mark Hambourg appears in a small role. Plot At the age of 18 Peter Henderson is orphaned and has to leave school in the middle of the term (after winning a cricket match) to take over the father's firm, \\\"Henderson's\\\", one of the most important in the City of London. The directors are shocked by his youth. Cartwright, one of the company directors, tries to retain control of the decision-making, but Peter follows his father's explicit instructions to learn about the business. One day, Peter asks an employee about what occupies a certain city block his firm wants to demolish. (Cartwright and his cronies are secretly trying to enrich themselves.) The man tells him about Charlie's, a dosshouse. Peter and a former schoolmate disguise themselves as down-and-outs to look the place over. While they are there, Charlie notifies everyone that the establishment will be closing soon, as it and the neighbouring tenements will be demolished by the firm which owns the block. Inky, one of the residents, consults lawyer \\\"Lincoln's Inn\\\". He has kept away from his beautiful daughter, cabaret performer Sylvia Meadows, because of his forgery and blackmailing past. He thinks he is the reason Sylvia has not married noted cricketer Stuart Gordon; Lincoln agrees to see what he can do. Peter eavesdrops when Charlie consults with Lincoln, and learns that Cartwright is involved in the eviction and is coming to Charlie's tomorrow. Inky sends a letter to his daughter via Peter, which he delivers at a cricket match, but she does not believe her father can keep his word, as he has been previously unable to do so. When Inky is told, that she remains scared that any husband will discover Inky's criminal past, he commits suicide. He leaves behind a letter for Lincoln's Inn which reveals that he forged the signature of John Henderson on a document on behalf of Cartwright, which he believes has something to do with the closing of Charlie's. However, Lincoln states they need to get their hands on some of Cartwright's papers as corroboration. Peter takes Tich, a former safe-breaker, to Cartwright's apartment and break into his safe while Mary keeps him occupied with flattery. With the relevant document obtained, Peter informs Charlie's residents that his company will rebuild a new and better Charlie's. Cast Geoffrey Hibbert as Peter Henderson Harry Welchman as \\\"Lincoln's Inn\\\" Greta Gynt as Sylvia Meadows Joyce Howard as Mary Edward Rigby as \\\"Tich\\\" the manager of the dosshouse Bransby Williams as Ben George Carney as Charlie who runs the dosshouse Eliot Makeham as \\\"Inky\\\" Mark Hambourg as \\\"Chopin\\\" Paul Martin as Chris Raymond Lovell as Cartwright John Longden as Stuart Gordon Wally Patch as \\\"Nobby\\\" Edgar Driver as \\\"Oily\\\" Bernard Miles as Cricket Steward Scott Sanders as Pat\",\n \"title\": \"The Common Touch\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29602915\",\n \"text\": \"Cyrano is an opera in four acts composed by Walter Damrosch to an English language libretto by William James Henderson based on Edmond Rostand's 1897 play, Cyrano de Bergerac. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on February 27, 1913, with Pasquale Amato in the title role and Frances Alda as Roxane. Background and performance history By the time Damrosch began his Cyrano project, Rostand's play, Cyrano de Bergerac, on which the opera is based, was already well known in the United States. Its first US performance in English had taken place in New York City with Richard Mansfield in the title role in 1898, less than year after its Paris premiere. From 1900 to 1901, Constant Coquelin, who created the title role, had also toured North America performing the play in the original French with Sarah Bernhardt as Roxanne. When Damrosch decided to turn the play into an opera, he commissioned the Anglo-American critic and musicologist, William Henderson to write an English libretto. The libretto closely followed the actions and events of the play, apart from the final confrontation between Roxanne and Cyrano which takes place shortly after the battle at Arras instead of fifteen years later as in the play. Damrosch had finished composing the opera by 1903, but its first performance opportunity did not come until ten years later. Giulio Gatti-Casazza, the Metropolitan Opera's General Manager from 1908 to 1935, had started a policy of producing at least one new English language opera each season. In 1911 Damrosch invited Gatti-Casazza and Arturo Toscanini to his house to hear excerpts from Cyrano, and it was chosen for the 1912/1913 season. He had revised his original score somewhat and further cuts were made to its original five-hour and half-hour running time during the rehearsal period. Shortly before the opera's opening, Edmond Rostand pronounced himself \\\"indignant\\\" at the liberties which Damrosch and Henderson had taken in adapting his play, particularly the ending. Rostand had never obtained copyright for the play in the United States and could not prevent adaptations there but vowed that he would never allow Damrosch's Cyrano to be performed in any country where the play had been copyrighted. Cyrano premiered on February 27, 1913, with Pasquale Amato in the title role and Frances Alda (Gatti-Casazza's wife) as Roxanne in a performance conducted by Alfred Hertz. The sets were designed by Antonio Rovescalli while the costumes were designed by the famed Paris company, Maison Muelle. The work was warmly received by the audience at the opening night, but less so by the critics. The critic for the Boston Evening Transcript had praise for the libretto but found the music \\\"lack[ing] individuality, imagination, and communicative force.\\\" Robert Aldrich in his opening night review for The New York Times likewise praised the libretto as a literary work and noted how well Henderson's verse was suited to the needs of the singers, but went on to say: The music of Cyrano is undoubtedly composed with skill, with verve,\",\n \"title\": \"Cyrano (Damrosch)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59147905\",\n \"text\": \"The 1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6, 1888, as part of the 1888 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. For over a century after the Civil War, Tennessee’s white citizenry was divided according to partisan loyalties established in that war. Unionist regions covering almost all of East Tennessee, Kentucky Pennyroyal-allied Macon County, and the five West Tennessee Highland Rim counties of Carroll, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin and Wayne voted Republican – generally by landslide margins – as they saw the Democratic Party as the “war party” who had forced them into a war they did not wish to fight. Contrariwise, the rest of Middle and West Tennessee who had supported and driven the state’s secession was equally fiercely Democratic as it associated the Republicans with Reconstruction. After the state’s white landowning class re-established its rule in the early 1870s, black and Unionist white combined to forge adequate support for the GOP to produce a competitive political system for two decades, although during this era the Republicans could only capture statewide offices when the Democratic Party was divided on this issue of payment of state debt. White Democrats in West Tennessee were always aiming to eliminate black political influence, and during the 1880s they attempted to do this by election fraud and stuffing of ballot boxes. During the 1888 elections, this fraud increased substantially and the GOP’s fortunes showed a decline at the state level to just 35 out of 132 state legislators. This would lead to much more drastic changes in the future, but in the presidential race Democratic nominee and incumbent President Grover Cleveland, running with the former Senator and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Allen G. Thurman won only 52.26 percent of the popular vote, against former Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison (R-Indiana), running with Levi P. Morton, the 31st governor of New York who gained 45.76 percent. Cleveland’s margin was, given the political changes taking place, only a small improvement over his 1884 win in Tennessee; however, he did re-establish the majority-black far southwestern part of the state as rock-ribbed Democratic until the party turned towards Civil Rights under Harry S. Truman. The Union Labor Party chose Alson Streeter, a former Illinois state representative, and Charles E. Cunningham as their presidential and vice-presidential candidates and received 0.02% of the vote. The Prohibition Party ran brigadier general Clinton B. Fisk and John A. Brooks and received 1.97% of the vote. Results Results by county Notes References Tennessee 1888 1888 Tennessee elections\",\n \"title\": \"1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54363469\",\n \"text\": \"The Real Electrifying Eddie Harris is an album by saxophonist Eddie Harris recorded in 1982 and originally released on the Mutt & Jeff label before being reissued on CD on Ubiquity Records in 1999. Reception John Vallier of AllMusic said \\\"The album showcases Harris' versatility, improvisational skill, and mastery of tone\\\". Track listing All compositions by Eddie Harris except where noted \\\"Theme in Search of a Movie\\\" (Charles Stepney) – 7:40 \\\"Listen Here\\\" – 4:05 \\\"Essence of Matter\\\" – 5:34 \\\"Deacceleration\\\" – 6:37 \\\"For Your Life\\\" (Bill Henderson) – 9:43 \\\"Let The Healing Begin\\\" (Larry Gales) – 5:04 Personnel Eddie Harris – tenor saxophone Bill Henderson – piano Larry Gales – bass Carl Burnett – drums References Eddie Harris albums 1982 albums Ubiquity Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Real Electrifying Eddie Harris\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6274671\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Lee Harris (born 2 November 1978) is a Zimbabwean born former South African cricketer who played Test cricket as a left-arm orthodox spin bowler for the South African team between 2007 and 2011. He has also played domestic cricket for Northerns, Titans, Western Province and Warwickshire. Early life Harris was born at Salisbury in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) where his father Mark was a member of the British South Africa Police until 1980. As a young child he moved with his family to South Africa and was brought up in Fish Hoek, Cape Town, South Africa. His father is a pastor in the Fish Hoek area. Harris lives in Olympus, Pretoria, with his wife Marilet. Cricket career While playing for Fish Hoek High School Harris was spotted by Western Province coach Duncan Fletcher who brought him into the provincial underage system. At Western Province Harris played alongside then-future England player Jonathan Trott. Harris made his first-class cricket debut for Western Province B in 1998 in an UCB Bowl match against Eastern Province B in Port Elizabeth. It took over two years for Harris to play another first-class match. Due to intense competition for spinning roles, with Paul Adams and Claude Henderson being preferred over Harris, he only played two matches for Western Province, in March 2001 and February 2002. After the 2001–02 cricket season, Harris transferred to Northerns. With the restructuring of South African domestic cricket in 2004 Harris played for the Titans in the SuperSport Series while continuing to play occasionally for Northerns in the South African Airways Provincial Challenges. During the 2006 English cricket season, he joined Warwickshire under the Kolpak ruling after New Zealand spinner Daniel Vettori was injured. He immediately made his debut for the Bears in a Twenty20 Cup match against Worcestershire. He formed a spin bowling partnership with off-spinner Alex Loudon. After representing South Africa internationally he became ineligible to play as a Kolpak ruling player for Warwickshire. International cricket Following the retirement from international cricket of fellow spinner Nicky Boje in late 2006, he was given his first call-up for South Africa after Claude Henderson made himself unavailable. He played his first match in the third Test of the 2006–07 South Africa-India series against India at Newlands Cricket Ground. His career was off to an eventful start, taking four wickets in the first innings including the wicket of Sachin Tendulkar and is widely considered the best spinner for the Proteas since re-admission. Harris began to show some more promise on the tour to Pakistan in October and November 2007 taking 12 wickets at an average of 20.66 including best figures of 5–73 in the first Test in Karachi. In August 2007 Harris, returning to the country of his birth, led South Africa A to a win over Zimbabwe A, taking nine wickets in a man-of-the-match performance. In March 2008 Harris was selected in the South African One Day International team that toured Bangladesh. Harris played three ODI matches against Bangladesh in Chittagong, Mirpur\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Harris (South African cricketer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25426306\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Lindsay Henderson (born 10 October 1935) is a former New Zealand fencer who won a bronze medal representing his country at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Biography Henderson was born on 10 October 1935. He won the bronze medal as part of the New Zealand men's sabre team at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth alongside Bob Binning and Brian Pickworth. At those games, he also competed in the team foil event with Brian Pickworth and Keith Mann, finishing fifth, and in the individual men's foil and sabre events where he did not progress to the final pool stages. In 1965, Henderson won the men's sabre title at the New Zealand national fencing championships. At the time of the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, Henderson was working as a salesman. At those games, he finished sixth in the men's individual foil but did not progress beyond the elimination round of the individual sabre. In the teams events, he was a member of the New Zealand trios that finished fourth in both the sabre and foil competitions. Henderson attended the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, where he represented New Zealand in the team and individual events in all three disciplines, namely foil, sabre, and épée. He did not progress beyond the pool stages of any of the individual events. The New Zealand épée team finished in fourth place, while the foil and sabre teams reached the semi-final stages. References 1935 births Living people New Zealand male sabre fencers Fencers at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Fencers at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Fencers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand Commonwealth Games medallists in fencing Medallists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Henderson (fencer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5631758\",\n \"text\": \"Chick Henderson (22 November 1912 – 24 June 1944) was an English singer who achieved popularity and acclaim as a prolific recording artist and performer of the British dance band era in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Chick Henderson was born Henderson Rowntree in Hartlepool, England. He attended Galleys Field School on Hartlepool Headland. \\\"Chick\\\" was nothing more than his mother's nickname for her smallest son. His first recordings were made for Harry Leader in June 1935. The following year he began singing for Joe Loss' popular radio orchestra. He stayed with Loss for five years and became a great favourite among young women who formed his core audience. A tall, handsome man with a rich, strong vocal delivery, he appeared on postcards and magazine covers. In his short life, Chick Henderson made over 250 recordings but, as with many dance band singers, his name did not appear on the record label—only the orchestra was listed. In July 1939, he recorded with Joe Loss' orchestra what would become his biggest-selling recording \\\"Begin the Beguine\\\", which sold over a million copies, the only recording by a 1930s vocalist to achieve such a triumph. Chick Henderson's five-year singing career came to an end with his final recordings in 1940. Less than a year following the start of World War II in September 1939, he began serving in the Merchant Navy. He survived two torpedo attacks on his ships, but after four years of service, sustained fatal wounds in Southsea from flying bomb shrapnel. Chick Henderson was 31 years old. A Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, on strength of HMS Victory at time of his death, he was buried in Haslar Royal Naval Cemetery under his real name. References External links Chick Henderson biography with publicity photo Brief overview of Chick Henderson's life and career 1912 births 1944 deaths Military personnel from County Durham People from West Hartlepool English radio personalities British entertainers Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II Deaths by German airstrikes during World War II Royal Navy officers of World War II Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II Burials in Hampshire\",\n \"title\": \"Chick Henderson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14518481\",\n \"text\": \"John B. Henderson, Esq. (1925-2010) was an attorney, business executive, sailor and member of the Miami Lighthouse Board. He was an American naval officer and Secretary of Defense operative during the Truman presidency. A native of Australia, John Henderson came to the U.S. with his parents as a child and settled in Brooklyn. After the death of his parents, he was reared by an aunt who lived in Maryland, where he first learned to sail. Henderson attended a military prep school and, later, Brown University. He was commissioned as a naval officer just before the end of World War II. He later attended graduate school and earned a law degree from Harvard Law School. As a young lawyer and naval officer he worked as counsel to the Secretary of Defense, writing memos for then President Harry S. Truman. After government service he became a corporate attorney when he was stricken retinitis pigmentosa and lost his sight. \\\"I continued working as Vice President and Legal Counsel for Textron, but I was no longer considered a candidate to be its President\\\", he recalled. He carried on as an attorney and businessman. He also continued with his avocation, sailing, having bought and sailed three different boats after losing his sight. His longest journey was from his home in Providence, Rhode Island to South Florida after retiring. In Florida, he became active with the Miami Lighthouse and joined its Board in the 1990s. References Place of birth missing 1925 births Lawyers from Brooklyn Businesspeople from Miami Harvard Law School alumni American blind people Brown University alumni Australian emigrants to the United States 2010 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American lawyers Blind lawyers American lawyers with disabilities Australian blind people Australian activists with disabilities Australian lawyers with disabilities 20th-century Australian lawyers Blind activists American activists with disabilities\",\n \"title\": \"John Henderson (activist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10822464\",\n \"text\": \"Girard B. Henderson (February 25, 1905 – November 16, 1983) was an American business man and philanthropist. He was a director of Avon Products and the founder of the Alexander Dawson Schools. The author Donald Porter described him as a \\\"short, tough-talking millionaire\\\". Early life Henderson is the son of Alexander Dawson Henderson, one of the co-initiators of what would become Avon Products. He married Theodora G. Henderson. In January 1955, they entered a separation agreement working towards a divorce. They had two daughters. On June 5, 1964, Henderson married his second wife, Mary Hollingsworth (1905–1988) in Clark County, Nevada. Career In 1933, Henderson opened the Henderson Motor Co., a Chrysler Dodge dealership in Suffern, New York, with Kenneth Burnham. Henderson later landed a contract to truck materials for Avon from New York City to Suffern. The McConnells rewarded Henderson by selling him shares in Avon at 1 cent per share. By 1973, his share value had increased to $135 million, at which time he told Forbes he had no intention of selling. In 1940, Henderson was elected to serve on the Board of Directors for Avon Products. He remained on the board for 35 years. In 1950, Henderson created the Alarm Corporation in Carmel, California. The company provided underground cable service to Monterey Peninsula communities. The company had its receiving antenna site on the high ground of Pebble Beach. In 1966, Time magazine published a story that revealed Henderson's interests in half a dozen businesses, and that he owned 1,035,410 shares of Avon stock. Henderson owned a majority stake in a company called Underground World Homes. In 1964, he sponsored the Underground World Home exhibit at the New York World's Fair. In addition to the underground home, there was also an exhibit sponsored by Henderson called \\\"Why Live Underground?\\\" At the height of the Cold War and fearing nuclear war or other catastrophe, Henderson built and lived in underground homes in Colorado and Las Vegas, Nevada. In 1978, architect Jay Swayze designed and built for Henderson a large underground house in Las Vegas, that included a swimming pool and putting green surrounded by pastel murals. The property sold in 1990 for $1.3 million after Henderson died, and again in 2005 for $2 million. In 1964, Henderson got involved in the Blue Channel Seafood Company in Port Royal, South Carolina. The company did direct mail advertising of their products, which included clam chowder and crabmeat. He acquired full ownership in 1968 from Sterling Harris, the founder and president. Henderson created the Dawson Yacht Corporation in Las Vegas, Nevada, as a subsidiary of Alexander Dawson, Inc. Alexander Dawson Foundation In 1957, Henderson formed the Alexander Dawson Foundation. In 1980, he created the Colorado Junior Republic School (CJR) on a 380 acre site near Lafayette, Colorado, as a boarding school for children who otherwise wouldn't have an opportunity for an education. Death On November 16, 1983, Henderson died. He is buried near Beaufort, South Carolina. References External links Mary's Family Connections by\",\n \"title\": \"Girard B. Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9143171\",\n \"text\": \"Michael William Hegman (born January 17, 1953) is a former American football linebacker who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Tennessee State University. Early years Hegman did not start playing football until his senior year at Northside High School in Memphis, Tennessee. He began his college career at Alabama A&M University and then transferred to Tennessee State University, where he walked on to the Tennessee State Tigers football team. He was a teammate of Ed \\\"Too Tall\\\" Jones, and the starting middle linebacker on the school's 10–0 team, that won the black college football national championship in 1973. The next year, he finished with a school record 158 tackles. At the end of his junior season, it was incorrectly believed that Hegman still had a year of eligibility. The Dallas Cowboys were thought to be one of the only NFL teams that knew he was eligible for the draft, and drafted him in what came to be known as the Dirty Dozen Draft in 1975. Two games into the 1975 college football season, the NCAA declared him ineligible and forced him to sit our the rest of the games. Although he sat out most of the year, he was allowed to play in the Senior Bowl. Professional career The Dallas Cowboys selected him as a junior in the seventh round (173rd overall) of the 1975 NFL Draft. The team was allowed to retain his rights, after they were proven right that he was technically eligibile, because his class had graduated that year. After his unusual entrance into the NFL in 1976, he spent most of his first four seasons playing special teams and as an outside linebacker backup to Thomas \\\"Hollywood\\\" Henderson and D. D. Lewis. During Super Bowl XIII against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he made his most famous play, taking the ball from Terry Bradshaw and scoring on a 37-yard fumble return for a touchdown. Hegman became the starting strong-side linebacker after the team waived Henderson 11 games into the 1979 season. In 1985, he lost five games with a broken arm. In 1987, he missed 6 games with a broken leg. In 1988, he suffered cartilage tear in his right knee during the preseason and was placed on the injured reserve list. He was released as part of a youth movement on October 25. Hegman played 12 years and started in 116 games, becoming a dependable player in the Cowboys defense for more than a decade. He helped the Cowboys win two NFC Championships and one Super Bowl during his career. Personal life During the 1980 offseason, he faced prosecution on a charge of forging a friend's name on $10,534 worth of checks. The case was dismissed after he paid the money he owed, with the help of players like Cliff Harris, Roger Staubach, Bob Breunig and Tony Dorsett, who gave $2,000 dollars each to help cover the debt. References 1953 births Living people American football outside\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Hegman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1135828\",\n \"text\": \"Meredith Henderson (born November 24, 1983) is a Canadian actress known for playing the title role in The Adventures of Shirley Holmes. She also had a leading role as wheelchair-using Cleo Bellows in the 2001 children's television series MythQuest opposite Christopher Jacot. In 2005, she appeared in Shania: A Life in Eight Albums, a biopic of country star Shania Twain, in which she played the lead role. She did all the singing, dancing and guitar playing herself. Henderson also had a recurring role as the girlfriend of Harris Allan's character Hunter on the critically acclaimed, groundbreaking gay TV series Queer as Folk. Her sister is actress Beki Lantos. Filmography Producer Shut up and deal (2007) Awards and nominations References External links 1983 births Living people 20th-century Canadian actresses 21st-century Canadian actresses Actresses from Ottawa Canadian child actresses Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses\",\n \"title\": \"Meredith Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25587056\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Jay Harris (born 1962) is an American comic book artist who was active in the industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Harris was able to use his personal interests in weapons and martial arts to establish himself as an illustrator for characters like The Punisher and G.I. Joe, and titles like Cops: The Job, and No Escape. Biography Harris attended New York City's Stuyvesant High School ('79) where he studied under Frank McCourt and School of Visual Arts, where he studied under Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Marshall Arisman, and Gil Stone; Harris's influences included J. C. Leyendecker, Heinrich Kley, and Neal Adams. Breaking into the industry in 1985, Harris worked as a fill-in artist on several Marvel Comics titles, such as Web of Spider-Man, The 'Nam, Nomad, and Nova: Deathstorm. Harris (with writer David Michelinie) co-created the Spider-Man enemies Chance and Foreigner, both in Web of Spider-Man #15 (June 1986). Later, Harris contributed to Punisher War Zone, and Punisher War Journal, and illustrated the Marvel limited series Cops: The Job, No Escape, and Dragon Strike. During the 1980s, before becoming a Marvel Comics regular, Harris also freelanced for DC Comics (where he illustrated, among others, All-Star Squadron), Comico, Deluxe Comics, Eclipse Comics, Fantagraphics, First Comics, and Harris Publications. In the mid-1990s, Harris worked for Tekno Comix/Big Entertainment on such titles as Lost Universe and Lady Justice. During this period Harris also did some G.I. Joe mini-comics, which were packaged with the toys; and illustrated a Magnus, Robot Fighter trading card for Valiant Comics. Leaving comic books in 1997, Harris moved on to the computer game and animation industries. While working at Interplay, his artwork for Max 2 was included in the Society of Illustrators 40th Annual Exhibition. Harris has had no significant comic book credits since 1999, but contributes Editorial Cartoons to the American Thinker online magazine on a regular basis. Harris enlisted in the New York National Guard in 1986 as a 19D Cavalry Scout. He was selected for Officer Candidate School and was commissioned as an armored cavalry officer in 1988, and is proficient with a variety of small arms, armor weapons and demolitions. He is also a martial arts student, having studied judo, aikido, Taekwondo, and T'ang Soo Do. He has served in a variety of positions with the Army Reserve and National Guard, and was assessed to the Active Guard Reserve program in 2004. Harris has served combat tours in Iraq and continued to produce artwork for the Army informally while working in operational assignments. He retired from the Army in 2016, at the rank of lieutenant colonel, with 30 years of active and reserve service. Bibliography Comics work includes: All-Star Squadron #48-49, #61-62 [cover only] (DC, August—September 1985, September-October 1986) Web of Spider-Man #6, (Marvel, November 1985),13-15 (Marvel, April-June 1986) The Amazing Spider-Man #278 (Marvel, July 1986) - Part of the Scourge of the Underworld crossover story Punisher: The Prize (with writer C.J. Henderson) (Marvel Comics, 1990) Punisher War Zone #9-11 (Marvel Comics)\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Harris (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40311375\",\n \"text\": \"The Lone Wolf in Mexico is a 1947 American black-and-white mystery-adventure film directed by D. Ross Lederman for Columbia Pictures. It features Gerald Mohr as the title character, detective Lone Wolf. Chronologically the third-to-last Lone Wolf film in Columbia's theatrical series, it was followed by The Lone Wolf in London later in 1947 and The Lone Wolf and His Lady in 1949. Plot Former jewel thief Michael Lanyard (The Lone Wolf) (Gerald Mohr) along with his butler, Jamison (Eric Blore), go to Mexico on vacation. Lanyard, once a thief has been working as a private investigator. Liliane Dumont (Jacqueline deWit), one of the Lone Wolf's old flames, and Mrs. Van Weir (Winifred Harris) invite Lanyard and Jamison to dinner at Henderson's (John Gallaudet) El Paseo nightclub . They meet Sharon Montgomery (Sheila Ryan), a jeweller's spouse and gambling addict, who has lost a fortune at the casino. Leon Dumont (Bernard Nedell), deWit's husband, tries to enlist Lanyard in a jewel theft. Jamison takes Montgomery home, but when he is not looking, she slips a valuable compact into his coat pocket. After the Lone Wolf steals a necklace, he discovers it is a fake and replaces it back in the nightclub safe. When Dumont is murdered, Montgomery accuses Lanyard of the murder and Jamison of stealing her compact. Mrs. Van Weir is also heavily in debt with Henderson demanding her precious necklace to clear her gambling losses. Montgomery blackmails Henderson and tries to warn Lanyard but is also murdered, leaving him no alternative, he must track down the criminal mastermind behind the murders. Mrs. Van Weir plots with Henderson but her worthless necklace is what gives her away and Lanyard calls in the police to bring Henderson and Van Weir, the real murderer to justice. Cast Gerald Mohr as Michael Lanyard Sheila Ryan as Sharon Montgomery Jacqueline deWit as Liliane Dumont Eric Blore as Jamison Nestor Paiva as Carlos Rodriguez John Gallaudet as Henderson Bernard Nedell as Leon Dumont Winifred Harris as Mrs. Van Weir Peter Brocco as Emil Alan Edwards as Charles Montgomery Fred Godoy as Captain Mendez Jose Portugal as Policeman Production The Lone Wolf in Mexico was directed by D. Ross Lederman and was written by Martin Goldsmith, Maurice Tombragel and Phil Magee. After a sickly Warren Williams decided to discontinue playing the title detective Michael Landyard, also known as Lone Wolf, Gerald Mohr was roped in by Columbia Pictures, the producer and the distributor, to play the character in The Notorious Lone Wolf (1946) and The Lone Wolf in London (1947), as well as The Lone Wolf in Mexico. The Lone Wolf in Mexico marked the penultimate Lone Wolf film in which Mohr starred as the title character. Principal photography with the working title of The Lone Wolf's Invitation to Murder, commenced on September 4, 1946, and finished on September 18, 1946, taking place in Mexico. Reception The Lone Wolf in Mexico was theatrically released in the United States on January 16, 1947. It was written to\",\n \"title\": \"The Lone Wolf in Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5744206\",\n \"text\": \"Loy Wesley Henderson (June 28, 1892 – March 24, 1986) was a United States Foreign Service Officer and diplomat. Background Loy Wesley Henderson was born on June 28, 1892, in Rogers, Arkansas, to a poor Methodist preacher. He attended college in a small town in Kansas before transferring to Northwestern University. Career Early career An arm injury prevented Henderson from fighting in World War I, so he served as a Red Cross volunteer instead. In 1922, Henderson joined the United States Foreign Service. Eastern Europe and USSR After an initial consular tour in Ireland, Henderson began a 24-year focus on Soviet and Eastern European Affairs. He then investigated the connection between the Soviet Comintern and left wing organizations in the United States while serving in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. In 1933, the Roosevelt Administration extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union and Henderson was assigned to Russia to help reopen the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Aiding him in this task were fellow junior officers George F. Kennan and Charles Bohlen, who along with Henderson would later be considered the Department's top Soviet specialists. In 1935, the Kremlin broke its pledge not to interfere in U. S. domestic politics. In response, Ambassador Bullitt returned to Washington in disgust, leaving Henderson for a time as chargé d'affaires in Moscow. As chargé, Henderson warned Washington that the Soviet Union was likely to cooperate with Nazi Germany. Four years later, Moscow signed the Soviet-German Non-aggression Pact of 1939. Henderson was one of the contributors to the Welles declaration of 1940, which established US non recognition policy of Baltic states occupation by Soviet Union. Henderson deeply distrusted the Kremlin and was at odds with the enthusiasm most Americans—and President Roosevelt—had in early 1942 for their new Soviet wartime allies. On the occasion of the third anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, however, he submitted in a memorandum as Chargé in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, dated November 16, 1936, a description of the failure of the last years giving a lot place to the arguments of the Soviet side to raise a better understanding. Nevertheless Eleanor Roosevelt and other Soviet sympathizers in the White House pressured the State Department to transfer Henderson out of the Soviet section. As a result, Henderson was sent to Baghdad as the U.S. ambassador to Iraq. \\\"A man of the highest character, absolutely incorruptible....Overruled time after time, he asked in 1943 to be relieved of his duties as chief of the division\\\". Near Eastern Affairs In between serving as U.S. Minister in Iraq (1943–45), Ambassador to India (1948–51) and Ambassador to Iran (1951–54), Henderson returned to Washington in 1945 to serve at the State Department as the director of the Office of Near Eastern Affairs. In 1945, Syrians in Damascus led an uprising against French rule. In response, French forces bombed Damascus. Henderson, as head of Near Eastern Affairs, advised President Harry Truman to force the\",\n \"title\": \"Loy W. Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54200102\",\n \"text\": \"Pilgrimage is a novel sequence by the British author Dorothy Richardson, from the first half of the 20th century. It comprises 13 volumes, including a final posthumous volume. It is now considered a significant work of literary modernism. Richardson's own term for the volumes was \\\"chapters\\\". Overview Miriam Henderson, the central character in the Pilgrimage novel sequence, is based on the author's own life between 1891 and 1915. Pilgrimage was read as a work of fiction and \\\"its critics did not suspect that its content was a reshaping of DMR's own experience\\\", nor that it was a roman à clef. Miriam, like Richardson, \\\"is the third of four daughters [whose] parents had longed for a boy and had treated her as if she fulfilled that expectation\\\". This upbringing is reflected in Miriam's \\\"strong ambivalence toward her role as a woman\\\". Dorothy Richardson had the same ambivalence. Content The first novel Pointed Roofs (1915), is set in 1893. At 17 years old Miriam Henderson, as Richardson herself did, teaches English at a finishing school in Hanover, Germany. Both author and character have to do this because of their father's financial problems. The following year, 1916, Richardson published Backwater, where Miriam \\\"works as resident governess in a school frequented by the daughters of the North London middle class\\\". Honeycomb was published in 1917. Saturday Review commented, \\\"Miss Richardson is not without talent but it is the talent of neurasthenia.\\\" And that the \\\"only living thing in the book\\\" is \\\"the morbid and self-conscious mind [of the heroine].\\\" In this novel Miriam works as a governess to the two children of the Corrie family during 1895. Mr. Corrie is a successful lawyer. Honeycomb ends with the suicide of Miriam's mother. Events in this novel again parallel Dorothy Richardson's own life: her mother committed suicide in 1895. The fourth part, The Tunnel, appeared in 1919. In it Miriam starts on a more independent life when she takes a room in Bloomsbury in central London at 21, and works as a receptionist at a dental surgery. These are events again parallel Dorothy Richardson's life. Olive Heseltine described the novel to be \\\"simply life. Shapeless, trivial, pointless, boring, beautiful, curious, profound. And above all, absorbing.\\\" On the other hand, an \\\"elderly male reviewer,\\\" for The Spectator found it disturbing that \\\"Miss Richardson is not concerned with the satisfaction of the average reader\\\". Interim, published 1920, is Richardson's fifth novel and was serialized in Little Review, along with James Joyce's Ulysses in 1919. While New York Times Book Review admits that Richardson has \\\"talent,\\\" her heroine \\\"is not particularly interesting\\\" and this novel would be \\\"probably ... almost unintelligible\\\" to those who have not a \\\"close acquaintance\\\" her previous novels in the sequence. Much of the action in this chapter of Pilgrimage takes place in Miriam's lodgings. The sixth section of Pilgrimage, Deadlock, appeared 1921. Una Hunt, in a review for The New Republic, referred to her \\\"intense excitement in reading this novel,\\\" and calls Deadlock \\\"an\",\n \"title\": \"Pilgrimage (novel sequence)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34441811\",\n \"text\": \"A Is for Acid is a 2002 British television film based on the life of the serial killer John Haigh, known as the Acid Bath Murderer because he dissolved the bodies of six people in sulphuric acid. Haigh, hanged in 1949 for his crimes, had wrongly believed that murder could not be proven without the presence of a body. Starring Martin Clunes in the lead role, the film was shot in Scarborough, chosen because its appearance was believed to be similar to that of London when Haigh lived there during the 1940s, and also Saltaire to represent his early life. The film was produced by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network and aired on 9 September 2002. Directed by Harry Bradbeer and written by Glenn Chandler, A Is for Acid also featured among its cast Keeley Hawes, Richard Hope and Celia Imrie. Plot John George Haigh is raised in a Yorkshire village by sheltering parents who fellowship with the strict Plymouth Brethren. His father teaches him that their family is different from others, being among \\\"God's elect\\\"; but as an adult John turns to petty crime. He marries Beatrice 'Betty' Hamer, who becomes pregnant with his child. While serving a prison sentence for fraud, Haigh reads about the term corpus delicti, wrongly assuming it means murder cannot be proven without the presence of a body. He subsequently dreams up what he believes to be the perfect murder and experiments by dissolving mice in sulphuric acid. After learning that Betty gave birth to a daughter and moved away, Haigh travels to London upon his release, where he finds employment as an engineer. After being fired from his job because of a relationship with his boss's daughter, Gillian Rogers, Haigh sets himself up as an inventor. He bumps into a former employer, Donald McSwan, who has a successful property business. Befriending McSwan and his elderly parents, William and Amy, Haigh offers to help them when Donald is conscripted to fight in the Second World War. Donald agrees to Haigh's suggestion that he run the business and take care of his parents while Donald hides out in Scotland for the duration of the war. Haigh then invites Donald to his workshop where he bludgeons his friend to death and places his body in a vat of acid to dissolve, then forges Donald's signature to take control of his affairs. He keeps up the pretense that Donald is on the run through the rest of the war, but as Britain celebrates VE Day, Haigh tells William and Amy that Donald has returned to London and is waiting for them at his workshop. He then kills them both after individually driving them there. With the McSwans' money, Haigh sets himself up at the Onslow Court Hotel in Kensington. Haigh's next victims are Archie and Rose Henderson, a doctor and his wife, whom he befriends after visiting a shop they have recently purchased. Dr. Henderson discloses to Haigh that he and Rose are quite wealthy, but\",\n \"title\": \"A Is for Acid\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"171241\",\n \"text\": \"James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (December 18, 1897 – December 29, 1952) was an American pianist, bandleader, arranger and composer, important in the development of big band jazz and swing music. He was one of the most prolific black musical arrangers and, along with Duke Ellington, is considered one of the most influential arrangers and bandleaders in jazz history. Henderson's influence was vast. He helped bridge the gap between the Dixieland and the swing eras. He was often known as \\\"Smack\\\" Henderson (because of smacking sounds he made with his lips). Early life, family and education James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson was born in Cuthbert, Georgia. He was raised in a middle-class African-American family. His father, Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (1857–1943), was the principal of the nearby Howard Normal Randolph School from 1880 until 1942. Their home is a historic site. Henderson's mother, a teacher, taught him and his brother Horace to play the piano. He began lessons by age six. His father would occasionally lock Fletcher in his room to practice for hours. By age 13, Henderson possessed a keen ability to read music and sense pitch. He pursued the studies with his mother and further engaged himself in lessons on European art. Although a talented musician, Henderson initially dedicated himself to mathematics and science. At age 18, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and changed his name to Fletcher Henderson, giving up James, his grandfather's name. He attended Atlanta University (where he was a member of the fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha) and graduated in 1920 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry and mathematics. Career After graduation, Henderson moved to New York City with the intention of attending Columbia University for a master's degree in chemistry. However, there is no evidence that he actually enrolled. He did land a part-time job as a lab assistant in a downtown Manhattan chemistry firm, but this only lasted a year. In New York City, Henderson shared an apartment with a pianist who worked as a musician in a riverboat orchestra. When his roommate was too sick to perform, Henderson substituted, and this soon led to a job as a full-time replacement. In late 1920, he found work as a song demonstrator with the Pace and Handy Music Co. Henderson now found that music would be more profitable than chemistry and left his job as a laboratory chemist to begin a life in music. When Harry Pace left the company to start Black Swan Records, he took Henderson with him to be musical director, a job which lasted from 1921 until 1923. From 1920 to 1923, he primarily played piano accompaniment for blues singers. Henderson toured with the Black Swan Troubadours featuring Ethel Waters from October 1921 to July 1922. After hearing cornetist Louis Armstrong (then around 20 years old) in New Orleans while on tour in April 1922, Henderson sent him an offer, but Armstrong refused because Henderson would not hire Zutty Singleton as well. Henderson's activities up to the end of 1923 were mainly recording\",\n \"title\": \"Fletcher Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"336323\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Henderson FRSE FRS FRAS (28 December 1798 – 23 November 1844) was a Scottish astronomer and mathematician noted for being the first person to measure the distance to Alpha Centauri, the major component of the nearest stellar system to Earth, the first to determine the parallax of a fixed star, and for being the first Astronomer Royal for Scotland. Early life Born in Dundee, he was educated at the High School of Dundee, after which he trained as a lawyer, working his way up through the profession as an assistant to a variety of nobles. However, his major hobbies were astronomy and mathematics, and after coming up with a new method for using lunar occultation to measure longitude he came to the attention of Thomas Young, superintendent of the Royal Navy's \\\"Nautical Almanac\\\". Young helped the young Henderson enter the larger world of astronomical science, and on his death a posthumous letter recommended to the Admiralty that Henderson take his place. Career Africa Henderson was passed over for that position, but the recommendation was enough to get him a position at the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. There he made a considerable number of stellar observations between April 1832 and May 1833, including those for which he is remembered today. It was pointed out to him by Manuel John Johnson of the East India Company's observatory on Saint Helena that the bright southern star Alpha Centauri had a large proper motion, and Henderson concluded that it might be relatively close. The 1830s version of the \\\"space race\\\" was to be the first person to measure the distance to a star using parallax, a task which is easier the closer the star. Henderson was thus in a good position to be this person. After retiring back to the United Kingdom due to bad health, he began analysing his measurements and eventually came to the conclusion that Alpha Centauri was just slightly less than one parsec away, 3.25 light years. This figure is reasonably accurate, being 25.6% too small. Henderson did not immediately publish his results, however (there had been previous, discredited attempts to claim a measurement of stellar parallax), and eventually he was beaten to the punch by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, who published a parallax of 10.3 light years (9.6% too small) for 61 Cygni in 1838. Henderson published his results in 1839, but was relegated to second place because of his lack of confidence. He later published confirming observations by Thomas Maclear. Alpha Centauri remained the nearest known star until the discovery of Proxima Centauri in 1915 by Robert T. A. Innes. Scotland In the meantime, his measurement work at the Cape had led him to be appointed the first Astronomer Royal for Scotland in 1834. The vacant chair of astronomy at the University of Edinburgh was given to him on the advice of Prime Minister Lord Melbourne. From 1834 he worked at the City Observatory (then called the Calton Hill Observatory) in\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Henderson (astronomer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23751721\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Henderson may refer to: Harry Henderson (cricketer) (1923–1997), English cricketer Harry Henderson (boxer) (1904–1976), American boxer Harry Henderson (footballer) (1880–1964), Australian rules footballer Harry Henderson (Neighbours), character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours See also Harry and the Hendersons, a 1987 American film Harold Henderson (disambiguation) Henry Henderson (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20429076\",\n \"text\": \"John Henderson (born 4 May 1973) is a Scottish darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. Career Henderson started out in the PDC circuit and played one tournament in Scotland as well as the 2003 UK Open where he lost in the first round, having won his preliminary match. He then qualified for the 2005 BDO World Darts Championship, where he beat Stephen Bunting in the first round before losing in round two to Martin Adams – hitting a record thirteen 180s (for a five-set match) in the 3–2 defeat. Henderson then reached the quarter-finals of the 2005 British Open and the last 32 of the 2005 Winmau World Masters. Henderson reached the final of the 2007 British Open. He beat Tony O'Shea in the quarter-finals and Ted Hankey in the semis before losing to Gary Anderson in the final. This was followed however with failure to qualify for the 2008 BDO World Championship and an early exit from the 2007 World Masters. 2008–2009 2008 was a good year for Henderson, reaching the semi-finals of the Norway Open and the quarter-finals of the WDF Europe Cup. On 20 September 2008 Henderson captured his very first title, winning the 2008 British Open. He scored notable wins over Edwin Max and Dave Chisnall to earn a spot into the televised stages which were shown live on Setanta Sports. He then defeated Gary Robson in the quarter-finals and Mareno Michels in the semis before avenging his defeat over Anderson twelve months previously by beating him in the final to win the £3,000 top prize. The win also helped Henderson finish fourth in the BDO International Grand Prix, earning him another £2,750 for his efforts. He also shot up the world rankings as a result of the win, moving him into the WDF's top 20. He then captured the German Open in 2009, beating Stephen Bunting in the final which elevated Henderson to seven in the WDF rankings. 2010–2011 Henderson then qualified for the 2010 BDO World Championship, winning one of four places available from the Inter-Playoff Qualifiers in Bridlington. He was defeated in the second round by Scott Waites. Henderson failed to qualify for the 2011 tournament, but did qualify for the 2010 Grand Slam of Darts where he finished third in his group. After being defeated by Mervyn King he was accused of standing in front of the oche, however after watching the match again, King admitted that he had over-reacted and apologised to Henderson in a pre-match interview. On 15 January 2011, Henderson came through qualifying at the PDC Q-School event and has therefore left the British Darts Organisation. On joining the PDC he said \\\"It means everything to me the first two days were hard and I felt a lot of pressure today but to qualify, so I'm delighted I did it.\\\" In the 2011 Derby championships, Henderson hit a nine-darter in his second leg of the second round beating Andy Hamilton 6–5 and earning £800. Henderson\",\n \"title\": \"John Henderson (darts player)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34439295\",\n \"text\": \"Lorna J. Kesterson (December 30, 1925 – January 16, 2012) was an American journalist, newspaper editor and politician. She served as the first female mayor of the city of Henderson, Nevada, for two consecutive four-year terms from 1985 to 1993. She was the first and only woman to be Henderson's mayor until Debra March was sworn in to office in 2017. Kesterson was also a longtime reporter and managing editor for the Henderson Home News, a local community newspaper. Biography Early life Kesterson was born Lorna Jolley in St. George, Utah, on December 30, 1925, to parents Donal and Nora Jolley. She was raised in Springdale, Utah. She moved to Boulder City, Nevada, ranch with her family during the 1930s and graduated from Boulder City High School. She and her sisters were nicknamed the \\\"Boulder City Babes\\\" during the 1930s owing to their looks. Kesterson received her bachelor's degree in journalism from Utah State University. She worked as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after completing college, primarily in Philadelphia and New York City. She returned to Clark County, Nevada, where she began her career and started a family with her husband, Robert \\\"Bob\\\" Kesterson. She had four children. U.S. President Harry S. Truman awarded her the Red Cross Certification of Merit in 1947 for rescuing a boy scout from California who was drowning in Lake Mead. Journalism Kesterson reported for both the Las Vegas Review-Journal and the Las Vegas Sun during the 1950s. She covered local Henderson and Boulder City news for the newspapers. Kesterson was next hired as a reporter for the now defunct Henderson Home News, a local community paper, for nearly thirty years before launching a career in politics. She later became the managing editor of the Henderson Home News as well. Kesterson sold the newspaper's articles to larger publications, including the Deseret News and the Las Vegas Sun. She continued to work as a reporter while serving on the Henderson City Council from 1977 to 1985. She retired as managing editor of the Henderson Home News upon her election as Mayor of Henderson in 1985. Political career Kesterson did not enter politics until she was 49 years old. She was appointed to the Henderson City Council in 1975. Kesterson was named as Henderson's woman of the year in 1975, the same year as her appointment. Two years later, in 1977, Keterson won re-election to the Henderson city council, and served on the council until 1981. She remained a newspaper reporter and editor while serving on the council until her retirement from the newspaper in 1985. In 1985, Lorna Kesterson was elected Henderson's first female mayor, becoming the first woman to hold that office. She was re-elected to a second, four-year in term in 1989. Henderson experienced unprecedented population growth during Kesterson's eight-year tenure as mayor, ultimately becoming Nevada's second largest city after Las Vegas. Kesterson and the city council planned the city's new infrastructure, neighborhoods, city parks and\",\n \"title\": \"Lorna Kesterson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15285623\",\n \"text\": \"A Stranger Came Ashore is a 1975 young adult novel written by Scottish author Mollie Hunter. Set in the Shetland Islands in the north of Scotland, the plot revolves around a boy called Robbie Henderson, his family and a mysterious stranger named Finn Learson. Plot summary One night on the island of Black Ness, the Hendersons are sitting at home in their but-and-benhouse. There is a heavy storm outside. Then a figure bursts through the door, soaking wet. He is tall, lean and handsome, and calls himself Finn Learson, and he claims to be the only survivor of a shipwreck. The Hendersons trust and help him, except the youngest child, Robbie, his Old Da (grandfather), and his dog Tam, who are suspicious of Finn. Old Da takes an instant dislike to Finn, and Robbie also senses the man is not what he seems. Later that night, when the family have retired to bed, Robbie cannot sleep and hears peculiar noises coming from the main room, where Finn Learson and the dog, Tam, are sleeping. Robbie ventures to peek around the door and is horrified to see that Tam is crouched low to attack Learson, but Learson gazes deep into the dog's eyes... sending Tam into a calm sleep. Robbie is appalled but hides what he has seen. Old Da mysteriously dies not long after, but before he does he warns Robbie not to trust Finn. He reminds Robbie of stories of selkies, sea spirits which are seals in the water but are able to shed their seal skin on dry land and appear as beautiful seductive humans. Robbie remembers stories about the Great Selkie, the malign ruler of the selkies, who dwells in his sea-palace and seduces golden-haired girls away with him to his home under the sea. Every so often, the Great Selkie returns to find another human bride, as each bride he abducts dies whenever she tries to escape his clutches; he then uses their golden hair to roof his palace. Robbie begins to fear for his elder sister, Elspeth, who is golden-haired, very beautiful and entranced by Finn Learson. Robbie becomes convinced that Finn is the Great Selkie, but his family does not believe him. Elspeth states that she will choose one man, Finn or Nicol, (Nicol, who was her man before Finn Learson came ashore) to marry her on the celebration night of Up Helly Aa. Robbie goes to the schoolmaster, Yarl Corbie, for help. Yarl has been accused of being a wizard. Yarl reveals that Finn is indeed the Great Selkie, that he knew all along, and that Finn will try to tempt Elspeth to join him under the sea, as he did with Yarl's fiancée many years before. With help from Yarl, Robbie steals Finn's seal skin and hides it in a place where Finn won't be able to leave without turning into the great selkie in front of everyone. On Up Helly Aa, Robbie plans with Nicol (who will do anything to save\",\n \"title\": \"A Stranger Came Ashore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"480387\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Henderson (April 24, 1937 – June 30, 2001) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. In a career spanning more than four decades, Henderson played with many of the leading American players of his day and recorded for several prominent labels, including Blue Note, Milestone, and Verve. Biography Early life Born in Lima, Ohio, Henderson was one of 14 children. He was encouraged by his parents, Dennis and Irene (née Farley) and older brother James T. to study music. He dedicated his first album to them \\\"for being so understanding and tolerant\\\" during his formative years. Early musical interests included drums, piano, saxophone and composition. According to trumpeter Kenny Dorham, two local piano teachers who went to school with Henderson's brothers and sisters, Richard Patterson and Don Hurless, gave him a knowledge of the piano. He was particularly enamored of his brother's record collection. A hometown drummer, John Jarette, advised Henderson to listen to musicians like Lester Young, Stan Getz, Dexter Gordon and Charlie Parker. He also liked Flip Phillips, Lee Konitz and the Jazz at the Philharmonic recordings. However, Parker became his greatest inspiration. Henderson's first approach to the saxophone was under the tutelage of Herbert Murphy in high school. During this time, he wrote several scores for the school band. By age 18, Henderson was active on the Detroit jazz scene of the mid-'50s, playing in jam sessions with visiting New York City stars. While attending classes for flute and bass at Wayne State University, he further developed his saxophone and compositional skills under the guidance of renowned teacher Larry Teal at the Teal School of Music. In late 1959, he formed his first group. By the time he arrived at Wayne State University, he had transcribed and memorized so many Lester Young solos that his professors believed he had perfect pitch. Henderson's college classmates included Yusef Lateef, Barry Harris and Donald Byrd. He also studied music at Kentucky State College. Shortly prior to his army induction in 1960, Henderson was commissioned by UNAC to write some arrangements for the suite \\\"Swings and Strings\\\", which was later performed by a ten-member orchestra and the local dance band of Jimmy Wilkins. Early career Henderson spent two years (1960–62) in the U.S. Army: first in Fort Benning, where he competed in an Army talent show and won first place, then in Fort Belvoir, where he was chosen for a world tour, with a show to entertain soldiers. While in Paris, he met Kenny Drew and Kenny Clarke. Then he was sent to Maryland to conclude his enlistment. In 1962, he was finally discharged and promptly moved to New York. He first met trumpeter Kenny Dorham, who provided invaluable guidance, at saxophonist Junior Cook's place. That evening, they went to hear Dexter Gordon at Birdland. Henderson was asked by Gordon to play something with his rhythm section and happily accepted. Although Henderson's earliest recordings were marked by a strong hard-bop influence, his playing encompassed not only the bebop tradition, but R&B,\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1824092\",\n \"text\": \"Antigone Rising is a rock band based in New York City. The band's current line up is Cathy Henderson (lead guitar), Kristen Henderson (bass guitar and drums), and Nini Camps (lead vocals and rhythm guitar). The band formed a nonprofit called Girls Rising in 2014 to inspire girls and lgbtq youth to pursue nontraditional careers. The annual Girls Rising music festival takes place annually and has featured artists such as Shawn Colvin, Lisa Loeb, Paula Cole, Carnie Wilson amongst others. Melissa Etheridge and Joan Jett have both created Girls Rising grants to help kids pursue nontraditional paths. History The band originally met at Bucknell University and was formed in Greenwich Village, New York City, with sisters Cathy (guitar) and Kristen Henderson (guitar/drums), Penelope \\\"Peppy\\\" Kokines as lead vocalist and Suzanne Obolsky on vocals and percussion. In 1999 the band recruited Cassidy as the lead singer. Their first four albums were recorded mostly with independent labels and financed through fan donations. In 2003, they signed up with Lava Records, a label personally run by Atlantic Records chairman Jason Flom. In 2005, they became the first artists to be promoted in Starbucks' Hear Music Series, created to discover and spotlight new music. The high visibility, exclusive sale, in-store promotion and airplay at Starbucks across the United States helped the band's acoustic album, From the Ground Up, sell over 450,000 copies by the end of 2005. The album's single, \\\"Don't Look Back\\\", gained popularity among country audiences after its video received heavy airplay on CMT. Flom departed Lava in 2005. The band's deal with the label continued, but ended in 2008. A new album, Tales From Wonderland was recorded in 2007, but not released. In 2008, Cassidy left the band. Cassidy released the band's final album, Tales From Wonderland without permission as Sink Or Swim under the name The Cassidy Project. The other band members were not happy about this, with Kristen Henderson publicly voicing their displeasure. Two songs were removed from \\\"Sink Or Swim\\\" before its release where Cassidy's name did not appear on the writing credits. In 2009, Nini Camps, having made several guest appearances with the band, officially joined as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist. Kristen Henderson, now known as Kristen Ellis-Henderson, shifted from rhythm guitar to bass. Also in 2009, both Ellis-Henderson and Camps became mothers to children. A studio CD, 23 Red, was released in 2011, distributed through Joan Jett's Blackheart Records Group. The band line up as of 2013 was Kristen Ellis-Henderson on bass guitar and backing vocals, Cathy Henderson on lead guitar and backing vocals, Dena Tauriello on drums and Nini Camps on rhythm guitar and lead vocals. The band's 2013 single, \\\"That Was The Whiskey\\\", was co-written with the Nashville songwriter Lori McKenna. In 2014, the band released an EP, Whiskey & Wine Vol. I. In 2015, the band released another EP, Whiskey & Wine Vol. II. Touring In their early years, Antigone Rising toured widely, and have shared stages with the Bangles, Joan\",\n \"title\": \"Antigone Rising\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7491869\",\n \"text\": \"The Henderson Gleaner (also known as The Gleaner) is the daily newspaper in Henderson, Kentucky. The newspaper is published Tuesday through Sunday mornings. It has not been published on Mondays since it was founded in the 1880s. The Gleaner was locally owned for more than a century, but was purchased by A. H. Belo in March 1997, before being acquired by the E. W. Scripps Company on October 31, 2000, becoming part of the Evansville Courier & Press. Scripps later divested their newspaper holdings, and on April 1, 2015, the Journal Media Group took over as owners of the paper. In April 2016, Gannett acquired Journal Media Group, including The Gleaner. History The Gleaner was founded by Clarence Christian Givens in 1883 in Providence, Kentucky, approximately 35 miles south of Henderson. Givens remained there for six months, then moved his newspaper farther south to Madisonville, Kentucky. In July 1885, Givens relocated the newspaper to Henderson. It became a daily publication in 1888, with the exception that it produced no Monday edition, and was published as the Henderson Morning Gleaner. The Gleaner was not the city's first newspaper; The Columbian was first published in 1823, and the Henderson Reporter was in print from 1853 to 1885. At least a dozen other newspapers have also operated in Henderson at various times, but few copies of those papers have survived. The Henderson Morning Gleaner competed with the Henderson Evening Journal for several years. By 1909, the Evening Journal was losing $500 a week and had been taken over by its bank. Leigh Harris of Illinois, bought the Journal, and his first editorial consisted of the single sentence: \\\"I have come to Henderson to run a newspaper\\\". In around 1920, Harris and the Givens family negotiated a merger of the Gleaner and Journal, creating the Henderson Gleaner and Journal. The word \\\"Journal\\\" was dropped from the masthead in 1973. Harris later bought out C. C. Givens altogether, becoming the city's sole newspaper publisher. Harris chaired numerous Henderson causes and committees, including serving as chairman of the local American Red Cross chapter during the Ohio River flood of 1937. Henderson was one of the few cities along the Ohio River that escaped the floodwaters of 1937, owing to its position on a bluff well above the river. Harris noted in the newspaper that Henderson was \\\"on the Ohio but never in it\\\", using that as a marketing tool as he and other prominent citizens worked to attract new industries to the city. After Harris' death in 1955, his family leased the newspaper to J. Albert Dear of Jersey City, New Jersey. His company, Dear Publication and Radio Inc., bought the newspaper outright two years later. In 1960, the Dear family sent a son, Walter Dear II, to Henderson to serve as promotions manager. He became editor in 1963 and later served as publisher. Dear promoted the community, and was among the city's primary fundraisers for community improvements such as a new YMCA building, a Fine\",\n \"title\": \"Henderson Gleaner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49667902\",\n \"text\": \"Anthem is a master-planned community in Henderson, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Valley. It was developed by Del Webb Corporation and opened in 1998. History Anthem was developed by Del Webb Corporation. In November 1997, Henderson, Nevada approved the first phase of Anthem by annexing of vacant land into the city. Del Webb acquired the land through a property swap with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the annexation had been in the planning for two years prior to its approval. Del Webb planned to start preparing the site for construction by the end of 1997. Anthem was expected to take 15 to 20 years to fully build out. The development project would include a country club community and a Sun City senior community. Anthem would eventually consist of 11,000 to 13,000 homes. Approximately 72 acres of the first phase were set aside for parks and recreation. Henderson ensured that its water supply would meet the future needs of the new community. As part of the annexation agreement, Del Webb and property owners would be responsible for projects such as the paving of roads and the installation of sewer lines and utilities. Del Webb would also pay to build a fire station, and worked with the Clark County School District to locate a 20-acre site for the construction of a middle school. By January 1998, the inspector general for the U.S. Department of the Interior was investigating the land swap deal after former and current BLM officials complained about it. The land was valued at $10,900 per acre, although critics of the deal said each acre was worth $36,000. The deal also raised questions about the involvement of Bruce Babbitt and senator Harry Reid, who both supported it. Babbitt, the Secretary of the Interior, had once represented Del Webb in efforts to acquire BLM land. Although Babbitt recused himself from the Anthem deal, he became involved with the project at a critical point when he ordered the BLM to prioritize the Anthem deal. At the time, other property exchange applications had been put on hold. In addition, Del Webb had previously held a fundraiser for Reid in 1994, although Reid said his support for the Anthem deal was unrelated to the fundraising. The Anthem land was ultimately appraised at $12,210 per acre, although a retired appraiser challenged this figure, stating each acre was worth between $15,000 and $17,000, which would equal taxpayer losses ranging from $8 million to $24 million in undervalued appraisals. Del Webb and the BLM stated that critics did not take into consideration the $250 million infrastructure that Del Webb was putting into place on the land. Anthem home sales began in mid-1998, and the community held its grand opening on October 24, 1998. Approximately 3,000 people attended, more than twice what was expected. Anthem consisted of three subdivisions: Anthem Country Club, Sun City Anthem, and Coventry Homes at Anthem. The latter subdivision was marketed as affordable housing. Sun City Anthem offered new residents free\",\n \"title\": \"Anthem, Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21105230\",\n \"text\": \"|} The Finesse Juvenile Hurdle is a Grade 2 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years. It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and 1 furlong (2 miles and 179 yards, or 3,382 metres), and during its running there are eight hurdles to be jumped. The race is for novice hurdlers, and it is scheduled to take place each year in January. The race is currently sponsored by JCB and run under the name of the JCB Triumph Trial Juvenile Hurdle – similar races of the same name also take place at Cheltenham's November and December meetings. The race was first run in 1985 and winners of the race usually go on to participate in the Triumph Hurdle in March. Since 1989 three horses have achieved victory in both events – Katchit in 2007, Peace And Co in 2015 and Defi Du Seuil in 2017. Winners {| class = \\\"sortable\\\" | border=\\\"1\\\" style=\\\"border-collapse: collapse; font-size:90%\\\" |- bgcolor=\\\"#77dd77\\\" align=\\\"center\\\" ! Year ! Winner ! Jockey ! Trainer |- |1985||Out of The Gloom |Jonjo O'Neill |Peter Easterby |- |1986||Tangognat |Peter Scudamore |Rod Simpson |-bgcolor=\\\"#eeeeee\\\" |1987Abandoned because of frost |- | 1988 | width=170px | Jason's Quest | width=190px | M Williams | width=190px | John Baker |- | 1989 | Highland Bud | Richard Dunwoody | David Nicholson |- | 1990 | Sayyure | Graham McCourt | Nigel Tinkler |- | 1991 | Hopscotch | Peter Scudamore | Martin Pipe |- bgcolor=\\\"#eeeeee\\\" | 1992Abandoned due to frost |- | 1993 | Major Bugler | Adrian Maguire | Toby Balding |- | 1994 | Pridwell | Richard Dunwoody | Martin Pipe |- | 1995 | Brave Tornado | Tony McCoy | Toby Balding |- bgcolor=\\\"#eeeeee\\\" | 1996Abandoned due to frost |- | 1997 | Shooting Light | Richard Dunwoody | Pat Murphy |- | 1998 | Zafarabad | Richard Johnson | David Nicholson |- | 1999 | Hors La Loi III | Thierry Doumen | François Doumen |- | 2000 | Mister Banjo | Mick Fitzgerald | Nicky Henderson |- | 2001 | Jair du Cochet | Jacques Ricou | Guillaume Macaire |- | 2002 | Vol Solitaire | Joe Tizzard | Paul Nicholls |- | 2003 | Moneytrain | Robert Thornton | Christian von der Recke |- | 2004 | Mondul | Ollie McPhail | Milton Harris |- | 2005 | Akilak | Graham Lee | Howard Johnson |- bgcolor=\\\"#eeeeee\\\" | 2006Abandoned due to frost |- | 2007 | Katchit | Robert Thornton | Alan King |- | 2008 | Franchoek | Robert Thornton | Alan King |- | 2009 | Walkon | Robert Thornton | Alan King |- | 2010 | Baccalaureate | Paddy Brennan | Nigel Twiston-Davies |- | 2011 | Local Hero | Tony McCoy | Steve Gollings |- | 2012 | Grumeti | Wayne Hutchinson | Alan King |- | 2013 | Rolling Star | Barry Geraghty | Nicky Henderson |-\",\n \"title\": \"Finesse Juvenile Hurdle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"465127\",\n \"text\": \"(James) Hamish Scott Henderson (11 November 1919 – 9 March 2002) was a Scottish poet, songwriter, communist, intellectual and soldier. He was a catalyst for the folk revival in Scotland. He was also an accomplished folk song collector and discovered such notable performers as Jeannie Robertson, Flora MacNeil and Calum Johnston. Born in Blairgowrie, Perthshire on the first Armistice Day 11 November 1919, to a single mother, Janet Henderson, a Queen's Nurse who had served in France, and was then working in the war hospital at Blair Castle. His name was recorded at registration as James but he preferred the Scots form Hamish. Early life Henderson spent his early years in nearby Glen Shee and eventually moved to England with his mother. He won a scholarship to Dulwich School in London; however, his mother died shortly before he was due to take up his place and he had to live in an orphanage while studying there. He studied Modern Languages at Downing College, Cambridge, in the years leading up to World War II, and as a visiting student in Germany ran messages for an organization run by the Society of Friends aiding the German resistance and helping to rescue Jews. World War II Although he argued strongly for peace, even well into the early years of the war, he became convinced that a satisfactory peace could not be reached and so he threw himself into the war effort. Joining as an enlisted soldier in the Pioneer Corps, he later applied for and received a commission in the Intelligence Corps. He was quite effective as an interrogator due to his command of six European languages and deep understanding of German culture. He took part in the Desert War in Africa, during which he wrote his poem Elegies For the Dead in Cyrenaica, encompassing every aspect of a soldier's experience of the sands of North Africa. On 2 May 1945, Henderson personally oversaw the drafting of the surrender order of Italy issued by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. Henderson collected the lyrics to \\\"D-Day Dodgers,\\\" a satirical song to the tune of \\\"Lili Marlene\\\", attributed to Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn, who served in Italy. Henderson also wrote the lyrics to \\\"The 51st (Highland) Division's Farewell to Sicily\\\", set to a pipe tune called \\\"Farewell to the Creeks\\\". The book in which these were collected, Ballads of World War II, was published \\\"privately\\\" to evade censorship, but earned Henderson a ten-year ban from BBC radio, preventing a series on ballad-making from being made. His 1948 war poetry book, Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica, received the Somerset Maugham Award. Folk song collector Henderson threw himself into the work of the folk revival after the war, discovering and bringing to public attention Jeannie Robertson, Flora MacNeil, Calum Johnston (see Annie and Calum Johnston of Barra ) and others. In the 1950s, he acted as a guide to the American folklorist, Alan Lomax, who collected many field recordings in Scotland. (See Alan Lomax, Collector of Songs). People's Festival\",\n \"title\": \"Hamish Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19299229\",\n \"text\": \"Admiral Sir William Hannam Henderson, (20 June 1845 – 29 April 1931) was a British flag officer of the Royal Navy, and the first editor of The Naval Review. Family background Henderson was born in the coastal village of Worth in Kent, the eldest of four sons born to John Henderson and Laura Catherine (née Hannam). His three brothers also served in the Navy; Reginald Friend Hannam Henderson became an Admiral, Frank Hannam Henderson a Vice-Admiral, and John Hannam Henderson, retired as a Commander. (John's son Sir Reginald G. H. Henderson also became an Admiral.) Naval career Henderson entered the Navy in 1859, aged 14, as a cadet aboard . From 1860 to 1864 he served aboard the 90-gun second rate ship of the line , flagship of Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, and also the steam sloop Styx, on the North America and West Indies Station, receiving promotion to sub-lieutenant in 1864. He then served aboard in the Channel Squadron. He was promoted to lieutenant on 11 September 1866, and served aboard the troopship at Portsmouth from 1867, until taking part in the voyage around the world of the Flying Squadron in 1869–1870, serving aboard , flagship of Rear Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby. From 1872 to 1875 Henderson served aboard the screw sloop on the Pacific Station, then the sloop Eclipse on the North America and West Indies Station in 1877, and was on 'particular service' aboard the breastwork monitor in 1878. He was promoted to commander on 1 January 1880, with seniority from 31 December 1879, and served aboard the armoured cruiser , flagship of Commodore Sir James Erskine, on the Australia Station from 1881 to 1885. On 1 January 1886 he was promoted to captain, and was sent to study at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, where he was appalled to discover that apart from a few lectures on international law and naval history, studies were confined purely to technical matters, resulting in a total lack of knowledge of, and preparation for, war. He wrote a strongly worded letter, which he took personally to the Admiralty, and was permitted to read it to the Sea Lords in which he urged that naval officers should be instructed in naval history, strategy and tactics. Only Lord Charles Beresford was in any way interested in Henderson's ideas, which in the end came to nothing. In May 1888 Henderson received a letter from Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, commenting on Henderson's remarks on a paper by Rear-Admiral Colomb on the naval defences of the United Kingdom. The two men became regular correspondents thereafter, but did not meet in person for several years. Undeterred by lack of official support, Henderson became a firm believer in value of a free debate, despite having taken part in a discussion on a paper by Sir Edward Reed at the United Service Institute, in which he criticised the s. A few days later Henderson received a message from the First Sea Lord stating that his remarks had\",\n \"title\": \"William Hannam Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25464283\",\n \"text\": \"Project Runway Season 7 is the seventh season of the television show Project Runway. The first episode aired on January 14, 2010, on Lifetime. Season 7 featured the return of the show to New York City, following a move to Los Angeles for Season 6. Returning as judges are supermodel Heidi Klum, fashion designer Michael Kors, and Marie Claire fashion director Nina Garcia. Tim Gunn returned as a mentor to the aspiring designers. The winner of this season, Seth Aaron Henderson received an editorial feature in an issue of Marie Claire magazine, a cash prize of $100,000 to start a personal line line, an opportunity to sell the line on Bluefly.com, and a $50,000 technology suite from Hewlett-Packard to create, design, and run a business. The winning model of this season will receive a $25,000 cash prize and take part in the winning designer's fashion spread in Marie Claire. In 2012, Anthony Williams and Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 1), with Anthony placing 9th and Mila placing 6th of 13. Also in 2012, Emilio Sosa competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 2) and again was the runner-up. In 2013, Seth Aaron Henderson competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 3) and won the competition. In 2014, Jay Sario competed in Project Runway All Stars (season 4) placing 6th of 14. In 2018, Anthony Williams once again competed on Project Runway All Stars (season 6) and won the competition. In 2019, Seth Aaron Henderson returned for a third time to compete on Project Runway All Stars (season 7) against worldwide Project Runway winners. Seth Aaron placed 13th of 14. In 2023, Mila Hermanovski competed on Project Runway (season 20), placing 13th of 14. Contestants Anthony was originally eliminated after Amy, but returned to the competition following Maya's withdrawal Models Challenges : Team Emilio and Seth Aaron co-won Episode 9, for the first time since Season 2. : Maya withdrew for personal reasons at the beginning of Episode 11. Anthony, who was originally eliminated in Episode 10, was brought back to take her place. Also, two winners were chosen for this challenge: Emilio and Anthony. Each of their dresses will be worn on the red carpet by Heidi Klum and Jessica Alba. This is the first time two designers won a single challenge yet were not a team. : Emilio was advanced to fashion week first during the judging session. Seth Aaron was also advanced to fashion week. Jay and Mila will both create collections for fashion week, however only one will advance to compete at Bryant Park with Emilio and Seth Aaron. : Jay and Mila each presented three looks to the judges. After much deliberation, they concluded that Mila was more ready to show at fashion week than Jay. She advanced to the finale, and Jay was consequently eliminated. The designer won Project Runway Season 7. The designer was advanced to Fashion Week. The designer won the challenge. The designer came in second but did\",\n \"title\": \"Project Runway season 7\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40593165\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Plane Robbery (aka The Great Plane Robber) is a 1940 crime-adventure B film directed by Lewis D. Collins. Collins was more often associated with directing serials for Universal and Columbia Pictures. It stars Jack Holt, Stanley Fields and Noel Madison. Though typical of the melodramas that Holt made after transitioning from silent screen epics, western and adventure films were his forte. Reviewer Hal Erickson found it ironic that Holt, who in real life had a fear of flying, starred in so many aviation-oriented films. It was written by Albert DeMond from a story by Harold Greene. Plot Special agent Mike Henderson (Jack Holt) has been assigned by an insurance company to protect gangster Joe Colson (Noel Madison). Joe has recently been released from prison, just three months before his life insurance policy, worth half a million dollars, is due to expire. After Mike arrives at Leavenworth, Kansas, on the day of Colson's release, he discovers that two gangsters, Eddie (Paul Fix) and Nick (Harry Cording), are there as well, waiting to see Joe. They greet him and then take Joe aboard an aircraft, with Mike following closely behind. That night, Eddie and Nick storm the cockpit and force the pilot to land near a lodge where Frankie Toller (Stanley Fields), Joe's successor, awaits. When they arrive, Frankie divulges that he will hold Joe prisoner until Joe reveals where his fortune is stashed. Later, he sees Mike and inducts him into the gang, believing he is one of Joe's old friends. The aircraft's disappearance becomes a worldwide sensation. The next morning, the gang discovers that an insurance company detective was a passenger on the missing aircraft. The gang assumes it is salesman Homer Pringle (Hobart Cavanaugh). Mike, managing to convince Frankie that Joe is completely broke, proposes that they force Homer to call the insurance company with an offer to ransom Joe. Accordingly, Mike and two others go into town, where Mike stages the fake killing of Homer by shooting him with blanks. Mike and the gang members return to Frankie, while Homer telephones the police. As Frankie prepares to flee, the police arrive and arrest him and the rest of the gang. Afterward, the passengers board the aircraft and finally reach their destination. Meanwhile, Joe is taken into custody for a different offense, assuring Mike that he will outlive his policy. Cast Jack Holt as Mike Henderson Stanley Fields as Frankie Toller Vicki Lester as Helen Carver Noel Madison as Joe Colson Granville Owen as Jim Day Theodore Von Eltz as Rod Brothers Hobart Cavanaugh as Homer Pringle Milburn Stone as Krebber Paul Fix as Eddie Lindo Harry Cording as Nick Harmon John Hamilton as Dr. Jamison Doris Lloyd as Mrs. Jamison Lane Chandler as Bill Whitcomb Production Principal photography, under the working title of Keep Him Alive, took place from April 14 to 24, 1940. Some filming took place at the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia, California. Reception The Great Plane Robbery received negative reviews. In his book\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Plane Robbery (1940 film)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cascade mountains","suburban Seattle"],"string":"[\n \"Cascade mountains\",\n \"suburban Seattle\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":59,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31336"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"are specialized cells in the skin which produce melanin"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"52541","text":"Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart. Melanin is a dark pigment primarily responsible for skin color. Once synthesized, melanin is contained in special organelles called melanosomes which can be transported to nearby keratinocytes to induce pigmentation. Thus darker skin tones have more melanosomes present than lighter skin tones. Functionally, melanin serves as protection against UV radiation. Melanocytes also have a role in the immune system. Function Through a process called melanogenesis, melanocytes produce melanin, which is a pigment found in the skin, eyes, hair, nasal cavity, and inner ear. This melanogenesis leads to a long-lasting pigmentation, which is in contrast to the pigmentation that originates from oxidation of already-existing melanin. There are both basal and activated levels of melanogenesis; in general, lighter-skinned people have low basal levels of melanogenesis. Exposure to UV-B radiation causes increased melanogenesis. The purpose of melanogenesis is to protect the hypodermis, the layer under the skin, from damage by UV radiation. The color of the melanin is black, allowing it to absorb a majority of the UV light and block it from passing through the epidermis. Since the action spectrum of sunburn and melanogenesis are virtually identical, they are assumed to be induced by the same mechanism. The agreement of the action spectrum with the absorption spectrum of DNA points towards the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) - direct DNA damage. Typically, between 1000 and 2000 melanocytes are found per square millimeter of skin or approximately 5% to 10% of the cells in the basal layer of epidermis. Although their size can vary, melanocytes are typically 7 μm in length. Both lightly and darkly pigmented skin contain similar numbers of melanocytes, with difference in skin color due to differences the packing of eumelanin into the melanosomes of keratinocytes: those in dark-toned skin are \"packaged into peri-nuclear distributed, ellipsoid\" melanosomes while those light-tone skin are \"assembled into clustered small, circular melanosomes\". There are also differences in the quantity and relative amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin. Pigmentation including tanning is under hormonal control, including the MSH and ACTH peptides that are produced from the precursor proopiomelanocortin. Vitiligo is a skin disease where people lack melanin in certain areas in the skin. People with oculocutaneous albinism typically have a very low level of melanin production. Albinism is often but not always related to the TYR gene coding the tyrosinase enzyme. Tyrosinase is required for melanocytes to produce melanin from the amino acid tyrosine. Albinism may be caused by a number of other genes as well, like OCA2, SLC45A2, TYRP1, and HPS1 to name some. In all, already 17 types of oculocutaneous albinism have been recognized. Each gene is related to different protein having a role in pigment production. People with Chédiak–Higashi syndrome have a buildup of melanin granules due to abnormal function of microtubules. Role in the immune system","title":"Melanocyte"},{"docid":"21225900","text":"Amelanism (also known as amelanosis) is a pigmentation abnormality characterized by the lack of pigments called melanins, commonly associated with a genetic loss of tyrosinase function. Amelanism can affect fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans. The appearance of an amelanistic animal depends on the remaining non-melanin pigments. The opposite of amelanism is melanism, a higher percentage of melanin. A similar condition, albinism, is a hereditary condition characterised in animals by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle. This results in an all white animal, usually with pink or red eyes. Melanins and melanin production Melanin is a compound found in plants, animals, and protists, and is derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Melanin is a photoprotectant, absorbing the DNA-damaging ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Vertebrates have melanin in their skin and hair, feathers, or scales. They also have two layers of pigmented tissue in the eye: the stroma, at the front of the iris, and the iris pigment epithelium, a thin but critical layer of pigmented cells at the back of the iris. Melanin is also present in the inner ear, and is important for the early development of the auditory system. Melanin is also found in parts of the brain and adrenal gland. Melanins are produced in organelles called melanosomes. The production of melanins is called melanogenesis. Melanosomes are found in specialized pigment cells called melanocytes, but may also be engulfed by other cells, which are then called melanophages. Hair acquires pigment from melanocytes in the root bulb, which deposit melanosomes into the growing hair structure. A critical step in the production of melanins is the catalysis of tyrosine by an enzyme called tyrosinase, producing dopaquinone. Dopaquinone may become eumelanin, or phaeomelanin. Eumelanin, meaning true black, is a dense compound that absorbs most wavelengths of light, and appears black or brown as a result. Phaeomelanin, meaning rufous-black, is characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing cysteine, and it appears reddish to yellowish as a result. Melanosomes containing eumelanin are eumelanosomes, while those containing phaeomelanin are phaeomelanosomes. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) binds to the Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and commits melanocytes to the production of eumelanin. In the absence of this signal, melanocytes produce phaeomelanin. Another chemical, Agouti signalling peptide (ASP), can attach itself to MC1R and interfere with MSH/MC1R signalling. In many mammals, variation in the level of ASP switches melanocytes between eumelanin and phaeomelanin production, resulting in coloured patterns. Melanocytes, and the parallel melanophores found in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, are derived from a strip of tissue in the embryo called the neural crest. Stem cells in the neural crest give rise to the cells of the autonomic nervous system, supportive elements of the skeleton such as chondrocytes, cells of the endocrine system, and melanocytes. This strip of tissue is found along the dorsal midline of the embryo, and multipotent cells migrate down along the sides of the embryo, or through germ layers, to their ultimate destinations. Melanocyte stem cells are called","title":"Amelanism"},{"docid":"14756569","text":"P protein, also known as melanocyte-specific transporter protein or pink-eyed dilution protein homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene. The P protein is believed to be an integral membrane protein involved in small molecule transport, specifically of tyrosine—a precursor of melanin. Certain mutations in OCA2 result in type 2 oculocutaneous albinism. OCA2 encodes the human homologue of the mouse p (pink-eyed dilution) gene. The human OCA2 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 15, specifically from base pair 28,000,020 to base pair 28,344,457 on chromosome 15. Function OCA2 provides instructions for making the protein called P protein which is located in melanocytes which are specialized cells that produce melanin, and in the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium. Melanin is responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Moreover, melanin is found in the light-sensitive tissue of the retina of the eye which plays a role in normal vision. The exact function of protein P is unknown, but it has been found that it is essential for the normal coloring of skin, eyes, and hair; and likely involved in melanin production. This gene seems to be the main determinant of eye color depending on the amount of melanin production in the iris stroma (large amounts giving rise to brown eyes; little to no melanin giving rise to blue eyes). This gene is mutated in Astyanax mexicanus, a Mexican fish which is characterized by a chronic Albinism in cave's individuals. It exists as a deletion in Pachón and Molino's caves fish that produces the albinism. Clinical significance Mutations in the OCA2 gene cause a disruption in the normal production of melanin; therefore, causing vision problems and reductions in hair, skin, and eye color. Oculocutaneous albinism caused by mutations in the OCA2 gene is called oculocutaneous albinism type 2. The prevalence of OCA type 2 is estimated at 1/38,000-1/40,000 in most populations throughout the world, with a higher prevalence in the African population of 1/3,900–1/1,500. Other diseases associated with the deletion of the OCA2 gene are Angelman syndrome (light-colored hair and fair skin) and Prader–Willi syndrome (unusually light-colored hair and fair skin). With both these syndromes, the deletion often occurs in individuals with either syndrome. A mutation in the HERC2 gene adjacent to OCA2, affecting OCA2's expression in the human iris, is found common to nearly all people with blue eyes. It has been hypothesized that all blue-eyed humans share a single common ancestor with whom the mutation originated. The His615Arg allele of OCA2 is involved in the light skin tone and the derived allele is restricted to East Asia with high frequencies, with highest frequencies in Eastern East Asia (49-63%), midrange frequencies in Southeast Asia, and the lowest frequencies in Western China and some Eastern European populations. References Further reading External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2 Genes on human chromosome 15 Eye color Proteins","title":"P protein"},{"docid":"13603565","text":"Smoker's melanosis is seen with the naked eye as a brown to black pigmentation of the oral tissue i.e. the gums, cheeks or palate as well as in larynx. It is most often seen in the lower labial gingiva of tobacco users. Most easily it is found in Caucasians, due to their lack of a genetically caused melanin pigmentation. The brown to black colour is melanin. In skin, melanin prevents harmful UV-light from reaching deeper, sensible parts of the tissue. If UV-light penetrates deeply, some of the toxic substances caused by UV-light damage to cells are bound to melanin in the epithelial cells and travel with the ageing cells to the skin surface, where they are expelled from the tissue surface. In this way the melanocytes and keratinocytes together protect the tissue, with melanin serving as a toxic defence and cleaning agent. In the oral mucosa, where the ageing epithelial cells move faster to the surface compared to skin, a similar defence-mechanism seems to be present, cleaning the mucosa from different toxic chemicals penetrating the epithelium. Besides chemicals in tobacco also antimalaria-drugs cause an oral pigmentation. Smoker's melanosis is like the genetic melanin pigmentations, a defence-system in action. The microscope shows smoker's melanosis to be characterized by a melanin hyperpigmentation of the lower part of the oral epithelium, similar to sun-tanned skin. The hyperpigmentation consists of melanin granules which have the shape and colour of \"coffea beans\". They are produced by the dendritic, octopus-like melanocytes, seen between the epithelial cells situated closest to the epithelium/connective tissue border. In tobacco-users the melanocytes are stimulated to produce melanin granules and to distribute them out to the surrounding epithelial cells for further transport to the mucosal surface, like the mechanism in melanin-pigmented skin. Small amounts of melanin-like granules together with other electron-dense particles can also be seen within large melanosome complexes in the underlying connective tissue. If the granules derive from the epithelium, a phenomenon known as melanin incontinence, is not known. In Caucasians these granules are not expected to influence on the clinically observed degree of smoker's melanosis. Causes Smoking or the use of nicotine-containing drugs is the cause to Smoker's melanosis,. Also tar-components (benzopyrenes) are known to stimulate melanocytes to melanin production, and other unknown toxic agents in tobacco may also be the cause. These chemical agents have a polycyclic, chain-like structure. Environmental tobacco smoke from parents is causing smoker's melanosis in their children Swedish snuff causes a small elevation of oral melanin pigmented individuals from 3.0% to 4.7%. Nicotine tablets have shown to stimulate to melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa. Treatment and prognosis Lesions usually disappear between 3 months to 3 years for those who stop smoking. Smoker's melanosis is a benign, normal physiological reaction, and does not develop into cancer. If it does not disappear, however, a biopsy can verify the diagnosis. If smoker's melanosis is destroyed by excessive smoking, as in the hard palate of reverse smokers, who smoke with the glowing part of the cigarette inside","title":"Smoker's melanosis"},{"docid":"541488","text":"Sun tanning or tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp found in indoor tanning beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products that can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as sunless tanning. Impact on skin health Moderate exposure Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of melanin and vitamin D by the body. Excessive exposure Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including sunburn. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural skin color, and these may be a result of genetics. The term \"tanning\" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of Europe when it became fashionable for young women to seek a less pale complexion (see Cultural history below). Long-term Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of skin cancer, as well as depressed immune system function and accelerated aging of the skin. Tanning process Melanin is a natural pigment produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis. Melanocytes produce two types of melanin: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both. The intensity is commonly measured by the UV Index. There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn. In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis), which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of pyrimidine dimers) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure. The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and","title":"Sun tanning"},{"docid":"30870796","text":"The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as the melanocortins, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). It is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase in cells expressing this receptor. It is normally expressed in skin and melanocytes, and to a lesser degree in periaqueductal gray matter, astrocytes and leukocytes. In skin cancer, MC1R is highly expressed in melanomas but not carcinomas. MC1R is one of the key proteins involved in regulating mammalian skin color and hair color. It is located on the plasma membrane of specialized cells known as melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin through the process of melanogenesis. It controls the type of melanin being produced, and its activation causes the melanocyte to switch from generating the yellow-red phaeomelanin by default to the brown-black eumelanin in replacement. In humans, a number of loss-of-function mutations of MC1R have been described, with redheads often having multiple individual loss-of-function mutations, but as of 2001, activating mutations that increase eumelanin synthesis have not been described. MC1R has also been reported to be involved in cancer (independent of skin coloration), developmental processes, and susceptibility to infections and pain. Functions Coloration in mammals The MC1R protein lies within the cell membrane, and is signalled by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) released by the pituitary gland. When activated by one of the variants of MSH, typically α-MSH, MC1R initiates a complex signaling cascade that leads to the production of eumelanin. In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing the yellow or red phaeomelanin. The yellow and black agouti banding pattern observed on most mammalian hair is caused by the pulsative nature of ASIP signalling through MC1R. Exceptions include particoloured bay horses, which have reddish bodies, and black legs, mane, and tail, where ASIP signaling is limited to regions instead of pulsating. Human hair, which is neither banded nor particoloured, is thought to be regulated by α-MSH signaling through MC1R exclusively. The prevalence of red hair in humans varies considerably worldwide. In the United States, about 25% of the human population carries the mutated melanocortin 1 receptor that causes red hair. With one in four people as carriers, the chance of two people having a child with red hair is about 2% (one in 64). People with freckles and no red hair have an 85% chance of carrying the MC1R gene that is connected to red hair. People with no freckles and no red hair have an 18% chance of carrying the MC1R gene linked to red hair. Eight genes have been identified in humans that control whether the MC1R gene is turned on and the person has red hair. Coloration in birds MC1R is responsible for melanic polymorphisms in at least three unrelated species: the bananaquit,","title":"Melanocortin 1 receptor"},{"docid":"76300214","text":"alpha-Arbutin, or α-arbutin, is a glycosylated hydroquinone, and an anomer of the naturally occurring arbutin. α-Arbutin is used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its skin lightening effects, treatment of hyperpigmentation, and as a safer alternative to hydroquinone. Properties and synthesis α-Arbutin is a synthetic substance that can be produced by enzymatic glycosylation of hydroquinone in the presence of α-amylase and dextrin. In one example, this has been done in recombinant Escherichia coli, using amylase of Bacillus subtilis and sucrose phosphorylase of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Structurally it is the α-anomer of arbutin (β-arbutin), and like the β-form it is an enzyme inhibitor of human tyrosinase. Uses α-Arbutin is used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its skin lightening effects, treatment of hyperpigmentation, and as a possibly safer alternative to hydroquinone. It may also possess antioxidant properties, which can protect the skin from free radical damage. It is used in products aimed at fading solar lentigo, freckles, melasma, and other forms of hyperpigmentation where excess melanin is a concern, providing a more even skin complexion. For this purpose, concentrations of up to 2% α-arbutin are found in face creams and serums and 0.5% in body creams. α-Arbutin showed a significant reduction in melanin synthesis in cultured human melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model, with melanin synthesis reduced to 40% of the control, indicating its potency as a skin lightening agent without affecting cell viability. Mechanism of action α-Arbutin's mechanism of action as a skin lightening agent is primarily through the competitive enzymatic inhibition of tyrosinase, leading to a decrease in melanin production without affecting the mRNA gene expression of tyrosinase. It is more potent an inhibitor of tyrosinase than arbutin. α-Arbutin directly inhibits the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase, which is essential for melanin synthesis. Tyrosinase catalyzes the first two steps in melanin production: the hydroxylation of tyrosine to -DOPA and the oxidation of -DOPA to dopaquinone. By inhibiting tyrosinase, α-arbutin reduces the formation of melanin in melanocytes. α-Arbutin does not affect the gene expression of tyrosinase mRNA. This means that while α-arbutin inhibits the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme, it does not decrease the enzyme's production at the genetic level. This reduction in melanin leads to lighter skin tones and can help in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders. The efficacy of α-arbutin in reducing melanin synthesis was demonstrated in cultured human melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model, where it effectively reduced melanin synthesis. Safety and regulation α-Arbutin is generally considered safe for topical application in cosmetic products. However, its usage concentrations in the European Union (EU) are restricted by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety to 2% in facial creams and 0.5% in body lotions. References Phenol glucosides Cosmetics chemicals Enzyme inhibitors","title":"Alpha-Arbutin"},{"docid":"18842173","text":"Oculocutaneous albinism type I or type 1A is an autosomal recessive skin disease. This subtype of oculocutaneous albinism is caused when the gene for tyrosinase (symbol TYR or OCA1) does not function properly. The location of OCA1 may be written as \"11q1.4–q2.1\", meaning it is on chromosome 11, long arm, somewhere in the range of band 1, sub-band 4, and band 2, sub-band 1. Since the disorder is autosomal recessive, genetic counseling can be used to determine if both parents are heterozygous for the condition when considering having children. If both parents are heterozygous, their child has a 25% chance of inheriting both recessive copies of OCA1 and having the skin disease. This symptoms in this disease include absence of pigmentation, due to a mutation that affects melanin levels in the eyes, hair, and skin. This rare disease is found in 1 out of 20,000 people around the world, being much more prevalent in Caucasians. There is no known cure for this disease as of present, but there are various ways to manage this disease, including safety around the sun and regular checks for other skin diseases such as skin cancer. Signs and symptoms OCA is characterized by the absence of pigmentation caused by the mutation that effects the production of tyrosinase that causes partial or total absence of melanin in the hair, skin, and eyes. Reduction in melanin production specifically in the peripheral retina during embryonic development can trigger other symptoms such as abnormal nerve fiber projection that causes defects in neuronal migration that interrupts visual pathways and creates reduced visual acuity in the range of 20/60 to 20/400. This vision acuity is dependent upon the amount of pigmentation in the eye. Acuity is usually better in individuals with greater amounts of pigment. Aside from decreased pigment in the iris and retina, optic changes include decreased visual acuity, misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm, and nystagmus. OCA1 is one of the more extreme types of albinism where the iris is translucent and the eye appears pink or red in ambient light and have white skin with slight to no pigmentation when other types may have residual pigmentation. OCA1 is caused by mutations in the TYR gene, where there is a complete lack of tyrosinase activity. Genetics The tyrosinase (TYR) gene is located on chromosome 11q14. This protein coding gene produces tyrosinase, an enzyme which catalyzes a total of three steps in the conversion of tyrosine to the end product, melanin. This enzyme and conversion process takes place within melanocytes, which are specialized cells for melanin production. Melanin is a large group of molecules that give skin, eyes, and hair their respective colors. It is also partially responsible for vision, as it protects the light sensitive portion of the eye, the retina, through absorbing light. OCA Type 1A is an autosomal recessive condition, meaning there is a homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation related to the TYR gene. There are many different types of albinism, differing due to the","title":"Oculocutaneous albinism type I"},{"docid":"17828933","text":"Pigmentation disorders are disturbances of human skin color. There may be a loss or reduction, which may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly. Most pigmentation disorders involve the underproduction or overproduction of melanin. Causes Skin pigmentation is a frequent disorder that has a number of potential causes. Genetics, sun exposure, and some drugs are the three main factors that contribute to skin pigmentation. The most frequent cause of low melanin concentration (hypopigmentation) is prior skin trauma, which includes skin lesions including blisters, burns, infections, exposure to chemicals, and other wounds. The skin will appear paler than the surrounding skin surface once an injury has healed. Different areas of the skin may become hypopigmented as a result of other genetic illnesses. Hypopigmentation can be caused by hereditary conditions such as vitiligo, melasma, pityriasis versicolor, pityriasis alba, albinism, and fungal infections. Hyperpigmentation results from an increase in melanin synthesis, which is mostly brought on by sun exposure, dermatological disorders, hormones, aging, genetic factors, skin injuries or inflammation, and acne. Sun exposure is the most common cause of hyperpigmentation since it greatly increases the synthesis of melanin. Mechanism Genetics is one of the most common causes of skin color. The number of melanocytes that each person will have may be predicted by genetics. Skin cells called melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin. Melanosomes, which are organelles containing melanin, must be transported and increased during hyperpigmentation and tanning, while they shrink during hypopigmentation. Skin pigmentation is frequently caused by sun exposure. To protect itself against UV radiation from the sun, the body makes more melanin. As a result, the skin may become more pigmented to protect it from the sun's rays. The pigmentation of the skin may also be lightened by certain drugs. Antibiotics are one type of medications that can increase the synthesis of melanin, which darkens skin. Skin pigmentation may also become more intense when certain drugs, such birth control pills, are taken concurrently. References Further reading External links DermNet Johns Hopkins Medicine","title":"Pigmentation disorder"},{"docid":"58180","text":"Freckles are clusters of concentrated melaninized cells which are most easily visible on people with a fair complexion. Freckles do not have an increased number of the melanin-producing cells, or melanocytes, but instead have melanocytes that overproduce melanin granules (melanosomes) changing the coloration of the outer skin cells (keratinocytes). As such, freckles are different from lentigines and moles, which are caused by accumulation of melanocytes in a small area. Freckles can appear on all types of skin tones. Of the six Fitzpatrick skin types, they are most common on skin tones 1 and 2, which usually belong to North Europeans. However, it can also be found on people all over the world. In England a historical term for freckles is summer-voys, sometimes spelt summervoise, which may be related to the German \"summersprosse\". Biology The formation of freckles is caused by exposure to sunlight. The exposure to UV-B radiation activates melanocytes to increase melanin production, which can cause freckles to become darker and more visible. This means that one who has never developed freckles may develop them suddenly following extended exposure to sunlight. Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as arms or shoulders. Heavily distributed concentrations of melanin may cause freckles to multiply and cover an entire area of skin, such as the face. Freckles are rare on infants, and more commonly found on children before puberty. Upon exposure to the sun, freckles will reappear if they have been altered with creams or lasers and not protected from the sun, but do fade with age in some cases. Freckles are not a skin disorder, but people with freckles generally have a lower concentration of photo-protective melanin, and are therefore more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation. It is suggested that people whose skin tends to freckle should avoid overexposure to sun and use sunscreen. Genetics The presence of freckles is related to rare alleles of the MC1R gene, though it does not differentiate whether an individual will have freckles if they have one or even two copies of this gene. Also, individuals with no copies of the MC1R do sometimes display freckles. Even so, individuals with a high number of freckling sites have one or more of variants of the MC1R gene. Of the variants of the MC1R gene Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, and Asp294His are the most common in the freckled subjects. The MC1R gene is also associated with red hair more strongly than with freckles. Most red-haired individuals have two variants of the MC1R gene and almost all have one. The variants that cause red hair are the same that cause freckling. Freckling can also be found in areas, such as Japan, where red hair is not seen. These individuals have the variant Val92Met which is also found in Europeans, although it has minimal effects on their pigmentation. The R162Q allele has a disputed involvement in freckling. The variants of the MC1R gene that are linked","title":"Freckle"},{"docid":"17521516","text":"Gum depigmentation, also known as gum bleaching, is a procedure used in cosmetic dentistry to lighten or remove black spots or patches on the gums consisting of melanin. Melanin in skin is very common in inhabitants in many parts of the world due to genetic factors. Melanin pigmentation in skin, oral mucosa, inner ear and other organs is a detoxification mechanism. Some toxic agents bind to melanin and will move out of the tissue with the ageing cells and are expelled to the tissue surfaces. Also in the gums and oral mucosa a visible pigmentation is most often caused by genetic factors, but also by tobacco smoking or in a few cases by long-term use of certain medications. If stopping smoking or change of medication do not solve the problem with a disfigurating melanin pigmentation, a surgical operation may be performed. The procedure itself can involve laser ablation techniques. Laser gum depigmentation Melanocytes are cells which reside in the basal layer of the gingival epithelium. These cells produce melanin, which are pigments that cause light or dark brown spots in gums and oral mucosa. The most common cause is genetic factors or tobacco smoking, Smoker's melanosis. If the melanin pigmentation is found in a person smoking cigarettes, the most effective way to get rid of the pigmentation is to stop smoking. Most of the patients are free from the melanin pigmentation after 3 months. A dental laser can target and ablate the melanocytes, thus reducing the production of melanin in the gingival tissue. Following laser depigmentation, the gingiva heals by secondary intention. This results in a lighter and more uniform color of the gums. A study found that (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser was effective and there were no signs of re-pigmentation after a 6-month follow up period. See also Tooth whitening References Dentistry procedures Periodontology","title":"Gum depigmentation"},{"docid":"6932681","text":"Snakeskin may either refer to the skin of a live snake, the shed skin of a snake after molting, or to a type of leather that is made from the hide of a dead snake. Snakeskin and scales can have varying patterns and color formations, providing protection via camouflage from predators. The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of chromatophores located in the dermis of the snake skin. The snake's skin and scales are also an important feature to their locomotion, providing protection and minimizing friction when gliding over surfaces. Skin of a living snake In a living snake, its skin often deals with various forms of abrasion. To combat rough substrates, snakes have formed specialized and multilayered organizational epidermal structures to provide a safe and efficient sliding locomotion when maneuvering over rough surfaces. Display Pattern formation Snakes can be ornately patterned. They can be striped, banded, solid, green, blue, yellow, red, black, orange, brown, spotted, or have a unique pattern all their own. These color schemes can serve many functions, including camouflage, heat absorption or reflection, or may play other, less understood roles. Melanin cells in the skin often overlap and form complex patterns and sheets that are highly recognizable. Sometimes the soft integument of a snake is colored differently than their hard scales. This is often utilized as a method of predator determent. Color and iridescence Coloration of snakes is largely due to pigment cells and their distribution. Some scales have lightly colored centers, which arise from regions with a reduced cuticle. A thinner cuticle indicates that some sensory organ is present. Scales in general are numerous and coat the epidermis, and come in all shapes and colors. They are helpful in identification of snake species. Chromatophores in the dermis yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with guanophores and lipophores, yellow results. When guanophores and allophores are added to melanophores, red pigment results. Carotenoids also help produce orange and red colors. Dark snakes (dark brown or black in color) appear as such due to melanocytes that are active in the epidermis. When melanin is absent, albino individuals result. Snakes do not possess blue or green pigments, instead these arise from guanophores, which are also called iridocytes. Iridocytes reside in the dermis, and are responsible for the iridescent appearance of many dark-colored snakes. Males and females may show varied coloration, as might hatchlings and adults of the same species. Structures and function Snakeskin, or integument, is more than just patterns and scales. Scales and patterning are features of snakeskin, and they are derived from a soft and complex integument. These scale patterns are unique to species, and the scales themselves help in locomoting by providing a friction buffer between the snake and the ground Organization Reptiles, including snakes, possess extensive keratinization of the epidermis in the","title":"Snakeskin"},{"docid":"969598","text":"A melanosome is an organelle found in animal cells and is the site for synthesis, storage and transport of melanin, the most common light-absorbing pigment found in the animal kingdom. Melanosomes are responsible for color and photoprotection in animal cells and tissues. Melanosomes are synthesised in the skin in melanocyte cells, as well as the eye in choroidal melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In lower vertebrates, they are found in melanophores or chromatophores. Structure Melanosomes are relatively large organelles, measuring up to 500 nm in diameter. They are bound by a bilipid membrane and are, in general, rounded, sausage-like, or cigar-like in shape. The shape is constant for a given species and cell type. They have a characteristic ultrastructure on electron microscopy, which varies according to the maturity of the melanosome, and for research purposes a numeric staging system is sometimes used. Synthesis of melanin Melanosomes are dependent for their pigment on certain enzymes, especially tyrosinase, that synthesise the large polymers of melanin within the cell. Before it generates sufficient pigment to be seen on light microscopy it is known as a pre-melanosome. Dysfunction or absence of the melanin-synthesising enzymes (in conditions such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome) leads to various patterns of albinism. Pseudopodia and tanning In some melanocytes, the melanosomes remain static within the cell. In others the cell can extend its surface lengthwise as temporary projections known as pseudopodia, which carry melanosomes away from the center of the cell, thereby increasing the cell's effectiveness in absorbing light. The pseudopodial process (aka the tanning process) happens slowly in dermal melanocytes in response to ultraviolet light and to production of new melanosomes and increased donation of melanosomes to adjacent keratinocytes, which are typical skin surface cells. Donation occurs when some keratinocytes engulf the end of the melanocyte pseudopodia, which contain many melanosomes. Cytoplasmic dynein will carry the vesicles containing the melanin to the center of the cell, which causes melanosomes to sequester the keratinocyte's nucleus, providing optimal protection from UV rays. These changes are responsible for tanning of human skin after exposure to UV light or sunlight. In animals In many species of fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and reptiles, melanosomes can be highly mobile within the cell in response to hormonal (or sometimes neural) control, which leads to visible changes in colour that are used for behavioural signaling or photoprotection. Melanosomes found in certain fish species contain pigments that control the color of the fish's scales. Molecular motors, when signaled, will either carry melanosomes containing pigments out to the periphery of the cell, or concentrate them at the center. The motor protein dynein is responsible for concentrating the melanosomes toward the center of the cell, or the \"minus end\" of microtubules. Conversely, the protein kinesin is responsible for dispersing the melanosomes to the periphery of the cell, and are plus end directed motors. Because the plus ends of microtubules are oriented towards the periphery, kinesin will carry melanosomes to the periphery. Dispersing melanosomes to the periphery causes the cell to","title":"Melanosome"},{"docid":"1419101","text":"Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains colloid-filled cysts and two types of cells - basophils and chromophobes. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. As technically part of the anterior pituitary, it separates the posterior pituitary and pars distalis. It is composed of large, pale cells that encompass the aforementioned colloid-filled follicles. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians), MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. References External links Endocrine system Human head and neck","title":"Pars intermedia"},{"docid":"7330969","text":"Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MITF gene. MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including melanocytes, osteoclasts, and mast cells. The term \"lineage-specific\", since it relates to MITF, means genes or traits that are only found in a certain cell type. Therefore, MITF may be involved in the rewiring of signaling cascades that are specifically required for the survival and physiological function of their normal cell precursors. MITF, together with transcription factor EB (TFEB), TFE3 and TFEC, belong to a subfamily of related bHLHZip proteins, termed the MiT-TFE family of transcription factors. The factors are able to form stable DNA-binding homo- and heterodimers. The gene that encodes for MITF resides at the mi locus in mice, and its protumorogenic targets include factors involved in cell death, DNA replication, repair, mitosis, microRNA production, membrane trafficking, mitochondrial metabolism, and much more. Mutation of this gene results in deafness, bone loss, small eyes, and poorly pigmented eyes and skin. In human subjects, because it is known that MITF controls the expression of various genes that are essential for normal melanin synthesis in melanocytes, mutations of MITF can lead to diseases such as melanoma, Waardenburg syndrome, and Tietz syndrome. Its function is conserved across vertebrates, including in fishes such as zebrafish and Xiphophorus. An understanding of MITF is necessary to understand how certain lineage-specific cancers and other diseases progress. In addition, current and future research can lead to potential avenues to target this transcription factor mechanism for cancer prevention. Clinical significance Mutations As mentioned above, changes in MITF can result in serious health conditions. For example, mutations of MITF have been implicated in both Waardenburg syndrome and Tietz syndrome. Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Its symptoms include deafness, minor defects, and abnormalities in pigmentation. Mutations in the MITF gene have been found in certain patients with Waardenburg syndrome, type II. Mutations that change the amino acid sequence of that result in an abnormally small MITF are found. These mutations disrupt dimer formation, and as a result cause insufficient development of melanocytes. The shortage of melanocytes causes some of the characteristic features of Waardenburg syndrome. Tietz syndrome, first described in 1923, is a congenital disorder often characterized by deafness and leucism. Tietz is caused by a mutation in the MITF gene. The mutation in MITF deletes or changes a single amino acid base pair specifically in the base motif region of the MITF protein. The new MITF protein is unable to bind to DNA and melanocyte development and subsequently melanin production is altered. A reduced number of melanocytes can lead to hearing loss, and decreased melanin production can account for the light skin and hair color that make Tietz syndrome so noticeable. Melanoma Melanocytes are commonly known as cells that are responsible for producing the pigment melanin which gives coloration to the","title":"Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor"},{"docid":"13871016","text":"Greying of hair, also known as greying, canities, or achromotrichia, is the progressive loss of pigmentation in the hair, eventually turning the hair grey or white which typically occurs naturally as people age. Terminology Greying of hair is the partial or complete process of a hair becoming grey or white. It is also known as canities or achromotrichia. The word \"canities\" is derived from the Latin word cānitiēs for \"gray hair, old age\". Overview Changes in hair color typically occur naturally as people age, eventually turning the hair grey and then white. This normally begins in the early to mid-twenties in men and late twenties in women. More than 60 percent of Americans have some grey hair by age 40. The age at which greying begins seems almost entirely due to genetics. Sometimes people are born with grey hair because they inherit the trait. The order in which greying happens is usually: nose hair, hair on the head, beard, body hair, eyebrows. Greying is a gradual process; according to a study by L'Oreal, overall, of those between 45 and 65 years old, 74% had some grey hair, covering an average of 27% of their head, and approximately 1 in 10 people had no grey hairs even after the age of 60. Causes Grey or white hair is not caused by a true grey or white pigment, but is due to a lack of pigmentation and melanin. The clear hairs appear as grey or white because of the way light is reflected from the hairs. The change in hair color occurs when melanin ceases to be produced in the hair root and new hairs grow in without pigment. The stem cells at the base of hair follicles produce melanocytes, the cells that produce and store pigment in hair and skin. The death of the melanocyte stem cells causes the onset of greying. It remains unclear why the stem cells of one hair follicle may fail to activate well over a decade before those in adjacent follicles less than a millimeter apart. In non-balding individuals, hair may grow faster once it turns grey. Unlike in the skin where pigment production is continuous, melanogenesis in the hair is closely associated with stages of the hair cycle. Hair is actively pigmented in the anagen phase and is \"turned off\" during the catagen phase, and absent during telogen. Thus, a single hair cannot be white on the root side, and colored on the terminal side. Several genes appear to be responsible for the process of greying. Bcl2 and Bcl-w were the first two discovered, then in 2016, the IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) gene was announced after a study of 6,000 people living in five Latin American countries. However, it found that environmental factors controlled about 70% of cases of hair greying. In some cases, grey hair may be caused by thyroid deficiencies, Waardenburg syndrome or a vitamin B12 deficiency. At some point in the human life cycle, cells that are located in the base","title":"Greying of hair"},{"docid":"65847","text":"Vitiligo () is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it may be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, or sun exposure. Treatment options include topical medications, light therapy, surgery and cosmetics. Signs and symptoms The only sign of vitiligo is the presence of pale patchy areas of depigmented skin which tend to occur on the extremities. Some people may experience itching before a new patch appears. The patches are initially small, but often grow and change shape. When skin lesions occur, they are most prominent on the face, hands and wrists. The loss of skin pigmentation is particularly noticeable around body orifices, such as the mouth, eyes, nostrils, genitalia and umbilicus. Some lesions have increased skin pigment around the edges. Those affected by vitiligo who are stigmatized for their condition may experience depression and similar mood disorders. Causes Although multiple hypotheses have been suggested as potential triggers that cause vitiligo, studies strongly imply that changes in the immune system are responsible for the condition. Vitiligo has been proposed to be a multifactorial disease with genetic susceptibility and environmental factors both thought to play a role. It is hypothesized that damaging environmental factors can disrupt redox reactions necessary for protein folding, so skin cells may initiate the unfolded protein response which releases cytokines, thus mounting an immune response The National Institutes of Health states that some believe that sunburns can cause or exacerbate the condition, but this idea is not well-supported by good evidence. Immune Melanin is the pigment that gives skin its color; it is produced by skin cells called melanocytes. Variations in genes that are part of the immune system or part of melanocytes have both been associated with vitiligo. It is also thought to be caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the melanocytes of the skin. A genome wide association study found approximately 36 independent susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo. The TYR gene encodes the protein tyrosinase, which is not a component of the immune system, but is an enzyme of the melanocyte that catalyzes melanin biosynthesis, and a major autoantigen in generalized vitiligo. Autoimmune associations Vitiligo is sometimes associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus, and celiac disease. Among the inflammatory products of NLRP1 are caspase 1 and caspase 7, which activate the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 are expressed at high levels in people with vitiligo. In one of the mutations, the amino acid leucine in the NALP1 protein was replaced by histidine (Leu155 → His). The original protein and sequence is highly conserved in evolution, and is found in humans, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and the bush baby. Addison's disease (typically an autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands) may also be seen in individuals with vitiligo. Diagnosis An ultraviolet light can be used in the early","title":"Vitiligo"},{"docid":"14755368","text":"Melanocyte protein PMEL also known as premelanosome protein (PMEL), silver locus protein homolog (SILV) or Glycoprotein 100 (gp100), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMEL gene. Its gene product may be referred to as PMEL, silver, ME20, gp100 or Pmel17. Structure and function PMEL is a 100 kDa, 661 amino acids long type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed primarily in melanosomes, which are the melanin-producing organelles in melanocytes of pigment cells of the skin and eye, and in most malignant melanomas. This protein is involved in melanosome maturation, including melanogenesis, melanosome biogenesis, and melanin polymerization (Eisenberg) . The transmembrane form of PMEL is modified in the secretory pathway by elaboration of N-linked oligosaccharides and addition and modification of O-linked oligosaccharides. It is then targeted to precursors of the pigment organelle, the melanosome, where it is proteolytically processed to several small fragments. Some of these fragments form non-pathological amyloid that assemble into sheets and form the striated pattern that underlies melanosomal ultrastructure. PMEL cleavage is mediated by several proteases including a proprotein convertase of the furin family, a \"sheddase\" that might include members of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, and additional proteases in melanosomes or their precursors. After the amyloidogenic region is cleaved, the small remaining integral membrane fragment is digested by γ-secretase. The expression of the PMEL gene is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Function in cancer and cancer treatment The gp100 protein is a melanoma antigen i.e. a tumor-associated antigen. Short fragments of it have been used to develop the gp100 cancer vaccine which is or contains gp100:209-217(210M). Hydrophilic recombinant gp100 protein (HR-gp100) has been topically applied on human intact skin in vitro, and used as a vaccine in a mouse model. It was demonstrated that HR-gp100 permeates into human skin, and is processed and presented by human dendritic cells. In the mouse model, an HR-gp100-based vaccine triggered antigen-specific T cell responses, as shown by proliferation assays, ELISA and intracellular staining for IFN-γ. The gp100 protein contains differentiation antigens., and has been widely studied to be used as a target for melanoma immunotherapy. Different sequences of the GP100 peptide could be used for immunization against tumors. According to a case study, modifications of GP100, such as GP100-209 and GP100-208, have shown a greater number of antigen-specific CTL's (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), which can target and kill cancer cells (Eisenberg). References Further reading External links Oncology","title":"PMEL (gene)"},{"docid":"536557","text":"The melanocyte-stimulating hormones, known collectively as MSH, also known as melanotropins or intermedins, are a family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides consisting of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) that are produced by cells in the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Synthetic analogues of α-MSH, such as afamelanotide (melanotan I; Scenesse), melanotan II, and bremelanotide (PT-141), have been developed and researched. Biosynthesis The various forms of MSH are generated from different cleavages of the proopiomelanocortin protein, which also yields other important neuropeptides like adrenocorticotropic hormone. Melanocytes in skin make and secrete MSH in response to ultraviolet light, where it increases synthesis of melanin. Some neurons in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus make and secrete α-MSH in response to leptin; α-MSH is also made and secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Function Acting through melanocortin 1 receptor, α-MSH stimulates the production and release of melanin (a process referred to as melanogenesis) by melanocytes in skin and hair. Acting in the hypothalamus, α-MSH suppresses appetite. α-MSH secreted in the hypothalamus also contributes to sexual arousal. In amphibians In some animals (such as the claw-toed frog Xenopus laevis) production of MSH is increased when the animal is in a dark location. This causes pigment to be dispersed in pigment cells in the toad's skin, making it become darker, and harder for predators to spot. The pigment cells are called melanophores and therefore, in amphibians, the hormone is often called melanophore-stimulating hormone. In humans An increase in MSH will cause darker skin in humans too. MSH increases in humans during pregnancy. This, along with increased estrogens, causes increased pigmentation in pregnant women. Cushing's disease due to excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) may also result in hyperpigmentation, such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla. Most people with primary Addison's disease have darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands), nipple, and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa), new scars become hyperpigmented, whereas older ones do not darken. This occurs because MSH and ACTH share the same precursor molecule, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Different levels of MSH are not the major cause of variation in skin colour. However, in many red-headed people, and other people who do not tan well, there are variations in their hormone receptors, causing them to not respond to MSH in the blood. Structure of MSH The different forms of MSH belong to a group called the melanocortins. This group includes ACTH, α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH; these peptides are all cleavage products of a large precursor peptide called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). α-MSH is the most important melanocortin for pigmentation. The different forms of MSH have the following amino acid sequences: Synthetic MSH Synthetic analogues of α-MSH have been developed for human use. Two of the better known are afamelanotide (melanotan I) in testing by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals and bremelanotide by Palatin Technologies. Others include modimelanotide and setmelanotide. Afamelanotide (brand name Scenesse)","title":"Melanocyte-stimulating hormone"},{"docid":"716631","text":"Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back. Melanoma is frequently referred to as malignant melanoma. However, the medical community stresses that there is no such thing as a 'benign melanoma' and recommends that the term 'malignant melanoma' should be avoided as redundant. About 25% of melanomas develop from moles. Changes in a mole that can indicate melanoma include increaseespecially rapid increasein size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown. The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in those with low levels of the skin pigment melanin. The UV light may be from the sun or other sources, such as tanning devices. Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and poor immune function are at greater risk. A number of rare genetic conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, also increase the risk. Diagnosis is by biopsy and analysis of any skin lesion that has signs of being potentially cancerous. Avoiding UV light and using sunscreen in UV-bright sun conditions may prevent melanoma. Treatment typically is removal by surgery of the melanoma and the potentially affected adjacent tissue bordering the melanoma. In those with slightly larger cancers, nearby lymph nodes may be tested for spread (metastasis). Most people are cured if metastasis has not occurred. For those in whom melanoma has spread, immunotherapy, biologic therapy, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy may improve survival. With treatment, the five-year survival rates in the United States are 99% among those with localized disease, 65% when the disease has spread to lymph nodes, and 25% among those with distant spread. The likelihood that melanoma will reoccur or spread depends on its thickness, how fast the cells are dividing, and whether or not the overlying skin has broken down. Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Globally, in 2012, it newly occurred in 232,000 people. In 2015, 3.1 million people had active disease, which resulted in 59,800 deaths. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. High rates also occur in Northern Europe and North America, while it is less common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In the United States, melanoma occurs about 1.6 times more often in men than women. Melanoma has become more common since the 1960s in areas mostly populated by people of European descent. Signs and symptoms Early signs of melanoma are changes to the shape or color of existing moles or, in the case of nodular melanoma, the appearance of a new lump anywhere on the skin. At later stages, the mole may itch, ulcerate, or bleed. Early signs of melanoma are summarized by the mnemonic \"ABCDEEFG\": Asymmetry Borders (irregular with edges and corners) Colour (variegated) Diameter (greater than , about the size of","title":"Melanoma"},{"docid":"2136925","text":"The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Vertebrate lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. suckling and gulping) and the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are also a somatosensory organ, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy. Structure The upper and lower lips are referred to as the labium superius oris and labium inferius oris, respectively. The juncture where the lips meet the surrounding skin of the mouth area is the vermilion border, and the typically reddish area within the borders is called the vermilion zone. The vermilion border of the upper lip is known as the Cupid's bow. The fleshy protuberance located in the center of the upper lip is a tubercle known by various terms including the procheilon (also spelled prochilon), the \"tuberculum labii superioris\", and the \"labial tubercle\". The vertical groove extending from the procheilon to the nasal septum is called the philtrum. The skin of the lip, with three to five cellular layers, is very thin compared to typical face skin, which has up to 16 layers. With light skin color, the lip skin contains fewer melanocytes (cells which produce melanin pigment, which give skin its color). Because of this, the blood vessels appear through the skin of the lips, which leads to their notable red coloring. With darker skin color this effect is less prominent, as in this case the skin of the lips contains more melanin and thus is visually darker. The skin of the lip forms the border between the exterior skin of the face, and the interior mucous membrane of the inside of the mouth. The lip skin is not hairy and does not have sweat glands. Therefore, it does not have the usual protection layer of sweat and body oils which keep the skin smooth, inhibit pathogens, and regulate warmth. For these reasons, the lips dry out faster and become chapped more easily. The lower lip is formed from the mandibular prominence, a branch of the first pharyngeal arch. The lower lip covers the anterior body of the mandible. It is lowered by the depressor labii inferioris muscle and the orbicularis oris borders it inferiorly. The upper lip covers the anterior surface of the body of the maxilla. Its upper half is of usual skin color and has a depression at its center, directly under the nasal septum, called the philtrum, which is Latin for \"lower nose\", while its lower half is a markedly different, red-colored skin tone more similar to the color of the inside of the mouth, and the term vermillion refers to the colored portion of either the upper or lower lip. It is raised by the levator labii superioris and is connected to the lower lip by the thin lining of the lip itself. Thinning of the vermilion of the upper","title":"Lip"},{"docid":"1396651","text":"Melasma (also known as chloasma faciei, or the mask of pregnancy when present in pregnant women) is a tan or dark skin discoloration. Melasma is thought to be caused by sun exposure, genetic predisposition, hormone changes, and skin irritation. Although it can affect anyone, it is particularly common in women, especially pregnant women and those who are taking oral or patch contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy medications. Signs and symptoms The symptoms of melasma are dark, irregular, well-demarcated, hyperpigmented macules to patches. These patches often develop gradually over time. Melasma does not cause any other symptoms beyond the cosmetic discoloration. Patches can vary in size from 0.5 cm to larger than 10 cm depending on the person. Its location can be categorized as centrofacial, malar, or mandibular. The most common is centrofacial, in which patches appear on the cheeks, nose, upper lip, forehead, and chin. The mandibular category accounts for patches on the bilateral rami, while the malar location accounts for patches only on the nose and cheeks. Cause The exact cause of melasma is unknown. Melasma is thought to be the stimulation of melanocytes (cells in the dermal layer, which transfer the pigment melanin to the keratinocytes of skin) when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun. Small amounts of sun exposure can make melasma return to the skin after it has faded, which is why people with melasma often get it again and again, particularly in the summer. Pregnant women often get melasma, or chloasma, known as the mask of pregnancy. Birth-control pills and hormone replacement therapy also can trigger melasma. The discoloration usually disappears spontaneously over a period of several months after giving birth or stopping the oral contraceptives or hormone treatment. Genetic predisposition is also a major factor in determining whether someone will develop melasma. People with the Fitzpatrick skin type III or greater from African, Asian, or Hispanic descent are at a much higher risk than others. In addition, women with a light brown skin type who are living in regions with intense sun exposure are particularly susceptible to developing this condition. The incidence of melasma also increases in patients with thyroid disease. It is thought that the overproduction of melanocyte-stimulating hormone brought on by stress can cause outbreaks of this condition. Other rare causes of melasma include allergic reaction to medications and cosmetics. Addison's disease Melasma suprarenale (Latin: \"above the kidneys\") is a symptom of Addison's disease, particularly when caused by pressure or minor injury to the skin, as discovered by FJJ Schmidt of Rotterdam in 1859. Diagnosis Types The two different kinds of melasma are epidermal and dermal. Epidermal melasma results from melanin pigment that is elevated in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Dermal melasma occurs when the dermal macrophages have an elevated melanin level. Melasma is usually diagnosed visually or with assistance of a Wood's lamp (340–400 nm wavelength). Under Wood's lamp, excess melanin in the epidermis can be distinguished from that of the dermis. This is done","title":"Melasma"},{"docid":"50524","text":"A melanocytic nevus (also known as nevocytic nevus, nevus-cell nevus and commonly as a mole) is usually a noncancerous condition of pigment-producing skin cells. It is a type of melanocytic tumor that contains nevus cells. Some sources equate the term mole with \"melanocytic nevus\", but there are also sources that equate the term mole with any nevus form. The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person's life, with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles. Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm, while congenital moles, or congenital nevi, are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma. A mole can be either subdermal (under the skin) or a pigmented growth on the skin, formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte. The high concentration of the body's pigmenting agent, melanin, is responsible for their dark color. Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi, occurring commonly in humans. Signs and symptoms According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the most common types of moles are skin tags, raised moles and flat moles. Benign moles are usually brown, tan, pink or black (especially on dark-colored skin). They are circular or oval and are usually small (commonly between 1–3 mm), though some can be larger than the size of a typical pencil eraser (>5 mm). Some moles produce dark, coarse hair. Common mole hair removal procedures include plucking, cosmetic waxing, electrolysis, threading and cauterization. Aging Moles tend to appear during early childhood and during the first 30 years of life. They may change slowly, becoming raised, changing color or gradually fading. Most people have between 30 and 40 moles, but some have as many as 600. The number of moles a person has was found to have a correlation with telomere length. However, the relation between telomeres and aging remains uncertain. Complications The American Academy of Dermatology says that the vast majority of moles are benign. Data on the chances of transformation from melanocytic nevus to melanoma is controversial, but it appears that about 10% of malignant melanomas have a precursor lesion, of which about 10% are melanocytic nevi. Therefore, it appears that malignant melanoma quite seldom (1% of cases) has a melanocytic nevus as a precursor. Cause The cause is not clearly understood, but is thought to be caused by a defect in embryologic development. This is in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. The defect is thought to cause a proliferation of melanocytes. This means melanocytes, the cells in the body in charge of normal skin color, are being produced at an extremely fast rate, thus causing the melanocytes to form in clusters instead of spreading out, causing abnormal skin pigmentation in some areas of the body. Genetics Genes can have an influence on a person's moles. Dysplastic nevus syndrome is a largely hereditary condition which causes a person to have a large quantity of moles","title":"Melanocytic nevus"},{"docid":"14755789","text":"Tyrosinase-related protein 1, also known as TYRP1, is an intermembrane enzyme which in humans is encoded by the TYRP1 gene. Function Tyrp1 is a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis within melanosomes. Most Tyrp1 possess 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (melanogenic intermediate) oxidase activity. The catalytic function of Tyrp1 in human melanocytes is less clear. Tyrp1 is involved in stabilizing of tyrosinase protein and modulating its catalytic activity. Tyrp1 is also involved in maintenance of melanosome structure and affects melanocyte proliferation and melanocyte cell death. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest and migrate into the overlying epidermal ectoderm of a developing organism which forms skin and hair. Therefore, Tyrp1 influences the expression of melanin notably in the skin and hair of an organism. The Tyrp1 gene also has a non-coding function which indirectly promotes melanoma tumor cell proliferation, especially when highly expressed in a cell. Tyrp1 mRNA interacts with miR-16 and affects its ability to repress genes involved in melanoma cell production. Clinical significance Mutations in the mouse Tyrp1 gene are associated with brown pelage and in the human TYRP1 gene with oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3). An allele of TYRP1 common in Solomon Islanders results in blond hair. Although the phenotype is similar to Northern European blond hair, this allele is not found in Europeans. More recent study, Ju et al. 2020 found TYRP1 allele was selected in European population. Norton et al. 2016 study found TYRP1 is not associated with blond hair color in Melanesians as many populations in Oceania did not carry TYRP1 alleles but still displayed blondism, study indicates that additional unknown alleles contribute to the blondism phenotype in Melanesians. Alterations of the Tyrp1 gene is responsible for some of the differing phenotypes of skin and coat appearance in various animals. In Dalmatians, black versus \"liver\" spot color is due to genetic variation of the TYRP1 gene. A particular deletion in the Tyrp1 gene of domestic Chinese-Tibetan swine results in a \"brown coloration\" of the swine's skin and hair as opposed to the wild-type \"black\" phenotype. In Oujiang-color carp, mutations of the Tyrp1 gene influenced the expression of \"grey\" or \"brown\" phenotypic color of scales. Elevated levels of Tyrp1 gene expression is also associated with unfavorable patient outcome of those affected by melanoma. The role of Tyrp1 in melanoma progression was determined by comparing \"knockout\" cell lines which have inactive Tyrp1 to cells with normal and highly expressed Tyrp1. Such studies provide insight to possible clinical usage and treatment of melanoma via regulation of Tyrp1 expression in cells. Regulation The expression of TYRP1 is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Interactions TYRP1 has been shown to interact with GIPC1. See also Dopachrome tautomerase (DCT; also known as TYRP2) References Further reading External links","title":"TYRP1"},{"docid":"21035041","text":"Melanonychia is a black or brown pigmentation of a nail, and may be present as a normal finding on many digits in Afro-Caribbeans, as a result of trauma, systemic disease, or medications, or as a postinflammatory event from such localized events as lichen planus or fixed drug eruption. There are two types, longitudinal and transverse melanonychia. Signs and symptoms Melanonychia is defined by a darkening of the nail plate that is brown to black; the pigment in question is typically melanin. It can affect one or more fingernails as well as toenails. Causes Melanocytic activation and melanocyte proliferation are the two primary processes of melanonychia. Increased melanin production from a typical number of activated melanocytes in the nail matrix is referred to as melanocytotic activation. Increased melanin pigment results from a greater quantity of melanocytes within the nail matrix, which is known as melanocyte proliferation. Both pregnancy and racial melanonychia are physiological causes of longitudinal melanonychia. People with dark skin tones, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and people from the Middle East, often exhibit harmless longitudinal pigmented stripes. It is important to investigate the possibility of onychotillomania, nail-biting, frictional trauma, and even carpal tunnel syndrome if melanonychia is linked to anomalies of the nail plate or the periungual tissues. A common cause of symmetric melanonychia that affects the great toe, the lateral and external portion of the fourth or fifth toenail, is recurrent trauma from overriding toes or poorly fitting shoes. Skin disorders such onychomycosis, paronychia, psoriasis, lichen planus, amyloidosis, and chronic radiodermatitis can cause inflammation, which can activate melanocytes and result in the formation of a light-brown band. Melanonychia frequently develops after the inflammatory process has resolved. Nonmelanocytic tumors such as subungual linear keratosis, verruca vulgaris, subungual fibrous histiocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, myxoid pseudocyst, Bowen's disease, and onychomatricoma have also been shown to induce melanocytic activation, which leads to longitudinal melanonychia. Systemic-related melenonychia sometimes presents as numerous bands including the fingernails and toenails. Interestingly, cutaneous and mucosal pigmentation are frequently seen in conjunction with melanonychia linked to nutritional problems, AIDS, and Addison's disease. Alcaptonuria, hemosiderosis, hyperbilirubinemia, and porphyria have all been linked to melanonychia. Medication (particularly chemotherapy drugs), phototherapy, radiation exposure from X-rays, and electron beam therapy are examples of iatrogenic causes of melanocytic activation. Melanonychia linked with syndromes, such as Peutz-Jeghers, Touraine, and Laugier-Hunziker, usually affects numerous digits and is accompanied by mucosal pigmented macules including the lips and oral cavity. The most frequent cause of brown-black coloration on nails is hematomas. It can be chronic (repeated, tiny trauma) or acute (after a single large trauma). Both dematiaceous and nondematiaceous fungi can induce fungal melanonychia; the most prevalent ones are Trichophyton rubrum and Scytalidium dimidiatum, followed by Alternaria and Exophiala. Mechanism While melanocytes are found in the nail bed and matrix, most of them are dormant or quiescent. Melanocyte activation in response to trauma, infection, or inflammation starts the manufacture of melanin. Then, melanin-rich melanosomes are transported by dendrites to the developing matrix cells. The nail plate becomes","title":"Melanonychia"},{"docid":"4505284","text":"Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by albinism (hypopigmentation) with immunodeficiency, that usually causes death by early childhood. Researchers have developed three different classifications of the form of disorder, characterised by different signs and symptoms. Type 1 Griscelli Syndrome is assosciated with severe brain function issues along with distinctive discolouring of the hair and skin. Type 2 Griscelli Syndrome have immune system abnormalities in addition to hypopigmentation of skin and hair. Finally, Type 3 is seen as those only affected by hypopigmentation of the skin and hair. This type is not associated with immune deficiencies or neurological abnormalities. Signs and symptoms Griscelli syndrome is defined by the characteristic hypopigmentation, with frequent pyogenic infection, enlargement of the liver and spleen, a low blood neutrophil level, low blood platelet level, and immunodeficiency. Very often there is also impaired natural killer cell activity, absent delayed-type hypersensitivity and a poor cell proliferation response to antigenic challenge. This may be caused by the loss of three different genes, each of which has different additional effects, resulting in three types of syndrome. Its inheritance is autosomal recessive. Examination of the hair in this syndrome may be useful. Under light microscopy, these hairs exhibit bigger and irregular melanin granules, distributed mainly near the medulla. Under polarized light microscopy, the hairs appear monotonously white. There are three main types of Grescelli syndrome: type 1, type 2, and type 3. Regardless of type, people with Griscelli syndrome have hypopigmented skin and light, silvery-gray hair. People with Griscelli syndrome type 1 have severe problems concerning brain function, typically characterized as delayed development, intellectual disability, seizures, hypotonia, and eye and vision abnormalities. People with Griscelli syndrome type 2 have immune system abnormalities and are susceptible to recurrent infections; they develop hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which may damage organs and body tissues. People with Griscelli syndrome type 3 only have the baseline light skin and hair coloring abnormalities. Pathophysiology In melanocytes, melanosomes (vesicles containing the pigment melanin) are transported on microtubules. They are then bound by Rab27A which recruits Slac2-a and myosin Va. This complex then transfers the melanosomes from the microtubules to actin filaments. This transfer is necessary for the transport of melanosomes from the perinuclear area to the cell periphery. The loss of any one of these proteins interrupts melanosome transport and results in the hypopigmentation. However, these three proteins do not work together in other cells and RAB27A effectors may be 'mix and match.' For example, the knockout of Rab27 causes the hypopigmentation but also immunodeficiency due to deficiencies in cytotoxic killing activity in cytotoxic T cells (something that also depends on vesicle transport). While, the knockout of myosin Va does not cause immunodeficiency, but it does cause neural defects. Though some neural problems (i.e. brain damage) can be seen in Rab27A deficient children, this is thought to be a secondary effect of the immune problems, and not directly due to the lack of Rab27A. Munc13-4 has also drawn attention based on its involvement in causing bleeding manifestations","title":"Griscelli syndrome"},{"docid":"2404069","text":"Leucism () is a wide variety of conditions that result in partial loss of pigmentation in an animal—causing white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, or cuticles, but not the eyes. It is occasionally spelled leukism. Some genetic conditions that result in a \"leucistic\" appearance include piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, flavism, isabellinism, xanthochromism, axanthism, amelanism, and melanophilin mutations. Pale patches of skin, feathers, or fur (often referred to as \"depigmentation\") can also result from injury. Details Leucism is often used to describe the phenotype that results from defects in pigment cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to skin, hair, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all pigment cells fail to develop) or patches of body surface (if only a subset are defective) having a lack of cells that can make pigment. Since all pigment cell-types differentiate from the same multipotent precursor cell-type, leucism can cause the reduction in all types of pigment. This is in contrast to albinism, for which leucism is often mistaken. Albinism results in the reduction of melanin production only, though the melanocyte (or melanophore) is still present. Thus in species that have other pigment cell-types, for example xanthophores, albinos are not entirely white, but instead display a pale yellow color. More common than a complete absence of pigment cells is localized or incomplete hypopigmentation, resulting in irregular patches of white on an animal that otherwise has normal coloring and patterning. This partial leucism is known as a \"pied\" or \"piebald\" effect; and the ratio of white to normal-colured skin can vary considerably not only between generations, but between different offspring from the same parents, and even between members of the same litter. This is notable in horses, cows, cats, dogs, the urban crow and the ball python but is also found in many other species. Due to the lack of melanin production in both the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and iris, those affected by albinism sometimes have pink pupil due to the underlying blood vessels showing through. However, this is not always the case and many albino animals do not have pink pupils. The common belief that all albinos have pink pupils results in many albinos being incorrectly labeled as 'leucistic'. The neural crest disorders that cause leucism do not result in pink pupils and therefore most leucistic animals have normally colored eyes. This is because the melanocytes of the RPE do not derive from the neural crest. Instead, an out-pouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup that, in turn, forms the retina. As these cells are from an independent developmental origin, they are typically unaffected by the genetic cause of leucism. Notable examples Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) – in 2021, a leucistic example was found in the Gwydir River, near Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. Genetics Genes that, when mutated, can cause leucism include c-kit, mitf and EDNRB. Etymology The terms leucistic and leucism are derived from the stem leuc-","title":"Leucism"},{"docid":"5070047","text":"Piebaldism refers to the absence of mature melanin-forming cells (melanocytes) in certain areas of the skin and hair. It is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development. Common characteristics include a congenital white forelock, scattered normal pigmented and hypopigmented macules and a triangular shaped depigmented patch on the forehead. There is nevertheless great variation in the degree and pattern of presentation, even within affected families. In some cases, piebaldism occurs together with severe developmental problems, as in Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease. Piebaldism has been documented to occur in all races, and is found in nearly every species of mammal. The condition is very common in mice, rabbits, dogs, sheep, deer, cattle and horses—where selective breeding has increased the incidence of the mutation—but occurs among chimpanzees and other primates only as rarely as among humans. Piebaldism is unrelated to conditions such as vitiligo or poliosis. Although \"partial albinism\" is a synonym for piebaldism, it is a fundamentally different condition from true albinism. The vision problems associated with albinism are not usually present as eye pigmentation is normal. Piebaldism differs from albinism in that the affected cells maintain the ability to produce pigment but have that specific function turned off. In albinism the cells lack the ability to produce pigment altogether. Human piebaldism has been observed to be associated with a very wide range and varying degrees of endocrine disorders, and is occasionally found together with heterochromia of the irises, congenital deafness, or incomplete gastrointestinal tract development, possibly all with the common cause of premature cutting off of human fetal growth hormone during gestation. Piebaldism is a kind of neurocristopathy, involving defects of various neural crest cell lineages that include melanocytes, but also involving many other tissues derived from the neural crest. Oncogenic factors, including mistranscription, are hypothesized to be related to the degree of phenotypic variation among affected individuals. Genetics Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant hereditary condition, which tends to produce high rates of inheritance and long chains of generational transmission. All who inherit the gene have at some time in life evidence of piebald hypopigmentation of the hair or skin, most likely both. Piebaldism may be associated with the genes KIT or SNAI2. Diagnosis Usually diagnosed at birth with the appearance of patches of white skin on the arms, legs, stomach, forehead, and a white lock of hair. History Early photographers took many photographs of African people with piebaldism as a form of entertainment and exoticism, and George Catlin is believed to have painted several portraits of Native Americans of the Mandan tribe who were affected by piebaldism. Historically, persons with extensive piebaldism have experienced abuse of the sort still suffered in the present by albinos, especially in Africa. This has ranged from display of unclothed African piebalds in \"freak\" shows and postcards of the early 20th century to the forcing of piebalds (as in the case of albinos) to work long hours exposed to the sun (producing high rates of lethal skin cancers), to the use of","title":"Piebaldism"},{"docid":"22290971","text":"Photoaging or photoageing (also known as \"dermatoheliosis\") is a term used for the characteristic changes to skin induced by chronic UVA and UVB exposure. Tretinoin is the best studied retinoid in the treatment of photoaging. The deterioration of biological functions and ability to manage metabolic stress is one of the major consequences of the aging process. Aging is a complex, progressive process that leads to functional and aesthetic changes in the skin. This process can result from both intrinsic (i.e., genetically determined) as well as extrinsic processes (i.e., environmental factors). Photoaging is attributed to continuous, long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of approximately 300–400 nm, either natural or synthetic, on an intrinsically aged skin. Effects of UV light Molecular and genetic changes UVB rays are a primary mutagen that can only penetrate through the epidermal (outermost) layer of the skin, resulting in DNA mutations. These mutations arise due to chemical changes, the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and photoproducts formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases. These mutations may be clinically related to specific signs of photoaging such as wrinkling, increasing in elastin and collagen damage. The epidermal layer does not contain any blood vessels or nerve endings but melanocytes and basal cells are embedded in this layer. Upon exposure to UVB rays, melanocytes will produce melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color tone. However, UVB will cause the formation of freckles and dark spots, both of which are symptoms of photoaging. With constant exposure to UVB rays, signs of photoaging might appear and precancerous lesions or skin cancer may develop. UVA rays are able to penetrate deeper into the skin as compared to UVB rays. Hence, in addition to the epidermal layer, the dermal layer will also be damaged. The dermis is the second major layer of the skin and it comprises collagen, elastin, and extrafibrillar matrix which provides structural support to the skin. However, with constant UVA exposure, the size of the dermis layer will be reduced, thereby causing the epidermis to start drooping off the body. Due to the presence of blood vessels in the dermis, UVA rays can lead to dilated or broken blood vessels which are most commonly visible on the nose and cheeks. UVA can also damage DNA indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anion, peroxide and singlet oxygen. These ROS damage cellular DNA as well as lipids and proteins. Pigmentation UV exposure can also lead to inflammation and vasodilation which is clinically manifested as sunburn. UV radiation activates the transcription factor, NF-κB, which is the first step in inflammation. NF-κB activation results in the increase of proinflammatory cytokines, for example: interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). This then attracts neutrophils which lead to an increase in oxidative damage through the generation of free radicals. Additionally, UV radiation would cause the down-regulation of an angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin-1, and the up-regulation of an angiogenesis activator which is platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor,","title":"Photoaging"},{"docid":"18593371","text":"Self-domestication is a scientific hypothesis that suggests that, similar to domesticated animals, there has been a process of artificial selection among members of the human species conducted by humans themselves. In this way, during the process of hominization, a preference for individuals with collaborative and social behaviors would have been shown to optimize the benefit of the entire group: docility, language, and emotional intelligence would have been enhanced during this process of artificial selection. The hypothesis is raised that this is what differentiated Homo sapiens from Homo neanderthalensis and Homo erectus. Origin and status of the hypothesis In general, domesticated animals possess common characteristics that differentiate them from their non-domesticated counterparts (for example, in the case of Canis familiaris compared to their relatives, Canis lupus, among many other cases): they tend to be more docile and playful, exhibit less aggressive behavior, and show marked neoteny, often resulting in a smaller body, a slightly smaller brain and skull, as well as shorter teeth and snout. One of the first to scientifically observe that humans present similar traits was the naturalist, anthropologist, and physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach around 1800. The author of the thesis \"De generis humani varietate nativa\" ('On the natural variations in the human lineage') consequently proposed the hypothesis that humans could have been domesticated. A few years later, Charles Darwin addressed the topic using the theory of evolution, which already considered the process of artificial selection in animals. Unable to explain the concept of human domestication from an exclusively scientific perspective (the question of who domesticated humans could only be answered in religious or theistic terms), he eventually dismissed the hypothesis. However, the studies of Dimitri Beliayev in the 20th century were important for the proposal: research on the silver fox demonstrated that in the process of animal domestication, simultaneous changes occurred in behavior (lower levels of adrenaline were observed) and in coat color (alterations in pigmentation): adrenaline could share a biochemical pathway with melanin, a pathway that would be altered during the process of artificial selection. In 2014, scientists Adam Wilkins (from Humboldt University, Berlin), Richard Wrangham (from Harvard University, Massachusetts), and Tecumseh Fitch (from the University of Vienna) proposed that the common origin of these changes lay in neural crest cells, exclusive stem cells of vertebrates that migrate to different parts of the body during the embryonic phase, giving rise to the adrenal glands (responsible for managing the fear and stress response through adrenaline production), melanocytes (responsible for producing skin or coat melanin), and jaws simultaneously. The deficit of these cells would explain the common characteristics of all domesticated animals: tameness, cranial and mandibular reduction, and alterations in pigmentation. Of the three members of the research team, it was primatologist Richard Wrangham who translated these results to humans, asserting that humans have \"domesticated\" themselves through a process of self-selection (a proposal he would elaborate in \"The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution\"). In July 2019, a team from the Institute of","title":"Self-domestication"},{"docid":"13530724","text":"Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM1 gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-selective cation channels. It is expressed in the retina, in a subset of bipolar cells termed ON bipolar cells. These cells form synapses with either rods or cones, collecting signals from them. In the dark, the signal arrives in the form of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is detected by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade. Detection of glutamate by the GPCR Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 results in closing of the TRPM1 channel. At the onset of light, glutamate release is halted and mGluR6 is deactivated; this results in opening of the TRPM1 channel, influx of sodium and calcium, and depolarization of the bipolar cell. In addition to the retina, TRPM1 is also expressed in melanocytes, which are melanin-producing cells in the skin. The expression of TRPM1 is inversely correlated with melanoma aggressiveness, suggesting that it might suppress melanoma metastasis. However, subsequent work showed that a microRNA located in an intron of the TRPM1 gene, rather than the TRPM1 protein itself, is responsible for the tumor suppressor function. The expression of both TRPM1 and the microRNA are regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Clinical significance Mutations in TRPM1 are associated with congenital stationary night blindness in humans and coat spotting patterns in Appaloosa horses. See also TRPM References External links Ion channels","title":"TRPM1"},{"docid":"60116985","text":"Rhododendrol (RD) also called 4-[(3R)-3-hydroxybutyl]phenol (systemic name), is an organic compound with the formula C10H14O2. It is a naturally occurring ingredient present in many plants, such as the Rhododendron. The phenolic compound was first developed in 2010 as a tyrosinase inhibitor for skin-lightening cosmetics. In 2013, after rhododendrol reportedly caused skin depigmentation in consumers using RD-containing skin-brightening cosmetics, the cosmetics were withdrawn from the market. The skin condition, caused by RD, is called RD-induced leukoderma. Rhododendrol exerts melanocyte cytotoxicity via a tyrosinase-dependent mechanism. It has been shown to impair the normal proliferation of melanocytes through reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of GADD45. It is now well established that rhododendrol is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor. Structure and synthesis Structure Rhododendrol occurs as the glucoside rhododendrin in leaves of the Rhododendron (Ericacae), and it naturally occurs as a phenolic compound in plants such as Acer nikoense , Betula platyphylla, and the Chinese red birch Betula Alba. The compound can be obtained from alkylation of phenols (C6H5OH). The molecule has a para-substituted structure, and one chiral center. Also, the compound has a natural charge. Biosynthesis There are several ways to synthesise rhododendrol. First, the synthesis can be achieved in six steps from benzaldehyde. The key reactions in this method include aldol condensation and trichloroacetimidate glycosylation. The compound can also be prepared by reducing raspberry ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2- butanone) with Raney nickel in EtOH. In addition, Rhododendrol can be synthesised from p-coumaric acid. This pathway involves reduction of the aliphatic double bond present in p-coumaric acid. Mechanisms of action The mechanism of action of rhododendrol has been investigated in multiple studies which revealed that RD competes with tyrosine for hydroxylation by tyrosinase and interferes with melanin synthesis. First, RD is catalysed by tyrosinase to produce toxic metabolites as RD-cyclic catechol. These reactive metabolites cause damage to the melanocytes. There is still uncertainty, however, how the metabolites result in melanocyte damage. A previous report reported that the melanocyte toxicity of rhododendrol is caused by the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, another study stated that there was no ROS detected in the rhododendrol-treated melanocytes, but a tyrosinase-dependent accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the apoptotic pathway. Even though there is still no full agreement on the exact mechanism of action, it is suggested that the mechanism of RD-induced leukoderma closely resembles the mechanism displayed in the figure below (Suggested mechanism of Rhododendrol.png). In some individuals, a T-cell response is observed. The melanocyte cell lysates may sensitise T-cells, and the immunised cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (specific to Melan A, which is a melanocytic differentiation marker) may enhance the RD-induced leukoderma or evoke vitiligo-like lesions on the non-applied skin. Metabolism Rhododendrol is metabolised via tyrosinase-catalysed oxidation. Therefore, the enzyme tyrosinase is necessary for the oxidation of rhododendrol. Tyrosinase regularly plays an essential role in the production of melanocytes called the melanogenesis. After oxidation of rhododendrol by the tyrosinase enzyme, several kinds of phenols and catechols are formed. These phenols and catechols together form ortho-quinones (o-quinones). Presence of","title":"Rhododendrol"},{"docid":"39201589","text":"Anolis grahami, commonly known as the Jamaican turquoise anole and Graham's anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to the island of Jamaica, and has also been introduced to the territory of Bermuda. It is one of many different species of anole lizards found in Jamaica. There are two recognized subspecies. Etymology The specific name of this species, grahami, was assigned to it in honor of James Duncan Graham, who founded the Corps of Topographical Engineers in the United States Army. Description The upper body of Anolis grahami is usually a rich emerald or aquamarine while its trunk and legs are a bright deep blue. It has a bright orange dewlap. The first half of the tail is a deep blue, while the lower half is brilliant violet. Its underside is usually a light blue gray. Occasionally, especially in females and younger individuals, these colors may be somewhat muted, though still quite gaudy. Fully grown males can be exceptionally colorful; occasionally a pure turquoise blue lizard may be observed. Mature male Anolis grahami can grow to a total length of 16 centimetres (6.3 in) and a snout–vent length (SVL) of 8 cm (3.1 in); females are smaller than males. During confrontations over territory or when threatened males may raise a small dorsal crest atop their heads. Colorization These lizards have a special ability to camouflage and change color when necessary. Under the anole's skin are pigment cells called chromatophores responsible for its usual coloration. Underneath these pigment cells are specialized pigment cells called melanocytes which contain the pigment melanin, in response to changes in the lizards hormones these cells can expand and mask the ordinary pigment cells, resulting in a change to a darker coloration, thus the anole is capable of changing its hue from bright blue, to varying shades of brown or almost completely black when stressed, often the end of the tail, and sometimes the trunk, remains colored during a color change. These lizards also have the ability to change the color of only one half of their bodies. Taxonomy Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies. Anolis grahami aquarum – Portland Parish and St. Thomas Parish, Jamaica Anolis grahami grahami - Most of northern, western, southern and central Jamaica The order of the Anolis grahami is Squamata, which is a category that refers to scaled reptiles. Squamata is the most common order of reptile, and it includes species of snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians. Species that are part of this order can be found all across the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Due to the wide variety of habitats and conditions that they live in, other lizard species in this order display significantly different adaptations and traits from the Anolis grahami. Structure The Anolis grahami have a developed, movable hinge in their skull called the quadratojugal hinge, which is a defining trait of the order Squamata. Members of this order have developed a specific jaw structure","title":"Anolis grahami"},{"docid":"7320592","text":"Indoor tanning lotions accelerate the tanning process, by promoting the production of melanin. Increasing blood flow to the skin is a proposed mechanism, which may in turn stimulate production of melanin by melanocytes. Historically, indoor tanning lotions have contained no sunscreen and offer no protection from the sun. However, many tanning lotions currently contain sunscreen. Unlike sunless tanning lotions, these are designed for use with an ultraviolet source such as a tanning bed or booth. Ingredients Some of the active ingredients found in common tanning lotions include melanin and L-Tyrosine. Other commonly found ingredients include tea oil, copper (in many different chemical compounds), green tea extract and many other natural oils. Indoor tanning lotions are usually designed to only use ingredients that will not cause damage or build up on acrylic surfaces. This is because all tanning beds use 100% acrylic in their protective shields. This is one reason people should not use outdoor tanning lotion in a tanning bed, as some common ingredients such as mineral oil (common ingredient in cosmetics, including some baby oil brands) will damage the surface of the acrylics. Tingle is a standard description for indoor tanning lotions that contain ingredients that increase blood flow at the skin level, or cause a \"tingling\" sensation. Bronzers Some lotions have a bronzing effect to them. There are three different types of bronzers; cosmetic, natural and DHA. DHA (dihydroxyacetone) is a higher level of bronzer that stays on the skin for about 4–5 days depending on how much one exfoliates. Natural bronzers that are made from plant extracts, and stay on the skin for about 3–4 days, also exist. Cosmetic bronzers stain the skin the most, they stay on the skin for about 1–3 days and can be easily washed off in the shower. These bronzers work with the skin to provide a darker cosmetic color. They take approximately 4–6 hours to develop full color. Having a base tan before using a bronzer produces a more natural looking color. Natural bronzers use natural ingredients, such as caramel, riboflavin, etc. These ingredients provide a slight instant boost of color, but will wash off in the shower. Higher quality natural bronzer lotions will have certain organic ingredients/natural or exotic extracts that aid in the process of tanning (melanin production/oxidization). Moisturizing One of the primary purposes for using indoor tanning lotions is to moisturize the skin. This is because tanning (indoors or out) can dehydrate the skin so additional moisturization is needed to compensate and leave the skin looking smooth and healthy. One of the most popular moisturizing elements in tanning lotions is hempseed oil, although other oils are also common. The primary moisturizing ingredients in tanning lotions are essentially the same as in regular hand lotions, although they tend to have less alcohol in them. Outdoor use Most indoor tanning lotions do not offer protection from the sun (have no SPF) and are not intended for outdoor use. However, many tanning lotions now contain SPF. See also Indoor tanning References","title":"Indoor tanning lotion"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"52541\",\n \"text\": \"Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart. Melanin is a dark pigment primarily responsible for skin color. Once synthesized, melanin is contained in special organelles called melanosomes which can be transported to nearby keratinocytes to induce pigmentation. Thus darker skin tones have more melanosomes present than lighter skin tones. Functionally, melanin serves as protection against UV radiation. Melanocytes also have a role in the immune system. Function Through a process called melanogenesis, melanocytes produce melanin, which is a pigment found in the skin, eyes, hair, nasal cavity, and inner ear. This melanogenesis leads to a long-lasting pigmentation, which is in contrast to the pigmentation that originates from oxidation of already-existing melanin. There are both basal and activated levels of melanogenesis; in general, lighter-skinned people have low basal levels of melanogenesis. Exposure to UV-B radiation causes increased melanogenesis. The purpose of melanogenesis is to protect the hypodermis, the layer under the skin, from damage by UV radiation. The color of the melanin is black, allowing it to absorb a majority of the UV light and block it from passing through the epidermis. Since the action spectrum of sunburn and melanogenesis are virtually identical, they are assumed to be induced by the same mechanism. The agreement of the action spectrum with the absorption spectrum of DNA points towards the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) - direct DNA damage. Typically, between 1000 and 2000 melanocytes are found per square millimeter of skin or approximately 5% to 10% of the cells in the basal layer of epidermis. Although their size can vary, melanocytes are typically 7 μm in length. Both lightly and darkly pigmented skin contain similar numbers of melanocytes, with difference in skin color due to differences the packing of eumelanin into the melanosomes of keratinocytes: those in dark-toned skin are \\\"packaged into peri-nuclear distributed, ellipsoid\\\" melanosomes while those light-tone skin are \\\"assembled into clustered small, circular melanosomes\\\". There are also differences in the quantity and relative amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin. Pigmentation including tanning is under hormonal control, including the MSH and ACTH peptides that are produced from the precursor proopiomelanocortin. Vitiligo is a skin disease where people lack melanin in certain areas in the skin. People with oculocutaneous albinism typically have a very low level of melanin production. Albinism is often but not always related to the TYR gene coding the tyrosinase enzyme. Tyrosinase is required for melanocytes to produce melanin from the amino acid tyrosine. Albinism may be caused by a number of other genes as well, like OCA2, SLC45A2, TYRP1, and HPS1 to name some. In all, already 17 types of oculocutaneous albinism have been recognized. Each gene is related to different protein having a role in pigment production. People with Chédiak–Higashi syndrome have a buildup of melanin granules due to abnormal function of microtubules. Role in the immune system\",\n \"title\": \"Melanocyte\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21225900\",\n \"text\": \"Amelanism (also known as amelanosis) is a pigmentation abnormality characterized by the lack of pigments called melanins, commonly associated with a genetic loss of tyrosinase function. Amelanism can affect fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans. The appearance of an amelanistic animal depends on the remaining non-melanin pigments. The opposite of amelanism is melanism, a higher percentage of melanin. A similar condition, albinism, is a hereditary condition characterised in animals by the absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle. This results in an all white animal, usually with pink or red eyes. Melanins and melanin production Melanin is a compound found in plants, animals, and protists, and is derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Melanin is a photoprotectant, absorbing the DNA-damaging ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Vertebrates have melanin in their skin and hair, feathers, or scales. They also have two layers of pigmented tissue in the eye: the stroma, at the front of the iris, and the iris pigment epithelium, a thin but critical layer of pigmented cells at the back of the iris. Melanin is also present in the inner ear, and is important for the early development of the auditory system. Melanin is also found in parts of the brain and adrenal gland. Melanins are produced in organelles called melanosomes. The production of melanins is called melanogenesis. Melanosomes are found in specialized pigment cells called melanocytes, but may also be engulfed by other cells, which are then called melanophages. Hair acquires pigment from melanocytes in the root bulb, which deposit melanosomes into the growing hair structure. A critical step in the production of melanins is the catalysis of tyrosine by an enzyme called tyrosinase, producing dopaquinone. Dopaquinone may become eumelanin, or phaeomelanin. Eumelanin, meaning true black, is a dense compound that absorbs most wavelengths of light, and appears black or brown as a result. Phaeomelanin, meaning rufous-black, is characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing cysteine, and it appears reddish to yellowish as a result. Melanosomes containing eumelanin are eumelanosomes, while those containing phaeomelanin are phaeomelanosomes. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) binds to the Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and commits melanocytes to the production of eumelanin. In the absence of this signal, melanocytes produce phaeomelanin. Another chemical, Agouti signalling peptide (ASP), can attach itself to MC1R and interfere with MSH/MC1R signalling. In many mammals, variation in the level of ASP switches melanocytes between eumelanin and phaeomelanin production, resulting in coloured patterns. Melanocytes, and the parallel melanophores found in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, are derived from a strip of tissue in the embryo called the neural crest. Stem cells in the neural crest give rise to the cells of the autonomic nervous system, supportive elements of the skeleton such as chondrocytes, cells of the endocrine system, and melanocytes. This strip of tissue is found along the dorsal midline of the embryo, and multipotent cells migrate down along the sides of the embryo, or through germ layers, to their ultimate destinations. Melanocyte stem cells are called\",\n \"title\": \"Amelanism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14756569\",\n \"text\": \"P protein, also known as melanocyte-specific transporter protein or pink-eyed dilution protein homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2) gene. The P protein is believed to be an integral membrane protein involved in small molecule transport, specifically of tyrosine—a precursor of melanin. Certain mutations in OCA2 result in type 2 oculocutaneous albinism. OCA2 encodes the human homologue of the mouse p (pink-eyed dilution) gene. The human OCA2 gene is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 15, specifically from base pair 28,000,020 to base pair 28,344,457 on chromosome 15. Function OCA2 provides instructions for making the protein called P protein which is located in melanocytes which are specialized cells that produce melanin, and in the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium. Melanin is responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Moreover, melanin is found in the light-sensitive tissue of the retina of the eye which plays a role in normal vision. The exact function of protein P is unknown, but it has been found that it is essential for the normal coloring of skin, eyes, and hair; and likely involved in melanin production. This gene seems to be the main determinant of eye color depending on the amount of melanin production in the iris stroma (large amounts giving rise to brown eyes; little to no melanin giving rise to blue eyes). This gene is mutated in Astyanax mexicanus, a Mexican fish which is characterized by a chronic Albinism in cave's individuals. It exists as a deletion in Pachón and Molino's caves fish that produces the albinism. Clinical significance Mutations in the OCA2 gene cause a disruption in the normal production of melanin; therefore, causing vision problems and reductions in hair, skin, and eye color. Oculocutaneous albinism caused by mutations in the OCA2 gene is called oculocutaneous albinism type 2. The prevalence of OCA type 2 is estimated at 1/38,000-1/40,000 in most populations throughout the world, with a higher prevalence in the African population of 1/3,900–1/1,500. Other diseases associated with the deletion of the OCA2 gene are Angelman syndrome (light-colored hair and fair skin) and Prader–Willi syndrome (unusually light-colored hair and fair skin). With both these syndromes, the deletion often occurs in individuals with either syndrome. A mutation in the HERC2 gene adjacent to OCA2, affecting OCA2's expression in the human iris, is found common to nearly all people with blue eyes. It has been hypothesized that all blue-eyed humans share a single common ancestor with whom the mutation originated. The His615Arg allele of OCA2 is involved in the light skin tone and the derived allele is restricted to East Asia with high frequencies, with highest frequencies in Eastern East Asia (49-63%), midrange frequencies in Southeast Asia, and the lowest frequencies in Western China and some Eastern European populations. References Further reading External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2 Genes on human chromosome 15 Eye color Proteins\",\n \"title\": \"P protein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13603565\",\n \"text\": \"Smoker's melanosis is seen with the naked eye as a brown to black pigmentation of the oral tissue i.e. the gums, cheeks or palate as well as in larynx. It is most often seen in the lower labial gingiva of tobacco users. Most easily it is found in Caucasians, due to their lack of a genetically caused melanin pigmentation. The brown to black colour is melanin. In skin, melanin prevents harmful UV-light from reaching deeper, sensible parts of the tissue. If UV-light penetrates deeply, some of the toxic substances caused by UV-light damage to cells are bound to melanin in the epithelial cells and travel with the ageing cells to the skin surface, where they are expelled from the tissue surface. In this way the melanocytes and keratinocytes together protect the tissue, with melanin serving as a toxic defence and cleaning agent. In the oral mucosa, where the ageing epithelial cells move faster to the surface compared to skin, a similar defence-mechanism seems to be present, cleaning the mucosa from different toxic chemicals penetrating the epithelium. Besides chemicals in tobacco also antimalaria-drugs cause an oral pigmentation. Smoker's melanosis is like the genetic melanin pigmentations, a defence-system in action. The microscope shows smoker's melanosis to be characterized by a melanin hyperpigmentation of the lower part of the oral epithelium, similar to sun-tanned skin. The hyperpigmentation consists of melanin granules which have the shape and colour of \\\"coffea beans\\\". They are produced by the dendritic, octopus-like melanocytes, seen between the epithelial cells situated closest to the epithelium/connective tissue border. In tobacco-users the melanocytes are stimulated to produce melanin granules and to distribute them out to the surrounding epithelial cells for further transport to the mucosal surface, like the mechanism in melanin-pigmented skin. Small amounts of melanin-like granules together with other electron-dense particles can also be seen within large melanosome complexes in the underlying connective tissue. If the granules derive from the epithelium, a phenomenon known as melanin incontinence, is not known. In Caucasians these granules are not expected to influence on the clinically observed degree of smoker's melanosis. Causes Smoking or the use of nicotine-containing drugs is the cause to Smoker's melanosis,. Also tar-components (benzopyrenes) are known to stimulate melanocytes to melanin production, and other unknown toxic agents in tobacco may also be the cause. These chemical agents have a polycyclic, chain-like structure. Environmental tobacco smoke from parents is causing smoker's melanosis in their children Swedish snuff causes a small elevation of oral melanin pigmented individuals from 3.0% to 4.7%. Nicotine tablets have shown to stimulate to melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa. Treatment and prognosis Lesions usually disappear between 3 months to 3 years for those who stop smoking. Smoker's melanosis is a benign, normal physiological reaction, and does not develop into cancer. If it does not disappear, however, a biopsy can verify the diagnosis. If smoker's melanosis is destroyed by excessive smoking, as in the hard palate of reverse smokers, who smoke with the glowing part of the cigarette inside\",\n \"title\": \"Smoker's melanosis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"541488\",\n \"text\": \"Sun tanning or tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp found in indoor tanning beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products that can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as sunless tanning. Impact on skin health Moderate exposure Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of melanin and vitamin D by the body. Excessive exposure Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including sunburn. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural skin color, and these may be a result of genetics. The term \\\"tanning\\\" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of Europe when it became fashionable for young women to seek a less pale complexion (see Cultural history below). Long-term Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of skin cancer, as well as depressed immune system function and accelerated aging of the skin. Tanning process Melanin is a natural pigment produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis. Melanocytes produce two types of melanin: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both. The intensity is commonly measured by the UV Index. There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn. In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis), which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of pyrimidine dimers) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure. The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and\",\n \"title\": \"Sun tanning\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30870796\",\n \"text\": \"The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as the melanocortins, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). It is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase in cells expressing this receptor. It is normally expressed in skin and melanocytes, and to a lesser degree in periaqueductal gray matter, astrocytes and leukocytes. In skin cancer, MC1R is highly expressed in melanomas but not carcinomas. MC1R is one of the key proteins involved in regulating mammalian skin color and hair color. It is located on the plasma membrane of specialized cells known as melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin through the process of melanogenesis. It controls the type of melanin being produced, and its activation causes the melanocyte to switch from generating the yellow-red phaeomelanin by default to the brown-black eumelanin in replacement. In humans, a number of loss-of-function mutations of MC1R have been described, with redheads often having multiple individual loss-of-function mutations, but as of 2001, activating mutations that increase eumelanin synthesis have not been described. MC1R has also been reported to be involved in cancer (independent of skin coloration), developmental processes, and susceptibility to infections and pain. Functions Coloration in mammals The MC1R protein lies within the cell membrane, and is signalled by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) released by the pituitary gland. When activated by one of the variants of MSH, typically α-MSH, MC1R initiates a complex signaling cascade that leads to the production of eumelanin. In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing the yellow or red phaeomelanin. The yellow and black agouti banding pattern observed on most mammalian hair is caused by the pulsative nature of ASIP signalling through MC1R. Exceptions include particoloured bay horses, which have reddish bodies, and black legs, mane, and tail, where ASIP signaling is limited to regions instead of pulsating. Human hair, which is neither banded nor particoloured, is thought to be regulated by α-MSH signaling through MC1R exclusively. The prevalence of red hair in humans varies considerably worldwide. In the United States, about 25% of the human population carries the mutated melanocortin 1 receptor that causes red hair. With one in four people as carriers, the chance of two people having a child with red hair is about 2% (one in 64). People with freckles and no red hair have an 85% chance of carrying the MC1R gene that is connected to red hair. People with no freckles and no red hair have an 18% chance of carrying the MC1R gene linked to red hair. Eight genes have been identified in humans that control whether the MC1R gene is turned on and the person has red hair. Coloration in birds MC1R is responsible for melanic polymorphisms in at least three unrelated species: the bananaquit,\",\n \"title\": \"Melanocortin 1 receptor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76300214\",\n \"text\": \"alpha-Arbutin, or α-arbutin, is a glycosylated hydroquinone, and an anomer of the naturally occurring arbutin. α-Arbutin is used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its skin lightening effects, treatment of hyperpigmentation, and as a safer alternative to hydroquinone. Properties and synthesis α-Arbutin is a synthetic substance that can be produced by enzymatic glycosylation of hydroquinone in the presence of α-amylase and dextrin. In one example, this has been done in recombinant Escherichia coli, using amylase of Bacillus subtilis and sucrose phosphorylase of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Structurally it is the α-anomer of arbutin (β-arbutin), and like the β-form it is an enzyme inhibitor of human tyrosinase. Uses α-Arbutin is used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its skin lightening effects, treatment of hyperpigmentation, and as a possibly safer alternative to hydroquinone. It may also possess antioxidant properties, which can protect the skin from free radical damage. It is used in products aimed at fading solar lentigo, freckles, melasma, and other forms of hyperpigmentation where excess melanin is a concern, providing a more even skin complexion. For this purpose, concentrations of up to 2% α-arbutin are found in face creams and serums and 0.5% in body creams. α-Arbutin showed a significant reduction in melanin synthesis in cultured human melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model, with melanin synthesis reduced to 40% of the control, indicating its potency as a skin lightening agent without affecting cell viability. Mechanism of action α-Arbutin's mechanism of action as a skin lightening agent is primarily through the competitive enzymatic inhibition of tyrosinase, leading to a decrease in melanin production without affecting the mRNA gene expression of tyrosinase. It is more potent an inhibitor of tyrosinase than arbutin. α-Arbutin directly inhibits the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase, which is essential for melanin synthesis. Tyrosinase catalyzes the first two steps in melanin production: the hydroxylation of tyrosine to -DOPA and the oxidation of -DOPA to dopaquinone. By inhibiting tyrosinase, α-arbutin reduces the formation of melanin in melanocytes. α-Arbutin does not affect the gene expression of tyrosinase mRNA. This means that while α-arbutin inhibits the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme, it does not decrease the enzyme's production at the genetic level. This reduction in melanin leads to lighter skin tones and can help in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders. The efficacy of α-arbutin in reducing melanin synthesis was demonstrated in cultured human melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model, where it effectively reduced melanin synthesis. Safety and regulation α-Arbutin is generally considered safe for topical application in cosmetic products. However, its usage concentrations in the European Union (EU) are restricted by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety to 2% in facial creams and 0.5% in body lotions. References Phenol glucosides Cosmetics chemicals Enzyme inhibitors\",\n \"title\": \"Alpha-Arbutin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18842173\",\n \"text\": \"Oculocutaneous albinism type I or type 1A is an autosomal recessive skin disease. This subtype of oculocutaneous albinism is caused when the gene for tyrosinase (symbol TYR or OCA1) does not function properly. The location of OCA1 may be written as \\\"11q1.4–q2.1\\\", meaning it is on chromosome 11, long arm, somewhere in the range of band 1, sub-band 4, and band 2, sub-band 1. Since the disorder is autosomal recessive, genetic counseling can be used to determine if both parents are heterozygous for the condition when considering having children. If both parents are heterozygous, their child has a 25% chance of inheriting both recessive copies of OCA1 and having the skin disease. This symptoms in this disease include absence of pigmentation, due to a mutation that affects melanin levels in the eyes, hair, and skin. This rare disease is found in 1 out of 20,000 people around the world, being much more prevalent in Caucasians. There is no known cure for this disease as of present, but there are various ways to manage this disease, including safety around the sun and regular checks for other skin diseases such as skin cancer. Signs and symptoms OCA is characterized by the absence of pigmentation caused by the mutation that effects the production of tyrosinase that causes partial or total absence of melanin in the hair, skin, and eyes. Reduction in melanin production specifically in the peripheral retina during embryonic development can trigger other symptoms such as abnormal nerve fiber projection that causes defects in neuronal migration that interrupts visual pathways and creates reduced visual acuity in the range of 20/60 to 20/400. This vision acuity is dependent upon the amount of pigmentation in the eye. Acuity is usually better in individuals with greater amounts of pigment. Aside from decreased pigment in the iris and retina, optic changes include decreased visual acuity, misrouting of the optic nerves at the chiasm, and nystagmus. OCA1 is one of the more extreme types of albinism where the iris is translucent and the eye appears pink or red in ambient light and have white skin with slight to no pigmentation when other types may have residual pigmentation. OCA1 is caused by mutations in the TYR gene, where there is a complete lack of tyrosinase activity. Genetics The tyrosinase (TYR) gene is located on chromosome 11q14. This protein coding gene produces tyrosinase, an enzyme which catalyzes a total of three steps in the conversion of tyrosine to the end product, melanin. This enzyme and conversion process takes place within melanocytes, which are specialized cells for melanin production. Melanin is a large group of molecules that give skin, eyes, and hair their respective colors. It is also partially responsible for vision, as it protects the light sensitive portion of the eye, the retina, through absorbing light. OCA Type 1A is an autosomal recessive condition, meaning there is a homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation related to the TYR gene. There are many different types of albinism, differing due to the\",\n \"title\": \"Oculocutaneous albinism type I\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17828933\",\n \"text\": \"Pigmentation disorders are disturbances of human skin color. There may be a loss or reduction, which may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly. Most pigmentation disorders involve the underproduction or overproduction of melanin. Causes Skin pigmentation is a frequent disorder that has a number of potential causes. Genetics, sun exposure, and some drugs are the three main factors that contribute to skin pigmentation. The most frequent cause of low melanin concentration (hypopigmentation) is prior skin trauma, which includes skin lesions including blisters, burns, infections, exposure to chemicals, and other wounds. The skin will appear paler than the surrounding skin surface once an injury has healed. Different areas of the skin may become hypopigmented as a result of other genetic illnesses. Hypopigmentation can be caused by hereditary conditions such as vitiligo, melasma, pityriasis versicolor, pityriasis alba, albinism, and fungal infections. Hyperpigmentation results from an increase in melanin synthesis, which is mostly brought on by sun exposure, dermatological disorders, hormones, aging, genetic factors, skin injuries or inflammation, and acne. Sun exposure is the most common cause of hyperpigmentation since it greatly increases the synthesis of melanin. Mechanism Genetics is one of the most common causes of skin color. The number of melanocytes that each person will have may be predicted by genetics. Skin cells called melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin. Melanosomes, which are organelles containing melanin, must be transported and increased during hyperpigmentation and tanning, while they shrink during hypopigmentation. Skin pigmentation is frequently caused by sun exposure. To protect itself against UV radiation from the sun, the body makes more melanin. As a result, the skin may become more pigmented to protect it from the sun's rays. The pigmentation of the skin may also be lightened by certain drugs. Antibiotics are one type of medications that can increase the synthesis of melanin, which darkens skin. Skin pigmentation may also become more intense when certain drugs, such birth control pills, are taken concurrently. References Further reading External links DermNet Johns Hopkins Medicine\",\n \"title\": \"Pigmentation disorder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58180\",\n \"text\": \"Freckles are clusters of concentrated melaninized cells which are most easily visible on people with a fair complexion. Freckles do not have an increased number of the melanin-producing cells, or melanocytes, but instead have melanocytes that overproduce melanin granules (melanosomes) changing the coloration of the outer skin cells (keratinocytes). As such, freckles are different from lentigines and moles, which are caused by accumulation of melanocytes in a small area. Freckles can appear on all types of skin tones. Of the six Fitzpatrick skin types, they are most common on skin tones 1 and 2, which usually belong to North Europeans. However, it can also be found on people all over the world. In England a historical term for freckles is summer-voys, sometimes spelt summervoise, which may be related to the German \\\"summersprosse\\\". Biology The formation of freckles is caused by exposure to sunlight. The exposure to UV-B radiation activates melanocytes to increase melanin production, which can cause freckles to become darker and more visible. This means that one who has never developed freckles may develop them suddenly following extended exposure to sunlight. Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as arms or shoulders. Heavily distributed concentrations of melanin may cause freckles to multiply and cover an entire area of skin, such as the face. Freckles are rare on infants, and more commonly found on children before puberty. Upon exposure to the sun, freckles will reappear if they have been altered with creams or lasers and not protected from the sun, but do fade with age in some cases. Freckles are not a skin disorder, but people with freckles generally have a lower concentration of photo-protective melanin, and are therefore more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation. It is suggested that people whose skin tends to freckle should avoid overexposure to sun and use sunscreen. Genetics The presence of freckles is related to rare alleles of the MC1R gene, though it does not differentiate whether an individual will have freckles if they have one or even two copies of this gene. Also, individuals with no copies of the MC1R do sometimes display freckles. Even so, individuals with a high number of freckling sites have one or more of variants of the MC1R gene. Of the variants of the MC1R gene Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, and Asp294His are the most common in the freckled subjects. The MC1R gene is also associated with red hair more strongly than with freckles. Most red-haired individuals have two variants of the MC1R gene and almost all have one. The variants that cause red hair are the same that cause freckling. Freckling can also be found in areas, such as Japan, where red hair is not seen. These individuals have the variant Val92Met which is also found in Europeans, although it has minimal effects on their pigmentation. The R162Q allele has a disputed involvement in freckling. The variants of the MC1R gene that are linked\",\n \"title\": \"Freckle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17521516\",\n \"text\": \"Gum depigmentation, also known as gum bleaching, is a procedure used in cosmetic dentistry to lighten or remove black spots or patches on the gums consisting of melanin. Melanin in skin is very common in inhabitants in many parts of the world due to genetic factors. Melanin pigmentation in skin, oral mucosa, inner ear and other organs is a detoxification mechanism. Some toxic agents bind to melanin and will move out of the tissue with the ageing cells and are expelled to the tissue surfaces. Also in the gums and oral mucosa a visible pigmentation is most often caused by genetic factors, but also by tobacco smoking or in a few cases by long-term use of certain medications. If stopping smoking or change of medication do not solve the problem with a disfigurating melanin pigmentation, a surgical operation may be performed. The procedure itself can involve laser ablation techniques. Laser gum depigmentation Melanocytes are cells which reside in the basal layer of the gingival epithelium. These cells produce melanin, which are pigments that cause light or dark brown spots in gums and oral mucosa. The most common cause is genetic factors or tobacco smoking, Smoker's melanosis. If the melanin pigmentation is found in a person smoking cigarettes, the most effective way to get rid of the pigmentation is to stop smoking. Most of the patients are free from the melanin pigmentation after 3 months. A dental laser can target and ablate the melanocytes, thus reducing the production of melanin in the gingival tissue. Following laser depigmentation, the gingiva heals by secondary intention. This results in a lighter and more uniform color of the gums. A study found that (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser was effective and there were no signs of re-pigmentation after a 6-month follow up period. See also Tooth whitening References Dentistry procedures Periodontology\",\n \"title\": \"Gum depigmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6932681\",\n \"text\": \"Snakeskin may either refer to the skin of a live snake, the shed skin of a snake after molting, or to a type of leather that is made from the hide of a dead snake. Snakeskin and scales can have varying patterns and color formations, providing protection via camouflage from predators. The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of chromatophores located in the dermis of the snake skin. The snake's skin and scales are also an important feature to their locomotion, providing protection and minimizing friction when gliding over surfaces. Skin of a living snake In a living snake, its skin often deals with various forms of abrasion. To combat rough substrates, snakes have formed specialized and multilayered organizational epidermal structures to provide a safe and efficient sliding locomotion when maneuvering over rough surfaces. Display Pattern formation Snakes can be ornately patterned. They can be striped, banded, solid, green, blue, yellow, red, black, orange, brown, spotted, or have a unique pattern all their own. These color schemes can serve many functions, including camouflage, heat absorption or reflection, or may play other, less understood roles. Melanin cells in the skin often overlap and form complex patterns and sheets that are highly recognizable. Sometimes the soft integument of a snake is colored differently than their hard scales. This is often utilized as a method of predator determent. Color and iridescence Coloration of snakes is largely due to pigment cells and their distribution. Some scales have lightly colored centers, which arise from regions with a reduced cuticle. A thinner cuticle indicates that some sensory organ is present. Scales in general are numerous and coat the epidermis, and come in all shapes and colors. They are helpful in identification of snake species. Chromatophores in the dermis yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with guanophores and lipophores, yellow results. When guanophores and allophores are added to melanophores, red pigment results. Carotenoids also help produce orange and red colors. Dark snakes (dark brown or black in color) appear as such due to melanocytes that are active in the epidermis. When melanin is absent, albino individuals result. Snakes do not possess blue or green pigments, instead these arise from guanophores, which are also called iridocytes. Iridocytes reside in the dermis, and are responsible for the iridescent appearance of many dark-colored snakes. Males and females may show varied coloration, as might hatchlings and adults of the same species. Structures and function Snakeskin, or integument, is more than just patterns and scales. Scales and patterning are features of snakeskin, and they are derived from a soft and complex integument. These scale patterns are unique to species, and the scales themselves help in locomoting by providing a friction buffer between the snake and the ground Organization Reptiles, including snakes, possess extensive keratinization of the epidermis in the\",\n \"title\": \"Snakeskin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"969598\",\n \"text\": \"A melanosome is an organelle found in animal cells and is the site for synthesis, storage and transport of melanin, the most common light-absorbing pigment found in the animal kingdom. Melanosomes are responsible for color and photoprotection in animal cells and tissues. Melanosomes are synthesised in the skin in melanocyte cells, as well as the eye in choroidal melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In lower vertebrates, they are found in melanophores or chromatophores. Structure Melanosomes are relatively large organelles, measuring up to 500 nm in diameter. They are bound by a bilipid membrane and are, in general, rounded, sausage-like, or cigar-like in shape. The shape is constant for a given species and cell type. They have a characteristic ultrastructure on electron microscopy, which varies according to the maturity of the melanosome, and for research purposes a numeric staging system is sometimes used. Synthesis of melanin Melanosomes are dependent for their pigment on certain enzymes, especially tyrosinase, that synthesise the large polymers of melanin within the cell. Before it generates sufficient pigment to be seen on light microscopy it is known as a pre-melanosome. Dysfunction or absence of the melanin-synthesising enzymes (in conditions such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome) leads to various patterns of albinism. Pseudopodia and tanning In some melanocytes, the melanosomes remain static within the cell. In others the cell can extend its surface lengthwise as temporary projections known as pseudopodia, which carry melanosomes away from the center of the cell, thereby increasing the cell's effectiveness in absorbing light. The pseudopodial process (aka the tanning process) happens slowly in dermal melanocytes in response to ultraviolet light and to production of new melanosomes and increased donation of melanosomes to adjacent keratinocytes, which are typical skin surface cells. Donation occurs when some keratinocytes engulf the end of the melanocyte pseudopodia, which contain many melanosomes. Cytoplasmic dynein will carry the vesicles containing the melanin to the center of the cell, which causes melanosomes to sequester the keratinocyte's nucleus, providing optimal protection from UV rays. These changes are responsible for tanning of human skin after exposure to UV light or sunlight. In animals In many species of fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and reptiles, melanosomes can be highly mobile within the cell in response to hormonal (or sometimes neural) control, which leads to visible changes in colour that are used for behavioural signaling or photoprotection. Melanosomes found in certain fish species contain pigments that control the color of the fish's scales. Molecular motors, when signaled, will either carry melanosomes containing pigments out to the periphery of the cell, or concentrate them at the center. The motor protein dynein is responsible for concentrating the melanosomes toward the center of the cell, or the \\\"minus end\\\" of microtubules. Conversely, the protein kinesin is responsible for dispersing the melanosomes to the periphery of the cell, and are plus end directed motors. Because the plus ends of microtubules are oriented towards the periphery, kinesin will carry melanosomes to the periphery. Dispersing melanosomes to the periphery causes the cell to\",\n \"title\": \"Melanosome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1419101\",\n \"text\": \"Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains colloid-filled cysts and two types of cells - basophils and chromophobes. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. As technically part of the anterior pituitary, it separates the posterior pituitary and pars distalis. It is composed of large, pale cells that encompass the aforementioned colloid-filled follicles. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians), MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. References External links Endocrine system Human head and neck\",\n \"title\": \"Pars intermedia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7330969\",\n \"text\": \"Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MITF gene. MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including melanocytes, osteoclasts, and mast cells. The term \\\"lineage-specific\\\", since it relates to MITF, means genes or traits that are only found in a certain cell type. Therefore, MITF may be involved in the rewiring of signaling cascades that are specifically required for the survival and physiological function of their normal cell precursors. MITF, together with transcription factor EB (TFEB), TFE3 and TFEC, belong to a subfamily of related bHLHZip proteins, termed the MiT-TFE family of transcription factors. The factors are able to form stable DNA-binding homo- and heterodimers. The gene that encodes for MITF resides at the mi locus in mice, and its protumorogenic targets include factors involved in cell death, DNA replication, repair, mitosis, microRNA production, membrane trafficking, mitochondrial metabolism, and much more. Mutation of this gene results in deafness, bone loss, small eyes, and poorly pigmented eyes and skin. In human subjects, because it is known that MITF controls the expression of various genes that are essential for normal melanin synthesis in melanocytes, mutations of MITF can lead to diseases such as melanoma, Waardenburg syndrome, and Tietz syndrome. Its function is conserved across vertebrates, including in fishes such as zebrafish and Xiphophorus. An understanding of MITF is necessary to understand how certain lineage-specific cancers and other diseases progress. In addition, current and future research can lead to potential avenues to target this transcription factor mechanism for cancer prevention. Clinical significance Mutations As mentioned above, changes in MITF can result in serious health conditions. For example, mutations of MITF have been implicated in both Waardenburg syndrome and Tietz syndrome. Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Its symptoms include deafness, minor defects, and abnormalities in pigmentation. Mutations in the MITF gene have been found in certain patients with Waardenburg syndrome, type II. Mutations that change the amino acid sequence of that result in an abnormally small MITF are found. These mutations disrupt dimer formation, and as a result cause insufficient development of melanocytes. The shortage of melanocytes causes some of the characteristic features of Waardenburg syndrome. Tietz syndrome, first described in 1923, is a congenital disorder often characterized by deafness and leucism. Tietz is caused by a mutation in the MITF gene. The mutation in MITF deletes or changes a single amino acid base pair specifically in the base motif region of the MITF protein. The new MITF protein is unable to bind to DNA and melanocyte development and subsequently melanin production is altered. A reduced number of melanocytes can lead to hearing loss, and decreased melanin production can account for the light skin and hair color that make Tietz syndrome so noticeable. Melanoma Melanocytes are commonly known as cells that are responsible for producing the pigment melanin which gives coloration to the\",\n \"title\": \"Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13871016\",\n \"text\": \"Greying of hair, also known as greying, canities, or achromotrichia, is the progressive loss of pigmentation in the hair, eventually turning the hair grey or white which typically occurs naturally as people age. Terminology Greying of hair is the partial or complete process of a hair becoming grey or white. It is also known as canities or achromotrichia. The word \\\"canities\\\" is derived from the Latin word cānitiēs for \\\"gray hair, old age\\\". Overview Changes in hair color typically occur naturally as people age, eventually turning the hair grey and then white. This normally begins in the early to mid-twenties in men and late twenties in women. More than 60 percent of Americans have some grey hair by age 40. The age at which greying begins seems almost entirely due to genetics. Sometimes people are born with grey hair because they inherit the trait. The order in which greying happens is usually: nose hair, hair on the head, beard, body hair, eyebrows. Greying is a gradual process; according to a study by L'Oreal, overall, of those between 45 and 65 years old, 74% had some grey hair, covering an average of 27% of their head, and approximately 1 in 10 people had no grey hairs even after the age of 60. Causes Grey or white hair is not caused by a true grey or white pigment, but is due to a lack of pigmentation and melanin. The clear hairs appear as grey or white because of the way light is reflected from the hairs. The change in hair color occurs when melanin ceases to be produced in the hair root and new hairs grow in without pigment. The stem cells at the base of hair follicles produce melanocytes, the cells that produce and store pigment in hair and skin. The death of the melanocyte stem cells causes the onset of greying. It remains unclear why the stem cells of one hair follicle may fail to activate well over a decade before those in adjacent follicles less than a millimeter apart. In non-balding individuals, hair may grow faster once it turns grey. Unlike in the skin where pigment production is continuous, melanogenesis in the hair is closely associated with stages of the hair cycle. Hair is actively pigmented in the anagen phase and is \\\"turned off\\\" during the catagen phase, and absent during telogen. Thus, a single hair cannot be white on the root side, and colored on the terminal side. Several genes appear to be responsible for the process of greying. Bcl2 and Bcl-w were the first two discovered, then in 2016, the IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) gene was announced after a study of 6,000 people living in five Latin American countries. However, it found that environmental factors controlled about 70% of cases of hair greying. In some cases, grey hair may be caused by thyroid deficiencies, Waardenburg syndrome or a vitamin B12 deficiency. At some point in the human life cycle, cells that are located in the base\",\n \"title\": \"Greying of hair\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65847\",\n \"text\": \"Vitiligo () is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but it may be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, or sun exposure. Treatment options include topical medications, light therapy, surgery and cosmetics. Signs and symptoms The only sign of vitiligo is the presence of pale patchy areas of depigmented skin which tend to occur on the extremities. Some people may experience itching before a new patch appears. The patches are initially small, but often grow and change shape. When skin lesions occur, they are most prominent on the face, hands and wrists. The loss of skin pigmentation is particularly noticeable around body orifices, such as the mouth, eyes, nostrils, genitalia and umbilicus. Some lesions have increased skin pigment around the edges. Those affected by vitiligo who are stigmatized for their condition may experience depression and similar mood disorders. Causes Although multiple hypotheses have been suggested as potential triggers that cause vitiligo, studies strongly imply that changes in the immune system are responsible for the condition. Vitiligo has been proposed to be a multifactorial disease with genetic susceptibility and environmental factors both thought to play a role. It is hypothesized that damaging environmental factors can disrupt redox reactions necessary for protein folding, so skin cells may initiate the unfolded protein response which releases cytokines, thus mounting an immune response The National Institutes of Health states that some believe that sunburns can cause or exacerbate the condition, but this idea is not well-supported by good evidence. Immune Melanin is the pigment that gives skin its color; it is produced by skin cells called melanocytes. Variations in genes that are part of the immune system or part of melanocytes have both been associated with vitiligo. It is also thought to be caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the melanocytes of the skin. A genome wide association study found approximately 36 independent susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo. The TYR gene encodes the protein tyrosinase, which is not a component of the immune system, but is an enzyme of the melanocyte that catalyzes melanin biosynthesis, and a major autoantigen in generalized vitiligo. Autoimmune associations Vitiligo is sometimes associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus, and celiac disease. Among the inflammatory products of NLRP1 are caspase 1 and caspase 7, which activate the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 are expressed at high levels in people with vitiligo. In one of the mutations, the amino acid leucine in the NALP1 protein was replaced by histidine (Leu155 → His). The original protein and sequence is highly conserved in evolution, and is found in humans, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and the bush baby. Addison's disease (typically an autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands) may also be seen in individuals with vitiligo. Diagnosis An ultraviolet light can be used in the early\",\n \"title\": \"Vitiligo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14755368\",\n \"text\": \"Melanocyte protein PMEL also known as premelanosome protein (PMEL), silver locus protein homolog (SILV) or Glycoprotein 100 (gp100), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMEL gene. Its gene product may be referred to as PMEL, silver, ME20, gp100 or Pmel17. Structure and function PMEL is a 100 kDa, 661 amino acids long type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed primarily in melanosomes, which are the melanin-producing organelles in melanocytes of pigment cells of the skin and eye, and in most malignant melanomas. This protein is involved in melanosome maturation, including melanogenesis, melanosome biogenesis, and melanin polymerization (Eisenberg) . The transmembrane form of PMEL is modified in the secretory pathway by elaboration of N-linked oligosaccharides and addition and modification of O-linked oligosaccharides. It is then targeted to precursors of the pigment organelle, the melanosome, where it is proteolytically processed to several small fragments. Some of these fragments form non-pathological amyloid that assemble into sheets and form the striated pattern that underlies melanosomal ultrastructure. PMEL cleavage is mediated by several proteases including a proprotein convertase of the furin family, a \\\"sheddase\\\" that might include members of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, and additional proteases in melanosomes or their precursors. After the amyloidogenic region is cleaved, the small remaining integral membrane fragment is digested by γ-secretase. The expression of the PMEL gene is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Function in cancer and cancer treatment The gp100 protein is a melanoma antigen i.e. a tumor-associated antigen. Short fragments of it have been used to develop the gp100 cancer vaccine which is or contains gp100:209-217(210M). Hydrophilic recombinant gp100 protein (HR-gp100) has been topically applied on human intact skin in vitro, and used as a vaccine in a mouse model. It was demonstrated that HR-gp100 permeates into human skin, and is processed and presented by human dendritic cells. In the mouse model, an HR-gp100-based vaccine triggered antigen-specific T cell responses, as shown by proliferation assays, ELISA and intracellular staining for IFN-γ. The gp100 protein contains differentiation antigens., and has been widely studied to be used as a target for melanoma immunotherapy. Different sequences of the GP100 peptide could be used for immunization against tumors. According to a case study, modifications of GP100, such as GP100-209 and GP100-208, have shown a greater number of antigen-specific CTL's (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), which can target and kill cancer cells (Eisenberg). References Further reading External links Oncology\",\n \"title\": \"PMEL (gene)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"536557\",\n \"text\": \"The melanocyte-stimulating hormones, known collectively as MSH, also known as melanotropins or intermedins, are a family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides consisting of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) that are produced by cells in the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Synthetic analogues of α-MSH, such as afamelanotide (melanotan I; Scenesse), melanotan II, and bremelanotide (PT-141), have been developed and researched. Biosynthesis The various forms of MSH are generated from different cleavages of the proopiomelanocortin protein, which also yields other important neuropeptides like adrenocorticotropic hormone. Melanocytes in skin make and secrete MSH in response to ultraviolet light, where it increases synthesis of melanin. Some neurons in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus make and secrete α-MSH in response to leptin; α-MSH is also made and secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Function Acting through melanocortin 1 receptor, α-MSH stimulates the production and release of melanin (a process referred to as melanogenesis) by melanocytes in skin and hair. Acting in the hypothalamus, α-MSH suppresses appetite. α-MSH secreted in the hypothalamus also contributes to sexual arousal. In amphibians In some animals (such as the claw-toed frog Xenopus laevis) production of MSH is increased when the animal is in a dark location. This causes pigment to be dispersed in pigment cells in the toad's skin, making it become darker, and harder for predators to spot. The pigment cells are called melanophores and therefore, in amphibians, the hormone is often called melanophore-stimulating hormone. In humans An increase in MSH will cause darker skin in humans too. MSH increases in humans during pregnancy. This, along with increased estrogens, causes increased pigmentation in pregnant women. Cushing's disease due to excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) may also result in hyperpigmentation, such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla. Most people with primary Addison's disease have darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands), nipple, and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa), new scars become hyperpigmented, whereas older ones do not darken. This occurs because MSH and ACTH share the same precursor molecule, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Different levels of MSH are not the major cause of variation in skin colour. However, in many red-headed people, and other people who do not tan well, there are variations in their hormone receptors, causing them to not respond to MSH in the blood. Structure of MSH The different forms of MSH belong to a group called the melanocortins. This group includes ACTH, α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH; these peptides are all cleavage products of a large precursor peptide called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). α-MSH is the most important melanocortin for pigmentation. The different forms of MSH have the following amino acid sequences: Synthetic MSH Synthetic analogues of α-MSH have been developed for human use. Two of the better known are afamelanotide (melanotan I) in testing by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals and bremelanotide by Palatin Technologies. Others include modimelanotide and setmelanotide. Afamelanotide (brand name Scenesse)\",\n \"title\": \"Melanocyte-stimulating hormone\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"716631\",\n \"text\": \"Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back. Melanoma is frequently referred to as malignant melanoma. However, the medical community stresses that there is no such thing as a 'benign melanoma' and recommends that the term 'malignant melanoma' should be avoided as redundant. About 25% of melanomas develop from moles. Changes in a mole that can indicate melanoma include increaseespecially rapid increasein size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown. The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in those with low levels of the skin pigment melanin. The UV light may be from the sun or other sources, such as tanning devices. Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and poor immune function are at greater risk. A number of rare genetic conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, also increase the risk. Diagnosis is by biopsy and analysis of any skin lesion that has signs of being potentially cancerous. Avoiding UV light and using sunscreen in UV-bright sun conditions may prevent melanoma. Treatment typically is removal by surgery of the melanoma and the potentially affected adjacent tissue bordering the melanoma. In those with slightly larger cancers, nearby lymph nodes may be tested for spread (metastasis). Most people are cured if metastasis has not occurred. For those in whom melanoma has spread, immunotherapy, biologic therapy, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy may improve survival. With treatment, the five-year survival rates in the United States are 99% among those with localized disease, 65% when the disease has spread to lymph nodes, and 25% among those with distant spread. The likelihood that melanoma will reoccur or spread depends on its thickness, how fast the cells are dividing, and whether or not the overlying skin has broken down. Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Globally, in 2012, it newly occurred in 232,000 people. In 2015, 3.1 million people had active disease, which resulted in 59,800 deaths. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. High rates also occur in Northern Europe and North America, while it is less common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In the United States, melanoma occurs about 1.6 times more often in men than women. Melanoma has become more common since the 1960s in areas mostly populated by people of European descent. Signs and symptoms Early signs of melanoma are changes to the shape or color of existing moles or, in the case of nodular melanoma, the appearance of a new lump anywhere on the skin. At later stages, the mole may itch, ulcerate, or bleed. Early signs of melanoma are summarized by the mnemonic \\\"ABCDEEFG\\\": Asymmetry Borders (irregular with edges and corners) Colour (variegated) Diameter (greater than , about the size of\",\n \"title\": \"Melanoma\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2136925\",\n \"text\": \"The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Vertebrate lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. suckling and gulping) and the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are also a somatosensory organ, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy. Structure The upper and lower lips are referred to as the labium superius oris and labium inferius oris, respectively. The juncture where the lips meet the surrounding skin of the mouth area is the vermilion border, and the typically reddish area within the borders is called the vermilion zone. The vermilion border of the upper lip is known as the Cupid's bow. The fleshy protuberance located in the center of the upper lip is a tubercle known by various terms including the procheilon (also spelled prochilon), the \\\"tuberculum labii superioris\\\", and the \\\"labial tubercle\\\". The vertical groove extending from the procheilon to the nasal septum is called the philtrum. The skin of the lip, with three to five cellular layers, is very thin compared to typical face skin, which has up to 16 layers. With light skin color, the lip skin contains fewer melanocytes (cells which produce melanin pigment, which give skin its color). Because of this, the blood vessels appear through the skin of the lips, which leads to their notable red coloring. With darker skin color this effect is less prominent, as in this case the skin of the lips contains more melanin and thus is visually darker. The skin of the lip forms the border between the exterior skin of the face, and the interior mucous membrane of the inside of the mouth. The lip skin is not hairy and does not have sweat glands. Therefore, it does not have the usual protection layer of sweat and body oils which keep the skin smooth, inhibit pathogens, and regulate warmth. For these reasons, the lips dry out faster and become chapped more easily. The lower lip is formed from the mandibular prominence, a branch of the first pharyngeal arch. The lower lip covers the anterior body of the mandible. It is lowered by the depressor labii inferioris muscle and the orbicularis oris borders it inferiorly. The upper lip covers the anterior surface of the body of the maxilla. Its upper half is of usual skin color and has a depression at its center, directly under the nasal septum, called the philtrum, which is Latin for \\\"lower nose\\\", while its lower half is a markedly different, red-colored skin tone more similar to the color of the inside of the mouth, and the term vermillion refers to the colored portion of either the upper or lower lip. It is raised by the levator labii superioris and is connected to the lower lip by the thin lining of the lip itself. Thinning of the vermilion of the upper\",\n \"title\": \"Lip\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1396651\",\n \"text\": \"Melasma (also known as chloasma faciei, or the mask of pregnancy when present in pregnant women) is a tan or dark skin discoloration. Melasma is thought to be caused by sun exposure, genetic predisposition, hormone changes, and skin irritation. Although it can affect anyone, it is particularly common in women, especially pregnant women and those who are taking oral or patch contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy medications. Signs and symptoms The symptoms of melasma are dark, irregular, well-demarcated, hyperpigmented macules to patches. These patches often develop gradually over time. Melasma does not cause any other symptoms beyond the cosmetic discoloration. Patches can vary in size from 0.5 cm to larger than 10 cm depending on the person. Its location can be categorized as centrofacial, malar, or mandibular. The most common is centrofacial, in which patches appear on the cheeks, nose, upper lip, forehead, and chin. The mandibular category accounts for patches on the bilateral rami, while the malar location accounts for patches only on the nose and cheeks. Cause The exact cause of melasma is unknown. Melasma is thought to be the stimulation of melanocytes (cells in the dermal layer, which transfer the pigment melanin to the keratinocytes of skin) when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun. Small amounts of sun exposure can make melasma return to the skin after it has faded, which is why people with melasma often get it again and again, particularly in the summer. Pregnant women often get melasma, or chloasma, known as the mask of pregnancy. Birth-control pills and hormone replacement therapy also can trigger melasma. The discoloration usually disappears spontaneously over a period of several months after giving birth or stopping the oral contraceptives or hormone treatment. Genetic predisposition is also a major factor in determining whether someone will develop melasma. People with the Fitzpatrick skin type III or greater from African, Asian, or Hispanic descent are at a much higher risk than others. In addition, women with a light brown skin type who are living in regions with intense sun exposure are particularly susceptible to developing this condition. The incidence of melasma also increases in patients with thyroid disease. It is thought that the overproduction of melanocyte-stimulating hormone brought on by stress can cause outbreaks of this condition. Other rare causes of melasma include allergic reaction to medications and cosmetics. Addison's disease Melasma suprarenale (Latin: \\\"above the kidneys\\\") is a symptom of Addison's disease, particularly when caused by pressure or minor injury to the skin, as discovered by FJJ Schmidt of Rotterdam in 1859. Diagnosis Types The two different kinds of melasma are epidermal and dermal. Epidermal melasma results from melanin pigment that is elevated in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Dermal melasma occurs when the dermal macrophages have an elevated melanin level. Melasma is usually diagnosed visually or with assistance of a Wood's lamp (340–400 nm wavelength). Under Wood's lamp, excess melanin in the epidermis can be distinguished from that of the dermis. This is done\",\n \"title\": \"Melasma\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50524\",\n \"text\": \"A melanocytic nevus (also known as nevocytic nevus, nevus-cell nevus and commonly as a mole) is usually a noncancerous condition of pigment-producing skin cells. It is a type of melanocytic tumor that contains nevus cells. Some sources equate the term mole with \\\"melanocytic nevus\\\", but there are also sources that equate the term mole with any nevus form. The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person's life, with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles. Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm, while congenital moles, or congenital nevi, are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma. A mole can be either subdermal (under the skin) or a pigmented growth on the skin, formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte. The high concentration of the body's pigmenting agent, melanin, is responsible for their dark color. Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi, occurring commonly in humans. Signs and symptoms According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the most common types of moles are skin tags, raised moles and flat moles. Benign moles are usually brown, tan, pink or black (especially on dark-colored skin). They are circular or oval and are usually small (commonly between 1–3 mm), though some can be larger than the size of a typical pencil eraser (>5 mm). Some moles produce dark, coarse hair. Common mole hair removal procedures include plucking, cosmetic waxing, electrolysis, threading and cauterization. Aging Moles tend to appear during early childhood and during the first 30 years of life. They may change slowly, becoming raised, changing color or gradually fading. Most people have between 30 and 40 moles, but some have as many as 600. The number of moles a person has was found to have a correlation with telomere length. However, the relation between telomeres and aging remains uncertain. Complications The American Academy of Dermatology says that the vast majority of moles are benign. Data on the chances of transformation from melanocytic nevus to melanoma is controversial, but it appears that about 10% of malignant melanomas have a precursor lesion, of which about 10% are melanocytic nevi. Therefore, it appears that malignant melanoma quite seldom (1% of cases) has a melanocytic nevus as a precursor. Cause The cause is not clearly understood, but is thought to be caused by a defect in embryologic development. This is in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. The defect is thought to cause a proliferation of melanocytes. This means melanocytes, the cells in the body in charge of normal skin color, are being produced at an extremely fast rate, thus causing the melanocytes to form in clusters instead of spreading out, causing abnormal skin pigmentation in some areas of the body. Genetics Genes can have an influence on a person's moles. Dysplastic nevus syndrome is a largely hereditary condition which causes a person to have a large quantity of moles\",\n \"title\": \"Melanocytic nevus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14755789\",\n \"text\": \"Tyrosinase-related protein 1, also known as TYRP1, is an intermembrane enzyme which in humans is encoded by the TYRP1 gene. Function Tyrp1 is a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis within melanosomes. Most Tyrp1 possess 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (melanogenic intermediate) oxidase activity. The catalytic function of Tyrp1 in human melanocytes is less clear. Tyrp1 is involved in stabilizing of tyrosinase protein and modulating its catalytic activity. Tyrp1 is also involved in maintenance of melanosome structure and affects melanocyte proliferation and melanocyte cell death. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest and migrate into the overlying epidermal ectoderm of a developing organism which forms skin and hair. Therefore, Tyrp1 influences the expression of melanin notably in the skin and hair of an organism. The Tyrp1 gene also has a non-coding function which indirectly promotes melanoma tumor cell proliferation, especially when highly expressed in a cell. Tyrp1 mRNA interacts with miR-16 and affects its ability to repress genes involved in melanoma cell production. Clinical significance Mutations in the mouse Tyrp1 gene are associated with brown pelage and in the human TYRP1 gene with oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3). An allele of TYRP1 common in Solomon Islanders results in blond hair. Although the phenotype is similar to Northern European blond hair, this allele is not found in Europeans. More recent study, Ju et al. 2020 found TYRP1 allele was selected in European population. Norton et al. 2016 study found TYRP1 is not associated with blond hair color in Melanesians as many populations in Oceania did not carry TYRP1 alleles but still displayed blondism, study indicates that additional unknown alleles contribute to the blondism phenotype in Melanesians. Alterations of the Tyrp1 gene is responsible for some of the differing phenotypes of skin and coat appearance in various animals. In Dalmatians, black versus \\\"liver\\\" spot color is due to genetic variation of the TYRP1 gene. A particular deletion in the Tyrp1 gene of domestic Chinese-Tibetan swine results in a \\\"brown coloration\\\" of the swine's skin and hair as opposed to the wild-type \\\"black\\\" phenotype. In Oujiang-color carp, mutations of the Tyrp1 gene influenced the expression of \\\"grey\\\" or \\\"brown\\\" phenotypic color of scales. Elevated levels of Tyrp1 gene expression is also associated with unfavorable patient outcome of those affected by melanoma. The role of Tyrp1 in melanoma progression was determined by comparing \\\"knockout\\\" cell lines which have inactive Tyrp1 to cells with normal and highly expressed Tyrp1. Such studies provide insight to possible clinical usage and treatment of melanoma via regulation of Tyrp1 expression in cells. Regulation The expression of TYRP1 is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Interactions TYRP1 has been shown to interact with GIPC1. See also Dopachrome tautomerase (DCT; also known as TYRP2) References Further reading External links\",\n \"title\": \"TYRP1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21035041\",\n \"text\": \"Melanonychia is a black or brown pigmentation of a nail, and may be present as a normal finding on many digits in Afro-Caribbeans, as a result of trauma, systemic disease, or medications, or as a postinflammatory event from such localized events as lichen planus or fixed drug eruption. There are two types, longitudinal and transverse melanonychia. Signs and symptoms Melanonychia is defined by a darkening of the nail plate that is brown to black; the pigment in question is typically melanin. It can affect one or more fingernails as well as toenails. Causes Melanocytic activation and melanocyte proliferation are the two primary processes of melanonychia. Increased melanin production from a typical number of activated melanocytes in the nail matrix is referred to as melanocytotic activation. Increased melanin pigment results from a greater quantity of melanocytes within the nail matrix, which is known as melanocyte proliferation. Both pregnancy and racial melanonychia are physiological causes of longitudinal melanonychia. People with dark skin tones, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and people from the Middle East, often exhibit harmless longitudinal pigmented stripes. It is important to investigate the possibility of onychotillomania, nail-biting, frictional trauma, and even carpal tunnel syndrome if melanonychia is linked to anomalies of the nail plate or the periungual tissues. A common cause of symmetric melanonychia that affects the great toe, the lateral and external portion of the fourth or fifth toenail, is recurrent trauma from overriding toes or poorly fitting shoes. Skin disorders such onychomycosis, paronychia, psoriasis, lichen planus, amyloidosis, and chronic radiodermatitis can cause inflammation, which can activate melanocytes and result in the formation of a light-brown band. Melanonychia frequently develops after the inflammatory process has resolved. Nonmelanocytic tumors such as subungual linear keratosis, verruca vulgaris, subungual fibrous histiocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, myxoid pseudocyst, Bowen's disease, and onychomatricoma have also been shown to induce melanocytic activation, which leads to longitudinal melanonychia. Systemic-related melenonychia sometimes presents as numerous bands including the fingernails and toenails. Interestingly, cutaneous and mucosal pigmentation are frequently seen in conjunction with melanonychia linked to nutritional problems, AIDS, and Addison's disease. Alcaptonuria, hemosiderosis, hyperbilirubinemia, and porphyria have all been linked to melanonychia. Medication (particularly chemotherapy drugs), phototherapy, radiation exposure from X-rays, and electron beam therapy are examples of iatrogenic causes of melanocytic activation. Melanonychia linked with syndromes, such as Peutz-Jeghers, Touraine, and Laugier-Hunziker, usually affects numerous digits and is accompanied by mucosal pigmented macules including the lips and oral cavity. The most frequent cause of brown-black coloration on nails is hematomas. It can be chronic (repeated, tiny trauma) or acute (after a single large trauma). Both dematiaceous and nondematiaceous fungi can induce fungal melanonychia; the most prevalent ones are Trichophyton rubrum and Scytalidium dimidiatum, followed by Alternaria and Exophiala. Mechanism While melanocytes are found in the nail bed and matrix, most of them are dormant or quiescent. Melanocyte activation in response to trauma, infection, or inflammation starts the manufacture of melanin. Then, melanin-rich melanosomes are transported by dendrites to the developing matrix cells. The nail plate becomes\",\n \"title\": \"Melanonychia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4505284\",\n \"text\": \"Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by albinism (hypopigmentation) with immunodeficiency, that usually causes death by early childhood. Researchers have developed three different classifications of the form of disorder, characterised by different signs and symptoms. Type 1 Griscelli Syndrome is assosciated with severe brain function issues along with distinctive discolouring of the hair and skin. Type 2 Griscelli Syndrome have immune system abnormalities in addition to hypopigmentation of skin and hair. Finally, Type 3 is seen as those only affected by hypopigmentation of the skin and hair. This type is not associated with immune deficiencies or neurological abnormalities. Signs and symptoms Griscelli syndrome is defined by the characteristic hypopigmentation, with frequent pyogenic infection, enlargement of the liver and spleen, a low blood neutrophil level, low blood platelet level, and immunodeficiency. Very often there is also impaired natural killer cell activity, absent delayed-type hypersensitivity and a poor cell proliferation response to antigenic challenge. This may be caused by the loss of three different genes, each of which has different additional effects, resulting in three types of syndrome. Its inheritance is autosomal recessive. Examination of the hair in this syndrome may be useful. Under light microscopy, these hairs exhibit bigger and irregular melanin granules, distributed mainly near the medulla. Under polarized light microscopy, the hairs appear monotonously white. There are three main types of Grescelli syndrome: type 1, type 2, and type 3. Regardless of type, people with Griscelli syndrome have hypopigmented skin and light, silvery-gray hair. People with Griscelli syndrome type 1 have severe problems concerning brain function, typically characterized as delayed development, intellectual disability, seizures, hypotonia, and eye and vision abnormalities. People with Griscelli syndrome type 2 have immune system abnormalities and are susceptible to recurrent infections; they develop hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which may damage organs and body tissues. People with Griscelli syndrome type 3 only have the baseline light skin and hair coloring abnormalities. Pathophysiology In melanocytes, melanosomes (vesicles containing the pigment melanin) are transported on microtubules. They are then bound by Rab27A which recruits Slac2-a and myosin Va. This complex then transfers the melanosomes from the microtubules to actin filaments. This transfer is necessary for the transport of melanosomes from the perinuclear area to the cell periphery. The loss of any one of these proteins interrupts melanosome transport and results in the hypopigmentation. However, these three proteins do not work together in other cells and RAB27A effectors may be 'mix and match.' For example, the knockout of Rab27 causes the hypopigmentation but also immunodeficiency due to deficiencies in cytotoxic killing activity in cytotoxic T cells (something that also depends on vesicle transport). While, the knockout of myosin Va does not cause immunodeficiency, but it does cause neural defects. Though some neural problems (i.e. brain damage) can be seen in Rab27A deficient children, this is thought to be a secondary effect of the immune problems, and not directly due to the lack of Rab27A. Munc13-4 has also drawn attention based on its involvement in causing bleeding manifestations\",\n \"title\": \"Griscelli syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2404069\",\n \"text\": \"Leucism () is a wide variety of conditions that result in partial loss of pigmentation in an animal—causing white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, or cuticles, but not the eyes. It is occasionally spelled leukism. Some genetic conditions that result in a \\\"leucistic\\\" appearance include piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, flavism, isabellinism, xanthochromism, axanthism, amelanism, and melanophilin mutations. Pale patches of skin, feathers, or fur (often referred to as \\\"depigmentation\\\") can also result from injury. Details Leucism is often used to describe the phenotype that results from defects in pigment cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to skin, hair, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all pigment cells fail to develop) or patches of body surface (if only a subset are defective) having a lack of cells that can make pigment. Since all pigment cell-types differentiate from the same multipotent precursor cell-type, leucism can cause the reduction in all types of pigment. This is in contrast to albinism, for which leucism is often mistaken. Albinism results in the reduction of melanin production only, though the melanocyte (or melanophore) is still present. Thus in species that have other pigment cell-types, for example xanthophores, albinos are not entirely white, but instead display a pale yellow color. More common than a complete absence of pigment cells is localized or incomplete hypopigmentation, resulting in irregular patches of white on an animal that otherwise has normal coloring and patterning. This partial leucism is known as a \\\"pied\\\" or \\\"piebald\\\" effect; and the ratio of white to normal-colured skin can vary considerably not only between generations, but between different offspring from the same parents, and even between members of the same litter. This is notable in horses, cows, cats, dogs, the urban crow and the ball python but is also found in many other species. Due to the lack of melanin production in both the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and iris, those affected by albinism sometimes have pink pupil due to the underlying blood vessels showing through. However, this is not always the case and many albino animals do not have pink pupils. The common belief that all albinos have pink pupils results in many albinos being incorrectly labeled as 'leucistic'. The neural crest disorders that cause leucism do not result in pink pupils and therefore most leucistic animals have normally colored eyes. This is because the melanocytes of the RPE do not derive from the neural crest. Instead, an out-pouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup that, in turn, forms the retina. As these cells are from an independent developmental origin, they are typically unaffected by the genetic cause of leucism. Notable examples Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) – in 2021, a leucistic example was found in the Gwydir River, near Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. Genetics Genes that, when mutated, can cause leucism include c-kit, mitf and EDNRB. Etymology The terms leucistic and leucism are derived from the stem leuc-\",\n \"title\": \"Leucism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5070047\",\n \"text\": \"Piebaldism refers to the absence of mature melanin-forming cells (melanocytes) in certain areas of the skin and hair. It is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development. Common characteristics include a congenital white forelock, scattered normal pigmented and hypopigmented macules and a triangular shaped depigmented patch on the forehead. There is nevertheless great variation in the degree and pattern of presentation, even within affected families. In some cases, piebaldism occurs together with severe developmental problems, as in Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease. Piebaldism has been documented to occur in all races, and is found in nearly every species of mammal. The condition is very common in mice, rabbits, dogs, sheep, deer, cattle and horses—where selective breeding has increased the incidence of the mutation—but occurs among chimpanzees and other primates only as rarely as among humans. Piebaldism is unrelated to conditions such as vitiligo or poliosis. Although \\\"partial albinism\\\" is a synonym for piebaldism, it is a fundamentally different condition from true albinism. The vision problems associated with albinism are not usually present as eye pigmentation is normal. Piebaldism differs from albinism in that the affected cells maintain the ability to produce pigment but have that specific function turned off. In albinism the cells lack the ability to produce pigment altogether. Human piebaldism has been observed to be associated with a very wide range and varying degrees of endocrine disorders, and is occasionally found together with heterochromia of the irises, congenital deafness, or incomplete gastrointestinal tract development, possibly all with the common cause of premature cutting off of human fetal growth hormone during gestation. Piebaldism is a kind of neurocristopathy, involving defects of various neural crest cell lineages that include melanocytes, but also involving many other tissues derived from the neural crest. Oncogenic factors, including mistranscription, are hypothesized to be related to the degree of phenotypic variation among affected individuals. Genetics Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant hereditary condition, which tends to produce high rates of inheritance and long chains of generational transmission. All who inherit the gene have at some time in life evidence of piebald hypopigmentation of the hair or skin, most likely both. Piebaldism may be associated with the genes KIT or SNAI2. Diagnosis Usually diagnosed at birth with the appearance of patches of white skin on the arms, legs, stomach, forehead, and a white lock of hair. History Early photographers took many photographs of African people with piebaldism as a form of entertainment and exoticism, and George Catlin is believed to have painted several portraits of Native Americans of the Mandan tribe who were affected by piebaldism. Historically, persons with extensive piebaldism have experienced abuse of the sort still suffered in the present by albinos, especially in Africa. This has ranged from display of unclothed African piebalds in \\\"freak\\\" shows and postcards of the early 20th century to the forcing of piebalds (as in the case of albinos) to work long hours exposed to the sun (producing high rates of lethal skin cancers), to the use of\",\n \"title\": \"Piebaldism\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22290971\",\n \"text\": \"Photoaging or photoageing (also known as \\\"dermatoheliosis\\\") is a term used for the characteristic changes to skin induced by chronic UVA and UVB exposure. Tretinoin is the best studied retinoid in the treatment of photoaging. The deterioration of biological functions and ability to manage metabolic stress is one of the major consequences of the aging process. Aging is a complex, progressive process that leads to functional and aesthetic changes in the skin. This process can result from both intrinsic (i.e., genetically determined) as well as extrinsic processes (i.e., environmental factors). Photoaging is attributed to continuous, long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of approximately 300–400 nm, either natural or synthetic, on an intrinsically aged skin. Effects of UV light Molecular and genetic changes UVB rays are a primary mutagen that can only penetrate through the epidermal (outermost) layer of the skin, resulting in DNA mutations. These mutations arise due to chemical changes, the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and photoproducts formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases. These mutations may be clinically related to specific signs of photoaging such as wrinkling, increasing in elastin and collagen damage. The epidermal layer does not contain any blood vessels or nerve endings but melanocytes and basal cells are embedded in this layer. Upon exposure to UVB rays, melanocytes will produce melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color tone. However, UVB will cause the formation of freckles and dark spots, both of which are symptoms of photoaging. With constant exposure to UVB rays, signs of photoaging might appear and precancerous lesions or skin cancer may develop. UVA rays are able to penetrate deeper into the skin as compared to UVB rays. Hence, in addition to the epidermal layer, the dermal layer will also be damaged. The dermis is the second major layer of the skin and it comprises collagen, elastin, and extrafibrillar matrix which provides structural support to the skin. However, with constant UVA exposure, the size of the dermis layer will be reduced, thereby causing the epidermis to start drooping off the body. Due to the presence of blood vessels in the dermis, UVA rays can lead to dilated or broken blood vessels which are most commonly visible on the nose and cheeks. UVA can also damage DNA indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anion, peroxide and singlet oxygen. These ROS damage cellular DNA as well as lipids and proteins. Pigmentation UV exposure can also lead to inflammation and vasodilation which is clinically manifested as sunburn. UV radiation activates the transcription factor, NF-κB, which is the first step in inflammation. NF-κB activation results in the increase of proinflammatory cytokines, for example: interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). This then attracts neutrophils which lead to an increase in oxidative damage through the generation of free radicals. Additionally, UV radiation would cause the down-regulation of an angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin-1, and the up-regulation of an angiogenesis activator which is platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor,\",\n \"title\": \"Photoaging\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18593371\",\n \"text\": \"Self-domestication is a scientific hypothesis that suggests that, similar to domesticated animals, there has been a process of artificial selection among members of the human species conducted by humans themselves. In this way, during the process of hominization, a preference for individuals with collaborative and social behaviors would have been shown to optimize the benefit of the entire group: docility, language, and emotional intelligence would have been enhanced during this process of artificial selection. The hypothesis is raised that this is what differentiated Homo sapiens from Homo neanderthalensis and Homo erectus. Origin and status of the hypothesis In general, domesticated animals possess common characteristics that differentiate them from their non-domesticated counterparts (for example, in the case of Canis familiaris compared to their relatives, Canis lupus, among many other cases): they tend to be more docile and playful, exhibit less aggressive behavior, and show marked neoteny, often resulting in a smaller body, a slightly smaller brain and skull, as well as shorter teeth and snout. One of the first to scientifically observe that humans present similar traits was the naturalist, anthropologist, and physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach around 1800. The author of the thesis \\\"De generis humani varietate nativa\\\" ('On the natural variations in the human lineage') consequently proposed the hypothesis that humans could have been domesticated. A few years later, Charles Darwin addressed the topic using the theory of evolution, which already considered the process of artificial selection in animals. Unable to explain the concept of human domestication from an exclusively scientific perspective (the question of who domesticated humans could only be answered in religious or theistic terms), he eventually dismissed the hypothesis. However, the studies of Dimitri Beliayev in the 20th century were important for the proposal: research on the silver fox demonstrated that in the process of animal domestication, simultaneous changes occurred in behavior (lower levels of adrenaline were observed) and in coat color (alterations in pigmentation): adrenaline could share a biochemical pathway with melanin, a pathway that would be altered during the process of artificial selection. In 2014, scientists Adam Wilkins (from Humboldt University, Berlin), Richard Wrangham (from Harvard University, Massachusetts), and Tecumseh Fitch (from the University of Vienna) proposed that the common origin of these changes lay in neural crest cells, exclusive stem cells of vertebrates that migrate to different parts of the body during the embryonic phase, giving rise to the adrenal glands (responsible for managing the fear and stress response through adrenaline production), melanocytes (responsible for producing skin or coat melanin), and jaws simultaneously. The deficit of these cells would explain the common characteristics of all domesticated animals: tameness, cranial and mandibular reduction, and alterations in pigmentation. Of the three members of the research team, it was primatologist Richard Wrangham who translated these results to humans, asserting that humans have \\\"domesticated\\\" themselves through a process of self-selection (a proposal he would elaborate in \\\"The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution\\\"). In July 2019, a team from the Institute of\",\n \"title\": \"Self-domestication\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13530724\",\n \"text\": \"Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM1 gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-selective cation channels. It is expressed in the retina, in a subset of bipolar cells termed ON bipolar cells. These cells form synapses with either rods or cones, collecting signals from them. In the dark, the signal arrives in the form of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is detected by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade. Detection of glutamate by the GPCR Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 results in closing of the TRPM1 channel. At the onset of light, glutamate release is halted and mGluR6 is deactivated; this results in opening of the TRPM1 channel, influx of sodium and calcium, and depolarization of the bipolar cell. In addition to the retina, TRPM1 is also expressed in melanocytes, which are melanin-producing cells in the skin. The expression of TRPM1 is inversely correlated with melanoma aggressiveness, suggesting that it might suppress melanoma metastasis. However, subsequent work showed that a microRNA located in an intron of the TRPM1 gene, rather than the TRPM1 protein itself, is responsible for the tumor suppressor function. The expression of both TRPM1 and the microRNA are regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Clinical significance Mutations in TRPM1 are associated with congenital stationary night blindness in humans and coat spotting patterns in Appaloosa horses. See also TRPM References External links Ion channels\",\n \"title\": \"TRPM1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60116985\",\n \"text\": \"Rhododendrol (RD) also called 4-[(3R)-3-hydroxybutyl]phenol (systemic name), is an organic compound with the formula C10H14O2. It is a naturally occurring ingredient present in many plants, such as the Rhododendron. The phenolic compound was first developed in 2010 as a tyrosinase inhibitor for skin-lightening cosmetics. In 2013, after rhododendrol reportedly caused skin depigmentation in consumers using RD-containing skin-brightening cosmetics, the cosmetics were withdrawn from the market. The skin condition, caused by RD, is called RD-induced leukoderma. Rhododendrol exerts melanocyte cytotoxicity via a tyrosinase-dependent mechanism. It has been shown to impair the normal proliferation of melanocytes through reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of GADD45. It is now well established that rhododendrol is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor. Structure and synthesis Structure Rhododendrol occurs as the glucoside rhododendrin in leaves of the Rhododendron (Ericacae), and it naturally occurs as a phenolic compound in plants such as Acer nikoense , Betula platyphylla, and the Chinese red birch Betula Alba. The compound can be obtained from alkylation of phenols (C6H5OH). The molecule has a para-substituted structure, and one chiral center. Also, the compound has a natural charge. Biosynthesis There are several ways to synthesise rhododendrol. First, the synthesis can be achieved in six steps from benzaldehyde. The key reactions in this method include aldol condensation and trichloroacetimidate glycosylation. The compound can also be prepared by reducing raspberry ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2- butanone) with Raney nickel in EtOH. In addition, Rhododendrol can be synthesised from p-coumaric acid. This pathway involves reduction of the aliphatic double bond present in p-coumaric acid. Mechanisms of action The mechanism of action of rhododendrol has been investigated in multiple studies which revealed that RD competes with tyrosine for hydroxylation by tyrosinase and interferes with melanin synthesis. First, RD is catalysed by tyrosinase to produce toxic metabolites as RD-cyclic catechol. These reactive metabolites cause damage to the melanocytes. There is still uncertainty, however, how the metabolites result in melanocyte damage. A previous report reported that the melanocyte toxicity of rhododendrol is caused by the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, another study stated that there was no ROS detected in the rhododendrol-treated melanocytes, but a tyrosinase-dependent accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the apoptotic pathway. Even though there is still no full agreement on the exact mechanism of action, it is suggested that the mechanism of RD-induced leukoderma closely resembles the mechanism displayed in the figure below (Suggested mechanism of Rhododendrol.png). In some individuals, a T-cell response is observed. The melanocyte cell lysates may sensitise T-cells, and the immunised cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (specific to Melan A, which is a melanocytic differentiation marker) may enhance the RD-induced leukoderma or evoke vitiligo-like lesions on the non-applied skin. Metabolism Rhododendrol is metabolised via tyrosinase-catalysed oxidation. Therefore, the enzyme tyrosinase is necessary for the oxidation of rhododendrol. Tyrosinase regularly plays an essential role in the production of melanocytes called the melanogenesis. After oxidation of rhododendrol by the tyrosinase enzyme, several kinds of phenols and catechols are formed. These phenols and catechols together form ortho-quinones (o-quinones). Presence of\",\n \"title\": \"Rhododendrol\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39201589\",\n \"text\": \"Anolis grahami, commonly known as the Jamaican turquoise anole and Graham's anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to the island of Jamaica, and has also been introduced to the territory of Bermuda. It is one of many different species of anole lizards found in Jamaica. There are two recognized subspecies. Etymology The specific name of this species, grahami, was assigned to it in honor of James Duncan Graham, who founded the Corps of Topographical Engineers in the United States Army. Description The upper body of Anolis grahami is usually a rich emerald or aquamarine while its trunk and legs are a bright deep blue. It has a bright orange dewlap. The first half of the tail is a deep blue, while the lower half is brilliant violet. Its underside is usually a light blue gray. Occasionally, especially in females and younger individuals, these colors may be somewhat muted, though still quite gaudy. Fully grown males can be exceptionally colorful; occasionally a pure turquoise blue lizard may be observed. Mature male Anolis grahami can grow to a total length of 16 centimetres (6.3 in) and a snout–vent length (SVL) of 8 cm (3.1 in); females are smaller than males. During confrontations over territory or when threatened males may raise a small dorsal crest atop their heads. Colorization These lizards have a special ability to camouflage and change color when necessary. Under the anole's skin are pigment cells called chromatophores responsible for its usual coloration. Underneath these pigment cells are specialized pigment cells called melanocytes which contain the pigment melanin, in response to changes in the lizards hormones these cells can expand and mask the ordinary pigment cells, resulting in a change to a darker coloration, thus the anole is capable of changing its hue from bright blue, to varying shades of brown or almost completely black when stressed, often the end of the tail, and sometimes the trunk, remains colored during a color change. These lizards also have the ability to change the color of only one half of their bodies. Taxonomy Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies. Anolis grahami aquarum – Portland Parish and St. Thomas Parish, Jamaica Anolis grahami grahami - Most of northern, western, southern and central Jamaica The order of the Anolis grahami is Squamata, which is a category that refers to scaled reptiles. Squamata is the most common order of reptile, and it includes species of snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians. Species that are part of this order can be found all across the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Due to the wide variety of habitats and conditions that they live in, other lizard species in this order display significantly different adaptations and traits from the Anolis grahami. Structure The Anolis grahami have a developed, movable hinge in their skull called the quadratojugal hinge, which is a defining trait of the order Squamata. Members of this order have developed a specific jaw structure\",\n \"title\": \"Anolis grahami\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7320592\",\n \"text\": \"Indoor tanning lotions accelerate the tanning process, by promoting the production of melanin. Increasing blood flow to the skin is a proposed mechanism, which may in turn stimulate production of melanin by melanocytes. Historically, indoor tanning lotions have contained no sunscreen and offer no protection from the sun. However, many tanning lotions currently contain sunscreen. Unlike sunless tanning lotions, these are designed for use with an ultraviolet source such as a tanning bed or booth. Ingredients Some of the active ingredients found in common tanning lotions include melanin and L-Tyrosine. Other commonly found ingredients include tea oil, copper (in many different chemical compounds), green tea extract and many other natural oils. Indoor tanning lotions are usually designed to only use ingredients that will not cause damage or build up on acrylic surfaces. This is because all tanning beds use 100% acrylic in their protective shields. This is one reason people should not use outdoor tanning lotion in a tanning bed, as some common ingredients such as mineral oil (common ingredient in cosmetics, including some baby oil brands) will damage the surface of the acrylics. Tingle is a standard description for indoor tanning lotions that contain ingredients that increase blood flow at the skin level, or cause a \\\"tingling\\\" sensation. Bronzers Some lotions have a bronzing effect to them. There are three different types of bronzers; cosmetic, natural and DHA. DHA (dihydroxyacetone) is a higher level of bronzer that stays on the skin for about 4–5 days depending on how much one exfoliates. Natural bronzers that are made from plant extracts, and stay on the skin for about 3–4 days, also exist. Cosmetic bronzers stain the skin the most, they stay on the skin for about 1–3 days and can be easily washed off in the shower. These bronzers work with the skin to provide a darker cosmetic color. They take approximately 4–6 hours to develop full color. Having a base tan before using a bronzer produces a more natural looking color. Natural bronzers use natural ingredients, such as caramel, riboflavin, etc. These ingredients provide a slight instant boost of color, but will wash off in the shower. Higher quality natural bronzer lotions will have certain organic ingredients/natural or exotic extracts that aid in the process of tanning (melanin production/oxidization). Moisturizing One of the primary purposes for using indoor tanning lotions is to moisturize the skin. This is because tanning (indoors or out) can dehydrate the skin so additional moisturization is needed to compensate and leave the skin looking smooth and healthy. One of the most popular moisturizing elements in tanning lotions is hempseed oil, although other oils are also common. The primary moisturizing ingredients in tanning lotions are essentially the same as in regular hand lotions, although they tend to have less alcohol in them. Outdoor use Most indoor tanning lotions do not offer protection from the sun (have no SPF) and are not intended for outdoor use. However, many tanning lotions now contain SPF. See also Indoor tanning References\",\n \"title\": \"Indoor tanning lotion\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4616860","text":"Gastrodermis (From Ancient Greek: , , \"stomach\"; , , \"skin\") is the inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians. It is distinct from the outer epidermis and the inner dermis and is primarily associated with the ventral side of Cnidarians. It is composed of specialized cells responsible for several vital physiological processes. The term is also used for the analogous inner epithelial layer of Ctenophores. Functions The gastrodermis has a role in many biological functions, including respiration, pigmentation, and digestion. The gastrodermis provides a large surface area for gas exchange to occur, via cutaneous respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin. The gastrodermis contains specialised cells called chromatophores, which are responsible for producing and controlling pigmentation. These cells contain pigments such as melanin that help in coloration and camouflage. In Coelenterates, the gastrodermis contains mucous secreting cells and gland cells, that secrete digestive enzymes to assist in digestion. The gastrodermis is among the sites where early signals of heat stress are expressed in corals. References Cnidarian anatomy","title":"Gastrodermis"},{"docid":"6021465","text":"Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, feathers, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores. In some species, pigments accrue over very long periods during an individual's lifespan. Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. Biological pigments See conjugated systems for electron bond chemistry that causes these molecules to have pigment. Heme/porphyrin-based: chlorophyll, bilirubin, hemocyanin, hemoglobin, myoglobin Light-emitting: luciferin Carotenoids: Hematochromes (algal pigments, mixes of carotenoids and their derivates) Carotenes: alpha and beta carotene, lycopene, rhodopsin Xanthophylls: canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein Proteinaceous: phytochrome, phycobiliproteins Psittacofulvins: a class of red and yellow pigments unique to parrots Turacin and Turacoverdin: red and green pigments found in turacos and related species Anthoxanthins: white color of some plants Other: melanin, urochrome, flavonoids Pigments in plants The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll and several colorful pigments that absorb as much light energy as possible. Pigments are also known to play a role in pollination where pigment accumulation or loss can lead to floral color change, signaling to pollinators which flowers are rewarding and contain more pollen and nectar. Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. The principal pigments responsible are: Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; it is a chlorin that absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light while reflecting a majority of green. It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Kelps, diatoms, and other photosynthetic heterokonts contain chlorophyll c instead of b, while red algae possess only chlorophyll a. All chlorophylls serve as the primary means plants use to intercept light in order to fuel photosynthesis. Carotenoids are red, orange, or yellow tetraterpenoids. During the process of photosynthesis, they have functions in light-harvesting (as accessory pigments), in photoprotection (energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching as well as singlet oxygen scavenging for prevention of photooxidative damage), and also serve as protein structural elements. In higher plants, they also serve as precursors to the plant hormone abscisic acid. Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are synthesized from tyrosine. This class of pigments is found only in the Caryophyllales (including cactus and amaranth), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of beets. Anthocyanins (literally \"flower blue\") are water-soluble flavonoid","title":"Biological pigment"},{"docid":"1192959","text":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare locally aggressive malignant cutaneous soft-tissue sarcoma. DFSP develops in the connective tissue cells in the middle layer of the skin (dermis). Estimates of the overall occurrence of DFSP in the United States are 0.8 to 4.5 cases per million persons per year. In the United States, DFSP accounts for between 1 and 6 percent of all soft-tissue sarcomas and 18 percent of all cutaneous soft-tissue sarcomas. In the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) tumor registry from 1992 through 2004, DFSP was second only to Kaposi sarcoma. Presentation Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans begins as a minor firm area of skin most commonly about to 1 to 5 cm in diameter. It can resemble a bruise, birthmark, or pimple. It is a slow-growing tumor and is usually found on the torso but can occur anywhere on the body. About 90% of DFSPs are low-grade sarcomas. About 10% are mixed, containing a high-grade sarcomatous component (DFSP-FS); therefore, they are considered to be intermediate-grade sarcomas. DFSPs rarely lead to a metastasis (fewer than 5% metastasize), but DFSPs can recur locally. DFSPs most often arise in patients who are in their thirties but this may be due to diagnostic delay. Location Commonly located on the chest and shoulders, the following is the site distribution of DFPS as was observed in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2010. Trunk/torso – 42% Lower extremity – 21% Upper extremity – 21% Head and neck – 13% Genitals – 1% Variants The World Health Organization in 2020 classified the fibro sarcomatous DFSP (DFSP-FS) variant (also termed dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, fibro sarcomatous) of the dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans as a specific form of the intermediate (rarely metastasizing) fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors and other variants of this disorder as a specific form of the intermediate (locally aggressive) fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors. Bednar tumors Bednar, or pigmented DFSP, is distinguished by the dispersal of melanin-rich dendritic cells of the skin. It represents 1–5 percent of all DFSP occurring in people rich in melanin pigments. Bednar is characterized by a dermal spindle cell proliferation like DFSP but distinguished by the additional presence of melanocytic dendritic cells. It occurs at the same rate as DFSP on fairer skin and should be considered to have the same chances of metastasis. Myxoid DFSP Myxoid DFSP has areas of myxoid degeneration in the stroma. Giant cell fibroblastoma Giant cell fibroblastoma contains giant cells, and is also known as juvenile DFSP. Giant cell fibroblastomas are skin and soft-tissue tumors that usually arise in childhood. They are sometimes seen in association with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP, hybrid lesions) or may transform or recur as DFSP. Atrophic DFSP Atrophic DFSP resemble other benign lesions such as morphea, idiopathic atrophoderma, atrophic scar, anetoderma or lipoatrophy. It behaves like classic DFSP. It commonly favours young to middle-aged adults. It has a slow infiltrative growth and a high rate of local recurrence if not completely excised. Sclerosing DFSP Sclerosing DFSP is a variant in which the cellularity is","title":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans"},{"docid":"5982854","text":"Melanosis coli, also pseudomelanosis coli, is a disorder of pigmentation of the wall of the colon, often identified at the time of colonoscopy. It is benign and may have no significant correlation with disease. The brown pigment is lipofuscin in macrophages, not melanin. It is most commonly associated with the use of certain laxatives. Cause The most common cause of melanosis coli is the extended use of laxatives, and commonly anthraquinone containing laxatives such as senna, aloe vera, and other plant glycosides. The anthranoid laxatives pass through the gastrointestinal tract unabsorbed until they reach the large intestine, where they are changed into their active forms. The resulting active compounds cause damage to the cells in the lining of the intestine and leads to apoptosis (a form of cell death). The damaged (apoptotic) cells appear as darkly pigmented bodies that may be taken up by scavenger cells known as macrophages. When enough cells have been damaged, the characteristic pigmentation of the bowel wall develops. The condition can develop after just a few months of laxative use. However, other causes are identified, including an increase in colonic epithelial apoptosis. Endoscopically, the mucosa may show a brownish discoloration in a moiré pattern. Histologic appearance On biopsy, melanosis coli shows characteristic pigment-laden macrophages within the mucosa on PAS staining. The histologic differential diagnosis of mucosal pigmentation is: lipofuscin (melanosis coli), hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and melanin (rare). Prognosis No adverse effects or consequences of melanosis coli have been identified. Relation to true melanoses The condition is unrelated to true melanoses, such as Peutz–Jeghers syndrome and smoker's melanosis. Peutz–Jeghers syndrome causes pigmentation of the skin and mucous surfaces with melanin, and polyps in the digestive tract. Non-colonic pseudomelanoses Pseudomelanoses of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract have also been reported, and are of unclear relevance. Patients with colostomies can have melanosis involving the stoma, which is also of no significance. References External links Gastrointestinal tract disorders","title":"Melanosis coli"},{"docid":"15737471","text":"Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived excited state. This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules—so-called bimolecular reactions. Melanin and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds (10−15s). The excited state lifetime of compounds used in sunscreens such as menthyl anthranilate, avobenzone or padimate O is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than that of melanin, and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them. The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called a \"chromophore\". Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species, to produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA (oxidative stress). It is important to note that, unlike direct DNA damage which causes sunburn, indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body. The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure: 1O2 is reactive harmful singlet oxygen: Location of the damage Unlike direct DNA damage, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun—in contrast to basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body. See also Free radical damage to DNA Photoprotection Sunscreen References Photochemistry Skin conditions resulting from physical factors Sun tanning","title":"Indirect DNA damage"},{"docid":"298541","text":"Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a technology used by cosmetic and medical practitioners to perform various skin treatments for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes, including hair removal, photorejuvenation (e.g. the treatment of skin pigmentation, sun damage, and thread veins) as well as to alleviate dermatologic diseases such as acne. IPL is increasingly used in optometry and ophthalmology as well, to treat evaporative dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction. The technology uses a high-powered, hand-held, computer-controlled flashgun to deliver an intense, visible, broad-spectrum pulse of light, generally in the visible spectral range of 400 to 1200 nm. Various cutoff filters are commonly used to selectively filter out shorter wavelengths, especially potentially damaging ultraviolet light. The resulting light has a spectral range that targets specific structures and chromophores (e.g. melanin in hair, or oxyhemoglobin in blood vessels) that are heated to destruction and reabsorbed by the body. IPL shares some similarities with laser treatments, in that they both use light to heat and destroy their targets. But unlike lasers that use a single wavelength (color) of light which typically matches only one chromophore and hence only treats one condition, IPL uses a broad spectrum that when used with interchangeable filters, allowing it to be used against several conditions. This can be achieved when the IPL technician selects the appropriate filter that matches a specific chromophore. Description Intense pulsed light is the use of intense pulses of non-coherent light over a range of wavelengths from 500 nm to 1200 nm. Xenon flashlamps produce high output bursts of broad spectrum. Cooling is used to protect the skin in contact with the device. Regulations governing IPL vary by jurisdiction. A distinction is sometimes made between beauty-grade and medical-grade machines, mainly to get around regulations. The first FDA approval of IPL was for telangiectasias in 1995. Use quickly spread to a variety of medical and cosmetic settings. Treatment is generally safe and effective, but complications can occur, such as hyperpigmentation. The polychromatic light can reach multiple chromophores in human skin: mainly hemoglobin, water, and melanin. This results in selective photothermolysis of blood vessels, pigmented cells, or hair follicles. Hair removal IPL can reduce hair growth, most effectively in darker, coarser hair. IPL is distinct from laser hair removal which uses coherent monochromatic laser light. Protocol Broad-spectrum light is applied to the surface of the skin, targeting melanin. This light travels through the skin until it strikes the hair shafts or hair follicle. The follicle is usually where the highest concentration of melanin is located. As the light is absorbed, the bulb and most of the hair shaft are heated, destroying the hair-producing papilla. It is also claimed that heat conversion occurs directly in the darker capillaries that bring blood to the follicle. At any one time, not all hair follicles are 'active', and only active hair follicles can be affected by the treatment. 'Inactive' hair follicles can be treated as they become 'active' over time. For IPL treatments, an average of 8–10 treatments, 4–6 weeks","title":"Intense pulsed light"},{"docid":"19851554","text":"The cortex of the hair shaft is located between the hair cuticle and medulla and is the thickest hair layer. It contains most of the hair's pigment, giving the hair its color. The major pigment in the cortex is melanin, which is also found in skin. The distribution of this pigment varies from animal to animal and person to person. In humans, the melanin is primarily denser nearer the cuticle whereas in animals, melanin is primarily denser nearer the medulla. See also List of distinct cell types in the adult human body References Hair anatomy","title":"Cortex (hair)"},{"docid":"63772134","text":"Fish coloration, a subset of animal coloration, is extremely diverse. Fish across all taxa vary greatly in their coloration through special mechanisms, mainly pigment cells called chromatophores. Fish can have any colors of the visual spectrum on their skin, evolutionarily derived for many reasons. There are three factors to coloration, brightness (intensity of light), hue (mixtures of wavelengths), and saturation (the purity of wavelengths). Fish coloration has three proposed functions: thermoregulation, intraspecific communication, and interspecific communication. Fishes' diverse coloration is possibly derivative of the fact that \"fish most likely see colors very differently than humans\". Mechanisms Fish coloration is produced through specialized cells called chromatophores. The dermal chromatophore is a basic color unit in amphibians, reptiles, and fish which has three cell layers: \"the xanthophore (contains carotenoid and pteridine pigments), the iridophore (reflects color structurally), and the melanophore (contains melanin)\". The pigments in the chromatophores are generally classified into two groups: melanin (makes browns, grays, and blacks), and carotenoids (makes reds, oranges, and yellows). Xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores \"originate from neural crest‐derived stem cells associated with the dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system\". Specific mechanisms by color Black: produced by melanin granules dispersing inside the melanophore Gray and brown: produced by melanin granules concentrating inside the melanophore White: appears from light reflected by crystals of guanine in iridophores and leucophores Red, orange, yellow: produced by carotenoids that come from fish's diet Green, blue, violet: (generally) structural colors produced by the reflection and refraction of light by the skin and scale layers An example of a family of fish that is widely known for their highly varied and bright coloration are the Labridae (wrasses) and Scaridae (parrotfish). These fishes are known to possess all of the above pigments in different ratios depending on where they live in relation to the coral reef environment. Different wavelengths, and thus different colors, travel differently and therefore appear differently depending on the depth of the water and the things on which they are reflecting. Evolutionary function Signalling One way that fish coloration can be categorized is into \"static\" or \"dynamic\" coloration/displays. Static coloration often serves as an \"identification badge\" for information such as species, reproductive condition, sex, or age. An example of a type of static coloration that conveys clear information to predators of different species is aposematic coloration. An example of aposematic coloration is in the lionfish (Pterois sp.). Dynamic displays consist of either changes of color or \"rapid exposure of colored, previously hidden structures\" such as colored fins that can be erected at will, colored mouth opening and closing, or flaring gills with bright coloration on the gill margins. For example, grunts have a bright red lining on their mouth that they can show by opening it in a head-to-head encounter. Another common example is the betta fish, or Siamese fighting fish, that will flare its gills as an aggressive behavior. These gills have brightly colored margins that contrast the rest of the body. Camouflage Some fish are famous for their","title":"Fish coloration"},{"docid":"997576","text":"The alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) is a black salamander that can be found in the French Alps, and through the mountainous range in Europe. It is a member of the genus Salamandra. Their species name, atra, may be derived from the Latin ater, meaning dull black. The salamanders' coloration has evolved over time, as some species are completely monochrome black and others have yellow spotting and marks. Their life expectancy is at least 10 years. There are four subspecies of the alpine salamander, with varied distribution and physical coloration. Unlike other salamanders, whose larvae are developed in water, the alpine salamander and its subspecies are a fully terrestrial species in life and gestation. They give birth to live young. Alpine salamanders produce toxic compounds from their skin. These compounds may protect them from both predator and microbial threats. Description Alpine salamanders are often small in size, and dark brown or black. Members of the subspecies are not wholly black or brown monochrome, but rather have mosaic or spotted patterns. Members of the subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae have bright splotches on its dorsal side and head. The color is often bright yellow, but can range to shades of white or even gray. Distribution of the pigment is dependent on the distribution of certain cells, so may be smooth and even or patchy. Female S. atra tend to be larger than the males, and can grow up to 151 millimeters, or around 5.9 inches. Males will grow to around 144 millimeters, or 5.6 inches: both measurements include the tail. Males have swollen, visible cloacae, and are more slender than females. The salamanders have parotid glands posterior and lateral to their eyes, giving them an elongated head shape. They tend to have between 11 and 13 costal grooves along the sides of their bodies, and a double row of dorsal glands runs down their backs on either side of their spines, down to the tips of their tails. Coloration Most alpine salamanders that are either completely black (melanistic) or predominantly black have the dark pigment as a baseline, but the evolution behind this dark coloring has a winding history. Scientists have studied the hypothesis of if the salamanders start completely black, or if they evolved like that over time. DNA-evidence traced through maternal lineages suggest the latter: that salamanders evolved their black coloration over time. Biological pigmentation is determined by presentation of specific color-producing cells, called chromatophores, which absorb and/or reflect light in a particular way to then appear as a color. In S. atra, there are different cells present or activated, which yield different colors: melanophores contribute to the dark coloration by producing the dark pigment melanin, while xanthophores produce a yellow pigment, and iridophores are simply light-reflecting. The fully-black phenotype seen in S. a. atra results from the salamanders' melanophores in the dermis and epidermis, producing melanin alone. Xanthophore-iridophore complexes are responsible for production of yellow spotting, which appears bright. In species without yellow patches, it appears that they do not","title":"Alpine salamander"},{"docid":"5723938","text":"beta-Arbutin, also known as β-arbutin or by its International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name, arbutin, is a glycosylated derivative of hydroquinone. β-Arbutin is naturally present in the leaves and bark of a variety of plants, notably the bearberry plant, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Utilized as a biosynthetic active ingredient in topical treatments for skin lightening, β-arbutin is aimed at addressing hyperpigmentation issues. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, an essential enzyme for melanin synthesis in the human skin, thereby leading to a reduction in hyperpigmentation. It is important to distinguish β-arbutin from its structurally similar stereoisomer, α-arbutin, which exhibits similar effects in clinical applications. Properties Arbutin is a compound where a glucose molecule, specifically -glucose, is chemically bound to hydroquinone. In aqueous solutions, glucose can exist in one of three stereoisomeric forms: α, β, or γ, with the β-anomer being the predominant form. The standard known form of arbutin, β-Arbutin, has a molecular formula of C12H16O7 and a molecular weight of 272.25g/mol. Its stereoisomers, α-arbutin and γ-arbutin, share the same molecular formula and weight but are distinct in their atoms' spatial arrangement. β-Arbutin is soluble in water, presenting typically as a white powder that remains stable under standard storage conditions. It exhibits stability in both ethanol and water and demonstrates resistance to light exposure. When dissolved in water, β-arbutin may undergo hydrolysis, converting to hydroquinone, which can subsequently oxidize to benzoquinone. Occurrence and preparation The compound is naturally occurring and can be extracted from several plant species. Traditionally extracted from the bearberry plant (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), it also occurs in high levels in plants in the families of Ericaceae and Saxifragaceae. Others include the pear (Pyrus spp.), and certain species of wheat. It is also found in very small quantities in Viburnum opulus, Bergenia crassifolia and Schisandra chinensis. Synthetically, it can also be prepared from the reaction of acetobromoglucose and hydroquinone in the presence of an alkali. Uses The main application of β-arbutin is in the cosmetic industry, where it is incorporated into various skin care products, including creams, serums and lotions, aimed at lightening skin tone and correcting hyperpigmentation. Its efficacy and safety profile make it a sought-after ingredient for products targeting solar lentigo, freckles, melasma, and other forms of hyperpigmentation. Herbal medicine For centuries, β-arbutin has been used in phytotherapy, or herbal medicine. Extracted from the leaves of bearberry plants, it is used as a mixture with other herbal drugs as a treatment for urinary tract infections. Mechanism of action Regulation of melanin synthesis β-Arbutin acts as an enzyme inhibitor of cellular tyrosinase by inactivating it. Tyrosinase is an enzyme needed in melanin synthesis in the melanin producing cell of the skin, the melanocyte. By reducing the activity of tyrosinase, β-arbutin reduces the synthesis of melanin, leading to a lighter skin tone and the diminished appearance of hyperpigmentation. It is not as potent an inhibitor of tyrosinase as α-arbutin. It has also been shown act as a substrate for tyrosinase. Tyrosinase catalyses the hydroxylation of tyrosine,","title":"Arbutin"},{"docid":"2638550","text":"An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants. It is a flattened, hyphal \"pressing\" organ, from which a minute infection peg grows and enters the host, using turgor pressure capable of punching through even Mylar. Following spore attachment and germination on the host surface, the emerging germ tube perceives physical cues such as surface hardness and hydrophobicity, as well as chemical signals including wax monomers that trigger appressorium formation. Appressorium formation begins when the tip of the germ tube ceases polar growth, hooks, and begins to swell. The contents of the spore are then mobilized into the developing appressorium, a septum develops at the neck of the appressorium, and the germ tube and spore collapse and die. As the appressorium matures, it becomes firmly attached to the plant surface and a dense layer of melanin is laid down in the appressorium wall, except across a pore at the plant interface. Turgor pressure increases inside the appressorium and a penetration hypha emerges at the pore, which is driven through the plant cuticle into the underlying epidermal cells. The osmotic pressure exerted by the appressorium can reach up to 8 MPa, which allows it to puncture the plant cuticle. This pressure is achievable due to a melanin-pigmented cell wall which is impermeable to compounds larger than water molecules, so the highly-concentrated ions cannot escape from it. Formation The attachment of a fungal spore on the surface of the host plant is the first critical step of infection. Once the spore is hydrated, an adhesive mucilage is released from its tip. During germination, mucilaginous substances continue to be extruded at the tips of the germ tube, which are essential for germ tube attachment and appressorium formation. Spore adhesion and appressorium formation is inhibited by hydrolytic enzymes such as α-mannosidase, α-glucosidase, and protease, suggesting that the adhesive materials are composed of glycoproteins. Germination is also inhibited at high spore concentrations, which might be due to a lipophilic self inhibitor. Self inhibition can be overcome by hydrophobic wax from rice leaf. In response to surface signals, the germ tube tip undergoes a cell differentiation process to form a specialized infection structure, the appressorium. Frank B. (1883), in 'Ueber einige neue und weniger bekannte Pflanzenkrankheiten', coined the name \"appressorium\" for the adhesion body formed by the bean pathogen Gloeosporium lindemuthianum on the host surface. Appressorium development involves a number of steps: nuclear division, first septum formation, germling emergence, tip swelling and second septum formation. Mitosis first occurs soon after surface attachment, and a nucleus from the second round of mitosis during tip swelling migrates into the hooked cell before septum formation. A mature appressorium normally contains a single nucleus. The outside plasma membrane of the mature appressorium is covered by a melanin layer except at the region in contact with the substratum, where the penetration peg, a specialized hypha that penetrates the tissue surface, develops. Cellular glycerol concentration sharply increases during spore germination, but it","title":"Appressorium"},{"docid":"56317749","text":"\"Melanin Magic\", alternatively \"Melanin Magic (Pretty Brown)\", is a song by American rapper Remy Ma featuring American singer Chris Brown. It was written by the artists alongside Keirston Lewis, Ricky Kinchen, Stokley Williams, Atia \"INK\" Boggs, Jeffrey Allen, Lawrence Waddell, and producer Dallas Austin. The song was released via Reminisce Records on January 19, 2018. The song was nominated for the BET Her Award at the BET Awards 2018. Background and release The collaboration was first revealed by Ma during her appearance on Total Request Live in November 2017. \"The next single is with Chris Brown,\" she said. \"'Melanin Magic', aka 'Pretty Brown', It's amazing.\" On January 16, 2018, Ma shared a snippet of the song on social media. The song samples Mint Condition's \"Breakin' My Heart (Pretty Brown Eyes)\", and was announced with a cover art contest, which allowed fans to vote on three different options. Ma explained in a video on Instagram that this song was meant to empower. \"I just wanted to make something to let people know that you're beautiful, you're pretty,\" she said. \"You can be brown skin, dark skin, light skinned. None of that is what makes you pretty or beautiful. It's what's inside.\" Commercial performance Commercially, Melanin Magic peaked at #17 on Billboard Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop chart, #24 on Billboard Rhythmic chart, #18 on Billboard Rap Airplay chart, #29 on Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart and was the #1 most added song on Urban Radio. Critical reception C. Vernon Coleman II of XXL opined that Ma \"puts a new spin on an old classic\", writing that \"Austin chops the R&B track into something more suitable to spit over, and Rem takes the opportunity to talk a little greasy\". Eric Skelton of Complex thinks that the song shows Ma's \"catchier, more radio-friendly side\". Jasmine Grant of VH1 described the song as \"a ladies anthem and '90s tribute all wrapped into one\", and wrote that Brown is \"the perfect selection for the catchy hook\". Will Lavin of Joe felt that Ma and Brown \"have created an ode to the regality of brown skin\". Mike Nied of Idolator deemed the song \"a retro romance with an empowering message for women\" which \"has a bit more crossover appeal\" over the album's lead single \"Wake Me Up\", calling it \"another promising release\" from Ma. James Dinh of iHeartRadio regarded the song as \"a romantic ode to loving your own body\". Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Tidal. Remy Ma – songwriting Chris Brown – songwriting Keirston Lewis – songwriting Ricky Kinchen – songwriting Stokley Williams – songwriting Atia Boggs – songwriting Jeffrey Allen – songwriting Dallas Austin – songwriting, production Lawrence Waddell – songwriting Matthew Testa – mix engineering Colin Leonard – master engineering Alexander \"Smitty Beatz\" Smith – record engineering Charts References External links 2018 songs 2018 singles Remy Ma songs Chris Brown songs Songs written by Remy Ma Songs written by Chris Brown Songs written by Dallas Austin Song recordings produced by Dallas Austin","title":"Melanin Magic"},{"docid":"2909","text":"Albinism is a congenital condition characterized in humans by the partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers. In rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism may be associated with deficiencies in the transportation of melanin granules. This also affects essential granules present in immune cells, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Unlike humans, other animals have multiple pigments and for these, albinism is considered to be a hereditary condition characterised by the absence of melanin in particular, in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino, an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as leucistic or albinoid. The term is from the Latin albus, \"white\". Signs and symptoms There are two principal types of albinism: oculocutaneous, affecting the eyes, skin and hair, and ocular affecting the eyes only. There are different types of oculocutaneous albinism depending on which gene has undergone mutation. With some there is no pigment at all. The other end of the spectrum of albinism is \"a form of albinism called rufous oculocutaneous albinism, which usually affects dark-skinned people\". According to the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation, \"With ocular albinism, the color of the iris of the eye may vary from blue to green or even brown, and sometimes darkens with age. However, when an optometrist or ophthalmologist examines the eye by shining a light from the side of the eye, the light shines back through the iris since very little pigment is present.\" Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure. The human eye normally produces enough pigment to color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. In photographs, those with albinism are more likely to demonstrate \"red eye\", due to the red of the retina being visible through the iris. Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity. Those with albinism are generally as healthy as the rest of the population (but see related disorders below), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanomas (skin cancers) and other problems. Visual problems Development of the optical system is highly dependent on the presence of melanin. For this reason, the reduction or absence of this pigment in people with albinism may lead to: Misrouting","title":"Albinism in humans"},{"docid":"14400759","text":"Amelanotic melanoma is a type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make any melanin. They can be pink, red, purple or of normal skin color, and are therefore difficult to diagnose correctly. They can occur anywhere on the body, just as a typical melanoma can. Often, amelanotic melanomas are mistaken for benign lesions, including dermatitis, benign neoplastic processes, or a different malignancy such as basal-cell carcinoma or squamous-cell carcinoma. A poor prognosis is associated with amelanotic lesions, partially due to the difficulty in achieving a diagnosis; however, metastatic amelanotic melanoma has a worse prognosis than other subtypes. Survival after diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma was found in a 2014 seven-year study of 3,000 patients to be poorer than for pigmented melanoma, which was attributed to the more advanced stage at diagnosis due probably to difficulty of diagnosis. The study also suggested that amelanotic melanomas might grow faster than pigmented melanomas. Signs and symptoms Three primary clinical forms of amelanotic melanoma have been proposed skin-colored dermal plaque with no epidermal alterations, papulonodular form, and erythematous macule along with epidermal changes on skin exposed to the sun. 58% of cases of amelanotic melanoma are of the papulonodular form, which can mimic pyogenic granuloma or hemangioma and present as an ulcerated nodule or vascular lesion. 'ABCD' criteria (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variegation, Diameter>6 mm) are rarely seen in non-papulonodular forms of amelanotic melanomas, which can present as erythematous macules or patches, scaly eczema-like, or skin-colored dermal plaques. Though not around truly amelanotic melanomas, a faint flush or periphery of the pigment is frequently seen surrounding amelanotic lesions. The appearance of amelanotic melanomas can vary; they can be skin-colored, pink, red, or erythematous, with red amelanotic melanomas making up almost 70% of all amelanotic melanomas without melanin. Causes Risk factors Patients with amelanotic melanoma are typically diagnosed later in life—after age 50, in comparison to those with pigmented melanoma. However, amelanotic melanoma accounts for about 70% of childhood cases. The relationship between amelanotic melanoma and sex is debatable; varying research indicates that the condition is more common in men, women, or neither sex. The potential preference for women may stem from the fact that they self-report suspicious skin conditions more frequently than men, while the potential predominance of men may be related to the fact that men expose themselves to more chronic outdoor sun exposure than women. The majority of patients with amelanotic melanomas are white, and those with oculocutaneous albinism or type I skin and red hair are more likely to have them. According to a population-based study, the likelihood of developing amelanotic melanoma is also increased by freckles, a sun-sensitive phenotype, the absence of nevi on the back, and a history of the disease in the past. Mechanism Amelanotic melanoma's underlying mechanism is still unknown. Previous research categorized amelanotic melanoma as either poorly differentiated or dedifferentiated. Tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, however, allow amelanotic melanoma cells to retain their melanocytic lineage and melanin-forming capacity, just like their pigmented","title":"Amelanotic melanoma"},{"docid":"617004","text":"Laser hair removal is the process of hair removal by means of exposure to pulses of laser light that destroy the hair follicle. It had been performed experimentally for about twenty years before becoming commercially available in 1995–1996. One of the first published articles describing laser hair removal was authored by the group at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1998. Laser hair removal is widely practiced in clinics, and even in homes using devices designed and priced for consumer self-treatment. Many reviews of laser hair removal methods, safety, and efficacy have been published in the dermatology literature. R. Rox Anderson and Melanie Grossman discovered that it was possible to selectively target a specific chromophore with a laser to partially damage basal stem cells inside the hair follicles. This method proved to be successful, and was first applied in 1996. In 1997, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved this tactic of hair removal. As this technology continued to be researched, laser hair removal became more effective and efficient; thus, it is now a common method in removing hair for long periods of time. Procedure The primary principle behind laser hair removal is selective photothermolysis (SPTL), the matching of a specific wavelength of light and pulse duration to obtain optimal effect on a targeted tissue with minimal effect on surrounding tissue. Lasers can cause localized damage by selectively heating dark target matter, melanin, thereby heating up the basal stem cells in the follicle which causes hair growth, the hair follicle, while not directly heating the rest of the skin. Light is absorbed by dark objects but reflected by light objects and water, so laser energy can be absorbed by dark material in the hair or skin, with much more speed and intensity than just the skin without any dark adult hair or melanin. Melanin is considered the primary chromophore for all hair removal lasers currently on the market. Melanin occurs naturally in the skin and gives skin and hair their color. There are two types of melanin in hair. Eumelanin gives hair brown or black color, while pheomelanin gives hair blonde or red color. Because of the selective absorption of photons of laser light, only hair with color such as black, brown, or reddish-brown hair or dirty blonde can be removed. White hair, light blonde and strawberry blonde hair does not respond well. Laser works best with dark coarse hair. Light skin and dark hair are an ideal combination, being most effective and producing the best results, but lasers such as the Nd:YAG laser are able to target black hair in patients with dark skin with some success. Hair removal lasers have been in use since 1997 and have been approved for \"permanent hair reduction\" in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Under the FDA's definition, \"permanent\" hair reduction is the long-term, stable reduction in the number of hairs regrowing after a treatment regime. Many patients experience complete regrowth of hair on their treated areas in the","title":"Laser hair removal"},{"docid":"14874849","text":"Membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP), also known as solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) or melanoma antigen AIM1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC45A2 gene. Function SLC45A2 is a transporter protein that mediates melanin synthesis. It may regulate the pH of the melanosome, affecting tyrosinase activity. SLC45A2 is also a melanocyte differentiation antigen that is expressed in a high percentage of melanoma cell lines. A similar sequence gene in medaka fish, 'B,' encodes a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Protein expression is localized to the melanosome, and analysis of the by knockdown of RNA expression leads to altered melanosome pH potentially altering tyrosinase function by affecting copper binding. In melanocytic cell types, the SLC45A2 gene is regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. SLC45A2 has been found to play a role in pigmentation in several species. In humans, it has been identified as a factor in the light skin of Europeans and as an ancestry-informative marker (AIM) for distinguishing Sri Lankan from European ancestry. Mutations in the gene have also been identified as the cause of human Type IV oculocutaneous albinism. SLC45A2 is the so-called cream gene responsible in horses for buckskin, palomino and cremello coloration, while a mutation in this gene underlies the white tiger variant. In dogs a mutation to this gene causes white fur, pink skin, and blue eyes. SLC45A2 was identified as a melanoma tumor-associated antigen with high tumor specificity and reduced potential for autoimmune toxicity, and is currently in clinical development as a target for T-cell based immunotherapy. See also Solute carrier family References Further reading External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4 Solute carrier family","title":"Membrane-associated transporter protein"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4616860\",\n \"text\": \"Gastrodermis (From Ancient Greek: , , \\\"stomach\\\"; , , \\\"skin\\\") is the inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians. It is distinct from the outer epidermis and the inner dermis and is primarily associated with the ventral side of Cnidarians. It is composed of specialized cells responsible for several vital physiological processes. The term is also used for the analogous inner epithelial layer of Ctenophores. Functions The gastrodermis has a role in many biological functions, including respiration, pigmentation, and digestion. The gastrodermis provides a large surface area for gas exchange to occur, via cutaneous respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin. The gastrodermis contains specialised cells called chromatophores, which are responsible for producing and controlling pigmentation. These cells contain pigments such as melanin that help in coloration and camouflage. In Coelenterates, the gastrodermis contains mucous secreting cells and gland cells, that secrete digestive enzymes to assist in digestion. The gastrodermis is among the sites where early signals of heat stress are expressed in corals. References Cnidarian anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Gastrodermis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6021465\",\n \"text\": \"Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, feathers, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores. In some species, pigments accrue over very long periods during an individual's lifespan. Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. Biological pigments See conjugated systems for electron bond chemistry that causes these molecules to have pigment. Heme/porphyrin-based: chlorophyll, bilirubin, hemocyanin, hemoglobin, myoglobin Light-emitting: luciferin Carotenoids: Hematochromes (algal pigments, mixes of carotenoids and their derivates) Carotenes: alpha and beta carotene, lycopene, rhodopsin Xanthophylls: canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein Proteinaceous: phytochrome, phycobiliproteins Psittacofulvins: a class of red and yellow pigments unique to parrots Turacin and Turacoverdin: red and green pigments found in turacos and related species Anthoxanthins: white color of some plants Other: melanin, urochrome, flavonoids Pigments in plants The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll and several colorful pigments that absorb as much light energy as possible. Pigments are also known to play a role in pollination where pigment accumulation or loss can lead to floral color change, signaling to pollinators which flowers are rewarding and contain more pollen and nectar. Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. The principal pigments responsible are: Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; it is a chlorin that absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light while reflecting a majority of green. It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Kelps, diatoms, and other photosynthetic heterokonts contain chlorophyll c instead of b, while red algae possess only chlorophyll a. All chlorophylls serve as the primary means plants use to intercept light in order to fuel photosynthesis. Carotenoids are red, orange, or yellow tetraterpenoids. During the process of photosynthesis, they have functions in light-harvesting (as accessory pigments), in photoprotection (energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching as well as singlet oxygen scavenging for prevention of photooxidative damage), and also serve as protein structural elements. In higher plants, they also serve as precursors to the plant hormone abscisic acid. Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are synthesized from tyrosine. This class of pigments is found only in the Caryophyllales (including cactus and amaranth), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of beets. Anthocyanins (literally \\\"flower blue\\\") are water-soluble flavonoid\",\n \"title\": \"Biological pigment\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1192959\",\n \"text\": \"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare locally aggressive malignant cutaneous soft-tissue sarcoma. DFSP develops in the connective tissue cells in the middle layer of the skin (dermis). Estimates of the overall occurrence of DFSP in the United States are 0.8 to 4.5 cases per million persons per year. In the United States, DFSP accounts for between 1 and 6 percent of all soft-tissue sarcomas and 18 percent of all cutaneous soft-tissue sarcomas. In the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) tumor registry from 1992 through 2004, DFSP was second only to Kaposi sarcoma. Presentation Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans begins as a minor firm area of skin most commonly about to 1 to 5 cm in diameter. It can resemble a bruise, birthmark, or pimple. It is a slow-growing tumor and is usually found on the torso but can occur anywhere on the body. About 90% of DFSPs are low-grade sarcomas. About 10% are mixed, containing a high-grade sarcomatous component (DFSP-FS); therefore, they are considered to be intermediate-grade sarcomas. DFSPs rarely lead to a metastasis (fewer than 5% metastasize), but DFSPs can recur locally. DFSPs most often arise in patients who are in their thirties but this may be due to diagnostic delay. Location Commonly located on the chest and shoulders, the following is the site distribution of DFPS as was observed in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2010. Trunk/torso – 42% Lower extremity – 21% Upper extremity – 21% Head and neck – 13% Genitals – 1% Variants The World Health Organization in 2020 classified the fibro sarcomatous DFSP (DFSP-FS) variant (also termed dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, fibro sarcomatous) of the dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans as a specific form of the intermediate (rarely metastasizing) fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors and other variants of this disorder as a specific form of the intermediate (locally aggressive) fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors. Bednar tumors Bednar, or pigmented DFSP, is distinguished by the dispersal of melanin-rich dendritic cells of the skin. It represents 1–5 percent of all DFSP occurring in people rich in melanin pigments. Bednar is characterized by a dermal spindle cell proliferation like DFSP but distinguished by the additional presence of melanocytic dendritic cells. It occurs at the same rate as DFSP on fairer skin and should be considered to have the same chances of metastasis. Myxoid DFSP Myxoid DFSP has areas of myxoid degeneration in the stroma. Giant cell fibroblastoma Giant cell fibroblastoma contains giant cells, and is also known as juvenile DFSP. Giant cell fibroblastomas are skin and soft-tissue tumors that usually arise in childhood. They are sometimes seen in association with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP, hybrid lesions) or may transform or recur as DFSP. Atrophic DFSP Atrophic DFSP resemble other benign lesions such as morphea, idiopathic atrophoderma, atrophic scar, anetoderma or lipoatrophy. It behaves like classic DFSP. It commonly favours young to middle-aged adults. It has a slow infiltrative growth and a high rate of local recurrence if not completely excised. Sclerosing DFSP Sclerosing DFSP is a variant in which the cellularity is\",\n \"title\": \"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5982854\",\n \"text\": \"Melanosis coli, also pseudomelanosis coli, is a disorder of pigmentation of the wall of the colon, often identified at the time of colonoscopy. It is benign and may have no significant correlation with disease. The brown pigment is lipofuscin in macrophages, not melanin. It is most commonly associated with the use of certain laxatives. Cause The most common cause of melanosis coli is the extended use of laxatives, and commonly anthraquinone containing laxatives such as senna, aloe vera, and other plant glycosides. The anthranoid laxatives pass through the gastrointestinal tract unabsorbed until they reach the large intestine, where they are changed into their active forms. The resulting active compounds cause damage to the cells in the lining of the intestine and leads to apoptosis (a form of cell death). The damaged (apoptotic) cells appear as darkly pigmented bodies that may be taken up by scavenger cells known as macrophages. When enough cells have been damaged, the characteristic pigmentation of the bowel wall develops. The condition can develop after just a few months of laxative use. However, other causes are identified, including an increase in colonic epithelial apoptosis. Endoscopically, the mucosa may show a brownish discoloration in a moiré pattern. Histologic appearance On biopsy, melanosis coli shows characteristic pigment-laden macrophages within the mucosa on PAS staining. The histologic differential diagnosis of mucosal pigmentation is: lipofuscin (melanosis coli), hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and melanin (rare). Prognosis No adverse effects or consequences of melanosis coli have been identified. Relation to true melanoses The condition is unrelated to true melanoses, such as Peutz–Jeghers syndrome and smoker's melanosis. Peutz–Jeghers syndrome causes pigmentation of the skin and mucous surfaces with melanin, and polyps in the digestive tract. Non-colonic pseudomelanoses Pseudomelanoses of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract have also been reported, and are of unclear relevance. Patients with colostomies can have melanosis involving the stoma, which is also of no significance. References External links Gastrointestinal tract disorders\",\n \"title\": \"Melanosis coli\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15737471\",\n \"text\": \"Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived excited state. This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules—so-called bimolecular reactions. Melanin and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds (10−15s). The excited state lifetime of compounds used in sunscreens such as menthyl anthranilate, avobenzone or padimate O is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than that of melanin, and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them. The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called a \\\"chromophore\\\". Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species, to produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA (oxidative stress). It is important to note that, unlike direct DNA damage which causes sunburn, indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body. The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure: 1O2 is reactive harmful singlet oxygen: Location of the damage Unlike direct DNA damage, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun—in contrast to basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body. See also Free radical damage to DNA Photoprotection Sunscreen References Photochemistry Skin conditions resulting from physical factors Sun tanning\",\n \"title\": \"Indirect DNA damage\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"298541\",\n \"text\": \"Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a technology used by cosmetic and medical practitioners to perform various skin treatments for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes, including hair removal, photorejuvenation (e.g. the treatment of skin pigmentation, sun damage, and thread veins) as well as to alleviate dermatologic diseases such as acne. IPL is increasingly used in optometry and ophthalmology as well, to treat evaporative dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction. The technology uses a high-powered, hand-held, computer-controlled flashgun to deliver an intense, visible, broad-spectrum pulse of light, generally in the visible spectral range of 400 to 1200 nm. Various cutoff filters are commonly used to selectively filter out shorter wavelengths, especially potentially damaging ultraviolet light. The resulting light has a spectral range that targets specific structures and chromophores (e.g. melanin in hair, or oxyhemoglobin in blood vessels) that are heated to destruction and reabsorbed by the body. IPL shares some similarities with laser treatments, in that they both use light to heat and destroy their targets. But unlike lasers that use a single wavelength (color) of light which typically matches only one chromophore and hence only treats one condition, IPL uses a broad spectrum that when used with interchangeable filters, allowing it to be used against several conditions. This can be achieved when the IPL technician selects the appropriate filter that matches a specific chromophore. Description Intense pulsed light is the use of intense pulses of non-coherent light over a range of wavelengths from 500 nm to 1200 nm. Xenon flashlamps produce high output bursts of broad spectrum. Cooling is used to protect the skin in contact with the device. Regulations governing IPL vary by jurisdiction. A distinction is sometimes made between beauty-grade and medical-grade machines, mainly to get around regulations. The first FDA approval of IPL was for telangiectasias in 1995. Use quickly spread to a variety of medical and cosmetic settings. Treatment is generally safe and effective, but complications can occur, such as hyperpigmentation. The polychromatic light can reach multiple chromophores in human skin: mainly hemoglobin, water, and melanin. This results in selective photothermolysis of blood vessels, pigmented cells, or hair follicles. Hair removal IPL can reduce hair growth, most effectively in darker, coarser hair. IPL is distinct from laser hair removal which uses coherent monochromatic laser light. Protocol Broad-spectrum light is applied to the surface of the skin, targeting melanin. This light travels through the skin until it strikes the hair shafts or hair follicle. The follicle is usually where the highest concentration of melanin is located. As the light is absorbed, the bulb and most of the hair shaft are heated, destroying the hair-producing papilla. It is also claimed that heat conversion occurs directly in the darker capillaries that bring blood to the follicle. At any one time, not all hair follicles are 'active', and only active hair follicles can be affected by the treatment. 'Inactive' hair follicles can be treated as they become 'active' over time. For IPL treatments, an average of 8–10 treatments, 4–6 weeks\",\n \"title\": \"Intense pulsed light\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19851554\",\n \"text\": \"The cortex of the hair shaft is located between the hair cuticle and medulla and is the thickest hair layer. It contains most of the hair's pigment, giving the hair its color. The major pigment in the cortex is melanin, which is also found in skin. The distribution of this pigment varies from animal to animal and person to person. In humans, the melanin is primarily denser nearer the cuticle whereas in animals, melanin is primarily denser nearer the medulla. See also List of distinct cell types in the adult human body References Hair anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Cortex (hair)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63772134\",\n \"text\": \"Fish coloration, a subset of animal coloration, is extremely diverse. Fish across all taxa vary greatly in their coloration through special mechanisms, mainly pigment cells called chromatophores. Fish can have any colors of the visual spectrum on their skin, evolutionarily derived for many reasons. There are three factors to coloration, brightness (intensity of light), hue (mixtures of wavelengths), and saturation (the purity of wavelengths). Fish coloration has three proposed functions: thermoregulation, intraspecific communication, and interspecific communication. Fishes' diverse coloration is possibly derivative of the fact that \\\"fish most likely see colors very differently than humans\\\". Mechanisms Fish coloration is produced through specialized cells called chromatophores. The dermal chromatophore is a basic color unit in amphibians, reptiles, and fish which has three cell layers: \\\"the xanthophore (contains carotenoid and pteridine pigments), the iridophore (reflects color structurally), and the melanophore (contains melanin)\\\". The pigments in the chromatophores are generally classified into two groups: melanin (makes browns, grays, and blacks), and carotenoids (makes reds, oranges, and yellows). Xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores \\\"originate from neural crest‐derived stem cells associated with the dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system\\\". Specific mechanisms by color Black: produced by melanin granules dispersing inside the melanophore Gray and brown: produced by melanin granules concentrating inside the melanophore White: appears from light reflected by crystals of guanine in iridophores and leucophores Red, orange, yellow: produced by carotenoids that come from fish's diet Green, blue, violet: (generally) structural colors produced by the reflection and refraction of light by the skin and scale layers An example of a family of fish that is widely known for their highly varied and bright coloration are the Labridae (wrasses) and Scaridae (parrotfish). These fishes are known to possess all of the above pigments in different ratios depending on where they live in relation to the coral reef environment. Different wavelengths, and thus different colors, travel differently and therefore appear differently depending on the depth of the water and the things on which they are reflecting. Evolutionary function Signalling One way that fish coloration can be categorized is into \\\"static\\\" or \\\"dynamic\\\" coloration/displays. Static coloration often serves as an \\\"identification badge\\\" for information such as species, reproductive condition, sex, or age. An example of a type of static coloration that conveys clear information to predators of different species is aposematic coloration. An example of aposematic coloration is in the lionfish (Pterois sp.). Dynamic displays consist of either changes of color or \\\"rapid exposure of colored, previously hidden structures\\\" such as colored fins that can be erected at will, colored mouth opening and closing, or flaring gills with bright coloration on the gill margins. For example, grunts have a bright red lining on their mouth that they can show by opening it in a head-to-head encounter. Another common example is the betta fish, or Siamese fighting fish, that will flare its gills as an aggressive behavior. These gills have brightly colored margins that contrast the rest of the body. Camouflage Some fish are famous for their\",\n \"title\": \"Fish coloration\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"997576\",\n \"text\": \"The alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) is a black salamander that can be found in the French Alps, and through the mountainous range in Europe. It is a member of the genus Salamandra. Their species name, atra, may be derived from the Latin ater, meaning dull black. The salamanders' coloration has evolved over time, as some species are completely monochrome black and others have yellow spotting and marks. Their life expectancy is at least 10 years. There are four subspecies of the alpine salamander, with varied distribution and physical coloration. Unlike other salamanders, whose larvae are developed in water, the alpine salamander and its subspecies are a fully terrestrial species in life and gestation. They give birth to live young. Alpine salamanders produce toxic compounds from their skin. These compounds may protect them from both predator and microbial threats. Description Alpine salamanders are often small in size, and dark brown or black. Members of the subspecies are not wholly black or brown monochrome, but rather have mosaic or spotted patterns. Members of the subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae have bright splotches on its dorsal side and head. The color is often bright yellow, but can range to shades of white or even gray. Distribution of the pigment is dependent on the distribution of certain cells, so may be smooth and even or patchy. Female S. atra tend to be larger than the males, and can grow up to 151 millimeters, or around 5.9 inches. Males will grow to around 144 millimeters, or 5.6 inches: both measurements include the tail. Males have swollen, visible cloacae, and are more slender than females. The salamanders have parotid glands posterior and lateral to their eyes, giving them an elongated head shape. They tend to have between 11 and 13 costal grooves along the sides of their bodies, and a double row of dorsal glands runs down their backs on either side of their spines, down to the tips of their tails. Coloration Most alpine salamanders that are either completely black (melanistic) or predominantly black have the dark pigment as a baseline, but the evolution behind this dark coloring has a winding history. Scientists have studied the hypothesis of if the salamanders start completely black, or if they evolved like that over time. DNA-evidence traced through maternal lineages suggest the latter: that salamanders evolved their black coloration over time. Biological pigmentation is determined by presentation of specific color-producing cells, called chromatophores, which absorb and/or reflect light in a particular way to then appear as a color. In S. atra, there are different cells present or activated, which yield different colors: melanophores contribute to the dark coloration by producing the dark pigment melanin, while xanthophores produce a yellow pigment, and iridophores are simply light-reflecting. The fully-black phenotype seen in S. a. atra results from the salamanders' melanophores in the dermis and epidermis, producing melanin alone. Xanthophore-iridophore complexes are responsible for production of yellow spotting, which appears bright. In species without yellow patches, it appears that they do not\",\n \"title\": \"Alpine salamander\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5723938\",\n \"text\": \"beta-Arbutin, also known as β-arbutin or by its International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name, arbutin, is a glycosylated derivative of hydroquinone. β-Arbutin is naturally present in the leaves and bark of a variety of plants, notably the bearberry plant, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Utilized as a biosynthetic active ingredient in topical treatments for skin lightening, β-arbutin is aimed at addressing hyperpigmentation issues. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, an essential enzyme for melanin synthesis in the human skin, thereby leading to a reduction in hyperpigmentation. It is important to distinguish β-arbutin from its structurally similar stereoisomer, α-arbutin, which exhibits similar effects in clinical applications. Properties Arbutin is a compound where a glucose molecule, specifically -glucose, is chemically bound to hydroquinone. In aqueous solutions, glucose can exist in one of three stereoisomeric forms: α, β, or γ, with the β-anomer being the predominant form. The standard known form of arbutin, β-Arbutin, has a molecular formula of C12H16O7 and a molecular weight of 272.25g/mol. Its stereoisomers, α-arbutin and γ-arbutin, share the same molecular formula and weight but are distinct in their atoms' spatial arrangement. β-Arbutin is soluble in water, presenting typically as a white powder that remains stable under standard storage conditions. It exhibits stability in both ethanol and water and demonstrates resistance to light exposure. When dissolved in water, β-arbutin may undergo hydrolysis, converting to hydroquinone, which can subsequently oxidize to benzoquinone. Occurrence and preparation The compound is naturally occurring and can be extracted from several plant species. Traditionally extracted from the bearberry plant (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), it also occurs in high levels in plants in the families of Ericaceae and Saxifragaceae. Others include the pear (Pyrus spp.), and certain species of wheat. It is also found in very small quantities in Viburnum opulus, Bergenia crassifolia and Schisandra chinensis. Synthetically, it can also be prepared from the reaction of acetobromoglucose and hydroquinone in the presence of an alkali. Uses The main application of β-arbutin is in the cosmetic industry, where it is incorporated into various skin care products, including creams, serums and lotions, aimed at lightening skin tone and correcting hyperpigmentation. Its efficacy and safety profile make it a sought-after ingredient for products targeting solar lentigo, freckles, melasma, and other forms of hyperpigmentation. Herbal medicine For centuries, β-arbutin has been used in phytotherapy, or herbal medicine. Extracted from the leaves of bearberry plants, it is used as a mixture with other herbal drugs as a treatment for urinary tract infections. Mechanism of action Regulation of melanin synthesis β-Arbutin acts as an enzyme inhibitor of cellular tyrosinase by inactivating it. Tyrosinase is an enzyme needed in melanin synthesis in the melanin producing cell of the skin, the melanocyte. By reducing the activity of tyrosinase, β-arbutin reduces the synthesis of melanin, leading to a lighter skin tone and the diminished appearance of hyperpigmentation. It is not as potent an inhibitor of tyrosinase as α-arbutin. It has also been shown act as a substrate for tyrosinase. Tyrosinase catalyses the hydroxylation of tyrosine,\",\n \"title\": \"Arbutin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2638550\",\n \"text\": \"An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants. It is a flattened, hyphal \\\"pressing\\\" organ, from which a minute infection peg grows and enters the host, using turgor pressure capable of punching through even Mylar. Following spore attachment and germination on the host surface, the emerging germ tube perceives physical cues such as surface hardness and hydrophobicity, as well as chemical signals including wax monomers that trigger appressorium formation. Appressorium formation begins when the tip of the germ tube ceases polar growth, hooks, and begins to swell. The contents of the spore are then mobilized into the developing appressorium, a septum develops at the neck of the appressorium, and the germ tube and spore collapse and die. As the appressorium matures, it becomes firmly attached to the plant surface and a dense layer of melanin is laid down in the appressorium wall, except across a pore at the plant interface. Turgor pressure increases inside the appressorium and a penetration hypha emerges at the pore, which is driven through the plant cuticle into the underlying epidermal cells. The osmotic pressure exerted by the appressorium can reach up to 8 MPa, which allows it to puncture the plant cuticle. This pressure is achievable due to a melanin-pigmented cell wall which is impermeable to compounds larger than water molecules, so the highly-concentrated ions cannot escape from it. Formation The attachment of a fungal spore on the surface of the host plant is the first critical step of infection. Once the spore is hydrated, an adhesive mucilage is released from its tip. During germination, mucilaginous substances continue to be extruded at the tips of the germ tube, which are essential for germ tube attachment and appressorium formation. Spore adhesion and appressorium formation is inhibited by hydrolytic enzymes such as α-mannosidase, α-glucosidase, and protease, suggesting that the adhesive materials are composed of glycoproteins. Germination is also inhibited at high spore concentrations, which might be due to a lipophilic self inhibitor. Self inhibition can be overcome by hydrophobic wax from rice leaf. In response to surface signals, the germ tube tip undergoes a cell differentiation process to form a specialized infection structure, the appressorium. Frank B. (1883), in 'Ueber einige neue und weniger bekannte Pflanzenkrankheiten', coined the name \\\"appressorium\\\" for the adhesion body formed by the bean pathogen Gloeosporium lindemuthianum on the host surface. Appressorium development involves a number of steps: nuclear division, first septum formation, germling emergence, tip swelling and second septum formation. Mitosis first occurs soon after surface attachment, and a nucleus from the second round of mitosis during tip swelling migrates into the hooked cell before septum formation. A mature appressorium normally contains a single nucleus. The outside plasma membrane of the mature appressorium is covered by a melanin layer except at the region in contact with the substratum, where the penetration peg, a specialized hypha that penetrates the tissue surface, develops. Cellular glycerol concentration sharply increases during spore germination, but it\",\n \"title\": \"Appressorium\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56317749\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Melanin Magic\\\", alternatively \\\"Melanin Magic (Pretty Brown)\\\", is a song by American rapper Remy Ma featuring American singer Chris Brown. It was written by the artists alongside Keirston Lewis, Ricky Kinchen, Stokley Williams, Atia \\\"INK\\\" Boggs, Jeffrey Allen, Lawrence Waddell, and producer Dallas Austin. The song was released via Reminisce Records on January 19, 2018. The song was nominated for the BET Her Award at the BET Awards 2018. Background and release The collaboration was first revealed by Ma during her appearance on Total Request Live in November 2017. \\\"The next single is with Chris Brown,\\\" she said. \\\"'Melanin Magic', aka 'Pretty Brown', It's amazing.\\\" On January 16, 2018, Ma shared a snippet of the song on social media. The song samples Mint Condition's \\\"Breakin' My Heart (Pretty Brown Eyes)\\\", and was announced with a cover art contest, which allowed fans to vote on three different options. Ma explained in a video on Instagram that this song was meant to empower. \\\"I just wanted to make something to let people know that you're beautiful, you're pretty,\\\" she said. \\\"You can be brown skin, dark skin, light skinned. None of that is what makes you pretty or beautiful. It's what's inside.\\\" Commercial performance Commercially, Melanin Magic peaked at #17 on Billboard Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop chart, #24 on Billboard Rhythmic chart, #18 on Billboard Rap Airplay chart, #29 on Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart and was the #1 most added song on Urban Radio. Critical reception C. Vernon Coleman II of XXL opined that Ma \\\"puts a new spin on an old classic\\\", writing that \\\"Austin chops the R&B track into something more suitable to spit over, and Rem takes the opportunity to talk a little greasy\\\". Eric Skelton of Complex thinks that the song shows Ma's \\\"catchier, more radio-friendly side\\\". Jasmine Grant of VH1 described the song as \\\"a ladies anthem and '90s tribute all wrapped into one\\\", and wrote that Brown is \\\"the perfect selection for the catchy hook\\\". Will Lavin of Joe felt that Ma and Brown \\\"have created an ode to the regality of brown skin\\\". Mike Nied of Idolator deemed the song \\\"a retro romance with an empowering message for women\\\" which \\\"has a bit more crossover appeal\\\" over the album's lead single \\\"Wake Me Up\\\", calling it \\\"another promising release\\\" from Ma. James Dinh of iHeartRadio regarded the song as \\\"a romantic ode to loving your own body\\\". Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Tidal. Remy Ma – songwriting Chris Brown – songwriting Keirston Lewis – songwriting Ricky Kinchen – songwriting Stokley Williams – songwriting Atia Boggs – songwriting Jeffrey Allen – songwriting Dallas Austin – songwriting, production Lawrence Waddell – songwriting Matthew Testa – mix engineering Colin Leonard – master engineering Alexander \\\"Smitty Beatz\\\" Smith – record engineering Charts References External links 2018 songs 2018 singles Remy Ma songs Chris Brown songs Songs written by Remy Ma Songs written by Chris Brown Songs written by Dallas Austin Song recordings produced by Dallas Austin\",\n \"title\": \"Melanin Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2909\",\n \"text\": \"Albinism is a congenital condition characterized in humans by the partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers. In rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism may be associated with deficiencies in the transportation of melanin granules. This also affects essential granules present in immune cells, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Unlike humans, other animals have multiple pigments and for these, albinism is considered to be a hereditary condition characterised by the absence of melanin in particular, in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino, an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as leucistic or albinoid. The term is from the Latin albus, \\\"white\\\". Signs and symptoms There are two principal types of albinism: oculocutaneous, affecting the eyes, skin and hair, and ocular affecting the eyes only. There are different types of oculocutaneous albinism depending on which gene has undergone mutation. With some there is no pigment at all. The other end of the spectrum of albinism is \\\"a form of albinism called rufous oculocutaneous albinism, which usually affects dark-skinned people\\\". According to the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation, \\\"With ocular albinism, the color of the iris of the eye may vary from blue to green or even brown, and sometimes darkens with age. However, when an optometrist or ophthalmologist examines the eye by shining a light from the side of the eye, the light shines back through the iris since very little pigment is present.\\\" Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure. The human eye normally produces enough pigment to color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. In photographs, those with albinism are more likely to demonstrate \\\"red eye\\\", due to the red of the retina being visible through the iris. Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity. Those with albinism are generally as healthy as the rest of the population (but see related disorders below), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanomas (skin cancers) and other problems. Visual problems Development of the optical system is highly dependent on the presence of melanin. For this reason, the reduction or absence of this pigment in people with albinism may lead to: Misrouting\",\n \"title\": \"Albinism in humans\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14400759\",\n \"text\": \"Amelanotic melanoma is a type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make any melanin. They can be pink, red, purple or of normal skin color, and are therefore difficult to diagnose correctly. They can occur anywhere on the body, just as a typical melanoma can. Often, amelanotic melanomas are mistaken for benign lesions, including dermatitis, benign neoplastic processes, or a different malignancy such as basal-cell carcinoma or squamous-cell carcinoma. A poor prognosis is associated with amelanotic lesions, partially due to the difficulty in achieving a diagnosis; however, metastatic amelanotic melanoma has a worse prognosis than other subtypes. Survival after diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma was found in a 2014 seven-year study of 3,000 patients to be poorer than for pigmented melanoma, which was attributed to the more advanced stage at diagnosis due probably to difficulty of diagnosis. The study also suggested that amelanotic melanomas might grow faster than pigmented melanomas. Signs and symptoms Three primary clinical forms of amelanotic melanoma have been proposed skin-colored dermal plaque with no epidermal alterations, papulonodular form, and erythematous macule along with epidermal changes on skin exposed to the sun. 58% of cases of amelanotic melanoma are of the papulonodular form, which can mimic pyogenic granuloma or hemangioma and present as an ulcerated nodule or vascular lesion. 'ABCD' criteria (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variegation, Diameter>6 mm) are rarely seen in non-papulonodular forms of amelanotic melanomas, which can present as erythematous macules or patches, scaly eczema-like, or skin-colored dermal plaques. Though not around truly amelanotic melanomas, a faint flush or periphery of the pigment is frequently seen surrounding amelanotic lesions. The appearance of amelanotic melanomas can vary; they can be skin-colored, pink, red, or erythematous, with red amelanotic melanomas making up almost 70% of all amelanotic melanomas without melanin. Causes Risk factors Patients with amelanotic melanoma are typically diagnosed later in life—after age 50, in comparison to those with pigmented melanoma. However, amelanotic melanoma accounts for about 70% of childhood cases. The relationship between amelanotic melanoma and sex is debatable; varying research indicates that the condition is more common in men, women, or neither sex. The potential preference for women may stem from the fact that they self-report suspicious skin conditions more frequently than men, while the potential predominance of men may be related to the fact that men expose themselves to more chronic outdoor sun exposure than women. The majority of patients with amelanotic melanomas are white, and those with oculocutaneous albinism or type I skin and red hair are more likely to have them. According to a population-based study, the likelihood of developing amelanotic melanoma is also increased by freckles, a sun-sensitive phenotype, the absence of nevi on the back, and a history of the disease in the past. Mechanism Amelanotic melanoma's underlying mechanism is still unknown. Previous research categorized amelanotic melanoma as either poorly differentiated or dedifferentiated. Tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, however, allow amelanotic melanoma cells to retain their melanocytic lineage and melanin-forming capacity, just like their pigmented\",\n \"title\": \"Amelanotic melanoma\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"617004\",\n \"text\": \"Laser hair removal is the process of hair removal by means of exposure to pulses of laser light that destroy the hair follicle. It had been performed experimentally for about twenty years before becoming commercially available in 1995–1996. One of the first published articles describing laser hair removal was authored by the group at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1998. Laser hair removal is widely practiced in clinics, and even in homes using devices designed and priced for consumer self-treatment. Many reviews of laser hair removal methods, safety, and efficacy have been published in the dermatology literature. R. Rox Anderson and Melanie Grossman discovered that it was possible to selectively target a specific chromophore with a laser to partially damage basal stem cells inside the hair follicles. This method proved to be successful, and was first applied in 1996. In 1997, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved this tactic of hair removal. As this technology continued to be researched, laser hair removal became more effective and efficient; thus, it is now a common method in removing hair for long periods of time. Procedure The primary principle behind laser hair removal is selective photothermolysis (SPTL), the matching of a specific wavelength of light and pulse duration to obtain optimal effect on a targeted tissue with minimal effect on surrounding tissue. Lasers can cause localized damage by selectively heating dark target matter, melanin, thereby heating up the basal stem cells in the follicle which causes hair growth, the hair follicle, while not directly heating the rest of the skin. Light is absorbed by dark objects but reflected by light objects and water, so laser energy can be absorbed by dark material in the hair or skin, with much more speed and intensity than just the skin without any dark adult hair or melanin. Melanin is considered the primary chromophore for all hair removal lasers currently on the market. Melanin occurs naturally in the skin and gives skin and hair their color. There are two types of melanin in hair. Eumelanin gives hair brown or black color, while pheomelanin gives hair blonde or red color. Because of the selective absorption of photons of laser light, only hair with color such as black, brown, or reddish-brown hair or dirty blonde can be removed. White hair, light blonde and strawberry blonde hair does not respond well. Laser works best with dark coarse hair. Light skin and dark hair are an ideal combination, being most effective and producing the best results, but lasers such as the Nd:YAG laser are able to target black hair in patients with dark skin with some success. Hair removal lasers have been in use since 1997 and have been approved for \\\"permanent hair reduction\\\" in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Under the FDA's definition, \\\"permanent\\\" hair reduction is the long-term, stable reduction in the number of hairs regrowing after a treatment regime. Many patients experience complete regrowth of hair on their treated areas in the\",\n \"title\": \"Laser hair removal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14874849\",\n \"text\": \"Membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP), also known as solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) or melanoma antigen AIM1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC45A2 gene. Function SLC45A2 is a transporter protein that mediates melanin synthesis. It may regulate the pH of the melanosome, affecting tyrosinase activity. SLC45A2 is also a melanocyte differentiation antigen that is expressed in a high percentage of melanoma cell lines. A similar sequence gene in medaka fish, 'B,' encodes a transporter that mediates melanin synthesis. Mutations in this gene are a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Protein expression is localized to the melanosome, and analysis of the by knockdown of RNA expression leads to altered melanosome pH potentially altering tyrosinase function by affecting copper binding. In melanocytic cell types, the SLC45A2 gene is regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. SLC45A2 has been found to play a role in pigmentation in several species. In humans, it has been identified as a factor in the light skin of Europeans and as an ancestry-informative marker (AIM) for distinguishing Sri Lankan from European ancestry. Mutations in the gene have also been identified as the cause of human Type IV oculocutaneous albinism. SLC45A2 is the so-called cream gene responsible in horses for buckskin, palomino and cremello coloration, while a mutation in this gene underlies the white tiger variant. In dogs a mutation to this gene causes white fur, pink skin, and blue eyes. SLC45A2 was identified as a melanoma tumor-associated antigen with high tumor specificity and reduced potential for autoimmune toxicity, and is currently in clinical development as a target for T-cell based immunotherapy. See also Solute carrier family References Further reading External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4 Solute carrier family\",\n \"title\": \"Membrane-associated transporter protein\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Melanocytes"],"string":"[\n \"Melanocytes\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":60,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55307"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who has more trophies man utd or liverpool"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"31030122","text":"The Alan Hardaker Trophy is an annual association football award presented to the Man of the Match in the EFL Cup final (also currently known as the Carabao Cup). The trophy is named after Alan Hardaker, the EFL's former secretary who conceived the League Cup. The Alan Hardaker Trophy was first awarded in 1990, Des Walker was the inaugural recipient. Ben Foster, John Terry, Vincent Kompany and Virgil van Dijk have won the award on two occasions, the most wins by an individual. Ben Foster is the only player to have won the award with 2 different clubs; Manchester United and Birmingham City respectively. Manchester United, Manchester City and Liverpool have all received the award six times, more than any other club. English players have won the trophy seventeen times, which is a record; the only other nations with multiple wins are: the Netherlands with three recipients, and Scotland and Belgium with two recipients each. Winners Key to score column – Indicates the match was decided by a replay – Indicates the match went to penalty shoot-out Awards won by nationality Awards won by club References English football trophies and awards EFL Cup","title":"Alan Hardaker Trophy"},{"docid":"8301331","text":"The 2003 Football League Cup Final was a football match played between Liverpool and Manchester United on 2 March 2003 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2002–03 Football League Cup, the 43rd season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and The Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their ninth final; they had previously won six and lost two, while Manchester United were appearing in the final for the fifth time. They had previously won once and lost three times. As both teams qualified for European football in 2002–03, they entered the competition in the third round. Liverpool's matches were generally close affairs, with only two victories secured by two goals or more. They beat Southampton 3–1 in the third round, while their match in the next round against Ipswich Town went to a penalty-shootout, which they won 5–4. Manchester United's matches were also close affairs, their biggest margin of victory of was by two goals. A 2–0 win over Burnley in the fourth round was followed by a 1–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round. Watched by a crowd of 74,500, the first half was goalless until Liverpool took the lead in the 39th minute when midfielder Steven Gerrard scored. The score remained the same until the 86th minute when striker Michael Owen scored to make the score 2–0 to Liverpool. No further goals were scored and Liverpool won to secure their seventh League Cup victory. Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek was awarded the Alan Hardaker Trophy as man of the match. Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier praised Dudek's performance and claimed that he had a premonition that Dudek would perform well in the match. Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson also praised Dudek's performance, stating, \"Their goalkeeper has won them the game.\" Route to the final Liverpool As Liverpool were competing in the Premier League, they entered the competition in the third round and were drawn against fellow Premier League side Southampton. Despite resting a number of first-team players, Liverpool won 3–1 courtesy of goals from Patrik Berger, El-Hadji Diouf and Milan Baroš at their home ground Anfield. Their opposition in the fourth round were Ipswich Town. They took the lead in the 14th minute, in the match held at Anfield, when Tommy Miller scored. Diouf equalised in the 54th minute, but the score remained the same through full-time and extra-time to take the match to a penalty shootout. Liverpool won 5–4 to progress to the fifth round. Fellow Premier League side Aston Villa were the opposition in the match at their home ground, Villa Park. They took the lead in the 20th minute when striker Darius Vassell scored a penalty. Midfielder Danny Murphy levelled the score seven minutes later. Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Baros scored and extended it when Steven Gerrard scored in the 67th minute. Two goals for Villa courtesy of midfielder Thomas Hitzlsperger and an own","title":"2003 Football League Cup final"},{"docid":"562208","text":"Sir Alexander Matthew Busby (26 May 1909 – 20 January 1994) was a Scottish football player and manager, who managed Manchester United between 1945 and 1969 and again for the second half of the 1970–71 season. He was the first manager of an English team to win the European Cup and is widely regarded as one of the greatest managers of all time. Before going into management, Busby was a player for two of Manchester United's greatest rivals, Manchester City and Liverpool. During his time at City, Busby played in two FA Cup Finals, winning one of them. After his playing career was interrupted by the Second World War, Busby was offered the job of assistant coach at Liverpool, but they were unwilling to give him the control that he wanted over the first team. As a result, he took the vacant manager's job at Manchester United instead, where he built the famous Busby Babes team that won successive Football League First Division titles and challenged for the European Cup. Eight of these players died in the Munich air disaster, but Busby rebuilt the team and won several more First Division titles and domestic trophies before United won the European Cup a decade later. In a total of 25 years with the club, he won 13 trophies including five league championships and the European Cup. Early life Busby was born to Alexander and Helen \"Nellie\" (née Greer) Busby in a two-roomed pitman's cottage in the mining village of Orbiston, Bellshill, Lanarkshire. When he was born, Busby's mother was told by the doctor, \"A footballer has come into this house today\". Busby's father, Alexander, was a miner called up to serve in the First World War and was killed by a sniper's bullet on 23 April 1917 at the Battle of Arras. His great-great grandfather, George Busby, emigrated to Scotland from Ireland during the Great Famine, while his mother's side of the family emigrated to Scotland from Ireland later on in the 19th century. Three of his uncles were killed in France with the Cameron Highlanders. Busby's mother was left to raise Matt and his three sisters alone until her marriage to a man called Harry Matthie in 1919. Busby was raised Catholic. Always a devout Catholic, in 1972, Pope Paul VI made him a Knight of Order of Saint Gregory the Great. He had been appointed Knight Bachelor four years earlier. Busby would often accompany his father down into the coal pits, but his true aspiration was to become a professional footballer. In his 1973 autobiography, Busby described himself as being as football mad as any other boy in Bellshill citing in particular the impression made on him by Alex James and Hughie Gallacher. His mother might have quashed those dreams when she applied to emigrate with Matt to the United States in the late 1920s, but he was granted a reprieve by the nine-month processing time. In the meantime, Busby got a full-time job as a collier and played","title":"Matt Busby"},{"docid":"12333141","text":"Thomas Smith (5 April 1945 – 12 April 2019) was an English footballer, who played as a defender at Liverpool for 16 years from 1962 to 1978. Known for his uncompromising defensive style, manager Bill Shankly once said of him: \"Tommy Smith wasn't born, he was quarried\". A central defender for most of his career, Smith's most memorable moment for the club probably came when he scored Liverpool's second goal in the 1977 European Cup Final against Borussia Mönchengladbach. Smith played once for England in 1971, and also played at club level for Tampa Bay Rowdies, Los Angeles Aztecs and Swansea City. Club career Liverpool Smith was born in Liverpool on 5 April 1945; he was an only child. His father died of pneumonia in 1959. Brought up a Catholic, he stopped attending church after witnessing the local priest stagger out of the house drunk after he came to the family home to offer his condolences. Smith joined the groundstaff at Anfield the following year, becoming a schoolboy associate of Liverpool, the club he had supported all his life. Initially a centre-forward, he impressed manager Bill Shankly enough to bypass two of the club's four reserve teams to immediately play for the 'A' team. He further made an impression in the 1961–62 pre-season when he beat imposing centre-half Ron Yeats to a header to score in training. He turned professional in the summer of 1962, on wages of £18-a-week. He made his debut for the \"Reds\" on 8 May 1963, replacing the injured Jimmy Melia in a 5–1 home victory over Birmingham City. However he made no further appearances throughout the rest of the 1962–63 season, and did not feature in the 1963–64 First Division title winning season. He married Susanne in July 1964, following a four-year courtship. He scored his first goal for Liverpool in his second match, playing at inside-left in a 3–2 defeat to Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park on 29 August 1964. He kept his place for the following game, and again scored as Liverpool beat Leeds United 2–1. He was returned to the reserves after two more appearances, before returning to the first team as a defender in a 3–0 win over Belgian side Anderlecht in the European Cup; after the match Shankly said that \"The game marked out Tommy Smith as a fine player. The boy has arrived\". He ended the 1964–65 season with four goals in 25 league games, spent mostly at right-half. He also played in every game of Liverpool's FA Cup run as they beat West Bromwich Albion, Stockport County (after a replay), Bolton Wanderers, Leicester City (after a replay), and Chelsea to reach the 1965 FA Cup Final against Leeds United at Wembley Stadium; Liverpool won the game 2–1 to lift the trophy for the first time in the club's history. He played in the 1965 FA Charity Shield against Manchester United at Old Trafford, where a 2–2 draw meant that two clubs shared the trophy. Liverpool then recovered from","title":"Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1945)"},{"docid":"12840602","text":"David Leworthy (born 22 October 1962) is a retired English footballer who played as a centre forward. Career Leworthy started his career with his hometown club Portsmouth. After spending 9 years with Pompey, from the age of 10, he moved to Non-League Fareham Town where his prolific goalscoring record there earned him a dream move to Tottenham Hotspur. Leworthy made his Spurs debut in the North London derby, against arch rivals Arsenal, that ended in a 2–0 defeat at White Hart Lane in front of a crowd of 40,399 on 17 April 1985. He played alongside the likes of Glenn Hoddle, Ossie Ardillies, Graham Roberts and Steve Perryman and went on to make a further ten appearances in total, scoring 4 goals. In December 1985, Leworthy moved to fellow First Division side Oxford Utd for a transfer fee of £200,000. He spent 4 years at the club and made 37 appearances, scoring 8 goals - most notably against Manchester United. Following a loan spell at Shrewsbury Town, he then moved to Reading in 1989 where he would spend 3 years. He was loaned to Colchester Utd towards the end of the 1990/1991 season, scoring 4 goals in 9 appearances and helping the U's to a 2nd-place finish in the Vauxhall Conference as runners-up to Barnet. Leworthy returned to the Vauxhall Conference the following season with Farnborough Town, following a permanent switch from Reading ahead of the 1991/1992 season. Leworthy had a couple of very successful seasons at Cherrywood Road and finished the 1992/1993 season as the Vauxhall Conference top goalscorer with 32 League goals (39 in all competitions) despite the club being relegated. He remained in the division following Farnborough's relegation and was sold to newly promoted Dover Athletic in a move that saw the non-league transfer record broken when the Kent club paid £50,000 for his services. Leworthy continued his prolific goalscoring exploits at Crabble and scored 86 times in a total of 158 appearances. He netted all four goals in Dover's 4–3 win over Woking in February 1996 and, ironically, netted a hat-trick in the very same fixture the following season, just seven months later, which ended in 5–1 victory for Dover in September 1996. In January 1997 Leworthy moved to fellow Football Conference side Rushden & Diamonds for a fee of £15,000, and his goals in the final 4 months of the season, including a debut goal against his former club Farnborough Town, helped ease the club away from the relegation zone and into a midtable finish. However, his stay at Rushden didn't last long, and at the end of the season he moved to South-West London club Kingstonian for a club record fee of £18,000. Leworthy was part of the Kingstonian side that celebrated two consecutive FA Trophy wins at Wembley Stadium in 1999 and 2000. Leworthy's career began to draw to a close with a period at Conference South club Havant & Waterlooville that included a spell as manager. Leworthy came out of retirement in","title":"Dave Leworthy"},{"docid":"6987914","text":"Trevor Anthony Putney (born 9 April 1960) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Career Ipswich Town Putney began his professional football career fairly late in life when Bobby Robson and Ipswich Town signed him from non-league Brentwood FC, and went on to make 103 appearances. He was voted the club's player of the year by the supporters in 1984 amongst the likes of Wark, Burley, Cooper, Butcher, Osman, Gates and Mariner. He then joined the small band of players who have played for both Ipswich and Norwich City, when he joined the Canaries in the summer of 1986 in a player exchange deal that saw John Deehan join Ipswich. Norwich City Putney spent three seasons with Norwich, making 100 appearances, and enjoying some of the club's best success, finishing 4th in the old First Division (now Premier League). A ban on English clubs playing in Europe due to the Heysel Stadium Disaster, prevented Putney and Norwich qualifying for the UEFA Cup. During the same season, a successful FA Cup run saw Norwich reach the Semi-Finals versus Everton at Villa Park. Everton ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a Pat Nevin goal - however the main headline of the day was the tragic news coming from the other Semi-Final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough where sadly 96 people lost their lives and another 766 were injured. The success at Norwich attracted the interest from many other top flight clubs and players soon started to depart; Mike Phelan (Manchester United), Andy Townsend (Chelsea), Andy Linighan (Arsenal) and Trevor joined Middlesbrough for a fee of £300,000 in 1989. Middlesbrough Putney spent just two years at Middlesbrough which was hindered by a bad injury suffered in the Semi-Final win overAston Villa in the Zenith Data Systems Cup (Full Members Cup). Putney suffered breaks to his Tibia and Fibula after a late challenge from Gordon Cowans. Putney played few games after his return from injury and soon moved back down South (his home town is Romford) when he was signed by Steve Perryman for Watford FC in a swap plus cash deal, with Paul Wilkinson and Willie Falconer going the other way. Watford At Watford, Putney was regarding as one of the senior pros amongst the likes of Peter Nicholas, Alan Devonshire, Andy Hessenthaler and Nigel Gibbs. This was offset by the upcoming young talent such as Paul Furlong, David James and Jason Drysdale. Probably Putney's most memorable match at Watford came in their 2–1 win over First Division (now Premier League) Champions, Leeds Utd, at Vicarage Road in the third-round of the Coca-Cola Cup (Football League Cup) which saw Putney awarded the Man-of-the-Match award for keeping the likes of Strachan, Cantona, McAllister and Speed at bay at the age of 32. Leyton Orient After 52 league appearances for the Hornets, Glenn Roeder sold Putney to Leyton Orient, where he was rewarded with the club Captaincy by John Sitton amongst senior pros such as Gary Bellamy, Terry Howard,","title":"Trevor Putney"},{"docid":"16040163","text":"The Football League Centenary Trophy (also known as the Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy for sponsorship reasons) was an English football tournament held during the 1988–89 season to celebrate the 100th birthday of The Football League. The competition was played on a knockout basis between the top eight sides from the Football League First Division the previous season, with the final between Arsenal and Manchester United taking place at the birthplace of League football, Aston Villa's home ground, Villa Park on 9 October 1988. Goals from Paul Davis and Michael Thomas gave Arsenal a 2–1 victory, with Clayton Blackmore the scorer for United. Despite most of the country's leading clubs being involved, crowds for the Centenary Trophy were generally disappointing and only the semi-final match between Arsenal and Liverpool attracted more than 25,000. Background The Football League marked its centenary during the 1987–88 and 1988–89 seasons with a number of events; an exhibition game between a Football League XI and a World XI in August 1987, followed by a Centenary Friendly Tournament eight months later. The final centrepiece was the Football League Centenary Trophy, a one-off tournament which commenced at the start of the 1988–89 season. The clubs which qualified for the tournament were the previous season's top eight, as follows: Matches Quarter-finals The quarter-finals were staged over three days in August 1988. Liverpool recorded the biggest win of the round, defeating Nottingham Forest 4–1 at a half-capacity Anfield. The home side rested striker John Aldridge and started Ian Rush who player-manager Kenny Dalglish said \"...needed some matches. We might as well get him as fit as we can, as quickly as we can.\" All of Liverpool's four goals came in the second half; Barry Venison set them on their way to victory with a well-hit shot in the 50th minute. Manchester United meanwhile secured a place in the semi-finals with a 1–0 win against Everton. Gordon Strachan scored the game's only goal in the second half, heading in at the far post. It was his first goal for the club, much to the delight and amusement of manager Alex Ferguson: \"You're waiting for your first goal of the season, you've got people like [Brian] McClair and [Mark] Hughes on the park and it comes from Gordon Strachan's head!\" Newcastle United needed extra time to overcome their opponents Wimbledon; the tie was settled by Michael O'Neill's goal in the 109th minute. Arsenal completed the semi-final line up with a 2–0 win away at Queens Park Rangers. Semi-finals The semi-finals were played over two days in September 1988. Arsenal faced Liverpool at their home ground, Highbury. Injuries to eight first-team players, notably goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, defender Alan Hansen, and winger John Barnes meant the visitors fielded an unfamiliar side, one which required the involvement of Dalglish towards the end of the tie. Arsenal took the lead just after the half-hour mark when a corner was flicked on by Alan Smith and Perry Groves was in space to nudge the ball past Mike","title":"Football League Centenary Trophy"},{"docid":"18269885","text":"The 1983–84 season was Liverpool Football Club's 92nd season in existence and their 22nd consecutive season in the First Division. It was Liverpool's first season under the management of Joe Fagan, who was promoted from the coaching staff after the retirement of Bob Paisley, their manager of the last nine seasons who had won at least one major trophy in all but the first of his seasons as manager (including six league titles and three European Cups). Fagan's first season as manager ended with Liverpool becoming the first team in England to win three major trophies in the same season as they won the league title, European Cup and League Cup. They beat Roma on penalties to win the European Cup for the fourth time (their sixth European trophy win overall), and defeated Merseyside rivals Everton in the League Cup final replay, and fought off a challenge from the likes of Southampton, Nottingham Forest, Manchester United and Queen's Park Rangers to win their 15th league title, and their third consecutive title. The undoubted star of the season was striker Ian Rush, who scored 32 goals in the league and 47 in all competitions. It was the last season at the club for midfielder Graeme Souness, who was sold to Italian side Sampdoria at the end of the campaign. This team is regarded as one of Liverpool’s greatest teams of all time and is considered as one of the greatest teams in football history Events of the season August Bob Paisley, the most successful manager in English football, retired as Liverpool's manager at the end of the 1982–83 season after nine glorious years at the helm. His successor was 62-year-old \"boot room\" veteran Joe Fagan. The Fagan era began with the FA Charity Shield at Wembley Stadium on 20 August 1983. Liverpool, defending league champions, lost 2–0 in front of a 92,000 crowd, with Bryan Robson scoring both of the goals for FA Cup winners Manchester United. The league campaign began unspectacularly seven days later with a 1–1 draw at newly promoted Wolverhampton Wanderers. September Liverpool's bid for a fourth European Cup triumph began on 14 September with a 1–0 away win in the first round first leg over Danish champions Odense. Qualification for the next stage was confirmed two weeks later when the Reds won 5–0 in the return leg at Anfield. They had a decent month in the league as well, finishing the month in fourth place behind West Ham United, Manchester United and Southampton. October October saw Liverpool's League Cup quest begin in the second round, where they eliminated Third Division Brentford by a comfortable margin. Their European Cup campaign thrown into question with a goalless home draw with Atletico Bilbao of Spain in the second round first leg, leaving them to need at least a score draw in the return leg in order to progress to the quarter-finals. In the league, however, excellent wins over West Ham United and Luton Town helped them to attain second place","title":"1983–84 Liverpool F.C. season"},{"docid":"27442942","text":"On 3 April 1996, Liverpool faced Newcastle United in a Premier League fixture at Anfield, during the 1995–96 season. Liverpool won the match, scoring four goals to Newcastle's three. The winning goal was scored by striker Stan Collymore in the second minute of stoppage time. Before the match, both clubs had lost their previous fixtures but still had a chance of winning the league and wanted to close the gap between themselves and leaders Manchester United. Newcastle United, who had been 10 points ahead at Christmas, had suffered a decline during the previous two months, winning one match out of four in March 1996, and surrendering their lead of the league to Manchester United after spending virtually all of the season top of the table. Liverpool had won six of their last nine league games during February and March, scored the most goals and conceded the fewest until this match. Liverpool started the match as the more promising team and striker Robbie Fowler scored the first goal. Newcastle striker Les Ferdinand scored the equaliser in the tenth minute and winger David Ginola added a second for Newcastle four minutes later. Fowler scored early in the second half to equalise but Faustino Asprilla restored their goal advantage in the 57th minute. Stan Collymore, who set up the opening goal for Liverpool, equalised for Liverpool in the 68th minute. In stoppage time, Collymore scored his second goal of the match involving a one-two with Ian Rush and John Barnes in the buildup. The winner sparked jubilant scenes for Liverpool supporters at Anfield and consigned Newcastle to their second consecutive defeat in the league, reducing their chances of winning the league, although ultimately Manchester United were not confirmed as champions until the final game of the season. The match is considered to be among the best Premier League games in the history of the competition. Newcastle's manager Kevin Keegan described it as a \"classic\", while Liverpool manager Roy Evans said \"the entertainment value was up there with the best\". In 2003, the game was awarded the Match of the Decade award on behalf of the Premier League, which was celebrating its tenth anniversary. The result played a major factor in the outcome the league title race, as Manchester United lost only one more match that season and regained the title from Blackburn Rovers. Background Liverpool and Newcastle United are two of the biggest and best supported clubs in English football. Despite not having won a major honour since 1969, the Tyneside club is recognised for its passionate and loyal fanbase — over the course of 53 out of 63 seasons between 1946–47 and 2009–10, more people attended Newcastle home matches, on average, than home games played by the league champions. Between 1973 and 1990, Liverpool became the most successful club in England, amassing more than 20 major trophies including 11 league championships in a 17-year period, although they had been slightly less successful between 1991 and 1996, when their only honours were a","title":"Liverpool F.C. 4–3 Newcastle United F.C. (1996)"},{"docid":"8644860","text":"The 1996 FA Cup final was the 51st to be held at Wembley Stadium after the Second World War and was held between two of the biggest rivals in English football, Manchester United and Liverpool. Build-up A few days before the final, Manchester United had secured their third league title in four years (1992–93, 1993–94 and 1995–96, coming second in 1994–95). The final was also their third in three seasons, having beaten Chelsea 4–0 in 1994 and lost 1–0 to Everton in 1995. Liverpool, on the other hand, were going through a barren spell in terms of trophies, having not won the league title since 1989–90 or an FA Cup since 1992, although they had tasted success in the League Cup in 1995. Liverpool and Manchester United were the two top scoring sides in the FA Premier League in this season, and entered the game as the most attacking sides in English football, with Liverpool winning their last meeting 2–0 at Anfield, and Manchester United equalising at Old Trafford to get a 2–2 draw in the reverse fixture, with Robbie Fowler scoring all four of Liverpool's goals against Manchester United in both meetings. Both clubs released cup final songs, as was common at the time: Pass & Move (It's the Liverpool Groove) (which reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart) and Move Move Move (The Red Tribe) (which reached number 6). Match summary The match, despite the rivalry between the two teams, was a fairly unmemorable game, rarely sparking into life, with playmakers Eric Cantona and Steve McManaman, marked and closed out by Jamie Redknapp and John Barnes and Roy Keane and Nicky Butt respectively. Keane went on to stop virtually every attack the Liverpool midfield threw at Manchester United, and covering as commentator Peter Brackley described, \"every blade of grass\", to win the man of the match award. The game started with a frenetic pace and Manchester United started with several positive chances before Liverpool came back into the game, but chances at either end were limited. Neither goalkeeper, Peter Schmeichel for Manchester United and David James for Liverpool, was seriously tested throughout the majority of the game. However, with just five minutes remaining on the clock, David James tried to punch a corner clear. The ball landed just outside the penalty area, at the feet of Manchester United captain Eric Cantona, who had scored in his comeback game after a seven-month suspension at Old Trafford against Liverpool earlier that season in a game that ended 2–2. Cantona hit his shot goalwards, through the crowded penalty area and the ball nestled in the back of the goal, winning the game for Manchester United. Cantona had been marked out of the game, but reflecting his form all season, managed another match-winning moment. Match details Post-match The win was Manchester United's third FA Cup win under Alex Ferguson, having also won in 1990 and 1994. They became the first club to win the competition nine times, and also became the","title":"1996 FA Cup final"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"31030122\",\n \"text\": \"The Alan Hardaker Trophy is an annual association football award presented to the Man of the Match in the EFL Cup final (also currently known as the Carabao Cup). The trophy is named after Alan Hardaker, the EFL's former secretary who conceived the League Cup. The Alan Hardaker Trophy was first awarded in 1990, Des Walker was the inaugural recipient. Ben Foster, John Terry, Vincent Kompany and Virgil van Dijk have won the award on two occasions, the most wins by an individual. Ben Foster is the only player to have won the award with 2 different clubs; Manchester United and Birmingham City respectively. Manchester United, Manchester City and Liverpool have all received the award six times, more than any other club. English players have won the trophy seventeen times, which is a record; the only other nations with multiple wins are: the Netherlands with three recipients, and Scotland and Belgium with two recipients each. Winners Key to score column – Indicates the match was decided by a replay – Indicates the match went to penalty shoot-out Awards won by nationality Awards won by club References English football trophies and awards EFL Cup\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Hardaker Trophy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8301331\",\n \"text\": \"The 2003 Football League Cup Final was a football match played between Liverpool and Manchester United on 2 March 2003 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2002–03 Football League Cup, the 43rd season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and The Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their ninth final; they had previously won six and lost two, while Manchester United were appearing in the final for the fifth time. They had previously won once and lost three times. As both teams qualified for European football in 2002–03, they entered the competition in the third round. Liverpool's matches were generally close affairs, with only two victories secured by two goals or more. They beat Southampton 3–1 in the third round, while their match in the next round against Ipswich Town went to a penalty-shootout, which they won 5–4. Manchester United's matches were also close affairs, their biggest margin of victory of was by two goals. A 2–0 win over Burnley in the fourth round was followed by a 1–0 victory over Chelsea in the fifth round. Watched by a crowd of 74,500, the first half was goalless until Liverpool took the lead in the 39th minute when midfielder Steven Gerrard scored. The score remained the same until the 86th minute when striker Michael Owen scored to make the score 2–0 to Liverpool. No further goals were scored and Liverpool won to secure their seventh League Cup victory. Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek was awarded the Alan Hardaker Trophy as man of the match. Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier praised Dudek's performance and claimed that he had a premonition that Dudek would perform well in the match. Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson also praised Dudek's performance, stating, \\\"Their goalkeeper has won them the game.\\\" Route to the final Liverpool As Liverpool were competing in the Premier League, they entered the competition in the third round and were drawn against fellow Premier League side Southampton. Despite resting a number of first-team players, Liverpool won 3–1 courtesy of goals from Patrik Berger, El-Hadji Diouf and Milan Baroš at their home ground Anfield. Their opposition in the fourth round were Ipswich Town. They took the lead in the 14th minute, in the match held at Anfield, when Tommy Miller scored. Diouf equalised in the 54th minute, but the score remained the same through full-time and extra-time to take the match to a penalty shootout. Liverpool won 5–4 to progress to the fifth round. Fellow Premier League side Aston Villa were the opposition in the match at their home ground, Villa Park. They took the lead in the 20th minute when striker Darius Vassell scored a penalty. Midfielder Danny Murphy levelled the score seven minutes later. Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Baros scored and extended it when Steven Gerrard scored in the 67th minute. Two goals for Villa courtesy of midfielder Thomas Hitzlsperger and an own\",\n \"title\": \"2003 Football League Cup final\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"562208\",\n \"text\": \"Sir Alexander Matthew Busby (26 May 1909 – 20 January 1994) was a Scottish football player and manager, who managed Manchester United between 1945 and 1969 and again for the second half of the 1970–71 season. He was the first manager of an English team to win the European Cup and is widely regarded as one of the greatest managers of all time. Before going into management, Busby was a player for two of Manchester United's greatest rivals, Manchester City and Liverpool. During his time at City, Busby played in two FA Cup Finals, winning one of them. After his playing career was interrupted by the Second World War, Busby was offered the job of assistant coach at Liverpool, but they were unwilling to give him the control that he wanted over the first team. As a result, he took the vacant manager's job at Manchester United instead, where he built the famous Busby Babes team that won successive Football League First Division titles and challenged for the European Cup. Eight of these players died in the Munich air disaster, but Busby rebuilt the team and won several more First Division titles and domestic trophies before United won the European Cup a decade later. In a total of 25 years with the club, he won 13 trophies including five league championships and the European Cup. Early life Busby was born to Alexander and Helen \\\"Nellie\\\" (née Greer) Busby in a two-roomed pitman's cottage in the mining village of Orbiston, Bellshill, Lanarkshire. When he was born, Busby's mother was told by the doctor, \\\"A footballer has come into this house today\\\". Busby's father, Alexander, was a miner called up to serve in the First World War and was killed by a sniper's bullet on 23 April 1917 at the Battle of Arras. His great-great grandfather, George Busby, emigrated to Scotland from Ireland during the Great Famine, while his mother's side of the family emigrated to Scotland from Ireland later on in the 19th century. Three of his uncles were killed in France with the Cameron Highlanders. Busby's mother was left to raise Matt and his three sisters alone until her marriage to a man called Harry Matthie in 1919. Busby was raised Catholic. Always a devout Catholic, in 1972, Pope Paul VI made him a Knight of Order of Saint Gregory the Great. He had been appointed Knight Bachelor four years earlier. Busby would often accompany his father down into the coal pits, but his true aspiration was to become a professional footballer. In his 1973 autobiography, Busby described himself as being as football mad as any other boy in Bellshill citing in particular the impression made on him by Alex James and Hughie Gallacher. His mother might have quashed those dreams when she applied to emigrate with Matt to the United States in the late 1920s, but he was granted a reprieve by the nine-month processing time. In the meantime, Busby got a full-time job as a collier and played\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Busby\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12333141\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Smith (5 April 1945 – 12 April 2019) was an English footballer, who played as a defender at Liverpool for 16 years from 1962 to 1978. Known for his uncompromising defensive style, manager Bill Shankly once said of him: \\\"Tommy Smith wasn't born, he was quarried\\\". A central defender for most of his career, Smith's most memorable moment for the club probably came when he scored Liverpool's second goal in the 1977 European Cup Final against Borussia Mönchengladbach. Smith played once for England in 1971, and also played at club level for Tampa Bay Rowdies, Los Angeles Aztecs and Swansea City. Club career Liverpool Smith was born in Liverpool on 5 April 1945; he was an only child. His father died of pneumonia in 1959. Brought up a Catholic, he stopped attending church after witnessing the local priest stagger out of the house drunk after he came to the family home to offer his condolences. Smith joined the groundstaff at Anfield the following year, becoming a schoolboy associate of Liverpool, the club he had supported all his life. Initially a centre-forward, he impressed manager Bill Shankly enough to bypass two of the club's four reserve teams to immediately play for the 'A' team. He further made an impression in the 1961–62 pre-season when he beat imposing centre-half Ron Yeats to a header to score in training. He turned professional in the summer of 1962, on wages of £18-a-week. He made his debut for the \\\"Reds\\\" on 8 May 1963, replacing the injured Jimmy Melia in a 5–1 home victory over Birmingham City. However he made no further appearances throughout the rest of the 1962–63 season, and did not feature in the 1963–64 First Division title winning season. He married Susanne in July 1964, following a four-year courtship. He scored his first goal for Liverpool in his second match, playing at inside-left in a 3–2 defeat to Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park on 29 August 1964. He kept his place for the following game, and again scored as Liverpool beat Leeds United 2–1. He was returned to the reserves after two more appearances, before returning to the first team as a defender in a 3–0 win over Belgian side Anderlecht in the European Cup; after the match Shankly said that \\\"The game marked out Tommy Smith as a fine player. The boy has arrived\\\". He ended the 1964–65 season with four goals in 25 league games, spent mostly at right-half. He also played in every game of Liverpool's FA Cup run as they beat West Bromwich Albion, Stockport County (after a replay), Bolton Wanderers, Leicester City (after a replay), and Chelsea to reach the 1965 FA Cup Final against Leeds United at Wembley Stadium; Liverpool won the game 2–1 to lift the trophy for the first time in the club's history. He played in the 1965 FA Charity Shield against Manchester United at Old Trafford, where a 2–2 draw meant that two clubs shared the trophy. Liverpool then recovered from\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Smith (footballer, born 1945)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12840602\",\n \"text\": \"David Leworthy (born 22 October 1962) is a retired English footballer who played as a centre forward. Career Leworthy started his career with his hometown club Portsmouth. After spending 9 years with Pompey, from the age of 10, he moved to Non-League Fareham Town where his prolific goalscoring record there earned him a dream move to Tottenham Hotspur. Leworthy made his Spurs debut in the North London derby, against arch rivals Arsenal, that ended in a 2–0 defeat at White Hart Lane in front of a crowd of 40,399 on 17 April 1985. He played alongside the likes of Glenn Hoddle, Ossie Ardillies, Graham Roberts and Steve Perryman and went on to make a further ten appearances in total, scoring 4 goals. In December 1985, Leworthy moved to fellow First Division side Oxford Utd for a transfer fee of £200,000. He spent 4 years at the club and made 37 appearances, scoring 8 goals - most notably against Manchester United. Following a loan spell at Shrewsbury Town, he then moved to Reading in 1989 where he would spend 3 years. He was loaned to Colchester Utd towards the end of the 1990/1991 season, scoring 4 goals in 9 appearances and helping the U's to a 2nd-place finish in the Vauxhall Conference as runners-up to Barnet. Leworthy returned to the Vauxhall Conference the following season with Farnborough Town, following a permanent switch from Reading ahead of the 1991/1992 season. Leworthy had a couple of very successful seasons at Cherrywood Road and finished the 1992/1993 season as the Vauxhall Conference top goalscorer with 32 League goals (39 in all competitions) despite the club being relegated. He remained in the division following Farnborough's relegation and was sold to newly promoted Dover Athletic in a move that saw the non-league transfer record broken when the Kent club paid £50,000 for his services. Leworthy continued his prolific goalscoring exploits at Crabble and scored 86 times in a total of 158 appearances. He netted all four goals in Dover's 4–3 win over Woking in February 1996 and, ironically, netted a hat-trick in the very same fixture the following season, just seven months later, which ended in 5–1 victory for Dover in September 1996. In January 1997 Leworthy moved to fellow Football Conference side Rushden & Diamonds for a fee of £15,000, and his goals in the final 4 months of the season, including a debut goal against his former club Farnborough Town, helped ease the club away from the relegation zone and into a midtable finish. However, his stay at Rushden didn't last long, and at the end of the season he moved to South-West London club Kingstonian for a club record fee of £18,000. Leworthy was part of the Kingstonian side that celebrated two consecutive FA Trophy wins at Wembley Stadium in 1999 and 2000. Leworthy's career began to draw to a close with a period at Conference South club Havant & Waterlooville that included a spell as manager. Leworthy came out of retirement in\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Leworthy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6987914\",\n \"text\": \"Trevor Anthony Putney (born 9 April 1960) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Career Ipswich Town Putney began his professional football career fairly late in life when Bobby Robson and Ipswich Town signed him from non-league Brentwood FC, and went on to make 103 appearances. He was voted the club's player of the year by the supporters in 1984 amongst the likes of Wark, Burley, Cooper, Butcher, Osman, Gates and Mariner. He then joined the small band of players who have played for both Ipswich and Norwich City, when he joined the Canaries in the summer of 1986 in a player exchange deal that saw John Deehan join Ipswich. Norwich City Putney spent three seasons with Norwich, making 100 appearances, and enjoying some of the club's best success, finishing 4th in the old First Division (now Premier League). A ban on English clubs playing in Europe due to the Heysel Stadium Disaster, prevented Putney and Norwich qualifying for the UEFA Cup. During the same season, a successful FA Cup run saw Norwich reach the Semi-Finals versus Everton at Villa Park. Everton ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a Pat Nevin goal - however the main headline of the day was the tragic news coming from the other Semi-Final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough where sadly 96 people lost their lives and another 766 were injured. The success at Norwich attracted the interest from many other top flight clubs and players soon started to depart; Mike Phelan (Manchester United), Andy Townsend (Chelsea), Andy Linighan (Arsenal) and Trevor joined Middlesbrough for a fee of £300,000 in 1989. Middlesbrough Putney spent just two years at Middlesbrough which was hindered by a bad injury suffered in the Semi-Final win overAston Villa in the Zenith Data Systems Cup (Full Members Cup). Putney suffered breaks to his Tibia and Fibula after a late challenge from Gordon Cowans. Putney played few games after his return from injury and soon moved back down South (his home town is Romford) when he was signed by Steve Perryman for Watford FC in a swap plus cash deal, with Paul Wilkinson and Willie Falconer going the other way. Watford At Watford, Putney was regarding as one of the senior pros amongst the likes of Peter Nicholas, Alan Devonshire, Andy Hessenthaler and Nigel Gibbs. This was offset by the upcoming young talent such as Paul Furlong, David James and Jason Drysdale. Probably Putney's most memorable match at Watford came in their 2–1 win over First Division (now Premier League) Champions, Leeds Utd, at Vicarage Road in the third-round of the Coca-Cola Cup (Football League Cup) which saw Putney awarded the Man-of-the-Match award for keeping the likes of Strachan, Cantona, McAllister and Speed at bay at the age of 32. Leyton Orient After 52 league appearances for the Hornets, Glenn Roeder sold Putney to Leyton Orient, where he was rewarded with the club Captaincy by John Sitton amongst senior pros such as Gary Bellamy, Terry Howard,\",\n \"title\": \"Trevor Putney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16040163\",\n \"text\": \"The Football League Centenary Trophy (also known as the Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy for sponsorship reasons) was an English football tournament held during the 1988–89 season to celebrate the 100th birthday of The Football League. The competition was played on a knockout basis between the top eight sides from the Football League First Division the previous season, with the final between Arsenal and Manchester United taking place at the birthplace of League football, Aston Villa's home ground, Villa Park on 9 October 1988. Goals from Paul Davis and Michael Thomas gave Arsenal a 2–1 victory, with Clayton Blackmore the scorer for United. Despite most of the country's leading clubs being involved, crowds for the Centenary Trophy were generally disappointing and only the semi-final match between Arsenal and Liverpool attracted more than 25,000. Background The Football League marked its centenary during the 1987–88 and 1988–89 seasons with a number of events; an exhibition game between a Football League XI and a World XI in August 1987, followed by a Centenary Friendly Tournament eight months later. The final centrepiece was the Football League Centenary Trophy, a one-off tournament which commenced at the start of the 1988–89 season. The clubs which qualified for the tournament were the previous season's top eight, as follows: Matches Quarter-finals The quarter-finals were staged over three days in August 1988. Liverpool recorded the biggest win of the round, defeating Nottingham Forest 4–1 at a half-capacity Anfield. The home side rested striker John Aldridge and started Ian Rush who player-manager Kenny Dalglish said \\\"...needed some matches. We might as well get him as fit as we can, as quickly as we can.\\\" All of Liverpool's four goals came in the second half; Barry Venison set them on their way to victory with a well-hit shot in the 50th minute. Manchester United meanwhile secured a place in the semi-finals with a 1–0 win against Everton. Gordon Strachan scored the game's only goal in the second half, heading in at the far post. It was his first goal for the club, much to the delight and amusement of manager Alex Ferguson: \\\"You're waiting for your first goal of the season, you've got people like [Brian] McClair and [Mark] Hughes on the park and it comes from Gordon Strachan's head!\\\" Newcastle United needed extra time to overcome their opponents Wimbledon; the tie was settled by Michael O'Neill's goal in the 109th minute. Arsenal completed the semi-final line up with a 2–0 win away at Queens Park Rangers. Semi-finals The semi-finals were played over two days in September 1988. Arsenal faced Liverpool at their home ground, Highbury. Injuries to eight first-team players, notably goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar, defender Alan Hansen, and winger John Barnes meant the visitors fielded an unfamiliar side, one which required the involvement of Dalglish towards the end of the tie. Arsenal took the lead just after the half-hour mark when a corner was flicked on by Alan Smith and Perry Groves was in space to nudge the ball past Mike\",\n \"title\": \"Football League Centenary Trophy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18269885\",\n \"text\": \"The 1983–84 season was Liverpool Football Club's 92nd season in existence and their 22nd consecutive season in the First Division. It was Liverpool's first season under the management of Joe Fagan, who was promoted from the coaching staff after the retirement of Bob Paisley, their manager of the last nine seasons who had won at least one major trophy in all but the first of his seasons as manager (including six league titles and three European Cups). Fagan's first season as manager ended with Liverpool becoming the first team in England to win three major trophies in the same season as they won the league title, European Cup and League Cup. They beat Roma on penalties to win the European Cup for the fourth time (their sixth European trophy win overall), and defeated Merseyside rivals Everton in the League Cup final replay, and fought off a challenge from the likes of Southampton, Nottingham Forest, Manchester United and Queen's Park Rangers to win their 15th league title, and their third consecutive title. The undoubted star of the season was striker Ian Rush, who scored 32 goals in the league and 47 in all competitions. It was the last season at the club for midfielder Graeme Souness, who was sold to Italian side Sampdoria at the end of the campaign. This team is regarded as one of Liverpool’s greatest teams of all time and is considered as one of the greatest teams in football history Events of the season August Bob Paisley, the most successful manager in English football, retired as Liverpool's manager at the end of the 1982–83 season after nine glorious years at the helm. His successor was 62-year-old \\\"boot room\\\" veteran Joe Fagan. The Fagan era began with the FA Charity Shield at Wembley Stadium on 20 August 1983. Liverpool, defending league champions, lost 2–0 in front of a 92,000 crowd, with Bryan Robson scoring both of the goals for FA Cup winners Manchester United. The league campaign began unspectacularly seven days later with a 1–1 draw at newly promoted Wolverhampton Wanderers. September Liverpool's bid for a fourth European Cup triumph began on 14 September with a 1–0 away win in the first round first leg over Danish champions Odense. Qualification for the next stage was confirmed two weeks later when the Reds won 5–0 in the return leg at Anfield. They had a decent month in the league as well, finishing the month in fourth place behind West Ham United, Manchester United and Southampton. October October saw Liverpool's League Cup quest begin in the second round, where they eliminated Third Division Brentford by a comfortable margin. Their European Cup campaign thrown into question with a goalless home draw with Atletico Bilbao of Spain in the second round first leg, leaving them to need at least a score draw in the return leg in order to progress to the quarter-finals. In the league, however, excellent wins over West Ham United and Luton Town helped them to attain second place\",\n \"title\": \"1983–84 Liverpool F.C. season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27442942\",\n \"text\": \"On 3 April 1996, Liverpool faced Newcastle United in a Premier League fixture at Anfield, during the 1995–96 season. Liverpool won the match, scoring four goals to Newcastle's three. The winning goal was scored by striker Stan Collymore in the second minute of stoppage time. Before the match, both clubs had lost their previous fixtures but still had a chance of winning the league and wanted to close the gap between themselves and leaders Manchester United. Newcastle United, who had been 10 points ahead at Christmas, had suffered a decline during the previous two months, winning one match out of four in March 1996, and surrendering their lead of the league to Manchester United after spending virtually all of the season top of the table. Liverpool had won six of their last nine league games during February and March, scored the most goals and conceded the fewest until this match. Liverpool started the match as the more promising team and striker Robbie Fowler scored the first goal. Newcastle striker Les Ferdinand scored the equaliser in the tenth minute and winger David Ginola added a second for Newcastle four minutes later. Fowler scored early in the second half to equalise but Faustino Asprilla restored their goal advantage in the 57th minute. Stan Collymore, who set up the opening goal for Liverpool, equalised for Liverpool in the 68th minute. In stoppage time, Collymore scored his second goal of the match involving a one-two with Ian Rush and John Barnes in the buildup. The winner sparked jubilant scenes for Liverpool supporters at Anfield and consigned Newcastle to their second consecutive defeat in the league, reducing their chances of winning the league, although ultimately Manchester United were not confirmed as champions until the final game of the season. The match is considered to be among the best Premier League games in the history of the competition. Newcastle's manager Kevin Keegan described it as a \\\"classic\\\", while Liverpool manager Roy Evans said \\\"the entertainment value was up there with the best\\\". In 2003, the game was awarded the Match of the Decade award on behalf of the Premier League, which was celebrating its tenth anniversary. The result played a major factor in the outcome the league title race, as Manchester United lost only one more match that season and regained the title from Blackburn Rovers. Background Liverpool and Newcastle United are two of the biggest and best supported clubs in English football. Despite not having won a major honour since 1969, the Tyneside club is recognised for its passionate and loyal fanbase — over the course of 53 out of 63 seasons between 1946–47 and 2009–10, more people attended Newcastle home matches, on average, than home games played by the league champions. Between 1973 and 1990, Liverpool became the most successful club in England, amassing more than 20 major trophies including 11 league championships in a 17-year period, although they had been slightly less successful between 1991 and 1996, when their only honours were a\",\n \"title\": \"Liverpool F.C. 4–3 Newcastle United F.C. (1996)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8644860\",\n \"text\": \"The 1996 FA Cup final was the 51st to be held at Wembley Stadium after the Second World War and was held between two of the biggest rivals in English football, Manchester United and Liverpool. Build-up A few days before the final, Manchester United had secured their third league title in four years (1992–93, 1993–94 and 1995–96, coming second in 1994–95). The final was also their third in three seasons, having beaten Chelsea 4–0 in 1994 and lost 1–0 to Everton in 1995. Liverpool, on the other hand, were going through a barren spell in terms of trophies, having not won the league title since 1989–90 or an FA Cup since 1992, although they had tasted success in the League Cup in 1995. Liverpool and Manchester United were the two top scoring sides in the FA Premier League in this season, and entered the game as the most attacking sides in English football, with Liverpool winning their last meeting 2–0 at Anfield, and Manchester United equalising at Old Trafford to get a 2–2 draw in the reverse fixture, with Robbie Fowler scoring all four of Liverpool's goals against Manchester United in both meetings. Both clubs released cup final songs, as was common at the time: Pass & Move (It's the Liverpool Groove) (which reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart) and Move Move Move (The Red Tribe) (which reached number 6). Match summary The match, despite the rivalry between the two teams, was a fairly unmemorable game, rarely sparking into life, with playmakers Eric Cantona and Steve McManaman, marked and closed out by Jamie Redknapp and John Barnes and Roy Keane and Nicky Butt respectively. Keane went on to stop virtually every attack the Liverpool midfield threw at Manchester United, and covering as commentator Peter Brackley described, \\\"every blade of grass\\\", to win the man of the match award. The game started with a frenetic pace and Manchester United started with several positive chances before Liverpool came back into the game, but chances at either end were limited. Neither goalkeeper, Peter Schmeichel for Manchester United and David James for Liverpool, was seriously tested throughout the majority of the game. However, with just five minutes remaining on the clock, David James tried to punch a corner clear. The ball landed just outside the penalty area, at the feet of Manchester United captain Eric Cantona, who had scored in his comeback game after a seven-month suspension at Old Trafford against Liverpool earlier that season in a game that ended 2–2. Cantona hit his shot goalwards, through the crowded penalty area and the ball nestled in the back of the goal, winning the game for Manchester United. Cantona had been marked out of the game, but reflecting his form all season, managed another match-winning moment. Match details Post-match The win was Manchester United's third FA Cup win under Alex Ferguson, having also won in 1990 and 1994. They became the first club to win the competition nine times, and also became the\",\n \"title\": \"1996 FA Cup final\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"16179069","text":"Samuel Smyth (25 February 1925 – 19 October 2016) was a Northern Irish footballer who played in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Stoke City and Liverpool. Career Smyth was born in Belfast in 1925 and played for local clubs Distillery, Linfield and Dundela in the Irish League before being signed by English Football League side Wolverhampton Wanderers in July 1947 for a fee of £1,100. Despite taking Wolves to third place in the 1946–47 season manager Ted Vizard was replaced by his assistant Stan Cullis in June 1948. The following year Cullis led Wolves to the FA Cup final against Leicester City, Jesse Pye scoring two goals in the first half and Smyth netting another in the 68th minute. Smyth had scored both Wolves goals in the two semi-final games against Manchester Utd. The following season Wolves finished in 2nd place in the First Division. He had scored 43 goals in 116 cup and league appearances for Wolves. In September 1951 Stoke City paid a club record fee of £25,000 to Wolves for Smyth in a bid to help them avoid relegation after an awful start to the 1951–52 season. Smyth had the desired impact at the Victoria Ground as he scored 12 vital goals as Stoke escaped the drop by three points. He scored five goals in 14 matches in 1952–53 before being sold to Liverpool in January 1953 for a fee of £12,000. Smyth made his debut for his new club against the side he just departed, Stoke just days later. He spent two seasons at Anfield scoring 20 goals in 44 appearances. After football Smyth returned to Belfast where he played for Bangor and also worked as a bookmaker. He later opened his own sports distribution business which sold sports equipment throughout Ireland. He and his wife Enid regularly traveled to the Caribbean to visit their daughter and after his wife's passing in 2002 he later moved to live with his daughter. He died on 19 October 2016 at the age of 91 and was the last surviving player from the 1949 FA Cup winning team and the Stoke City team. Career statistics Club Source: International Source: References External links LFC profile Northern Ireland profile 1925 births 2016 deaths Association footballers from Belfast Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland Northern Ireland men's international footballers Lisburn Distillery F.C. players Linfield F.C. players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Stoke City F.C. players Liverpool F.C. players Bangor F.C. players Men's association football forwards Pre-1950 IFA men's international footballers English Football League players","title":"Sammy Smyth"},{"docid":"41919612","text":"Pascal Ovidy Manhanga (born 23 March 1991) is a Zimbabwean professional footballer, who plays as a midfielder for How Mine and the Zimbabwe national team. He is known for creating and scoring goals. Career Club Manhanga started his career in the lower leagues of Zimbabwe, firstly with Mutare United and then with Tsholotsho Pirates, he remained with both sides for a year each before moving to Triangle United. He spent three years with Triangle Utd before he was signed by the 2013 Mbada Diamonds Cup winners Highlanders in June 2014. His stay with the Highlanders was short as he left to rejoin Triangle Utd at the start of 2015. However, a year later he was on the move again as he departed Triangle Utd for the second time to sign for How Mine. International In January 2014, coach Ian Gorowa, invited him to be a part of the Zimbabwe squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team to a fourth-place finish after being defeated by Nigeria by a goal to nil. He made two appearances in the aforementioned competition, overall he has played four times for Zimbabwe and scored one goal. Career statistics International . International goals . Scores and results list Zimbabwe's goal tally first. Personal life Political views Manhanga has criticized the widespread practice of polygamy in Zimbabwe, calling it worse for the people of his country than marijuana, pornography, or console video games. References Living people 1991 births Zimbabwean men's footballers Zimbabwe men's A' international footballers 2014 African Nations Championship players How Mine F.C. players Highlanders F.C. players Men's association football midfielders Zimbabwe men's international footballers","title":"Pascal Manhanga"},{"docid":"18220643","text":"The English Men's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship for the Brabazon Trophy is the national amateur stroke play golf championship in England (although entry is open to overseas golfers). It has been played annually since 1947 and is organised by the England Golf. The format is 72 hole stroke play contested over four days. After 36 holes the leading 60 competitors and ties play a further 36 holes over the final two days. History In March 1938, John Moore-Brabazon was elected president of the English Golf Union. Early in 1939 a new EGU competition was announced, with a trophy presented by Moore-Brabazon. The event was to be a 72-hole strokeplay tournament to be played at Royal Liverpool from 4 to 6 October. Because of the start of World War II the event was cancelled. The idea was revived after the war and was first played in 1947 at Royal Birkdale Golf Club, called the English Golf Union president's trophy. It was won by Duncan Sutherland following an 18-hole playoff. Before the 1948 event, the official name of the tournament was changed to the Brabazon Trophy, named after Moore-Brabazon, who had become Lord Brabazon in 1942. It was played at Royal Lytham and was won by Charlie Stowe, 7 strokes ahead of Gerald Micklem. The first few events were, like the English Amateur, restricted to English golfers, but from 1951 it became an open event, amateur golfers from any part of the world being able to play. Initially an 18-hole playoff was used if two or more players were tied after the 72 holes. However, after the 1963 event, playoffs were abandoned and the trophy was shared. The last tie was in 2007. Ties are now decided by a sudden-death playoff. The first player to successfully defend the trophy was Ronnie White in 1950 and 1951, a feat which has been matched a further five times, Philip Scrutton (1954–55), Michael Bonallack (outright in 1968 and tied in 1969), Rodney Foster (tied 1969 and outright 1970), Gary Evans (tied 1990–91) and Neil Raymond (2011–12). The tournament has received an increasingly international field over time, the first winner from outside of the British Isles was Neville Sundelson of South Africa in 1974. The tournament has subsequently been won (or tied) by international competitors on eight occasions. The record for the most wins by a single individual is four (including one tie) held by Sir Michael Bonallack and won between 1964 and 1971. The tournament has twice been won by players who would go on to win a men's major championship, Sandy Lyle who won in 1977 would go on to win The Open Championship and the Masters Tournament and Charl Schwartzel who won in 2002 would go on to win the Masters. The championship has never been played on the same course in consecutive years, however many of the host courses have hosted the tournament on multiple occasions with Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Moortown Golf Club and Hunstanton Golf","title":"Brabazon Trophy"},{"docid":"5418287","text":"Matthew McQueen (18 May 1863 – 28 September 1944) was a Scottish football player, who later became a director and manager of Liverpool. Life and playing career Born in Harthill, Lanarkshire, Scotland, McQueen played for Leith Athletic (twice) and Hearts before being signed by Liverpool managers John McKenna and William Barclay in October 1892. He made his debut on 29 October 1892 at Anfield in the 9–0 thrashing of Newtown in a FA Cup 2nd round tie. He scored his first goal on 3 December the same year. It was the opening goal of yet another thrashing, this time the 7–0 demolition of Fleetwood Rangers in the Lanchashire League. Matt and his brother Hugh McQueen had been two of the many Scotsmen recruited by the Reds shortly after Liverpool were founded in 1892 following Everton's decision to move from Anfield to Goodison Park. Both played in Liverpool's first-ever Football League match, a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough Ironopolis at the Paradise Field on 2 September 1893. In fact Liverpool's first season in the Football League was an eventful one for McQueen as he found himself playing in numerous positions including five games in the Reds goal, a position he became familiar with playing a total of 37 times in Liverpool's first three seasons in the league. This made McQueen a unique record holder; he is the only man in English football history (probably the world) to have won championship winner's medals, albeit second division, as both an outfield player and a goalkeeper. McQueen was part of the two Liverpool Second Division winning teams in 1893–94 and 1895–96. The all-rounder eventually played 150 matches for Liverpool in all ten outfield positions during his career, include 12 more appearances made in goal, making it a grand total of 49 times in that position. McQueen made two appearances for Scotland; both came whilst he was with Leith. His debut was on 22 March 1890 in a British Championship match at Underwood Park, Paisley, a game that saw the Scots achieve victory over Wales (5–0). On his retirement as a player, McQueen took the qualifications necessary to become a Football League referee and officiated as a linesman for a brief period in 1904. In 1918, he was appointed to become a director on Liverpool's Board. Liverpool management career McQueen stepped into the managerial hot seat as a temporary measure in early 1923 when David Ashworth resigned to take over the Oldham hotseat. This was surprising as Ashworth had guided the Reds to the league title the previous season and they were well on the way to recording back to back championships when he left. Not only did he see the club safely through to a successful defence of their First Division championship trophy, he stayed in the manager's chair for five years even though he was nearly 60 years old at the time he was asked to take over. When McQueen took over the reins at Anfield he became the first former player to manage","title":"Matt McQueen"},{"docid":"25110068","text":"Sebastián Coates Nion (; born 7 October 1990) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Portuguese club Sporting CP, which he captains, and the Uruguay national team. Having begun his career at Nacional, where he was a regular from his debut in 2009, Coates joined Liverpool in 2011. He spent time out on loan, back at Nacional, and at Sunderland, and then joined the latter permanently in 2015. In January 2016, he moved to Sporting, initially on loan before signing permanently in February 2017. Following his move, Coates became an important member of the Sporting squad, captaining the side, and leading the club to a number of trophies, including the club's first league title in 19 years during the 2020–21 season. Coates made his international debut at the 2011 Copa América, and was voted Young Player of the Tournament after Uruguay won the final. He also represented the country at the 2012 Olympics, the FIFA World Cup in 2014, 2018 and 2022, and the Copa América in 2015 and 2019. Early life Coates was born in Montevideo. On his paternal side, he is of Scottish ancestry, although his family does not speak English. Club career Nacional Coates joined Nacional at 11, and worked his way up through the age groups, appearing as captain at every level. In 2009, aged 18, he signed a contract and began playing for the first team. His first appearance came against Bella Vista, a performance for which he was named man of the match by Uruguay's El País. He subsequently started every game for Nacional, notwithstanding suspension and national duty. Liverpool In August 2011, Coates was the subject of substantial interest from Premier League club Liverpool. He was given permission to have a medical at Melwood ahead of his proposed move on 26 August, and the following day watched Liverpool's match against Bolton Wanderers. On 30 August, after receiving a work permit, Liverpool announced that they had signed Coates on \"a long-term contract\" for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £7 million. On 18 September, Coates made his debut for Liverpool against Tottenham Hotspur, replacing the injured Daniel Agger in the 27th minute, in a 4–0 defeat. Coates went on to make his first start for the club on 21 September against Brighton & Hove Albion in the League Cup. Liverpool won the match 2–1 and Coates started the next match in this competition against Stoke City which Liverpool also won 2–1. Liverpool progressed through all stages to win the tournament resulting in Coates winning his first medal as a Liverpool player. On 21 March 2012, he scored his first goal for Liverpool against Queens Park Rangers, with a scissor kick from the edge of the box in the 3–2 loss at Loftus Road. Coates suffered a knee injury playing for Uruguay in a friendly match against Japan in August 2013. The injury sidelined the player for much of the 2013–14 season. The second half of the season saw Coates","title":"Sebastián Coates"},{"docid":"6265705","text":"Joseph Patrick McQue (also spelled McCue, 11 March 1873 – 11 June 1914) was a Scottish footballer who played for Liverpool in the late 19th century. Life and playing career Raised in the Lennoxtown area, McQue began his career with local clubs, winning the Stirlingshire Cup in 1892 with Campsie. After a short period in the reserves at Celtic, he was signed for newly-formed Liverpool by manager John McKenna and his partner William Barclay in the summer of 1892. McQue was a defender with an attacking mindset. He played in Liverpool's first ever competitive game, an 8–0 victory against Higher Walton, on 3 September 1892 in the Lancashire League, which Liverpool went on to win convincingly. McQue also played in the club's first Football League fixture, scoring the second in a 2–0 away win at Middlesbrough Ironopolis. The following season, he was a key defender in the Liverpool team that were undefeated in their 28 league matches and won the Football League Second Division; he was then in the side that won the promotion test match against Newton Heath, later to become Man Utd. McQue experienced relegation from the top flight during the 1894–95 season, but was part of the side that bounced back, again as Second Division champions at the end of the 1895–96 term, scoring 5 times in 26 games. He was awarded a benefit match in April 1896. McQue went on to appear 146 times for Liverpool, scoring 14 goals from the back line, before leaving in 1898 (his replacement Alex Raisbeck, another Scot, would become one of the stars of the era). He returned to central Scotland, playing for Falkirk (who were not Scottish Football League members at the time). He lived in Denny but died in a Glasgow hospital in 1914. Honours Football League Second Division: 1893–94, 1895–96 Lancashire League: 1892–93 References External links LFCHistory.net profile 1873 births 1914 deaths Celtic F.C. players Scottish people of Irish descent Liverpool F.C. players Scottish men's footballers Falkirk F.C. players Footballers from Glasgow Men's association football central defenders English Football League players","title":"Joe McQue"},{"docid":"14840289","text":"Neil Midgley (9 September 1942 – 8 July 2001) was an English football referee from Salford. Career Midgley joined the Eccles Referees' Association in 1961 after taking up refereeing, being awarded a life membership in 1978. He became a Football League linesman in 1974 and two years later a supplementary referee, graduating to the full list one year later in 1977. In April 1982 he took charge of an FA Cup semi-final between Tottenham Hotspur and Leicester City and that summer was elevated to the FIFA list of international referees. In 1985, he was appointed to the Milk Cup Final between Norwich City and Sunderland with the Norfolk team winning via a Gordon Chisholm own goal. At the start of the 1986–87 season, he was awarded control of the 1986 FA Charity Shield match between Everton and Liverpool at Wembley, which finished 1–1, the trophy being shared. On 16 May 1987, he stepped out once more at Wembley to take charge of the FA Cup Final between Coventry City and Tottenham Hotspur, which finished 3–2 to the 'Sky Blues'. Midgley reached the standard retirement age in 1991 but was granted a one-year extension due to his strong performances. It was on 17 February in this year that he controversially did not award Everton a penalty at Anfield against Liverpool in the FA Cup when Pat Nevin was brought down in the Liverpool penalty area. The Co-commentator for BBC coverage on that day was Trevor Brooking who remarked that \"you will never see a more clear cut penalty in my opinion\". Midgley was in charge of a 1992 FA Cup semi-final between Sunderland and Norwich before retiring at the end of the season. He then became a referees' assessor for the newly formulated Premier League competition, and for UEFA. However, in 1999, he was replaced as a Premiership assessor by Martin Bodenham, although still retained in that capacity by the European governing body. He had also been a past president of the Football League Referees and Linesmen's Association, and was an active member of the Eccles Referees' Association. He became the ERA chairman early in his career, and served as their president from 1983 to 1989 and from 1992 until his death. Death Neil Midgley died at the Little Hulton Hospice in Salford, a few months after being diagnosed with cancer. He was 58. In his honour, The Eccles Referees' Association changed the name of its award for the senior level Referee of the Year from the President's Cup to the Neil Midgley Memorial Trophy. Barbara Midgley presents the trophy to the winner each year. Print references Football League Handbooks, 1974–1992 – confirmation of dates of joining lists of referees and linesmen Internet External links 'Too many refs show cards like a gunslinger' – Will Buckley's interview with Midgley at the Guardian/Observer website 1942 births English football referees FA Cup final referees 2001 deaths People from Kearsley Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton Sportspeople from Salford","title":"Neil Midgley (referee)"},{"docid":"37121073","text":"Philip James Roberts (born 7 April 1994) is an Irish footballer who last played for Margate. He began his career at Arsenal, although he never made an appearance for the club. He spent time on loan at Inverness Caledonian Thistle, then signed for Falkirk. He signed for Dundee in the summer of 2014 and spent the second half of the 2014–15 season on loan at Alloa Athletic. Early life Born in the London Borough of Newham, Roberts attended Ilford County High School in Barkingside, Ilford from the years of 11–16. He has a sister called Lauren – attending Woodford County, and a younger brother called Chris. His cousin, Sean Roberts is a semi-professional footballer who has played for North Greenford Utd, Thamesmead Town, VCD Athletic A.F.C. Hornchurch, and is who plays for Cray Wanderers, Philip played at youth levels for Charlton before being released, having been on trial at Liverpool he eventually ended up playing for Norwich featuring for their U18 team at the age of 16. Club career Arsenal Roberts joined Arsenal on 3 June 2010, from Norwich City on scholarship terms. Robert's first season at the club went well as he scored four goals in 15 appearances at the under-18s level for Arsenal. He then followed that up during the 2011–12 season scoring nine goals in only 23 matches for the under-18s and becoming the top scorer among the Arsenal under-18s and he made four appearances for the reserves, scoring 1 goal in the process against Wolverhampton Wanderers. At the start of the 2012–13 season he joined Inverness on loan. Phillips was released by Arsenal at the end of the 2012–13 season. Inverness CT (loan) On 30 August 2012, Roberts signed a loan deal with Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle until January 2013. On 22 September, he made his professional debut for Inverness in the Scottish Premier League against Hibernian coming on as a 71st-minute substitute for Conor Pepper as Inverness drew 2–2. Seven days later, he scored his first professional goal and provided assist for Richie Foran in a 4–0 win over Dundee United. After the match, Roberts says he couldn't ask for more after his performance. On 24 November 2012, Roberts set up a goal for Billy McKay -who scored the only goal in the game – as Inverness beat Celtic 1–0. On 7 December 2012, Roberts loan spell was extended until the end of the season. In the semi-final of Scottish League Cup against Hearts, which was 1–1 draw and led to penalties shoot-out, Roberts missed the vital penalty when he shot and blazed over the bar in front of Inverness fans, allowing Hearts to go to the final. Opposition goalkeeper Jamie MacDonald claims he spooked Roberts, causing him miss the penalty. Falkirk Following his release from Arsenal, Roberts went on trial with League Two side, Wycombe Wanderers, scoring two goals in a pre-season friendly at Farnborough before the match was abandoned after the pitch was dangerous to play. On 26 July 2013,","title":"Philip Roberts"},{"docid":"29872067","text":"Amanda Jayne Reddin OBE (born 6 June 1965), née Harrison, later Kirby, is a gymnastics coach, and former Olympic gymnast, for Great Britain. Personal coach of many successful gymnasts, including three-time world champion and Olympic medallist Beth Tweddle, double Olympian Hannah Whelan and Olympian Jennifer Pinches. Reddin coached for many years at the City of Liverpool Gymnastics Club. She was Head National Coach for British Gymnastics until stepping down in May 2022 just weeks before an independent review into abuse in the sport. Gymnastics career 1983 World Championships Harrison was a member of the Great Britain team, which placed 17th, in the 1983 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Budapest, Hungary. 1984 Olympics At age 19, Harrison competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in women's artistic gymnastics for Great Britain placing 7th in the team competition and 22nd in the all around competition. Coaching career Kirby began her coaching career in Brighton, but soon moved to Liverpool in 1992 to coach at the City of Liverpool Gymnastics Club in Toxteth, Liverpool. Today, Reddin is a qualified FIG Brevet Coach and has coached at four Olympic Games (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012) and more than 10 World Championships. In August 2020 Reddin agreed to temporarily step aside as Head National Coach at British Gymnastics while an investigation into claims about her conduct took place. In May 2022, she permanently stepped down. Honours In 2002, Kirby was named as UK Coach of the Year (jointly with Alex Stanton, coach to marathon world record holder Paula Radcliffe). In 2004, Kirby was one of the winners in the 'Manager/Coach' category of the BBC North West Sports Awards In 2006, Kirby was awarded the Mussabini Medal in the UK Coaching Awards. In 2008, Kirby was nominated for the Unsung Hero award in The Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year Awards. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to sport. The Amanda Kirby Trophy In 2007, the Amanda Kirby Trophy was introduced in English Gymnastics (alongside the Beth Tweddle Trophy), in honour of her years of dedicated coaching and for producing a world champion (Beth Tweddle won the 2006 World Championships on the Asymmetric Bars). The award is made annually to the coach of the gymnast in the senior English gymnastics championships who scores the highest mark on the asymmetric bars. References Living people 1965 births British female artistic gymnasts Officers of the Order of the British Empire Olympic gymnasts for Great Britain Gymnasts at the 1984 Summer Olympics Gymnastics coaches","title":"Amanda Reddin"},{"docid":"22785676","text":"Guntur Djafril is a Singaporean professional soccer player who plays for Admiralty FC in the NFL Division 1, the second tier of football in Singapore. Before that he played for Woodlands Wellington FC in the S.League. He played as a striker during his Prime League days but was deployed as a winger while playing for Woodlands Wellington FC. Club career Djafril has previously played for S.League clubs Geylang United, Paya Lebar Punggol FC (now known as Hougang United and SAFFC) before joining Woodlands Wellington in the 2010 S.League season. He was the Captain cum top scorer when the Geylang Utd Prime League team lifted the Prime League Trophy in 2006. He made his debut in Asia's premier club competition, the AFC Champions League, as a second-half substitute in a group stage match against Kashima Antlers on 7 April 2009 while playing for SAFFC. On 23 November 2012, it was announced by Woodlands Wellington that he would not be retained for the 2013 season. Club career statistics All numbers encased in brackets signify substitute appearances. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20100723192614/http://data2.7m.cn/player_data/81336/en/index.shtml 1987 births Living people Singaporean men's footballers Hougang United FC players Geylang International FC players Warriors FC players Woodlands Wellington FC players Singapore Premier League players Men's association football forwards","title":"Guntur Djafril"},{"docid":"9111392","text":"Frank Broome (11 June 1915 – 10 September 1994) was an English professional footballer and manager. He played for Aston Villa during his professional career and won seven caps as an England striker, scoring three times, including once against Germany on his debut in 1938. Frank Broome attended Victoria School, Berkhamsted, Herts where he excelled as centre forward in the school team. He began playing for Berkhamsted Town in 1933 and soon began to attract the attention of scouts from Charlton, Chelsea, Luton, Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham. In Jan and Feb 1934, Broome scored five goals in two consecutive matches, including against Aylesbury Utd in the Bucks Senior Cup, further enhancing his profile. In October 1934 Broome was selected to play for a team representing the Spartan League against a Tottenham Hotspur Combination 11 at Maidenhead. He scored both goals in a 3-2 defeat. He played again for the Spartan League team a couple of weeks later against an Isthmian League team at Chesham. His place in the Berkhamsted team was taken by his brother Reg. His impressive form earned him a trial for Aston Villa. He scored six goals for the Villa Colts side in a 15-0 victory over Moor Green on 31 Oct. The performance was enough to convince for Villa to sign him up professionally in Nov 1934 and he duly scored another four goals against Stoke City. A report of the match stated that although Broome was on the 'small side, he has a fine turn of speed and can trick an opponent cleverly'. Broome made his Villa debut in an away match at Portsmouth in April 1935. He then scored twice on his home debut in a 4-2 defeat of Liverpool. Broome continued to excel in leading Villa's attack during the 1935-36 season including two goals in the home derby match against Birmingham City but it wasn't enough to prevent the club being relegated for first time in its history. During the 1936-37 season, Villa did well for three quarters of the season but finished 9th due to a drastic post-Easter slump in form which concluded with a 2-1 defeat at West Ham, their sixth successive loss. In their second season in Division 2, Broome sometimes operated as a winger to make way for new signing James Clayon at centre forward. He scored two at Plymouth Argyle in October in front of 40,000 spectators. He scored another two in a 7-1 rout of Stockport County in December. Goals continued for Broome in the new year including a 3-0 victory at home to Man Utd on 2 April which maintained their hopes of promotion. This was followed by another brace of goals against Tottenham in a hard-fought 2-0 victory on 16 April. Villa duly secured promotion back to Division One on 27 April 1938 with a 2-0 win over Bradford. Broome was selected to represent England as a reserve in a game against Scotland in April 1938 at Wembley. He then joined England for a","title":"Frank Broome"},{"docid":"3726315","text":"Formby Football Club is an English football club based in Formby, Merseyside. They played in the Liverpool County Premier League Division One for the 2022–23 season, having last played in the North West Counties Football League Premier Division in 2013–14. They are members of the Liverpool County Football Association. History Early years The club were established in 1919 as Formby United. After a year at various pitches in the town they moved to a ground that would be their home for more than 80 years, Brows Lane. Three years later they dropped the 'United' to become simply Formby FC. After a first season in the Southport & District League, the club competed in the Liverpool and District League, where they were First Division champions in 1924–25. Later they transferred to the Liverpool League, achieving two honours in 1927–28, being finalists in the league's knockout trophy, the RP Houston Cup as well as winning the Barnes Benevolent Cup. In 1929–30 the Squirrels achieved an extraordinary double, winning the RP Houston Cup on 2 May 1930, and just three days later winning the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup. In the early 1930s Formby moved on to the I Zingari League. In 1931–32 they were runners-up in the Division Two, then in 1932–33 they were Division Two champions and were promoted to Division One. They won the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup for the second time in 1934–35. In 1936–37 they were runners-up in Division One. Post-war The years immediately after World War II were something of a golden age for Formby. Now playing in the Liverpool County Combination, for eight out of ten seasons they were winners or runners-up for a trophy and/or league title. In 1947–48 they won the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup and were also runners-up in the league. The following season, they won the double, being Liverpool County Combination champions and winning the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup. In 1949–50 they were losing finalists in the Liverpool County Combination knockout competition, the George Mahon Cup. In 1951–52 they were runners-up in the league and in 1952–53 won the Liverpool County FA Challenge Trophy. The following season they were again runners-up in the league. The 1954–55 season saw the club win the Liverpool County Combination Subsidiary Cup and the following season were again losing finalists in the George Mahon Cup, and once again in 1956–57. In 1963–64 they won the Liverpool County FA Challenge Cup, and then won the George Mahon Cup in 1964–65 when they were also runners-up in the league and losing finalists in the Liverpool County FA Challenge Cup. In 1967–68 they won the Liverpool County FA Challenge Cup for a third time. In the 1968–69 season, they joined the Lancashire Combination, finishing in 10th place in the first season. They joined the Cheshire County League in 1971–72. Formby reached First Round Proper of the 1973–74 FA Cup, where they lost 2–0 at home to Football League Third Division leaders Oldham Athletic. In 1978 they became","title":"Formby F.C."},{"docid":"6551168","text":"Philip Christopher Bolland (born 26 August 1976) is an English former footballer, who played as a centre back. He currently works as a physiotherapist for Liverpool. Career Bolland enjoyed two spells at Chester City, having signed from Peterborough United in the summer of 2006 – just a few months after he'd moved in the opposite direction. Mark Wright has managed him at the four clubs he has been in charge of, namely Southport, Oxford, Chester and Peterborough. Bolland had earlier played in non-league football for clubs including Altrincham, Salford City, Trafford and Knowsley United. Bolland struggled to stake a place in the first-team side at Chester under new manager Bobby Williamson in 2007–08, making just three appearances. He spent time on trial with Wrexham and it was announced in December 2007 he was no longer part of Chester's plans. On 8 January 2008 it was announced Bolland had been released by Chester and he quickly agreed terms with Wrexham. He was released by Wrexham in May 2008 following the club's relegation to the Football Conference and signed for Cambridge United on 31 July 2008 where he would be reunited with former teammates Gary Brabin and Paul Carden, manager and assistant manager of the Conference side. He spent one season at Cambridge, before signing for Barrow AFC, also of the Conference National. Bolland won the FA Trophy with Barrow in the 2009–10 season. In May 2011 he was offered a new contract by Barrow and became the club captain. He had a full further season at Barrow, but was released at the end of the 2011–12 season, having played over 100 league matches for the club. He then joined Droylsden. In January 2013, it was announced that Bolland had joined Airbus UK. After helping Airbus qualify for the Europa League in his final two seasons, Bolland announced he was retiring from playing to concentrate on his physiotherapy career with Liverpool. Honours Chester City Football Conference champions: 2003–04 Southport FA Trophy runners-up: 1997–98 Barrow AFC FA Trophy winners: 2009–10 References External links Profile at UpThePosh! The Peterborough United Database Player profile at the Welsh Premier League's official website 1976 births Living people English men's footballers Footballers from Liverpool Men's association football defenders Southport F.C. players Altrincham F.C. players Oxford United F.C. players Chester City F.C. players Peterborough United F.C. players Wrexham A.F.C. players Salford City F.C. players Cambridge United F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players Barrow A.F.C. players Droylsden F.C. players FC Halifax Town players Knowsley United F.C. players Airbus UK Broughton F.C. players Trafford F.C. players Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff","title":"Phil Bolland"},{"docid":"16940558","text":"The 1989–90 season was the 91st completed season of The Football League. Liverpool overhauled a greatly improved Aston Villa side to win their 18th league championship trophy and their fifth major trophy in as many seasons under Kenny Dalglish's management. Gary Lineker's arrival at Tottenham Hotspur saw the North Londoners occupy third place after a season of improvement. In this season, London had eight entrants in the top-flight, the highest number of participants ever. Luton Town stayed up on goal difference at the expense of Sheffield Wednesday, while Charlton's four-year spell in the First Division came to an end at the beginning of May. Millwall were rooted to the bottom of the division despite briefly topping the league in September. Leeds United finally returned to the top flight after an eight-year exile, as Howard Wilkinson's side lifted the Second Division championship trophy thanks to a superior goal difference over runners-up Sheffield United, who won their second successive promotion under Dave Bassett. Swindon Town won the Second Division playoff final but Sunderland were promoted instead after the Swindon board admitted a series of financial irregularities. Swindon were initially demoted to the Third Division and replaced by Tranmere, the division's losing Play-Off finalists, but this decision was later reversed on appeal. AFC Bournemouth, Stoke City and Bradford City occupied the relegation places. Bournemouth did not return to second tier of English football until the 2013–14 season. The city of Bristol was celebrating after Rovers were crowned champions and City finished runners-up in the Third Division to gain promotion. The third promotion spot was secured by playoff winners Notts County, who beat Leyland DAF Trophy (i.e. EFL Trophy) winners Tranmere Rovers at Wembley. Walsall suffered a second successive relegation and would be joined in the Fourth Division the following season by Blackpool, Cardiff City and Northampton Town. Exeter City were crowned Fourth Division champions and went up to the Third Division along with runners-up Grimsby Town, third-placed Southend United and playoff winners Cambridge United. Newly promoted Maidstone United almost ended their first league season with success, but their promotion hopes were ended by playoff failure. Colchester United were relegated from the league and replaced by Football Conference champions Darlington, who regained their league status just one season after losing it. Final league tables and results The tables and results below are reproduced here in the exact form that they can be found at The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation website, with home and away statistics separated. First Division Liverpool won the First Division title for the 18th time, finishing nine points ahead of their nearest rivals Aston Villa, who had emerged as title contenders just two seasons after being promoted, sealing England's solitary UEFA Cup place after the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted after five years, although Liverpool missed out on a European Cup place following UEFA's decision to exclude them from European competitions for at least one more season. Tottenham Hotspur improved on their sixth-place finish in 1989 by finishing","title":"1989–90 Football League"},{"docid":"36393193","text":"The history of Liverpool Football Club from 1959 to 1985 covers the period from the appointment of Bill Shankly as manager of the then-Second Division club, to the Heysel Stadium disaster and its aftermath. Overhauling the team during his first year at Liverpool, Shankly released 24 players and converted a boot storage room into a meeting place where he and his coaches discussed strategy. The club won the Second Division title in 1961–62 and were promoted to the First Division. Two seasons later, Liverpool won their first League championship since 1946–47, thereby qualifying for participation in European competition for the first time. The following season, Liverpool won their first FA Cup. Further League championships followed in 1965–66 and 1972–73. 1973 saw them win their first European trophy—the UEFA Cup. The following season was Shankly's last, in which the club won the FA Cup once more. Shankly's assistant Bob Paisley took over in 1974; his first season in charge saw Liverpool finish second, before winning the League championship and UEFA Cup the following season. Three European Cups and four League championships followed before Paisley retired at the end of 1982–83, to be replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan. Liverpool won a treble of trophies during Fagan's first season as manager, winning the League championship for the third year in succession, the Football League Cup for the fourth year in succession and a fourth European Cup. The following season, the club was involved in one of the worst disasters to occur at a football stadium. Before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final against Juventus, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 fans, mostly Italians. The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster and resulted in the expulsion of English clubs from European competition for five years. 1959–65: rebuilding Huddersfield Town's Bill Shankly was appointed Liverpool manager midway through the 1959–60 season. He was approached by Liverpool chairman T. V. Williams, who asked Shankly if he would like to manage \"the best club in the country\", to which he replied, \"Why, is Matt Busby packing up?\". A perceived lack of ambition at Huddersfield Town and the potential at Liverpool led Shankly to accept the offer. When he arrived, the club was in the Second Division, having played at this level since relegation in 1953–54. During his first season in charge, Shankly gave debuts to two players: Ian Callaghan, who would go on to become the club's record appearance maker, and Roger Hunt, the club's future leading goalscorer in the League. Despite their introduction, Shankly's impact was not immediate, as the club finished the season in third place, outside the promotion spots. Shankly had been musing on which players to keep and which to move on, and he eventually decided that 24 players should be released; by the end of his first season they had all left the club.","title":"History of Liverpool F.C. (1959–1985)"},{"docid":"17023418","text":"Adam Farley (born 12 January 1980) is an English footballer who most recently played for AFC Liverpool. He is a defender. Career Farley joined Everton as a schoolboy and was part of their 1998 FA Youth Cup-winning team; he was man of the match in the second leg of the final. He made one first team appearance, coming on as a substitute against Derby County in February 1999, and was substitute at West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur. However, at the end of February 1999 he broke his cheekbone and jaw in an under-19s match, and he made no further first team appearances before being released in May 2000. He joined Altrincham in 2000, making 34 league appearances and scoring one goal for the club. He joined Droylsden at the start of the 2001–02 season, staying with them for three years. Droylsden enjoyed the best season in their history in 2003-2004 while captained by Farley, winning four trophies, and he collected player of the year awards in 2002–03 and 2003–04. In late 2004 he joined Witton Albion on loan. Farley returned to his home city of Liverpool at the start of the 2005–06 season, signing for Marine, where he collected the player of the year award in the 2006–07 season. He also won the Liverpool senior cup with Marine beating Liverpool FC in the final 2–1. In 2009 Farley was banned from football for 9 months and fined £250 for betting against his own team in two matches, one of which he played in. After a brief stint at Burscough at the start of the 2010–11 season, Farley signed for Leigh Genesis to help out a friend and former teammate, Mark Maddox. In December, he moved with teammate John Lawless to Formby. The pair only played in two games before manager Gary Martindale and the entire first team resigned in January 2011. Farley and Lawless were swiftly signed by Burscough, but in November 2011 Farley moved to A.F.C. Liverpool and was a member of their first team squad in 2011–12. Honours Club Everton FA Youth Cup 1998 – Winner Droylsden Northern Premier League 2004 – Runner-Up Northern Premier League Challenge Cup 2004 – Winner Peter Swales Shield 2004 – Winner Manchester Premier Cup 2004 – Winner Marine Liverpool Senior Cup 2008 – Winner Individual Droylsden Players Player of the Year: 2003 Players Player of the Year: 2004 Marine Players Player of the Year: 2007 Personal life Farley was born in Liverpool and attended both primary and secondary schools in Croxteth, Merseyside. His secondary school De La Salle Humanities College, was also attended by Wayne Rooney and Francis Jeffers. References English men's footballers 1980 births Living people Everton F.C. players Droylsden F.C. players Witton Albion F.C. Leigh Genesis F.C. players Formby F.C. players Burscough F.C. players A.F.C. Liverpool players Premier League players Men's association football central defenders North West Counties Football League players Footballers from Liverpool","title":"Adam Farley"},{"docid":"26836833","text":"Moshood 'Bola' Abdul Aziz (born 22 July 1968 in Kaduna) is a retired Nigerian footballer. He currently works as the coach of the Atlantis FC. Career Moshood (Bola) played professionally for FC Ilves, Ponnistus, Huima, FC Kontu in Finland. Coaching career He began his coaching career in 1998-2004 for PK-35, a Youth Premier League team and as head coach of Ponnistus FC—a Pro-Second Division in Finland 2005-2008. He was also in charge of the Helsinki International Youth Cup annual summer tournament. On 30 March 2010, Bola was named the head coach of the Atlantis FC, a Pro-Second Division club in Finland. In the same capacity, he is also the director of coaching for the youth team -- Atlantis FC Akatemia. Coach Bola helped Atlantis to redeem its image after losing 12 games in 13 pre season games and draw one game in preparation for the 2010 Season. He helped Atlantis win their first ever game in the season in the first match at the start of the season against FC FUTURA. Bola, as he is popularly known, is known for his tough trainings, standardized technical training method and above all discipline. Atlantis quickly became a notable team in the city of Helsinki and the team to beat. Bola definitely will in no time be noticed in the world of football coaching and be compared to the rising stars of football coaches. Mohammedan Sporting Club is the largest fan based club in Kolkata and India in large, but has been underground in the past 50 years, and it fans based was diminishing daily and without trophy to show. But coach Bola came and transformed the club into a trophy winning team and a force to recond with in Indian football. A trophy which has eluded MSC for 73 years he came and won it (Durand Cup), Winning 14 straight matches; beaten a team 7 nil which is a landmark in MSC history. Beaten Prayag UTD in the state league and beaten Sporting Club De Goa away in national league a feet that has never been achieved before he came. He came to India and transformed MSC into a household name in India football, he brought a new dimension into India football and made msc a force to be recond with in Kolkata football, his highly technical input was the reason MSC broke into the ranks of east Bengal, Dempo and Churchill brothers with their eye catching and entertaining football which the league experienced recently, a gentle man and a dedicated coach who is committed to his job, a coach who have the credibility of transforming average players to great players, coach Bola is a disciplined coach with a good heart towards players working with him, above all he has the charisma of a winner naturally in him. As of 2016, Moshood has been the head coach of the Helsinki based team called FC Finnkurd. They will be playing in the Respect Finnish Cup on the Fall 2016. Achievements As player In","title":"Abdul Aziz Moshood"},{"docid":"25242883","text":"The Ireland national handball team is controlled by the Irish Olympic Handball Association (IOHA) and represents Ireland in international handball matches. History Liverpool Airport 4-Nations Championship 1984 In 1984 the team played a 4-Nations Championship in Liverpool. They lost the first game against England 1 to 12, the game against Scotland was lost by 5 to 20 and the final game against Wales they lost 14 to 16. They finished last place in the tournament. EHF Challenge Trophy 2009 The Irish Men's team finished in 3rd place of the group G2 in the EHF Challenge Cup trophy in Malta. The 3rd place finish is the best result an Irish team achieved in the 10 years of the competition. The schedule for the tournament resulted in Ireland playing the hosts Malta in the first match at the University Sports Hall. In front of a home Maltese crowd, the Irish were down at half time by 20:7. Ireland in the second ended up being beaten by a 36 to 20 score line. The game was marred by a challenge on Sligo's Brian Campion following a foul by a Maltese player, with the Maltese player receiving a straight red card. The second game of the tournament for the Irish saw them taking on the favorites and eventual winners Finland. The Finns won comfortably by 38 goals to 19. Brian Campion recovered from the previous day's incident to take his place in the team. Ireland's third game was against Scotland. The Scottish team, which had 4 players from the Great Britain Olympic Program, led 15:14 at halftime. The Irish ultimately won by 35:29. The Bronze medal was not the only award the Irish won at the Tournament. Middle Back player Oisin O' Brannagain was voted onto the tournament's all-star team. EHF Challenge Trophy 2011 The most recent Irish international games took place at the University of Limerick for the 2011 edition of the EHF Challenge Trophy. The first game with eventual champions, the Faroe Islands, ended in a 30–20 defeat with Kevin Murphy's 5 goals top scoring for the Irish and Alim Khaliq receiving man of the match in goal. The second match with Georgia was a similar story, the Irish losing 37–21. Chris O'Reilly top scored with 6 and Steffan Meyer's 4 goals helping him claim the man of the match for the Ireland. The final game was against England, and Ireland took a 15–11 lead in the first half. However, the game ended 29–24 to England. The scoring in this game came mainly from the back court, with O'Reilly once again top scoring with 11 goals and Meyer adding 5. Both players were named in the All-Star team for the tournament. The team competed in the 2014 European qualifiers for the first time in June 2012. All three matches, however, resulted in huge losses. IHF Emerging Nations Championship record 2015 – 13th place 2017 – 12th place 2019 – 11th place External links Official website IHF profile References Men's national handball teams","title":"Ireland men's national handball team"},{"docid":"9184764","text":"The 1992 FA Cup final was contested by Liverpool and Sunderland at Wembley. Liverpool won 2–0, with goals from Michael Thomas and Ian Rush. Summary This was the first FA Cup Final to feature a Second Division team since Queens Park Rangers reached the final in 1982, and the last until Millwall played at Cardiff in 2004. Liverpool had won the competition four times previously, and still had some players remaining from their FA Cup triumphs of 1986 and 1989, and had been England's leading club side for nearly twenty years leading up to 1990, winning a host of major trophies, including eleven league titles over a period of eighteen seasons. On the other hand, Sunderland's only silverware since World War II was winning the FA Cup in 1973, and the team had just finished 17th in the Second Division. Despite being underdogs, Sunderland had the better of the first half. The team was full of running and kept Liverpool's strike force of Ian Rush and Dean Saunders at bay. Sunderland's best chance fell to John Byrne who miskicked when presented with a volley six yards out. Liverpool's best chance saw Michael Thomas lift his shot over the bar when pressured by the Sunderland goalkeeper Tony Norman. Thomas redeemed himself after 47 minutes, when he scored the first goal of the game, following excellent work down the right wing by Steve McManaman, the youngest player on the pitch. Norman could only get fingertips to Thomas' superbly angled half-volley. Following this goal, the Reds had more confidence and started playing better football. After 67 minutes Saunders released Thomas, who sped into the penalty area. His progress was halted but the ball fell to Rush, who slotted the ball into the bottom left-hand corner of the net. It was Rush's fifth goal in FA Cup finals at Wembley – a record. Liverpool continued to dominate for the rest of the game and Ray Houghton came close to scoring when he almost lobbed Norman from forty yards. Liverpool captain Mark Wright lifted the FA Cup for Liverpool. During the presentation, the winning team was mistakenly given the loser's medals and Sunderland found themselves with winning medals. This was later rectified by the players themselves, on the pitch. It was Liverpool's fifth triumph in the competition, and their only major trophy under the management of Graeme Souness, who was appointed a year earlier; while Souness picked the starting line-up, his assistant Ronnie Moran took charge of the match as Souness was still recovering from heart surgery. Souness resigned within two years of the FA Cup success, and Liverpool did not win the FA Cup again until 2001. It was Sunderland's first FA Cup final since their triumph in 1973 and they have not reached the final since, although they reached the semi-finals in 2004. Notable absences from the Liverpool side were John Barnes and Ronnie Whelan, who were ruled out with injury. Whelan, who left Liverpool two years later, never won another major trophy","title":"1992 FA Cup final"},{"docid":"17360215","text":"The Aberdeen International Football Festival (AIFF) was an international association football festival in Aberdeen, Scotland. The festival was launched in 1981. Over the years, the festival has become something of an institution in the city's calendar, bringing together, as it does, young people from a host of other countries, far and near, and the citizens of Aberdeen who turn up, whatever the weather, at Seaton Park to witness and support this unique sporting occasion. Mindful of its motto, 'Football is Fun', the festival is as much concerned with promoting fun and friendship as it is about competing on the football field, although success in that area is also a worthy aim in the development of our adults of the future. The event ended in 2010 after a decline of attendances and financial difficulties. Aberdeen International Football Festivals Aberdeen International Football Festival 2010 The winners of the football competitions 2010: The winners of boys 16 was Celtic, and the winners of boys 14 was Motherwell. The winner of the girls' football competition was Aberdeen-East End. *Final results Boys 16’s (Jack Wood Trophy) - Celtic 3 (Herron, Chalmers, Davidson) Hibs 0 Boys 14’s (First Oil Cup) - Falkirk 1 (McLaughlin) Motherwell 3 (Higgins, McDonald, Anderson) Girls (Lord Provost’s Cup) - Aberdeen-East End 3 (N. Brown 2, Centre) Buchan Quines 1 (McCouaig) Aberdeen International Football Festival 2009 Final results: Boys 16 - Keith 1 Ross County 6 Boys 14 - Aberdeen 2 Dundee United 1 Girls - Aberdeen FC Girls United 3 East End 1 Aberdeen International Football Festival 2008 Final results in football: Boys 16 Clermond Ferrand 3 (Belfodil 2, Benmamar) Stornoway 0 Boys 14 - Dundee United 4 (Ferguson, Quail, Kelly(pen), Gilmour(pen)) Lewis United 0 Girls Aberdeen 7 (McDonald 3, Pietsch og, Brown, Ridgeway, Mutch) Regensburg 0 Other results 5-a-sides – Girls: Old Bens; Boys 16's – Shetland; Ten Pin Bowling – Girls – Teresa Kreusel (Regensburg); Boys 16's – Kieran Heads (Cove Rangers); Soccer Tennis – Girls: Aberdeen FC Girls Utd; Boys 14's: Faroe Islands A; Boys 16's: Cove Rangers A. It’s A Knockout – Girls – Old Bens; Boys 14 – Shetland; Boys 16 – Stornoway Utd. Penalty Kicks – Girls: Yvonne Wagenknacht-Hirth (Regensburg); Boys 14: Isak Simonsen (Faroe Islands); Boys 16 – Alexis Carmo (Claremond Ferrand). Top scorer – Aimee Ridgeway (Aberdeen FC Utd Girls). Fair Play – Deveronvale Player of the Tournament - Alexis Carmo (Claremond Ferrand) Corporate 6's - RBG Aberdeen International Football Festival 2007 Faroe Islands won the football competitions for boys 16 and for boys 14 at the Aberdeen International Football Festival 2007. Aberdeen won the competition for the girls. Final results in football: Boys 16s - Dundee Utd 1 (Elfverson), Faroe Islands 2 (Jacobsen, Vatnsdal) Boys 14s - Aberdeen 0, Faroe Islands 1 (Getsson, pen) Girls - Aberdeen 3 (Reid, Smith, Peddle), East End 1 (Robb) Other results Corporate 6s - Reel Group 1, Royal Mail (Mail Centre) 0 Five-a-sides - Boys 16s: Faroe Islands B, Boys 14s: Faroe Islands B, Girls: Aberdeen","title":"Aberdeen International Football Festival"},{"docid":"8317645","text":"The 1995 Football League Cup Final was a football match played between Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers on 2 April 1995 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 1994–95 Football League Cup, the 35th staging of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and The Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their seventh final, they had previously won four and lost twice. Bolton were appearing in their first final. Both teams entered the competition in the second round. The majority of Liverpool's matches were close affairs, with the exception of a 4–1 victory over Burnley in the second round. Otherwise, their biggest margin of victory was by two goals over Blackburn Rovers in the fourth round. Bolton's matches were equally close. Their biggest margin of victory was three goals in the second round against Ipswich Town, while they beat Norwich City by a single goal in the quarter-finals. Watched by a crowd of 75,595, Bolton controlled the early exchanges in the match, but it was Liverpool who took the lead in the 37th minute when Steve McManaman scored. McManaman scored again in the 68th minute to extend Liverpool's lead to two goals. However, a minute later, Alan Thompson scored for Bolton to reduce the deficit to one goal. Despite repeated attacks, Bolton did not score an equaliser and Liverpool won the match 2–1. Liverpool's victory was their fifth in the competition. McManaman was named as man of the match and awarded the Alan Hardaker Trophy. His performance was praised by both managers, as was the performance of both teams. Liverpool's win qualified Liverpool to play in European competition the following season, while Bolton would win promotion to the Premier League following a 4–3 victory in the First Division play-off final. Route to the final Liverpool Liverpool entered the competition in the second round, where they drawn against First Division team Burnley. The tie was played over two legs, with the first leg held at Liverpool's home ground Anfield. Goals from defender John Scales and striker Robbie Fowler secured a 2–0 victory for Liverpool. The second leg was held at Burnley's home ground Turf Moor, which Liverpool won 4–1 to progress to the third round courtesy of a 6–1 aggregate victory. First Division team Stoke City were the opposition in the third round, with the match held at Anfield. Striker Ian Rush put Liverpool ahead in the fourth minute, but Stoke striker Paul Peschisolido equalised in the 40th minute. A further goal from Rush in the second half secured a 2–1 victory for Liverpool. Liverpool's opposition in the fourth round were fellow Premier League team Blackburn Rovers, at whose ground, Ewood Park, the match was held at. Three goals from Rush gave Liverpool a 3–1 victory and progression to the quarter-finals. Fellow Premier League team Arsenal were the opposition in the quarter-finals. A goal from Rush in the 59th minute secured a 1–0 victory. Liverpool's opponents in the semi-finals, which","title":"1995 Football League Cup final"},{"docid":"6978594","text":"The Shetland football team represents the islands of Shetland, Scotland, in association football. It is not a member of FIFA or UEFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the World Cup or the European Championships. The team regularly competes in the Island Games, which it won in 2005, and has a strong rivalry with the representative team of Orkney. This representative team should not be confused with Shetland FC, which was formed as a separate entity to compete during the mainland's winter season cup competitions - despite being separate entities, the teams share management staff and squad of players. Venues Shetland normally play their home matches at Gilbertson Park (capacity unknown, highest attendance approximately 5,000, sometimes referred to as \"the Gibbie\") in Lerwick. Some matches, particularly friendlies, are occasionally played elsewhere, often at Seafield (Lerwick) or Harbison Park (Whalsay). They sometimes go on tour to play pre-season friendlies against Highland League clubs in July. Competitions Beginning in 1929, Shetland played biennial matches against the Faroe Islands. These were initially played for the Adam Shield (donated by a Glasgow shipbuilding firm) and later for the North Atlantic Cup. The logistics of this required a 14-hour trip by boat trip and a week-long stay for the visiting team. The last such friendly was played in 1990, the same year that the Faroes joined UEFA. Shetland are neither a national team nor do they participate in league competitions, so they do not have many regular games. However, more recently, they have entered some of the cup competitions organized by the North Caledonian Football Association. The latest most noticeable event to take place in Shetland was the 2005 Island Games: many of the group matches were played on pitches all around Shetland, and the final was at Gilbertson Park. 2005 Island Games Match: Final Shetland Islands 2 (0) V 0 (0) Guernsey Time: 16:00 Date: Friday 15 July 2005 Venue: Gilbertson Park Group 1 matches Current squad This is the squad that competed in the 2023 Milne Cup held in Shetland. Goalkeepers Andrew Goodlad (Celtic), Rory Henderson (Scalloway) Defenders Lorne McNiven (Whitedale), Liam Flaws (Ness Utd), Josh Carroll (Spurs), James Farmer (c) (Ness Utd), Jack Clubb (Celtic). Midfielders Neil Laurenson (Whalsay), Declan Adamson (Ness Utd), Calvin Leask (Thistle), Brandon McKay (Spurs), James Aitken (Celtic), Harry Thomson (Ness Utd), Ronan Grant (Spurs). Forwards Sam Maver (Spurs), Finn Regan (Celtic). Coaches Neil Fenwick (Manager), Richard Arthur (Coach), Bruce McCulloch (Coach), Craig Dinwoodie (GK Coach), Martin Leyland (Conditioning). Notable players Duncan Bray - inducted in University of Southern Indiana Athletic Hall of Fame Tournament records Island Games record North Atlantic Cup Note: 2 points for a win era. Milne Cup Including Kirkwall vs. Lerwick 61 Milne Cup wins Mitchell and Sutherland Shields Mitchell Shield 9 Mitchell shields wins Sutherland Shield 2 Sutherland Shield wins Selected International opponents Last update: 26 July 2009 Honours Island Games: Champions: 2005 North Caledonian F.A. Jock Mackay Cup: Winners: 2014–15 References External links Shetland matches on Roon ba Shetlopedia entry on","title":"Shetland football team"},{"docid":"10058569","text":"Mitchum David \"Mitch\" Ward (born 19 June 1971) is a retired English professional footballer who played in the Football League and Premier League for Sheffield United, Crewe Alexandra, Everton, Barnsley and York City. Career Born in Sheffield, Ward started his career at his local club Sheffield United after graduating through the youth ranks. He was promoted to the first team alongside his best friend in professional football, left-winger Dane Whitehouse, who also enjoyed a consistent run in the first eleven. Despite Ward's versatility he initially struggled to hold down a starting place each week. He went on loan with Dario Gradi's Crewe Alexandra where he played 7 times scoring once in the league and grabbing another in the Football League Cup. Ward returned to United full of confidence but was frustrated by former Blades manager Dave Bassett's rotation policy, following a match with Watford in the First Division Ward scored twice yet still found himself on the bench for the following game. It could be argued that Ward's inability to keep his place was not due to his form, more due to his versatility, something that would be as much a burden for Ward as it would a strength, indeed throughout 7 years Ward had played in every area except goal. But for much of his time, when he was in the side, Ward could be found roaming his favoured position, the right-wing before then Blades manager Howard Kendall (who had replaced Bassett in December 1995) converted the versatile pro into an all action full-back, it was in this position that Ward played arguably his best football. During this time Ward became known as a lethal penalty taker with a composure not often seen in a utility player. He spent 8 years in total with Sheff Utd before being sold to Howard Kendall's Everton for £750,000 on 25 November 1997. Kendall had returned to the Toffees after missing out on promotion with the Blades and raided his former club not only for Ward but for United's then record signing Don Hutchison and journeyman centre-back Carl Tiler. Ward's life in Liverpool was not so great, he got off to a bad start as he was on the losing side against Chelsea conceding a penalty in a 2–0 defeat only a day after signing. Following this nightmare start Ward toiled hard to make an impression in a lacklustre Everton side. But he only had a run of four games before picking up a hamstring injury. An unproductive come-back in February 1998 consisted of only another four matches before he finally succumbed to what was diagnosed as bad ankle ligament damage, however it would be another two months before the true problem was revealed, a fracture of the ankle. Ward would not appear for the Toffees again until October 1998, by this time Howard Kendall had been replaced with former Rangers manager Walter Smith. Smith decided to bring Ward back into the cauldron of the Merseyside derby at Goodison Park, Ward did not","title":"Mitch Ward"},{"docid":"12203236","text":"First Tower United F.C. is a football club based on the Channel Island of Jersey. They are affiliated to the Jersey Football Association and play in the Jersey Football Combination Premiership. The club plays in white and blue. They were the second most successful club in the island after Jersey Wanderers, having won the Jersey League 19 times. History The club was founded in 1920 and won their first championship in 1927. This entitled them to take on the winners of the Guernsey Priaulx League, Northerners A.C. in the Upton Park Trophy, though they lost 1–0. They won the championship again in 1929 and this time followed it up by winning the Upton Park Trophy, beating Northerners 2–1 after extra time. The club won back-to-back championships in 1937 and 1938, and won the trophy again in 1938. Another double was completed in 1959, and another championship, but no trophy, in 1966. The 1968–69 season marked the start of a golden age for the club. The championship was won again in 1969 (though the trophy final ended in defeat), with the same result in the 1969–70 season. Following a year without a trophy, the club won seven consecutive championships from 1972 until 1978, doing the double on five occasions. This period of success coincided with steel magnate, and later owner of Blackburn Rovers, Jack Walker becoming a patron of the club in 1975, following a conversation with his postman. Financial input from Walker meant the club were consistently the best in Jersey, but did not have their own ground. Seven years after becoming involved with the club, Walker bought La Hague Manor for £1.2 million, leasing it back to St George's Preparatory School on the condition that part of the site was developed into a new stadium for the club. Walker was later made an Honorary Life Vice President of the club. The club won back-to-back championships in 1983 and 1984 and again in 1994 and 1995, also winning the trophy on each occasion. However, the 1995 trophy win has been their last honour to date. Between 1978 and 1998 the club also played in the FA Vase, a competition for Non-League football clubs in England, though they never made it past the third round. The club suffered a first top flight relegation in its history, with mathematical relegation confirmed with a 4–0 defeat at the hands of Jersey Scottish on Tuesday 26 February 2008. That was the club's twelfth defeat in twelve league games, and meant that La Hague Manor hosted Division Two football for the first time in the 2008–09 season. After one season in Division 1, First Tower Utd FC was promoted to Jersey's Premier League in 2009. Current teams First Tower United has one 1st men's team Stadium The club's home is in the grounds of La Hague Manor, which is also the site of St George's Preparatory School, in the parish of St Peter. The pitch is lined on one side by a stand that can","title":"First Tower United F.C."},{"docid":"1201317","text":"Chris Lawler (born 20 October 1943) is a former footballer who enjoyed much of Liverpool's success of the mid 1960s to early 1970s. Life and playing career A right-sided defender, Lawler joined his local club when he turned 17 in October 1960, and made his debut at the age of 19 in a 2–2 league draw with West Bromwich Albion at Anfield on 20 March 1963. For two seasons his progression into first team regular was gradual, playing just six matches in each of the seasons, but by 1965 he was the first choice right back. He scored the first of his many goals (for a right-back) during that season in a 5–1 defeat of Burnley at Turf Moor on 5 December 1964. Lawler's timing and anticipation, enabling him to turn up in the right place at the right time to score vital goals, earned him the nickname 'The Silent Knight'. The 1964–65 season culminated in him being selected in the team which beat Leeds United in the FA Cup final at Wembley, winning the trophy for the first time in the club's history. Lawler missed just three games in the next seven seasons. During this period, he helped Liverpool win the League championship in 1966, ahead of Leeds by six points (in the old two points for a win system). This was followed by Liverpool being beaten 2–1 by Borussia Dortmund in the Cup Winners Cup at Hampden Park, Glasgow, in the Reds' first ever appearance in a major European final. Lawler was an automatic starter on the team that finished second to Leeds for the 1968–69 league championship. He survived manager Bill Shankly's massive cull of 1970 which saw many of the older 1960s stars replaced by younger talent; this was perhaps due to Lawler being only 26 years-old at the time and hence younger than many who did get culled. Other than Lawler, only Emlyn Hughes, Ian Callaghan and Tommy Smith were retained. Lawler again tasted defeat when he played in the 1971 FA Cup final loss to Arsenal. Liverpool won a League title and UEFA Cup double in 1973. Liverpool finished three points ahead of Arsenal in the league, while in the UEFA Cup final Liverpool defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–2 on aggregate (won the first leg 3–0 at Anfield, lost the second leg 2–0 in West Germany). It was during this period that Lawler won his four England caps. He scored on his debut, in the 5–0 defeat of Malta in a UEFA European Football Championship qualifier at Wembley on 12 May 1971. He was on the bench, after a spell out injured, as Liverpool reached the FA Cup final again in 1974. As the 12th man, he received a winner's medal when Liverpool beat Newcastle United 3–0, but he did not see any action. Bill Shankly's sudden departure from the club in the summer of 1974 marked the downturn of Lawler's Liverpool career, in addition to an injury suffered against Queens Park Rangers in 1973.","title":"Chris Lawler"},{"docid":"57104673","text":"Robert James (Bob) Stern (born February 2, 1951) is an American geoscientist based in Texas. Stern is Professor of Geosciences and Director of the Global and Magmatic Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Dallas University of Texas at Dallas. He has more than 40 years of geoscientific research experience, studying active convergent margin processes and products in the Mariana arc system Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc in the Western Pacific as well as ancient (900-550 million year old) crust exposed in the Arabian-Nubian Shield of Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel. Stern is expert on the Geology of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex and the geology of Iran, and has made important contributions to the geology of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. These studies involve research at sea and on land. Geodynamic contributions include ideas about how new subduction zones form and the evolution of plate tectonics. He and his students and co-authors have published more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers. Stern is also interested in generating educational animations and videos of geoscientific processes. He is head of UTD Geoscience Studios. He shares supervision of the UTD Geosciences Micro-imaging lab with Dr. Ignacio Pujana. He is also co-director of the Permian Basin Research Laboratory. Stern is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is Editor-in-Chief of International Geology Review. In 2015 he was inducted into the Oroville, California Union High School Hall of Fame 2019 he was awarded the International Prize of the Geological Society of Japan. In 2022 he was selected as the UTD Polykarp Kusch Lecturer. Education Stern went to UC Davis, majoring first in Political Science before dropping out for a year and returning to major in Geology, graduating with honors in 1974. Stern undertook graduate studies at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, undertaking the first of his many marine geoscientific research cruises, beginning with the EURYDICE cruise in 1975 aboard the R/V Thomas Washington, from Majuro back to San Diego. In 1976 he made the first of many field trips to study the volcanic rocks of the Mariana island arc. In 1977 Stern began his PhD studies in the Precambrian rocks of the Eastern Desert of Egypt under the supervision of Prof. A.E.J.Engel http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56001.html. Stern defended his PhD dissertation \"Late Precambrian Ensimatic Volcanism in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt\" in Sept. 1979. From Sept. 1979 to January 1982, Stern was a post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington https://carnegiescience.edu, carrying out isotopic studies of Egyptian and Mariana igneous rocks. Academic life In January 1982, Stern joined the faculty of Programs in Geosciences at the University of Texas at Dallas, rising from assistant professor to professor. Stern teaches a required undergraduate course in igneous and metamorphic petrology and a required graduate course in tectonics, along with various elective undergraduate and graduate courses. Stern's research concerns include the disciplines of tectonics, igneous geochemistry, isotope geochemistry,","title":"Robert J. Stern"},{"docid":"5895349","text":"Peter Theodore Craven (21 June 1934 – 24 September 1963) was an English motorcycle racer. He was a finalist in each FIM Speedway World Championship from 1954 to 1963 and he won the title twice (in 1955 and 1962). He was British Champion in 1962 and 1963. Personal life Craven was born in Liverpool and had four sisters and an older brother, Brian Craven, who also became a speedway rider. He also had a twin brother who died at an early age. He got his first racing experience when he started participating in cycle speedway. Career Peter Craven got his first taste of motorcycle speedway racing in 1949 at the Stanley Stadium, Prescot Road, Liverpool. He visited the stadium a day after his sixteenth birthday and drove a few laps on his brother's bike, before hitting the safety fence and sustaining a concussion. He was later given another chance to show his abilities to the Liverpool Chads, but after just one lap he hit the fence again. Despite this, he was included as a reserve in the team's away match against the Leicester Hunters. He made eight league appearances for the Liverpool Chads in Division II during 1951, scoring eight points. and he was with the Chads when they finished thirteenth in Division Two. He also rode for the Fleetwood Flyers. The next year, he made 10 league appearances equally divided between Manchester’s Belle Vue and the Liverpool Chads. Craven made his Belle Vue debut on 17 May 1952 when he scored two points in a race against the visiting Norwich Stars. That season, he made four more league appearances for Belle Vue, but he only managed to score one point in those races combined. In 1953, Peter became a regular Aces rider and scored 70 points in 12 matches, but the British Army required his services, and he missed several matches. He continued racing for Belle Vue during his national service. During 1954 he made 24 league appearances and top-scored for his club. He qualified for his first Wembley World final and scored one point more than the brilliant Swedish rider Ove Fundin. About this time as a young man he owned his Jowett Jupiter road car which still exists. In 1955, on his second try, Peter sensationally won the first of his two FIM World Championships at Wembley. In 1958, Peter captained the English team against Sweden in Sweden, finishing top scorer; he also top-scored in the five-test series against Australasia. In 1959 he took on Ove Fundin and won the Golden Helmet Match Race Championship, the Champions of Champions Cup at Poole; the Northern Cup at Belle Vue; the Internationale Derby at Ipswich; the Pride of the East at Norwich; the Tom Farndon Memorial Trophy at New Cross; the Champagne Derby again at Belle Vue, the CTS Trophy at Norwich and the Pride of the Midlands at Leicester. At the end of 1959, Craven travelled to Australia where he spent the 1959/60 Australian season riding at the","title":"Peter Craven"},{"docid":"7377925","text":"The 2001 Football League Cup Final was a football match played between Birmingham City and Liverpool on 25 February 2001 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2000–01 Football League Cup, the 41st season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the English Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their eighth final; they had previously won six and lost two, while Birmingham were there for the second time. During their last appearance, they had previously beaten local rivals Aston Villa in the 1963 final. As Birmingham were in the Football League and outside of the top-flight Premier League, they played two more rounds than Liverpool, who received a bye in the first and second rounds. Therefore, Birmingham progressed through six rounds to reach the final, whereas Liverpool progressed through four. The majority of Liverpool's matches were comfortable victories. They won all their ties by at least three goals except for their third round match with Chelsea, which they won 2–1. Birmingham matches ranged from comfortable victories to close affairs. They won their first round tie with Southend United 5–0, while their fourth round victory over Newcastle United was 2–1. Liverpool won the match 5–4 on penalties after 90 minutes of normal time and 30 minutes of extra time could not split the two sides. Liverpool opened the scoring with a 25-yard long-range shot from Robbie Fowler in the 30th minute and appeared to be heading for a win in normal time until Birmingham equalised in injury-time with a penalty from Darren Purse, after Martin O'Connor was brought down by Stéphane Henchoz. Birmingham thought they had a valid claim for a second penalty in extra time, only for referee David Elleray to turn it down, taking the game to a penalty shoot-out. It was the first such penalty shoot-out in a major English domestic cup final (excluding Charity Shield matches). The victory was Liverpool's first major trophy in six years since they won the same competition back in 1995. The club would also go on to win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup in a unique treble of trophies in 2001. Route to the final Birmingham City As Birmingham were in the First Division, they entered the competition in the first round. They were drawn against Southend United. Birmingham won the first leg at Southend's home ground Roots Hall 5–0, courtesy of goals from Nicky Eaden, Marcelo, Michael Johnson, Dele Adebola and Bryan Hughes. The second leg at Birmingham's home ground, St Andrew's finished 0–0, with Birmingham progressing to the second round with a 5–0 aggregate victory. Second Division team Wycombe Wanderers were the opposition in the second round. Birmingham established a three-goal lead by the 24th minute, courtesy of an own goal by Paul McCarthy, with goals from Johnson and striker Geoff Horsfield. However, by the 86th minute Wycombe had levelled the match with goals from Andy Rammell, Andy Baird and Jamie Bates. Parity","title":"2001 Football League Cup final"},{"docid":"2213837","text":"Nicholas Bernard James Adam McGarry Byrne Jr. (born 9 October 1978) is an Irish pop singer, songwriter and radio and television presenter. He is best known for being a member of the pop group Westlife; Westlife has since released twelve albums, embarked on thirteen world tours, and won some awards, becoming one of the most successful Irish boys groups of all time. Before his music career, he played professional soccer, representing the Republic of Ireland at several teen levels. Since then he has had a successful TV and radio presenting career. His wife Georgina is the daughter of former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, and they have fraternal twin sons and a daughter. In September 2012, it was announced that Byrne would be a contestant for the tenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. He was the ninth contestant to be eliminated. He was ranked number two on Ireland's Sexiest Man of 2014. After RTÉ internally chose him to represent Ireland, he released the song \"Sunlight\" and performed it in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 competition in Stockholm in May 2016, but failed to advance to the final. Career Football Byrne was a footballer and played for Home Farm and St. Kevins Boys in North Dublin. He became a professional player, and joined Leeds United as a goalkeeper in 1995, and was a squad member of the FA Youth Cup winning team of 1997. He played for Leeds for two years, leaving when his contract expired in June 1997. He played in a reserve game for Scarborough and in a trial game with Cambridge United, before returning to join Dublin club Shelbourne. He then signed for Cobh Ramblers playing 15 games in all competitions, then St. Francis F.C., all in Ireland's League of Ireland. On 14 May 2009, Byrne was a substitute for a Liverpool Legends XI that played against an All Star XI in a Hillsborough Memorial match to mark the 20th anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster. All the proceeds from the match went to the Marina Dalglish appeal. He represented the Republic of Ireland at U15, U16 and U18 levels. He is a fan of Celtic FC, and on 9 August 2011 played in a Celtic Legends XI at Celtic Park in front of a crowd of 54,000 against a Manchester Utd Legends team. Byrne participated in and won Soccer Aid 2014. He scored in the match, played at Old Trafford. He was the only non-professional player to score in the match. The Rest of the World team won the game 4–2. Music In June 1998, Byrne attended an audition for new Irish boyband, where Boyzone manager Louis Walsh approached him to join his new venture, Westlife. Byrne joined Westlife along with Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan and Brian McFadden. Byrne revealed in Westlife: Our Story that he had wanted to change the name of the band to West High; but the others preferred Westlife. With Westlife, Byrne has had 25 top ten UK singles, 14","title":"Nicky Byrne"},{"docid":"17756972","text":"Tenby United Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team from the town of Tenby in West Wales. It is nicknamed The Seasiders. Early history The first mention of a rugby team in Tenby came in an ad published on 7 January 1869 in \"The Tenby Observer\". The ad stated that the \"Tenby Football Club Will meet on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 2.45 p.m. precisely, in the FIELD next to the SERPENTINE ROAD.\" Rugby union was also played in Tenby around 1876 when several clubs were recorded as playing in the town. On 01/03/1887, it was announced that Tenby FC would be wound up. However, a Tenby FC team was playing the following season, and a match report in November 1887 stated that the Tenby FC team had \"been in existence for the last five years or so\". Another ad appears in the \"Tenby Observer\" in December 1887 by the hon. sec. of Tenby FC stating that other local rugby teams in Tenby had also been using the title \"TENBY FC\" despite being unauthorised by the TENBY FC. In 1898 one of these teams, the Tenby Swifts gained membership to the Welsh Football Union, which showed the commitment to the game in the area. In 1901 the Tenby Swifts formed with the Tenby Harlequins to create Tenby United RFC. Modern game The club is an affiliated member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets Region. The Seasiders recently gained a double trophy haul, gaining promotion from Division 3 West to Division One West after successfully winning a promotion play off game against Division 3 East side Wattstown at the business end of the 2013–2014 season. The play off was held at Dunvant RFC and Tenby Utd ran out comfortable winners and felt that they had earned their promotion the hard way by coming runner up in the league campaign and having to go the extra mile by way of the one chance play off. The United also won the county cup (Pembrokeshire & District Knock Out Cup). Tenby Utd RFC has won the Pembrokeshire Cup more than any other team. Tenby Utd RFC and runs a Mini and Junior section within the club and the club field teams each week all the way from the U7s right up to the 1stXV. Club Honours League: Pembrokeshire League Winners (1906 to 1989) – 20 times 2013/14 – SSE Swalec League 3 West (Runners-Up) 2013/14 – Promotion Play-Off Winners (Promotion to Division 1 West) 2010/11 – Division 4 Champions (Promotion to Division 3) Cup: Pembrokeshire County Cup Winners – 33 times References Rugby clubs established in 1901 Rugby union teams in Wales Sport in Pembrokeshire Tenby","title":"Tenby United RFC"},{"docid":"43510074","text":"The Ayrshire Amateur Football Association is a football (soccer) league competition, primarily for amateur clubs in the Ayrshire region of Scotland. The association was founded in 1935, making it one of the oldest in the country. The association is affiliated to the Scottish Amateur Football Association. Member Clubs As of season 2018–19, the Ayrshire AFA had 44 member clubs, listed hereafter in their respective leagues : Premier League Ardeer West Recreation Ardrossan CR Cumnock AFC Dirrans Ath Galston Utd Glenburn MW Hurlford AFC Hurlford Thistle Kilbride Thistle Shortlees AFC Stewarton Utd Tarbolton AFC First Division Catrine AFC Craigie AFC Crosshill Thistle Crosshouse Waverley Dailly AFC Glenmuir Thistle Irvine Meadow AFC Mauchline Utd Mossblown Boswell New Farm Loch AFC Troon Dundonald West Kilbride Division 2A Broomlands AFC Dalry AFC Darvel Victoria Dean Fenwick Thistle Drongan Utd Heathside AFC Kilmarnock AFC Kilmarnock Utd Symington Caledonian Winlinton Wolves AFC Division 2B Auchinleck Boswell Beith AFC Bellfield AFC Bellsdale AFC Irvine Meadow Largs Thistle AFC Minishant AFC Ochiltree Comm FC Onthank AFC Whitletts Victoria AFC League Structure The Ayrshire AFA is split into four single tiers - a Premier Division at the summit with three divisions below, each on a separate level. Each tier has two promotion/relegation positions between divisions. The league setup: External links Website of the Ayrshire AFA Football leagues in Scotland Amateur association football in Scotland 1935 establishments in Scotland Sports organizations established in 1935 Football in North Ayrshire Football in East Ayrshire Football in South Ayrshire","title":"Ayrshire Amateur Football Association"},{"docid":"1122589","text":"The Walker Cup is a golf trophy contested in odd-numbered years by leading male amateur golfers in two teams: United States, and Great Britain and Ireland featuring players from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The official name is the Walker Cup Match (not \"Matches\" as in Ryder Cup Matches). It is organised by The R&A and the United States Golf Association (USGA). In 1921 the Royal Liverpool Golf Club hosted an unofficial contest which was followed by official annual contests from 1922 through 1924. From 1925 they became biennial, held on even-number years. After World War II they switched to odd-numbered years. From 2026 it will be held in even-numbered years following the switch of the Eisenhower Trophy to odd-numbered years to avoid that event clashing with the Olympic Games. They are held alternately in the U.S., and Ireland or Britain. The cup is named after George Herbert Walker who was president of the USGA in 1920 when the match was initiated. Walker is the grandfather and namesake of George H. W. Bush and great-grandfather of George W. Bush, the 41st and 43rd Presidents of the United States, respectively. Unlike the Ryder Cup, which similarly began as a competition between the U.S. and the United Kingdom, the Walker Cup has never been expanded to include all European amateur golfers. As of 2023, the U.S. lead the Walker Cup series 39 to 9, with one match tied, but the two teams have been more evenly matched since 1989 when the Great Britain and Ireland team ended the U.S. team's eight-match winning run. The 1989 match and the three matches from 2003 to 2007 were all decided by a single point. Founding of the Cup Royal Liverpool (Hoylake) 1921 A team of American amateur golfers travelled in Britain in 1921, their objective being to win The Amateur Championship at Royal Liverpool (Hoylake). A match between American and British male amateur golfers was played on May 21, immediately before The Amateur Championship. This match was announced in The Times on May 10. The Times reports that the match was arranged by Gershom Stewart M.P., Chairman of Royal Liverpool Golf Club. The British team was: Tommy Armour, Colin Aylmer, Ernest Holderness, James Jenkins, Reymond de Montmorency, Gordon Simpson, Cyril Tolley and Roger Wethered. The American team was Chick Evans, William C. Fownes Jr. (Captain), Jesse Guilford, Paul M. Hunter, Bobby Jones, Francis Ouimet, J. Wood Platt, Fred Wright. The Americans won the match 9–3. Format The Walker Cup employs a combination of foursomes (alternate-shot) and singles competition and was originally the format used for the professional equivalent Ryder Cup. Up to 1961, 36 holes matches were played: four foursomes on the first day and eight singles matches on the second day. From 1963, 18 hole matches were played, with four foursomes and eight singles matches on each day. In 2009, the number of singles matches on the second day was increased to 10, so that all members of the team play on this final","title":"Walker Cup"},{"docid":"74374485","text":"Calum Alexander Scanlon (born 14 February 2005) is a professional footballer who plays for Liverpool as a left-back. He is an England youth international. Career Scanlon joined Liverpool from Birmingham City as a 15-year-old, in a reported £500,000 deal in December 2020. He signed his first professional contract with the club in March 2022 shortly after his 18th birthday. In July 2023, he was included in the Liverpool first-team pre-season training camp to Germany. He was then included in Liverpool's 27-man squad to tour Singapore on 27 July 2023. In September 2023, Scanlon scored for Liverpool U21 against EFL League Two side Morecambe in the EFL Trophy. Scanlon continued to train with the Liverpool first-team squad during the 2023–24 season following an injury to first-choice left-back Andrew Robertson, and was named among the match day substitutes for the Premier League match against local rivals Everton on 21 October 2023. He made his senior debut for Liverpool in a 5–1 UEFA Europa League victory over Toulouse at Anfield on 26 October 2023. Scanlon signed a new long-term professional contract with Liverpool in April 2024. Career statistics Club References External links 2005 births Living people Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands English men's footballers England men's youth international footballers Men's association football defenders Birmingham City F.C. players Liverpool F.C. players","title":"Calum Scanlon"},{"docid":"4438800","text":"Simon Peter Tracey (born 9 December 1967) is an English former professional footballer who made more than 300 appearances in the Football League playing as a goalkeeper for Wimbledon, Sheffield United, Manchester City, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest and Wimbledon. He is currently chief scout at Northampton Town. Playing career Tracey played most of his professional career at Sheffield United. He started out as a goalkeeper at Wimbledon in 1985. He made his debut in a 2–1 loss to Liverpool in the Charity Shield in 1988 after Dave Beasant, the hero of the FA Cup Final win that gave Wimbledon their place in the match, had been sold to Newcastle United. He kept his place for the first League game of the season but did not perform well in a 5–1 defeat and was dropped and replaced temporarily with Ron Green and then, permanently, Hans Segers. He was sold on to Sheffield United in 1988 for £7,500 and was part of the team that was promoted from the old Third Division in the 1988-89 season finishing in second place. He was an ever-present during the following season when United were again promoted, this time to the old First Division and also won the club's player of the season award for the same season. Tracey remained first-choice in the top flight and was again player of the season, this time for the 1991-92 season. Tracey then suffered regular injuries and his games were limited by the arrival of Alan Kelly in the summer of 1992 for the first season of the new FA Premier League. During this time he had loan spells at several clubs, including Manchester City, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest and his old team Wimbledon. Whilst on loan at Manchester City in November 1994, Tracey appeared in a 5–0 loss to rivals Manchester Utd, the worst losing margin for City in a Manchester Derby. A loan spell at Norwich City during the 1994-95 season was a nightmare for Tracey. He made three appearances - in the first he ran out of his area allowing Coventry to score an easy goal, in the second he was stretchered off with an injury and in the third he let in five goals in an FA Cup tie at Everton. In 2000 when he played at Norwich for Sheffield United he made a similar charge from his area that allowed Norwich striker Craig Bellamy to score. In 1995, he had a short spell on loan at Nottingham Forest but did not play for the first team, then played one game back at Wimbledon in a 4–1 defeat to Forest. Tracey again featured regularly for Sheffield United in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and in total went on to make 382 appearances for United until 2003. His playing days came to an end when he suffered an injury during pre-season to the 2002–2003 season and once recovered, summer signing Paddy Kenny had cemented his place in the first team. This led to Tracey retiring","title":"Simon Tracey"},{"docid":"14357194","text":"Carl Miller (born 25 October 1966, in Birmingham), is an English former professional basketball player who played in the British Basketball League (BBL), and later the EBL (English Basketball League). He is founder of Esteem Through Sport. Basketball career A journeyman for much of his career, Miller played for a number of BBL teams in the UK and had a very brief spell in Europe with the Estrelas Lisbon basketball team where he was released, before returning to the BBL to join the Newcastle Eagles. The full list of teams Miller played for include: Tees Valley Mohawks (2002–2003) ; London Leopards (2001–2002 ) ; Derby Storm (1999–2001 ); Newcastle Eagles (1996–99) ; Estrelas Lisbon (Portugal – ) (1996) ; Thames Valley (1995–96); Leopards (1994–95) ; Kingston/Guildford Kings (1991–94) ; Manchester Giants (1990–91) ; Warrington/Manchester Utd (1984–86) Basketball achievements League (Team): Winner 1991–92, 1985–86 ; Runner-up – 1984–85 Championship (Team): Winner – 1991–92, 1984–85 ; Runner-up – 1993–94 Cup (Team): Winner – 1992–93, 1991–92 ; Runner-up – 1993–94 Trophy (Team): Winner – 1991–92 ; Runner-up – 1992–93, 1990–91 International: Great Britain (7 Caps) References 1966 births Living people English men's basketball players Newcastle Eagles players Power forwards","title":"Carl Miller (basketball)"},{"docid":"37109471","text":"Kingston Nkhatha (born 27 October 1985) is a Zimbabwean footballer who plays as a striker for Mbombela United in the South African National First Division and the Zimbabwe national team. Career Club Early career Nkhatha started his career in Zimbabwe with Buymore F.C. and CAPS United, before departing to South Africa to sign for Free State Stars. Less than a year after signing for Free State Stars, Nkhatha was loaned out to Carara Kicks. He returned to FS Stars in 2009 and remained with the club until he left in 2011 to join Black Leopards, eight goals in twenty-two appearances followed before he was signed by Kaizer Chiefs. Kaizer Chiefs He joined Kaizer Chiefs in July 2012 under new coach Stuart Baxter. He made his league debut on 11 August 2012 in a 6–0 win over AmaZulu. He scored the second goal on debut in the 42nd minute. He went on to score eight goals in 24 matches for the 2012–13 season. Nkhatha urged fans to stop booing him or other players when fans started to boo him towards the end of the 2012–13 and the beginning of the 2013–14 season. He said \"As a professional, you cannot take these things to heart otherwise they will destroy you. But I still ask our fans to stop doing it. It is not good for the team\". He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 as an equaliser in the Soweto derby to silence critics. He also started off the 2014 CAF Champions League campaign with a brace in a 3–0 win over Black Africa on 8 February 2014. The first, a long range shot and the second, a header over advancing goalkeeper, Arnold Subeb after a pinpoint drop kick from Itumeleng Khune in the 87th minute. Nkhatha scored 7 goals in the 2013–14 season again. During 2014–15 pre-season friendlies, he scored against Chippa United in a 4–2 win in Port Elizabeth he competed in the 2014 Carling Black Label Cup but got injured and bruised his thigh in the 23rd minute after clashing with Senzo Meyiwa. In the fourth quarter final of the 2014 MTN 8, Nkhatha scored Chiefs' second goal only in the 5th minute after taking the lead from Reneilwe Letsholonyane's 2nd-minute goal, with a 22-yard volley that first hit the underside of the cross bar. Chiefs won 4–0. In total, Nkhatha made 69 league appearances before departing in 2015. SuperSport United On 16 January 2015, Nkhatha joined Premier Soccer League outfit SuperSport United on a three-and-a-half-year contract. He made his debut on 11 February against his former club Free State Stars and scored his first SuperSport Utd goal in the process. He won his first trophy with SuperSport Utd in May 2016 when the club won the 2015–16 Nedbank Cup. International Nkhatha has won 10 caps and scored 3 goals for the Zimbabwe national team. His international goals have come against Madagascar and Malawi. Career statistics Club . International . International goals . Scores and results list Zimbabwe's","title":"Kingston Nkhatha"},{"docid":"22306944","text":"Ray Ashby (birth unknown) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Liverpool City, Wigan, and Blackpool Borough, as a , or . Playing career Club career Ashby started his professional career at Liverpool City. In March 1964, he was signed by Wigan for a fee of £3,500. Ashby played in Wigan's 20–16 victory over Hunslet in the 1965 Challenge Cup Final during the 1964–65 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 8 May 1965, in front of a crowd of 89,016. He jointly won the Lance Todd Trophy with Hunslet's Brian Gabbitas for man of the match, and was the first time two players polled the same number of votes. He returned to Wembley with Wigan the following year in the 1966 Challenge Cup final, but this time lost 2–21 to St Helens. During the 1966–67 season, Ashby played in Wigan's 16–13 victory over Oldham in the 1966 Lancashire Cup Final at Station Road, Swinton, on Saturday 29 October 1966. International honours Ashby was selected to play for Great Britain against France while he was at Liverpool City in 1964, and was one of only four players in the club's history to be capped for Great Britain. He won a second cap against France while at Wigan in 1965. References External links Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com 1965 The Day David Almost Slew Goliath – Wigan v Hunslet (archived by web.archive.org) Kiwis open British tours… Living people English rugby league players Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside Blackpool Borough players Great Britain national rugby league team players Lancashire rugby league team players Lance Todd Trophy winners Liverpool City (rugby league) players Rugby league centres Rugby league fullbacks Wigan Warriors players Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Ray Ashby"},{"docid":"1148650","text":"David Peace (born 1967) is an English writer. Best known for his UK-set novels Red Riding Quartet (1999–2002), GB84 (2004), The Damned Utd (2006), and Red or Dead (2013), Peace was named one of the Best of Young British Novelists by Granta in their 2003 list. His books often deal with themes of mental breakdown or derangement in the face of extreme circumstances. In an interview with David Mitchell, he stated: \"I was drawn to writing about individuals and societies in moments that are often extreme, and often at times of defeat, be they personal or broader, or both. I believe that in such moments, during such times, in how we react and how we live, we learn who we truly are, for better or worse.\" Biography David Peace was born in Dewsbury and grew up in Ossett, West Yorkshire. He was educated at Batley Grammar School, Wakefield College and Manchester Polytechnic, which he left in 1991 to go to Istanbul to teach English. He cites his father's book collection, and reading the NME between 1979 and 1985, as formative influences. He moved to Tokyo in 1994 and returned to the UK in 2009. He went back to Tokyo in 2011 because he found it hard to write in Britain. He has lectured in the Department of Contemporary Literary Studies at the University of Tokyo since his return to Tokyo in 2011. Red-Riding Quartet The Red-Riding Quartet comprises the novels Nineteen Seventy-Four (1999), Nineteen Seventy-Seven (2000), Nineteen Eighty (2001) and Nineteen Eighty-Three (2002). The books deal with police corruption, and are set against a backdrop of the Yorkshire Ripper murders between 1975 and 1980. They feature several recurring characters. Red Riding, a three-part TV adaptation of the series, aired on Channel 4 in the UK in 2009. The cast includes Sean Bean, Andrew Garfield, David Morrissey and Rebecca Hall. GB84 Peace followed the quartet with GB84 (2004). This is a fictional portrayal of the year of the UK miners' strike (1984–1985). It describes the insidious workings of the British government and MI5, the coalfield battles, the struggle for influence in government and the dwindling powers of the National Union of Mineworkers. The book was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature in 2005. The Damned Utd, Red or Dead He followed GB84 with another fact-based fictional piece, The Damned Utd (2006), which is based on Brian Clough's fateful 44-day spell in 1974 as manager of Leeds United Football Club. Entering the mind of the man who many regard as a football genius, Peace tells the story of a man characterised by a fear of failure and a hunger for success. Peace has described it as an \"occult history of Leeds United\". Former footballer and manager Johnny Giles threatened to sue Peace for The Damned Utd as to what he perceived were gross untruths in the book. As part of an out of court settlement, the publisher of The Damned Utd, Faber and Faber, agreed to remove from any","title":"David Peace"},{"docid":"9650877","text":"Liverpool Football Club is a professional association football club in Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions. Since 1964, they have won fourteen European and Worldwide trophies, more than any other British club. These consist of the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) six times, the UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup) three times, the UEFA Super Cup four times and the FIFA Club World Cup once. Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season. Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup final, the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster, following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons. Since being readmitted in 1991, they have qualified for the UEFA Champions League (the successor to the European Cup) fifteen times, the UEFA Europa League (the successor to the UEFA Cup) twelve times, and the (now-defunct) UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice. As a result of their victory in the 2005 Champions League final, Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs' Cup trophy outright and were awarded a multiple winner badge. Only two teams have won more Champions League titles than Liverpool: Real Madrid and AC Milan with fourteen and seven, respectively. Liverpool's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla, who have won the competition seven times. They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on four occasions; only Barcelona, Milan and Real Madrid (five each) have won the competition more. Liverpool won the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time in 2019. Bob Paisley is the club's most successful manager in Europe, with five trophies. Liverpool's biggest-margin win in Europe is an 11–0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974–75 European Cup Winners' Cup. In European competitions, Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances, with 150, and Mohamed Salah is the club's record goalscorer, with 47 goals. Background Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years. The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned. The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition. When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in","title":"Liverpool F.C. in international football"},{"docid":"6164656","text":"Alan Graham Cork (born 4 March 1959) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a striker for several clubs, most notably Wimbledon (where he spent 14 years, played in all four divisions of the Football League and gained an FA Cup-winner's medal in 1988) and has held a number of managerial and coaching posts since his retirement from playing. He holds the record for first-team appearances and first-team goals at Wimbledon and is also the only player to have scored in all four divisions of the pre-1992 Football League and also the Premier League. Playing career Early career Cork started his career at Derby County. However, despite a loan spell at Lincoln City, Cork failed to break into the Derby first team and subsequently joined Wimbledon, who had been recently elected to the Football League and were playing in Division Four at the time, on a free transfer in 1978. Wimbledon Cork's very substantial contribution to the team over more than 14 years helped Wimbledon climb the football league pyramid and eventually gained them entry into the First Division, playing in every division of the Football League in the process. Initially, the club's first choice starting striker, Cork also played sixty minutes of Wimbledon's famous FA Cup triumph over Liverpool on 14 May 1988. Four days later, his testimonial match was held at Plough Lane against an All Stars XI from various club sides, to mark 10 years of Cork's service to Wimbledon. He is fondly remembered by fans of the club from their Plough Lane days, who used to salute him on the pitch with a chant of 'Alan Cork, Alan Cork, Alan Alan Cork. He's got no hair but we don't care, Alan Alan Cork', in reference to Cork's increasing baldness. Typically, on hearing the chant, Cork would turn to the crowd and tap his head. During the rise of the club's notorious \"Crazy Gang\" image, he was always portrayed as the \"sensible one\" in the team. During his time at Wimbledon, he set the club record for both the most first team appearances and also the most first-team goals scored. He eventually left Wimbledon in early 1992 to join Sheffield United on a free transfer. In 14 years at Wimbledon, he scored 145 league goals in 440 appearances. Sheffield Utd. and retirement He spent two-and-a-half seasons with Sheffield United, including two full seasons in the newly rebranded FA Premier League. He famously grew a thick beard, and refused to shave until Sheffield United's FA Cup run of 1992–93 had ended. The cup run lasted four months, as the Blades made it all the way to the semi-finals, going out to local rivals Sheffield Wednesday at Wembley. He scored the equalising goal in a 2–1 defeat. Halfway through the 1994–95 season, he moved to Fulham before retiring after the season aged 36. During his whole career no (significant) transfer fee was paid for him. Managerial and coaching career Fulham Following his retirement he was appointed to","title":"Alan Cork"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"16179069\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Smyth (25 February 1925 – 19 October 2016) was a Northern Irish footballer who played in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Stoke City and Liverpool. Career Smyth was born in Belfast in 1925 and played for local clubs Distillery, Linfield and Dundela in the Irish League before being signed by English Football League side Wolverhampton Wanderers in July 1947 for a fee of £1,100. Despite taking Wolves to third place in the 1946–47 season manager Ted Vizard was replaced by his assistant Stan Cullis in June 1948. The following year Cullis led Wolves to the FA Cup final against Leicester City, Jesse Pye scoring two goals in the first half and Smyth netting another in the 68th minute. Smyth had scored both Wolves goals in the two semi-final games against Manchester Utd. The following season Wolves finished in 2nd place in the First Division. He had scored 43 goals in 116 cup and league appearances for Wolves. In September 1951 Stoke City paid a club record fee of £25,000 to Wolves for Smyth in a bid to help them avoid relegation after an awful start to the 1951–52 season. Smyth had the desired impact at the Victoria Ground as he scored 12 vital goals as Stoke escaped the drop by three points. He scored five goals in 14 matches in 1952–53 before being sold to Liverpool in January 1953 for a fee of £12,000. Smyth made his debut for his new club against the side he just departed, Stoke just days later. He spent two seasons at Anfield scoring 20 goals in 44 appearances. After football Smyth returned to Belfast where he played for Bangor and also worked as a bookmaker. He later opened his own sports distribution business which sold sports equipment throughout Ireland. He and his wife Enid regularly traveled to the Caribbean to visit their daughter and after his wife's passing in 2002 he later moved to live with his daughter. He died on 19 October 2016 at the age of 91 and was the last surviving player from the 1949 FA Cup winning team and the Stoke City team. Career statistics Club Source: International Source: References External links LFC profile Northern Ireland profile 1925 births 2016 deaths Association footballers from Belfast Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland Northern Ireland men's international footballers Lisburn Distillery F.C. players Linfield F.C. players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Stoke City F.C. players Liverpool F.C. players Bangor F.C. players Men's association football forwards Pre-1950 IFA men's international footballers English Football League players\",\n \"title\": \"Sammy Smyth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41919612\",\n \"text\": \"Pascal Ovidy Manhanga (born 23 March 1991) is a Zimbabwean professional footballer, who plays as a midfielder for How Mine and the Zimbabwe national team. He is known for creating and scoring goals. Career Club Manhanga started his career in the lower leagues of Zimbabwe, firstly with Mutare United and then with Tsholotsho Pirates, he remained with both sides for a year each before moving to Triangle United. He spent three years with Triangle Utd before he was signed by the 2013 Mbada Diamonds Cup winners Highlanders in June 2014. His stay with the Highlanders was short as he left to rejoin Triangle Utd at the start of 2015. However, a year later he was on the move again as he departed Triangle Utd for the second time to sign for How Mine. International In January 2014, coach Ian Gorowa, invited him to be a part of the Zimbabwe squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team to a fourth-place finish after being defeated by Nigeria by a goal to nil. He made two appearances in the aforementioned competition, overall he has played four times for Zimbabwe and scored one goal. Career statistics International . International goals . Scores and results list Zimbabwe's goal tally first. Personal life Political views Manhanga has criticized the widespread practice of polygamy in Zimbabwe, calling it worse for the people of his country than marijuana, pornography, or console video games. References Living people 1991 births Zimbabwean men's footballers Zimbabwe men's A' international footballers 2014 African Nations Championship players How Mine F.C. players Highlanders F.C. players Men's association football midfielders Zimbabwe men's international footballers\",\n \"title\": \"Pascal Manhanga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18220643\",\n \"text\": \"The English Men's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship for the Brabazon Trophy is the national amateur stroke play golf championship in England (although entry is open to overseas golfers). It has been played annually since 1947 and is organised by the England Golf. The format is 72 hole stroke play contested over four days. After 36 holes the leading 60 competitors and ties play a further 36 holes over the final two days. History In March 1938, John Moore-Brabazon was elected president of the English Golf Union. Early in 1939 a new EGU competition was announced, with a trophy presented by Moore-Brabazon. The event was to be a 72-hole strokeplay tournament to be played at Royal Liverpool from 4 to 6 October. Because of the start of World War II the event was cancelled. The idea was revived after the war and was first played in 1947 at Royal Birkdale Golf Club, called the English Golf Union president's trophy. It was won by Duncan Sutherland following an 18-hole playoff. Before the 1948 event, the official name of the tournament was changed to the Brabazon Trophy, named after Moore-Brabazon, who had become Lord Brabazon in 1942. It was played at Royal Lytham and was won by Charlie Stowe, 7 strokes ahead of Gerald Micklem. The first few events were, like the English Amateur, restricted to English golfers, but from 1951 it became an open event, amateur golfers from any part of the world being able to play. Initially an 18-hole playoff was used if two or more players were tied after the 72 holes. However, after the 1963 event, playoffs were abandoned and the trophy was shared. The last tie was in 2007. Ties are now decided by a sudden-death playoff. The first player to successfully defend the trophy was Ronnie White in 1950 and 1951, a feat which has been matched a further five times, Philip Scrutton (1954–55), Michael Bonallack (outright in 1968 and tied in 1969), Rodney Foster (tied 1969 and outright 1970), Gary Evans (tied 1990–91) and Neil Raymond (2011–12). The tournament has received an increasingly international field over time, the first winner from outside of the British Isles was Neville Sundelson of South Africa in 1974. The tournament has subsequently been won (or tied) by international competitors on eight occasions. The record for the most wins by a single individual is four (including one tie) held by Sir Michael Bonallack and won between 1964 and 1971. The tournament has twice been won by players who would go on to win a men's major championship, Sandy Lyle who won in 1977 would go on to win The Open Championship and the Masters Tournament and Charl Schwartzel who won in 2002 would go on to win the Masters. The championship has never been played on the same course in consecutive years, however many of the host courses have hosted the tournament on multiple occasions with Royal Birkdale Golf Club, Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Moortown Golf Club and Hunstanton Golf\",\n \"title\": \"Brabazon Trophy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5418287\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew McQueen (18 May 1863 – 28 September 1944) was a Scottish football player, who later became a director and manager of Liverpool. Life and playing career Born in Harthill, Lanarkshire, Scotland, McQueen played for Leith Athletic (twice) and Hearts before being signed by Liverpool managers John McKenna and William Barclay in October 1892. He made his debut on 29 October 1892 at Anfield in the 9–0 thrashing of Newtown in a FA Cup 2nd round tie. He scored his first goal on 3 December the same year. It was the opening goal of yet another thrashing, this time the 7–0 demolition of Fleetwood Rangers in the Lanchashire League. Matt and his brother Hugh McQueen had been two of the many Scotsmen recruited by the Reds shortly after Liverpool were founded in 1892 following Everton's decision to move from Anfield to Goodison Park. Both played in Liverpool's first-ever Football League match, a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough Ironopolis at the Paradise Field on 2 September 1893. In fact Liverpool's first season in the Football League was an eventful one for McQueen as he found himself playing in numerous positions including five games in the Reds goal, a position he became familiar with playing a total of 37 times in Liverpool's first three seasons in the league. This made McQueen a unique record holder; he is the only man in English football history (probably the world) to have won championship winner's medals, albeit second division, as both an outfield player and a goalkeeper. McQueen was part of the two Liverpool Second Division winning teams in 1893–94 and 1895–96. The all-rounder eventually played 150 matches for Liverpool in all ten outfield positions during his career, include 12 more appearances made in goal, making it a grand total of 49 times in that position. McQueen made two appearances for Scotland; both came whilst he was with Leith. His debut was on 22 March 1890 in a British Championship match at Underwood Park, Paisley, a game that saw the Scots achieve victory over Wales (5–0). On his retirement as a player, McQueen took the qualifications necessary to become a Football League referee and officiated as a linesman for a brief period in 1904. In 1918, he was appointed to become a director on Liverpool's Board. Liverpool management career McQueen stepped into the managerial hot seat as a temporary measure in early 1923 when David Ashworth resigned to take over the Oldham hotseat. This was surprising as Ashworth had guided the Reds to the league title the previous season and they were well on the way to recording back to back championships when he left. Not only did he see the club safely through to a successful defence of their First Division championship trophy, he stayed in the manager's chair for five years even though he was nearly 60 years old at the time he was asked to take over. When McQueen took over the reins at Anfield he became the first former player to manage\",\n \"title\": \"Matt McQueen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25110068\",\n \"text\": \"Sebastián Coates Nion (; born 7 October 1990) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Portuguese club Sporting CP, which he captains, and the Uruguay national team. Having begun his career at Nacional, where he was a regular from his debut in 2009, Coates joined Liverpool in 2011. He spent time out on loan, back at Nacional, and at Sunderland, and then joined the latter permanently in 2015. In January 2016, he moved to Sporting, initially on loan before signing permanently in February 2017. Following his move, Coates became an important member of the Sporting squad, captaining the side, and leading the club to a number of trophies, including the club's first league title in 19 years during the 2020–21 season. Coates made his international debut at the 2011 Copa América, and was voted Young Player of the Tournament after Uruguay won the final. He also represented the country at the 2012 Olympics, the FIFA World Cup in 2014, 2018 and 2022, and the Copa América in 2015 and 2019. Early life Coates was born in Montevideo. On his paternal side, he is of Scottish ancestry, although his family does not speak English. Club career Nacional Coates joined Nacional at 11, and worked his way up through the age groups, appearing as captain at every level. In 2009, aged 18, he signed a contract and began playing for the first team. His first appearance came against Bella Vista, a performance for which he was named man of the match by Uruguay's El País. He subsequently started every game for Nacional, notwithstanding suspension and national duty. Liverpool In August 2011, Coates was the subject of substantial interest from Premier League club Liverpool. He was given permission to have a medical at Melwood ahead of his proposed move on 26 August, and the following day watched Liverpool's match against Bolton Wanderers. On 30 August, after receiving a work permit, Liverpool announced that they had signed Coates on \\\"a long-term contract\\\" for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £7 million. On 18 September, Coates made his debut for Liverpool against Tottenham Hotspur, replacing the injured Daniel Agger in the 27th minute, in a 4–0 defeat. Coates went on to make his first start for the club on 21 September against Brighton & Hove Albion in the League Cup. Liverpool won the match 2–1 and Coates started the next match in this competition against Stoke City which Liverpool also won 2–1. Liverpool progressed through all stages to win the tournament resulting in Coates winning his first medal as a Liverpool player. On 21 March 2012, he scored his first goal for Liverpool against Queens Park Rangers, with a scissor kick from the edge of the box in the 3–2 loss at Loftus Road. Coates suffered a knee injury playing for Uruguay in a friendly match against Japan in August 2013. The injury sidelined the player for much of the 2013–14 season. The second half of the season saw Coates\",\n \"title\": \"Sebastián Coates\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6265705\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Patrick McQue (also spelled McCue, 11 March 1873 – 11 June 1914) was a Scottish footballer who played for Liverpool in the late 19th century. Life and playing career Raised in the Lennoxtown area, McQue began his career with local clubs, winning the Stirlingshire Cup in 1892 with Campsie. After a short period in the reserves at Celtic, he was signed for newly-formed Liverpool by manager John McKenna and his partner William Barclay in the summer of 1892. McQue was a defender with an attacking mindset. He played in Liverpool's first ever competitive game, an 8–0 victory against Higher Walton, on 3 September 1892 in the Lancashire League, which Liverpool went on to win convincingly. McQue also played in the club's first Football League fixture, scoring the second in a 2–0 away win at Middlesbrough Ironopolis. The following season, he was a key defender in the Liverpool team that were undefeated in their 28 league matches and won the Football League Second Division; he was then in the side that won the promotion test match against Newton Heath, later to become Man Utd. McQue experienced relegation from the top flight during the 1894–95 season, but was part of the side that bounced back, again as Second Division champions at the end of the 1895–96 term, scoring 5 times in 26 games. He was awarded a benefit match in April 1896. McQue went on to appear 146 times for Liverpool, scoring 14 goals from the back line, before leaving in 1898 (his replacement Alex Raisbeck, another Scot, would become one of the stars of the era). He returned to central Scotland, playing for Falkirk (who were not Scottish Football League members at the time). He lived in Denny but died in a Glasgow hospital in 1914. Honours Football League Second Division: 1893–94, 1895–96 Lancashire League: 1892–93 References External links LFCHistory.net profile 1873 births 1914 deaths Celtic F.C. players Scottish people of Irish descent Liverpool F.C. players Scottish men's footballers Falkirk F.C. players Footballers from Glasgow Men's association football central defenders English Football League players\",\n \"title\": \"Joe McQue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14840289\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Midgley (9 September 1942 – 8 July 2001) was an English football referee from Salford. Career Midgley joined the Eccles Referees' Association in 1961 after taking up refereeing, being awarded a life membership in 1978. He became a Football League linesman in 1974 and two years later a supplementary referee, graduating to the full list one year later in 1977. In April 1982 he took charge of an FA Cup semi-final between Tottenham Hotspur and Leicester City and that summer was elevated to the FIFA list of international referees. In 1985, he was appointed to the Milk Cup Final between Norwich City and Sunderland with the Norfolk team winning via a Gordon Chisholm own goal. At the start of the 1986–87 season, he was awarded control of the 1986 FA Charity Shield match between Everton and Liverpool at Wembley, which finished 1–1, the trophy being shared. On 16 May 1987, he stepped out once more at Wembley to take charge of the FA Cup Final between Coventry City and Tottenham Hotspur, which finished 3–2 to the 'Sky Blues'. Midgley reached the standard retirement age in 1991 but was granted a one-year extension due to his strong performances. It was on 17 February in this year that he controversially did not award Everton a penalty at Anfield against Liverpool in the FA Cup when Pat Nevin was brought down in the Liverpool penalty area. The Co-commentator for BBC coverage on that day was Trevor Brooking who remarked that \\\"you will never see a more clear cut penalty in my opinion\\\". Midgley was in charge of a 1992 FA Cup semi-final between Sunderland and Norwich before retiring at the end of the season. He then became a referees' assessor for the newly formulated Premier League competition, and for UEFA. However, in 1999, he was replaced as a Premiership assessor by Martin Bodenham, although still retained in that capacity by the European governing body. He had also been a past president of the Football League Referees and Linesmen's Association, and was an active member of the Eccles Referees' Association. He became the ERA chairman early in his career, and served as their president from 1983 to 1989 and from 1992 until his death. Death Neil Midgley died at the Little Hulton Hospice in Salford, a few months after being diagnosed with cancer. He was 58. In his honour, The Eccles Referees' Association changed the name of its award for the senior level Referee of the Year from the President's Cup to the Neil Midgley Memorial Trophy. Barbara Midgley presents the trophy to the winner each year. Print references Football League Handbooks, 1974–1992 – confirmation of dates of joining lists of referees and linesmen Internet External links 'Too many refs show cards like a gunslinger' – Will Buckley's interview with Midgley at the Guardian/Observer website 1942 births English football referees FA Cup final referees 2001 deaths People from Kearsley Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton Sportspeople from Salford\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Midgley (referee)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37121073\",\n \"text\": \"Philip James Roberts (born 7 April 1994) is an Irish footballer who last played for Margate. He began his career at Arsenal, although he never made an appearance for the club. He spent time on loan at Inverness Caledonian Thistle, then signed for Falkirk. He signed for Dundee in the summer of 2014 and spent the second half of the 2014–15 season on loan at Alloa Athletic. Early life Born in the London Borough of Newham, Roberts attended Ilford County High School in Barkingside, Ilford from the years of 11–16. He has a sister called Lauren – attending Woodford County, and a younger brother called Chris. His cousin, Sean Roberts is a semi-professional footballer who has played for North Greenford Utd, Thamesmead Town, VCD Athletic A.F.C. Hornchurch, and is who plays for Cray Wanderers, Philip played at youth levels for Charlton before being released, having been on trial at Liverpool he eventually ended up playing for Norwich featuring for their U18 team at the age of 16. Club career Arsenal Roberts joined Arsenal on 3 June 2010, from Norwich City on scholarship terms. Robert's first season at the club went well as he scored four goals in 15 appearances at the under-18s level for Arsenal. He then followed that up during the 2011–12 season scoring nine goals in only 23 matches for the under-18s and becoming the top scorer among the Arsenal under-18s and he made four appearances for the reserves, scoring 1 goal in the process against Wolverhampton Wanderers. At the start of the 2012–13 season he joined Inverness on loan. Phillips was released by Arsenal at the end of the 2012–13 season. Inverness CT (loan) On 30 August 2012, Roberts signed a loan deal with Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle until January 2013. On 22 September, he made his professional debut for Inverness in the Scottish Premier League against Hibernian coming on as a 71st-minute substitute for Conor Pepper as Inverness drew 2–2. Seven days later, he scored his first professional goal and provided assist for Richie Foran in a 4–0 win over Dundee United. After the match, Roberts says he couldn't ask for more after his performance. On 24 November 2012, Roberts set up a goal for Billy McKay -who scored the only goal in the game – as Inverness beat Celtic 1–0. On 7 December 2012, Roberts loan spell was extended until the end of the season. In the semi-final of Scottish League Cup against Hearts, which was 1–1 draw and led to penalties shoot-out, Roberts missed the vital penalty when he shot and blazed over the bar in front of Inverness fans, allowing Hearts to go to the final. Opposition goalkeeper Jamie MacDonald claims he spooked Roberts, causing him miss the penalty. Falkirk Following his release from Arsenal, Roberts went on trial with League Two side, Wycombe Wanderers, scoring two goals in a pre-season friendly at Farnborough before the match was abandoned after the pitch was dangerous to play. On 26 July 2013,\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29872067\",\n \"text\": \"Amanda Jayne Reddin OBE (born 6 June 1965), née Harrison, later Kirby, is a gymnastics coach, and former Olympic gymnast, for Great Britain. Personal coach of many successful gymnasts, including three-time world champion and Olympic medallist Beth Tweddle, double Olympian Hannah Whelan and Olympian Jennifer Pinches. Reddin coached for many years at the City of Liverpool Gymnastics Club. She was Head National Coach for British Gymnastics until stepping down in May 2022 just weeks before an independent review into abuse in the sport. Gymnastics career 1983 World Championships Harrison was a member of the Great Britain team, which placed 17th, in the 1983 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Budapest, Hungary. 1984 Olympics At age 19, Harrison competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in women's artistic gymnastics for Great Britain placing 7th in the team competition and 22nd in the all around competition. Coaching career Kirby began her coaching career in Brighton, but soon moved to Liverpool in 1992 to coach at the City of Liverpool Gymnastics Club in Toxteth, Liverpool. Today, Reddin is a qualified FIG Brevet Coach and has coached at four Olympic Games (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012) and more than 10 World Championships. In August 2020 Reddin agreed to temporarily step aside as Head National Coach at British Gymnastics while an investigation into claims about her conduct took place. In May 2022, she permanently stepped down. Honours In 2002, Kirby was named as UK Coach of the Year (jointly with Alex Stanton, coach to marathon world record holder Paula Radcliffe). In 2004, Kirby was one of the winners in the 'Manager/Coach' category of the BBC North West Sports Awards In 2006, Kirby was awarded the Mussabini Medal in the UK Coaching Awards. In 2008, Kirby was nominated for the Unsung Hero award in The Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year Awards. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to sport. The Amanda Kirby Trophy In 2007, the Amanda Kirby Trophy was introduced in English Gymnastics (alongside the Beth Tweddle Trophy), in honour of her years of dedicated coaching and for producing a world champion (Beth Tweddle won the 2006 World Championships on the Asymmetric Bars). The award is made annually to the coach of the gymnast in the senior English gymnastics championships who scores the highest mark on the asymmetric bars. References Living people 1965 births British female artistic gymnasts Officers of the Order of the British Empire Olympic gymnasts for Great Britain Gymnasts at the 1984 Summer Olympics Gymnastics coaches\",\n \"title\": \"Amanda Reddin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22785676\",\n \"text\": \"Guntur Djafril is a Singaporean professional soccer player who plays for Admiralty FC in the NFL Division 1, the second tier of football in Singapore. Before that he played for Woodlands Wellington FC in the S.League. He played as a striker during his Prime League days but was deployed as a winger while playing for Woodlands Wellington FC. Club career Djafril has previously played for S.League clubs Geylang United, Paya Lebar Punggol FC (now known as Hougang United and SAFFC) before joining Woodlands Wellington in the 2010 S.League season. He was the Captain cum top scorer when the Geylang Utd Prime League team lifted the Prime League Trophy in 2006. He made his debut in Asia's premier club competition, the AFC Champions League, as a second-half substitute in a group stage match against Kashima Antlers on 7 April 2009 while playing for SAFFC. On 23 November 2012, it was announced by Woodlands Wellington that he would not be retained for the 2013 season. Club career statistics All numbers encased in brackets signify substitute appearances. References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20100723192614/http://data2.7m.cn/player_data/81336/en/index.shtml 1987 births Living people Singaporean men's footballers Hougang United FC players Geylang International FC players Warriors FC players Woodlands Wellington FC players Singapore Premier League players Men's association football forwards\",\n \"title\": \"Guntur Djafril\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9111392\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Broome (11 June 1915 – 10 September 1994) was an English professional footballer and manager. He played for Aston Villa during his professional career and won seven caps as an England striker, scoring three times, including once against Germany on his debut in 1938. Frank Broome attended Victoria School, Berkhamsted, Herts where he excelled as centre forward in the school team. He began playing for Berkhamsted Town in 1933 and soon began to attract the attention of scouts from Charlton, Chelsea, Luton, Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham. In Jan and Feb 1934, Broome scored five goals in two consecutive matches, including against Aylesbury Utd in the Bucks Senior Cup, further enhancing his profile. In October 1934 Broome was selected to play for a team representing the Spartan League against a Tottenham Hotspur Combination 11 at Maidenhead. He scored both goals in a 3-2 defeat. He played again for the Spartan League team a couple of weeks later against an Isthmian League team at Chesham. His place in the Berkhamsted team was taken by his brother Reg. His impressive form earned him a trial for Aston Villa. He scored six goals for the Villa Colts side in a 15-0 victory over Moor Green on 31 Oct. The performance was enough to convince for Villa to sign him up professionally in Nov 1934 and he duly scored another four goals against Stoke City. A report of the match stated that although Broome was on the 'small side, he has a fine turn of speed and can trick an opponent cleverly'. Broome made his Villa debut in an away match at Portsmouth in April 1935. He then scored twice on his home debut in a 4-2 defeat of Liverpool. Broome continued to excel in leading Villa's attack during the 1935-36 season including two goals in the home derby match against Birmingham City but it wasn't enough to prevent the club being relegated for first time in its history. During the 1936-37 season, Villa did well for three quarters of the season but finished 9th due to a drastic post-Easter slump in form which concluded with a 2-1 defeat at West Ham, their sixth successive loss. In their second season in Division 2, Broome sometimes operated as a winger to make way for new signing James Clayon at centre forward. He scored two at Plymouth Argyle in October in front of 40,000 spectators. He scored another two in a 7-1 rout of Stockport County in December. Goals continued for Broome in the new year including a 3-0 victory at home to Man Utd on 2 April which maintained their hopes of promotion. This was followed by another brace of goals against Tottenham in a hard-fought 2-0 victory on 16 April. Villa duly secured promotion back to Division One on 27 April 1938 with a 2-0 win over Bradford. Broome was selected to represent England as a reserve in a game against Scotland in April 1938 at Wembley. He then joined England for a\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Broome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3726315\",\n \"text\": \"Formby Football Club is an English football club based in Formby, Merseyside. They played in the Liverpool County Premier League Division One for the 2022–23 season, having last played in the North West Counties Football League Premier Division in 2013–14. They are members of the Liverpool County Football Association. History Early years The club were established in 1919 as Formby United. After a year at various pitches in the town they moved to a ground that would be their home for more than 80 years, Brows Lane. Three years later they dropped the 'United' to become simply Formby FC. After a first season in the Southport & District League, the club competed in the Liverpool and District League, where they were First Division champions in 1924–25. Later they transferred to the Liverpool League, achieving two honours in 1927–28, being finalists in the league's knockout trophy, the RP Houston Cup as well as winning the Barnes Benevolent Cup. In 1929–30 the Squirrels achieved an extraordinary double, winning the RP Houston Cup on 2 May 1930, and just three days later winning the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup. In the early 1930s Formby moved on to the I Zingari League. In 1931–32 they were runners-up in the Division Two, then in 1932–33 they were Division Two champions and were promoted to Division One. They won the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup for the second time in 1934–35. In 1936–37 they were runners-up in Division One. Post-war The years immediately after World War II were something of a golden age for Formby. Now playing in the Liverpool County Combination, for eight out of ten seasons they were winners or runners-up for a trophy and/or league title. In 1947–48 they won the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup and were also runners-up in the league. The following season, they won the double, being Liverpool County Combination champions and winning the Liverpool County FA Amateur Cup. In 1949–50 they were losing finalists in the Liverpool County Combination knockout competition, the George Mahon Cup. In 1951–52 they were runners-up in the league and in 1952–53 won the Liverpool County FA Challenge Trophy. The following season they were again runners-up in the league. The 1954–55 season saw the club win the Liverpool County Combination Subsidiary Cup and the following season were again losing finalists in the George Mahon Cup, and once again in 1956–57. In 1963–64 they won the Liverpool County FA Challenge Cup, and then won the George Mahon Cup in 1964–65 when they were also runners-up in the league and losing finalists in the Liverpool County FA Challenge Cup. In 1967–68 they won the Liverpool County FA Challenge Cup for a third time. In the 1968–69 season, they joined the Lancashire Combination, finishing in 10th place in the first season. They joined the Cheshire County League in 1971–72. Formby reached First Round Proper of the 1973–74 FA Cup, where they lost 2–0 at home to Football League Third Division leaders Oldham Athletic. In 1978 they became\",\n \"title\": \"Formby F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6551168\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Christopher Bolland (born 26 August 1976) is an English former footballer, who played as a centre back. He currently works as a physiotherapist for Liverpool. Career Bolland enjoyed two spells at Chester City, having signed from Peterborough United in the summer of 2006 – just a few months after he'd moved in the opposite direction. Mark Wright has managed him at the four clubs he has been in charge of, namely Southport, Oxford, Chester and Peterborough. Bolland had earlier played in non-league football for clubs including Altrincham, Salford City, Trafford and Knowsley United. Bolland struggled to stake a place in the first-team side at Chester under new manager Bobby Williamson in 2007–08, making just three appearances. He spent time on trial with Wrexham and it was announced in December 2007 he was no longer part of Chester's plans. On 8 January 2008 it was announced Bolland had been released by Chester and he quickly agreed terms with Wrexham. He was released by Wrexham in May 2008 following the club's relegation to the Football Conference and signed for Cambridge United on 31 July 2008 where he would be reunited with former teammates Gary Brabin and Paul Carden, manager and assistant manager of the Conference side. He spent one season at Cambridge, before signing for Barrow AFC, also of the Conference National. Bolland won the FA Trophy with Barrow in the 2009–10 season. In May 2011 he was offered a new contract by Barrow and became the club captain. He had a full further season at Barrow, but was released at the end of the 2011–12 season, having played over 100 league matches for the club. He then joined Droylsden. In January 2013, it was announced that Bolland had joined Airbus UK. After helping Airbus qualify for the Europa League in his final two seasons, Bolland announced he was retiring from playing to concentrate on his physiotherapy career with Liverpool. Honours Chester City Football Conference champions: 2003–04 Southport FA Trophy runners-up: 1997–98 Barrow AFC FA Trophy winners: 2009–10 References External links Profile at UpThePosh! The Peterborough United Database Player profile at the Welsh Premier League's official website 1976 births Living people English men's footballers Footballers from Liverpool Men's association football defenders Southport F.C. players Altrincham F.C. players Oxford United F.C. players Chester City F.C. players Peterborough United F.C. players Wrexham A.F.C. players Salford City F.C. players Cambridge United F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players Barrow A.F.C. players Droylsden F.C. players FC Halifax Town players Knowsley United F.C. players Airbus UK Broughton F.C. players Trafford F.C. players Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff\",\n \"title\": \"Phil Bolland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16940558\",\n \"text\": \"The 1989–90 season was the 91st completed season of The Football League. Liverpool overhauled a greatly improved Aston Villa side to win their 18th league championship trophy and their fifth major trophy in as many seasons under Kenny Dalglish's management. Gary Lineker's arrival at Tottenham Hotspur saw the North Londoners occupy third place after a season of improvement. In this season, London had eight entrants in the top-flight, the highest number of participants ever. Luton Town stayed up on goal difference at the expense of Sheffield Wednesday, while Charlton's four-year spell in the First Division came to an end at the beginning of May. Millwall were rooted to the bottom of the division despite briefly topping the league in September. Leeds United finally returned to the top flight after an eight-year exile, as Howard Wilkinson's side lifted the Second Division championship trophy thanks to a superior goal difference over runners-up Sheffield United, who won their second successive promotion under Dave Bassett. Swindon Town won the Second Division playoff final but Sunderland were promoted instead after the Swindon board admitted a series of financial irregularities. Swindon were initially demoted to the Third Division and replaced by Tranmere, the division's losing Play-Off finalists, but this decision was later reversed on appeal. AFC Bournemouth, Stoke City and Bradford City occupied the relegation places. Bournemouth did not return to second tier of English football until the 2013–14 season. The city of Bristol was celebrating after Rovers were crowned champions and City finished runners-up in the Third Division to gain promotion. The third promotion spot was secured by playoff winners Notts County, who beat Leyland DAF Trophy (i.e. EFL Trophy) winners Tranmere Rovers at Wembley. Walsall suffered a second successive relegation and would be joined in the Fourth Division the following season by Blackpool, Cardiff City and Northampton Town. Exeter City were crowned Fourth Division champions and went up to the Third Division along with runners-up Grimsby Town, third-placed Southend United and playoff winners Cambridge United. Newly promoted Maidstone United almost ended their first league season with success, but their promotion hopes were ended by playoff failure. Colchester United were relegated from the league and replaced by Football Conference champions Darlington, who regained their league status just one season after losing it. Final league tables and results The tables and results below are reproduced here in the exact form that they can be found at The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation website, with home and away statistics separated. First Division Liverpool won the First Division title for the 18th time, finishing nine points ahead of their nearest rivals Aston Villa, who had emerged as title contenders just two seasons after being promoted, sealing England's solitary UEFA Cup place after the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted after five years, although Liverpool missed out on a European Cup place following UEFA's decision to exclude them from European competitions for at least one more season. Tottenham Hotspur improved on their sixth-place finish in 1989 by finishing\",\n \"title\": \"1989–90 Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36393193\",\n \"text\": \"The history of Liverpool Football Club from 1959 to 1985 covers the period from the appointment of Bill Shankly as manager of the then-Second Division club, to the Heysel Stadium disaster and its aftermath. Overhauling the team during his first year at Liverpool, Shankly released 24 players and converted a boot storage room into a meeting place where he and his coaches discussed strategy. The club won the Second Division title in 1961–62 and were promoted to the First Division. Two seasons later, Liverpool won their first League championship since 1946–47, thereby qualifying for participation in European competition for the first time. The following season, Liverpool won their first FA Cup. Further League championships followed in 1965–66 and 1972–73. 1973 saw them win their first European trophy—the UEFA Cup. The following season was Shankly's last, in which the club won the FA Cup once more. Shankly's assistant Bob Paisley took over in 1974; his first season in charge saw Liverpool finish second, before winning the League championship and UEFA Cup the following season. Three European Cups and four League championships followed before Paisley retired at the end of 1982–83, to be replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan. Liverpool won a treble of trophies during Fagan's first season as manager, winning the League championship for the third year in succession, the Football League Cup for the fourth year in succession and a fourth European Cup. The following season, the club was involved in one of the worst disasters to occur at a football stadium. Before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final against Juventus, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 fans, mostly Italians. The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster and resulted in the expulsion of English clubs from European competition for five years. 1959–65: rebuilding Huddersfield Town's Bill Shankly was appointed Liverpool manager midway through the 1959–60 season. He was approached by Liverpool chairman T. V. Williams, who asked Shankly if he would like to manage \\\"the best club in the country\\\", to which he replied, \\\"Why, is Matt Busby packing up?\\\". A perceived lack of ambition at Huddersfield Town and the potential at Liverpool led Shankly to accept the offer. When he arrived, the club was in the Second Division, having played at this level since relegation in 1953–54. During his first season in charge, Shankly gave debuts to two players: Ian Callaghan, who would go on to become the club's record appearance maker, and Roger Hunt, the club's future leading goalscorer in the League. Despite their introduction, Shankly's impact was not immediate, as the club finished the season in third place, outside the promotion spots. Shankly had been musing on which players to keep and which to move on, and he eventually decided that 24 players should be released; by the end of his first season they had all left the club.\",\n \"title\": \"History of Liverpool F.C. (1959–1985)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17023418\",\n \"text\": \"Adam Farley (born 12 January 1980) is an English footballer who most recently played for AFC Liverpool. He is a defender. Career Farley joined Everton as a schoolboy and was part of their 1998 FA Youth Cup-winning team; he was man of the match in the second leg of the final. He made one first team appearance, coming on as a substitute against Derby County in February 1999, and was substitute at West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur. However, at the end of February 1999 he broke his cheekbone and jaw in an under-19s match, and he made no further first team appearances before being released in May 2000. He joined Altrincham in 2000, making 34 league appearances and scoring one goal for the club. He joined Droylsden at the start of the 2001–02 season, staying with them for three years. Droylsden enjoyed the best season in their history in 2003-2004 while captained by Farley, winning four trophies, and he collected player of the year awards in 2002–03 and 2003–04. In late 2004 he joined Witton Albion on loan. Farley returned to his home city of Liverpool at the start of the 2005–06 season, signing for Marine, where he collected the player of the year award in the 2006–07 season. He also won the Liverpool senior cup with Marine beating Liverpool FC in the final 2–1. In 2009 Farley was banned from football for 9 months and fined £250 for betting against his own team in two matches, one of which he played in. After a brief stint at Burscough at the start of the 2010–11 season, Farley signed for Leigh Genesis to help out a friend and former teammate, Mark Maddox. In December, he moved with teammate John Lawless to Formby. The pair only played in two games before manager Gary Martindale and the entire first team resigned in January 2011. Farley and Lawless were swiftly signed by Burscough, but in November 2011 Farley moved to A.F.C. Liverpool and was a member of their first team squad in 2011–12. Honours Club Everton FA Youth Cup 1998 – Winner Droylsden Northern Premier League 2004 – Runner-Up Northern Premier League Challenge Cup 2004 – Winner Peter Swales Shield 2004 – Winner Manchester Premier Cup 2004 – Winner Marine Liverpool Senior Cup 2008 – Winner Individual Droylsden Players Player of the Year: 2003 Players Player of the Year: 2004 Marine Players Player of the Year: 2007 Personal life Farley was born in Liverpool and attended both primary and secondary schools in Croxteth, Merseyside. His secondary school De La Salle Humanities College, was also attended by Wayne Rooney and Francis Jeffers. References English men's footballers 1980 births Living people Everton F.C. players Droylsden F.C. players Witton Albion F.C. Leigh Genesis F.C. players Formby F.C. players Burscough F.C. players A.F.C. Liverpool players Premier League players Men's association football central defenders North West Counties Football League players Footballers from Liverpool\",\n \"title\": \"Adam Farley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26836833\",\n \"text\": \"Moshood 'Bola' Abdul Aziz (born 22 July 1968 in Kaduna) is a retired Nigerian footballer. He currently works as the coach of the Atlantis FC. Career Moshood (Bola) played professionally for FC Ilves, Ponnistus, Huima, FC Kontu in Finland. Coaching career He began his coaching career in 1998-2004 for PK-35, a Youth Premier League team and as head coach of Ponnistus FC—a Pro-Second Division in Finland 2005-2008. He was also in charge of the Helsinki International Youth Cup annual summer tournament. On 30 March 2010, Bola was named the head coach of the Atlantis FC, a Pro-Second Division club in Finland. In the same capacity, he is also the director of coaching for the youth team -- Atlantis FC Akatemia. Coach Bola helped Atlantis to redeem its image after losing 12 games in 13 pre season games and draw one game in preparation for the 2010 Season. He helped Atlantis win their first ever game in the season in the first match at the start of the season against FC FUTURA. Bola, as he is popularly known, is known for his tough trainings, standardized technical training method and above all discipline. Atlantis quickly became a notable team in the city of Helsinki and the team to beat. Bola definitely will in no time be noticed in the world of football coaching and be compared to the rising stars of football coaches. Mohammedan Sporting Club is the largest fan based club in Kolkata and India in large, but has been underground in the past 50 years, and it fans based was diminishing daily and without trophy to show. But coach Bola came and transformed the club into a trophy winning team and a force to recond with in Indian football. A trophy which has eluded MSC for 73 years he came and won it (Durand Cup), Winning 14 straight matches; beaten a team 7 nil which is a landmark in MSC history. Beaten Prayag UTD in the state league and beaten Sporting Club De Goa away in national league a feet that has never been achieved before he came. He came to India and transformed MSC into a household name in India football, he brought a new dimension into India football and made msc a force to be recond with in Kolkata football, his highly technical input was the reason MSC broke into the ranks of east Bengal, Dempo and Churchill brothers with their eye catching and entertaining football which the league experienced recently, a gentle man and a dedicated coach who is committed to his job, a coach who have the credibility of transforming average players to great players, coach Bola is a disciplined coach with a good heart towards players working with him, above all he has the charisma of a winner naturally in him. As of 2016, Moshood has been the head coach of the Helsinki based team called FC Finnkurd. They will be playing in the Respect Finnish Cup on the Fall 2016. Achievements As player In\",\n \"title\": \"Abdul Aziz Moshood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25242883\",\n \"text\": \"The Ireland national handball team is controlled by the Irish Olympic Handball Association (IOHA) and represents Ireland in international handball matches. History Liverpool Airport 4-Nations Championship 1984 In 1984 the team played a 4-Nations Championship in Liverpool. They lost the first game against England 1 to 12, the game against Scotland was lost by 5 to 20 and the final game against Wales they lost 14 to 16. They finished last place in the tournament. EHF Challenge Trophy 2009 The Irish Men's team finished in 3rd place of the group G2 in the EHF Challenge Cup trophy in Malta. The 3rd place finish is the best result an Irish team achieved in the 10 years of the competition. The schedule for the tournament resulted in Ireland playing the hosts Malta in the first match at the University Sports Hall. In front of a home Maltese crowd, the Irish were down at half time by 20:7. Ireland in the second ended up being beaten by a 36 to 20 score line. The game was marred by a challenge on Sligo's Brian Campion following a foul by a Maltese player, with the Maltese player receiving a straight red card. The second game of the tournament for the Irish saw them taking on the favorites and eventual winners Finland. The Finns won comfortably by 38 goals to 19. Brian Campion recovered from the previous day's incident to take his place in the team. Ireland's third game was against Scotland. The Scottish team, which had 4 players from the Great Britain Olympic Program, led 15:14 at halftime. The Irish ultimately won by 35:29. The Bronze medal was not the only award the Irish won at the Tournament. Middle Back player Oisin O' Brannagain was voted onto the tournament's all-star team. EHF Challenge Trophy 2011 The most recent Irish international games took place at the University of Limerick for the 2011 edition of the EHF Challenge Trophy. The first game with eventual champions, the Faroe Islands, ended in a 30–20 defeat with Kevin Murphy's 5 goals top scoring for the Irish and Alim Khaliq receiving man of the match in goal. The second match with Georgia was a similar story, the Irish losing 37–21. Chris O'Reilly top scored with 6 and Steffan Meyer's 4 goals helping him claim the man of the match for the Ireland. The final game was against England, and Ireland took a 15–11 lead in the first half. However, the game ended 29–24 to England. The scoring in this game came mainly from the back court, with O'Reilly once again top scoring with 11 goals and Meyer adding 5. Both players were named in the All-Star team for the tournament. The team competed in the 2014 European qualifiers for the first time in June 2012. All three matches, however, resulted in huge losses. IHF Emerging Nations Championship record 2015 – 13th place 2017 – 12th place 2019 – 11th place External links Official website IHF profile References Men's national handball teams\",\n \"title\": \"Ireland men's national handball team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9184764\",\n \"text\": \"The 1992 FA Cup final was contested by Liverpool and Sunderland at Wembley. Liverpool won 2–0, with goals from Michael Thomas and Ian Rush. Summary This was the first FA Cup Final to feature a Second Division team since Queens Park Rangers reached the final in 1982, and the last until Millwall played at Cardiff in 2004. Liverpool had won the competition four times previously, and still had some players remaining from their FA Cup triumphs of 1986 and 1989, and had been England's leading club side for nearly twenty years leading up to 1990, winning a host of major trophies, including eleven league titles over a period of eighteen seasons. On the other hand, Sunderland's only silverware since World War II was winning the FA Cup in 1973, and the team had just finished 17th in the Second Division. Despite being underdogs, Sunderland had the better of the first half. The team was full of running and kept Liverpool's strike force of Ian Rush and Dean Saunders at bay. Sunderland's best chance fell to John Byrne who miskicked when presented with a volley six yards out. Liverpool's best chance saw Michael Thomas lift his shot over the bar when pressured by the Sunderland goalkeeper Tony Norman. Thomas redeemed himself after 47 minutes, when he scored the first goal of the game, following excellent work down the right wing by Steve McManaman, the youngest player on the pitch. Norman could only get fingertips to Thomas' superbly angled half-volley. Following this goal, the Reds had more confidence and started playing better football. After 67 minutes Saunders released Thomas, who sped into the penalty area. His progress was halted but the ball fell to Rush, who slotted the ball into the bottom left-hand corner of the net. It was Rush's fifth goal in FA Cup finals at Wembley – a record. Liverpool continued to dominate for the rest of the game and Ray Houghton came close to scoring when he almost lobbed Norman from forty yards. Liverpool captain Mark Wright lifted the FA Cup for Liverpool. During the presentation, the winning team was mistakenly given the loser's medals and Sunderland found themselves with winning medals. This was later rectified by the players themselves, on the pitch. It was Liverpool's fifth triumph in the competition, and their only major trophy under the management of Graeme Souness, who was appointed a year earlier; while Souness picked the starting line-up, his assistant Ronnie Moran took charge of the match as Souness was still recovering from heart surgery. Souness resigned within two years of the FA Cup success, and Liverpool did not win the FA Cup again until 2001. It was Sunderland's first FA Cup final since their triumph in 1973 and they have not reached the final since, although they reached the semi-finals in 2004. Notable absences from the Liverpool side were John Barnes and Ronnie Whelan, who were ruled out with injury. Whelan, who left Liverpool two years later, never won another major trophy\",\n \"title\": \"1992 FA Cup final\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17360215\",\n \"text\": \"The Aberdeen International Football Festival (AIFF) was an international association football festival in Aberdeen, Scotland. The festival was launched in 1981. Over the years, the festival has become something of an institution in the city's calendar, bringing together, as it does, young people from a host of other countries, far and near, and the citizens of Aberdeen who turn up, whatever the weather, at Seaton Park to witness and support this unique sporting occasion. Mindful of its motto, 'Football is Fun', the festival is as much concerned with promoting fun and friendship as it is about competing on the football field, although success in that area is also a worthy aim in the development of our adults of the future. The event ended in 2010 after a decline of attendances and financial difficulties. Aberdeen International Football Festivals Aberdeen International Football Festival 2010 The winners of the football competitions 2010: The winners of boys 16 was Celtic, and the winners of boys 14 was Motherwell. The winner of the girls' football competition was Aberdeen-East End. *Final results Boys 16’s (Jack Wood Trophy) - Celtic 3 (Herron, Chalmers, Davidson) Hibs 0 Boys 14’s (First Oil Cup) - Falkirk 1 (McLaughlin) Motherwell 3 (Higgins, McDonald, Anderson) Girls (Lord Provost’s Cup) - Aberdeen-East End 3 (N. Brown 2, Centre) Buchan Quines 1 (McCouaig) Aberdeen International Football Festival 2009 Final results: Boys 16 - Keith 1 Ross County 6 Boys 14 - Aberdeen 2 Dundee United 1 Girls - Aberdeen FC Girls United 3 East End 1 Aberdeen International Football Festival 2008 Final results in football: Boys 16 Clermond Ferrand 3 (Belfodil 2, Benmamar) Stornoway 0 Boys 14 - Dundee United 4 (Ferguson, Quail, Kelly(pen), Gilmour(pen)) Lewis United 0 Girls Aberdeen 7 (McDonald 3, Pietsch og, Brown, Ridgeway, Mutch) Regensburg 0 Other results 5-a-sides – Girls: Old Bens; Boys 16's – Shetland; Ten Pin Bowling – Girls – Teresa Kreusel (Regensburg); Boys 16's – Kieran Heads (Cove Rangers); Soccer Tennis – Girls: Aberdeen FC Girls Utd; Boys 14's: Faroe Islands A; Boys 16's: Cove Rangers A. It’s A Knockout – Girls – Old Bens; Boys 14 – Shetland; Boys 16 – Stornoway Utd. Penalty Kicks – Girls: Yvonne Wagenknacht-Hirth (Regensburg); Boys 14: Isak Simonsen (Faroe Islands); Boys 16 – Alexis Carmo (Claremond Ferrand). Top scorer – Aimee Ridgeway (Aberdeen FC Utd Girls). Fair Play – Deveronvale Player of the Tournament - Alexis Carmo (Claremond Ferrand) Corporate 6's - RBG Aberdeen International Football Festival 2007 Faroe Islands won the football competitions for boys 16 and for boys 14 at the Aberdeen International Football Festival 2007. Aberdeen won the competition for the girls. Final results in football: Boys 16s - Dundee Utd 1 (Elfverson), Faroe Islands 2 (Jacobsen, Vatnsdal) Boys 14s - Aberdeen 0, Faroe Islands 1 (Getsson, pen) Girls - Aberdeen 3 (Reid, Smith, Peddle), East End 1 (Robb) Other results Corporate 6s - Reel Group 1, Royal Mail (Mail Centre) 0 Five-a-sides - Boys 16s: Faroe Islands B, Boys 14s: Faroe Islands B, Girls: Aberdeen\",\n \"title\": \"Aberdeen International Football Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8317645\",\n \"text\": \"The 1995 Football League Cup Final was a football match played between Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers on 2 April 1995 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 1994–95 Football League Cup, the 35th staging of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and The Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their seventh final, they had previously won four and lost twice. Bolton were appearing in their first final. Both teams entered the competition in the second round. The majority of Liverpool's matches were close affairs, with the exception of a 4–1 victory over Burnley in the second round. Otherwise, their biggest margin of victory was by two goals over Blackburn Rovers in the fourth round. Bolton's matches were equally close. Their biggest margin of victory was three goals in the second round against Ipswich Town, while they beat Norwich City by a single goal in the quarter-finals. Watched by a crowd of 75,595, Bolton controlled the early exchanges in the match, but it was Liverpool who took the lead in the 37th minute when Steve McManaman scored. McManaman scored again in the 68th minute to extend Liverpool's lead to two goals. However, a minute later, Alan Thompson scored for Bolton to reduce the deficit to one goal. Despite repeated attacks, Bolton did not score an equaliser and Liverpool won the match 2–1. Liverpool's victory was their fifth in the competition. McManaman was named as man of the match and awarded the Alan Hardaker Trophy. His performance was praised by both managers, as was the performance of both teams. Liverpool's win qualified Liverpool to play in European competition the following season, while Bolton would win promotion to the Premier League following a 4–3 victory in the First Division play-off final. Route to the final Liverpool Liverpool entered the competition in the second round, where they drawn against First Division team Burnley. The tie was played over two legs, with the first leg held at Liverpool's home ground Anfield. Goals from defender John Scales and striker Robbie Fowler secured a 2–0 victory for Liverpool. The second leg was held at Burnley's home ground Turf Moor, which Liverpool won 4–1 to progress to the third round courtesy of a 6–1 aggregate victory. First Division team Stoke City were the opposition in the third round, with the match held at Anfield. Striker Ian Rush put Liverpool ahead in the fourth minute, but Stoke striker Paul Peschisolido equalised in the 40th minute. A further goal from Rush in the second half secured a 2–1 victory for Liverpool. Liverpool's opposition in the fourth round were fellow Premier League team Blackburn Rovers, at whose ground, Ewood Park, the match was held at. Three goals from Rush gave Liverpool a 3–1 victory and progression to the quarter-finals. Fellow Premier League team Arsenal were the opposition in the quarter-finals. A goal from Rush in the 59th minute secured a 1–0 victory. Liverpool's opponents in the semi-finals, which\",\n \"title\": \"1995 Football League Cup final\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6978594\",\n \"text\": \"The Shetland football team represents the islands of Shetland, Scotland, in association football. It is not a member of FIFA or UEFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the World Cup or the European Championships. The team regularly competes in the Island Games, which it won in 2005, and has a strong rivalry with the representative team of Orkney. This representative team should not be confused with Shetland FC, which was formed as a separate entity to compete during the mainland's winter season cup competitions - despite being separate entities, the teams share management staff and squad of players. Venues Shetland normally play their home matches at Gilbertson Park (capacity unknown, highest attendance approximately 5,000, sometimes referred to as \\\"the Gibbie\\\") in Lerwick. Some matches, particularly friendlies, are occasionally played elsewhere, often at Seafield (Lerwick) or Harbison Park (Whalsay). They sometimes go on tour to play pre-season friendlies against Highland League clubs in July. Competitions Beginning in 1929, Shetland played biennial matches against the Faroe Islands. These were initially played for the Adam Shield (donated by a Glasgow shipbuilding firm) and later for the North Atlantic Cup. The logistics of this required a 14-hour trip by boat trip and a week-long stay for the visiting team. The last such friendly was played in 1990, the same year that the Faroes joined UEFA. Shetland are neither a national team nor do they participate in league competitions, so they do not have many regular games. However, more recently, they have entered some of the cup competitions organized by the North Caledonian Football Association. The latest most noticeable event to take place in Shetland was the 2005 Island Games: many of the group matches were played on pitches all around Shetland, and the final was at Gilbertson Park. 2005 Island Games Match: Final Shetland Islands 2 (0) V 0 (0) Guernsey Time: 16:00 Date: Friday 15 July 2005 Venue: Gilbertson Park Group 1 matches Current squad This is the squad that competed in the 2023 Milne Cup held in Shetland. Goalkeepers Andrew Goodlad (Celtic), Rory Henderson (Scalloway) Defenders Lorne McNiven (Whitedale), Liam Flaws (Ness Utd), Josh Carroll (Spurs), James Farmer (c) (Ness Utd), Jack Clubb (Celtic). Midfielders Neil Laurenson (Whalsay), Declan Adamson (Ness Utd), Calvin Leask (Thistle), Brandon McKay (Spurs), James Aitken (Celtic), Harry Thomson (Ness Utd), Ronan Grant (Spurs). Forwards Sam Maver (Spurs), Finn Regan (Celtic). Coaches Neil Fenwick (Manager), Richard Arthur (Coach), Bruce McCulloch (Coach), Craig Dinwoodie (GK Coach), Martin Leyland (Conditioning). Notable players Duncan Bray - inducted in University of Southern Indiana Athletic Hall of Fame Tournament records Island Games record North Atlantic Cup Note: 2 points for a win era. Milne Cup Including Kirkwall vs. Lerwick 61 Milne Cup wins Mitchell and Sutherland Shields Mitchell Shield 9 Mitchell shields wins Sutherland Shield 2 Sutherland Shield wins Selected International opponents Last update: 26 July 2009 Honours Island Games: Champions: 2005 North Caledonian F.A. Jock Mackay Cup: Winners: 2014–15 References External links Shetland matches on Roon ba Shetlopedia entry on\",\n \"title\": \"Shetland football team\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10058569\",\n \"text\": \"Mitchum David \\\"Mitch\\\" Ward (born 19 June 1971) is a retired English professional footballer who played in the Football League and Premier League for Sheffield United, Crewe Alexandra, Everton, Barnsley and York City. Career Born in Sheffield, Ward started his career at his local club Sheffield United after graduating through the youth ranks. He was promoted to the first team alongside his best friend in professional football, left-winger Dane Whitehouse, who also enjoyed a consistent run in the first eleven. Despite Ward's versatility he initially struggled to hold down a starting place each week. He went on loan with Dario Gradi's Crewe Alexandra where he played 7 times scoring once in the league and grabbing another in the Football League Cup. Ward returned to United full of confidence but was frustrated by former Blades manager Dave Bassett's rotation policy, following a match with Watford in the First Division Ward scored twice yet still found himself on the bench for the following game. It could be argued that Ward's inability to keep his place was not due to his form, more due to his versatility, something that would be as much a burden for Ward as it would a strength, indeed throughout 7 years Ward had played in every area except goal. But for much of his time, when he was in the side, Ward could be found roaming his favoured position, the right-wing before then Blades manager Howard Kendall (who had replaced Bassett in December 1995) converted the versatile pro into an all action full-back, it was in this position that Ward played arguably his best football. During this time Ward became known as a lethal penalty taker with a composure not often seen in a utility player. He spent 8 years in total with Sheff Utd before being sold to Howard Kendall's Everton for £750,000 on 25 November 1997. Kendall had returned to the Toffees after missing out on promotion with the Blades and raided his former club not only for Ward but for United's then record signing Don Hutchison and journeyman centre-back Carl Tiler. Ward's life in Liverpool was not so great, he got off to a bad start as he was on the losing side against Chelsea conceding a penalty in a 2–0 defeat only a day after signing. Following this nightmare start Ward toiled hard to make an impression in a lacklustre Everton side. But he only had a run of four games before picking up a hamstring injury. An unproductive come-back in February 1998 consisted of only another four matches before he finally succumbed to what was diagnosed as bad ankle ligament damage, however it would be another two months before the true problem was revealed, a fracture of the ankle. Ward would not appear for the Toffees again until October 1998, by this time Howard Kendall had been replaced with former Rangers manager Walter Smith. Smith decided to bring Ward back into the cauldron of the Merseyside derby at Goodison Park, Ward did not\",\n \"title\": \"Mitch Ward\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12203236\",\n \"text\": \"First Tower United F.C. is a football club based on the Channel Island of Jersey. They are affiliated to the Jersey Football Association and play in the Jersey Football Combination Premiership. The club plays in white and blue. They were the second most successful club in the island after Jersey Wanderers, having won the Jersey League 19 times. History The club was founded in 1920 and won their first championship in 1927. This entitled them to take on the winners of the Guernsey Priaulx League, Northerners A.C. in the Upton Park Trophy, though they lost 1–0. They won the championship again in 1929 and this time followed it up by winning the Upton Park Trophy, beating Northerners 2–1 after extra time. The club won back-to-back championships in 1937 and 1938, and won the trophy again in 1938. Another double was completed in 1959, and another championship, but no trophy, in 1966. The 1968–69 season marked the start of a golden age for the club. The championship was won again in 1969 (though the trophy final ended in defeat), with the same result in the 1969–70 season. Following a year without a trophy, the club won seven consecutive championships from 1972 until 1978, doing the double on five occasions. This period of success coincided with steel magnate, and later owner of Blackburn Rovers, Jack Walker becoming a patron of the club in 1975, following a conversation with his postman. Financial input from Walker meant the club were consistently the best in Jersey, but did not have their own ground. Seven years after becoming involved with the club, Walker bought La Hague Manor for £1.2 million, leasing it back to St George's Preparatory School on the condition that part of the site was developed into a new stadium for the club. Walker was later made an Honorary Life Vice President of the club. The club won back-to-back championships in 1983 and 1984 and again in 1994 and 1995, also winning the trophy on each occasion. However, the 1995 trophy win has been their last honour to date. Between 1978 and 1998 the club also played in the FA Vase, a competition for Non-League football clubs in England, though they never made it past the third round. The club suffered a first top flight relegation in its history, with mathematical relegation confirmed with a 4–0 defeat at the hands of Jersey Scottish on Tuesday 26 February 2008. That was the club's twelfth defeat in twelve league games, and meant that La Hague Manor hosted Division Two football for the first time in the 2008–09 season. After one season in Division 1, First Tower Utd FC was promoted to Jersey's Premier League in 2009. Current teams First Tower United has one 1st men's team Stadium The club's home is in the grounds of La Hague Manor, which is also the site of St George's Preparatory School, in the parish of St Peter. The pitch is lined on one side by a stand that can\",\n \"title\": \"First Tower United F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1201317\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Lawler (born 20 October 1943) is a former footballer who enjoyed much of Liverpool's success of the mid 1960s to early 1970s. Life and playing career A right-sided defender, Lawler joined his local club when he turned 17 in October 1960, and made his debut at the age of 19 in a 2–2 league draw with West Bromwich Albion at Anfield on 20 March 1963. For two seasons his progression into first team regular was gradual, playing just six matches in each of the seasons, but by 1965 he was the first choice right back. He scored the first of his many goals (for a right-back) during that season in a 5–1 defeat of Burnley at Turf Moor on 5 December 1964. Lawler's timing and anticipation, enabling him to turn up in the right place at the right time to score vital goals, earned him the nickname 'The Silent Knight'. The 1964–65 season culminated in him being selected in the team which beat Leeds United in the FA Cup final at Wembley, winning the trophy for the first time in the club's history. Lawler missed just three games in the next seven seasons. During this period, he helped Liverpool win the League championship in 1966, ahead of Leeds by six points (in the old two points for a win system). This was followed by Liverpool being beaten 2–1 by Borussia Dortmund in the Cup Winners Cup at Hampden Park, Glasgow, in the Reds' first ever appearance in a major European final. Lawler was an automatic starter on the team that finished second to Leeds for the 1968–69 league championship. He survived manager Bill Shankly's massive cull of 1970 which saw many of the older 1960s stars replaced by younger talent; this was perhaps due to Lawler being only 26 years-old at the time and hence younger than many who did get culled. Other than Lawler, only Emlyn Hughes, Ian Callaghan and Tommy Smith were retained. Lawler again tasted defeat when he played in the 1971 FA Cup final loss to Arsenal. Liverpool won a League title and UEFA Cup double in 1973. Liverpool finished three points ahead of Arsenal in the league, while in the UEFA Cup final Liverpool defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–2 on aggregate (won the first leg 3–0 at Anfield, lost the second leg 2–0 in West Germany). It was during this period that Lawler won his four England caps. He scored on his debut, in the 5–0 defeat of Malta in a UEFA European Football Championship qualifier at Wembley on 12 May 1971. He was on the bench, after a spell out injured, as Liverpool reached the FA Cup final again in 1974. As the 12th man, he received a winner's medal when Liverpool beat Newcastle United 3–0, but he did not see any action. Bill Shankly's sudden departure from the club in the summer of 1974 marked the downturn of Lawler's Liverpool career, in addition to an injury suffered against Queens Park Rangers in 1973.\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Lawler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57104673\",\n \"text\": \"Robert James (Bob) Stern (born February 2, 1951) is an American geoscientist based in Texas. Stern is Professor of Geosciences and Director of the Global and Magmatic Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Dallas University of Texas at Dallas. He has more than 40 years of geoscientific research experience, studying active convergent margin processes and products in the Mariana arc system Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc in the Western Pacific as well as ancient (900-550 million year old) crust exposed in the Arabian-Nubian Shield of Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel. Stern is expert on the Geology of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex and the geology of Iran, and has made important contributions to the geology of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. These studies involve research at sea and on land. Geodynamic contributions include ideas about how new subduction zones form and the evolution of plate tectonics. He and his students and co-authors have published more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers. Stern is also interested in generating educational animations and videos of geoscientific processes. He is head of UTD Geoscience Studios. He shares supervision of the UTD Geosciences Micro-imaging lab with Dr. Ignacio Pujana. He is also co-director of the Permian Basin Research Laboratory. Stern is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is Editor-in-Chief of International Geology Review. In 2015 he was inducted into the Oroville, California Union High School Hall of Fame 2019 he was awarded the International Prize of the Geological Society of Japan. In 2022 he was selected as the UTD Polykarp Kusch Lecturer. Education Stern went to UC Davis, majoring first in Political Science before dropping out for a year and returning to major in Geology, graduating with honors in 1974. Stern undertook graduate studies at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, undertaking the first of his many marine geoscientific research cruises, beginning with the EURYDICE cruise in 1975 aboard the R/V Thomas Washington, from Majuro back to San Diego. In 1976 he made the first of many field trips to study the volcanic rocks of the Mariana island arc. In 1977 Stern began his PhD studies in the Precambrian rocks of the Eastern Desert of Egypt under the supervision of Prof. A.E.J.Engel http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56001.html. Stern defended his PhD dissertation \\\"Late Precambrian Ensimatic Volcanism in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt\\\" in Sept. 1979. From Sept. 1979 to January 1982, Stern was a post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington https://carnegiescience.edu, carrying out isotopic studies of Egyptian and Mariana igneous rocks. Academic life In January 1982, Stern joined the faculty of Programs in Geosciences at the University of Texas at Dallas, rising from assistant professor to professor. Stern teaches a required undergraduate course in igneous and metamorphic petrology and a required graduate course in tectonics, along with various elective undergraduate and graduate courses. Stern's research concerns include the disciplines of tectonics, igneous geochemistry, isotope geochemistry,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert J. Stern\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5895349\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Theodore Craven (21 June 1934 – 24 September 1963) was an English motorcycle racer. He was a finalist in each FIM Speedway World Championship from 1954 to 1963 and he won the title twice (in 1955 and 1962). He was British Champion in 1962 and 1963. Personal life Craven was born in Liverpool and had four sisters and an older brother, Brian Craven, who also became a speedway rider. He also had a twin brother who died at an early age. He got his first racing experience when he started participating in cycle speedway. Career Peter Craven got his first taste of motorcycle speedway racing in 1949 at the Stanley Stadium, Prescot Road, Liverpool. He visited the stadium a day after his sixteenth birthday and drove a few laps on his brother's bike, before hitting the safety fence and sustaining a concussion. He was later given another chance to show his abilities to the Liverpool Chads, but after just one lap he hit the fence again. Despite this, he was included as a reserve in the team's away match against the Leicester Hunters. He made eight league appearances for the Liverpool Chads in Division II during 1951, scoring eight points. and he was with the Chads when they finished thirteenth in Division Two. He also rode for the Fleetwood Flyers. The next year, he made 10 league appearances equally divided between Manchester’s Belle Vue and the Liverpool Chads. Craven made his Belle Vue debut on 17 May 1952 when he scored two points in a race against the visiting Norwich Stars. That season, he made four more league appearances for Belle Vue, but he only managed to score one point in those races combined. In 1953, Peter became a regular Aces rider and scored 70 points in 12 matches, but the British Army required his services, and he missed several matches. He continued racing for Belle Vue during his national service. During 1954 he made 24 league appearances and top-scored for his club. He qualified for his first Wembley World final and scored one point more than the brilliant Swedish rider Ove Fundin. About this time as a young man he owned his Jowett Jupiter road car which still exists. In 1955, on his second try, Peter sensationally won the first of his two FIM World Championships at Wembley. In 1958, Peter captained the English team against Sweden in Sweden, finishing top scorer; he also top-scored in the five-test series against Australasia. In 1959 he took on Ove Fundin and won the Golden Helmet Match Race Championship, the Champions of Champions Cup at Poole; the Northern Cup at Belle Vue; the Internationale Derby at Ipswich; the Pride of the East at Norwich; the Tom Farndon Memorial Trophy at New Cross; the Champagne Derby again at Belle Vue, the CTS Trophy at Norwich and the Pride of the Midlands at Leicester. At the end of 1959, Craven travelled to Australia where he spent the 1959/60 Australian season riding at the\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Craven\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7377925\",\n \"text\": \"The 2001 Football League Cup Final was a football match played between Birmingham City and Liverpool on 25 February 2001 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2000–01 Football League Cup, the 41st season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the English Football League. Liverpool were appearing in their eighth final; they had previously won six and lost two, while Birmingham were there for the second time. During their last appearance, they had previously beaten local rivals Aston Villa in the 1963 final. As Birmingham were in the Football League and outside of the top-flight Premier League, they played two more rounds than Liverpool, who received a bye in the first and second rounds. Therefore, Birmingham progressed through six rounds to reach the final, whereas Liverpool progressed through four. The majority of Liverpool's matches were comfortable victories. They won all their ties by at least three goals except for their third round match with Chelsea, which they won 2–1. Birmingham matches ranged from comfortable victories to close affairs. They won their first round tie with Southend United 5–0, while their fourth round victory over Newcastle United was 2–1. Liverpool won the match 5–4 on penalties after 90 minutes of normal time and 30 minutes of extra time could not split the two sides. Liverpool opened the scoring with a 25-yard long-range shot from Robbie Fowler in the 30th minute and appeared to be heading for a win in normal time until Birmingham equalised in injury-time with a penalty from Darren Purse, after Martin O'Connor was brought down by Stéphane Henchoz. Birmingham thought they had a valid claim for a second penalty in extra time, only for referee David Elleray to turn it down, taking the game to a penalty shoot-out. It was the first such penalty shoot-out in a major English domestic cup final (excluding Charity Shield matches). The victory was Liverpool's first major trophy in six years since they won the same competition back in 1995. The club would also go on to win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup in a unique treble of trophies in 2001. Route to the final Birmingham City As Birmingham were in the First Division, they entered the competition in the first round. They were drawn against Southend United. Birmingham won the first leg at Southend's home ground Roots Hall 5–0, courtesy of goals from Nicky Eaden, Marcelo, Michael Johnson, Dele Adebola and Bryan Hughes. The second leg at Birmingham's home ground, St Andrew's finished 0–0, with Birmingham progressing to the second round with a 5–0 aggregate victory. Second Division team Wycombe Wanderers were the opposition in the second round. Birmingham established a three-goal lead by the 24th minute, courtesy of an own goal by Paul McCarthy, with goals from Johnson and striker Geoff Horsfield. However, by the 86th minute Wycombe had levelled the match with goals from Andy Rammell, Andy Baird and Jamie Bates. Parity\",\n \"title\": \"2001 Football League Cup final\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2213837\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholas Bernard James Adam McGarry Byrne Jr. (born 9 October 1978) is an Irish pop singer, songwriter and radio and television presenter. He is best known for being a member of the pop group Westlife; Westlife has since released twelve albums, embarked on thirteen world tours, and won some awards, becoming one of the most successful Irish boys groups of all time. Before his music career, he played professional soccer, representing the Republic of Ireland at several teen levels. Since then he has had a successful TV and radio presenting career. His wife Georgina is the daughter of former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, and they have fraternal twin sons and a daughter. In September 2012, it was announced that Byrne would be a contestant for the tenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. He was the ninth contestant to be eliminated. He was ranked number two on Ireland's Sexiest Man of 2014. After RTÉ internally chose him to represent Ireland, he released the song \\\"Sunlight\\\" and performed it in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 competition in Stockholm in May 2016, but failed to advance to the final. Career Football Byrne was a footballer and played for Home Farm and St. Kevins Boys in North Dublin. He became a professional player, and joined Leeds United as a goalkeeper in 1995, and was a squad member of the FA Youth Cup winning team of 1997. He played for Leeds for two years, leaving when his contract expired in June 1997. He played in a reserve game for Scarborough and in a trial game with Cambridge United, before returning to join Dublin club Shelbourne. He then signed for Cobh Ramblers playing 15 games in all competitions, then St. Francis F.C., all in Ireland's League of Ireland. On 14 May 2009, Byrne was a substitute for a Liverpool Legends XI that played against an All Star XI in a Hillsborough Memorial match to mark the 20th anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster. All the proceeds from the match went to the Marina Dalglish appeal. He represented the Republic of Ireland at U15, U16 and U18 levels. He is a fan of Celtic FC, and on 9 August 2011 played in a Celtic Legends XI at Celtic Park in front of a crowd of 54,000 against a Manchester Utd Legends team. Byrne participated in and won Soccer Aid 2014. He scored in the match, played at Old Trafford. He was the only non-professional player to score in the match. The Rest of the World team won the game 4–2. Music In June 1998, Byrne attended an audition for new Irish boyband, where Boyzone manager Louis Walsh approached him to join his new venture, Westlife. Byrne joined Westlife along with Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan and Brian McFadden. Byrne revealed in Westlife: Our Story that he had wanted to change the name of the band to West High; but the others preferred Westlife. With Westlife, Byrne has had 25 top ten UK singles, 14\",\n \"title\": \"Nicky Byrne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17756972\",\n \"text\": \"Tenby United Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team from the town of Tenby in West Wales. It is nicknamed The Seasiders. Early history The first mention of a rugby team in Tenby came in an ad published on 7 January 1869 in \\\"The Tenby Observer\\\". The ad stated that the \\\"Tenby Football Club Will meet on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 2.45 p.m. precisely, in the FIELD next to the SERPENTINE ROAD.\\\" Rugby union was also played in Tenby around 1876 when several clubs were recorded as playing in the town. On 01/03/1887, it was announced that Tenby FC would be wound up. However, a Tenby FC team was playing the following season, and a match report in November 1887 stated that the Tenby FC team had \\\"been in existence for the last five years or so\\\". Another ad appears in the \\\"Tenby Observer\\\" in December 1887 by the hon. sec. of Tenby FC stating that other local rugby teams in Tenby had also been using the title \\\"TENBY FC\\\" despite being unauthorised by the TENBY FC. In 1898 one of these teams, the Tenby Swifts gained membership to the Welsh Football Union, which showed the commitment to the game in the area. In 1901 the Tenby Swifts formed with the Tenby Harlequins to create Tenby United RFC. Modern game The club is an affiliated member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets Region. The Seasiders recently gained a double trophy haul, gaining promotion from Division 3 West to Division One West after successfully winning a promotion play off game against Division 3 East side Wattstown at the business end of the 2013–2014 season. The play off was held at Dunvant RFC and Tenby Utd ran out comfortable winners and felt that they had earned their promotion the hard way by coming runner up in the league campaign and having to go the extra mile by way of the one chance play off. The United also won the county cup (Pembrokeshire & District Knock Out Cup). Tenby Utd RFC has won the Pembrokeshire Cup more than any other team. Tenby Utd RFC and runs a Mini and Junior section within the club and the club field teams each week all the way from the U7s right up to the 1stXV. Club Honours League: Pembrokeshire League Winners (1906 to 1989) – 20 times 2013/14 – SSE Swalec League 3 West (Runners-Up) 2013/14 – Promotion Play-Off Winners (Promotion to Division 1 West) 2010/11 – Division 4 Champions (Promotion to Division 3) Cup: Pembrokeshire County Cup Winners – 33 times References Rugby clubs established in 1901 Rugby union teams in Wales Sport in Pembrokeshire Tenby\",\n \"title\": \"Tenby United RFC\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43510074\",\n \"text\": \"The Ayrshire Amateur Football Association is a football (soccer) league competition, primarily for amateur clubs in the Ayrshire region of Scotland. The association was founded in 1935, making it one of the oldest in the country. The association is affiliated to the Scottish Amateur Football Association. Member Clubs As of season 2018–19, the Ayrshire AFA had 44 member clubs, listed hereafter in their respective leagues : Premier League Ardeer West Recreation Ardrossan CR Cumnock AFC Dirrans Ath Galston Utd Glenburn MW Hurlford AFC Hurlford Thistle Kilbride Thistle Shortlees AFC Stewarton Utd Tarbolton AFC First Division Catrine AFC Craigie AFC Crosshill Thistle Crosshouse Waverley Dailly AFC Glenmuir Thistle Irvine Meadow AFC Mauchline Utd Mossblown Boswell New Farm Loch AFC Troon Dundonald West Kilbride Division 2A Broomlands AFC Dalry AFC Darvel Victoria Dean Fenwick Thistle Drongan Utd Heathside AFC Kilmarnock AFC Kilmarnock Utd Symington Caledonian Winlinton Wolves AFC Division 2B Auchinleck Boswell Beith AFC Bellfield AFC Bellsdale AFC Irvine Meadow Largs Thistle AFC Minishant AFC Ochiltree Comm FC Onthank AFC Whitletts Victoria AFC League Structure The Ayrshire AFA is split into four single tiers - a Premier Division at the summit with three divisions below, each on a separate level. Each tier has two promotion/relegation positions between divisions. The league setup: External links Website of the Ayrshire AFA Football leagues in Scotland Amateur association football in Scotland 1935 establishments in Scotland Sports organizations established in 1935 Football in North Ayrshire Football in East Ayrshire Football in South Ayrshire\",\n \"title\": \"Ayrshire Amateur Football Association\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1122589\",\n \"text\": \"The Walker Cup is a golf trophy contested in odd-numbered years by leading male amateur golfers in two teams: United States, and Great Britain and Ireland featuring players from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The official name is the Walker Cup Match (not \\\"Matches\\\" as in Ryder Cup Matches). It is organised by The R&A and the United States Golf Association (USGA). In 1921 the Royal Liverpool Golf Club hosted an unofficial contest which was followed by official annual contests from 1922 through 1924. From 1925 they became biennial, held on even-number years. After World War II they switched to odd-numbered years. From 2026 it will be held in even-numbered years following the switch of the Eisenhower Trophy to odd-numbered years to avoid that event clashing with the Olympic Games. They are held alternately in the U.S., and Ireland or Britain. The cup is named after George Herbert Walker who was president of the USGA in 1920 when the match was initiated. Walker is the grandfather and namesake of George H. W. Bush and great-grandfather of George W. Bush, the 41st and 43rd Presidents of the United States, respectively. Unlike the Ryder Cup, which similarly began as a competition between the U.S. and the United Kingdom, the Walker Cup has never been expanded to include all European amateur golfers. As of 2023, the U.S. lead the Walker Cup series 39 to 9, with one match tied, but the two teams have been more evenly matched since 1989 when the Great Britain and Ireland team ended the U.S. team's eight-match winning run. The 1989 match and the three matches from 2003 to 2007 were all decided by a single point. Founding of the Cup Royal Liverpool (Hoylake) 1921 A team of American amateur golfers travelled in Britain in 1921, their objective being to win The Amateur Championship at Royal Liverpool (Hoylake). A match between American and British male amateur golfers was played on May 21, immediately before The Amateur Championship. This match was announced in The Times on May 10. The Times reports that the match was arranged by Gershom Stewart M.P., Chairman of Royal Liverpool Golf Club. The British team was: Tommy Armour, Colin Aylmer, Ernest Holderness, James Jenkins, Reymond de Montmorency, Gordon Simpson, Cyril Tolley and Roger Wethered. The American team was Chick Evans, William C. Fownes Jr. (Captain), Jesse Guilford, Paul M. Hunter, Bobby Jones, Francis Ouimet, J. Wood Platt, Fred Wright. The Americans won the match 9–3. Format The Walker Cup employs a combination of foursomes (alternate-shot) and singles competition and was originally the format used for the professional equivalent Ryder Cup. Up to 1961, 36 holes matches were played: four foursomes on the first day and eight singles matches on the second day. From 1963, 18 hole matches were played, with four foursomes and eight singles matches on each day. In 2009, the number of singles matches on the second day was increased to 10, so that all members of the team play on this final\",\n \"title\": \"Walker Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74374485\",\n \"text\": \"Calum Alexander Scanlon (born 14 February 2005) is a professional footballer who plays for Liverpool as a left-back. He is an England youth international. Career Scanlon joined Liverpool from Birmingham City as a 15-year-old, in a reported £500,000 deal in December 2020. He signed his first professional contract with the club in March 2022 shortly after his 18th birthday. In July 2023, he was included in the Liverpool first-team pre-season training camp to Germany. He was then included in Liverpool's 27-man squad to tour Singapore on 27 July 2023. In September 2023, Scanlon scored for Liverpool U21 against EFL League Two side Morecambe in the EFL Trophy. Scanlon continued to train with the Liverpool first-team squad during the 2023–24 season following an injury to first-choice left-back Andrew Robertson, and was named among the match day substitutes for the Premier League match against local rivals Everton on 21 October 2023. He made his senior debut for Liverpool in a 5–1 UEFA Europa League victory over Toulouse at Anfield on 26 October 2023. Scanlon signed a new long-term professional contract with Liverpool in April 2024. Career statistics Club References External links 2005 births Living people Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands English men's footballers England men's youth international footballers Men's association football defenders Birmingham City F.C. players Liverpool F.C. players\",\n \"title\": \"Calum Scanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4438800\",\n \"text\": \"Simon Peter Tracey (born 9 December 1967) is an English former professional footballer who made more than 300 appearances in the Football League playing as a goalkeeper for Wimbledon, Sheffield United, Manchester City, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest and Wimbledon. He is currently chief scout at Northampton Town. Playing career Tracey played most of his professional career at Sheffield United. He started out as a goalkeeper at Wimbledon in 1985. He made his debut in a 2–1 loss to Liverpool in the Charity Shield in 1988 after Dave Beasant, the hero of the FA Cup Final win that gave Wimbledon their place in the match, had been sold to Newcastle United. He kept his place for the first League game of the season but did not perform well in a 5–1 defeat and was dropped and replaced temporarily with Ron Green and then, permanently, Hans Segers. He was sold on to Sheffield United in 1988 for £7,500 and was part of the team that was promoted from the old Third Division in the 1988-89 season finishing in second place. He was an ever-present during the following season when United were again promoted, this time to the old First Division and also won the club's player of the season award for the same season. Tracey remained first-choice in the top flight and was again player of the season, this time for the 1991-92 season. Tracey then suffered regular injuries and his games were limited by the arrival of Alan Kelly in the summer of 1992 for the first season of the new FA Premier League. During this time he had loan spells at several clubs, including Manchester City, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest and his old team Wimbledon. Whilst on loan at Manchester City in November 1994, Tracey appeared in a 5–0 loss to rivals Manchester Utd, the worst losing margin for City in a Manchester Derby. A loan spell at Norwich City during the 1994-95 season was a nightmare for Tracey. He made three appearances - in the first he ran out of his area allowing Coventry to score an easy goal, in the second he was stretchered off with an injury and in the third he let in five goals in an FA Cup tie at Everton. In 2000 when he played at Norwich for Sheffield United he made a similar charge from his area that allowed Norwich striker Craig Bellamy to score. In 1995, he had a short spell on loan at Nottingham Forest but did not play for the first team, then played one game back at Wimbledon in a 4–1 defeat to Forest. Tracey again featured regularly for Sheffield United in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and in total went on to make 382 appearances for United until 2003. His playing days came to an end when he suffered an injury during pre-season to the 2002–2003 season and once recovered, summer signing Paddy Kenny had cemented his place in the first team. This led to Tracey retiring\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Tracey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14357194\",\n \"text\": \"Carl Miller (born 25 October 1966, in Birmingham), is an English former professional basketball player who played in the British Basketball League (BBL), and later the EBL (English Basketball League). He is founder of Esteem Through Sport. Basketball career A journeyman for much of his career, Miller played for a number of BBL teams in the UK and had a very brief spell in Europe with the Estrelas Lisbon basketball team where he was released, before returning to the BBL to join the Newcastle Eagles. The full list of teams Miller played for include: Tees Valley Mohawks (2002–2003) ; London Leopards (2001–2002 ) ; Derby Storm (1999–2001 ); Newcastle Eagles (1996–99) ; Estrelas Lisbon (Portugal – ) (1996) ; Thames Valley (1995–96); Leopards (1994–95) ; Kingston/Guildford Kings (1991–94) ; Manchester Giants (1990–91) ; Warrington/Manchester Utd (1984–86) Basketball achievements League (Team): Winner 1991–92, 1985–86 ; Runner-up – 1984–85 Championship (Team): Winner – 1991–92, 1984–85 ; Runner-up – 1993–94 Cup (Team): Winner – 1992–93, 1991–92 ; Runner-up – 1993–94 Trophy (Team): Winner – 1991–92 ; Runner-up – 1992–93, 1990–91 International: Great Britain (7 Caps) References 1966 births Living people English men's basketball players Newcastle Eagles players Power forwards\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Miller (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37109471\",\n \"text\": \"Kingston Nkhatha (born 27 October 1985) is a Zimbabwean footballer who plays as a striker for Mbombela United in the South African National First Division and the Zimbabwe national team. Career Club Early career Nkhatha started his career in Zimbabwe with Buymore F.C. and CAPS United, before departing to South Africa to sign for Free State Stars. Less than a year after signing for Free State Stars, Nkhatha was loaned out to Carara Kicks. He returned to FS Stars in 2009 and remained with the club until he left in 2011 to join Black Leopards, eight goals in twenty-two appearances followed before he was signed by Kaizer Chiefs. Kaizer Chiefs He joined Kaizer Chiefs in July 2012 under new coach Stuart Baxter. He made his league debut on 11 August 2012 in a 6–0 win over AmaZulu. He scored the second goal on debut in the 42nd minute. He went on to score eight goals in 24 matches for the 2012–13 season. Nkhatha urged fans to stop booing him or other players when fans started to boo him towards the end of the 2012–13 and the beginning of the 2013–14 season. He said \\\"As a professional, you cannot take these things to heart otherwise they will destroy you. But I still ask our fans to stop doing it. It is not good for the team\\\". He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 as an equaliser in the Soweto derby to silence critics. He also started off the 2014 CAF Champions League campaign with a brace in a 3–0 win over Black Africa on 8 February 2014. The first, a long range shot and the second, a header over advancing goalkeeper, Arnold Subeb after a pinpoint drop kick from Itumeleng Khune in the 87th minute. Nkhatha scored 7 goals in the 2013–14 season again. During 2014–15 pre-season friendlies, he scored against Chippa United in a 4–2 win in Port Elizabeth he competed in the 2014 Carling Black Label Cup but got injured and bruised his thigh in the 23rd minute after clashing with Senzo Meyiwa. In the fourth quarter final of the 2014 MTN 8, Nkhatha scored Chiefs' second goal only in the 5th minute after taking the lead from Reneilwe Letsholonyane's 2nd-minute goal, with a 22-yard volley that first hit the underside of the cross bar. Chiefs won 4–0. In total, Nkhatha made 69 league appearances before departing in 2015. SuperSport United On 16 January 2015, Nkhatha joined Premier Soccer League outfit SuperSport United on a three-and-a-half-year contract. He made his debut on 11 February against his former club Free State Stars and scored his first SuperSport Utd goal in the process. He won his first trophy with SuperSport Utd in May 2016 when the club won the 2015–16 Nedbank Cup. International Nkhatha has won 10 caps and scored 3 goals for the Zimbabwe national team. His international goals have come against Madagascar and Malawi. Career statistics Club . International . International goals . Scores and results list Zimbabwe's\",\n \"title\": \"Kingston Nkhatha\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22306944\",\n \"text\": \"Ray Ashby (birth unknown) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Liverpool City, Wigan, and Blackpool Borough, as a , or . Playing career Club career Ashby started his professional career at Liverpool City. In March 1964, he was signed by Wigan for a fee of £3,500. Ashby played in Wigan's 20–16 victory over Hunslet in the 1965 Challenge Cup Final during the 1964–65 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 8 May 1965, in front of a crowd of 89,016. He jointly won the Lance Todd Trophy with Hunslet's Brian Gabbitas for man of the match, and was the first time two players polled the same number of votes. He returned to Wembley with Wigan the following year in the 1966 Challenge Cup final, but this time lost 2–21 to St Helens. During the 1966–67 season, Ashby played in Wigan's 16–13 victory over Oldham in the 1966 Lancashire Cup Final at Station Road, Swinton, on Saturday 29 October 1966. International honours Ashby was selected to play for Great Britain against France while he was at Liverpool City in 1964, and was one of only four players in the club's history to be capped for Great Britain. He won a second cap against France while at Wigan in 1965. References External links Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com 1965 The Day David Almost Slew Goliath – Wigan v Hunslet (archived by web.archive.org) Kiwis open British tours… Living people English rugby league players Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside Blackpool Borough players Great Britain national rugby league team players Lancashire rugby league team players Lance Todd Trophy winners Liverpool City (rugby league) players Rugby league centres Rugby league fullbacks Wigan Warriors players Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Ashby\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1148650\",\n \"text\": \"David Peace (born 1967) is an English writer. Best known for his UK-set novels Red Riding Quartet (1999–2002), GB84 (2004), The Damned Utd (2006), and Red or Dead (2013), Peace was named one of the Best of Young British Novelists by Granta in their 2003 list. His books often deal with themes of mental breakdown or derangement in the face of extreme circumstances. In an interview with David Mitchell, he stated: \\\"I was drawn to writing about individuals and societies in moments that are often extreme, and often at times of defeat, be they personal or broader, or both. I believe that in such moments, during such times, in how we react and how we live, we learn who we truly are, for better or worse.\\\" Biography David Peace was born in Dewsbury and grew up in Ossett, West Yorkshire. He was educated at Batley Grammar School, Wakefield College and Manchester Polytechnic, which he left in 1991 to go to Istanbul to teach English. He cites his father's book collection, and reading the NME between 1979 and 1985, as formative influences. He moved to Tokyo in 1994 and returned to the UK in 2009. He went back to Tokyo in 2011 because he found it hard to write in Britain. He has lectured in the Department of Contemporary Literary Studies at the University of Tokyo since his return to Tokyo in 2011. Red-Riding Quartet The Red-Riding Quartet comprises the novels Nineteen Seventy-Four (1999), Nineteen Seventy-Seven (2000), Nineteen Eighty (2001) and Nineteen Eighty-Three (2002). The books deal with police corruption, and are set against a backdrop of the Yorkshire Ripper murders between 1975 and 1980. They feature several recurring characters. Red Riding, a three-part TV adaptation of the series, aired on Channel 4 in the UK in 2009. The cast includes Sean Bean, Andrew Garfield, David Morrissey and Rebecca Hall. GB84 Peace followed the quartet with GB84 (2004). This is a fictional portrayal of the year of the UK miners' strike (1984–1985). It describes the insidious workings of the British government and MI5, the coalfield battles, the struggle for influence in government and the dwindling powers of the National Union of Mineworkers. The book was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature in 2005. The Damned Utd, Red or Dead He followed GB84 with another fact-based fictional piece, The Damned Utd (2006), which is based on Brian Clough's fateful 44-day spell in 1974 as manager of Leeds United Football Club. Entering the mind of the man who many regard as a football genius, Peace tells the story of a man characterised by a fear of failure and a hunger for success. Peace has described it as an \\\"occult history of Leeds United\\\". Former footballer and manager Johnny Giles threatened to sue Peace for The Damned Utd as to what he perceived were gross untruths in the book. As part of an out of court settlement, the publisher of The Damned Utd, Faber and Faber, agreed to remove from any\",\n \"title\": \"David Peace\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9650877\",\n \"text\": \"Liverpool Football Club is a professional association football club in Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions. Since 1964, they have won fourteen European and Worldwide trophies, more than any other British club. These consist of the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) six times, the UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup) three times, the UEFA Super Cup four times and the FIFA Club World Cup once. Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season. Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup final, the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster, following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons. Since being readmitted in 1991, they have qualified for the UEFA Champions League (the successor to the European Cup) fifteen times, the UEFA Europa League (the successor to the UEFA Cup) twelve times, and the (now-defunct) UEFA Cup Winners' Cup twice. As a result of their victory in the 2005 Champions League final, Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs' Cup trophy outright and were awarded a multiple winner badge. Only two teams have won more Champions League titles than Liverpool: Real Madrid and AC Milan with fourteen and seven, respectively. Liverpool's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla, who have won the competition seven times. They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on four occasions; only Barcelona, Milan and Real Madrid (five each) have won the competition more. Liverpool won the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time in 2019. Bob Paisley is the club's most successful manager in Europe, with five trophies. Liverpool's biggest-margin win in Europe is an 11–0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974–75 European Cup Winners' Cup. In European competitions, Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances, with 150, and Mohamed Salah is the club's record goalscorer, with 47 goals. Background Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years. The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned. The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition. When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in\",\n \"title\": \"Liverpool F.C. in international football\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6164656\",\n \"text\": \"Alan Graham Cork (born 4 March 1959) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a striker for several clubs, most notably Wimbledon (where he spent 14 years, played in all four divisions of the Football League and gained an FA Cup-winner's medal in 1988) and has held a number of managerial and coaching posts since his retirement from playing. He holds the record for first-team appearances and first-team goals at Wimbledon and is also the only player to have scored in all four divisions of the pre-1992 Football League and also the Premier League. Playing career Early career Cork started his career at Derby County. However, despite a loan spell at Lincoln City, Cork failed to break into the Derby first team and subsequently joined Wimbledon, who had been recently elected to the Football League and were playing in Division Four at the time, on a free transfer in 1978. Wimbledon Cork's very substantial contribution to the team over more than 14 years helped Wimbledon climb the football league pyramid and eventually gained them entry into the First Division, playing in every division of the Football League in the process. Initially, the club's first choice starting striker, Cork also played sixty minutes of Wimbledon's famous FA Cup triumph over Liverpool on 14 May 1988. Four days later, his testimonial match was held at Plough Lane against an All Stars XI from various club sides, to mark 10 years of Cork's service to Wimbledon. He is fondly remembered by fans of the club from their Plough Lane days, who used to salute him on the pitch with a chant of 'Alan Cork, Alan Cork, Alan Alan Cork. He's got no hair but we don't care, Alan Alan Cork', in reference to Cork's increasing baldness. Typically, on hearing the chant, Cork would turn to the crowd and tap his head. During the rise of the club's notorious \\\"Crazy Gang\\\" image, he was always portrayed as the \\\"sensible one\\\" in the team. During his time at Wimbledon, he set the club record for both the most first team appearances and also the most first-team goals scored. He eventually left Wimbledon in early 1992 to join Sheffield United on a free transfer. In 14 years at Wimbledon, he scored 145 league goals in 440 appearances. Sheffield Utd. and retirement He spent two-and-a-half seasons with Sheffield United, including two full seasons in the newly rebranded FA Premier League. He famously grew a thick beard, and refused to shave until Sheffield United's FA Cup run of 1992–93 had ended. The cup run lasted four months, as the Blades made it all the way to the semi-finals, going out to local rivals Sheffield Wednesday at Wembley. He scored the equalising goal in a 2–1 defeat. Halfway through the 1994–95 season, he moved to Fulham before retiring after the season aged 36. During his whole career no (significant) transfer fee was paid for him. Managerial and coaching career Fulham Following his retirement he was appointed to\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Cork\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Manchester United"],"string":"[\n \"Manchester United\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":61,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55311"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the sydney harbour bridge paid off"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"47444115","text":"The Overseas Passenger Terminal (OPT), known officially as the Sydney Cove Passenger Terminal, is a public passenger terminal servicing cruise ships and ocean liners located in Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia. Whilst commercial shipping operations on and around the site date from 1792, the current primary structure and waterfront promenade date from 1958, with subsequent on-going alterations and land reclamation throughout the latter part of the 20th century. The current design retains the black steel portal frame trusses of the original 1958 structure, with major additions completed in 1988 in the Post-War International Style through the collaboration of Sydney architects Lawrence Nield and Peter Tonkin. The building's main structure, the two remaining uniquely designed extendable gangways and an interior mural known as Foundations of European Settlement by Australian artist Arthur Murch are all listed as individual items of significance within the State Heritage Inventory by the New South Wales Heritage Office. Since 2006, the building and its surroundings have also been listed as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site buffer zone for the Sydney Opera House. Today, although there are other passenger terminals on Sydney Harbour, the OPT maintains a significant public role as the only major passenger terminal east of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. As such, it has been host to many major international cruise liners which are unable to clear the underside of the bridge, including the largest liner to dock at the OPT to date, the Ovation of the Seas. The OPT promenade and viewing platforms are open to the public when ships are not docked in the terminal and a series of dining and entertainment venues within the building serve as part of the OPT's secondary function. Location The Overseas Passenger Terminal is located along the western edge of waterfront which frames Sydney Cove, also known as Circular Quay West and forms part of the promenade between Circular Quay station and First Fleet Park to the South and Campbell's Cove to the north. Its geographical location along the water's edge provides the structure with a clear, unobstructed view of two of Sydney's most recognisable icons, the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. Its location also borders along the eastern edge of one of Sydney's earliest colonial settlement areas, known as The Rocks and today is on the border of a heritage conservation area which protects this historically significant zone. History Antiquity to European colonisation The site of the OPT is located within the country of the Cadigal (Gadigal), a part of the wider Eora Aboriginal peoples within the Sydney Region and one of the several hundred communities of Indigenous Australian peoples. It has been noted that the Cadigal people were a harbour-dwelling clan, inhabiting the various shorelines which stretched from inner South Head, through the present Eastern Suburbs to Warrane (or War-ran, now known as Sydney Cove) and from the City of Sydney to west of Gomora (now known as Darling Harbour). The current site of the Overseas Passenger Terminal was part of the","title":"Overseas Passenger Terminal"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"47444115\",\n \"text\": \"The Overseas Passenger Terminal (OPT), known officially as the Sydney Cove Passenger Terminal, is a public passenger terminal servicing cruise ships and ocean liners located in Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia. Whilst commercial shipping operations on and around the site date from 1792, the current primary structure and waterfront promenade date from 1958, with subsequent on-going alterations and land reclamation throughout the latter part of the 20th century. The current design retains the black steel portal frame trusses of the original 1958 structure, with major additions completed in 1988 in the Post-War International Style through the collaboration of Sydney architects Lawrence Nield and Peter Tonkin. The building's main structure, the two remaining uniquely designed extendable gangways and an interior mural known as Foundations of European Settlement by Australian artist Arthur Murch are all listed as individual items of significance within the State Heritage Inventory by the New South Wales Heritage Office. Since 2006, the building and its surroundings have also been listed as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site buffer zone for the Sydney Opera House. Today, although there are other passenger terminals on Sydney Harbour, the OPT maintains a significant public role as the only major passenger terminal east of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. As such, it has been host to many major international cruise liners which are unable to clear the underside of the bridge, including the largest liner to dock at the OPT to date, the Ovation of the Seas. The OPT promenade and viewing platforms are open to the public when ships are not docked in the terminal and a series of dining and entertainment venues within the building serve as part of the OPT's secondary function. Location The Overseas Passenger Terminal is located along the western edge of waterfront which frames Sydney Cove, also known as Circular Quay West and forms part of the promenade between Circular Quay station and First Fleet Park to the South and Campbell's Cove to the north. Its geographical location along the water's edge provides the structure with a clear, unobstructed view of two of Sydney's most recognisable icons, the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. Its location also borders along the eastern edge of one of Sydney's earliest colonial settlement areas, known as The Rocks and today is on the border of a heritage conservation area which protects this historically significant zone. History Antiquity to European colonisation The site of the OPT is located within the country of the Cadigal (Gadigal), a part of the wider Eora Aboriginal peoples within the Sydney Region and one of the several hundred communities of Indigenous Australian peoples. It has been noted that the Cadigal people were a harbour-dwelling clan, inhabiting the various shorelines which stretched from inner South Head, through the present Eastern Suburbs to Warrane (or War-ran, now known as Sydney Cove) and from the City of Sydney to west of Gomora (now known as Darling Harbour). The current site of the Overseas Passenger Terminal was part of the\",\n \"title\": \"Overseas Passenger Terminal\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"5219331","text":"Cahill Expressway is an urban freeway in Sydney and was the first freeway constructed in Australia, with the first section, from the Bradfield Highway to Conservatorium Place being opened to traffic in March 1958. It links the southern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, via an elevated roadway, a tunnel and cuttings between the Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain, to Woolloomooloo in Sydney's inner-eastern suburbs. It is named after the then New South Wales Premier John Joseph Cahill, who also approved construction of the Sydney Opera House. Route The Cahill Expressway starts at the interchange with the Bradfield Highway and heads east as a four-lane road on the upper level of a two-level viaduct across the northern edge of the Sydney CBD at Circular Quay, before turning south at the interchange with the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and then southeast into the Domain Tunnel, located underneath the Royal Botanic Garden. It emerges soon afterwards in a cutting, then enters another tunnel under The Domain, before ending at the interchange with Cowper Wharf Road and continuing south as the Eastern Distributor. Entry ramps for the northwestern end of the Cahill Expressway also exist heading southbound along parts of the Warringah Freeway in North Sydney and the Bradfield Highway across the Harbour Bridge. At the western end of the Cahill Expressway traffic reaches the Bradfield Highway to travel north via a tunnel under the Bradfield Highway then an anti-clockwise spiral which climbs up to the level of the Bradield highway, traversing 270° in doing so. The expressway forms a link between Sydney's eastern and northern suburbs, by connecting the Eastern Distributor to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour Tunnel. It allows travel directly from Kingsford-Smith Airport to the northern suburbs without traffic signals. The traffic on the elevated section was reduced by half following the opening of the Sydney Harbour tunnel in 1992, but has increased again since then as the increased road capacity as a result of the construction of the tunnel has encouraged greater car usage. The elevated section is on a double deck viaduct, with the top deck carrying the Cahill Expressway, and the lower deck the City Circle railway and Circular Quay railway station. The expressway has a pedestrian walkway next to the traffic lanes, where great views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the CBD can be seen. It is accessible by stairs from Macquarie Street, or an elevator near Circular Quay railway station. The walkway connects with the Sydney Harbour Bridge walkway. The Roads & Traffic Authority offers tickets to view the New Year's Eve fireworks from the Cahill Expressway deck through a competition. Former The Sydney Morning Herald writer Elizabeth Farrelly described the freeway as 'doggedly symmetrical, profoundly deadpan, severing the city from the water on a permanent basis'. The sunken section of the expressway runs between the Royal Botanical Gardens and The Domain, key green spaces in Sydney. The Botanic Gardens Trust described the expressway as destroying the spatial relationship between the two.","title":"Cahill Expressway"},{"docid":"69235776","text":"Karingal was a ferry operated by Sydney Ferries Limited and its NSW State Government operated successors on Sydney Harbour from 1913 until 1984. A wooden ferry built at the time of Sydney Ferries' rapid early twentieth century, she was the smallest of the round-end \"K-class ferries\". Karingal and her very similar \"sister\", Karrabee, were built as coal-fired steamer and converted to diesel in the 1930s. Unlike many early twentieth century Sydney Ferries, they survived both the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the 1930s and the State Government takeover in 1951. Karingal, and the other three remaining old wooden ferries, were taken out of service shortly after Karrabee's high-profile sinking at Circular Quay in 1984. In service for 71 years, the two were among the longest-serving ferries on Sydney Harbour. \"Karingal\" is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning 'happy home'. Background Karingal, and her sister Karrabee, were built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. The two ferries were part of broader type of around 25 double-ended timber screw ferries - the Sydney K-class ferries - that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. Karingal followed the Sydney Ferries Limited convention of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \"K\". \"Karingal\" is thought to mean \"happy home\". Design and construction Karingal, and sister Karrabee, were built by Morrison & Sinclair, Balmain for Sydney Ferries Limited's Parramatta River service. Both carvel planked boats were designed by J Harter under the supervision of T Brown, the company's works manager. Karingal was the smallest of the round-ended K-class Sydney ferries, and could carry 608 passengers. The slightly larger, Karrabee could carry 653. Karingal's original steam engine and boilers came from the ferry Aleathea (1881) when it was converted into a lighter in 1913. The Bow, McLachlan and Company-built 28 nhp, 260 iph engines had cyclinders of 13-inch, 26-inch and 18-inch. The engines were fitted by Poole and Steele and pushed Karingal at up to 11 knots. Unlike other Sydney Ferries Ltd vessels, she is pushed, or pulled depending on direction, by a single propeller at one end. Karingal was launched on 8 April 1913. She was christened by Miss Duncan, daughter of the outdoor superintendent of the Sydney Ferries Ltd company. Karingal's original cost was £7,726. Service history Steam ferry (1913 - 1937) Karingal's trial trip took place on 15 August 1913 during which she reached a speed of 11.5 knots. She commenced her passenger service on the Parramatta River route on 2 September 1913. The Parramatta River service beyond Gladesville Bridge was discontinued after 1928 and Karingal was used on other routes. Karingal was kept in service after the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge whereas 18 mainly older vessels were decommissioned due to the drop in passenger demand. Prior to","title":"Karingal (ferry)"},{"docid":"64199335","text":"Kosciusko was a \"K-class\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1911, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Kosciusko was converted to diesel propulsion in the 1950s and served on Sydney Harbour until 1975 when she was sent to Hobart to assist following the collapse of the Tasman bridge. She was burnt out in 1982. Background Intended for the Mosman run, Kosciusko was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. The ferry was part of broader type of around 20 double-ended timber screw ferries the Sydney K-class ferries that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. While Kosciusko followed the Sydney Ferries Limited tradition of naming their vessels starting with K, unlike the rest of the fleet, her name was not an Australian Aboriginal word. Rather, Kosciusko was named after the Australian mountain which was, in turn, named after Polish military leader Tadeusz Kościuszko. Design and construction Kosciusko was built in 1911 by David Drake, of Balmain for £12,617. Her 54 hp triple expansion steam engine was supplied by Campbell & Calderwell and pushed her to 10 knots. Also a timber-built vessel, she was 165 tons, 35.4 m and had a passenger capacity of 785. Although built by different builders, she was very similar in form and size to Kanimbla, such that the two were often considered sister ships. Service history Kosciusko was one of the few formerly numerous K-class ferries to survive both the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the 1950s state government rationalisation of the fleet. Kanangra, Karingal, Karrabee, and Kameruka were also kept in service and converted from steam to diesel propulsion in the 1930s and 1950s. Kosciusko was converted to diesel in 1959 (60 hp Crossley, 11 knots) which allowed coal-fired Kareela to be retired. When first commissioned, Kosciusko was a medium size ferry in comparison to the rest of the Sydney Ferries fleet, however, by the 1970s, she was the second largest. In 1975, Hobart's north-south link was cut by the Tasman Bridge disaster. Alternatives were urgently needed, and Sydney's then new Lady Wakehurst was sent to the Tasmanian city to assist with cross-Derwent travel. Lady Ferguson and Kosciusko were towed to Hobart soon after, however, the timber 1914-built Lady Ferguson was in too poor condition to be used. Kosciusko was sold to the city and following re-opening of the bridge, she was again sold and used as a floating restaurant. During renovations in 1982, she caught fire and was burnt out. Her stern, including the propeller and rudder, are displayed outside a hotel in Hobart. Incidents Early in her service life, Kosciusko was rammed by a steel fuel barge under tow, causing her severe","title":"Kosciusko (ferry)"},{"docid":"3253695","text":"Bradfield Highway is a highway that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge in Sydney, New South Wales and is one of the shortest highways in Australia. It opened along with the bridge itself on 19 March 1932 and was named in honour of John Bradfield, the engineer who designed and helped construct it. Route Bradfield Highway commences at the interchange with Warringah Freeway and Lavender Street in North Sydney and heads in a southerly direction as an eight-lane multi-carriageway road, crossing Port Jackson over the Sydney Harbour Bridge, before shortly terminating at the interchange with Western Distributor and Cahill Expressway, at the former southern toll plaza at the southern foot of the bridge, at Millers Point. Bradfield Highway currently carries eight lanes of traffic over Sydney Harbour Bridge, each numbered from one to eight from west to east, but with the two easternmost lanes (lanes 7 and 8) permanently assigned in a southbound direction: lane 7 as a 24hr bus lane, and lane 8 as access solely to the off-ramp to Cahill Expressway. During peak periods three out of the six remaining lanes are reversed, giving a 2 × 4, 3 × 3 or 5 × 1 flow. The default is 4 × 2, being four north lanes and two south lanes (with the remaining two permanent southbound lanes providing an even flow of traffic). The direction of the lanes is indicated by electronic signage above each lane. Lane six was also reversed prior to 1990 during the evening rush hour, giving a 6 × 0 flow, however this no longer occurs because of changes made to Warringah Freeway to accommodate the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. In 2001, 159,587 vehicles a day used the highway. Bradfield Highway is still designated as a stock route, and livestock can still be herded across the Sydney Harbour Bridge if properly arranged by a grazier. History As a government-appointed civil engineer, John Bradfield oversaw the tendering process for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and as the NSW Public Works Department chief engineer had oversight of the bridge design and construction. Amid some controversy, Bradfield was also considered to be the co-designer of the bridge's arch design, along with Dorman Long and Sir Ralph Freeman. When the bridge on 19 March 1932, the Governor of New South Wales Sir Philip Game named the highway after him. Prior to the construction of Warringah Freeway in 1968, all traffic at the northern terminus of Bradfield Highway was directed to or from Pacific Highway, via North Sydney. In August 1992 the Sydney Harbour Tunnel opened which helped to relieve congestion on Bradfield Highway. The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State","title":"Bradfield Highway (Sydney)"},{"docid":"5006964","text":"The Fig Tree Bridge is a road bridge that carries Burns Bay Road across the Lane Cove River, and connects the suburbs of Hunters Hill in the south and Linley Point in the north, located approximately northwest of the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The concrete girder bridge carries motor vehicles, and a grade-separated footpath and cycleway. History The bridge replaced the original Fig Tree Bridge, an iron truss swing bridge the site of which is located directly adjacent to the current bridge. The original bridge was opened in 1885, and formed part of the first project to provide a fixed crossing of Sydney Harbour. The project also included the first Gladesville Bridge (1881) and Iron Cove Bridge (1882). The earlier Fig Tree Bridge was located about to the west of the new bridge. Its southern abutment, which still exists, has a viewing platform accessible from the end of Joubert Street, Hunters Hill. The wheel that once operated the opening span stands in memorial. The bridge took an hour to open its iron structure. Four workers were required to get the gearwheel opening system going. Description The current Fig Tree Bridge, which opened in September 1963, was built in conjunction with the Tarban Creek and Gladesville bridges as part of the planned North Western Expressway linking the city with the future Sydney-Newcastle Freeway. The expressway was cancelled but the freeway grade road from the eastern end of the Gladesville Bridge, over Tarban Creek and ending at the northern end of Fig Tree Bridge has been maintained. The piers and deck were designed to allow an additional two lanes to be provided, and this can be seen in the eccentric camber of the deck, with the apex of the camber off-centre to the centreline of the deck. Although the North Western Expressway has not eventuated, along with the Tarban Creek and Gladesville Bridges, Fig Tree Bridge serves a vital role as part of the next crossing upriver from the Sydney Harbour Bridge of Sydney Harbour, and is therefore an alternative route northwest between the central business district and the lower north shore via Burns Bay Road. The bridge does not carry a toll. The Fig Tree Bridge is part of the Seven Bridges Walk, a fundraising event run by the Cancer Council of NSW. The event consists of a walking circuit that crossed seven of Sydney's bridges, including the Sydney Harbour, Pyrmont, Anzac, Iron Cove, Gladesville, and Tarban Creek bridges. Gallery See also List of bridges in Sydney References External links Bridges in Sydney Bridges completed in 1885 Bridges completed in 1963 1963 establishments in Australia Girder bridges Concrete bridges in Australia Municipality of Hunter's Hill Road bridges in New South Wales Lane Cove River","title":"Fig Tree Bridge"},{"docid":"41504830","text":"Francis Hixson (8 January 1833 – 2 March 1909) worked as a Royal Navy officer in colonial New South Wales and the Pacific. He was also superintendent of pilots, lighthouses, and harbours in New South Wales. Hixson was a native of Dorsetshire, England, and, entering the Royal Navy, arrived at Sydney in H.M.S. Havannah in 1848. When the Havannah was paid off, in 1852, he was appointed to the Herald, and when that vessel left Australian waters, in 1861, he was employed as chief assistant, to Commander Sidney in the survey of the coasts of New South Wales. In January 1863 he left the navy, having reached the rank of \"master\", and was appointed superintendent of pilots, lighthouses, and harbours in New South Wales. In the same year he organised the New South Wales Naval Brigade, which he commanded for many years. He was appointed President of the Marine Board of that colony in April 1872, and was Captain commanding the Naval Forces. Captain Hixson married in 1861 Sarah, second daughter of the Hon. Francis Lord, of New South Wales. Two of their daughters married into the Fairfax family, publishers of the Sydney Morning Herald. Hixson died at his residence in , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. References 1833 births 1909 deaths Royal Navy officers 19th-century Australian public servants","title":"Francis Hixson"},{"docid":"35691734","text":"Koompartoo was a 1922 Sydney Ferries Limited K-class ferry later converted to a Royal Australian Navy boom defence vessel. Koompartoo, described in the press as a \"Dreadnought for the Milsons Point run\" and \"a titan amongst ferries\", was along with her sister ferry, Kuttabul, the highest capacity ferries ever on Sydney Harbour. Commencing ferry service in 1922, they were designed and built for the short heavy-lift run on the Circular Quay to Milsons Point across to Sydney's North Shore prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Following the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, both ferries were redundant. During World War II, they were requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy. Kuttabul was sunk during the 1942 Japanese Attack on Sydney Harbour with the loss of 19 lives. Koompartoo was converted to a boom defence vessel and taken to Darwin. Following the War, she was laid up in Sydney until 1962 when she was taken to Launceston, Tasmania where her hull was used as bauxite barge. Her final fate is unclear. The name, \"Koompartoo\", is thought to be an Australian Aboriginal word meaning \"fresh start\", and the boat followed about twenty previous Sydney Ferries K-class vessels named with Aboriginal words starting with \"K\". Background In the early twentieth century, prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, Sydney Ferries Limited was running one of the largest ferry fleets in the world to cater for booming demand for ferry services across Sydney Harbour to Sydney's North Shore. In particular, more and bigger ferries were needed to service the crowded Milsons Point to Circular Quay route (in the approximate location and route of the current Sydney Harbour Bridge). The Milson's Point wharf was an interchange with the North Shore rail terminus and is now the location of Luna Park. Peak hour ferries were leaving either side of the harbour at the rate of one fully loaded vessel every six minutes. An order was placed for two similar and very large steel-hulled high capacity ferries - Koompartoo and Kuttabul - to service the short heavy-lift route. Design and construction The two ferries were built in 1922 by the Walsh Island Dockyard and Engineering Works in Newcastle. At in length, and with very large beams of for most of their lengths, the two vessels were the largest ferries owned by Sydney Ferries and the last of the company's K-class. The two boats represented the peak of the K-class design of double-ended ferries. The Department of Navigation granted Koompartoo a passenger certificate for 2,089 people, which was the highest passenger capacity of any ferries ever on Sydney Harbour. This was 730 more than Sydney Ferries Limited's previous largest ferry, Kuramia (1914), and almost 500 people more than the Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Company's Manly ferries. Koompartoo's 113 hp triple-expansion steam engines of the inverted type and built by the builder, pushed her to 12 knots. Steam was provided by two gunboat type boilers at 180 lb pressure. The two","title":"Koompartoo"},{"docid":"5322028","text":"Tourism in Sydney forms an important part of the city's economy. The city received 12 million domestic visitors and 4.1 million international visitors in year ending June 2019. The most famous attractions include the Sydney Opera House, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include the Sydney Mardi Gras, Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, the beaches and Sydney Tower. Tourism promotion The Government of New South Wales operates two relevant programs relevant to Sydney as part of the NSW Tourism Strategy: Brand Sydney – Revitalise and strengthen the image and appeal of Sydney. Visit Sydney – To increase promotion of Sydney as a tourist destination through a strengthened dedicated business unit within Destination NSW. Brand Sydney Brand Sydney project will be led by the Premier of New South Wales, overseen by the Minister for Tourism and a Project Steering Committee and delivered by the Project Team. John O'Neill is the chair of Brand Sydney. Sydney Harbour Port Jackson is the natural harbour of Sydney. It is known for its natural environment, and as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The area around the harbour foreshore contains pockets of bushland which was once common around Sydney, containing a range of native animals. Sydney Opera House The Sydney Opera House is one of the most distinctive and famous 20th-century buildings, and one of the most famous performing arts venues in the world. Situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, with parkland to its south and close to the equally famous Sydney Harbour Bridge, the building and its surroundings form an iconic Australian image. The building was included in the Olympic Torch route in 2000 to the Sydney Olympic Stadium. It was the backdrop of some events for the 2000 Summer Olympics, including the triathlon—which began at the Opera House—and the yachting events on Sydney Harbour. The dramatic exteriors have not been matched with technically superior interiors, and the Opera House's reputation as a music venue has suffered as a result. Sydney Harbour Bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the main crossing of Sydney Harbour carrying rail, vehicular, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district (CBD) and the North Shore. The dramatic water vista of the bridge together with the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of both Sydney and Australia. The South-east pylon for many years operated as lookout and tourist attraction, containing a number of telescopes and antiquated arcade games which operated on pennies, long after that currency had gone out of operation. The pylon has recently been renovated and returned to its tourist function. Bridge Climb Since 1998, BridgeClimb has made it possible for tourists to climb the southern half of the bridge. Tours run throughout the day, from dawn to dusk and are only cancelled for electrical storms or high wind. Night climbs are also available. Groups of climbers are provided with protective clothing appropriate to the prevailing weather conditions and are given an orientation before climbing. During the climb,","title":"Tourism in Sydney"},{"docid":"2648171","text":"Shark Island is an island located within Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia. The island is in area, measuring some 250 metres by 100 metres, and lies off the Sydney suburbs of Point Piper, Rose Bay and Vaucluse, in the eastern section of the harbour between the Harbour Bridge and the harbour entrance. The island was known by the local Aboriginal people as Boambilly, and the current name comes from its shape, which is claimed to resemble a shark. Shark Island Light is an active pile lighthouse located just north of Shark Island, an island in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. Its light is only visible on in the fairway of the harbour, between Shark Point and Point Piper. History The island has been the site of drownings, shipwrecks, and at least one shark attack, when, in 1877, Australian rules footballer and cricketer George Coulthard was sitting in a boat anchored offshore and was pulled overboard by a large shark. Coulthard managed to return to the boat, his attack and escape were widely reported. Parts of the island were set aside as a recreation reserve as early as 1879 and it was also used as an animal quarantine station and naval depot until 1975. At that time it became exclusively a recreation reserve and part of the Sydney Harbour National Park. Approved operators and a scheduled ferry service can take people to the island. See also Bradleys Head Clark Island (New South Wales) Dobroyd Head Goat Island Sow and Pigs Reef Sydney Heads Sydney Harbour National Park References External links [CC-By-SA] Islands of Sydney Sydney Harbour Sydney localities Sydney Harbour National Park","title":"Shark Island (Port Jackson)"},{"docid":"28556224","text":"HMAS Uralba was an auxiliary minefield tender and armament stores carrier operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) during World War II. She was launched in 1942 by Ernest Wright, Tuncurry, New South Wales as Uralba (presumably named after the North Coast of NSW locality) for the North Coast Steam Navigation Company. Requisitioned by the RAN while under construction on 13 July 1942 and commissioned on 22 November 1942. After being returned to her owners and being sold and used for a number of purposes she was sunk on 4 November 1971 to create an artificial reef off Carrum Creek, in Port Phillip Bay. Career Her engines came from the Sydney Ferries Limited steamer, Kuramia, made redundant by the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. While she was under construction in 1942 for the North Coast Steam Navigation Company, she was requisitioned by the RAN. She was based in Brisbane as a minefield tender for a couple of years before moving to Milne Bay, New Guinea as a stores and armaments carrier. Uralba was paid off in August 1945 and returned to her owners. For the next few years she transported timber between Melbourne and Tasmania. Uralba was sold in 1948 to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria carrying construction materials across Bass Strait for the Latrobe Valley power stations. On her return voyages she carried cars and general cargo to Tasmania. Sold in September 1953 to the A & A Steamship Trading Syndicate of NSW and was subject to High Court of Australia seizure in 1958. Later sold to Benny Gelbart of Footscray, she sank at her moorings in the Maribyrnong River on 4 May 1960. Refloated and fixed she was sold to Duncan and Russell of Melbourne in 1964, had her engines removed and was converted into a dumb lighter. The Victorian Fisheries and Wildlife Department sank Uralba as an artificial reef eight kilometres off Carrum Creek in Port Phillip Bay on 4 November 1971. Citations References http://www.navyhistory.org.au/23-november-1942/ http://flotilla-australia.com/ncsnc.htm 1942 ships Ships built in New South Wales Minesweepers of the Royal Australian Navy Coastal trading vessels of Australia Scuttled vessels of Australia Wooden steamships of Australia","title":"HMAS Uralba"},{"docid":"1912596","text":"Watsons Bay is a harbourside, eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Watsons Bay is located 11 km north-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Woollahra. Watsons Bay sits on the end of the South Head peninsula and takes its name from the sheltered bay and anchorage on its western side, in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour). It provides views across the harbour to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The Gap is an ocean cliff on the eastern side with views to Manly at North Head and the Pacific Ocean. Vaucluse is the only adjacent suburb, to the south. History Aboriginal history The original inhabitants of the area that is now known as Watsons Bay, were the Cadigal people. The Cadigal referred to the area as Kutti. This indigenous group of people fished and collected shellfish in the waters and bays off South Head. They acquired their resources from Camp Cove and carved rock engravings there, which have since eroded from the cliff faces and rock surfaces that line the coastline. European settlement The first Europeans arrived at the location on 21 January 1788 as the First Fleet landed and stayed overnight on Camp Cove. A lookout was later built on the cliffs in 1790. The first grant of was made to Edward Laing in 1793 in the Camp Cove Area. Early homes were built for government and military officials working at the local installations. Watson's Bay was named after Robert Watson (1756–1819), formerly of HMS Sirius, when he had to beach his three vessels at Camp Cove for many years because of their being potentially sold by the Provost Marshal. Watson was appointed harbour pilot and harbourmaster of the port of Sydney in 1811 and the first superintendent of Macquarie Lighthouse in 1816. Watsons Bay remained an isolated fishing village until development began in the 1860s. The population grew from three dozen in 1828 to 122 in 1841. Subdivision started in the 1850s. After a ferry service opened in the 1870's, a number of hotels were opened. Today, The Gap is known as a notorious suicide spot. Dunbar The Dunbar was wrecked near the entrance to Sydney Harbour, Australia in 1857 with the loss of 121 lives. The wreck of the Dunbar ranks as one of Australia's worst maritime disasters, with the event still retained in the social history of Sydney and NSW. The Dunbar had mistaken the bay of The Gap for the harbour entrance. This led to the construction of the Hornby Lighthouse. In 1910, at Jacob’s Ladder, the anchor from the ship was recovered along with other relics and were placed in a museum behind the old Town Hall in Military Road by Vaucluse Council. The anchor was transferred to the cliffs of Gap Park by Ald. Coombes and a memorial was unveiled in August 1930. Trams The City to Watson's Bay tram line was extended from Edgecliff to Signal Hill Station, Watson's Bay","title":"Watsons Bay"},{"docid":"717231","text":"Middle Harbour (or Warrin ga), a semi–mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary, is the northern arm of Port Jackson, an inlet of the Tasman Sea located north of Sydney central business district on the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Middle Harbour has its source in the upper reaches of Garigal National Park where it forms Middle Harbour Creek and flows southeast to become Middle Harbour at Bungaroo and travels for approximately before reaching its mouth at Port Jackson between Grotto Point near Clontarf and Middle Head. The catchment area of Middle Harbour is approximately . Geography Course & Geography The shore of Middle Harbour is nearly everywhere rugged, barren and forested and for this reason Middle Harbour was almost entirely neglected during the first two centuries of European settlement in Sydney. There are only a few small patches of flat land on its shores. There are many small creeks draining the surrounding hills, but no significant rivers flow into Middle Harbour. Within Middle Harbour are, from upstream to downstream, Shell Cove, Pearl Bay, Long Bay, Sugarloaf Bay, Bantry Bay, Fisher Bay, Sandy Bay, Sailors Bay, Powder Hulk Bay, Willoughby Bay and Quakers Hat Bay. Middle Harbour is a significant physical barrier between Sydney's North Shore and the suburbs known as the Northern Beaches area which lie north and east of Middle Harbour. There are only two bridges – the Spit Bridge and the Roseville Bridge – and because of this obstacle, historically the main transport between Manly and Sydney was by ferry. Since the 1920s, most of the land on the ridge-tops around Middle Harbour has been developed for suburban housing. Much of the rugged shore of the Middle Harbour remains covered with bushland, most of it now protected by parks and reserves. Middle Harbour is a popular area for recreational boating and fishing. Middle Harbour History Middle Harbour is also extremely significant culturally, spiritually and recreationally to those who live near the water. The harbour is popular amongst fisherman and recreational boaters. An example of the cultural significance of Middle Harbour is highlighted through an odd custom amongst boaters who use the Tunks Park boat ramp in Cammeray. Becoming popular in the late 80s and 90s, boaters exiting the 4 knot zone outside of the Cammeray Marina would play 'The Old Man Down The Road' (1984), a swamp rock song written by Creedence Clearwater Revival lead singer and guitarist, John Fogerty, on their cassettes. Although the origin of this custom is argued upon by locals, many believe it began with fisherman who sought a way to \"burn away the sandman (drowsiness)\". Others believe the term \"The Old Man\" may refer to an old folk name for the harbour. See also Middle Harbour Creek Middle Harbour Public School Bantry Bay Explosives Depot The Old Man Down The Road References External links NSW State of the Beaches 2011–2012: Sydney Estuarine Beaches region p. 242 Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority Geography of Sydney Mosman Council Northern Beaches","title":"Middle Harbour"},{"docid":"2579349","text":"The Spit is an urban locality in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Aboriginal word for The Spit is Burra Bra. The Spit is located in the local government area of the Municipality of Mosman and is part of the Lower North Shore. Landmarks The Spit protrudes off Beauty Point and is home to the Spit Bridge, a bascule bridge opened in 1958 over Middle Harbour. The bridge opens at set times to allow yachts with high masts to pass. The Spit is the site of the Middle Harbour Yacht Club and a marina. History From as early as 1834, a ferry operated by Barney Kearns carried passengers across the waters of Middle Harbour. From the 1850s, a punt operated by Peter Ellery, carried passengers across for sixpence and horse-drawn vehicles were charged 1s 6d. If the horses swam across, there was a reduction of sixpence. In 1889, it was replaced by a government steam punt. A wooden bridge was opened in 1924 after the electric tram lines were extended to the Spit. This was replaced by the bascule bridge in 1958, which was needed to cope with heavy traffic from the Sydney CBD to the Northern Beaches. Chinamans Beach was named after the Chinese residents who had market gardens and salt pans there, it is now a popular family beach. Heritage listings The Spit has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Monash Crescent (East Side): Middle Harbour Syphon References Sydney localities Mosman, New South Wales","title":"The Spit, New South Wales"},{"docid":"40764454","text":"The North Shore & Western Line (numbered T1, coloured orange) is a commuter rail line on the Sydney Trains network, serving the North Shore, parts of the Inner West and Western Suburbs of Sydney It was previously the North Shore, Northern & Western Line (also numbered T1) until April 2019, when the T9 Northern Line was spun off from the original T1 line. History Following victory in the 2011 New South Wales election, the O'Farrell Government embarked on reform of transport in New South Wales. In November 2011, Transport for NSW was created to improve planning and coordination of transport projects and services. The organisation developed a new rail timetable and branding, which was put into effect on 20 October 2013. This saw the merger of the North Shore Line and Western Line () with the Northern Line () to form the North Shore, Northern & Western Line. A new numbering system was also introduced and the line was given the number T1. n The North Shore, Northern & Western Line formerly ran along the Epping to Chatswood line until it closed in September 2018 to be converted to metro standards as part of the Sydney Metro Northwest project. As a result, the traditional Northern line route from Hornsby to Central via Strathfield was reinstated. The closed section was replaced by Station Link bus services until it reopened as metro. On 28 April 2019, this route became a separate T9 Northern Line, with the T1 renamed the North Shore & Western Line. Railway line history The T1 uses a number of different railway lines and is the result of various schemes to link the lines together. The line is centred around the Main Suburban railway line which runs from Central to Granville, which continues as the Main Western line at Granville. The Richmond railway line branches from the Main Western line at Blacktown. In the other direction from Central towards the North Shore, the T1 uses the North Shore Line towards Hornsby, then continues along the Main North Line towards Berowra. Main Western and Richmond railway lines The Main Western railway line opened to Penrith in 1863 as a branch from the junction with the Main South line at Granville. Electrification reached Parramatta in 1928 and Penrith in 1955. A branch line was opened to Richmond in 1864 under the stewardship of engineer James Moore. Electrification from Riverstone to Richmond opened in August 1991. Through running to and from Sydney commenced in 1992. North Shore railway line The North Shore railway line was opened on 1 January 1890 between Hornsby and St Leonards. The line was extended to the Sydney Harbour foreshore at Milsons Point in 1893. Transport between this original Milsons Point station and central Sydney was by ferry boat. The line was electrified in 1927. When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932 a new Milsons Point station (on the bridge approach) came into operation and the North Shore Line was extended through it and over the","title":"North Shore & Western Line"},{"docid":"3719817","text":"Cockatoo Island Festival was a music festival held on Cockatoo Island in Sydney Harbour, over Easter of 2005, organised by Brandon Saul and Julie Howie of Mixed Industry and The Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. The 2005 Cockatoo Island Festival attracted over 20,000 people across the 3 days, with some choosing to camp on the island, others buying a 3-day pass and catching a dedicated ferry service each day and some buying a single day pass. While some of the island was off limits, many of the old buildings were used as stages, with the Turbine hall used as the main stage for the festival, a natural amphitheatre looking towards the Gladesville Bridge and a spectacular sunset and an old tunnel to host DJs. In addition to musical acts, there was also on offer a range of other features such as comedy acts, bingo and trivia, conspiracy theory talks and yoga. Progress In the intervening years since the Cockatoo Island Festival, the island has grown into a versatile venue on Sydney's cultural calendar. It hosted the contemporary art exhibition the Biennale of Sydney in 2008 and 2010, attracting over 80,000 and 157,000 visitors respectively. The Biennale returns to Cockatoo Island in 2012. The island hosted Sydney Festival's All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in January 2009. The 2-day festival included 24 bands over 4 stages across the island, and was curated and headlined by Nick Cave, attracting an audience of over 11,000. The island also hosted the World's Funniest Island Comedy Festival in October 2009, with 200 comedy acts appearing over a weekend and attracting over 8000 visitors. There are plans to repeat the comedy festival in 2010, and discussions are also continuing with Sydney Festival and other cultural bodies for future events. The island is also increasingly used as a venue for private events large and small, and part of the blockbuster X-Men Origins: Wolverine was filmed there in 2008, with its star Hugh Jackman abseiling down the island's cliff into the crowd during the film's world first media launch on the island in April 2009. A campsite opened on the island in 2008, campers can bring their own tents or take a camping package which includes pre-erected tent. The island's views of the Harbour Bridge and harbour make it a popular spot for watching the New Year's Eve fireworks, with the second NYE camping event for 2000 campers held in 2010. Three heritage dockyard residences are now also available as holiday houses. The island is now much more accessible since Sydney Ferries increased their services to Cockatoo Island, and it is now a stop on the Woolwich/Balmain ferry route as well as the Parramatta Rivercat route. Day visitors are also welcome, and can picnic, barbecue, wander at leisure or take an audio or guided tour. Cockatoo Island is open daily and there is no admission charge. Artist lineup References Music festivals in New South Wales Music festivals established in 2005","title":"Cockatoo Island festival"},{"docid":"63369198","text":"The Kirrule-type ferries (or Kubu-class) - Kiandra, Kirrule and Kubu - were three identical K-class ferries that operated on Sydney Harbour by Sydney Ferries Limited. The three steam ferries were built in 1910, 1911 and 1912 at the height of the boom in ferry traffic across Sydney Harbour prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. They were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and built for the rapidly increasing North Shore demand. Sydney Ferries Limited generally choose Australian Aboriginal names for the early twentieth \"K-class\" steamers. \"Kiandra\" is a corruption of Aboriginal 'Gianderra' for 'sharp stones for knives' and a town in NSW. Kirrule is thought to mean 'aroused', and 'Kubu' \"oak tree\". Design and construction When built, they were the most refined of the K-class ferries, and among the largest of the type. As with all Sydney ferries at the time, they were steamers but were not among those ferries later converted to diesel power. Like all K-class ferries to date, the boats were all timber-hulled with timber superstructures. Later K-class ferries - sisters Kanangra and Kirawa (1912) and sisters Koompartoo and Kuttabul (1922) - were steel hulled with timber decks and superstructures. The Kirrule-type continued the K-class double-deck, double-ended screw propulsion, rounded bows with two raised wheelhouses and a single tall funnel. They had enclosed upper and lower saloons with lower deck outdoor seating around the vessel, and the upper decks had smaller outdoor areas at either end around the wheelhouses. Kirrule, Kiandra, and Kubu were built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, at Balmain and launched in 1910, 1911, and 1912 respectively. They cost £16,415, £17,087, and £17,138 respectively. Their 68 hp triple expansion steam engines, built by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co Ltd, pushed them to 12 knots - considerably greater power than earlier vessels of the same size so that longer runs to Mosman Bay were quicker. As built, the three ferries followed the standard Sydney Ferries Limited livery of the time; varnished timber superstructure, black hulls, and white bulwarks and trim and black funnels. In the 1930s, following the opening of the Sydney Harbour bridge, the white trim and varnished timber was painted over with a green and cream colour scheme. Service history In the early twentieth century and up to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, demand for Sydney Ferries Limited service across the harbour grew rapidly. Sydney Ferries Limited with a near monopoly on the inner-harbour (ie, non-Manly) services, had built up one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. Kirrule, Kiandra and Kubu were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and were built to meet the increasing North Shore demand. The three ferries, along with fellow K-class ferry, Kookooburra were used in the 1920s as weekend excursion vessels including carrying spectators to follow popular sailing races on Sydney Harbour. All three ferries survived the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge when much of the fleet was quickly decommissioned as annual passenger numbers","title":"Kirrule-type ferry"},{"docid":"2723911","text":"Iron Cove is a bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately due west of Sydney's central business district. It is surrounded by the suburbs of Birchgrove, Balmain, Rozelle, Lilyfield, Haberfield, Five Dock, Rodd Point, Russell Lea and Drummoyne. The bay extends from Longnose Point to the south-west and is fed by the Hawthorne Canal and the Iron Cove Creek. History William Dawes recorded the name of this place as Go-mo-ra in the language of the local people. In the early days of the colony of New South Wales, the area was sometimes known as Long Cove, presumably for its long narrow shape. The origin of the name 'Iron Cove' is unclear. On the 1822 survey map of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) by John Septimus Roe, Lieut. R.N. it is noted as Iron-stone Cove. Iron Cove appears to be a shortening of this name that perhaps referred to the reddy coloured iron oxides in the stone, known as laterites. In his book on Sydney Harbour, P.R. Stephensen suggests that the name is derived from the iron shackles worn by convicts from Cockatoo Island who were forced to work in the area around the bay from 1839. However, he goes on to note that this is merely \"a surmise\". Another possible explanation for the name is that it was derived from the Ironbark trees that used to grow there. The island in the middle of the bay is called Rodd Island, in honour of Brent Clements Rodd. Iron Cove is crossed by the Iron Cove Bridge, which was first opened in 1882 and links Rozelle and Balmain to Drummoyne. The original bridge was replaced in the 1950s. The Australian warships HMAS Ballarat and HMAS Goulburn were broken up for scrap in the bay in 1953. There are a number of smaller bays with Iron Cove, such as Sisters Bay and Half Moon Bay on the northern shores. The concrete channelised Iron Cove Creek runs into the western end of the bay, and Hawthorne Canal runs off the southern part of the bay. The land around the bay is mostly made up of publicly accessible foreshore or parkland. This forms a jogging circuit known as The Bay Run. Pollution According to the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, this bay and its catchment area are the most heavily polluted in Sydney Harbour. In particular, very high levels of copper, zinc, and lead have been detected in the bay. Some of this pollution is contained in road dust, which is washed into the bay in stormwater. Iron Cove Creek (Dobroyd Canal) also suffers from organic and hydrocarbon pollutants. A proposal has been put forward for a water filtration device to be installed at Iron Cove Creek. According to Professor Gavin Birch from the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, \"This device is specifically designed to stop those contaminants [heavy metals, organic pollutants and hydrocarbons] actually reaching Sydney Harbour.\" Gallery References","title":"Iron Cove"},{"docid":"59176195","text":"The Argyle Street Railway Substation is a heritage-listed railway electric substation located at Trinity Avenue, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1932 by Dorman, Long and Co. It is also known as Sydney Harbour Bridge Substation. The property is owned by RailCorp, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History The Argyle substation and switchhouse were built as integral parts of the southern approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and part of the overall provision and workings towards the electrification of the Sydney railway system. The substation is constructed in a Stripped Classical style which relates to the style used on the approaches to the bridge and carries through the unpainted cement render finish. It was completed in 1932. The substation was one of 15 built during the period 1926-1932 as part of the electrification of the suburban network. Each was built to a standard design and layout, although the Argyle Street substation was externally rendered to match the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Of the 15, eight remain in operational use (2009). As the suburban railway lines were converted from steam to electric traction, substations, located approximately 8 kilometres apart were required for efficiency in direct current (DC). A 1500 volts DC system to power the overhead conductors was adopted for the NSW Railways. The building houses transformers originally used to convert the alternating current supplied from the Ultimo Power Station and White Bay Power Station to a direct current that was used for the train and tram tunnels and lighting the bridge. The original bridge lighting was installed by New South Wales Government Railways and was supplied to designs by the Department of Public Works. The buildings remain relatively intact externally and internally and continue to serve the Harbour Bridge and electric train tunnels. The original Reyrolle Bath Oil Motorised Switches were replaced prior to World War II. Some time during the 1960s larger transformers from the Prince Alfred substation were transferred to Argyle Street. In 1999-2000, these transformers were in turn replaced with larger transformers to cope with increased loads. A single (non-functioning) example of the Reyrolle Switch is retained in the Argyle Street switchhouse. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was designed and constructed as the essential link in a transport scheme envisaged by J. J. C. Bradfield and designed to enhance and promote the development of the metropolis, effectively opening up the north shore to the city and making the city more accessible. In 1924 preparations for the construction of the bridge began and as a result Dawes Point and area was subject to a continuous stream of building work and whole streets were levelled and altered. The approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge were designed and built by the Department of Public Works and the Metropolitan Railway Construction branch of NSW","title":"Argyle Street Railway Substation"},{"docid":"66260620","text":"Kathleen M. Butler (27 February 1891 – 19 July 1972) was nicknamed the \"Godmother of Sydney Harbour Bridge\" and also known as the \"Bridge Girl\". As the first person appointed to Chief Engineer J J C Bradfield's team, as his Confidential Secretary, (a role which today would be called a technical adviser or project manager), she managed the international tendering process and oversaw the development of the technical plans, travelling to London in 1924 to supervise the project in the offices of Dornan's, the company which won the tender. At the time it was built, Sydney Harbour Bridge was the largest arch bridge in the world, with the build expected to take six years to complete. Her unusual role garnered much interest in the press in Australia and Britain. Early life Kathleen Muriel Butler was born on 27 February 1891 in Lithgow, New South Wales, one of seven children. She grew up in the Blue Mountains and attended school in Mount Victoria, where her father, William Henry Butler, was stationmaster, and she later studied at Mount St. Mary's Convent in Katoomba. Butler later attributed her engineering ability to her mother Annie Butler (née Gaffney) \"who was remarkably clever at drawing plans of houses and supervising buildings\". Career On leaving school, sometime before 1910, Butler was appointed as a clerk and typist to W F Burrow, chief officer of the New South Wales (NSW) government testing office in Lithgow, set up to monitor the quality of output from the local ironworks. At this point she had no technical qualifications. On 10 December 1910 (aged 19) she was transferred to the NSW Department of Public Works in Sydney. She joined the staff of the Chief Engineer of metropolitan railway construction, when the branch was established in 1912 to deal with Sydney's transit problems. This was the beginning of her long professional association with J. J. C. Bradfield, working as his Confidential Secretary. During the following decade she \"mastered all sorts of intricate technical matters of engineering\" to become a highly skilled technical project manager. Bradfield initially favoured building a bridge with a cantilever overpass, without piers, between Dawes Point and McMahons Point. In 1916 the Legislative Assembly passed the Bill for the construction of a cantilever bridge, although the Legislative Council rejected the legislation on the grounds that money would be better used for the war effort. Bradfield persevered and with his team developed full specifications and a scheme to finance the construction of a cantilever bridge. After going overseas in 1921 to investigate tenders for the project, Bradfield came to believe that tenders should be called for both cantilever and arch designs. The necessary Act was finally passed in 1922 — the Sydney Harbour Bridge Act No. 28 — for the construction of a high-level cantilever or arch bridge across Sydney Harbour by connecting Dawes Point with Milson's Point. The Act also provided for the construction of the bridge and its approaches and also included the construction of electric railway lines.","title":"Kathleen M. Butler"},{"docid":"63903206","text":"The ferry Rodney capsized and sank on Sydney Harbour 13 February 1938 with the loss of 19 lives. The ferry was carrying well-wishers and girlfriends of sailors on the heavy cruiser USS Louisville as it left the Harbour. Background In the early twentieth century, Sydney Harbour had one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. However, the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge quickly saw annual patronage fall from a peak of 40 million passengers to 15 million. The largest operator, Sydney Ferries Limited, laid up in excess of a dozen vessels. Ferry operators sought new markets including excursion, concert, and spectator business. Smaller operators including Charles Rosman did quite well in this trade. Many of their smaller single deck ferries were fitted with rails and seating on their roofs for the enjoyment of passengers. Rodney at the time was a new ferry, built in 1937 for the Rosman fleet. She was built by W L Holmes and Co of North Sydney. Her 80 hp Vivian diesel engines could push her to 8 knots. The wooden ferry was 16.9 m long, had a beam of 4.7 m and was 33 tons. She was licensed to carry 211 passengers, 60 upstairs and 151 on the main deck. In January and February 1938, Louisville (CL/CA-28), a , undertook a Pacific goodwill tour which took her to Hawaii, Samoa, Australia, and Tahiti. In the harbour for 18 days, she was one of seven foreign warships in Sydney for the sesquicentenary of the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove. Capsize and sinking On the afternoon of Sunday 13 February, thousands of Sydneysiders came to watch Louisville leave for Melbourne. The cruiser with 600 uniformed sailors lining the decks left her berth at Woolloomooloo with a band playing and onlookers cheering. She made her way towards Sydney Heads under the command of Captain Robert Mathewson. Among the scores of vessels following the cruiser down the harbour was Rodney, skippered by owner Charles Rosman, whose passengers had paid a shilling to see off the American cruiser. Rodney had 150 passengers on board, less than its total licensed limit of 211. However, as the ferry drew alongside Louisville, excited passengers rushed upstairs so that the upper deck was carrying about 100 passengers, well in excess of the upper deck's limit of 60, making the ferry top heavy. Between Garden Island and Bradleys Head, Rodney passengers shouted to the skipper to take the ferry around to the cruiser's port side. As the ferry changed course to pass behind the stern of the larger ship, the crowd rushed over from small ferry's port side to the starboard side giving it a dangerous list. The shift in weight wobbled the ferry precariously in the wash of the Louisville, and Rodney began to capsize with passengers falling down the steeply sloping deck. Passengers spilled into the water and the boat rolled over and sank within a couple of minutes in 15 metres of water. Passengers grabbed at","title":"Rodney disaster"},{"docid":"3749333","text":"Warringah Freeway is a divided freeway in Sydney, New South Wales that is part of the Sydney Orbital Network. The primary function of the freeway is to provide an alternative high-grade route from the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and Bradfield Highway at Milsons Point to the A8 and Gore Hill Freeway. The freeway reduces traffic demands on Pacific Highway throughout Sydney's Lower North Shore, bypassing and , and provides a vital link to access most of the suburbs in Sydney and is also a major route to the north, south, east and west of the central business district. Route Warringah Freeway commences at the interchange with Gore Hill Freeway and Willoughby Road in Naremburn and heads in a southeasterly direction as a six-lane, dual-carriageway road, curving to a southward direction through Cammeray, slowly expanding to 10 lanes across multiple carriageways after the Brook Street exit, and to 16 lanes across the whole corridor for a short distance before the North Sydney northbound onramp. While a number of its inner carriageways were built to allow reversible traffic flows, today only the inner west carriageway is reversible, with the inner east carriageway feeding the Sydney Harbour Tunnel southbound. All carriageways were previously widened by utilising space from the former breakdown lane, and repositioning the existing lanes. The arrangement is now mostly 4x3x3x3 through the section with the switchable carriageway, with variations in the width of the outer carriageways as ramps enter and exit the freeway. In 2007, major changes to the Military Road overpass have occurred with an extra three ramps added, and two extra lanes on the connecting Gore Hill Freeway at the northern end (part of the Lane Cove Tunnel project). The overpass where these five ramps originate has been widened for an attempt to channel all the traffic. The carriageway change over process was automated around 1990, with moveable barriers and overhead signage directing traffic onto the correct lanes. The changeover occurs when the Harbour Bridge needs either 5 or 6 lanes southbound (the default is 4 each way). There can only ever be a maximum of 5 lanes northbound off the bridge, with the extra lane feeding into a spare lane on the inner west carriageway. Changeover times are around 06:30 and 09:00 Monday to Friday. Almost all entry and exit ramps on the freeway are controlled by traffic signals. Most of the ramps are of sufficient length to avoid any delays to through traffic, with the exception of Military Road. The arrangement for accessing the Harbour bridge (for access to the city and western suburbs) southbound can be confusing for anyone unfamiliar with the road, with a choice of either competing with traffic approaching the Sydney Harbour Tunnel via the two lanes at the inner eastern carriageway or having to cross the Bus Lane; traffic improved when the toll collection points (for southbound traffic) became electronic only. History Planning for the construction of the freeway began in 1951. Its first stage, connecting Bradfield Highway to Miller Street, opened","title":"Warringah Freeway"},{"docid":"62100764","text":"The K-class ferries were a group of double-ended screw steam ferries run by Sydney Ferries Limited and its government successors on Sydney Harbour. The company introduced more than two dozen of the vessels from the 1890s through to the early twentieth century to meet the booming demand for ferry services across Sydney Harbour prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The K-names were largely Australian Aboriginal names with their meanings listed in the table below. Design The K-class were not a group of identical ferries - they were delivered in batches of two or three identical sister ships - rather they were a general type of vessel that ranged in sized but shared a typical form. They were all double-deck, double-ended screw steamers with two raised wheelhouses and a single tall funnel. Apart from a few early vessels with open upper decks that were later enclosed, the K-class had enclosed upper and lower saloons with lower deck outdoor seating around the vessel, and the upper decks had smaller outdoor areas at either end around the wheelhouses. The boats were all timber-hulled with timber superstructures, except for four later and larger vessels that had steel hulls and timber superstructures - namely, sisters Kanangra and Kirawa (both 1912) and sisters Kuttabul and Koompartoo (both 1922). The boats' upper deck sheer or profile line were curved parallel to the hull sheer, in contrast to many contemporary ferries whose upper deck was built straight fore and aft. Kareela was the first of Sydney Ferries Limited to have upper decks fully enclosed. The earlier K-class vessels, including Kurraba, Kirribilli, Koree and Kulgoa had only the sides of their upper decks enclosed leaving the ends open, with the roofs being squared off. On Kareela and all subsequent K-class vessels had an upper deck structure with curving roof lines that met at the rear of the wheelhouses thus the upper deck saloon was fully enclosed. Sliding doors gave access to the a small unroofed area surrounding the raised wheelhouses. Service history The ferry trade to the North Shore increased rapidly and consistently from the turn of the century until the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The Sydney Ferries fleet became one of the largest in the world - the bulk of which in number and capacity were K-class - and carried 40 million passengers per year by the 1930s. With the opening of the bridge, many of the K-class vessels were deemed redundant and were decommissioned. More still were decommissioned following the NSW State Government takeover of Sydney Ferries in 1951. A handful of the K-class ferries (Karingal, Karrabee, Kanangra, Kameruka) were in service until the mid-1980s having been converted to diesel in the 1930s and 1950s. During the launch speech for Kaikai in 1906, Sydney Ferries acknowledged they were deliberately naming their vessels with Aboriginal words starting with the letter \"K\". List of K-class vessels Notes References ferriesofsydney.com See also List of Sydney Harbour ferries Timeline of Sydney Harbour","title":"Sydney K-class ferry"},{"docid":"33446173","text":"BridgeClimb Sydney is an Australian tourist attraction located in Sydney, New South Wales. It was launched in October 1998 and consists of a climb of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Climbs offered The BridgeClimb The BridgeClimb has been the original climb, established in 1998, which goes along to the top of the bridge along the upper arch of the bridge and takes approximately three hours, including preparation time. BridgeClimb Insider The BridgeClimb Insider guides guests to the interior of the steel bridge and then to the top in roughly 2.5 hours. Ultimate Climb The Ultimate Climb sees climbers traverse the entire bridge from South to North, and back again. Burrawa In 2021 BridgeClimb launched Burrawa, which focuses on commentary covering the indigenous history of Sydney Harbour with an indigenous storyteller as their guide. The different climbs are available at dawn, daytime, twilight and night plus special climbs for some of Sydney's events, like the Vivid Climb and the Anzac Day Dawn Climb. There have been over 4,000 proposals at the summit of the bridge and couples also have the option to get married on the bridge, above Sydney Harbour. The experience has also attracted many famous actors, musicians and members of royalty including Matt Damon, Kylie Minogue, Zac Efron, Robert De Niro, Prince Harry, Oprah Winfrey and Ben Stiller. Anyone over the age of eight years and in good health can climb. There is no maximum age, with the oldest climber being 100 years old. To book a climb, visitors can visit the website, and the price is from 198 Australian dollars. History The concept of BridgeClimb originated in 1989 when BridgeClimb's Founder and Chairman, Paul Cave, assisted in organising a Young Presidents Organisation World Congress in Sydney, which included a climb over the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Following this event, Cave decided to establish climbing the Sydney Harbour Bridge as a permanent attraction. This initiative involved numerous years of collaboration with state and local government bodies, community groups, and various experts on safety, logistics, media, heritage, and conservation matters. After nearly a decade of research and development, BridgeClimb Sydney was officially launched on 1 October 1998. At that time, BridgeClimb became the world's first tourism operator to offer bridge climbing as an experience. In June 2018 the franchise was awarded to Hammon's Holdings the proprietors of Scenic World for 20 years following a formal tender process. Pylon Lookout and Museum The Bridge's Pylon Museum and lookout showcase the history and stories of the Sydney Harbour Bridge through exhibits and interactive displays. This encompasses the narratives of the engineers, designers, skilled tradesmen, and labourers involved in its construction, as well as the 16 men who lost their lives during the process. The exhibition also chronicles the events and individuals involved in the Sydney Harbour Bridge's opening ceremony in 1932. Additionally, the Pylon Lookout is managed by BridgeClimb Sydney. Sydney. Awards The company has received several accolades, including a world record for number of flags flown on a bridge recognised by Guinness World","title":"BridgeClimb Sydney"},{"docid":"480254","text":"The Sydney Harbour Tunnel is a twin-tube road tunnel in Sydney, Australia. The tunnel was completed and opened to traffic in August 1992 to provide a second vehicular crossing of Sydney Harbour to alleviate congestion on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It is one of two transportation tunnels under the harbour, the other being a set of rail tunnels for the Sydney Metro. The tunnel joins the Warringah Freeway at North Sydney and the Cahill Expressway at the entrance to the Domain Tunnel. It has two lanes in each direction, and runs at an angle of approximately thirty degrees (north to south) to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, which has eight lanes, with a tidal flow operation. In 2017, the tunnel was carrying around 96,000 vehicles per day. Construction The tunnel is made up of three sections: twin land tunnels on the north shore, twin land tunnels on the south shore and a immersed tube (IMT) structure. The tunnel falls about from the northern entrance and about from the southern entrance to its deepest point, below sea level. The construction was undertaken by Thiess Contractors. The IMT structure consists of eight precast concrete units. The units were constructed over away in a casting basin at Port Kembla and then towed to Sydney Harbour. A trench was dredged before the arrival of the IMTs and then the IMTs were lowered into the trench by a system of pontoons and control towers. After the IMTs were in place, the trenches were backfilled and then a rock armour was placed over the top to protect the units against marine hazards, such as anchors or sinking vessels. The land tunnels were constructed by a combination of driving and cut-and-cover techniques, designed to be strong enough to withstand the impact of earthquakes. Ventilation The northern end pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge were altered to allow for air exhaust from the tunnel to rise over the harbour. Bradfield Park on the northern side of the bridge also has air intakes. Fresh air is drawn by an underground ventilation station on the north shore and is pumped to all sections of the tunnel through vented ducts. The air supply uses fourteen axial flow fans, each up to in diameter. The exhaust uses sixteen (eight in each northern pylon tower) fans that draw exhaust air through two underground ducts from the tunnel ventilation station and transfer the air to the top of the pylon. They can expel it at up to – equivalent to changing all the air in the tunnel every two minutes with the capability of running in reverse in an emergency and all fans are rated for smoke extraction. Each of the fans has a duty of . The testing of the fans was one of the most comprehensive ever, covering flowrate and pressure, power measurements, sound levels, bearing vibration, x-raying of all impeller components, high-temperature tests at for two hours, impeller strain, and 24-hour run tests for reversals. Operations and maintenance The Harbour Tunnel was","title":"Sydney Harbour Tunnel"},{"docid":"58963234","text":"The Argyle Cut is a heritage-listed roadway and road cutting located at Argyle Street in the inner-city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1843 to 1868 with convict and paid labour. The property is owned by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002. History Agitation for a link between The Rocks and began early; the Sydney Gazette in 1803 lamented the lack of a short cut across the rocky peninsula. Maclehouse, in the Picture of Sydney and Strangers Guide in NSW for 1839, an early tourist guide, says that Argyle Street was in two parts. The eastern from George Street to Harrington Street separated by the western side by a \"precipice of considerable height\". At that stage a set of stairs which had once been cut into the rock to provide access between the two halves was already deteriorated and unsafe. Before the cut was built, the only way that vehicles could get from the Sydney Cove to Darling Harbour was via a circuitous route along lower George Street, to Dawes Point and into Windmill Street. For pedestrians, there was no other way except along the steep alleyways and flights of crude steps. As Darling Harbour developed, it became crucial for a link between the Cove and Millers Point. The first schemes came from private enterprise, with an ambitious plan to cut a deep channel through the central spine of The Rocks. The father of this plan was Alexander Berry, one of the wealthiest landowners and merchants in the colony. He had already presided over cutting a channel between the river and an arm of Crookhaven which became the virtual mouth of the Shoalhaven River. Besides his large landholding in the Shoalhaven, Berry had vast commercial interests in Sydney as an importer and exporter. His office was in Lower George Street, and he was vitally concerned about plans to extend Argyle Street. The proposal was that the shareholders should have the right to levy tolls on all passengers and stock using the cut, and from the revenue, the shareholders were to get a dividend. Any excess was to accumulate until it equalled the amount expended initially in the making of the cut. The capital was then to be returned to the shareholders, and the toll would cease. Governor Bourke and the Legislative Council turned down the plan, and the Government decided to undertake the work. A plan for the Argyle Cut was drawn up by the Government Architect, Edward Hallen, in 1832. The plan shows the proposed bridges over the streets above, a view, and the road's inclination. The Argyle Cut was begun by 1843, with convict labour in chain gangs. Their overseer was a cruel man, Tim Lane, who used to declare to the labourers that 'by the help of God","title":"Argyle Cut"},{"docid":"63432448","text":"Darling Harbour Yard was a goods railway yard in Darling Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The yard was once the origin of all outgoing goods traffic from Sydney. It was one of two major yards on the former Metropolitan Goods line, the other being in Rozelle. After closing to heavy rail in 1993, the alignment of the Metropolitan Goods line which passed through it was reutilised by light rail. The precinct around the yard was significantly redeveloped in the decades following its closure. History From the time when the Sydney Railway Company was formed in 1848, it had been the intention of the company to build a freight terminal at Darling Harbour. To this end, a railway line was constructed between the Sydney railway station (the predecessor to Central railway station) and Darling Harbour, which opened on 26 September 1855. Initial traffic was spoil for the construction of the Main Suburban line between Sydney and Parramatta, then for the carriage of departmental coke for steam engines, and a small amount of timber from 1860. Initial reports of the traffic on the line suggested that freight revenue amounted to only £20 a year, and there was only 60 tonnes of coke carriage a week. Other problems beset the line in the 1860s. Darling Harbour had begun to silt up by 1863, and the 3d. charge per person, each way on the nearby Pyrmont Bridge (at that time privately owned) was a turnoff to traders looking to use the railway for the transport of their goods. Other factors combined to offset these problems: a plan to convey goods by horse tram to Circular Quay turned out to be a failure; traffic in hay, straw and chaff was transferred to the Darling Harbour yards in 1878; and by 1881, the main goods terminal in Sydney had become overcrowded, leading to directions that traffic for Sydney was to be directed to Darling Harbour. The Pyrmont Bridge was later purchased by the New South Wales Government for £48,600. By 1891, all outwards goods traffic was also being dispatched from Darling Harbour. By 1908, goods traffic on the line to Darling Harbour and the neighbouring suburban lines had become excessive, with 592 wagons arriving each day and 512 being dispatched. It was decided to construct separate goods lines from Sefton to Darling Harbour via Enfield, Dulwich Hill and Rozelle, with extensions to Botany and the State Abattoirs at Homebush Bay. The initial scheme, approved by the Parliamentary Committee on Public Works, approved the initial line from Dulwich Hill to Darling Harbour. To avoid an opening rail bridge alongside the existing Glebe Island Bridge, a circuitous route was built around Rozelle Bay through the suburb of Pyrmont. The proposal, which included two tunnels under Pyrmont and Glebe, was approved on 23 November 1914, and the line opened on 23 January 1922. Redevelopment The Darling Harbour Authority was established in 1984, with the goal of redeveloping the Darling Harbour precinct. The yard was demolished and redeveloped between 1985","title":"Darling Harbour Yard"},{"docid":"1098347","text":"Milsons Point is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb is located 3 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of North Sydney Council. Milsons Point is also the geographical feature that juts into Sydney Harbour from the northern side, directly opposite Sydney Cove, the spot where the first European settlement was established in 1788. Milsons Point was named after James Milson, one of the earliest settlers. History Milsons Point was named after James Milson, a free settler originally from Lincolnshire. Milson settled in the area near Milsons Point and established a profitable business supplying ships with stone ballast, fresh water, and the produce of his dairy, orchard, and vegetable gardens. In the early 1820s, Milson settled in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street, Kirribilli, on 120 acres of land he leased from Robert Campbell. In 1824 Milson received a 50-acre grant of his own adjoining Campbell's land (which is marked on the 1840s map above). In 1826 a bushfire raged through the area destroying Milson's home, orchard and dairy and farm which he subsequently rebuilt (refer to 1840s map). In 1831 Campbell was involved with Milson in a court action over Milson's non-payment of the lease of the 120 acres. Milson lived in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street until 1831 when he built a new home, \"Brisbane House\", on his 50 acres facing Lavender Bay. The next home he built, also on his 50 acres, was called \"Grantham\". By the 1840s, Milson was leasing only the portion Campbell's 120 acres that contained Milson's orchard in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street. In 1872, Milson died at home at \"Grantham\" in the modern suburb of Milsons Point in what was then called the Municipality of East St Leonards. The last of the family's holdings in the lower North Shore area were resumed in the early 1920s for the construction of the Harbour Bridge and associated roadways. Heritage listings Milsons Point has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: North Shore railway: Milsons Point railway station 1 Olympic Drive: Luna Park Sydney Bradfield Highway and North Shore railway: Sydney Harbour Bridge Population In the 2021 Census, there were 2,529 people in Milsons Point. 42.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China 7.2%, England 5.9%, India 4.2%, Hong Kong 4.0%, and Malaysia 2.4%. 59.0% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 8.0%, Cantonese 7.8%, Japanese 1.8%, Korean 1.8%, and Hindi 1.7%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.9%, Catholic 19.6%, Anglican 9.9%, and Hinduism 4.3%. Transport Milsons Point supports the northern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Milsons Point is well connected with the CBD of Sydney by the bridge, ferries and trains. The Warringah Freeway provides a link south to the Sydney CBD and north to Chatswood. Milsons Point railway station is on the northern approach to the","title":"Milsons Point"},{"docid":"19662306","text":"The Kurrajong railway line was a railway line in the distant rural western suburbs of Sydney, Australia. It was an extension of the branch off the Main Western line from Blacktown to Richmond and was operated by the New South Wales Government Railways. Construction The construction of the railway between Richmond and Kurrajong did not receive Parliamentary authorisation until 1919, by which time roads were being improved to a standard that did not warrant a railway to bring the produce of the area west of the Hawkesbury River to the Sydney market. From its opening in 1926 until its closure in 1952, it remained a minor branch line. Lobbying for an extension of the Richmond line to Kurrajong began in 1884, but the high cost of bridging the flood-prone Hawkesbury River, and the limited amount of agricultural land available, delayed construction. Finally, political lobbying by local landholders paid off and the first sod was turned on 2 June 1923. Regular passenger trains began running on 8 November 1926, although the official opening took place on 20 November 1926. Route description The branch began in the back platform at Richmond and continued across East Market Street on a level crossing which was protected by a station employee with a red flag or red light. It then passed around Richmond Oval, continuing in a north west direction along March Street, at the far end of which it left the town centre and entered its own right of way. That dropped through a cutting towards the river on a 1 in 50 grade, before making its way across the alluvial soil of the level floodplain. Trains were running to that point by April 1925. Gravel trains ran from the Nepean Sand and Gravel Siding, located just before the line crossed the Old Kurrajong Road. The material was being used in the construction of Sydney Harbour Bridge. A very short passenger platform was located on the eastern bank of the Hawkesbury river. It opened in 1928 with the misnomer of Nepean Bridge, and was renamed Phillip in 1934. The location was a favourite swimming and picnic spot. The railway bridge over the Hawkesbury River was erected on concrete piers which were an extension of those supporting the adjacent road bridge. Upon leaving the river, the line ascended on a 1 in 36 grade through the western river bank and reached Bells Line of Road which it crossed at a 45 degree angle and entered North Richmond station, which had a long platform with shelter and a goods siding. After leaving the station, the railway continued in a straight alignment, largely through the property of farmers. Being classed as a \"pioneer line\", the route was unfenced and the rails second-hand, laid on wooden sleepers with ash ballast. Stopping locations were established between North Richmond and Kurrajong at locations which, in 1928, were named Red Cutting, Kemsleys, Thompsons Ridge, Nurri and Duffys. The line through those locations passed orchards and small farms as it slowly climbed","title":"Richmond–Kurrajong railway line"},{"docid":"7002657","text":"Western Distributor is a grade-separated motorway that is primarily elevated for the majority of its route on the western fringe of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. It links the southern end of Bradfield Highway at the Sydney Harbour Bridge to Victoria Road in Rozelle, at its western terminus near . It is a constituent part of the A4 route. Route It is an unusual motorway as, citybound, it heads east, southeast after the Anzac Bridge, east, north then northeast. The freeway distributes traffic arriving from the north (a function which gives the road its name) while collecting traffic from the CBD, distributing it through Pyrmont and Ultimo before crossing over the Anzac Bridge. In the citybound direction, traffic is collected from Victoria Road and the City West Link, as well as various on ramps in the Pyrmont and Ultimo areas. Traffic is distributed into the CBD through various off ramps in Pyrmont and the western edge of the CBD, as well as into the Cross City Tunnel. The remaining traffic is fed into Bradfield Highway, as it is not possible for northbound traffic to exit onto Cahill Expressway (traffic travelling east on Western Distributor wishing to reach the eastern edge of the CBD and beyond must either travel through the Cross City Tunnel or negotiate the packed streets of the CBD). Construction of the Rozelle Interchange as part of Stage 3 of WestConnex is underway. With its completion in 2023, it will provide a freeway-standard route free of traffic lights from Sydney's CBD to its outer western suburbs and the Blue Mountains. History Western Distributor came to be out of the realisation in the early 1960s that the existing roads that supported the Harbour Bridge would not cope with contemporary and projected traffic volumes. Due to existing infrastructure and buildings in the area, it was decided to build a viaduct to carry traffic above the city streets. Western Distributor was opened in stages starting in September 1972, with the last stage being the Anzac Bridge which was opened in December 1995. The distributor also replaces the former congested route out of the city via the Pyrmont Bridge (closed in 1981) and the Glebe Island Bridge (closed in 1995 with the opening of Anzac Bridge). The north-eastbound viaduct ramps leading towards Bradfield Highway, designed in 1967, was widened from to accommodate a deck with a variable width from and consists of a steel structure supported on reinforced concrete corbels. The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, the Department of Main Roads (having succeeded the MRB in 1932) re-aligned the eastern end of Main Road","title":"Western Distributor (Sydney)"},{"docid":"52505037","text":"The Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway is a conjoined cycleway from the north and south that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge on its western side, linking the Sydney central business district with North Sydney, Sydney's Northern Suburbs and the North Shore, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Route The southern terminus of the cycleway is at Millers Point with access to Argyle Street and Upper Fort Street in The Rocks. At its southern terminus near the Sydney Observatory, the cycleway is located adjacent to the Western Distributor and connects with the Kent Street cycleway. The northern terminus of the cycleway is at Burton Street, Milsons Point, just below Milsons Point railway station. From this location riders ascend 55 stairs in order to access the path that is located on the roadway level, some above the water level. A campaign to eliminate the steps on this popular cycling route to the CBD has been running since at least 2008. The absence of an efficient or safe cycleway or cycle paths to access the Bridge has resulted in the HarbourLink proposal to give better access to the Sydney Harbour Bridge's northern approach. The NSW Bike Plan 2010 identified Naremburn to the Harbour Bridge as one of 13 major missing links and a priority metropolitan link. On 7 December 2016 the NSW Roads Minister Duncan Gay confirmed that the northern stairway would be replaced with a 20 million ramp alleviating the need for cyclists to dismount. At the same time the NSW Government announced plans to upgrade the southern ramp at a projected cost of 15 million. As of April 2021, Transport for NSW refused to release current plans, partly because it would be unable to “deal with the anticipated volume of communications” from the public. On 3 May, two preferred options were revealed: a two-storey spiral and a long slope. There was local opposition to both options. In August, the government announced that consultation had attracted about 2,800 responses of which 82% favoured a linear option, and in December it opened a public competition among three shortlisted linear designs. On 1 April 2022, it was announced that a 200-metre ramp, with an average gradient of 2 per cent, had been approved. That plan was controversial, but was approved by North Sydney Council on 28 February 2023 and by the Heritage Council of New South Wales in June 2023, to continuing objections. The project has been determined to proceed with construction, to commence from early 2024. For the northern terminus there is a long-term plan to link the Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway with the Gore Hill and Epping Road cycleways, to the northwest. Cycleway use In 2019, the average number of cycle trips varied between 1500 and 2000 on an average weekday. The NSW Roads Regulations state that a person must not ride a bicycle on any part of the Sydney Harbour Bridge other than a cycleway. See also Bike paths in Sydney Cycling in New South Wales Cycling in Sydney References External links","title":"Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway"},{"docid":"717180","text":"North Sydney is a suburb and major commercial district on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located three kilometres north of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre for the local government area of North Sydney Council. History The Indigenous people on the southern side of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) called the north side warung which meant the other side, while those on the northern side used the same name to describe the southern side. The first name used by European settlers was Hunterhill, named after a property owned by Thomas Muir of Huntershill (1765–1799), a Scottish political reformer. He purchased land in 1794 near the location where the north pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge is now located, and built a house which he named after his childhood home. This area north of Gore Hill became known as St Leonards. The township of St Leonards was laid out in 1836 in what is now North Sydney, bounded by what is now Miller, Walker, Lavender and Berry Streets. By 1846 there were 106 houses here and by 1859, the commercial centre had extended from Milsons Point to Miller Street. A bus service operated by Jeremiah Wall ran between Milsons Point and North Sydney Shops, and North Sydney thus developed its own identity. The North Sydney municipality was incorporated in 1890 and after naming disputes, North Sydney was settled upon. The post office which opened in 1854 as St Leonards was changed to North Sydney in 1890. The first public school which opened in 1874 as St Leonards was renamed North Sydney in 1910. North Sydney underwent a dramatic transformation into a commercial hub in 1971–72. In this period no less than 27 skyscrapers were built. Trams The history of the North Sydney tramway system can be divided into three periods – the first from the original opening in 1886 to 1909, when the McMahons Point line opened. The second period covers the time until the Wynyard line was opened across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, and the third until construction of the Cahill Expressway on the eastern side of Sydney Harbour Bridge and the wider closure of the system in 1962. The first part of the North Sydney tramway system was a double-track cable tramway which commenced at the original Milsons Point ferry wharf, located where the north pylon of the Harbour Bridge is now. The line originally extended via Alfred Street (now Alfred Street South), Junction Street (now Pacific Highway), Blue Street and Miller Street to the Ridge Street Tram Depot. It used cable grip cars called \"dummies\" and un-powered trailer cars. A feature of these lines was the underground tram terminus at Wynyard railway station (the only one in Australia), and the tracks over the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Trams ran from Blue Street over a now-demolished steel arch bridge over the Harbour Bridge Roadway, then over the eastern side of the harbour bridge (now road lanes), through a","title":"North Sydney, New South Wales"},{"docid":"1853790","text":"A suicide bridge is a bridge used frequently by people to end their lives, most typically by jumping off and into the water or ground below. A fall from the height of a tall bridge into water may be fatal, although some people have survived jumps from high bridges such as the Golden Gate Bridge. However, significant injury or death is far from certain; numerous studies report minimally injured persons who died from drowning. To reach such locations, those with the intention of ending their lives must often walk long distances to reach the point where they finally decide to jump. For example, some individuals have traveled over the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge by car in order to jump from the Golden Gate Bridge. Prevention Suicide prevention advocates believe that suicide by bridge is more likely to be impulsive than other means, and that barriers can have a significant effect on reducing the incidence of suicides by bridge. One study showed that installing barriers on the Duke Ellington Bridge in Washington, D.C.—which has a high incidence of suicide—did not cause an increase of suicides at the nearby Taft Bridge. A similar result was seen when barriers were erected on the popular suicide bridge: the Clifton Suspension Bridge, in the United Kingdom. Families affected and groups that help the mentally ill have lobbied governments to erect similar barriers. One such barrier is the Luminous Veil on the Prince Edward Viaduct in Toronto, Canada, once considered North America's second deadliest bridge, with over 400 jumps on record. Special telephones with connections to crisis hotlines are sometimes installed on bridges. Bridges Australia The Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Mooney Mooney Bridge on the Central Coast (New South Wales), and the Westgate Bridge in Melbourne, Australia and the Story Bridge in Brisbane are considered suicide bridges. Sydney Harbour Bridge has a suicide prevention barrier. In February 2009, following the murder of a four-year-old girl who was thrown off the bridge by her father, the first stage of a temporary suicide barrier was erected on Westgate Bridge, constructed of concrete crash barriers topped with a welded mesh fence. The permanent barrier has now been completed throughout the span of the bridge. The barriers are costed at AU$20 million and have been reported to have reduced suicide rates on the Westgate by 85%. Suicide prevention barriers were installed on the Story Bridge in 2013; a three-metre-high barrier runs the full length of both sides of the bridge. Canada There are a number of suicide bridges in the Metro Vancouver area, the most frequented being the Lions Gate Bridge, which saw 324 suicidal incidents, including 78 jumps from 2006 to 2017. The High Level Bridge in Edmonton, Alberta, is considered a suicide bridge. It is unknown how many deaths have occurred at the bridge, but there have been at least 25 in total, with 10 being from 2012–2013. There have also been many failed attempts at the bridge. A suicide prevention barrier has been installed along with signage","title":"Suicide bridge"},{"docid":"50097458","text":"The Sydney Derby, formerly and unofficially called the Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of Sydney, is an Australian rules football local derby match between the two Sydney-based Australian Football League (AFL) clubs, the Sydney Swans and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. As of the conclusion of the 2023 AFL season, the head-to-head score is in favour of the Sydney Swans with 16 wins to 10; the teams have also met three times in finals matches, with Greater Western Sydney winning each time. The match's former nickname, The Battle of the Bridge, was suggested by GWS's inaugural coach Kevin Sheedy. The bridge in question is the Anzac Bridge which connects Eastern and Western Sydney, not the iconic Sydney Harbour Bridge, which connects North Sydney to the city part of Sydney. History The first Sydney Derby was held on 24 March 2012 and attracted a then-record Derby crowd of 38,203. This game was also the first game of the 2012 AFL season and the first AFL premiership match for the Giants. Fielding a very young and inexperienced team, the Giants only won three games in their first two years in the competition and failed to win any Derby games. This led to declining attendances at Sydney Derbies. The Giants won their first Derby in the opening clash of 2014. Later that year, The Daily Telegraph noted there was \"genuine dislike off the field\" between the clubs. Over the subsequent years, the Giants progressively moved up the AFL ladder and got closer to the Swans, who were premiership contenders during this time. The opening Derby of 2015 attracted a crowd of over 30,000—the first time this had occurred since the first Derby. The 2016 Derbies were both well attended—the Swans' home game had the second-highest attendance in fixture history. The Giants' home game was the 10th Sydney Derby. With both teams vying for a top-four spot at the end of the season, the game was described as a blockbuster. In the lead up to the game, The Daily Telegraph published an article analysing the rivalry. Though noting that Sydney's surprise recruitment of Lance Franklin created some animosity between the clubs, the article went on to say, \"What the rivalry needs is a flash point. ... Something to make it clear that when the Swans and Giants meet there is real feeling. Not the slightly awkward yet mutually respectful détente that currently exists.\" After the game, the paper declared that an altercation between Steve Johnson and Lance Franklin \"was the moment of sporting theatre that inspired a rivalry to truly ignite\". It was the first AFL game at Sydney Showground Stadium to be declared a sell-out, and it was Foxtel's highest-rating program of the day, second-highest rating twilight match of the season, and the second-most-watched Sydney Derby—behind only the inaugural clash. The first finals series match between the teams was on 10 September 2016, when the Swans hosted the Giants in the 1st Qualifying Final of the 2016 season. The Giants defeated","title":"Sydney Derby (AFL)"},{"docid":"56935585","text":"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Sydney: Sydney – General reference Pronunciation: Common English name(s): Sydney Official English name(s): Sydney Adjectival(s): Sydneysider Demonym(s): Sydneysider Geography of Sydney Geography of Sydney Sydney is: a city a state capital capital of New South Wales Population of Sydney: 5,029,768 Area of Sydney: 12,367.7 km2 (4,775.2 sq mi) Atlas of Sydney Location of Sydney Sydney is situated within the following regions: Southern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere Oceania Australasia Australia (continent) Australia (outline) New South Wales Time zone(s): Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10) In Summer (DST): Australian Eastern Daylight Time (UTC+11) Environment of Sydney Climate of Sydney Natural geographic features of Sydney Bays in Sydney Botany Bay Cockle Bay Farm Cove Sydney Cove Beaches in Sydney Bondi Beach Bronte Beach Lady Robinson Beach Manly Beach Northern Beaches Dunes in Sydney Cronulla sand dunes Harbours in Sydney Circular Quay Darling Harbour Port Jackson Middle Harbour Headlands and cliffs in Sydney Bradleys Head The Gap Sydney Heads Islands in Sydney Bare Island Clark Island Cockatoo Island Goat Island Rodd Island Scotland Island Shark Island Snapper Island Spectacle Island Lakes in Sydney Chipping Norton Lake Lake Parramatta Mountains in Sydney Blue Mountains Blue Mountains National Park Rivers in Sydney Cooks River Georges River Hawkesbury River Nepean River Parramatta River Lane Cove River Geology Sydney Basin Sydney sandstone Narrabeen group Areas of Sydney City of Sydney Regions of Sydney Suburbs of Sydney Districts of Sydney Sydney central business district North Sydney Neighborhoods (localities) in Sydney Barangaroo Blues Point Central Chinatown Circular Quay Darling Harbour Kings Cross Thai Town The Rocks Locations in Sydney Tourist attractions in Sydney Museums in Sydney Shopping areas and markets Bridges in Sydney Bridges in Sydney Anzac Bridge Boothtown Aqueduct Gladesville Bridge Pyrmont Bridge Spit Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge Cultural and exhibition centres in Sydney International Convention Centre Sydney The Concourse Forts of Sydney Fort Denison Fort Denison Light Fort Philip Fountains in Sydney Archibald Fountain El Alamein Fountain Monuments and memorials in Sydney Anzac Memorial Kokoda Track Memorial Walkway Sydney Cenotaph Museums and art galleries in Sydney Museums in Sydney Art Gallery of New South Wales Australian Museum James Cook Collection Australian National Maritime Museum Justice and Police Museum Madame Tussauds Sydney Manly Art Gallery and Museum Museum of Contemporary Art Australia Museum of Sydney Nicholson Museum Powerhouse Museum Sydney Tramway Museum Parks and gardens in Sydney Parks in Sydney Auburn Botanical Gardens Belmore Park Bicentennial Park Brenan Park Centennial Parklands Central Gardens Nature Reserve Chinese Garden of Friendship Hyde Park Luna Park Sydney Macquarie Place Park Moore Park Observatory Park Royal Botanic Garden Sydney Park Taronga Zoo The Domain Tumbalong Park Wild Life Sydney Wynyard Park Public squares in Sydney Queen's Square Railway Square Whitlam Square Religious buildings in Sydney Christ Church St Laurence Hunter Baillie Memorial Presbyterian Church St Andrew's Cathedral St James' Church St. Maron's Cathedral St Mary's Cathedral St Philip's Church St John's Cathedral, Parramatta St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta Greek Orthodox Cathedral of","title":"Outline of Sydney"},{"docid":"45338477","text":"Second Harbour Crossing may refer to: Second Harbour Crossing, Auckland, the proposed second transport link over the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. Upper Harbour Bridge, an existing twin motorway bridge over the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. The Twin Sails Bridge, a proposed double-leaved bascule bridge in Poole, Dorset, England. The Sydney Harbour Tunnel, an existing twin-tube road tunnel crossing of Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia. A proposed extension of the Westconnex motorway over the Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Metro City & Southwest, a metro rail line under construction beneath Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia. Eastern Harbour Crossing, an existing twin-tube road tunnel crossing of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. See also Harbour Crossing (disambiguation)","title":"Second Harbour Crossing (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"66228932","text":"Kurraba and Kirribilli were two similar \"K-class\" ferries on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1899 and 1900 respectively, the two timber-hulled steamers were built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. When built, they were the largest of the cross-harbour ferries and brought new levels of comfort for passengers. They were the first true examples of what would come to be known as the \"K-class\" ferries - a group of 25 double deck, double-ended, predominantly timber-hulled (four later versions had steel hulls), screw ferries propelled by triple expansion steam engines. Built for, and initially used on, the short but busy cross-harbour route between Circular Quay and Milsons Point, they were also used frequently on the Mosman route. Along with 17 others, the two ferries were sold for breaking up in 1934 following the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. Background Both ferries were built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. The two ferries were part of broader type of around 20 double-ended timber screw ferries the Sydney K-class ferries that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The two ferries were two of the first in what was to become a Sydney Ferries Limited tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \"K\". The names \"Kurraba\" and \"Kirribilli\" are both Australian Indigenous words thought to mean \"good fishing spot\". Kurraba Point and Kirribilli are also two suburbs on the northern shore of Sydney Harbour. Design and construction Kurraba and Kirribilli were designed by Captain Sumberbell, manager of Sydney Ferries Limited. Their design was a significant evolution of the company's smaller double-ended screw ferries, such as Kangaroo (1891 - 1926) and Carabella (1897 - 1932). Both vessels were built at Young and Son at Rozelle. Kurraba cost the company £9,440 while Kirribilli cost £10,631. The keels were built in three pieces from ironbark and the keelsons (moulded 10 1/2 inch, sided 12 inch and fastened with metal bolts), were also ironbark. Decks, sides, and fittings were built from Kauri pine. The vessels were built with five watertight compartments with one amidships made of iron. Electric lighting was provided throughout, a relatively recent feature on Sydney Harbour ferries. A smoking and ladies saloon was provided on the main deck. Unlike Kurraba, Kirribilli's lower deck windows were tinted an amber colour to minimise glare and heat from the sun. During construction of both vessels, newspapers suggested that the upper decks would be enclosed, a first for Sydney Harbour ferries, however, the ferries' were put into service with the then conventional open upper decks. The upper decks were enclosed with sash windows around 1903 except at the ends behind the wheelhouses which remained open. All subsequent K-class ferries","title":"Kurraba and Kirribilli"},{"docid":"46683175","text":"Karrabee was a ferry operated by Sydney Ferries Limited and its NSW State Government operated successors on Sydney Harbour from 1913 until 1984. A wooden ferry built at the time of Sydney Ferries' rapid early twentieth century, she and near \"sister\", Karingal, were the smallest of the fleet of round-end \"K-class ferries\". The ferries were built as coal-fired steamer and were converted to diesel in the 1930s. Unlike many early twentieth century Sydney Ferries, they survived the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the 1930s, and the State Government takeover in 1951. Karrabee sank at Circular Quay after taking on water during the Great Ferry Race in 1984 - an incident that received extensive media coverage - and did not return to service. The three remaining old wooden ferries were taken out of service shortly after Karrabee's sinking. In service for 71 years, she was among the longest-serving ferries on Sydney Harbour, and after use in Gosford as a floating restaurant, she was broken up in 2005. \"Karrabee\" is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning and 'cockatoo'. Design and construction Intended for Sydney Ferries Limited's Parramatta River service, Karrabee, and her sister, Karingal, were built by Morrison & Sinclair, Balmain. Karrabee's hull was launched on 18 October 1913. Both ferries were designed by J Harter under the supervision of T Brown, the company's works manager. Karrabee could carry 653 passengers. Karrabee's original Hawthorn Leslie and Company-built steam engines were sourced from Pheasant (1887), the second biggest Parramatta River single-ended ferry and Sydney's triple-expansion steam ferry. The 36 hp steam engines could push Karrabee at up to 11 knots and are currently in the custody of the Powerhouse Museum. Karabee's original cost was £8,423. Service history Karrabee was kept in service after the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge whereas 18 mainly older vessels were decommissioned due to the drop in passenger demand. Prior to the bridge opening, Sydney Ferries Limited had transported 40 million passengers a year, however, this number dropped to 15 million after the opening. The drop in demand for the remaining ferry fleet, was somewhat mitigated as many could not afford their own transport in the Great Depression of the 1930s and rationing of fuel during World War 2 made the coal required for the steam ferries relatively cheap. In 1936, Karrabee was converted from steam to diesel-electric power. The new six-cylinder Henty and Gardner diesel engines generated 440 bhp and gave her a speed of nine knots. She was re-engined in 1958 with a six-cylinder Crossley Brothers diesel, which provided 450 bhp and a top speed of 11 knots. The conversion from steam to diesel saw her tall funnel replaced with a short stout funnel. In 1951, as post-war demand for ferry services dropped further to 9 million, the NSW State Government took over Sydney Ferries Limited and its remaining fleet and assets. The Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Company, which ran the Manly service, was paid to run the services. The services and fleet","title":"Karrabee (ferry)"},{"docid":"62312552","text":"Koree was a \"K-class\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1902, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. When built, Koree was Sydney's largest cross-harbour ferry and a typical early example of the \"K-class\"; a group of double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferries. Koree was the first Sydney ferry built with the sides of her promenade (upper) deck enclosed, although the ends near the wheelhouses remained open. Built for, and initially used on, the short but busy cross-harbour route between Circular Quay and Milsons Point, Koree was also used frequently on the Mosman route. Along with 17 other Sydney Ferries Limited vessels, the ferry was sold for breaking up in 1934 following the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. Background Koree was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. Koree was an earlier vessel of a broader type of timber double-ended screw ferry known as the K-class. The company built 25 of vessels between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The K-class were all propelled by triple expansion steam engines and were predominantly timber-hulled (four later K-class had steel hulls). Koree followed Sydney Ferries Limited's then emerging tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \"K\". \"Koree\" is thought to be an indigenous name for Chowder Bay. Design and construction Plans for the hull were provided by Mr Scott, from the plans of the late Captain T Sumberbell, manager of Sydney Ferries Limited with the design being an evolution of the company's recent Kurraba and Kirribilli ferries. Koree was built by David Drake at Bald Rock in Balmain. Her machinery was provided by Clyde Engineering to a specification provided by Sydney Ferries Limited's works manager, Mr T Brown. Her 480 hp triple expansion steam inverted direct-acting and surface condensing engines comprised 13, 21 and 34 inches respectively with a 21 inch stroke. She had two multi tubular cylindrical boilers of 7 and 2 inch diameter of 18 feet in length. The boilers' working pressure was 170 lb. Koree's patent suspension furnaces had a heating surface of 1600 square feet. Koree's hull was launched on 23 July 1902 and christened by Miss O'Sullivan, the daughter of the Minister for Works. A bottle of port was smashed on her rudder. At 276 tons, she was, by a significant margin, the company's largest vessel when built. The previous largest, sisters Kurraba and Kirribilli, were 195 and 198 tons, respectively. Koree was rated to carry 1,058 passengers compared to Kurraba at 890 and Kirribilli at 896. Koree was 42.8 m long with a beam of 8.6 m. The keel and kelson were of ironbark, with the frames of blue and spotted gum. Planking to the waterline","title":"Koree"},{"docid":"64052673","text":"Kareela was a \"K-class\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1905, the double-ended timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited in response to the early twentieth century boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. She was the first of Sydney Ferries Limited's boats to have a fully enclosed upper deck. She survived the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge when many ferries were removed from service, and also the early 1950s rationalisation of the fleet following its takeover by the Government of New South Wales. Nicknamed \"The Box\", she had a relatively incident free career apart from a collision with a wharf that killed three of her passengers. She was sold in 1959 and broken up. \"Kareela\" is thought to be an Australian Aboriginal word meaning \"south wind\". Background Kareela was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. A population boom in the suburbs of Neutral Bay, Cremorne, and Mosman saw them served by an increasing number of ferries. The ferry was part of a broader type of around 20 double-ended timber screw ferries, the Sydney K-class ferries, that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. Kareela followed the Sydney Ferries Limited tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \"K\". \"Kareela\" is thought to mean \"south wind\". Design and construction Built in 1905, Kareela's hull, cabins and deck fittings were by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, of Balmain. Her hull was flamed right out with no overhanging sponsons. The sponsons were made of 14 x 10 inch iron bark girders, and the vessel was double framed of hard wood, making it one of the harbour's strongest ferries at the time. The hull of the ferry was designed by Scolt, s foreman shipwright of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company, from a specification by T Brown, the Sydney Ferries Ltd works manager. The cabins and other deck fittings were designed by the companies' officials, under the supervision of T Brown. She had one iron bulkhead and four of wood. She was built with lodging knees around the inside of the hull and 24 hanging knees. The keel consisted of three lengths of iron bark, the longest being 50 feet. There were 20 iron stanchions in the engine and boiler rooms. Under the deck over the boilers were galvanised iron sheets to minimise fire risk. Kareela was 186 tons, 34.4 m in length, and had a passenger capacity of 784. She was the first ship built by Sydney Ferries Limited to have fully enclosed upper decks. The earlier K-class vessels, including Kurraba, Kirribilli, Koree and Kulgoa, had only the sides of their upper decks enclosed, leaving the ends open, with the roofs being squared off. Kareela and all subsequent K-class vessels","title":"Kareela (ferry)"},{"docid":"1036022","text":"Milsons Point railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the North Shore line, serving the Sydney suburb of Milsons Point in New South Wales, Australia. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 North Shore line services. The station is located above ground, accessible via stairs and a lift, in Milsons Point, in the North Sydney Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by the Sydney Harbour Bridge Branch of the NSW Department of Public Works. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History In 1815, government architect Francis Greenway, in a report to Governor Macquarie, proposed the building of a bridge from Dawes Point at the city's edge to the northern shore. The original Milsons Point station was not in its present location, but on the edge of Sydney Harbour approximately on the site of the present northern pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the North Sydney Olympic Pool. This location enabled passengers from the North Shore to transfer directly from steam trains to ferries to reach Circular Quay. It opened as the southern terminus of the North Shore railway line on 1 May 1893. when extended from its previous terminus at St Leonards (opened from Hornsby 1 January 1890). The site, squeezed between the rock cliffs and the edge of Sydney Harbour was cramped, with two side platforms, one of which was built on piles partly over the water's edge, and three tracks between, including a centre road. Immediately adjoining it to the west was the colonnaded Milsons Point ferry wharf for the ferry service to Circular Quay in the Sydney central business district and tram terminus for the North Sydney cable tramway (opened 22 May 1886) and subsequently electrified from 11 February 1900. Concrete had been extensively used for foundations and walls since the 1890s. By 1910, reinforced concrete was in use, but not for superstructures directly supporting railway tracks. The Bellevue Street underbridge at Glebe was the first to use it for this purpose, in 1919. In 1915, to enable a start on the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge between Milsons Point and Dawes Point, the Government instructed the Railway Commissioners to vacate the station and a new four platform, station was constructed at the site of the boundary fence between the present-day Luna Park and Lavender Bay Sidings. This station was in operation for just seven weeks, from 30 May 1915 to 18 July 1915, as the inconvenience to passengers transferring between ferries and trains was unacceptable. Due to later overcrowding, a third platform was added on 12 December 1920 by removing the centre road track and laying a new track on inland side of the new platform 2. This station remained in use until the site was requisitioned to allow construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was not until 1922 that legislation was passed and acted upon, authorising the construction of a bridge. Tenders","title":"Milsons Point railway station"},{"docid":"68642273","text":"Kaludah (launched as Kuranda) was a K-class ferry on Sydney Harbour, Australia. Commissioned in 1909, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Like the other \"K-class\" ferries, she was double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferry. However, she and the larger but otherwise similar Kookooburra (1907), were the only two K-class ferries designed by naval architect Walter Reeks and not Sydney Ferries Limited's Captain Summerbell. Kaludah was built by Morrison and Sinclair Limited of Balmain. She was launched in late 1908 as Kuranda and commissioned the following year and her name changed to Kaludah. Kaludah burnt out and sank near Gladesville in 1911 when she was still the newest ferry in the Sydney Ferries Limited fleet. She is one of the shortest lived of Sydney's ferries. Background, design and construction Kaludah was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. She was one of a broader type of timber double-ended screw ferries known as the K-class. The company built 25 of these vessels between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The K-class were all propelled by triple expansion steam engines and, like Kaludah, were predominantly timber-hulled (four later K-class had steel hulls). Kaludah's design was similar to that of the Sydney Ferries Limited's larger 1907 steamer Kookooburra. The two ferries were a response to Sydney Ferries Limited's need for new vessels on the longer-distance Parramatta River service and a ruling from the Maritime Services Board that from 1912, all vessels using Circular Quay must be of a double-ended nature because of congestion in the Quay. All the vessels operating on the Parramatta River service to that point were single-ended vessels. Rather than using Captain Summerbell who had designed Sydney Ferries Limited's deep draft, round-ended steamers, the company engaged renowned naval architect, Walter Reeks, to design high speed, shallow draft vessels for the Parramatta River service. Reeks, who had designed the Balmain New Ferry Company ferries and also the Port Jackson Manly Steamship Company's Manly (II) and Kuring-gai, insisted on pointed bows for the ferries to achieve the speed necessary for the river. The company board had, to that point, a policy that all vessel bows were to be a rounded shape to give a tradition at a time when the Balmain New Ferry Company had pointed bows on their vessels (such as on the Lady class ferries). Also unique among the 25 K-class ferries, Kookooburra and Kaludah were built with short funnels, with forced draft, to pass under low bridges on Parramatta River service. Kookooburra did not perform well on the Parramatta River service creating too much wash which was the source of much resident complaints. She was later placed on the Mosman, Neutral Bay and Taronga Zoo services and a taller funnel provided. With Kaludah, designed and built approximately two years after","title":"Kaludah"},{"docid":"36538146","text":"Kuramia was a \"K-class\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Commissioned in 1914, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth boom in cross-harbour ferry travel. At 353 tons, she was the largest wooden ferry on Sydney Harbour. She was a typical example of the \"K class\"; a group of double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferries. Kuramia was built for the short but busy cross-harbour route between Circular Quay and Milsons Point. Made redundant by the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Royal Australian Navy converted her to a boom defence vessel. Kuramia followed Sydney Ferries Limited's tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Indigenous words starting with \"K\". Kuramia was reported to have been named after a village on the Transcontinental railway route. Background Kuramia was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. She was typical of a broader type of timber double-ended screw ferry known as the K class. The company built 25 of these vessels between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The K class were all propelled by triple expansion steam engines and were predominantly timber-hulled (four later K-class had steel hulls). Design and construction Kuramia was designed by Mr. J. Darter, under the supervision of Mr. T. Drown, Sydney Ferries Limited works manager. The vessel had six longitudinal bulkheads to improve her strength and safety. Kuramia was built by David Drake, Balmain for Sydney Ferries Limited at a cost of £20,027. She was long with a beam of compared to the previously largest ferry, Kaikai with a length of . She was launched on 15 November 1913 and christened Kuramia by Miss Ina Cornish. Her triple expansion, direct-acting, surface-condensing steam engines were built by Mort's Dock, Balmain. There were two multi-tubular boilers 7 feet 7 ½ inch in diameter, and 18 feet and 7 ½ inches long and the trial trip indicated 670 hp. The electric lighting was provided by Messrs. Lawrence and Hansen. Service history Her official trails were undertaken on 14 July 1914 where she attained a speed of 12 knots. Kuramia at 335 tons, and Kulgoa (338 tons), were the largest wooden ferries on Sydney Harbour, and to that point, the largest built for Sydney Ferries Limited. With a passenger capacity of 1,357, she was the highest capacity inner-harbour (non-Manly) ferry until the twins, Koompartoo and Kuttabul of 1922 (Kulgoa could carry 1,255). She was operated on the Circular Quay to Milsons Point run, joining the regular ferries on that route, Kulgoa (1905) and Kaikai (1907). With three ferries, the service increased from a ferry every 10 minutes, to one every 6 minutes. Kuramia, Kulgoa and being three of the largest of the Sydney Ferries Fleet were used to capacity as spectator vessels to witness the 1925 arrival of the American Fleet in Sydney Harbour. Made redundant by the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.","title":"Kuramia"},{"docid":"2646461","text":"HMAS Kuttabul, formerly SS Kuttabul, was a Royal Australian Navy depot ship, converted from a Sydney Ferries Limited ferry. Kuttabul and her identical sistership, Koompartoo, were the largest and last K-class ferries built. Kuttabul had the highest passenger carrying capacity of any ferry on Sydney Harbour and was ordered for the crowded Milsons Point to Circular Quay route. During the Japanese midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour on 31 May 1942, Kuttabul was sunk, with 21 naval personnel aboard. Design and construction To service the booming population growth on the North Shore prior to the construction of a bridge connection, Sydney Ferries Limited ordered the largest, and what would be the last, \"K-class\" ferries. They were Kuttabul and Koompartoo, steam-powered ferries, built in 1922 by the Walsh Island Dockyard and Engineering Works in Newcastle. Similar in size to Manly ferries, they were rated at 448 gross and 201 net register tons (1269 and 569 m³), and were long, with a beam of . They were the largest ferries ever operated on the inner harbour ferry routes, though Kuttabul had a larger passenger capacity (2,250) than Koompartoo (2,089). Their passenger capacity was the largest ever of any ferry on Sydney Harbour, exceeding even the largest Manly ferries by 500 passengers, a record that has not been beaten by any subsequent ferry. Both ferries were of steel construction with a wooden superstructure. Both vessels were constructed with 18 watertight compartments, regarded as being unsinkable and therefore were not required to carry life-saving equipment. Sydney Ferries Kuttabul and Koompartoo had been ordered specifically for the short heavy lift commuter link across the harbour between Circular Quay and Milsons Point, a route that was approximately aligned with the location of the pending Sydney Harbour Bridge. Prior to the opening of the bridge, peak hour ferries were leaving either side of the harbour at the rate of one fully loaded vessel every six minutes. Supporting the large steel hulled twins, were usually the timber \"K-class\" Kuramia (1914), Kai Kai, and Kulgoa. With the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, the route became redundant. Kuttabul and Koompartoo were considered too big to be used on other routes and were laid up, but were later made available for tourist cruises on the harbour. The Milsons Point wharf used by these ferries is now part of Luna Park. Royal Australian Navy and sinking After the outbreak of World War II, Kuttabul was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy on 7 November 1940, and moored at the Garden Island naval base to provide accommodation for Allied naval personnel while they awaited transfer to their ships. On the night of 31 May/1 June 1942, three Ko-hyoteki class midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy entered Sydney Harbour with the intention of attacking Allied warships. According to the official account, only one of the submarines, designated M-24, was able to fire her torpedoes, but both missed their intended target: the heavy cruiser . The torpedoes, fired around 00:30, continued","title":"HMAS Kuttabul (ship)"},{"docid":"33181197","text":"HMAS Kara Kara was a Royal Australian Navy boom gate vessel, converted from a Sydney Ferries Limited ferry. History Kara Kara, Koondooloo and Kalang were three double ended vehicular ferries ordered by Sydney Ferries Limited for use on Sydney Harbour. Kara Kara is thought to be an Australian Aboriginal word for the Moon. The ferry was built by J. Crichton & Company, Saltney and launched in 1926. After the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, Kara Kara was converted as a cargo carrier and undertook this role until 1941. Requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) on 27 February 1941 and converted into a boom gate vessel and commissioned as HMAS Kara Kara on 14 September 1941. She was purchased outright on 7 November 1941 and sailed to Darwin. On the morning of the Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February 1942 Kara Kara was tending the western gate of the nearly complete boom. During the air raid she received one hit on an enemy aircraft, however was strafed suffering light damage and the loss of two men killed. She was placed in reserve at Darwin on 8 December 1945. On 6 December 1950 it left to return to Sydney, arriving on 22 December 1950. Kara Kara was transferred to the un-maintained reserve at the Waverton Depot on 30 December 1960 and was later used as a depot ship for the reserve fleet at Athol Bight. Fate Sold to Marrickville Metals, Marrickville for scrap on 15 February 1972, Kara Kara was stripped of useful material and the hulk was handed back to the RAN for use as a target. On 31 January 1973, Kara Kara was sunk forty miles off Jervis Bay by RAN A-4G Skyhawk fighter-bombers, and gunfire from , and . The engine from Kara Kara is on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum at Darling Harbour. Kara Kara was awarded the battle honour Darwin 1942–43. See also List of Sydney Harbour ferries Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries References Boom defence vessels of the Royal Australian Navy Ferries of New South Wales Ferry transport in Sydney Scuttled vessels of New South Wales Ships built in Wales 1926 ships","title":"HMAS Kara Kara"},{"docid":"708112","text":"Wynyard railway station () is a heritage-listed underground commuter rail station located in the north-west precinct of the Sydney central business district, in New South Wales, Australia. The station opened on 28 February 1932 to coincide with the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. History The station opened on 28 February 1932. Wynyard was originally constructed with six platforms (the existing four platforms are still numbered from 3 to 6), with platforms 1-4 located on the upper level and platforms 5 and 6 on the lower level. The original intention was that Platforms 1 and 2, located adjacent to platforms 3 and 4, would eventually serve the eastern pair of railway tracks across the Harbour Bridge for a proposed railway line to the Northern Beaches. In the interim, with construction yet to begin on the Northern Beaches line due to lack of funds, they were used as a terminus for North Shore tram services on Sydney's tram network, operating from the bridge's opening in 1932 until 1958. A feature of these lines was Australia's only underground tram terminus. On 22 January 1956, the lines from platforms 5 and 6 were extended to Circular Quay as part of the City Circle. In 1999, along with Town Hall, the station received an easy access upgrade which included lifts to each island platform. The station was extensively refurbished in 2016, with Wynyard Walk, a pedestrian-only tunnel, being officially opened on 20 November 2016. Former tram tunnels Following the closure of the North Shore tram lines, in 1958 the tracks were lifted from platforms 1 and 2. Later, the platforms were walled off from 3 and 4 and part of the space converted into an underground car park for the Menzies Hotel. The tunnels were accessed from Wynyard Lane where a descending ramp was cut west under Wynyard Park to the disused platforms. The Wynyard Lane Car Park was closed in October 2016 to make way for the mixed-use Wynyard Place development which would obstruct the entrance ramp to the tunnels. The remainder of the tunnels north of the car park exit were walled off as were the northern portals on the Harbour Bridge. North of the portals, two additional road lanes were built above the old tramway as part of the Cahill Expressway. The disused tunnels and ramp that formerly connected the station to the eastern tram tracks can still be seen from the pedestrian path along the east side of the bridge, mirroring those still in use to the west of the bridge. Station configuration Wynyard station currently has two levels, each with two platforms. The upper level serves the North Shore line, whilst the lower level serves lines traversing the City Circle. Both lines run south under York Street from Wynyard to Town Hall. There is no connection between the rails of these two lines at Wynyard. The passenger concourse is on an intermediate level between the upper and lower platforms. Wynyard is connected via underground passageways to several surrounding buildings","title":"Wynyard railway station, Sydney"},{"docid":"29273001","text":"The Bridge in Curve is a painting completed in 1930 by Australian artist Grace Cossington Smith, depicting the Sydney Harbour Bridge during its construction. The work is now considered one of Australia's best modernist paintings, but was rejected from exhibition in 1930. Since 1967 the painting has been part of the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Background According to the National Gallery of Australia, Smith painted The Bridge in Curve, which is based on drawings made at Milsons Point on the North Shore, during an important phase of her career as an artist, when the importance of colour and the application of paint in small strokes gave her paintings a \"brilliant vitality\". Smith had become interested in colour theory and used this painting as an opportunity to demonstrate it with the blue and white of the sky contrasting with the more earthy colours of the buildings and vegetation. Construction of the bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge was built to better connect the North Shore suburbs with Sydney and reduce water traffic. A Royal Commission reported on the potential for a link in 1909, and ground was finally broken on the 28 July 1923. September 1926 saw the completion of the piers that would support the spans approaching the arch. Construction of the arch started on each shore in 1928, and they met for the first time on 19 August 1930. The bridge opened to the public in 1932. Reception Upon completion the painting was rejected from the Society of Artists exhibition of 1930. The painting was only purchased for the National Gallery of Victoria in 1967, which has been criticised as indicative of the neglect of Cossington Smith's work. The Bridge in Curve has since been identified as \"one of Australia's most significant modernist paintings\". It was described as a masterpiece of bridge painting by Ursula Prinster, curator of a 1982 Art Gallery of New South Wales exhibition on paintings of the Harbour bridge. Others have provided fuller descriptions of the painting' The contrast between the bridge and its surroundings is highlighted by art historians. The differentiation between the distant, obscure shore, and the blocks of colour in the foreground, with the detailed and delicate depiction of the bridge's struts and girders has been noted, the bridge seeming to rise above the chaos below. See also Visual arts of Australia Culture of Australia References 1930 paintings Paintings in the National Gallery of Victoria Paintings by Grace Cossington Smith Sydney Harbour Bridges in art","title":"The Bridge in Curve"},{"docid":"37500259","text":"HMAS Nereus (19) was formerly a luxury motor cruiser, commissioned as a channel patrol boat operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) during the Second World War. She was one of thirteen similar vessels, known to Sydneysiders as the 'Hollywood Fleet'. Prior to the War, she was a private vessel built by Lars Halvorsen & Sons and launched in 1939. She was 66 feet (20.12m) in length, with a breadth of 16 feet (4.88m) making her one of the larger vessels of the Hollywood Fleet. She was powered by twin Chryslers eight cylinder marine engines, each of 175 hp. She had six cabins, two forward, two amidships and two aft, toilets port and starboard, lounge, saloon, a fore cabin, pantry/galley complete with refrigerator and gas stove, an engine ‘room’ and a bridge control cabin and cockpit. She was built of hardwood laminated timbers with Oregon stringers and planking. She was requisitioned and fully commissioned into the RAN on 30 December 1941 under the command of Second Lieutenant E B Beeham RANVR. Nereus was armed with .303 Vickers machine guns fore and aft and depth charge racks on the stern. Nereus played no role in the Battle of Sydney Harbour (often referred to as the attack on Sydney Harbour) and her whereabouts at the time has not been established. However, Muirhead-Gould's (commander of Sydney Harbour) 22 June Report, includes that on the night after the Battle, Nereus attacked and claimed to have sunk a submarine in Vaucluse Bay. At the time of his report, Muirhead-Gould believed the claim was genuine, but later considered the report to be a false sighting. Fate On 2 July 1942, just over a month after the Battle of Sydney Harbour, HMAS Nereus was destroyed by fire. At the time, she had just relieved HMAS Yarroma at the buoy in Obelisk Bay, Sydney Harbour./> Notes References Blunt, William; Lolita and the Hollywood Fleet, First Edition, May 2020. http://www.lolitaandthehollywoodfleet.com This publication includes an analysis of specific aspects of the Battle of Sydney Harbour, failures by the Navy, and comprehensive details of the thirteen vessels that formed the 'Hollywood Fleet' Cassells, Vic; For those in peril: a comprehensive listing of the ships and men of the Royal Australian Navy who have paid the supreme sacrifice in the wars of the twentieth century, Kenthurst, Kangaroo Press, 1995 1939 ships Patrol vessels of the Royal Australian Navy","title":"HMAS Nereus"},{"docid":"58517909","text":"Evatt House is a heritage-listed house located at 69 Junction Road in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga in the Ku-ring-gai Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as Parklands. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 24 September 2004. History Indigenous history Material in rock shelters reveals that Aboriginal people inhabited the surrounding region at least from the last ice age some 20,000 years ago. Several different languages and dialects were spoken in the Sydney Harbour area before the arrival of the First Fleet. \"Kuringgai\" was the language spoken on the north shores. When Europeans chose the south side of the harbour for the settlement of the First Fleet in 1788, they chose the territory of the Darug-speaking people, who inhabited the region from the southern shores of Sydney Harbour west to the Blue Mountains. Both the Darug and the Kuringgai groups suffered catastrophic loss of life in the smallpox epidemic that swept through the indigenous population in 1789, with a death rate estimated to have been between 50 per cent and 90 per cent. Over the following century there were numerous documentary recordings of the movements of surviving Kuringgai people within the Ku-Ring-Gai locality, both attending Aboriginal gatherings and collecting European rations such as blankets. There are also several oral history accounts of small clans travelling through the district in the late nineteenth century. In the 1950s at least a few local Aboriginal people were known to be still living within their traditional territory. Early Europeans in the district Before the railway (constructed late nineteenth century) and later the Sydney Harbour Bridge (opened 1932) made the north shore easily accessible, the Kur-Ring-Gai area was remote from Sydney Town and consisted mainly of isolated white rural communities earning their livelihood from agricultural activities such as timber-getting and market gardening. Wahroonga first experienced suburban development after the railway line from Hornsby to St Leonards was opened in 1890, when the first suburban roads were constructed followed by the first homes, built around 1896. The Shire of Ku-Ring-Gai was first constituted in 1906 with just six councillors, who took temporary offices in the grounds of St John's Church at Gordon. Evatt House history of land ownership The property was originally part of granted to John Terry Hughes in 1842. In the 1890s a consortium of businessmen (Smith Burns and Withers) acquired acreage in Wahroonga and sold off lots in Junction Road and Kintore Street that included this land. A small part of the Evatt House site formed part of a larger property facing Kintore Street at the back of Evatt House, known as Grantham, built by Christiana Hordern . The land was further subdivided . In 1937 three blocks were purchased by Clive Raleigh Evatt Snr (1900–1984; LL.B., Q.C., MLA for Hurstville 1939–1959), a prominent NSW Labor politician. With his wife Marjorie (née Marjorie Hannah Andreas, 1903–1984), Clive commissioned architect Stuart Traill to design a Georgian","title":"Evatt House"},{"docid":"31788658","text":"Blackwattle Bay is a bay located to the southeast of Glebe Island and east of Rozelle Bay on Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia. The bay was named in 1788 after the black wattle tree found at the bay, which was used for housing construction. When first used, the bay was a swampy inlet fed by a creek that ran from its eastern end. Industrial use by tanners and slaughter houses caused the area to be fouled by noxious fumes and there were many complaints by the residents. An embankment with a bridge was built across the swamp to provide access from Glebe to Pyrmont, being known as Bridge Road. The area to the southeast of the road was filled in becoming Wentworth Park. A coal unloader and other facilities were built on the northwest side of the road and the by now also features the Sydney Fish Market on its northeast side. See also Blackwattle Bay ferry service Blackwattle Bay coal wharves and depots Sydney Fish Market Wentworth Park References Gallery External links Blackwattle Bay entry at dictionary of Sydney Part of Chippendale's grant, 1838. Cadastral drawing showing Cooper's Dam and Black Wattle Swamp. Birds eye view of general wharfage scheme west of Dawes Point as it will appear when completed, Sydney Harbour Trust, 1913. Bays of New South Wales Tourist attractions in Sydney Sydney Harbour Glebe, New South Wales","title":"Blackwattle Bay"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"5219331\",\n \"text\": \"Cahill Expressway is an urban freeway in Sydney and was the first freeway constructed in Australia, with the first section, from the Bradfield Highway to Conservatorium Place being opened to traffic in March 1958. It links the southern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, via an elevated roadway, a tunnel and cuttings between the Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain, to Woolloomooloo in Sydney's inner-eastern suburbs. It is named after the then New South Wales Premier John Joseph Cahill, who also approved construction of the Sydney Opera House. Route The Cahill Expressway starts at the interchange with the Bradfield Highway and heads east as a four-lane road on the upper level of a two-level viaduct across the northern edge of the Sydney CBD at Circular Quay, before turning south at the interchange with the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and then southeast into the Domain Tunnel, located underneath the Royal Botanic Garden. It emerges soon afterwards in a cutting, then enters another tunnel under The Domain, before ending at the interchange with Cowper Wharf Road and continuing south as the Eastern Distributor. Entry ramps for the northwestern end of the Cahill Expressway also exist heading southbound along parts of the Warringah Freeway in North Sydney and the Bradfield Highway across the Harbour Bridge. At the western end of the Cahill Expressway traffic reaches the Bradfield Highway to travel north via a tunnel under the Bradfield Highway then an anti-clockwise spiral which climbs up to the level of the Bradield highway, traversing 270° in doing so. The expressway forms a link between Sydney's eastern and northern suburbs, by connecting the Eastern Distributor to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour Tunnel. It allows travel directly from Kingsford-Smith Airport to the northern suburbs without traffic signals. The traffic on the elevated section was reduced by half following the opening of the Sydney Harbour tunnel in 1992, but has increased again since then as the increased road capacity as a result of the construction of the tunnel has encouraged greater car usage. The elevated section is on a double deck viaduct, with the top deck carrying the Cahill Expressway, and the lower deck the City Circle railway and Circular Quay railway station. The expressway has a pedestrian walkway next to the traffic lanes, where great views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the CBD can be seen. It is accessible by stairs from Macquarie Street, or an elevator near Circular Quay railway station. The walkway connects with the Sydney Harbour Bridge walkway. The Roads & Traffic Authority offers tickets to view the New Year's Eve fireworks from the Cahill Expressway deck through a competition. Former The Sydney Morning Herald writer Elizabeth Farrelly described the freeway as 'doggedly symmetrical, profoundly deadpan, severing the city from the water on a permanent basis'. The sunken section of the expressway runs between the Royal Botanical Gardens and The Domain, key green spaces in Sydney. The Botanic Gardens Trust described the expressway as destroying the spatial relationship between the two.\",\n \"title\": \"Cahill Expressway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69235776\",\n \"text\": \"Karingal was a ferry operated by Sydney Ferries Limited and its NSW State Government operated successors on Sydney Harbour from 1913 until 1984. A wooden ferry built at the time of Sydney Ferries' rapid early twentieth century, she was the smallest of the round-end \\\"K-class ferries\\\". Karingal and her very similar \\\"sister\\\", Karrabee, were built as coal-fired steamer and converted to diesel in the 1930s. Unlike many early twentieth century Sydney Ferries, they survived both the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the 1930s and the State Government takeover in 1951. Karingal, and the other three remaining old wooden ferries, were taken out of service shortly after Karrabee's high-profile sinking at Circular Quay in 1984. In service for 71 years, the two were among the longest-serving ferries on Sydney Harbour. \\\"Karingal\\\" is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning 'happy home'. Background Karingal, and her sister Karrabee, were built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. The two ferries were part of broader type of around 25 double-ended timber screw ferries - the Sydney K-class ferries - that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. Karingal followed the Sydney Ferries Limited convention of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \\\"K\\\". \\\"Karingal\\\" is thought to mean \\\"happy home\\\". Design and construction Karingal, and sister Karrabee, were built by Morrison & Sinclair, Balmain for Sydney Ferries Limited's Parramatta River service. Both carvel planked boats were designed by J Harter under the supervision of T Brown, the company's works manager. Karingal was the smallest of the round-ended K-class Sydney ferries, and could carry 608 passengers. The slightly larger, Karrabee could carry 653. Karingal's original steam engine and boilers came from the ferry Aleathea (1881) when it was converted into a lighter in 1913. The Bow, McLachlan and Company-built 28 nhp, 260 iph engines had cyclinders of 13-inch, 26-inch and 18-inch. The engines were fitted by Poole and Steele and pushed Karingal at up to 11 knots. Unlike other Sydney Ferries Ltd vessels, she is pushed, or pulled depending on direction, by a single propeller at one end. Karingal was launched on 8 April 1913. She was christened by Miss Duncan, daughter of the outdoor superintendent of the Sydney Ferries Ltd company. Karingal's original cost was £7,726. Service history Steam ferry (1913 - 1937) Karingal's trial trip took place on 15 August 1913 during which she reached a speed of 11.5 knots. She commenced her passenger service on the Parramatta River route on 2 September 1913. The Parramatta River service beyond Gladesville Bridge was discontinued after 1928 and Karingal was used on other routes. Karingal was kept in service after the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge whereas 18 mainly older vessels were decommissioned due to the drop in passenger demand. Prior to\",\n \"title\": \"Karingal (ferry)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64199335\",\n \"text\": \"Kosciusko was a \\\"K-class\\\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1911, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Kosciusko was converted to diesel propulsion in the 1950s and served on Sydney Harbour until 1975 when she was sent to Hobart to assist following the collapse of the Tasman bridge. She was burnt out in 1982. Background Intended for the Mosman run, Kosciusko was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. The ferry was part of broader type of around 20 double-ended timber screw ferries the Sydney K-class ferries that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. While Kosciusko followed the Sydney Ferries Limited tradition of naming their vessels starting with K, unlike the rest of the fleet, her name was not an Australian Aboriginal word. Rather, Kosciusko was named after the Australian mountain which was, in turn, named after Polish military leader Tadeusz Kościuszko. Design and construction Kosciusko was built in 1911 by David Drake, of Balmain for £12,617. Her 54 hp triple expansion steam engine was supplied by Campbell & Calderwell and pushed her to 10 knots. Also a timber-built vessel, she was 165 tons, 35.4 m and had a passenger capacity of 785. Although built by different builders, she was very similar in form and size to Kanimbla, such that the two were often considered sister ships. Service history Kosciusko was one of the few formerly numerous K-class ferries to survive both the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the 1950s state government rationalisation of the fleet. Kanangra, Karingal, Karrabee, and Kameruka were also kept in service and converted from steam to diesel propulsion in the 1930s and 1950s. Kosciusko was converted to diesel in 1959 (60 hp Crossley, 11 knots) which allowed coal-fired Kareela to be retired. When first commissioned, Kosciusko was a medium size ferry in comparison to the rest of the Sydney Ferries fleet, however, by the 1970s, she was the second largest. In 1975, Hobart's north-south link was cut by the Tasman Bridge disaster. Alternatives were urgently needed, and Sydney's then new Lady Wakehurst was sent to the Tasmanian city to assist with cross-Derwent travel. Lady Ferguson and Kosciusko were towed to Hobart soon after, however, the timber 1914-built Lady Ferguson was in too poor condition to be used. Kosciusko was sold to the city and following re-opening of the bridge, she was again sold and used as a floating restaurant. During renovations in 1982, she caught fire and was burnt out. Her stern, including the propeller and rudder, are displayed outside a hotel in Hobart. Incidents Early in her service life, Kosciusko was rammed by a steel fuel barge under tow, causing her severe\",\n \"title\": \"Kosciusko (ferry)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3253695\",\n \"text\": \"Bradfield Highway is a highway that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge in Sydney, New South Wales and is one of the shortest highways in Australia. It opened along with the bridge itself on 19 March 1932 and was named in honour of John Bradfield, the engineer who designed and helped construct it. Route Bradfield Highway commences at the interchange with Warringah Freeway and Lavender Street in North Sydney and heads in a southerly direction as an eight-lane multi-carriageway road, crossing Port Jackson over the Sydney Harbour Bridge, before shortly terminating at the interchange with Western Distributor and Cahill Expressway, at the former southern toll plaza at the southern foot of the bridge, at Millers Point. Bradfield Highway currently carries eight lanes of traffic over Sydney Harbour Bridge, each numbered from one to eight from west to east, but with the two easternmost lanes (lanes 7 and 8) permanently assigned in a southbound direction: lane 7 as a 24hr bus lane, and lane 8 as access solely to the off-ramp to Cahill Expressway. During peak periods three out of the six remaining lanes are reversed, giving a 2 × 4, 3 × 3 or 5 × 1 flow. The default is 4 × 2, being four north lanes and two south lanes (with the remaining two permanent southbound lanes providing an even flow of traffic). The direction of the lanes is indicated by electronic signage above each lane. Lane six was also reversed prior to 1990 during the evening rush hour, giving a 6 × 0 flow, however this no longer occurs because of changes made to Warringah Freeway to accommodate the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. In 2001, 159,587 vehicles a day used the highway. Bradfield Highway is still designated as a stock route, and livestock can still be herded across the Sydney Harbour Bridge if properly arranged by a grazier. History As a government-appointed civil engineer, John Bradfield oversaw the tendering process for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and as the NSW Public Works Department chief engineer had oversight of the bridge design and construction. Amid some controversy, Bradfield was also considered to be the co-designer of the bridge's arch design, along with Dorman Long and Sir Ralph Freeman. When the bridge on 19 March 1932, the Governor of New South Wales Sir Philip Game named the highway after him. Prior to the construction of Warringah Freeway in 1968, all traffic at the northern terminus of Bradfield Highway was directed to or from Pacific Highway, via North Sydney. In August 1992 the Sydney Harbour Tunnel opened which helped to relieve congestion on Bradfield Highway. The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State\",\n \"title\": \"Bradfield Highway (Sydney)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5006964\",\n \"text\": \"The Fig Tree Bridge is a road bridge that carries Burns Bay Road across the Lane Cove River, and connects the suburbs of Hunters Hill in the south and Linley Point in the north, located approximately northwest of the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The concrete girder bridge carries motor vehicles, and a grade-separated footpath and cycleway. History The bridge replaced the original Fig Tree Bridge, an iron truss swing bridge the site of which is located directly adjacent to the current bridge. The original bridge was opened in 1885, and formed part of the first project to provide a fixed crossing of Sydney Harbour. The project also included the first Gladesville Bridge (1881) and Iron Cove Bridge (1882). The earlier Fig Tree Bridge was located about to the west of the new bridge. Its southern abutment, which still exists, has a viewing platform accessible from the end of Joubert Street, Hunters Hill. The wheel that once operated the opening span stands in memorial. The bridge took an hour to open its iron structure. Four workers were required to get the gearwheel opening system going. Description The current Fig Tree Bridge, which opened in September 1963, was built in conjunction with the Tarban Creek and Gladesville bridges as part of the planned North Western Expressway linking the city with the future Sydney-Newcastle Freeway. The expressway was cancelled but the freeway grade road from the eastern end of the Gladesville Bridge, over Tarban Creek and ending at the northern end of Fig Tree Bridge has been maintained. The piers and deck were designed to allow an additional two lanes to be provided, and this can be seen in the eccentric camber of the deck, with the apex of the camber off-centre to the centreline of the deck. Although the North Western Expressway has not eventuated, along with the Tarban Creek and Gladesville Bridges, Fig Tree Bridge serves a vital role as part of the next crossing upriver from the Sydney Harbour Bridge of Sydney Harbour, and is therefore an alternative route northwest between the central business district and the lower north shore via Burns Bay Road. The bridge does not carry a toll. The Fig Tree Bridge is part of the Seven Bridges Walk, a fundraising event run by the Cancer Council of NSW. The event consists of a walking circuit that crossed seven of Sydney's bridges, including the Sydney Harbour, Pyrmont, Anzac, Iron Cove, Gladesville, and Tarban Creek bridges. Gallery See also List of bridges in Sydney References External links Bridges in Sydney Bridges completed in 1885 Bridges completed in 1963 1963 establishments in Australia Girder bridges Concrete bridges in Australia Municipality of Hunter's Hill Road bridges in New South Wales Lane Cove River\",\n \"title\": \"Fig Tree Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41504830\",\n \"text\": \"Francis Hixson (8 January 1833 – 2 March 1909) worked as a Royal Navy officer in colonial New South Wales and the Pacific. He was also superintendent of pilots, lighthouses, and harbours in New South Wales. Hixson was a native of Dorsetshire, England, and, entering the Royal Navy, arrived at Sydney in H.M.S. Havannah in 1848. When the Havannah was paid off, in 1852, he was appointed to the Herald, and when that vessel left Australian waters, in 1861, he was employed as chief assistant, to Commander Sidney in the survey of the coasts of New South Wales. In January 1863 he left the navy, having reached the rank of \\\"master\\\", and was appointed superintendent of pilots, lighthouses, and harbours in New South Wales. In the same year he organised the New South Wales Naval Brigade, which he commanded for many years. He was appointed President of the Marine Board of that colony in April 1872, and was Captain commanding the Naval Forces. Captain Hixson married in 1861 Sarah, second daughter of the Hon. Francis Lord, of New South Wales. Two of their daughters married into the Fairfax family, publishers of the Sydney Morning Herald. Hixson died at his residence in , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. References 1833 births 1909 deaths Royal Navy officers 19th-century Australian public servants\",\n \"title\": \"Francis Hixson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35691734\",\n \"text\": \"Koompartoo was a 1922 Sydney Ferries Limited K-class ferry later converted to a Royal Australian Navy boom defence vessel. Koompartoo, described in the press as a \\\"Dreadnought for the Milsons Point run\\\" and \\\"a titan amongst ferries\\\", was along with her sister ferry, Kuttabul, the highest capacity ferries ever on Sydney Harbour. Commencing ferry service in 1922, they were designed and built for the short heavy-lift run on the Circular Quay to Milsons Point across to Sydney's North Shore prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Following the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, both ferries were redundant. During World War II, they were requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy. Kuttabul was sunk during the 1942 Japanese Attack on Sydney Harbour with the loss of 19 lives. Koompartoo was converted to a boom defence vessel and taken to Darwin. Following the War, she was laid up in Sydney until 1962 when she was taken to Launceston, Tasmania where her hull was used as bauxite barge. Her final fate is unclear. The name, \\\"Koompartoo\\\", is thought to be an Australian Aboriginal word meaning \\\"fresh start\\\", and the boat followed about twenty previous Sydney Ferries K-class vessels named with Aboriginal words starting with \\\"K\\\". Background In the early twentieth century, prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, Sydney Ferries Limited was running one of the largest ferry fleets in the world to cater for booming demand for ferry services across Sydney Harbour to Sydney's North Shore. In particular, more and bigger ferries were needed to service the crowded Milsons Point to Circular Quay route (in the approximate location and route of the current Sydney Harbour Bridge). The Milson's Point wharf was an interchange with the North Shore rail terminus and is now the location of Luna Park. Peak hour ferries were leaving either side of the harbour at the rate of one fully loaded vessel every six minutes. An order was placed for two similar and very large steel-hulled high capacity ferries - Koompartoo and Kuttabul - to service the short heavy-lift route. Design and construction The two ferries were built in 1922 by the Walsh Island Dockyard and Engineering Works in Newcastle. At in length, and with very large beams of for most of their lengths, the two vessels were the largest ferries owned by Sydney Ferries and the last of the company's K-class. The two boats represented the peak of the K-class design of double-ended ferries. The Department of Navigation granted Koompartoo a passenger certificate for 2,089 people, which was the highest passenger capacity of any ferries ever on Sydney Harbour. This was 730 more than Sydney Ferries Limited's previous largest ferry, Kuramia (1914), and almost 500 people more than the Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Company's Manly ferries. Koompartoo's 113 hp triple-expansion steam engines of the inverted type and built by the builder, pushed her to 12 knots. Steam was provided by two gunboat type boilers at 180 lb pressure. The two\",\n \"title\": \"Koompartoo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5322028\",\n \"text\": \"Tourism in Sydney forms an important part of the city's economy. The city received 12 million domestic visitors and 4.1 million international visitors in year ending June 2019. The most famous attractions include the Sydney Opera House, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include the Sydney Mardi Gras, Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, the beaches and Sydney Tower. Tourism promotion The Government of New South Wales operates two relevant programs relevant to Sydney as part of the NSW Tourism Strategy: Brand Sydney – Revitalise and strengthen the image and appeal of Sydney. Visit Sydney – To increase promotion of Sydney as a tourist destination through a strengthened dedicated business unit within Destination NSW. Brand Sydney Brand Sydney project will be led by the Premier of New South Wales, overseen by the Minister for Tourism and a Project Steering Committee and delivered by the Project Team. John O'Neill is the chair of Brand Sydney. Sydney Harbour Port Jackson is the natural harbour of Sydney. It is known for its natural environment, and as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The area around the harbour foreshore contains pockets of bushland which was once common around Sydney, containing a range of native animals. Sydney Opera House The Sydney Opera House is one of the most distinctive and famous 20th-century buildings, and one of the most famous performing arts venues in the world. Situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, with parkland to its south and close to the equally famous Sydney Harbour Bridge, the building and its surroundings form an iconic Australian image. The building was included in the Olympic Torch route in 2000 to the Sydney Olympic Stadium. It was the backdrop of some events for the 2000 Summer Olympics, including the triathlon—which began at the Opera House—and the yachting events on Sydney Harbour. The dramatic exteriors have not been matched with technically superior interiors, and the Opera House's reputation as a music venue has suffered as a result. Sydney Harbour Bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge is the main crossing of Sydney Harbour carrying rail, vehicular, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district (CBD) and the North Shore. The dramatic water vista of the bridge together with the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of both Sydney and Australia. The South-east pylon for many years operated as lookout and tourist attraction, containing a number of telescopes and antiquated arcade games which operated on pennies, long after that currency had gone out of operation. The pylon has recently been renovated and returned to its tourist function. Bridge Climb Since 1998, BridgeClimb has made it possible for tourists to climb the southern half of the bridge. Tours run throughout the day, from dawn to dusk and are only cancelled for electrical storms or high wind. Night climbs are also available. Groups of climbers are provided with protective clothing appropriate to the prevailing weather conditions and are given an orientation before climbing. During the climb,\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2648171\",\n \"text\": \"Shark Island is an island located within Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia. The island is in area, measuring some 250 metres by 100 metres, and lies off the Sydney suburbs of Point Piper, Rose Bay and Vaucluse, in the eastern section of the harbour between the Harbour Bridge and the harbour entrance. The island was known by the local Aboriginal people as Boambilly, and the current name comes from its shape, which is claimed to resemble a shark. Shark Island Light is an active pile lighthouse located just north of Shark Island, an island in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. Its light is only visible on in the fairway of the harbour, between Shark Point and Point Piper. History The island has been the site of drownings, shipwrecks, and at least one shark attack, when, in 1877, Australian rules footballer and cricketer George Coulthard was sitting in a boat anchored offshore and was pulled overboard by a large shark. Coulthard managed to return to the boat, his attack and escape were widely reported. Parts of the island were set aside as a recreation reserve as early as 1879 and it was also used as an animal quarantine station and naval depot until 1975. At that time it became exclusively a recreation reserve and part of the Sydney Harbour National Park. Approved operators and a scheduled ferry service can take people to the island. See also Bradleys Head Clark Island (New South Wales) Dobroyd Head Goat Island Sow and Pigs Reef Sydney Heads Sydney Harbour National Park References External links [CC-By-SA] Islands of Sydney Sydney Harbour Sydney localities Sydney Harbour National Park\",\n \"title\": \"Shark Island (Port Jackson)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28556224\",\n \"text\": \"HMAS Uralba was an auxiliary minefield tender and armament stores carrier operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) during World War II. She was launched in 1942 by Ernest Wright, Tuncurry, New South Wales as Uralba (presumably named after the North Coast of NSW locality) for the North Coast Steam Navigation Company. Requisitioned by the RAN while under construction on 13 July 1942 and commissioned on 22 November 1942. After being returned to her owners and being sold and used for a number of purposes she was sunk on 4 November 1971 to create an artificial reef off Carrum Creek, in Port Phillip Bay. Career Her engines came from the Sydney Ferries Limited steamer, Kuramia, made redundant by the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. While she was under construction in 1942 for the North Coast Steam Navigation Company, she was requisitioned by the RAN. She was based in Brisbane as a minefield tender for a couple of years before moving to Milne Bay, New Guinea as a stores and armaments carrier. Uralba was paid off in August 1945 and returned to her owners. For the next few years she transported timber between Melbourne and Tasmania. Uralba was sold in 1948 to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria carrying construction materials across Bass Strait for the Latrobe Valley power stations. On her return voyages she carried cars and general cargo to Tasmania. Sold in September 1953 to the A & A Steamship Trading Syndicate of NSW and was subject to High Court of Australia seizure in 1958. Later sold to Benny Gelbart of Footscray, she sank at her moorings in the Maribyrnong River on 4 May 1960. Refloated and fixed she was sold to Duncan and Russell of Melbourne in 1964, had her engines removed and was converted into a dumb lighter. The Victorian Fisheries and Wildlife Department sank Uralba as an artificial reef eight kilometres off Carrum Creek in Port Phillip Bay on 4 November 1971. Citations References http://www.navyhistory.org.au/23-november-1942/ http://flotilla-australia.com/ncsnc.htm 1942 ships Ships built in New South Wales Minesweepers of the Royal Australian Navy Coastal trading vessels of Australia Scuttled vessels of Australia Wooden steamships of Australia\",\n \"title\": \"HMAS Uralba\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1912596\",\n \"text\": \"Watsons Bay is a harbourside, eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Watsons Bay is located 11 km north-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Woollahra. Watsons Bay sits on the end of the South Head peninsula and takes its name from the sheltered bay and anchorage on its western side, in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour). It provides views across the harbour to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The Gap is an ocean cliff on the eastern side with views to Manly at North Head and the Pacific Ocean. Vaucluse is the only adjacent suburb, to the south. History Aboriginal history The original inhabitants of the area that is now known as Watsons Bay, were the Cadigal people. The Cadigal referred to the area as Kutti. This indigenous group of people fished and collected shellfish in the waters and bays off South Head. They acquired their resources from Camp Cove and carved rock engravings there, which have since eroded from the cliff faces and rock surfaces that line the coastline. European settlement The first Europeans arrived at the location on 21 January 1788 as the First Fleet landed and stayed overnight on Camp Cove. A lookout was later built on the cliffs in 1790. The first grant of was made to Edward Laing in 1793 in the Camp Cove Area. Early homes were built for government and military officials working at the local installations. Watson's Bay was named after Robert Watson (1756–1819), formerly of HMS Sirius, when he had to beach his three vessels at Camp Cove for many years because of their being potentially sold by the Provost Marshal. Watson was appointed harbour pilot and harbourmaster of the port of Sydney in 1811 and the first superintendent of Macquarie Lighthouse in 1816. Watsons Bay remained an isolated fishing village until development began in the 1860s. The population grew from three dozen in 1828 to 122 in 1841. Subdivision started in the 1850s. After a ferry service opened in the 1870's, a number of hotels were opened. Today, The Gap is known as a notorious suicide spot. Dunbar The Dunbar was wrecked near the entrance to Sydney Harbour, Australia in 1857 with the loss of 121 lives. The wreck of the Dunbar ranks as one of Australia's worst maritime disasters, with the event still retained in the social history of Sydney and NSW. The Dunbar had mistaken the bay of The Gap for the harbour entrance. This led to the construction of the Hornby Lighthouse. In 1910, at Jacob’s Ladder, the anchor from the ship was recovered along with other relics and were placed in a museum behind the old Town Hall in Military Road by Vaucluse Council. The anchor was transferred to the cliffs of Gap Park by Ald. Coombes and a memorial was unveiled in August 1930. Trams The City to Watson's Bay tram line was extended from Edgecliff to Signal Hill Station, Watson's Bay\",\n \"title\": \"Watsons Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"717231\",\n \"text\": \"Middle Harbour (or Warrin ga), a semi–mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary, is the northern arm of Port Jackson, an inlet of the Tasman Sea located north of Sydney central business district on the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Middle Harbour has its source in the upper reaches of Garigal National Park where it forms Middle Harbour Creek and flows southeast to become Middle Harbour at Bungaroo and travels for approximately before reaching its mouth at Port Jackson between Grotto Point near Clontarf and Middle Head. The catchment area of Middle Harbour is approximately . Geography Course & Geography The shore of Middle Harbour is nearly everywhere rugged, barren and forested and for this reason Middle Harbour was almost entirely neglected during the first two centuries of European settlement in Sydney. There are only a few small patches of flat land on its shores. There are many small creeks draining the surrounding hills, but no significant rivers flow into Middle Harbour. Within Middle Harbour are, from upstream to downstream, Shell Cove, Pearl Bay, Long Bay, Sugarloaf Bay, Bantry Bay, Fisher Bay, Sandy Bay, Sailors Bay, Powder Hulk Bay, Willoughby Bay and Quakers Hat Bay. Middle Harbour is a significant physical barrier between Sydney's North Shore and the suburbs known as the Northern Beaches area which lie north and east of Middle Harbour. There are only two bridges – the Spit Bridge and the Roseville Bridge – and because of this obstacle, historically the main transport between Manly and Sydney was by ferry. Since the 1920s, most of the land on the ridge-tops around Middle Harbour has been developed for suburban housing. Much of the rugged shore of the Middle Harbour remains covered with bushland, most of it now protected by parks and reserves. Middle Harbour is a popular area for recreational boating and fishing. Middle Harbour History Middle Harbour is also extremely significant culturally, spiritually and recreationally to those who live near the water. The harbour is popular amongst fisherman and recreational boaters. An example of the cultural significance of Middle Harbour is highlighted through an odd custom amongst boaters who use the Tunks Park boat ramp in Cammeray. Becoming popular in the late 80s and 90s, boaters exiting the 4 knot zone outside of the Cammeray Marina would play 'The Old Man Down The Road' (1984), a swamp rock song written by Creedence Clearwater Revival lead singer and guitarist, John Fogerty, on their cassettes. Although the origin of this custom is argued upon by locals, many believe it began with fisherman who sought a way to \\\"burn away the sandman (drowsiness)\\\". Others believe the term \\\"The Old Man\\\" may refer to an old folk name for the harbour. See also Middle Harbour Creek Middle Harbour Public School Bantry Bay Explosives Depot The Old Man Down The Road References External links NSW State of the Beaches 2011–2012: Sydney Estuarine Beaches region p. 242 Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority Geography of Sydney Mosman Council Northern Beaches\",\n \"title\": \"Middle Harbour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2579349\",\n \"text\": \"The Spit is an urban locality in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Aboriginal word for The Spit is Burra Bra. The Spit is located in the local government area of the Municipality of Mosman and is part of the Lower North Shore. Landmarks The Spit protrudes off Beauty Point and is home to the Spit Bridge, a bascule bridge opened in 1958 over Middle Harbour. The bridge opens at set times to allow yachts with high masts to pass. The Spit is the site of the Middle Harbour Yacht Club and a marina. History From as early as 1834, a ferry operated by Barney Kearns carried passengers across the waters of Middle Harbour. From the 1850s, a punt operated by Peter Ellery, carried passengers across for sixpence and horse-drawn vehicles were charged 1s 6d. If the horses swam across, there was a reduction of sixpence. In 1889, it was replaced by a government steam punt. A wooden bridge was opened in 1924 after the electric tram lines were extended to the Spit. This was replaced by the bascule bridge in 1958, which was needed to cope with heavy traffic from the Sydney CBD to the Northern Beaches. Chinamans Beach was named after the Chinese residents who had market gardens and salt pans there, it is now a popular family beach. Heritage listings The Spit has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Monash Crescent (East Side): Middle Harbour Syphon References Sydney localities Mosman, New South Wales\",\n \"title\": \"The Spit, New South Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40764454\",\n \"text\": \"The North Shore & Western Line (numbered T1, coloured orange) is a commuter rail line on the Sydney Trains network, serving the North Shore, parts of the Inner West and Western Suburbs of Sydney It was previously the North Shore, Northern & Western Line (also numbered T1) until April 2019, when the T9 Northern Line was spun off from the original T1 line. History Following victory in the 2011 New South Wales election, the O'Farrell Government embarked on reform of transport in New South Wales. In November 2011, Transport for NSW was created to improve planning and coordination of transport projects and services. The organisation developed a new rail timetable and branding, which was put into effect on 20 October 2013. This saw the merger of the North Shore Line and Western Line () with the Northern Line () to form the North Shore, Northern & Western Line. A new numbering system was also introduced and the line was given the number T1. n The North Shore, Northern & Western Line formerly ran along the Epping to Chatswood line until it closed in September 2018 to be converted to metro standards as part of the Sydney Metro Northwest project. As a result, the traditional Northern line route from Hornsby to Central via Strathfield was reinstated. The closed section was replaced by Station Link bus services until it reopened as metro. On 28 April 2019, this route became a separate T9 Northern Line, with the T1 renamed the North Shore & Western Line. Railway line history The T1 uses a number of different railway lines and is the result of various schemes to link the lines together. The line is centred around the Main Suburban railway line which runs from Central to Granville, which continues as the Main Western line at Granville. The Richmond railway line branches from the Main Western line at Blacktown. In the other direction from Central towards the North Shore, the T1 uses the North Shore Line towards Hornsby, then continues along the Main North Line towards Berowra. Main Western and Richmond railway lines The Main Western railway line opened to Penrith in 1863 as a branch from the junction with the Main South line at Granville. Electrification reached Parramatta in 1928 and Penrith in 1955. A branch line was opened to Richmond in 1864 under the stewardship of engineer James Moore. Electrification from Riverstone to Richmond opened in August 1991. Through running to and from Sydney commenced in 1992. North Shore railway line The North Shore railway line was opened on 1 January 1890 between Hornsby and St Leonards. The line was extended to the Sydney Harbour foreshore at Milsons Point in 1893. Transport between this original Milsons Point station and central Sydney was by ferry boat. The line was electrified in 1927. When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932 a new Milsons Point station (on the bridge approach) came into operation and the North Shore Line was extended through it and over the\",\n \"title\": \"North Shore & Western Line\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3719817\",\n \"text\": \"Cockatoo Island Festival was a music festival held on Cockatoo Island in Sydney Harbour, over Easter of 2005, organised by Brandon Saul and Julie Howie of Mixed Industry and The Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. The 2005 Cockatoo Island Festival attracted over 20,000 people across the 3 days, with some choosing to camp on the island, others buying a 3-day pass and catching a dedicated ferry service each day and some buying a single day pass. While some of the island was off limits, many of the old buildings were used as stages, with the Turbine hall used as the main stage for the festival, a natural amphitheatre looking towards the Gladesville Bridge and a spectacular sunset and an old tunnel to host DJs. In addition to musical acts, there was also on offer a range of other features such as comedy acts, bingo and trivia, conspiracy theory talks and yoga. Progress In the intervening years since the Cockatoo Island Festival, the island has grown into a versatile venue on Sydney's cultural calendar. It hosted the contemporary art exhibition the Biennale of Sydney in 2008 and 2010, attracting over 80,000 and 157,000 visitors respectively. The Biennale returns to Cockatoo Island in 2012. The island hosted Sydney Festival's All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in January 2009. The 2-day festival included 24 bands over 4 stages across the island, and was curated and headlined by Nick Cave, attracting an audience of over 11,000. The island also hosted the World's Funniest Island Comedy Festival in October 2009, with 200 comedy acts appearing over a weekend and attracting over 8000 visitors. There are plans to repeat the comedy festival in 2010, and discussions are also continuing with Sydney Festival and other cultural bodies for future events. The island is also increasingly used as a venue for private events large and small, and part of the blockbuster X-Men Origins: Wolverine was filmed there in 2008, with its star Hugh Jackman abseiling down the island's cliff into the crowd during the film's world first media launch on the island in April 2009. A campsite opened on the island in 2008, campers can bring their own tents or take a camping package which includes pre-erected tent. The island's views of the Harbour Bridge and harbour make it a popular spot for watching the New Year's Eve fireworks, with the second NYE camping event for 2000 campers held in 2010. Three heritage dockyard residences are now also available as holiday houses. The island is now much more accessible since Sydney Ferries increased their services to Cockatoo Island, and it is now a stop on the Woolwich/Balmain ferry route as well as the Parramatta Rivercat route. Day visitors are also welcome, and can picnic, barbecue, wander at leisure or take an audio or guided tour. Cockatoo Island is open daily and there is no admission charge. Artist lineup References Music festivals in New South Wales Music festivals established in 2005\",\n \"title\": \"Cockatoo Island festival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63369198\",\n \"text\": \"The Kirrule-type ferries (or Kubu-class) - Kiandra, Kirrule and Kubu - were three identical K-class ferries that operated on Sydney Harbour by Sydney Ferries Limited. The three steam ferries were built in 1910, 1911 and 1912 at the height of the boom in ferry traffic across Sydney Harbour prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. They were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and built for the rapidly increasing North Shore demand. Sydney Ferries Limited generally choose Australian Aboriginal names for the early twentieth \\\"K-class\\\" steamers. \\\"Kiandra\\\" is a corruption of Aboriginal 'Gianderra' for 'sharp stones for knives' and a town in NSW. Kirrule is thought to mean 'aroused', and 'Kubu' \\\"oak tree\\\". Design and construction When built, they were the most refined of the K-class ferries, and among the largest of the type. As with all Sydney ferries at the time, they were steamers but were not among those ferries later converted to diesel power. Like all K-class ferries to date, the boats were all timber-hulled with timber superstructures. Later K-class ferries - sisters Kanangra and Kirawa (1912) and sisters Koompartoo and Kuttabul (1922) - were steel hulled with timber decks and superstructures. The Kirrule-type continued the K-class double-deck, double-ended screw propulsion, rounded bows with two raised wheelhouses and a single tall funnel. They had enclosed upper and lower saloons with lower deck outdoor seating around the vessel, and the upper decks had smaller outdoor areas at either end around the wheelhouses. Kirrule, Kiandra, and Kubu were built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, at Balmain and launched in 1910, 1911, and 1912 respectively. They cost £16,415, £17,087, and £17,138 respectively. Their 68 hp triple expansion steam engines, built by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co Ltd, pushed them to 12 knots - considerably greater power than earlier vessels of the same size so that longer runs to Mosman Bay were quicker. As built, the three ferries followed the standard Sydney Ferries Limited livery of the time; varnished timber superstructure, black hulls, and white bulwarks and trim and black funnels. In the 1930s, following the opening of the Sydney Harbour bridge, the white trim and varnished timber was painted over with a green and cream colour scheme. Service history In the early twentieth century and up to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, demand for Sydney Ferries Limited service across the harbour grew rapidly. Sydney Ferries Limited with a near monopoly on the inner-harbour (ie, non-Manly) services, had built up one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. Kirrule, Kiandra and Kubu were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and were built to meet the increasing North Shore demand. The three ferries, along with fellow K-class ferry, Kookooburra were used in the 1920s as weekend excursion vessels including carrying spectators to follow popular sailing races on Sydney Harbour. All three ferries survived the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge when much of the fleet was quickly decommissioned as annual passenger numbers\",\n \"title\": \"Kirrule-type ferry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2723911\",\n \"text\": \"Iron Cove is a bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately due west of Sydney's central business district. It is surrounded by the suburbs of Birchgrove, Balmain, Rozelle, Lilyfield, Haberfield, Five Dock, Rodd Point, Russell Lea and Drummoyne. The bay extends from Longnose Point to the south-west and is fed by the Hawthorne Canal and the Iron Cove Creek. History William Dawes recorded the name of this place as Go-mo-ra in the language of the local people. In the early days of the colony of New South Wales, the area was sometimes known as Long Cove, presumably for its long narrow shape. The origin of the name 'Iron Cove' is unclear. On the 1822 survey map of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) by John Septimus Roe, Lieut. R.N. it is noted as Iron-stone Cove. Iron Cove appears to be a shortening of this name that perhaps referred to the reddy coloured iron oxides in the stone, known as laterites. In his book on Sydney Harbour, P.R. Stephensen suggests that the name is derived from the iron shackles worn by convicts from Cockatoo Island who were forced to work in the area around the bay from 1839. However, he goes on to note that this is merely \\\"a surmise\\\". Another possible explanation for the name is that it was derived from the Ironbark trees that used to grow there. The island in the middle of the bay is called Rodd Island, in honour of Brent Clements Rodd. Iron Cove is crossed by the Iron Cove Bridge, which was first opened in 1882 and links Rozelle and Balmain to Drummoyne. The original bridge was replaced in the 1950s. The Australian warships HMAS Ballarat and HMAS Goulburn were broken up for scrap in the bay in 1953. There are a number of smaller bays with Iron Cove, such as Sisters Bay and Half Moon Bay on the northern shores. The concrete channelised Iron Cove Creek runs into the western end of the bay, and Hawthorne Canal runs off the southern part of the bay. The land around the bay is mostly made up of publicly accessible foreshore or parkland. This forms a jogging circuit known as The Bay Run. Pollution According to the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, this bay and its catchment area are the most heavily polluted in Sydney Harbour. In particular, very high levels of copper, zinc, and lead have been detected in the bay. Some of this pollution is contained in road dust, which is washed into the bay in stormwater. Iron Cove Creek (Dobroyd Canal) also suffers from organic and hydrocarbon pollutants. A proposal has been put forward for a water filtration device to be installed at Iron Cove Creek. According to Professor Gavin Birch from the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, \\\"This device is specifically designed to stop those contaminants [heavy metals, organic pollutants and hydrocarbons] actually reaching Sydney Harbour.\\\" Gallery References\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Cove\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59176195\",\n \"text\": \"The Argyle Street Railway Substation is a heritage-listed railway electric substation located at Trinity Avenue, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1932 by Dorman, Long and Co. It is also known as Sydney Harbour Bridge Substation. The property is owned by RailCorp, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History The Argyle substation and switchhouse were built as integral parts of the southern approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and part of the overall provision and workings towards the electrification of the Sydney railway system. The substation is constructed in a Stripped Classical style which relates to the style used on the approaches to the bridge and carries through the unpainted cement render finish. It was completed in 1932. The substation was one of 15 built during the period 1926-1932 as part of the electrification of the suburban network. Each was built to a standard design and layout, although the Argyle Street substation was externally rendered to match the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Of the 15, eight remain in operational use (2009). As the suburban railway lines were converted from steam to electric traction, substations, located approximately 8 kilometres apart were required for efficiency in direct current (DC). A 1500 volts DC system to power the overhead conductors was adopted for the NSW Railways. The building houses transformers originally used to convert the alternating current supplied from the Ultimo Power Station and White Bay Power Station to a direct current that was used for the train and tram tunnels and lighting the bridge. The original bridge lighting was installed by New South Wales Government Railways and was supplied to designs by the Department of Public Works. The buildings remain relatively intact externally and internally and continue to serve the Harbour Bridge and electric train tunnels. The original Reyrolle Bath Oil Motorised Switches were replaced prior to World War II. Some time during the 1960s larger transformers from the Prince Alfred substation were transferred to Argyle Street. In 1999-2000, these transformers were in turn replaced with larger transformers to cope with increased loads. A single (non-functioning) example of the Reyrolle Switch is retained in the Argyle Street switchhouse. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was designed and constructed as the essential link in a transport scheme envisaged by J. J. C. Bradfield and designed to enhance and promote the development of the metropolis, effectively opening up the north shore to the city and making the city more accessible. In 1924 preparations for the construction of the bridge began and as a result Dawes Point and area was subject to a continuous stream of building work and whole streets were levelled and altered. The approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge were designed and built by the Department of Public Works and the Metropolitan Railway Construction branch of NSW\",\n \"title\": \"Argyle Street Railway Substation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66260620\",\n \"text\": \"Kathleen M. Butler (27 February 1891 – 19 July 1972) was nicknamed the \\\"Godmother of Sydney Harbour Bridge\\\" and also known as the \\\"Bridge Girl\\\". As the first person appointed to Chief Engineer J J C Bradfield's team, as his Confidential Secretary, (a role which today would be called a technical adviser or project manager), she managed the international tendering process and oversaw the development of the technical plans, travelling to London in 1924 to supervise the project in the offices of Dornan's, the company which won the tender. At the time it was built, Sydney Harbour Bridge was the largest arch bridge in the world, with the build expected to take six years to complete. Her unusual role garnered much interest in the press in Australia and Britain. Early life Kathleen Muriel Butler was born on 27 February 1891 in Lithgow, New South Wales, one of seven children. She grew up in the Blue Mountains and attended school in Mount Victoria, where her father, William Henry Butler, was stationmaster, and she later studied at Mount St. Mary's Convent in Katoomba. Butler later attributed her engineering ability to her mother Annie Butler (née Gaffney) \\\"who was remarkably clever at drawing plans of houses and supervising buildings\\\". Career On leaving school, sometime before 1910, Butler was appointed as a clerk and typist to W F Burrow, chief officer of the New South Wales (NSW) government testing office in Lithgow, set up to monitor the quality of output from the local ironworks. At this point she had no technical qualifications. On 10 December 1910 (aged 19) she was transferred to the NSW Department of Public Works in Sydney. She joined the staff of the Chief Engineer of metropolitan railway construction, when the branch was established in 1912 to deal with Sydney's transit problems. This was the beginning of her long professional association with J. J. C. Bradfield, working as his Confidential Secretary. During the following decade she \\\"mastered all sorts of intricate technical matters of engineering\\\" to become a highly skilled technical project manager. Bradfield initially favoured building a bridge with a cantilever overpass, without piers, between Dawes Point and McMahons Point. In 1916 the Legislative Assembly passed the Bill for the construction of a cantilever bridge, although the Legislative Council rejected the legislation on the grounds that money would be better used for the war effort. Bradfield persevered and with his team developed full specifications and a scheme to finance the construction of a cantilever bridge. After going overseas in 1921 to investigate tenders for the project, Bradfield came to believe that tenders should be called for both cantilever and arch designs. The necessary Act was finally passed in 1922 — the Sydney Harbour Bridge Act No. 28 — for the construction of a high-level cantilever or arch bridge across Sydney Harbour by connecting Dawes Point with Milson's Point. The Act also provided for the construction of the bridge and its approaches and also included the construction of electric railway lines.\",\n \"title\": \"Kathleen M. Butler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63903206\",\n \"text\": \"The ferry Rodney capsized and sank on Sydney Harbour 13 February 1938 with the loss of 19 lives. The ferry was carrying well-wishers and girlfriends of sailors on the heavy cruiser USS Louisville as it left the Harbour. Background In the early twentieth century, Sydney Harbour had one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. However, the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge quickly saw annual patronage fall from a peak of 40 million passengers to 15 million. The largest operator, Sydney Ferries Limited, laid up in excess of a dozen vessels. Ferry operators sought new markets including excursion, concert, and spectator business. Smaller operators including Charles Rosman did quite well in this trade. Many of their smaller single deck ferries were fitted with rails and seating on their roofs for the enjoyment of passengers. Rodney at the time was a new ferry, built in 1937 for the Rosman fleet. She was built by W L Holmes and Co of North Sydney. Her 80 hp Vivian diesel engines could push her to 8 knots. The wooden ferry was 16.9 m long, had a beam of 4.7 m and was 33 tons. She was licensed to carry 211 passengers, 60 upstairs and 151 on the main deck. In January and February 1938, Louisville (CL/CA-28), a , undertook a Pacific goodwill tour which took her to Hawaii, Samoa, Australia, and Tahiti. In the harbour for 18 days, she was one of seven foreign warships in Sydney for the sesquicentenary of the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove. Capsize and sinking On the afternoon of Sunday 13 February, thousands of Sydneysiders came to watch Louisville leave for Melbourne. The cruiser with 600 uniformed sailors lining the decks left her berth at Woolloomooloo with a band playing and onlookers cheering. She made her way towards Sydney Heads under the command of Captain Robert Mathewson. Among the scores of vessels following the cruiser down the harbour was Rodney, skippered by owner Charles Rosman, whose passengers had paid a shilling to see off the American cruiser. Rodney had 150 passengers on board, less than its total licensed limit of 211. However, as the ferry drew alongside Louisville, excited passengers rushed upstairs so that the upper deck was carrying about 100 passengers, well in excess of the upper deck's limit of 60, making the ferry top heavy. Between Garden Island and Bradleys Head, Rodney passengers shouted to the skipper to take the ferry around to the cruiser's port side. As the ferry changed course to pass behind the stern of the larger ship, the crowd rushed over from small ferry's port side to the starboard side giving it a dangerous list. The shift in weight wobbled the ferry precariously in the wash of the Louisville, and Rodney began to capsize with passengers falling down the steeply sloping deck. Passengers spilled into the water and the boat rolled over and sank within a couple of minutes in 15 metres of water. Passengers grabbed at\",\n \"title\": \"Rodney disaster\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3749333\",\n \"text\": \"Warringah Freeway is a divided freeway in Sydney, New South Wales that is part of the Sydney Orbital Network. The primary function of the freeway is to provide an alternative high-grade route from the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and Bradfield Highway at Milsons Point to the A8 and Gore Hill Freeway. The freeway reduces traffic demands on Pacific Highway throughout Sydney's Lower North Shore, bypassing and , and provides a vital link to access most of the suburbs in Sydney and is also a major route to the north, south, east and west of the central business district. Route Warringah Freeway commences at the interchange with Gore Hill Freeway and Willoughby Road in Naremburn and heads in a southeasterly direction as a six-lane, dual-carriageway road, curving to a southward direction through Cammeray, slowly expanding to 10 lanes across multiple carriageways after the Brook Street exit, and to 16 lanes across the whole corridor for a short distance before the North Sydney northbound onramp. While a number of its inner carriageways were built to allow reversible traffic flows, today only the inner west carriageway is reversible, with the inner east carriageway feeding the Sydney Harbour Tunnel southbound. All carriageways were previously widened by utilising space from the former breakdown lane, and repositioning the existing lanes. The arrangement is now mostly 4x3x3x3 through the section with the switchable carriageway, with variations in the width of the outer carriageways as ramps enter and exit the freeway. In 2007, major changes to the Military Road overpass have occurred with an extra three ramps added, and two extra lanes on the connecting Gore Hill Freeway at the northern end (part of the Lane Cove Tunnel project). The overpass where these five ramps originate has been widened for an attempt to channel all the traffic. The carriageway change over process was automated around 1990, with moveable barriers and overhead signage directing traffic onto the correct lanes. The changeover occurs when the Harbour Bridge needs either 5 or 6 lanes southbound (the default is 4 each way). There can only ever be a maximum of 5 lanes northbound off the bridge, with the extra lane feeding into a spare lane on the inner west carriageway. Changeover times are around 06:30 and 09:00 Monday to Friday. Almost all entry and exit ramps on the freeway are controlled by traffic signals. Most of the ramps are of sufficient length to avoid any delays to through traffic, with the exception of Military Road. The arrangement for accessing the Harbour bridge (for access to the city and western suburbs) southbound can be confusing for anyone unfamiliar with the road, with a choice of either competing with traffic approaching the Sydney Harbour Tunnel via the two lanes at the inner eastern carriageway or having to cross the Bus Lane; traffic improved when the toll collection points (for southbound traffic) became electronic only. History Planning for the construction of the freeway began in 1951. Its first stage, connecting Bradfield Highway to Miller Street, opened\",\n \"title\": \"Warringah Freeway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62100764\",\n \"text\": \"The K-class ferries were a group of double-ended screw steam ferries run by Sydney Ferries Limited and its government successors on Sydney Harbour. The company introduced more than two dozen of the vessels from the 1890s through to the early twentieth century to meet the booming demand for ferry services across Sydney Harbour prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The K-names were largely Australian Aboriginal names with their meanings listed in the table below. Design The K-class were not a group of identical ferries - they were delivered in batches of two or three identical sister ships - rather they were a general type of vessel that ranged in sized but shared a typical form. They were all double-deck, double-ended screw steamers with two raised wheelhouses and a single tall funnel. Apart from a few early vessels with open upper decks that were later enclosed, the K-class had enclosed upper and lower saloons with lower deck outdoor seating around the vessel, and the upper decks had smaller outdoor areas at either end around the wheelhouses. The boats were all timber-hulled with timber superstructures, except for four later and larger vessels that had steel hulls and timber superstructures - namely, sisters Kanangra and Kirawa (both 1912) and sisters Kuttabul and Koompartoo (both 1922). The boats' upper deck sheer or profile line were curved parallel to the hull sheer, in contrast to many contemporary ferries whose upper deck was built straight fore and aft. Kareela was the first of Sydney Ferries Limited to have upper decks fully enclosed. The earlier K-class vessels, including Kurraba, Kirribilli, Koree and Kulgoa had only the sides of their upper decks enclosed leaving the ends open, with the roofs being squared off. On Kareela and all subsequent K-class vessels had an upper deck structure with curving roof lines that met at the rear of the wheelhouses thus the upper deck saloon was fully enclosed. Sliding doors gave access to the a small unroofed area surrounding the raised wheelhouses. Service history The ferry trade to the North Shore increased rapidly and consistently from the turn of the century until the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The Sydney Ferries fleet became one of the largest in the world - the bulk of which in number and capacity were K-class - and carried 40 million passengers per year by the 1930s. With the opening of the bridge, many of the K-class vessels were deemed redundant and were decommissioned. More still were decommissioned following the NSW State Government takeover of Sydney Ferries in 1951. A handful of the K-class ferries (Karingal, Karrabee, Kanangra, Kameruka) were in service until the mid-1980s having been converted to diesel in the 1930s and 1950s. During the launch speech for Kaikai in 1906, Sydney Ferries acknowledged they were deliberately naming their vessels with Aboriginal words starting with the letter \\\"K\\\". List of K-class vessels Notes References ferriesofsydney.com See also List of Sydney Harbour ferries Timeline of Sydney Harbour\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney K-class ferry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33446173\",\n \"text\": \"BridgeClimb Sydney is an Australian tourist attraction located in Sydney, New South Wales. It was launched in October 1998 and consists of a climb of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Climbs offered The BridgeClimb The BridgeClimb has been the original climb, established in 1998, which goes along to the top of the bridge along the upper arch of the bridge and takes approximately three hours, including preparation time. BridgeClimb Insider The BridgeClimb Insider guides guests to the interior of the steel bridge and then to the top in roughly 2.5 hours. Ultimate Climb The Ultimate Climb sees climbers traverse the entire bridge from South to North, and back again. Burrawa In 2021 BridgeClimb launched Burrawa, which focuses on commentary covering the indigenous history of Sydney Harbour with an indigenous storyteller as their guide. The different climbs are available at dawn, daytime, twilight and night plus special climbs for some of Sydney's events, like the Vivid Climb and the Anzac Day Dawn Climb. There have been over 4,000 proposals at the summit of the bridge and couples also have the option to get married on the bridge, above Sydney Harbour. The experience has also attracted many famous actors, musicians and members of royalty including Matt Damon, Kylie Minogue, Zac Efron, Robert De Niro, Prince Harry, Oprah Winfrey and Ben Stiller. Anyone over the age of eight years and in good health can climb. There is no maximum age, with the oldest climber being 100 years old. To book a climb, visitors can visit the website, and the price is from 198 Australian dollars. History The concept of BridgeClimb originated in 1989 when BridgeClimb's Founder and Chairman, Paul Cave, assisted in organising a Young Presidents Organisation World Congress in Sydney, which included a climb over the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Following this event, Cave decided to establish climbing the Sydney Harbour Bridge as a permanent attraction. This initiative involved numerous years of collaboration with state and local government bodies, community groups, and various experts on safety, logistics, media, heritage, and conservation matters. After nearly a decade of research and development, BridgeClimb Sydney was officially launched on 1 October 1998. At that time, BridgeClimb became the world's first tourism operator to offer bridge climbing as an experience. In June 2018 the franchise was awarded to Hammon's Holdings the proprietors of Scenic World for 20 years following a formal tender process. Pylon Lookout and Museum The Bridge's Pylon Museum and lookout showcase the history and stories of the Sydney Harbour Bridge through exhibits and interactive displays. This encompasses the narratives of the engineers, designers, skilled tradesmen, and labourers involved in its construction, as well as the 16 men who lost their lives during the process. The exhibition also chronicles the events and individuals involved in the Sydney Harbour Bridge's opening ceremony in 1932. Additionally, the Pylon Lookout is managed by BridgeClimb Sydney. Sydney. Awards The company has received several accolades, including a world record for number of flags flown on a bridge recognised by Guinness World\",\n \"title\": \"BridgeClimb Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"480254\",\n \"text\": \"The Sydney Harbour Tunnel is a twin-tube road tunnel in Sydney, Australia. The tunnel was completed and opened to traffic in August 1992 to provide a second vehicular crossing of Sydney Harbour to alleviate congestion on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It is one of two transportation tunnels under the harbour, the other being a set of rail tunnels for the Sydney Metro. The tunnel joins the Warringah Freeway at North Sydney and the Cahill Expressway at the entrance to the Domain Tunnel. It has two lanes in each direction, and runs at an angle of approximately thirty degrees (north to south) to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, which has eight lanes, with a tidal flow operation. In 2017, the tunnel was carrying around 96,000 vehicles per day. Construction The tunnel is made up of three sections: twin land tunnels on the north shore, twin land tunnels on the south shore and a immersed tube (IMT) structure. The tunnel falls about from the northern entrance and about from the southern entrance to its deepest point, below sea level. The construction was undertaken by Thiess Contractors. The IMT structure consists of eight precast concrete units. The units were constructed over away in a casting basin at Port Kembla and then towed to Sydney Harbour. A trench was dredged before the arrival of the IMTs and then the IMTs were lowered into the trench by a system of pontoons and control towers. After the IMTs were in place, the trenches were backfilled and then a rock armour was placed over the top to protect the units against marine hazards, such as anchors or sinking vessels. The land tunnels were constructed by a combination of driving and cut-and-cover techniques, designed to be strong enough to withstand the impact of earthquakes. Ventilation The northern end pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge were altered to allow for air exhaust from the tunnel to rise over the harbour. Bradfield Park on the northern side of the bridge also has air intakes. Fresh air is drawn by an underground ventilation station on the north shore and is pumped to all sections of the tunnel through vented ducts. The air supply uses fourteen axial flow fans, each up to in diameter. The exhaust uses sixteen (eight in each northern pylon tower) fans that draw exhaust air through two underground ducts from the tunnel ventilation station and transfer the air to the top of the pylon. They can expel it at up to – equivalent to changing all the air in the tunnel every two minutes with the capability of running in reverse in an emergency and all fans are rated for smoke extraction. Each of the fans has a duty of . The testing of the fans was one of the most comprehensive ever, covering flowrate and pressure, power measurements, sound levels, bearing vibration, x-raying of all impeller components, high-temperature tests at for two hours, impeller strain, and 24-hour run tests for reversals. Operations and maintenance The Harbour Tunnel was\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Harbour Tunnel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58963234\",\n \"text\": \"The Argyle Cut is a heritage-listed roadway and road cutting located at Argyle Street in the inner-city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1843 to 1868 with convict and paid labour. The property is owned by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002. History Agitation for a link between The Rocks and began early; the Sydney Gazette in 1803 lamented the lack of a short cut across the rocky peninsula. Maclehouse, in the Picture of Sydney and Strangers Guide in NSW for 1839, an early tourist guide, says that Argyle Street was in two parts. The eastern from George Street to Harrington Street separated by the western side by a \\\"precipice of considerable height\\\". At that stage a set of stairs which had once been cut into the rock to provide access between the two halves was already deteriorated and unsafe. Before the cut was built, the only way that vehicles could get from the Sydney Cove to Darling Harbour was via a circuitous route along lower George Street, to Dawes Point and into Windmill Street. For pedestrians, there was no other way except along the steep alleyways and flights of crude steps. As Darling Harbour developed, it became crucial for a link between the Cove and Millers Point. The first schemes came from private enterprise, with an ambitious plan to cut a deep channel through the central spine of The Rocks. The father of this plan was Alexander Berry, one of the wealthiest landowners and merchants in the colony. He had already presided over cutting a channel between the river and an arm of Crookhaven which became the virtual mouth of the Shoalhaven River. Besides his large landholding in the Shoalhaven, Berry had vast commercial interests in Sydney as an importer and exporter. His office was in Lower George Street, and he was vitally concerned about plans to extend Argyle Street. The proposal was that the shareholders should have the right to levy tolls on all passengers and stock using the cut, and from the revenue, the shareholders were to get a dividend. Any excess was to accumulate until it equalled the amount expended initially in the making of the cut. The capital was then to be returned to the shareholders, and the toll would cease. Governor Bourke and the Legislative Council turned down the plan, and the Government decided to undertake the work. A plan for the Argyle Cut was drawn up by the Government Architect, Edward Hallen, in 1832. The plan shows the proposed bridges over the streets above, a view, and the road's inclination. The Argyle Cut was begun by 1843, with convict labour in chain gangs. Their overseer was a cruel man, Tim Lane, who used to declare to the labourers that 'by the help of God\",\n \"title\": \"Argyle Cut\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63432448\",\n \"text\": \"Darling Harbour Yard was a goods railway yard in Darling Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The yard was once the origin of all outgoing goods traffic from Sydney. It was one of two major yards on the former Metropolitan Goods line, the other being in Rozelle. After closing to heavy rail in 1993, the alignment of the Metropolitan Goods line which passed through it was reutilised by light rail. The precinct around the yard was significantly redeveloped in the decades following its closure. History From the time when the Sydney Railway Company was formed in 1848, it had been the intention of the company to build a freight terminal at Darling Harbour. To this end, a railway line was constructed between the Sydney railway station (the predecessor to Central railway station) and Darling Harbour, which opened on 26 September 1855. Initial traffic was spoil for the construction of the Main Suburban line between Sydney and Parramatta, then for the carriage of departmental coke for steam engines, and a small amount of timber from 1860. Initial reports of the traffic on the line suggested that freight revenue amounted to only £20 a year, and there was only 60 tonnes of coke carriage a week. Other problems beset the line in the 1860s. Darling Harbour had begun to silt up by 1863, and the 3d. charge per person, each way on the nearby Pyrmont Bridge (at that time privately owned) was a turnoff to traders looking to use the railway for the transport of their goods. Other factors combined to offset these problems: a plan to convey goods by horse tram to Circular Quay turned out to be a failure; traffic in hay, straw and chaff was transferred to the Darling Harbour yards in 1878; and by 1881, the main goods terminal in Sydney had become overcrowded, leading to directions that traffic for Sydney was to be directed to Darling Harbour. The Pyrmont Bridge was later purchased by the New South Wales Government for £48,600. By 1891, all outwards goods traffic was also being dispatched from Darling Harbour. By 1908, goods traffic on the line to Darling Harbour and the neighbouring suburban lines had become excessive, with 592 wagons arriving each day and 512 being dispatched. It was decided to construct separate goods lines from Sefton to Darling Harbour via Enfield, Dulwich Hill and Rozelle, with extensions to Botany and the State Abattoirs at Homebush Bay. The initial scheme, approved by the Parliamentary Committee on Public Works, approved the initial line from Dulwich Hill to Darling Harbour. To avoid an opening rail bridge alongside the existing Glebe Island Bridge, a circuitous route was built around Rozelle Bay through the suburb of Pyrmont. The proposal, which included two tunnels under Pyrmont and Glebe, was approved on 23 November 1914, and the line opened on 23 January 1922. Redevelopment The Darling Harbour Authority was established in 1984, with the goal of redeveloping the Darling Harbour precinct. The yard was demolished and redeveloped between 1985\",\n \"title\": \"Darling Harbour Yard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1098347\",\n \"text\": \"Milsons Point is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb is located 3 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of North Sydney Council. Milsons Point is also the geographical feature that juts into Sydney Harbour from the northern side, directly opposite Sydney Cove, the spot where the first European settlement was established in 1788. Milsons Point was named after James Milson, one of the earliest settlers. History Milsons Point was named after James Milson, a free settler originally from Lincolnshire. Milson settled in the area near Milsons Point and established a profitable business supplying ships with stone ballast, fresh water, and the produce of his dairy, orchard, and vegetable gardens. In the early 1820s, Milson settled in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street, Kirribilli, on 120 acres of land he leased from Robert Campbell. In 1824 Milson received a 50-acre grant of his own adjoining Campbell's land (which is marked on the 1840s map above). In 1826 a bushfire raged through the area destroying Milson's home, orchard and dairy and farm which he subsequently rebuilt (refer to 1840s map). In 1831 Campbell was involved with Milson in a court action over Milson's non-payment of the lease of the 120 acres. Milson lived in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street until 1831 when he built a new home, \\\"Brisbane House\\\", on his 50 acres facing Lavender Bay. The next home he built, also on his 50 acres, was called \\\"Grantham\\\". By the 1840s, Milson was leasing only the portion Campbell's 120 acres that contained Milson's orchard in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street. In 1872, Milson died at home at \\\"Grantham\\\" in the modern suburb of Milsons Point in what was then called the Municipality of East St Leonards. The last of the family's holdings in the lower North Shore area were resumed in the early 1920s for the construction of the Harbour Bridge and associated roadways. Heritage listings Milsons Point has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: North Shore railway: Milsons Point railway station 1 Olympic Drive: Luna Park Sydney Bradfield Highway and North Shore railway: Sydney Harbour Bridge Population In the 2021 Census, there were 2,529 people in Milsons Point. 42.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China 7.2%, England 5.9%, India 4.2%, Hong Kong 4.0%, and Malaysia 2.4%. 59.0% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 8.0%, Cantonese 7.8%, Japanese 1.8%, Korean 1.8%, and Hindi 1.7%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.9%, Catholic 19.6%, Anglican 9.9%, and Hinduism 4.3%. Transport Milsons Point supports the northern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Milsons Point is well connected with the CBD of Sydney by the bridge, ferries and trains. The Warringah Freeway provides a link south to the Sydney CBD and north to Chatswood. Milsons Point railway station is on the northern approach to the\",\n \"title\": \"Milsons Point\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19662306\",\n \"text\": \"The Kurrajong railway line was a railway line in the distant rural western suburbs of Sydney, Australia. It was an extension of the branch off the Main Western line from Blacktown to Richmond and was operated by the New South Wales Government Railways. Construction The construction of the railway between Richmond and Kurrajong did not receive Parliamentary authorisation until 1919, by which time roads were being improved to a standard that did not warrant a railway to bring the produce of the area west of the Hawkesbury River to the Sydney market. From its opening in 1926 until its closure in 1952, it remained a minor branch line. Lobbying for an extension of the Richmond line to Kurrajong began in 1884, but the high cost of bridging the flood-prone Hawkesbury River, and the limited amount of agricultural land available, delayed construction. Finally, political lobbying by local landholders paid off and the first sod was turned on 2 June 1923. Regular passenger trains began running on 8 November 1926, although the official opening took place on 20 November 1926. Route description The branch began in the back platform at Richmond and continued across East Market Street on a level crossing which was protected by a station employee with a red flag or red light. It then passed around Richmond Oval, continuing in a north west direction along March Street, at the far end of which it left the town centre and entered its own right of way. That dropped through a cutting towards the river on a 1 in 50 grade, before making its way across the alluvial soil of the level floodplain. Trains were running to that point by April 1925. Gravel trains ran from the Nepean Sand and Gravel Siding, located just before the line crossed the Old Kurrajong Road. The material was being used in the construction of Sydney Harbour Bridge. A very short passenger platform was located on the eastern bank of the Hawkesbury river. It opened in 1928 with the misnomer of Nepean Bridge, and was renamed Phillip in 1934. The location was a favourite swimming and picnic spot. The railway bridge over the Hawkesbury River was erected on concrete piers which were an extension of those supporting the adjacent road bridge. Upon leaving the river, the line ascended on a 1 in 36 grade through the western river bank and reached Bells Line of Road which it crossed at a 45 degree angle and entered North Richmond station, which had a long platform with shelter and a goods siding. After leaving the station, the railway continued in a straight alignment, largely through the property of farmers. Being classed as a \\\"pioneer line\\\", the route was unfenced and the rails second-hand, laid on wooden sleepers with ash ballast. Stopping locations were established between North Richmond and Kurrajong at locations which, in 1928, were named Red Cutting, Kemsleys, Thompsons Ridge, Nurri and Duffys. The line through those locations passed orchards and small farms as it slowly climbed\",\n \"title\": \"Richmond–Kurrajong railway line\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7002657\",\n \"text\": \"Western Distributor is a grade-separated motorway that is primarily elevated for the majority of its route on the western fringe of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. It links the southern end of Bradfield Highway at the Sydney Harbour Bridge to Victoria Road in Rozelle, at its western terminus near . It is a constituent part of the A4 route. Route It is an unusual motorway as, citybound, it heads east, southeast after the Anzac Bridge, east, north then northeast. The freeway distributes traffic arriving from the north (a function which gives the road its name) while collecting traffic from the CBD, distributing it through Pyrmont and Ultimo before crossing over the Anzac Bridge. In the citybound direction, traffic is collected from Victoria Road and the City West Link, as well as various on ramps in the Pyrmont and Ultimo areas. Traffic is distributed into the CBD through various off ramps in Pyrmont and the western edge of the CBD, as well as into the Cross City Tunnel. The remaining traffic is fed into Bradfield Highway, as it is not possible for northbound traffic to exit onto Cahill Expressway (traffic travelling east on Western Distributor wishing to reach the eastern edge of the CBD and beyond must either travel through the Cross City Tunnel or negotiate the packed streets of the CBD). Construction of the Rozelle Interchange as part of Stage 3 of WestConnex is underway. With its completion in 2023, it will provide a freeway-standard route free of traffic lights from Sydney's CBD to its outer western suburbs and the Blue Mountains. History Western Distributor came to be out of the realisation in the early 1960s that the existing roads that supported the Harbour Bridge would not cope with contemporary and projected traffic volumes. Due to existing infrastructure and buildings in the area, it was decided to build a viaduct to carry traffic above the city streets. Western Distributor was opened in stages starting in September 1972, with the last stage being the Anzac Bridge which was opened in December 1995. The distributor also replaces the former congested route out of the city via the Pyrmont Bridge (closed in 1981) and the Glebe Island Bridge (closed in 1995 with the opening of Anzac Bridge). The north-eastbound viaduct ramps leading towards Bradfield Highway, designed in 1967, was widened from to accommodate a deck with a variable width from and consists of a steel structure supported on reinforced concrete corbels. The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, the Department of Main Roads (having succeeded the MRB in 1932) re-aligned the eastern end of Main Road\",\n \"title\": \"Western Distributor (Sydney)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52505037\",\n \"text\": \"The Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway is a conjoined cycleway from the north and south that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge on its western side, linking the Sydney central business district with North Sydney, Sydney's Northern Suburbs and the North Shore, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Route The southern terminus of the cycleway is at Millers Point with access to Argyle Street and Upper Fort Street in The Rocks. At its southern terminus near the Sydney Observatory, the cycleway is located adjacent to the Western Distributor and connects with the Kent Street cycleway. The northern terminus of the cycleway is at Burton Street, Milsons Point, just below Milsons Point railway station. From this location riders ascend 55 stairs in order to access the path that is located on the roadway level, some above the water level. A campaign to eliminate the steps on this popular cycling route to the CBD has been running since at least 2008. The absence of an efficient or safe cycleway or cycle paths to access the Bridge has resulted in the HarbourLink proposal to give better access to the Sydney Harbour Bridge's northern approach. The NSW Bike Plan 2010 identified Naremburn to the Harbour Bridge as one of 13 major missing links and a priority metropolitan link. On 7 December 2016 the NSW Roads Minister Duncan Gay confirmed that the northern stairway would be replaced with a 20 million ramp alleviating the need for cyclists to dismount. At the same time the NSW Government announced plans to upgrade the southern ramp at a projected cost of 15 million. As of April 2021, Transport for NSW refused to release current plans, partly because it would be unable to “deal with the anticipated volume of communications” from the public. On 3 May, two preferred options were revealed: a two-storey spiral and a long slope. There was local opposition to both options. In August, the government announced that consultation had attracted about 2,800 responses of which 82% favoured a linear option, and in December it opened a public competition among three shortlisted linear designs. On 1 April 2022, it was announced that a 200-metre ramp, with an average gradient of 2 per cent, had been approved. That plan was controversial, but was approved by North Sydney Council on 28 February 2023 and by the Heritage Council of New South Wales in June 2023, to continuing objections. The project has been determined to proceed with construction, to commence from early 2024. For the northern terminus there is a long-term plan to link the Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway with the Gore Hill and Epping Road cycleways, to the northwest. Cycleway use In 2019, the average number of cycle trips varied between 1500 and 2000 on an average weekday. The NSW Roads Regulations state that a person must not ride a bicycle on any part of the Sydney Harbour Bridge other than a cycleway. See also Bike paths in Sydney Cycling in New South Wales Cycling in Sydney References External links\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"717180\",\n \"text\": \"North Sydney is a suburb and major commercial district on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located three kilometres north of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre for the local government area of North Sydney Council. History The Indigenous people on the southern side of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) called the north side warung which meant the other side, while those on the northern side used the same name to describe the southern side. The first name used by European settlers was Hunterhill, named after a property owned by Thomas Muir of Huntershill (1765–1799), a Scottish political reformer. He purchased land in 1794 near the location where the north pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge is now located, and built a house which he named after his childhood home. This area north of Gore Hill became known as St Leonards. The township of St Leonards was laid out in 1836 in what is now North Sydney, bounded by what is now Miller, Walker, Lavender and Berry Streets. By 1846 there were 106 houses here and by 1859, the commercial centre had extended from Milsons Point to Miller Street. A bus service operated by Jeremiah Wall ran between Milsons Point and North Sydney Shops, and North Sydney thus developed its own identity. The North Sydney municipality was incorporated in 1890 and after naming disputes, North Sydney was settled upon. The post office which opened in 1854 as St Leonards was changed to North Sydney in 1890. The first public school which opened in 1874 as St Leonards was renamed North Sydney in 1910. North Sydney underwent a dramatic transformation into a commercial hub in 1971–72. In this period no less than 27 skyscrapers were built. Trams The history of the North Sydney tramway system can be divided into three periods – the first from the original opening in 1886 to 1909, when the McMahons Point line opened. The second period covers the time until the Wynyard line was opened across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, and the third until construction of the Cahill Expressway on the eastern side of Sydney Harbour Bridge and the wider closure of the system in 1962. The first part of the North Sydney tramway system was a double-track cable tramway which commenced at the original Milsons Point ferry wharf, located where the north pylon of the Harbour Bridge is now. The line originally extended via Alfred Street (now Alfred Street South), Junction Street (now Pacific Highway), Blue Street and Miller Street to the Ridge Street Tram Depot. It used cable grip cars called \\\"dummies\\\" and un-powered trailer cars. A feature of these lines was the underground tram terminus at Wynyard railway station (the only one in Australia), and the tracks over the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Trams ran from Blue Street over a now-demolished steel arch bridge over the Harbour Bridge Roadway, then over the eastern side of the harbour bridge (now road lanes), through a\",\n \"title\": \"North Sydney, New South Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1853790\",\n \"text\": \"A suicide bridge is a bridge used frequently by people to end their lives, most typically by jumping off and into the water or ground below. A fall from the height of a tall bridge into water may be fatal, although some people have survived jumps from high bridges such as the Golden Gate Bridge. However, significant injury or death is far from certain; numerous studies report minimally injured persons who died from drowning. To reach such locations, those with the intention of ending their lives must often walk long distances to reach the point where they finally decide to jump. For example, some individuals have traveled over the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge by car in order to jump from the Golden Gate Bridge. Prevention Suicide prevention advocates believe that suicide by bridge is more likely to be impulsive than other means, and that barriers can have a significant effect on reducing the incidence of suicides by bridge. One study showed that installing barriers on the Duke Ellington Bridge in Washington, D.C.—which has a high incidence of suicide—did not cause an increase of suicides at the nearby Taft Bridge. A similar result was seen when barriers were erected on the popular suicide bridge: the Clifton Suspension Bridge, in the United Kingdom. Families affected and groups that help the mentally ill have lobbied governments to erect similar barriers. One such barrier is the Luminous Veil on the Prince Edward Viaduct in Toronto, Canada, once considered North America's second deadliest bridge, with over 400 jumps on record. Special telephones with connections to crisis hotlines are sometimes installed on bridges. Bridges Australia The Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Mooney Mooney Bridge on the Central Coast (New South Wales), and the Westgate Bridge in Melbourne, Australia and the Story Bridge in Brisbane are considered suicide bridges. Sydney Harbour Bridge has a suicide prevention barrier. In February 2009, following the murder of a four-year-old girl who was thrown off the bridge by her father, the first stage of a temporary suicide barrier was erected on Westgate Bridge, constructed of concrete crash barriers topped with a welded mesh fence. The permanent barrier has now been completed throughout the span of the bridge. The barriers are costed at AU$20 million and have been reported to have reduced suicide rates on the Westgate by 85%. Suicide prevention barriers were installed on the Story Bridge in 2013; a three-metre-high barrier runs the full length of both sides of the bridge. Canada There are a number of suicide bridges in the Metro Vancouver area, the most frequented being the Lions Gate Bridge, which saw 324 suicidal incidents, including 78 jumps from 2006 to 2017. The High Level Bridge in Edmonton, Alberta, is considered a suicide bridge. It is unknown how many deaths have occurred at the bridge, but there have been at least 25 in total, with 10 being from 2012–2013. There have also been many failed attempts at the bridge. A suicide prevention barrier has been installed along with signage\",\n \"title\": \"Suicide bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50097458\",\n \"text\": \"The Sydney Derby, formerly and unofficially called the Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of Sydney, is an Australian rules football local derby match between the two Sydney-based Australian Football League (AFL) clubs, the Sydney Swans and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. As of the conclusion of the 2023 AFL season, the head-to-head score is in favour of the Sydney Swans with 16 wins to 10; the teams have also met three times in finals matches, with Greater Western Sydney winning each time. The match's former nickname, The Battle of the Bridge, was suggested by GWS's inaugural coach Kevin Sheedy. The bridge in question is the Anzac Bridge which connects Eastern and Western Sydney, not the iconic Sydney Harbour Bridge, which connects North Sydney to the city part of Sydney. History The first Sydney Derby was held on 24 March 2012 and attracted a then-record Derby crowd of 38,203. This game was also the first game of the 2012 AFL season and the first AFL premiership match for the Giants. Fielding a very young and inexperienced team, the Giants only won three games in their first two years in the competition and failed to win any Derby games. This led to declining attendances at Sydney Derbies. The Giants won their first Derby in the opening clash of 2014. Later that year, The Daily Telegraph noted there was \\\"genuine dislike off the field\\\" between the clubs. Over the subsequent years, the Giants progressively moved up the AFL ladder and got closer to the Swans, who were premiership contenders during this time. The opening Derby of 2015 attracted a crowd of over 30,000—the first time this had occurred since the first Derby. The 2016 Derbies were both well attended—the Swans' home game had the second-highest attendance in fixture history. The Giants' home game was the 10th Sydney Derby. With both teams vying for a top-four spot at the end of the season, the game was described as a blockbuster. In the lead up to the game, The Daily Telegraph published an article analysing the rivalry. Though noting that Sydney's surprise recruitment of Lance Franklin created some animosity between the clubs, the article went on to say, \\\"What the rivalry needs is a flash point. ... Something to make it clear that when the Swans and Giants meet there is real feeling. Not the slightly awkward yet mutually respectful détente that currently exists.\\\" After the game, the paper declared that an altercation between Steve Johnson and Lance Franklin \\\"was the moment of sporting theatre that inspired a rivalry to truly ignite\\\". It was the first AFL game at Sydney Showground Stadium to be declared a sell-out, and it was Foxtel's highest-rating program of the day, second-highest rating twilight match of the season, and the second-most-watched Sydney Derby—behind only the inaugural clash. The first finals series match between the teams was on 10 September 2016, when the Swans hosted the Giants in the 1st Qualifying Final of the 2016 season. The Giants defeated\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Derby (AFL)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56935585\",\n \"text\": \"The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Sydney: Sydney – General reference Pronunciation: Common English name(s): Sydney Official English name(s): Sydney Adjectival(s): Sydneysider Demonym(s): Sydneysider Geography of Sydney Geography of Sydney Sydney is: a city a state capital capital of New South Wales Population of Sydney: 5,029,768 Area of Sydney: 12,367.7 km2 (4,775.2 sq mi) Atlas of Sydney Location of Sydney Sydney is situated within the following regions: Southern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere Oceania Australasia Australia (continent) Australia (outline) New South Wales Time zone(s): Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10) In Summer (DST): Australian Eastern Daylight Time (UTC+11) Environment of Sydney Climate of Sydney Natural geographic features of Sydney Bays in Sydney Botany Bay Cockle Bay Farm Cove Sydney Cove Beaches in Sydney Bondi Beach Bronte Beach Lady Robinson Beach Manly Beach Northern Beaches Dunes in Sydney Cronulla sand dunes Harbours in Sydney Circular Quay Darling Harbour Port Jackson Middle Harbour Headlands and cliffs in Sydney Bradleys Head The Gap Sydney Heads Islands in Sydney Bare Island Clark Island Cockatoo Island Goat Island Rodd Island Scotland Island Shark Island Snapper Island Spectacle Island Lakes in Sydney Chipping Norton Lake Lake Parramatta Mountains in Sydney Blue Mountains Blue Mountains National Park Rivers in Sydney Cooks River Georges River Hawkesbury River Nepean River Parramatta River Lane Cove River Geology Sydney Basin Sydney sandstone Narrabeen group Areas of Sydney City of Sydney Regions of Sydney Suburbs of Sydney Districts of Sydney Sydney central business district North Sydney Neighborhoods (localities) in Sydney Barangaroo Blues Point Central Chinatown Circular Quay Darling Harbour Kings Cross Thai Town The Rocks Locations in Sydney Tourist attractions in Sydney Museums in Sydney Shopping areas and markets Bridges in Sydney Bridges in Sydney Anzac Bridge Boothtown Aqueduct Gladesville Bridge Pyrmont Bridge Spit Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge Cultural and exhibition centres in Sydney International Convention Centre Sydney The Concourse Forts of Sydney Fort Denison Fort Denison Light Fort Philip Fountains in Sydney Archibald Fountain El Alamein Fountain Monuments and memorials in Sydney Anzac Memorial Kokoda Track Memorial Walkway Sydney Cenotaph Museums and art galleries in Sydney Museums in Sydney Art Gallery of New South Wales Australian Museum James Cook Collection Australian National Maritime Museum Justice and Police Museum Madame Tussauds Sydney Manly Art Gallery and Museum Museum of Contemporary Art Australia Museum of Sydney Nicholson Museum Powerhouse Museum Sydney Tramway Museum Parks and gardens in Sydney Parks in Sydney Auburn Botanical Gardens Belmore Park Bicentennial Park Brenan Park Centennial Parklands Central Gardens Nature Reserve Chinese Garden of Friendship Hyde Park Luna Park Sydney Macquarie Place Park Moore Park Observatory Park Royal Botanic Garden Sydney Park Taronga Zoo The Domain Tumbalong Park Wild Life Sydney Wynyard Park Public squares in Sydney Queen's Square Railway Square Whitlam Square Religious buildings in Sydney Christ Church St Laurence Hunter Baillie Memorial Presbyterian Church St Andrew's Cathedral St James' Church St. Maron's Cathedral St Mary's Cathedral St Philip's Church St John's Cathedral, Parramatta St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta Greek Orthodox Cathedral of\",\n \"title\": \"Outline of Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45338477\",\n \"text\": \"Second Harbour Crossing may refer to: Second Harbour Crossing, Auckland, the proposed second transport link over the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. Upper Harbour Bridge, an existing twin motorway bridge over the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. The Twin Sails Bridge, a proposed double-leaved bascule bridge in Poole, Dorset, England. The Sydney Harbour Tunnel, an existing twin-tube road tunnel crossing of Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia. A proposed extension of the Westconnex motorway over the Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Metro City & Southwest, a metro rail line under construction beneath Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia. Eastern Harbour Crossing, an existing twin-tube road tunnel crossing of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. See also Harbour Crossing (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Second Harbour Crossing (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66228932\",\n \"text\": \"Kurraba and Kirribilli were two similar \\\"K-class\\\" ferries on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1899 and 1900 respectively, the two timber-hulled steamers were built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. When built, they were the largest of the cross-harbour ferries and brought new levels of comfort for passengers. They were the first true examples of what would come to be known as the \\\"K-class\\\" ferries - a group of 25 double deck, double-ended, predominantly timber-hulled (four later versions had steel hulls), screw ferries propelled by triple expansion steam engines. Built for, and initially used on, the short but busy cross-harbour route between Circular Quay and Milsons Point, they were also used frequently on the Mosman route. Along with 17 others, the two ferries were sold for breaking up in 1934 following the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. Background Both ferries were built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. The two ferries were part of broader type of around 20 double-ended timber screw ferries the Sydney K-class ferries that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The two ferries were two of the first in what was to become a Sydney Ferries Limited tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \\\"K\\\". The names \\\"Kurraba\\\" and \\\"Kirribilli\\\" are both Australian Indigenous words thought to mean \\\"good fishing spot\\\". Kurraba Point and Kirribilli are also two suburbs on the northern shore of Sydney Harbour. Design and construction Kurraba and Kirribilli were designed by Captain Sumberbell, manager of Sydney Ferries Limited. Their design was a significant evolution of the company's smaller double-ended screw ferries, such as Kangaroo (1891 - 1926) and Carabella (1897 - 1932). Both vessels were built at Young and Son at Rozelle. Kurraba cost the company £9,440 while Kirribilli cost £10,631. The keels were built in three pieces from ironbark and the keelsons (moulded 10 1/2 inch, sided 12 inch and fastened with metal bolts), were also ironbark. Decks, sides, and fittings were built from Kauri pine. The vessels were built with five watertight compartments with one amidships made of iron. Electric lighting was provided throughout, a relatively recent feature on Sydney Harbour ferries. A smoking and ladies saloon was provided on the main deck. Unlike Kurraba, Kirribilli's lower deck windows were tinted an amber colour to minimise glare and heat from the sun. During construction of both vessels, newspapers suggested that the upper decks would be enclosed, a first for Sydney Harbour ferries, however, the ferries' were put into service with the then conventional open upper decks. The upper decks were enclosed with sash windows around 1903 except at the ends behind the wheelhouses which remained open. All subsequent K-class ferries\",\n \"title\": \"Kurraba and Kirribilli\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46683175\",\n \"text\": \"Karrabee was a ferry operated by Sydney Ferries Limited and its NSW State Government operated successors on Sydney Harbour from 1913 until 1984. A wooden ferry built at the time of Sydney Ferries' rapid early twentieth century, she and near \\\"sister\\\", Karingal, were the smallest of the fleet of round-end \\\"K-class ferries\\\". The ferries were built as coal-fired steamer and were converted to diesel in the 1930s. Unlike many early twentieth century Sydney Ferries, they survived the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the 1930s, and the State Government takeover in 1951. Karrabee sank at Circular Quay after taking on water during the Great Ferry Race in 1984 - an incident that received extensive media coverage - and did not return to service. The three remaining old wooden ferries were taken out of service shortly after Karrabee's sinking. In service for 71 years, she was among the longest-serving ferries on Sydney Harbour, and after use in Gosford as a floating restaurant, she was broken up in 2005. \\\"Karrabee\\\" is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning and 'cockatoo'. Design and construction Intended for Sydney Ferries Limited's Parramatta River service, Karrabee, and her sister, Karingal, were built by Morrison & Sinclair, Balmain. Karrabee's hull was launched on 18 October 1913. Both ferries were designed by J Harter under the supervision of T Brown, the company's works manager. Karrabee could carry 653 passengers. Karrabee's original Hawthorn Leslie and Company-built steam engines were sourced from Pheasant (1887), the second biggest Parramatta River single-ended ferry and Sydney's triple-expansion steam ferry. The 36 hp steam engines could push Karrabee at up to 11 knots and are currently in the custody of the Powerhouse Museum. Karabee's original cost was £8,423. Service history Karrabee was kept in service after the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge whereas 18 mainly older vessels were decommissioned due to the drop in passenger demand. Prior to the bridge opening, Sydney Ferries Limited had transported 40 million passengers a year, however, this number dropped to 15 million after the opening. The drop in demand for the remaining ferry fleet, was somewhat mitigated as many could not afford their own transport in the Great Depression of the 1930s and rationing of fuel during World War 2 made the coal required for the steam ferries relatively cheap. In 1936, Karrabee was converted from steam to diesel-electric power. The new six-cylinder Henty and Gardner diesel engines generated 440 bhp and gave her a speed of nine knots. She was re-engined in 1958 with a six-cylinder Crossley Brothers diesel, which provided 450 bhp and a top speed of 11 knots. The conversion from steam to diesel saw her tall funnel replaced with a short stout funnel. In 1951, as post-war demand for ferry services dropped further to 9 million, the NSW State Government took over Sydney Ferries Limited and its remaining fleet and assets. The Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Company, which ran the Manly service, was paid to run the services. The services and fleet\",\n \"title\": \"Karrabee (ferry)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62312552\",\n \"text\": \"Koree was a \\\"K-class\\\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1902, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. When built, Koree was Sydney's largest cross-harbour ferry and a typical early example of the \\\"K-class\\\"; a group of double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferries. Koree was the first Sydney ferry built with the sides of her promenade (upper) deck enclosed, although the ends near the wheelhouses remained open. Built for, and initially used on, the short but busy cross-harbour route between Circular Quay and Milsons Point, Koree was also used frequently on the Mosman route. Along with 17 other Sydney Ferries Limited vessels, the ferry was sold for breaking up in 1934 following the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. Background Koree was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. Koree was an earlier vessel of a broader type of timber double-ended screw ferry known as the K-class. The company built 25 of vessels between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The K-class were all propelled by triple expansion steam engines and were predominantly timber-hulled (four later K-class had steel hulls). Koree followed Sydney Ferries Limited's then emerging tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \\\"K\\\". \\\"Koree\\\" is thought to be an indigenous name for Chowder Bay. Design and construction Plans for the hull were provided by Mr Scott, from the plans of the late Captain T Sumberbell, manager of Sydney Ferries Limited with the design being an evolution of the company's recent Kurraba and Kirribilli ferries. Koree was built by David Drake at Bald Rock in Balmain. Her machinery was provided by Clyde Engineering to a specification provided by Sydney Ferries Limited's works manager, Mr T Brown. Her 480 hp triple expansion steam inverted direct-acting and surface condensing engines comprised 13, 21 and 34 inches respectively with a 21 inch stroke. She had two multi tubular cylindrical boilers of 7 and 2 inch diameter of 18 feet in length. The boilers' working pressure was 170 lb. Koree's patent suspension furnaces had a heating surface of 1600 square feet. Koree's hull was launched on 23 July 1902 and christened by Miss O'Sullivan, the daughter of the Minister for Works. A bottle of port was smashed on her rudder. At 276 tons, she was, by a significant margin, the company's largest vessel when built. The previous largest, sisters Kurraba and Kirribilli, were 195 and 198 tons, respectively. Koree was rated to carry 1,058 passengers compared to Kurraba at 890 and Kirribilli at 896. Koree was 42.8 m long with a beam of 8.6 m. The keel and kelson were of ironbark, with the frames of blue and spotted gum. Planking to the waterline\",\n \"title\": \"Koree\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64052673\",\n \"text\": \"Kareela was a \\\"K-class\\\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Launched in 1905, the double-ended timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited in response to the early twentieth century boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. She was the first of Sydney Ferries Limited's boats to have a fully enclosed upper deck. She survived the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge when many ferries were removed from service, and also the early 1950s rationalisation of the fleet following its takeover by the Government of New South Wales. Nicknamed \\\"The Box\\\", she had a relatively incident free career apart from a collision with a wharf that killed three of her passengers. She was sold in 1959 and broken up. \\\"Kareela\\\" is thought to be an Australian Aboriginal word meaning \\\"south wind\\\". Background Kareela was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the time, the company ran one of the largest ferry fleets in the world. A population boom in the suburbs of Neutral Bay, Cremorne, and Mosman saw them served by an increasing number of ferries. The ferry was part of a broader type of around 20 double-ended timber screw ferries, the Sydney K-class ferries, that the company commissioned between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. Kareela followed the Sydney Ferries Limited tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Aboriginal words starting with \\\"K\\\". \\\"Kareela\\\" is thought to mean \\\"south wind\\\". Design and construction Built in 1905, Kareela's hull, cabins and deck fittings were by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, of Balmain. Her hull was flamed right out with no overhanging sponsons. The sponsons were made of 14 x 10 inch iron bark girders, and the vessel was double framed of hard wood, making it one of the harbour's strongest ferries at the time. The hull of the ferry was designed by Scolt, s foreman shipwright of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company, from a specification by T Brown, the Sydney Ferries Ltd works manager. The cabins and other deck fittings were designed by the companies' officials, under the supervision of T Brown. She had one iron bulkhead and four of wood. She was built with lodging knees around the inside of the hull and 24 hanging knees. The keel consisted of three lengths of iron bark, the longest being 50 feet. There were 20 iron stanchions in the engine and boiler rooms. Under the deck over the boilers were galvanised iron sheets to minimise fire risk. Kareela was 186 tons, 34.4 m in length, and had a passenger capacity of 784. She was the first ship built by Sydney Ferries Limited to have fully enclosed upper decks. The earlier K-class vessels, including Kurraba, Kirribilli, Koree and Kulgoa, had only the sides of their upper decks enclosed, leaving the ends open, with the roofs being squared off. Kareela and all subsequent K-class vessels\",\n \"title\": \"Kareela (ferry)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1036022\",\n \"text\": \"Milsons Point railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the North Shore line, serving the Sydney suburb of Milsons Point in New South Wales, Australia. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 North Shore line services. The station is located above ground, accessible via stairs and a lift, in Milsons Point, in the North Sydney Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed and built by the Sydney Harbour Bridge Branch of the NSW Department of Public Works. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History In 1815, government architect Francis Greenway, in a report to Governor Macquarie, proposed the building of a bridge from Dawes Point at the city's edge to the northern shore. The original Milsons Point station was not in its present location, but on the edge of Sydney Harbour approximately on the site of the present northern pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the North Sydney Olympic Pool. This location enabled passengers from the North Shore to transfer directly from steam trains to ferries to reach Circular Quay. It opened as the southern terminus of the North Shore railway line on 1 May 1893. when extended from its previous terminus at St Leonards (opened from Hornsby 1 January 1890). The site, squeezed between the rock cliffs and the edge of Sydney Harbour was cramped, with two side platforms, one of which was built on piles partly over the water's edge, and three tracks between, including a centre road. Immediately adjoining it to the west was the colonnaded Milsons Point ferry wharf for the ferry service to Circular Quay in the Sydney central business district and tram terminus for the North Sydney cable tramway (opened 22 May 1886) and subsequently electrified from 11 February 1900. Concrete had been extensively used for foundations and walls since the 1890s. By 1910, reinforced concrete was in use, but not for superstructures directly supporting railway tracks. The Bellevue Street underbridge at Glebe was the first to use it for this purpose, in 1919. In 1915, to enable a start on the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge between Milsons Point and Dawes Point, the Government instructed the Railway Commissioners to vacate the station and a new four platform, station was constructed at the site of the boundary fence between the present-day Luna Park and Lavender Bay Sidings. This station was in operation for just seven weeks, from 30 May 1915 to 18 July 1915, as the inconvenience to passengers transferring between ferries and trains was unacceptable. Due to later overcrowding, a third platform was added on 12 December 1920 by removing the centre road track and laying a new track on inland side of the new platform 2. This station remained in use until the site was requisitioned to allow construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was not until 1922 that legislation was passed and acted upon, authorising the construction of a bridge. Tenders\",\n \"title\": \"Milsons Point railway station\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68642273\",\n \"text\": \"Kaludah (launched as Kuranda) was a K-class ferry on Sydney Harbour, Australia. Commissioned in 1909, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the boom in cross-harbour ferry travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Like the other \\\"K-class\\\" ferries, she was double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferry. However, she and the larger but otherwise similar Kookooburra (1907), were the only two K-class ferries designed by naval architect Walter Reeks and not Sydney Ferries Limited's Captain Summerbell. Kaludah was built by Morrison and Sinclair Limited of Balmain. She was launched in late 1908 as Kuranda and commissioned the following year and her name changed to Kaludah. Kaludah burnt out and sank near Gladesville in 1911 when she was still the newest ferry in the Sydney Ferries Limited fleet. She is one of the shortest lived of Sydney's ferries. Background, design and construction Kaludah was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. She was one of a broader type of timber double-ended screw ferries known as the K-class. The company built 25 of these vessels between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The K-class were all propelled by triple expansion steam engines and, like Kaludah, were predominantly timber-hulled (four later K-class had steel hulls). Kaludah's design was similar to that of the Sydney Ferries Limited's larger 1907 steamer Kookooburra. The two ferries were a response to Sydney Ferries Limited's need for new vessels on the longer-distance Parramatta River service and a ruling from the Maritime Services Board that from 1912, all vessels using Circular Quay must be of a double-ended nature because of congestion in the Quay. All the vessels operating on the Parramatta River service to that point were single-ended vessels. Rather than using Captain Summerbell who had designed Sydney Ferries Limited's deep draft, round-ended steamers, the company engaged renowned naval architect, Walter Reeks, to design high speed, shallow draft vessels for the Parramatta River service. Reeks, who had designed the Balmain New Ferry Company ferries and also the Port Jackson Manly Steamship Company's Manly (II) and Kuring-gai, insisted on pointed bows for the ferries to achieve the speed necessary for the river. The company board had, to that point, a policy that all vessel bows were to be a rounded shape to give a tradition at a time when the Balmain New Ferry Company had pointed bows on their vessels (such as on the Lady class ferries). Also unique among the 25 K-class ferries, Kookooburra and Kaludah were built with short funnels, with forced draft, to pass under low bridges on Parramatta River service. Kookooburra did not perform well on the Parramatta River service creating too much wash which was the source of much resident complaints. She was later placed on the Mosman, Neutral Bay and Taronga Zoo services and a taller funnel provided. With Kaludah, designed and built approximately two years after\",\n \"title\": \"Kaludah\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36538146\",\n \"text\": \"Kuramia was a \\\"K-class\\\" ferry on Sydney Harbour. Commissioned in 1914, the timber-hulled steamer was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth boom in cross-harbour ferry travel. At 353 tons, she was the largest wooden ferry on Sydney Harbour. She was a typical example of the \\\"K class\\\"; a group of double-deck, double-ended, steam-powered screw ferries. Kuramia was built for the short but busy cross-harbour route between Circular Quay and Milsons Point. Made redundant by the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Royal Australian Navy converted her to a boom defence vessel. Kuramia followed Sydney Ferries Limited's tradition of naming their vessels after Australian Indigenous words starting with \\\"K\\\". Kuramia was reported to have been named after a village on the Transcontinental railway route. Background Kuramia was built for Sydney Ferries Limited during the early twentieth century boom in cross-Harbour travel prior to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. She was typical of a broader type of timber double-ended screw ferry known as the K class. The company built 25 of these vessels between the 1890s and early 1920s to meet the booming demand. The K class were all propelled by triple expansion steam engines and were predominantly timber-hulled (four later K-class had steel hulls). Design and construction Kuramia was designed by Mr. J. Darter, under the supervision of Mr. T. Drown, Sydney Ferries Limited works manager. The vessel had six longitudinal bulkheads to improve her strength and safety. Kuramia was built by David Drake, Balmain for Sydney Ferries Limited at a cost of £20,027. She was long with a beam of compared to the previously largest ferry, Kaikai with a length of . She was launched on 15 November 1913 and christened Kuramia by Miss Ina Cornish. Her triple expansion, direct-acting, surface-condensing steam engines were built by Mort's Dock, Balmain. There were two multi-tubular boilers 7 feet 7 ½ inch in diameter, and 18 feet and 7 ½ inches long and the trial trip indicated 670 hp. The electric lighting was provided by Messrs. Lawrence and Hansen. Service history Her official trails were undertaken on 14 July 1914 where she attained a speed of 12 knots. Kuramia at 335 tons, and Kulgoa (338 tons), were the largest wooden ferries on Sydney Harbour, and to that point, the largest built for Sydney Ferries Limited. With a passenger capacity of 1,357, she was the highest capacity inner-harbour (non-Manly) ferry until the twins, Koompartoo and Kuttabul of 1922 (Kulgoa could carry 1,255). She was operated on the Circular Quay to Milsons Point run, joining the regular ferries on that route, Kulgoa (1905) and Kaikai (1907). With three ferries, the service increased from a ferry every 10 minutes, to one every 6 minutes. Kuramia, Kulgoa and being three of the largest of the Sydney Ferries Fleet were used to capacity as spectator vessels to witness the 1925 arrival of the American Fleet in Sydney Harbour. Made redundant by the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.\",\n \"title\": \"Kuramia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2646461\",\n \"text\": \"HMAS Kuttabul, formerly SS Kuttabul, was a Royal Australian Navy depot ship, converted from a Sydney Ferries Limited ferry. Kuttabul and her identical sistership, Koompartoo, were the largest and last K-class ferries built. Kuttabul had the highest passenger carrying capacity of any ferry on Sydney Harbour and was ordered for the crowded Milsons Point to Circular Quay route. During the Japanese midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour on 31 May 1942, Kuttabul was sunk, with 21 naval personnel aboard. Design and construction To service the booming population growth on the North Shore prior to the construction of a bridge connection, Sydney Ferries Limited ordered the largest, and what would be the last, \\\"K-class\\\" ferries. They were Kuttabul and Koompartoo, steam-powered ferries, built in 1922 by the Walsh Island Dockyard and Engineering Works in Newcastle. Similar in size to Manly ferries, they were rated at 448 gross and 201 net register tons (1269 and 569 m³), and were long, with a beam of . They were the largest ferries ever operated on the inner harbour ferry routes, though Kuttabul had a larger passenger capacity (2,250) than Koompartoo (2,089). Their passenger capacity was the largest ever of any ferry on Sydney Harbour, exceeding even the largest Manly ferries by 500 passengers, a record that has not been beaten by any subsequent ferry. Both ferries were of steel construction with a wooden superstructure. Both vessels were constructed with 18 watertight compartments, regarded as being unsinkable and therefore were not required to carry life-saving equipment. Sydney Ferries Kuttabul and Koompartoo had been ordered specifically for the short heavy lift commuter link across the harbour between Circular Quay and Milsons Point, a route that was approximately aligned with the location of the pending Sydney Harbour Bridge. Prior to the opening of the bridge, peak hour ferries were leaving either side of the harbour at the rate of one fully loaded vessel every six minutes. Supporting the large steel hulled twins, were usually the timber \\\"K-class\\\" Kuramia (1914), Kai Kai, and Kulgoa. With the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, the route became redundant. Kuttabul and Koompartoo were considered too big to be used on other routes and were laid up, but were later made available for tourist cruises on the harbour. The Milsons Point wharf used by these ferries is now part of Luna Park. Royal Australian Navy and sinking After the outbreak of World War II, Kuttabul was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy on 7 November 1940, and moored at the Garden Island naval base to provide accommodation for Allied naval personnel while they awaited transfer to their ships. On the night of 31 May/1 June 1942, three Ko-hyoteki class midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy entered Sydney Harbour with the intention of attacking Allied warships. According to the official account, only one of the submarines, designated M-24, was able to fire her torpedoes, but both missed their intended target: the heavy cruiser . The torpedoes, fired around 00:30, continued\",\n \"title\": \"HMAS Kuttabul (ship)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33181197\",\n \"text\": \"HMAS Kara Kara was a Royal Australian Navy boom gate vessel, converted from a Sydney Ferries Limited ferry. History Kara Kara, Koondooloo and Kalang were three double ended vehicular ferries ordered by Sydney Ferries Limited for use on Sydney Harbour. Kara Kara is thought to be an Australian Aboriginal word for the Moon. The ferry was built by J. Crichton & Company, Saltney and launched in 1926. After the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, Kara Kara was converted as a cargo carrier and undertook this role until 1941. Requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) on 27 February 1941 and converted into a boom gate vessel and commissioned as HMAS Kara Kara on 14 September 1941. She was purchased outright on 7 November 1941 and sailed to Darwin. On the morning of the Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February 1942 Kara Kara was tending the western gate of the nearly complete boom. During the air raid she received one hit on an enemy aircraft, however was strafed suffering light damage and the loss of two men killed. She was placed in reserve at Darwin on 8 December 1945. On 6 December 1950 it left to return to Sydney, arriving on 22 December 1950. Kara Kara was transferred to the un-maintained reserve at the Waverton Depot on 30 December 1960 and was later used as a depot ship for the reserve fleet at Athol Bight. Fate Sold to Marrickville Metals, Marrickville for scrap on 15 February 1972, Kara Kara was stripped of useful material and the hulk was handed back to the RAN for use as a target. On 31 January 1973, Kara Kara was sunk forty miles off Jervis Bay by RAN A-4G Skyhawk fighter-bombers, and gunfire from , and . The engine from Kara Kara is on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum at Darling Harbour. Kara Kara was awarded the battle honour Darwin 1942–43. See also List of Sydney Harbour ferries Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries References Boom defence vessels of the Royal Australian Navy Ferries of New South Wales Ferry transport in Sydney Scuttled vessels of New South Wales Ships built in Wales 1926 ships\",\n \"title\": \"HMAS Kara Kara\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"708112\",\n \"text\": \"Wynyard railway station () is a heritage-listed underground commuter rail station located in the north-west precinct of the Sydney central business district, in New South Wales, Australia. The station opened on 28 February 1932 to coincide with the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. History The station opened on 28 February 1932. Wynyard was originally constructed with six platforms (the existing four platforms are still numbered from 3 to 6), with platforms 1-4 located on the upper level and platforms 5 and 6 on the lower level. The original intention was that Platforms 1 and 2, located adjacent to platforms 3 and 4, would eventually serve the eastern pair of railway tracks across the Harbour Bridge for a proposed railway line to the Northern Beaches. In the interim, with construction yet to begin on the Northern Beaches line due to lack of funds, they were used as a terminus for North Shore tram services on Sydney's tram network, operating from the bridge's opening in 1932 until 1958. A feature of these lines was Australia's only underground tram terminus. On 22 January 1956, the lines from platforms 5 and 6 were extended to Circular Quay as part of the City Circle. In 1999, along with Town Hall, the station received an easy access upgrade which included lifts to each island platform. The station was extensively refurbished in 2016, with Wynyard Walk, a pedestrian-only tunnel, being officially opened on 20 November 2016. Former tram tunnels Following the closure of the North Shore tram lines, in 1958 the tracks were lifted from platforms 1 and 2. Later, the platforms were walled off from 3 and 4 and part of the space converted into an underground car park for the Menzies Hotel. The tunnels were accessed from Wynyard Lane where a descending ramp was cut west under Wynyard Park to the disused platforms. The Wynyard Lane Car Park was closed in October 2016 to make way for the mixed-use Wynyard Place development which would obstruct the entrance ramp to the tunnels. The remainder of the tunnels north of the car park exit were walled off as were the northern portals on the Harbour Bridge. North of the portals, two additional road lanes were built above the old tramway as part of the Cahill Expressway. The disused tunnels and ramp that formerly connected the station to the eastern tram tracks can still be seen from the pedestrian path along the east side of the bridge, mirroring those still in use to the west of the bridge. Station configuration Wynyard station currently has two levels, each with two platforms. The upper level serves the North Shore line, whilst the lower level serves lines traversing the City Circle. Both lines run south under York Street from Wynyard to Town Hall. There is no connection between the rails of these two lines at Wynyard. The passenger concourse is on an intermediate level between the upper and lower platforms. Wynyard is connected via underground passageways to several surrounding buildings\",\n \"title\": \"Wynyard railway station, Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29273001\",\n \"text\": \"The Bridge in Curve is a painting completed in 1930 by Australian artist Grace Cossington Smith, depicting the Sydney Harbour Bridge during its construction. The work is now considered one of Australia's best modernist paintings, but was rejected from exhibition in 1930. Since 1967 the painting has been part of the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Background According to the National Gallery of Australia, Smith painted The Bridge in Curve, which is based on drawings made at Milsons Point on the North Shore, during an important phase of her career as an artist, when the importance of colour and the application of paint in small strokes gave her paintings a \\\"brilliant vitality\\\". Smith had become interested in colour theory and used this painting as an opportunity to demonstrate it with the blue and white of the sky contrasting with the more earthy colours of the buildings and vegetation. Construction of the bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge was built to better connect the North Shore suburbs with Sydney and reduce water traffic. A Royal Commission reported on the potential for a link in 1909, and ground was finally broken on the 28 July 1923. September 1926 saw the completion of the piers that would support the spans approaching the arch. Construction of the arch started on each shore in 1928, and they met for the first time on 19 August 1930. The bridge opened to the public in 1932. Reception Upon completion the painting was rejected from the Society of Artists exhibition of 1930. The painting was only purchased for the National Gallery of Victoria in 1967, which has been criticised as indicative of the neglect of Cossington Smith's work. The Bridge in Curve has since been identified as \\\"one of Australia's most significant modernist paintings\\\". It was described as a masterpiece of bridge painting by Ursula Prinster, curator of a 1982 Art Gallery of New South Wales exhibition on paintings of the Harbour bridge. Others have provided fuller descriptions of the painting' The contrast between the bridge and its surroundings is highlighted by art historians. The differentiation between the distant, obscure shore, and the blocks of colour in the foreground, with the detailed and delicate depiction of the bridge's struts and girders has been noted, the bridge seeming to rise above the chaos below. See also Visual arts of Australia Culture of Australia References 1930 paintings Paintings in the National Gallery of Victoria Paintings by Grace Cossington Smith Sydney Harbour Bridges in art\",\n \"title\": \"The Bridge in Curve\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37500259\",\n \"text\": \"HMAS Nereus (19) was formerly a luxury motor cruiser, commissioned as a channel patrol boat operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) during the Second World War. She was one of thirteen similar vessels, known to Sydneysiders as the 'Hollywood Fleet'. Prior to the War, she was a private vessel built by Lars Halvorsen & Sons and launched in 1939. She was 66 feet (20.12m) in length, with a breadth of 16 feet (4.88m) making her one of the larger vessels of the Hollywood Fleet. She was powered by twin Chryslers eight cylinder marine engines, each of 175 hp. She had six cabins, two forward, two amidships and two aft, toilets port and starboard, lounge, saloon, a fore cabin, pantry/galley complete with refrigerator and gas stove, an engine ‘room’ and a bridge control cabin and cockpit. She was built of hardwood laminated timbers with Oregon stringers and planking. She was requisitioned and fully commissioned into the RAN on 30 December 1941 under the command of Second Lieutenant E B Beeham RANVR. Nereus was armed with .303 Vickers machine guns fore and aft and depth charge racks on the stern. Nereus played no role in the Battle of Sydney Harbour (often referred to as the attack on Sydney Harbour) and her whereabouts at the time has not been established. However, Muirhead-Gould's (commander of Sydney Harbour) 22 June Report, includes that on the night after the Battle, Nereus attacked and claimed to have sunk a submarine in Vaucluse Bay. At the time of his report, Muirhead-Gould believed the claim was genuine, but later considered the report to be a false sighting. Fate On 2 July 1942, just over a month after the Battle of Sydney Harbour, HMAS Nereus was destroyed by fire. At the time, she had just relieved HMAS Yarroma at the buoy in Obelisk Bay, Sydney Harbour./> Notes References Blunt, William; Lolita and the Hollywood Fleet, First Edition, May 2020. http://www.lolitaandthehollywoodfleet.com This publication includes an analysis of specific aspects of the Battle of Sydney Harbour, failures by the Navy, and comprehensive details of the thirteen vessels that formed the 'Hollywood Fleet' Cassells, Vic; For those in peril: a comprehensive listing of the ships and men of the Royal Australian Navy who have paid the supreme sacrifice in the wars of the twentieth century, Kenthurst, Kangaroo Press, 1995 1939 ships Patrol vessels of the Royal Australian Navy\",\n \"title\": \"HMAS Nereus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58517909\",\n \"text\": \"Evatt House is a heritage-listed house located at 69 Junction Road in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga in the Ku-ring-gai Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as Parklands. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 24 September 2004. History Indigenous history Material in rock shelters reveals that Aboriginal people inhabited the surrounding region at least from the last ice age some 20,000 years ago. Several different languages and dialects were spoken in the Sydney Harbour area before the arrival of the First Fleet. \\\"Kuringgai\\\" was the language spoken on the north shores. When Europeans chose the south side of the harbour for the settlement of the First Fleet in 1788, they chose the territory of the Darug-speaking people, who inhabited the region from the southern shores of Sydney Harbour west to the Blue Mountains. Both the Darug and the Kuringgai groups suffered catastrophic loss of life in the smallpox epidemic that swept through the indigenous population in 1789, with a death rate estimated to have been between 50 per cent and 90 per cent. Over the following century there were numerous documentary recordings of the movements of surviving Kuringgai people within the Ku-Ring-Gai locality, both attending Aboriginal gatherings and collecting European rations such as blankets. There are also several oral history accounts of small clans travelling through the district in the late nineteenth century. In the 1950s at least a few local Aboriginal people were known to be still living within their traditional territory. Early Europeans in the district Before the railway (constructed late nineteenth century) and later the Sydney Harbour Bridge (opened 1932) made the north shore easily accessible, the Kur-Ring-Gai area was remote from Sydney Town and consisted mainly of isolated white rural communities earning their livelihood from agricultural activities such as timber-getting and market gardening. Wahroonga first experienced suburban development after the railway line from Hornsby to St Leonards was opened in 1890, when the first suburban roads were constructed followed by the first homes, built around 1896. The Shire of Ku-Ring-Gai was first constituted in 1906 with just six councillors, who took temporary offices in the grounds of St John's Church at Gordon. Evatt House history of land ownership The property was originally part of granted to John Terry Hughes in 1842. In the 1890s a consortium of businessmen (Smith Burns and Withers) acquired acreage in Wahroonga and sold off lots in Junction Road and Kintore Street that included this land. A small part of the Evatt House site formed part of a larger property facing Kintore Street at the back of Evatt House, known as Grantham, built by Christiana Hordern . The land was further subdivided . In 1937 three blocks were purchased by Clive Raleigh Evatt Snr (1900–1984; LL.B., Q.C., MLA for Hurstville 1939–1959), a prominent NSW Labor politician. With his wife Marjorie (née Marjorie Hannah Andreas, 1903–1984), Clive commissioned architect Stuart Traill to design a Georgian\",\n \"title\": \"Evatt House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31788658\",\n \"text\": \"Blackwattle Bay is a bay located to the southeast of Glebe Island and east of Rozelle Bay on Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia. The bay was named in 1788 after the black wattle tree found at the bay, which was used for housing construction. When first used, the bay was a swampy inlet fed by a creek that ran from its eastern end. Industrial use by tanners and slaughter houses caused the area to be fouled by noxious fumes and there were many complaints by the residents. An embankment with a bridge was built across the swamp to provide access from Glebe to Pyrmont, being known as Bridge Road. The area to the southeast of the road was filled in becoming Wentworth Park. A coal unloader and other facilities were built on the northwest side of the road and the by now also features the Sydney Fish Market on its northeast side. See also Blackwattle Bay ferry service Blackwattle Bay coal wharves and depots Sydney Fish Market Wentworth Park References Gallery External links Blackwattle Bay entry at dictionary of Sydney Part of Chippendale's grant, 1838. Cadastral drawing showing Cooper's Dam and Black Wattle Swamp. Birds eye view of general wharfage scheme west of Dawes Point as it will appear when completed, Sydney Harbour Trust, 1913. Bays of New South Wales Tourist attractions in Sydney Sydney Harbour Glebe, New South Wales\",\n \"title\": \"Blackwattle Bay\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1988"],"string":"[\n \"1988\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":62,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31345"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who was elected to lead the montgomery bus boycott"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"2781370","text":"The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama. Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott, a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight. History Following Rosa Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955 for failing to vacate her seat for a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus, Jo Ann Robinson of the Women's Political Council and E. D. Nixon of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) launched plans for a one-day boycott of Montgomery buses on December 5, 1955, the following Monday. According to Jo Ann Robinson,\"Regular bus routes had to be followed so that workers who \"walked along\" the streets could be picked up. This committee, headed by Alfonso Campbell and staffed by volunteer workers, worked all night Friday to complete this phase of the program. The pickup system was so effectively planned that many writers described it as comparable in precision to a military operation. What the ministers failed to do at that meeting was to select one person who would head the boycott. Those present discussed it, pointing out the leadership preparation of various individuals, but no definite decision was made. That had to wait until Monday afternoon, when the ministers realized that the one day boycott was going to be successful. Then they met again, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., agreed to accept the leadership post.\"(National Humanities Center The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, ed. David J. Garrow, 1987, Ch. 2.) Since no one knew what to expect, the empty buses were a complete surprise. The success of the boycott on December 5, and the excitement on the mass meeting on the evening of that day, removed any doubt about the strong motivation to continue the boycott. As King put it, \"[t]he question of calling off the protest was now academic. The enthusiasm of these thousands of people swept everything along like an onrushing tidal wave.\" On the afternoon of December 5, the black leadership, consisting of civic and religious leaders of Montgomery, established the Montgomery Improvement Association. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead the MIA at the age of 26, with Ralph Abernathy, Jo Ann Robinson, E. D. Nixon, Rufus Lewis and other prominent figures at his side. Forming the Association At a meeting that evening attended by several thousand community members, the MIA was established to oversee the continuation and maintenance of the boycott, and King, a young minister new to Montgomery, was elected its chairman president. According to Rosa Parks, \"Dr. King was chosen in part because he was relatively new to the community and so did not have any enemies.\" The organization's overall mission, extended beyond the boycott campaign, as it sought","title":"Montgomery Improvement Association"},{"docid":"10542482","text":"Charles Kenzie Steele (February 17, 1914, in McDowell County, West Virginia – in Tallahassee, Florida) was a preacher and a civil rights activist. He was one of the main organizers of the 1956 Tallahassee bus boycott, and a prominent member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. On March 23, 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed CS/SB 382 into law, designating portions of Florida State Road 371 and Florida State Road 373 along Orange Avenue in Tallahassee as C.K. Steele Memorial Highway. Background Steele was the son of a coal miner, an only child. At a young age, he knew that he wanted to be a preacher, and he started preaching when he was 15 years old. Steele graduated from Morehouse College in 1938. He then began preaching in Toccoa and Augusta, Georgia, then in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Hall Street Baptist Church (1938–1952). In 1952 Steele moved to Tallahassee, where he started preaching at the Bethel Missionary Baptist Church. Steele met Martin Luther King Jr. when he was on his way to Tallahassee. Tallahassee bus boycott The Tallahassee bus boycott began in May, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott. Like other bus boycotts during the Civil Rights Movement in America, it started because black people were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and when two students refused to give up their seat to a white woman, they were arrested. An organization was formed to protest and boycott against the city bus system. The organization was called Inter-civic Council and Steele was elected president. Steele and other protesters boycotted the system by starting car pools and the bus system had stopped for the first time in 17 years on July 1. Steele was arrested many times during this period. The people in Tallahassee thought that the protesters' demands were outrageous. Steele and the other protesters met a lot of rich and influential opposition. The Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of Steele's church, marched in front of his house, and threw bottles through his windows. The city commissioners were firmly opposed to integration of the buses. The bus system was integrated two years later. He was also the lead plaintiff in the school desegregation suit, which led to the desegregation of public schools in Leon County. Steele was also a part of many other protests, marches, and boycotts, where he helped to accomplish integration in many public places. Steele helped Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. He was made the First Vice President under Dr. King at the time of the formation of SCLC. Steele participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965. Steele died from bone marrow cancer in 1980 at the age of 66 in Tallahassee. Legacy When the city created a new bus terminal in 1983, it was named after Steele and a statue of him (by sculptor David Lowe) was placed on the NE corner of the terminal. Florida State University conferred on","title":"Charles Kenzie Steele"},{"docid":"53348747","text":"Theodora Smiley Lacey (born 1932) is an American civil rights activist and educator. She helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott, fought for voting rights and fair housing, and helped lead the effort to integrate schools in New Jersey. Early life Lacey was born Theodora Smiley in 1932 in Montgomery, Alabama, and her parents were both educators. At that time, Alabama was highly segregated, Jim Crow laws were in force, and Montgomery became a center of the Civil Rights Movement. Lacey's family was deeply involved in the movement: her mother was a childhood friend of Rosa Parks, and her father, a high-school principal, was president of the board of directors of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in 1954 when the church chose their new pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. Lacey graduated from Alabama State College and worked as a science teacher in Alabama, Louisiana, and later New Jersey. Montgomery bus boycott Lacey's first direct involvement as a civil rights activist began in 1955 when her mother's friend, Rosa Parks, was arrested for sitting in the \"white\" section of a public bus. Montgomery's public transportation system had always been segregated, and other men, women and children had been arrested for similar offenses, but Parks' arrest triggered protests and calls for a boycott of the bus system. Church member and WPC president Jo Ann Robinson and pastor Dr. King emerged as leaders of the boycott movement and the Dexter Avenue Church became their de facto headquarters. Initially planned for just one day, the boycott lasted 381 days and ended only when the laws requiring segregated buses were struck down as unconstitutional. Lacey, who was teaching science at George Washington Carver High School by then, was very active in the boycott, working, she says, as a \"gofer.\" She attended meetings and typed press releases for the movement. Many of the participants in the boycott were domestic workers who didn't own cars and relied on the bus system for their jobs. In addition to driving them herself, Lacey was an enthusiastic fundraiser for taxi drivers who supported the boycott by offering free or discounted rides to these boycott participants. She sent letters all over the country seeking donations to help with maintenance of the taxis. It was during the boycott that she met her future husband, Archie Lacey. Archie was a science professor at Alabama State College and met Theodora through his involvement in the bus boycott. The couple's courtship was brief, and they married on April 29, 1956, in the midst of the boycott. Dr. King had planned to officiate at the wedding, but was called away to New York on business; he did later baptize two of their four children. Once the boycott ended, the Laceys' civil rights activism continued. In the summer of 1957, she and her husband traveled throughout Alabama researching voter registration and injustice in the political system. Their research was used to support litigation against disenfranchisement of black voters in the state. Relocation to New Jersey In the late","title":"Theodora Lacey"},{"docid":"72953337","text":"Transit Equality Day or \"Transit Equity Day\" is a holiday in honor of the civil rights leader Rosa Parks, celebrated in the United States on her birthday, February 4. Rosa Parks Day was created by a network of Unions, including the Labor Sustainability Network, in 2017. It was first celebrated federally by Department of Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg in 2021, gaining wider celebration in 2023. Observances by states, cities and counties Origins Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a seamstress by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake, who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to Abbeville, Alabama, to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott. In 1955, Parks completed a course in \"Race Relations\" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the frontmost row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4, but she appealed. Rosa Parks' action gained notoriety leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was a seminal event in the civil rights movement, and was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955 – when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person – to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. Many important figures in the civil rights movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy. The 381-day boycott almost bankrupted the bus company and effectively made segregation in buses unconstitutional and illegal. See also Rosa Parks Day Claudette Colvin, who, nine months before Parks, refused to give up her seat on a","title":"Transit Equality Day"},{"docid":"56628766","text":"And the Walls Came Tumbling Down is a 1989 autobiography written by civil rights leader Ralph Abernathy. The book charts his life and work with his best friend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in their leadership of the Civil Rights Movement to help African Americans obtain equal rights with white Americans. His book engendered much controversy due to Abernathy's allegations of King's infidelity the night before he was assassinated. Background Ralph Abernathy was a leader of the civil rights movement, along with Martin Luther King Jr., whom he met in 1954; they eventually became close friends. Abernathy collaborated with King on many successful nonviolent movements, including their creation of the Montgomery Improvement Association, which led to the Montgomery bus boycott. The King and Abernathy partnership spearheaded movements as well in Albany, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; Mississippi; Washington, D.C.; Selma, Alabama; St. Augustine, Florida; Chicago; Memphis, and other cities. King and Abernathy shared a close relationship in their participation in the movement, sometimes sharing the same hotel rooms and leisure time with family and friends. Their relationship was so strong that they would dine together frequently, and each other's children called the other \"Uncle\". They were jailed a total of 17 times together for their involvement in the movement. After King's assassination, Abernathy assumed control of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and continued to lead movements that he and King had discussed as well as other anti-segregation movements around the Capital Beltway. Abernathy's reasons for writing the book have been questioned; the book has been described as a biography of King as much as it is an autobiography of Abernathy. As I listened to Ralph Abernathy and his eloquent and generous introduction and then thought about myself, I wondered who he was talking about. It's always good to have your closest friend and associate to say something good about you, and Ralph Abernathy is the best friend that I have in the world. — Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., during his last speech ever delivered I've Been to the Mountaintop Synopsis Abernathy relates the story of his close relationship with King. The book begins with details of his participation in the Montgomery bus boycott. He details how he was surprised to hear King's selection as leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), but stated that he wished he had nominated him for the role himself. The autobiography details how he was elected program organizer, which made him the chief organizer of activities for the group. Abernathy states how this working relationship worked well as it split most of the responsibilities of the MIA between himself and King. Abernathy asserts a very close relationship in the book, stating he and King \"tried to meet for dinner every day\" during the Montgomery boycott. The overall narrative paints an intertwined life between Abernathy and King. It details how King found Abernathy at an Atlanta church, and how the two became close friends and co-activists. The duo of Abernathy and King is described as being extremely","title":"And the Walls Came Tumbling Down"},{"docid":"33909077","text":"Georgia Teresa Gilmore (February 5, 1920 – March 7, 1990) was an African-American woman from Montgomery, Alabama, who participated in the Montgomery bus boycott through her fund-raising organization, the Club from Nowhere, which sold food at Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) mass meetings. Her grass-roots activism helped sustain the 382-day boycott and inspired similar groups to begin raising money for the boycott. Background Georgia Gilmore was born in Montgomery County, Alabama on February 5, 1920. She was one of five children born to Janie Gilmore. As a child, she attended a parochial school ran by nuns at St. John the Baptist Catholic church. Throughout the course of her life, Gilmore worked as a midwife, a cook, a domestic worker, and she worked on the railroad. She lived in Montgomery with her six children, and during the 1950s, she supported her mother and helped raise her youngest sister and a niece. Known as a kind and motherly woman with incredible cooking skills, Gilmore had a bold personality and resisted the racial injustices common in Alabama during the 1950s. She was also a member of the local NAACP in Montgomery, where she worked with Rosa Parks and other NAACP workers to protest the discriminatory treatment African Americans experienced in Alabama. Before the start of the Montgomery bus boycott, Gilmore decided to stop riding city buses after her and her mother experienced discrimination on the bus. She was not afraid to confront white men and was fiercely protective of her family. Gilmore worked as a cook at the National Lunch Company, a restaurant, in downtown Montgomery in the 1950s. Bus Boycott and Gilmore's Activism After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to leave her seat on December 1, 1955, the Women's Political Council declared a boycott of the bus system beginning on December 5. A group of civic leaders and ministers formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to help guide the boycott. Gilmore, who had already refused to use the buses in Montgomery, heard of the arrest on the news and announcements of the first MIA mass meeting to be held at Holt Street Baptist church on the evening of the boycott. Gilmore introduced herself to the Martin Luther King Jr., the president of the MIA, and joined the organization that night. Gilmore and her friends started a fundraising group called the Club from Nowhere to help support the operations of the boycott and the MIA. Georgia Gilmore, along with others testified about the discrimination they faced on city buses State of Alabama v. M. L. King, Jr. (1956). Her testimony and involvement with the boycott led to her departure from her job at the National Lunch Company. However, this did not stop Gilmore as she later said, \"this new generation had decided that they just had taken as much as they could.\" Following her dismissal from the National Lunch Company, Martin Luther King Jr. (who lived nearby) and other MIA leaders helped Gilmore set up her own restaurant in her home as a","title":"Georgia Gilmore"},{"docid":"48539476","text":"The Holt Street Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The church served as a meeting place for Montgomery's black community during the Montgomery bus boycott. Built in 1913, the church closed in 1998, when the congregation moved to a new location in Montgomery. History The Holt Street Baptist Church was established in 1909. The church building, located at the corner of Holt Street and Bullock Street, was completed in 1913. The first reverend was I.S. Fountain. From 1939 until 1952, Charles Kenzie Steele was pastor. Montgomery bus boycott On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white passenger. In response, the Women's Political Council, an African-American civil rights organization founded in Montgomery, organized a boycott of the city's buses by members of the black community. A leaflet distributed to thousands of Montgomery's black citizens read: \"don't ride the bus to work, to town, to school, or anyplace Monday, December 5\". The final sentence read: \"come to a mass meeting Monday at 7:00 pm at the Holt Street Baptist Church for further instructions\". The boycott began the following Monday, December 5, 1955, the day Parks appeared in court. That evening, a mass meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church to evaluate the boycott's success. The church was the largest and most central church in the black community, and had a large basement that could accommodate hundreds, as well as a spacious main auditorium. Loud speakers were placed into smaller rooms of the church, and there was a large outdoor area for people to gather. Several thousand attended the meeting, where a young pastor from the city's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., addressed the audience, describing the indignities suffered by Montgomery's black citizens and stating: \"there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.\" Rosa Parks wrote: By the time I arrived at the meeting, the church was so filled up that a crowd of hundreds spilled out into the street, and speakers had to be set up outside to accommodate everyone. The excitement around the church was electrifying, and I remember having a sense that something powerful was being born. I squeezed my way through the crowd to my seat on the platform, where a lively discussion about the boycott strategy was underway. The meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church began the year-long Montgomery bus boycott. A court case, Browder v. Gayle, was launched claiming that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. On November 14, 1956, while the boycott continued, the Supreme Court ordered the state of Alabama to desegregate its buses. That evening, mass meetings were organized at both the Hutchinson Street Baptist Church and the Holt Street Baptist Church. King spoke at both meetings, where 8,000 attendees voted unanimously to end the boycott when the Supreme Court decision took effect. On","title":"Holt Street Baptist Church"},{"docid":"53716815","text":"Joe Azbell (August 25, 1927 – September 30, 1995) was an American journalist and writer. He served as the city editor of the Montgomery Advertiser. Life Azbell was born in 1927 in Texas near the Oklahoma border. When Azbell was 7, his father died and his mother struggled to support her large family alone. At the age of 13, he ran away from home. He hitchhiked his way across the United States and Mexico, earning a living by picking cotton, washing dishes and selling and printing newspapers. He then joined the United States Army Air Corps, where he scored well on the Army General Classification Test. He was the top of his class at the Air Force's administration school and was sent to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery. He was the founder and editor of the Air University Dispatch, the official newspaper for the base. After his military service ended in 1946, Azbell moved to Selma where he founded his own newspaper. While in Selma, he also began writing speeches for pro-integration Governor Jim Folsom. He later moved to Montgomery, where he became the city editor for the Montgomery Advertiser. In his spare time, Azbell provided transport to hospitals for black children stricken with polio, as most members of the black community did not own a car. In 1954, Azbell received an honorary doctorate from Selma University, a historically black college. In 1956, local community leader E. D. Nixon gave Azbell a pamphlet by the Montgomery Improvement Association calling for a bus boycott. He published it on the front page of the Montgomery Advertiser, alerting local residents to begin the Montgomery bus boycott. Journalist Ted Poston later called Azbell the father of the bus boycott as Poston believed that many in the African-American community were unaware of the planned boycott prior to publication. Azbell interviewed many civil rights figures of the day such as Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, A. Philip Randolph and Rufus Lewis. He was the first reporter on the scene after King's home was bombed on January 30, 1956, and the first on the scene when E.D. Nixon's house was bombed two days later. Azbell later testified in King's favor when he was on trial in State of Alabama V. M. L. King, Jr. for inciting the boycott. Azbell also was a speechwriter for George Wallace. He developed Wallace's presidential campaign slogan \"Send them a message\". Azbell became \"obsessed with the belief that the (Communist) Party had created a vast conspiracy operating through America's black community\" that would lead to a race war. By the mid-1960s, Azbell's admiration of Martin Luther King Jr. had turned to the conviction that King was a danger to American society. In an analysis he shared with Wallace in \"an ongoing dialogue,\" Azbell came to believe that King had manipulated public opinion by portraying their movement as one of unsophisticated Alabama police officers versus prayerful and forgiving blacks. He saw civil disturbances in Northern cities as unmasking the reality that,","title":"Joe Azbell"},{"docid":"8958465","text":"Robert Sylvester Graetz Jr. (May 16, 1928 – September 20, 2020) was a Lutheran clergyman who, as the white pastor of a black congregation in Montgomery, Alabama, openly supported the Montgomery bus boycott, a landmark event of the civil rights movement. Biography Graetz, of German descent, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and educated in Columbus, Ohio. His father was an engineer with the Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. At Capital University in Bexley, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1950, he started a \"campus race relations club\"; Walter White, the leader of the NAACP, was one of the club's speakers. Graetz received a B.D. in 1955 from Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary in Columbus, Ohio. He married Jean Ellis (known as Jeannie) on June 10, 1951, in East Springfield, Pennsylvania. They had seven children together. In 1958, the family moved back to Columbus, where Graetz became the minister of another Black church. Over the years that followed, he worked in Ohio, Kentucky, California, and Washington DC, where he spent 13 years as a lobbyist for marginalized individuals. In 2007, the Graetzes returned to Montgomery, Alabama, where they were actively involved in various civic activities including the diversity group One Montgomery and the League of Women Voters. Each year they hosted the annual Graetz Symposium at the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State University. Graetz condemned the white nationalist violence in Charlottesville in 2017, saying \"When have we had a more violent or more negative or more hateful presidency? Never in our history. And that’s being accepted now as (something) we’re proud of. Now that there’s no longer a criterion, even if it’s the worst of times, we’re setting a standard for all of us. Now, (it’s) no longer a standard based on God. Now, instead what we see is television channels that are based on who can tell the most lies the most effectively.\" Graetz, who had Parkinson's disease and had been in hospice care for some time, died at his home in Montgomery on September 20, 2020. Role in civil rights movement Graetz's first full-time job as pastor was to a Black congregation, Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, in Montgomery. He began working there in 1955, the year of the Montgomery bus boycott. A personal friend of Rosa Parks, Graetz became secretary of the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization founded to organize and support the boycott. The Sunday after Parks was arrested and the boycott began, he told his congregation, \"Let’s try to make this boycott as effective as possible because it won’t be any boycott if half of us ride the buses and half don’t ride. So if we’re going to do it, let’s make a good job of it.” Graetz's support of the movement also included appearing at meetings led by Martin Luther King Jr. While a few other whites in Montgomery supported the boycott, Graetz was the only white clergyman who did so. He and his family were ostracized by other whites","title":"Robert Graetz"},{"docid":"12363830","text":"Inez Jessie Baskin (June 18, 1916 – June 28, 2007) was an American journalist and civil rights supporter who covered the Civil Rights Movement and the Montgomery bus boycott for African American readers and publications. Biography Baskin was born in Florala, Alabama, on June 18, 1916, to Cora Turner and Albert Lorenzo Turner. When Baskin was two years old, she and her parents moved to Montgomery, Alabama. Florala, Alabama became too unsafe to reside in because of the Ku Klux Klan. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She married Wilbur Baskin in the Baptist Church. After positions as a teacher and a typist, she became a journalist and reporter for the \"Negro News\" section of the Montgomery Adviser newspaper. In 1955, following the arrest of Rosa Parks, Baskin was hired by Jet Magazine and the American Negro Press to cover the Montgomery bus boycott and other, lesser known events that occurred in the black community. Baskin was an active supporter of the bus boycott and the Civil Rights Movement, as well as a reporter of the event. She is most famous for riding one seat in front of Martin Luther King Jr. on a Montgomery bus during the boycott. Baskin was known to support suffrage, having been photographed in a convertible, with a sign that declared her support for Young Alabama Democrats, and said that she was a registered voter. Baskin graduated from what is now Alabama State University with an education degree. She received a degree in divinity from Selma University, and taught classes to ministers in theological schools. She was a licensed social worker and a church pianist. She implemented Montgomery, Alabama's first Head Start program, as well as its first hot-lunch program for low-income children. Towards the end of her life, Baskin was passionate about teaching young children about racism, and influencing them to grow up without hatred. She believed that hatred was taught, and that no one was born with it. She spoke to groups of children across the country about her experience in the Civil Rights Movement. Baskin continued to write until her death, writing her own quarterly newspaper, \"The Monitor.\" Baskin gave a keynote address at Edinboro University in Pennsylvania, in 2007. The same year, the university established a scholarship in her name, called the \"Willie Mae Goodwine and Inez J. Baskin Scholarship of Journalism\". She died in Montgomery, Alabama, of heart failure, on June 28, 2007. References Further reading Rabey, Jennifer (2009). A Woman's Good Works: The Life of Inez Jessie Turner Baskin and Her Fight for Civil and Human Rights in the Cradle of the Confederacy. Thesis, Auburn University. External links Four photographs of Inez Jesse Turner Baskin as a child in Florala, Alabama Inez Baskin Papers Activists for African-American civil rights American civil rights activists 1916 births 2007 deaths Writers from Montgomery, Alabama Journalists from Alabama 20th-century American journalists","title":"Inez Baskin"},{"docid":"430598","text":"The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. SCLC is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr., who had a large role in the American civil rights movement. Founding On January 10, 1957, following the Montgomery bus boycott victory against the white establishment and consultations with Bayard Rustin, Ella Baker, and others, Martin Luther King Jr. invited about 60 black ministers and leaders to Ebenezer Church in Atlanta. Prior to this, Rustin, in New York City, conceived the idea of initiating such an effort and first sought C. K. Steele to make the call and take the lead role. Steele declined, but told Rustin he would be glad to work right beside him if he sought King in Montgomery for the role. Their goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South. In addition to King, Rustin, Baker, and Steele, Fred Shuttlesworth of Birmingham, Joseph Lowery of Mobile, and Ralph Abernathy of Montgomery, all played key roles in this meeting. The group continued this initial meeting on January 11, calling it (in keeping with the recent bus segregation issue) a Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration when they held a press conference that day. The press conference allowed them to introduce their efforts: communicating what they had included in telegrams sent that day to applicable members of the executive branch of the U.S. government (President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, and Attorney General Brownell) sharing an outline of their overall position regarding the restrictions against the \"elementary democratic rights [of America's] Negro minority\" and providing a short list of concerns they wished to raise with \"white Southerners of goodwill\". On February 15, a follow-up meeting was held in New Orleans. Out of these two meetings came a new organization with King as its president. Shortening the name used for their January meetings, the group briefly called their organization Negro Leaders Conference on Nonviolent Integration, then Southern Negro Leaders Conference. King served as president, Steele as first vice president, A.L. Davis as second vice president, T. J. Jemison as secretary, Medgar Evers as assistant secretary, Abernathy as treasurer, and Shuttlesworth as historian. At its third meeting, in August 1957, the group settled on Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as its name, expanding its focus beyond buses to ending all forms of segregation. A small office was established in the Prince Hall Masonic Temple Building on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta with Ella Baker as SCLC's first—and for a long time only—staff member. SCLC was governed by an elected board, and established as an organization of affiliates, most of which were either individual churches or community organizations such as the Montgomery Improvement Association and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR). This organizational form differed from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) who recruited","title":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference"},{"docid":"48046859","text":"The following events occurred in December 1955: December 1, 1955 (Thursday) In Montgomery, Alabama, USA, Rosa Parks refuses to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger and is arrested, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. December 2, 1955 (Friday) Edgar Faure dissolves France's National Assembly under Article 51 of the country's Constitution. Barnes rail crash: After a collision at Barnes, London, UK, caused by a signal error, fire breaks out. Thirteen people are killed and 35 injured. December 3, 1955 (Saturday) Resistance fighter Osvald Harjo returns to Norway after 13 years in Soviet prison camps. December 4, 1955 (Sunday) The International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations is founded in Luxembourg. December 5, 1955 (Monday) The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge to become the AFL–CIO. The Montgomery Improvement Association is formed in Montgomery, Alabama, by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and other Black ministers to coordinate a Black people's boycott of all city buses. Died: Glenn L. Martin, 69, US aviation pioneer December 6, 1955 (Tuesday) Austria's neutrality is recognised by the USA, Soviet Union, UK and France. The Bensen B-8M autogyro makes its maiden flight. NY psychologist Joyce Brothers won \"The $64,000 Question\" on boxing Died: Honus Wagner, 81, American baseball player December 7, 1955 (Wednesday) A U.S. Navy Martin P6M SeaMaster airplane explodes over Naval Air Station Patuxent River with the loss of all four crew members. The role of Deputy Premier of Western Australia is formally established by the Government of Western Australia. Clement Attlee resigns as leader of the UK Labour Party after twenty years. December 8, 1955 (Thursday) France's Republican Front coalition is formed by Guy Mollet, Pierre Mendès France, François Mitterrand and Jacques Chaban-Delmas. The Council of Europe adopts a new flag. British conductor Sir Thomas Beecham is presented with the Order of the White Rose of Finland. December 9, 1955 (Friday) Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government). The UK cargo ship Darton runs aground off Gedser, Denmark, but is refloated. December 10, 1955 (Saturday) In the Australian federal election, the incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies with coalition partner the Country Party, led by Arthur Fadden, defeats the Labor Party, led by H. V. Evatt. Future PM Malcolm Fraser enters Parliament for the first time as Liberal member for Wannon. The first Saturday morning cartoon series is shown on U.S. television: The Mighty Mouse Playhouse is broadcast by CBS. December 11, 1955 (Sunday) Operation Olive Leaves, an Israeli reprisal operation against Syria, ends with the destruction of Syrian emplacements, and fifty-four Syrians killed in action, with another thirty taken prisoner. Six IDF fatalities are reported. Italy's Radical Party is founded by a splinter group of the Italian Liberal Party. December 12, 1955 (Monday) The hundred-year-old Cork Opera House at Emmet Place, is destroyed by fire. Christopher Cockerell patents his design of the hovercraft. December","title":"December 1955"},{"docid":"900575","text":"Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987), known as E. D. Nixon, was an American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery bus boycott there in 1955. The boycott highlighted the issues of segregation in the South, was upheld for more than a year by black residents, and nearly brought the city-owned bus system to bankruptcy. It ended in December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in the related case, Browder v. Gayle (1956), that the local and state laws were unconstitutional, and ordered the state to end bus segregation. A longtime organizer and activist, Nixon was president of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Welfare League, and the Montgomery Voters League. At the time, Nixon already led the Montgomery branch of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union, known as the Pullman Porters Union, which he had helped organize. Martin Luther King Jr. described Nixon as \"one of the chief voices of the Negro community in the area of civil rights,\" and \"a symbol of the hopes and aspirations of the long oppressed people of the State of Alabama.\" Early life and education Edgar D. Nixon was born on July 12, 1899, in rural, majority-black Lowndes County, Alabama to Wesley M. Nixon and Sue Ann Chappell Nixon. As a child, Nixon received 16 months of formal education, as black students were ill-served in the segregated public school system. His mother died when he was young, and he and his seven siblings were reared among extended family in Montgomery. His father was a Baptist minister. After working in a train station baggage room, Nixon rose to become a Pullman car porter, which was a well-respected position with good pay. He was able to travel around the country and worked steadily. He worked with them until 1964. In 1928, he joined the new union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, helping organize its branch in Montgomery. He also served as its president for many years. Marriage and family Nixon married Alease Curry on August 21, 1927 in Montgomery, Alabama. She died in 1934. They had a son, Edgar Daniel Nixon Jr. (1928–2011), who became an actor known by the stage name of Nick LaTour. Nixon later remarried, to Arlet Campbell, in Florida. She was with him during many of the civil rights events. Civil rights activism Years before the Montgomery bus boycott, Nixon had worked for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in Montgomery. Like other blacks in the state, they had been essentially disenfranchised since the start of the 20th century by changes in the Alabama state constitution and electoral laws. He also served as an unelected advocate for the African-American community, helping individuals negotiate with white officeholders, policemen, and civil servants. In 1943, Nixon and lawyer Arthur Madison founded the Alabama Voters League to encourage African Americans to apply for voter","title":"E. D. Nixon"},{"docid":"66224679","text":"Jean Graetz (December 24, 1929 – December 16, 2020), born Jean Ellis, was an American civil rights activist. She and her clergyman husband Robert Graetz were active white supporters of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955. Early life and education Jean Ellis was born in East Springfield, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Marshall Ellis and Marian Smith Ellis. Her parents were farmers. She attended Capital University in Bexley, Ohio, but interrupted her studies to marry in 1951. She completed a bachelor's degree in education in 2015, at age 84, at Alabama State University. Activism Graetz moved to Montgomery, Alabama in 1955, because her husband was called to the pulpit of the predominantly-black Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church. As a pastor's wife in the South, she held an unpaid but respected position of community leadership. Within months after arriving, they found themselves drawn into the tumult of Montgomery's civil rights activism. The local chapter of the NAACP used a room in the church for meetings, and their neighbor Rosa Parks was arrested for civil disobedience. The Graetzes joined in planning the Montgomery bus boycott, arranging safe childcare, parking, and meals for protesters, and raising funds for the boycott. An empty plot of land behind the Graetzes’ house was used for parking the cars lent to boycott. She was targeted by those opposed to the boycott, with vandalism, death threats, and at least two bombs detonated in the yard of the parsonage. Rev. Graetz was reassigned to a church in Ohio in 1958. The Graetzes returned to Montgomery in 1965 to join the march from Selma with Martin Luther King Jr. Jean Graetz and her husband remained active for political causes, including their first of several arrests in 2000 for blocking a parking garage during a gay rights protest in Cleveland. The couple retired to Montgomery in 2007, where they were consultants for the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State University. A 2018 auction of a handwritten note by Mrs. Parks discussing her friendship with the Graetz family was bought by the Graetzes themselves for $9,375 and donated to the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State. Personal life Jean married Robert Graetz, a Lutheran minister, in 1951. They had seven children. Robert Graetz died in September 2020, and she died a few months later, from lung cancer, in their Montgomery home, aged 90. References External links Robert Graetz, A White Preacher's Message on Race and Reconciliation: Based on His Experiences Beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott (NewSouth Books, 2006); her husband's memoirs. 1929 births 2020 deaths People from Erie County, Pennsylvania Alabama State University alumni Capital University alumni American civil rights activists Activists from Montgomery, Alabama Activists from Pennsylvania Deaths from lung cancer in Alabama","title":"Jean Graetz"},{"docid":"3306822","text":"The Rosa Parks Story is a 2002 American television movie written by Paris Qualles and directed by Julie Dash. Angela Bassett portrays Rosa Parks, with Cicely Tyson in a supporting role as her mother. It was broadcast by CBS on February 24, 2002. It received awards from the NAACP and the Black Reel Awards. Background and synopsis The film is an account of the life of Mrs. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks and her actions in the civil rights movement. After she refused to give up her seat for a White man on a racially segregated bus after a long day at work, she was arrested. Her example and treatment prompted a bus boycott as a major civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama; it lasted 381 days from 1955 to 1956. In the film, Parks's background is highlighted, and the issues in the segregated society of Alabama and the Deep South are indicated. As a child, Rosa was educated at a private school run by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), where she was encouraged to overcome the limits of segregation. In her late-adolescence, she married Raymond Parks, a barber and advocate of equal rights. She joins the local branch of the NAACP, although her husband believes that the organization has been ineffective in its battle against legalized racism. She worked as a seamstress in a department store. On December 1, 1955, after a tiring day at work, Rosa Parks took a seat in the designated \"colored\" section of a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. When the \"White\" section at the front filled up, the driver, James Blake, ordered Parks to relinquish her seat, as was the practice. She refused, and was arrested and jailed. Civil rights activists organized a one-day bus boycott the day of her trial (she was fined). With its success, they founded the Montgomery Improvement Association, and began a citywide bus boycott, led by a new local minister, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The boycott lasted 381 days, made to work by African-American citizens, many of whom made sacrifices of time and energy to walk to work and other destinations. As they comprised the majority of bus passengers, the boycott greatly reduced the profits the bus company earned. Eventually, the a ruling by the United States Supreme Court, in a related case, declared bus segregation unconstitutional. The boycott was important for mobilizing people in the civil rights movement both in the Deep South and on a nationwide basis across the United States. In 1995, Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Cast Angela Bassett as Rosa Parks Peter Francis James as Raymond Parks Cicely Tyson as Leona McCauley, Rosa's mother. Dexter Scott King as Martin Luther King Jr. Awards The film was named the Best Television Movie in the NAACP Image Awards. Angela Bassett won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special for her performance. 2003, Black Reel Awards went to Bassett as Best Actress, Cicely Tyson","title":"The Rosa Parks Story"},{"docid":"36562843","text":"Thelma Glass (May 16, 1916 – July 24, 2012) was an American civil rights activist, noted for helping to organize the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955, and a professor of geography. Biography Glass was born Thelma McWilliams in Mobile, Alabama, to a hotel cook and homemaker. She graduated from Dunbar High School (Mobile) and attended Alabama State University and Columbia University. In 1955, after Rosa Parks' arrest, Glass and the other members of the Women's Political Council, called for a boycott of the Montgomery bus system, thus beginning the Montgomery bus boycott, a key action in the Civil Rights Movement. Glass had joined the organization in 1947 and in 1955 was its secretary. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. joined in the protests as well and worked with her. She passed out fliers, alerted the community, and urged passengers to walk or car-pool. Soon she noticed every bus that went by was empty of passengers. Although there was sometimes violent retaliation, the boycott continued and eventually the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional and the boycott ended. She married Arthur Glass in 1942, and both taught geography at Alabama State University, where her husband was also a professor. Glass died in 2012 at the age of 96. References Further reading Adam Bernstein, \"Thelma Glass, Alabama teacher at the forefront of civil rights activism, dies at 96\", Washington Post, July 26, 2012. External links Obituary, Montgomery Advertiser \"Remembering Civil Rights Pioneer Thelma Glass\", WSFA (news video) 1916 births 2012 deaths 20th-century African-American academics 20th-century American academics American geographers American women civil rights activists Activists for African-American civil rights History of civil rights in the United States Alabama State University faculty Alabama State University alumni Columbia University alumni People from Mobile, Alabama Activists from Alabama 21st-century African-American people","title":"Thelma Glass"},{"docid":"1690298","text":"Dexter Avenue Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention. The church was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1974 because of its importance in the civil rights movement and American history. In 1978 the official name was changed to the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who was pastor there and helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 during the civil rights era. The church is located steps away from the Alabama State Capitol. On January 1, 2008, the US Government submitted the church to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage Site nomination, because of this important history. It is on the UNESCO \"Tentative List of World Heritage Sites\". History The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church congregation was organized in 1877 by freedmen and free people of color. It was first known as the Second Colored Baptist Church. The church trustees paid $270 on January 30, 1879, for a lot at the corner of what is now Dexter Avenue and Decatur Street. The first church building was a small wood-frame building. The congregation began construction of a new building in 1883; the brick building was not completed until 1889. The church began serving the broader African American community on October 3, 1887, when it hosted the first registration of students for Alabama State University, a historically black college. In 1899, William H. McAlpine became pastor; he was a cofounder of Selma University. Vernon Johns, an early leader of the Civil Rights Movement, served as pastor from 1947 to 1952. He was succeeded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who was pastor of the church from 1954 to 1960. He organized the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott from his basement office. Near the church is the former Dexter Parsonage, which served as home to twelve pastors of the church between 1920 and 1992. It is now operated as the Dexter Parsonage Museum, interpreting church history. The church was added, on its own merits, to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Behind the church is the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Legacy Center, on 455 Washington Avenue. The courtyard has a statue of Dr. King. Gallery See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama List of Baptist churches in Alabama References External links Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery, Alabama National Historic Landmarks in Alabama Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama Religious organizations established in 1877 Baptist churches in Alabama Churches in Montgomery, Alabama Montgomery bus boycott African-American history in Montgomery, Alabama Gothic Revival church buildings in Alabama Italianate architecture in Alabama Civil rights movement museums 1877 establishments in Alabama Italianate church buildings in the United States","title":"Dexter Avenue Baptist Church"},{"docid":"68105513","text":"Johnnie Anderson Jones Sr. (November 30, 1919 – April 23, 2022) was an American politician, soldier, and civil rights attorney associated with the 1953 Baton Rouge bus boycott, the first anti-segregation bus boycott, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. This was a precursor to the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama. Jones was the second African American U.S. Army warrant officer. In 2021, he received a Purple Heart, 77 years after he was injured by shrapnel during Operation Overlord, the D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach in World War II. Jones served as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1972 to 1976. Early life Johnnie Anderson Jones was born November 30, 1919, in Laurel Hill, Louisiana, in West Feliciana Parish, three miles south of the Mississippi line near Woodville, Mississippi. One of eight children, he was the son of lease cropping farmers Henry E. Jones (born December 5, 1876) and Sarah Ann Coats (also spelled Costes), and the paternal great-grandson of Emily Bowers, a formerly enslaved mixed-race African American passing as white. Jones attended elementary school up to the sixth grade at West Feliciana Parish school board system. Jones' parents were considered one of the most successful African American farmers in the area. Jones attended high school at the Southern University Demonstration School (now known as Southern Lab). Prior to joining the military, he attended Southern University. Military career While attending Southern University, Jones was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1943. He was assigned to the 494th Port Battalion, an all-African American port battalion attached to the 6th Engineer Special Brigade that took part in Operation Overlord leading to the invasion of Normandy, France, (D-Day) at Omaha Beach. Jones served as a warrant officer responsible for leading a unit unloading equipment and supplies onto Omaha Beach. Jones was the first African American warrant officer (Junior Grade) in the U.S. Army. Jones landed on Omaha Beach in the third wave of the Normandy invasion on D Day, June 7, 1944. He was injured on Omaha Beach, sustaining a back injury from his ship hitting a mine, and receiving shrapnel wounds to the neck from German air attacks and German sniper rounds. Around 2,000 African-American troops took part in the Normandy invasion in several different roles. Jones continued to serve during World War II, fighting in the Northern France campaign on the Western Front at the Battle of the Bulge, the largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army and a major factor in bringing about the end of WWII. On June 26, 2021, the U.S. Army awarded Jones a Purple Heart, 77 years after he was injured by shrapnel injuries during the D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach during World War II. The ceremony, held at the Old State Capitol in Baton Rouge, was attended by various dignitaries including retired Lt. General Russel L. Honore, Joey Strickland, secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs, and U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy who pinned the Purple","title":"Johnnie Jones (lawyer)"},{"docid":"48405631","text":"The Baton Rouge bus boycott was a boycott of city buses launched on June 19, 1953, by African-American residents of Baton Rouge, Louisiana who were seeking integration of the system. They made up about 80% of the ridership of the city buses in the early 1950s but, under Jim Crow rules, black people were forced to sit in the back of the bus, even when the front of the bus was empty. State laws prohibited black citizens from owning private buses outside the city systems. Background Activists proposed to the city that black riders would be allowed to ride in the front of the bus, but voluntarily refrain from sitting next to whites. The City Council initially approved this concept and passed Ordinance 222. But the cadre of all-white bus drivers refused to enforce the ordinance, and they went on strike. The ordinance was overturned after the strike went on four days. The drivers returned to work after the Louisiana Attorney General overturned the ordinance and declared victory. Rev. T. J. Jemison helped organize the United Defense League and a bus boycott after the integration ordinance was overturned. Black residents met in four mass meetings and raised $6,000 for the boycott in just two days. About 14 residents refused to board the city's buses and instead accepted rides in free taxis set up by the community and in private car pools. About 25 private cars were used to transport people while the boycott was in force. After six days, the boycott ended when the city passed Ordinance 251. It directed that black riders would fill the bus from the rear forward and whites from the front toward the back. Blacks and whites were prohibited from sitting next to each other in the same row. Two front seats were declared off-limits to black riders, and only black riders could occupy the wide rear seat that spanned the back of the bus. The boycott had a very small impact on the city's transportation system and on the broader civil rights movement. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. became aware of the bus boycott and spoke with Rev. Jemison about the fight for social justice in Baton Rouge. He especially wanted to discuss the free car ride system, which was a key part of enforcing the Baton Rouge bus boycott. The 1953 Baton Rouge Bus boycott served as a model for the internationally known 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. The 1953 Baton Rouge Bus boycott also inspired residents to mobilize around other issues, such as securing the right to vote. In recognition of the importance of the 1953 Baton Rouge Bus Boycott in African-American history and world history, the Toni Morrison Society's \"Bench by the Road\" project selected Baton Rouge as a site to memorialize. The project places benches at sites with historical significance for people of African ancestry. The permanent site of the bench commemorating the bus boycott is the McKinley High School Alumni Center. Further reading Beauchamp, M. (2008). Baton Rouge Bus Boycott.","title":"Baton Rouge bus boycott"},{"docid":"46904142","text":"Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story is a 16-page comic book about Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and the Montgomery bus boycott published in 1957 by the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR USA). It advocates the principles of nonviolence and provides a primer on nonviolent resistance. Although ignored by the mainstream comics industry, The Montgomery Story, written by Alfred Hassler and Benton Resnik and illustrated by Sy Barry, was widely distributed among civil rights groups, churches, and schools. It helped inspire nonviolent protest movements around the Southern United States, and later in Latin America, South Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Over 50 years after its initial publication, the comic inspired the best-selling, award-winning March trilogy by Georgia Congressman John Lewis. Publication history Following the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, which FOR USA had helped organize, executive secretary and director of publications Alfred Hassler, and FoR member the Rev. Glenn E. Smiley came up with the idea of using a comic book to bring the story of the bus boycott to a wide audience. (Smiley had been personally active in the bus boycott, and had formed a friendship with Dr. King.) Presenting the comic idea as a way to reach wider audiences (including those with lower reading levels), the group acquired grant funding of $5,000 for the project from the Fund for the Republic. Dr, King himself endorsed the book and even provided a few editorial suggestions. Cartoonist Al Capp was an admirer of Dr. King; his studio produced Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story at no charge, which was co-written by Hassler and Benton Resnik, and drawn by an uncredited artist. (Benton Resnik had been an editor and writer for the Al Capp-owned comics companies Toby Press and Graphic Information Services.) The artist has since been confirmed to be Sy Barry by artist James Romberger. It was published in December 1957 in full-color with a cover price of 10 cents. 250,000 copies were printed. Instead of the typical distribution network for comics in those days, which were newsstands, pharmacies, and candy stores, The Montgomery Story was distributed by the Fellowship of Reconciliation among civil rights groups, churches, and schools. It was also promoted in pro-Civil Rights publications such as National Guardian and Peace News. FoR staff members, particularly Jim Lawson (an African American divinity student at Vanderbilt University) and Glenn Smiley, traveled through the South, giving workshops on nonviolence. They would distribute the comic to younger attendees as something to take with them and study. At some point not long after its original publication, FoR produced a Spanish version of the comic for distribution throughout Latin America. Instead of using the same art as the English edition, the Spanish version is a complete copy of the original, drawn by a different artist. 125,000 copies were printed, but only a handful of copies of the Spanish version still exist. Revival In 2004 comic book artist, writer and historian Tom Christopher researched the King comic and posted an","title":"Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story"},{"docid":"5331208","text":"Burton Silverman is an American artist. Education Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1928, Silverman received a BA from Columbia College and studied at the Art Students League and the Pratt Institute. Now entering his sixth decade as an artist, Silverman has also taught at the School of Visual Arts, the Art Students League, the National Academy School of Fine Arts, the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, and Brigham Young University's College of Fine Arts. Silverman was also the Smith Distinguished Visiting Professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Career Silverman's work has been included in retrospectives at the Butler Institute of American Art, the Brigham Young Museum of Art, the Sherwin Miller Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the Lyme Academy of Fine Arts University, and the Hofstra University Museum. His art has been featured at in group exhibits at the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, the Delaware Art Museum, and the Arnot Art Museum. Public collections which host Silverman paintings includes, but is not limited to: the Brooklyn Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Butler Institute of American Art, the Denver Art Museum, The Georgia Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The New Britain Museum, the Mint Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Delaware Art Museum, the Columbus Museum, the Arkansas Art Center, the Seven Bridges Foundation in Connecticut, and the Smith Museum of Auburn University also host Silverman paintings. Recently, Silverman has had solo exhibitions at Gallery Henoch in New York City and at the Haynes Galleries in Nashville, Tennassee. Commissioned portraits painted by Silverman have included notable jurists, medical doctors, and educators, from clients such as the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and Weill Cornell Medical Center. Montgomery bus boycott In 1956, Silverman traveled with fellow artist Harvey Dinnerstein to Montgomery, Alabama, to document the profound social changes taking place after Black activists refused to ride the city's then segregated buses. During their visit, Dinnerstein and Silverman created more than 90 drawings ranging from courtroom scenes to church meetings to portraits of those who chose, according to the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. to \"walk with dignity rather than ride in humiliation\". The drawings they created there were a dramatic reconstruction of this turning point in American culture. The drawings appeared in various solo exhibitions of Silverman's and Dinnerstein's artwork, but as a whole, the entire collection was first shown in 2005 at the Delaware Art Museum and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Art in 2006 an exhibition tilted: \"In Glorious Dignity: Drawings of the Montgomery Bus Boycott\". As described in the exhibition catalogue, \"They traveled to document through their drawings ordinary people engaged in a mighty endeavor, a demonstration of civil disobedience which came to be known as the Montgomery bus boycott. Soon what began as a local phenomenon received widespread national and international attention, serving as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.\" According to Silverman and Dinnerstein, the boycott was \"a struggle that went beyond","title":"Burton Silverman"},{"docid":"24904442","text":"The First Baptist Church (also known as the Brick-A-Day Church) on North Ripley Street in Montgomery, Alabama, is a historic landmark. Founded in downtown Montgomery in 1867 as one of the first black churches in the area, it provided an alternative to the second-class treatment and discrimination African-Americans faced at the other First Baptist Church in the city. In the first few decades after its establishment the First Baptist Church became one of the largest black churches in the South, growing from hundreds of parishioners to thousands. Almost a hundred years later, in the 1950s and 1960s, it was an important gathering place for activities related to the Civil Rights Movement, and became associated with Ralph Abernathy, the 1955-56 Montgomery bus boycott, and the Freedom Rides of May 1961. The church was listed by the Alabama Historical Commission on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on May 5, 2000. History The congregation first organized in 1866; early parishioners had worshiped during slavery at the other First Baptist Church in Montgomery, on Perry Street. Before the American Civil War, blacks were allowed only on the balcony of that church: \"they were never allowed on the main floor of the sanctuary unless they were sweeping or mopping.\" In 1867, 700 African-American communicants had marched to an empty lot on the corner of Ripley Street and Columbus Street, declaring themselves the \"First Baptist Church (Colored)\" and founding what became \"the first 'free Negro' institution in the city.\" The wooden building itself, which faced north to Columbus Street, was called the Columbus Street Baptist Church. The first pastor was Nathan Ashby, who also became the first president of the Colored Baptist Convention in Alabama, founded in his church on December 17, 1868. Ashby retired in 1870, after being struck by paralysis. He was followed, briefly, by J.W. Stevens, and starting in 1871, James H. Foster was the pastor for twenty years. Foster is credited with increasing membership from a few hundred to several thousand; his successor, pastor Andrew Stokes, added even more. Fire destroyed the first frame church. Between 1910 and 1915, the church was rebuilt (now facing east, toward Ripley Street) under the leadership of pastor Stokes. Members of the congregation were asked to each bring a brick a day to build it—hence the church's nickname, the \"Brick-A-Day Church.\" The building was designed in the style of the Romanesque Revival by W.T. Bailey of the Tuskegee University. Civil Rights Movement From 1952 to 1961, the church was led by civil rights activist Ralph Abernathy, a good friend of Martin Luther King Jr., who preached a few blocks away, at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, from 1954 to 1960. During the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956), it was the location of mass meetings; Abernathy was a confidante of Edgar Nixon and quickly became involved with the boycott. After the boycott was over, and the buses in Montgomery were desegregated, occasionally buses would get ambushed and shot at. One such shooting, on January 10, 1957,","title":"First Baptist Church (Montgomery, Alabama)"},{"docid":"4324975","text":"\"Mother\" Pollard (c. 1882–1885 – before 1963) was an American church elder who participated in the 1955–1956 Montgomery bus boycott. She has been called a civil rights hero for her tenacity in soothing the spirit of her pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. Pollard was an elder of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, during the time of the bus boycott. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement that produced a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system in Montgomery. King recounted in his writings that after several weeks of walking to her destinations rather than take the bus, he suggested to Mother Pollard, then about 72, that she might take the bus again for the sake of her health. She replied, \"My feets is tired, but my soul is rested.\" She was dubbed \"Mother\" because of her age; her real first name is unknown. References 1880s births Date of birth missing Place of birth missing Year of death missing 20th-century deaths Place of death missing American civil rights activists","title":"Mother Pollard"},{"docid":"147393","text":"Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939) is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. It occurred nine months before the similar, more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. Colvin was one of four plaintiffs in the first federal court case filed by civil rights attorney Fred Gray on February 1, 1956 as Browder v. Gayle, to challenge bus segregation in the city. In a United States district court, Colvin testified before the three-judge panel that heard the case. On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. The case went to the United States Supreme Court on appeal by the state, which upheld the district court's ruling on November 13, 1956. One month later, the Supreme Court affirmed the order to Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation. The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. The court subsequently declared all segregation on public transportation unconstitutional. For many years, Montgomery's black leaders did not publicize Colvin's pioneering effort. She has said, \"Young people think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus and ended segregation, but that wasn't the case at all.\" Colvin's case was dropped by civil rights campaigners because she was unmarried and pregnant during the proceedings. It is now widely accepted that she was not accredited by civil rights campaigners due to her circumstances. Rosa Parks said: \"If the white press got ahold of that information, they would have [had] a field day. They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance.\" The record of Colvin's arrest and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district court in 2021, with the support of the district attorney for the county where the charges were brought more than 66 years earlier. Early life Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. When Austin abandoned the family, Gadson was unable to financially support her children. Colvin and her younger sister, Delphine, were taken in by their great aunt and uncle, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin, whose daughter, Velma, had already moved out. Colvin and her sister referred to the Colvins as their parents and took their last name. When they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived in Pine Level, a small country town in Montgomery County, the same town where Rosa Parks grew up. When Colvin was eight years old, the Colvins moved to King Hill, a poor black neighborhood in Montgomery where she spent the rest of her childhood. Two","title":"Claudette Colvin"},{"docid":"15923476","text":"Johnnie Rebecca Daniels Carr (January 26, 1911 – February 22, 2008) was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from 1955 until her death. Personal life Carr was born on January 26, 1911, to parents John and Annie Richmond Daniels as the youngest of six children. When she was nine, Carr’s father died; following his death, the family, now guided by a single mother, moved away from their farm to the nearby city of Montgomery, Alabama. The family sought better educational opportunities than the six-month school year in their previous rural residence, and Carr attended two private schools: the Bredding School and Alice L. White’s Industrial School for Girls, also known as the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls. At the Industrial School, which Carr claims was “started by whites from the north,\" young Carr met and befriended young Rosa Louise McCauley, who eventually grew up to be civil rights icon Rosa Parks. Before her graduation from high school, Carr married Jack Jordan when she was sixteen to lessen her mother’s burden of being the sole caretaker of the family. The couple had two daughters. After breaking off the marriage, Carr became a practicing nurse and then an insurance agent while her mother cared for her children. In February 1944, Carr remarried to Arlam Carr. The previous year, in 1943, the Carrs moved into their home across from Oak Park, a park separating black and white neighborhoods in Montgomery. Carr gave birth to their only child, Arlam Jr., in 1951. Early Civil Rights Career Carr began her civil rights work as early as 1931, when she raised money during the Scottsboro trials for the defense of the nine wrongly accused boys. In the late 1930s, after attending an event at Hall Baptist Church, Carr joined her local chapter of the NAACP. She began working as a youth director and secretary under E.D. Nixon, the president of the chapter at the time. In addition to working with E.D. Nixon, Carr once again met her childhood friend Rosa Parks, who she had not seen since 1927. In 1944, Carr, along with her husband Arlam Carr, Rosa Parks, Raymond Parks, E.D. Nixon, E. G. Jackson, and Irene West, organized to defend Recy Taylor, a woman who was gang raped by six white men after attending a church service at Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville, Alabama. This core of activists, who canvassed neighborhoods, raised money, and sent petitions and postcards to the governor and attorney general of Alabama, later became part of the movement that supported Martin Luther King Jr. Taylor’s attackers were not indicted. The Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 1, 1955, Carr received a call from Nixon, who told her, “They’ve arrested Rosa. They got ‘the wrong woman.’” This was the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Carr attended the formative mass meeting on December 5, 1955 (the same day as Rosa Parks’ trial) in Holt Street Baptist Church. This mass meeting precipitated the creation of the","title":"Johnnie Carr"},{"docid":"41698302","text":"Boycott is a 2001 American made-for-television biographical drama film directed by Clark Johnson, and starring Jeffrey Wright as Martin Luther King Jr. The film, based on the book Daybreak of Freedom by Stewart Burns, tells the story of the 1955–1956 Montgomery bus boycott. It won a Peabody Award in 2001 \"for refusing to allow history to slip into 'the past.'\" Cast Jeffrey Wright as Martin Luther King Jr. Terrence Howard as Ralph Abernathy CCH Pounder as Jo Ann Robinson Carmen Ejogo as Coretta Scott King Reg E. Cathey as E. D. Nixon Brent Jennings as Rufus Lewis Iris Little Thomas as Rosa Parks Shawn Michael Howard as Fred Gray Erik Dellums as Bayard Rustin Soundtrack The film soundtrack was issued as a 3-disc CD album on the EMI Gospel label and features recordings by Nat King Cole, Dizzy Gillespie, Kirk Franklin and The Nu Nation, Montrel Darrett, Darwin T. Hobbs & Molly Johnson, Beverly Crawford and The Potters House Choir, the Tri-City Singers, Aaron Neville with Sweet Honey in the Rock, Lamar Campbell and The Spirit of Praise, Karen Clark, and BeBe Winans with Stevie Wonder & Mario Winans. Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Jonathan Widran said: \"This exciting, eclectic R&B-driven soundtrack to the HBO film features a mix of classic jazz performances and some of the best sounds coming out of modern pop-gospel music these days.\" See also Browder v. Gayle Civil rights movement in popular culture Claudette Colvin Selma, another film starring Ejogo as Scott King References External links Boycott at Rotten Tomatoes 2001 television films HBO Films films 2001 biographical drama films Films about Martin Luther King Jr. Films about buses African-American biographical dramas Civil rights movement in television Montgomery bus boycott Cultural depictions of Martin Luther King Jr. Cultural depictions of Rosa Parks Films directed by Clark Johnson 2001 films American drama television films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films","title":"Boycott (2001 film)"},{"docid":"18910374","text":"Lawrence Dunbar Reddick (March 3, 1910 – August 2, 1995) was an African-American historian and professor who wrote the first biography of Martin Luther King Jr., strengthened major archives of African-American history resources at Atlanta University Center and the New York Public Library, and was fired by Alabama's state board of education for his support for student sit-ins at Alabama State College—an event that earned him honor for his courage and brought Alabama State College censure by the American Association of University Professors. Life and career Born March 3, 1910, in Jacksonville, Florida, Reddick earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in history from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, completing his work there in 1933. In 1939, he married Ella Ruth Thomas and received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago, where he wrote his dissertation on The Negro in the New Orleans Press, 1850-1860. During the years he was working on his Ph.D., he directed a Works Project Administration collection of interviews of former slaves in Kentucky and Indiana; that 1934 project was based at Kentucky State College in Frankfort. He joined the faculty of Dillard University in New Orleans in 1936. An early advocate of research on the history of all persons of African ancestry world-wide, Reddick had an opportunity to further that vision as curator of the Schomburg Collection of Negro Literature at the New York Public Library from 1939 to 1948. He then took a position as head of the library at Atlanta University Center, a consortium of Atlanta colleges. In 1956, he became chair of the history department at Alabama State College in Montgomery. Montgomery bus boycott and M. L. King, Jr Reddick began writing for [[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] about the civil rights struggle, the students sit-ins, and the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott. He then was requested to work with Dr. King on his book about the successfully completed boycott, Stride Toward Freedom (1958). Later Reddick finished his own biography of King, Crusader without Violence (1959). In 1960 the state board of education ordered Alabama State College president H. Councill Trenholm to fire Reddick as part of the board's retaliation against students and professors involved in sit-ins. For his courage and contributions to the movement, Reddick was awarded the Silver Jubilee Award by the New York City Teachers Union. The American Association of University Professors censured the Alabama college for firing him without due process; the censure lasted for twenty years. Reddick subsequently held teaching positions at Coppin State Teachers' College in Baltimore (1960–67), Temple (1967–76), Harvard (1977–78), and Dillard (1978-87). He wrote Worth Fighting for: a History of the Negro in the United States during the Civil War and Reconstruction (with Agnes McCarthy, 1965) and Blacks and U.S. Wars (1976). He became well-respected as a historian and a university professor and was a contributor to educational and political journals. He had expertise in media criticism, especially the effect of radio, movies, and popular culture on public perceptions of Negroes. He died on 2","title":"Lawrence D. Reddick"},{"docid":"20187365","text":"Dana King (born March 7, 1960) is an American broadcast journalist and sculptor. She served as an anchor for the CBS owned-and-operated station KPIX-TV in San Francisco. In 2012, King left KPIX to pursue her passion in sculpting and art. Her outdoor sculpture commemorating the Montgomery bus boycott is displayed at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama. King uses historically generalized and racist ideas that require in-depth researches, to provide information on the normative misrepresentation of Black peoples' emotional and physical sacrifices. Journalism career King won her second of five local Emmy Awards for her reporting in Honduras in 1998 and 2000, reporting on the consequences of Hurricane Mitch. King also won an RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award in March 2005 for her reporting on the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide. She won another Murrow Award in 2009 for a series called \"Assignment Africa.\" She is also known for her coverage of the conflict in Afghanistan, and the September 11 Attacks. In 1993, King co-anchored the debut of ABC's Good Morning America Sunday, before moving to CBS's CBS Morning News (1994–95) and other CBS News programs, including the short-lived syndicated newsmagazine Day and Date. Art career King announced her departure as a news anchor for CBS San Francisco on December 7, 2012. Although this departure allowed King more free time to pursue her art career, she initially began her career while simultaneously working as a news anchor for KPIX-TV (CBS 5). In the time following her departure, King planned to pursue her passion for art and sculpting. King regarded sculpting to be her \"third career,\" explaining art and sculpture to be her passion and true calling. King's art includes the mediums of sculpture, charcoal drawing, and oil painting. Furthermore, King explains her departure from journalism, saying, \"I'm still a journalist, but now my medium is clay.\" Throughout her art career, King is known for her sculptures and community projects that revolve around the goal of portraying a political message. One of King's best known sculptures is her outdoor sculpture dedicated to the memory of the women who led and sustained the Montgomery bus boycott. This sculpture is on display at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice that opened in 2018 in Montgomery, Alabama. This sculpture depicts a teacher, grandma, and pregnant woman who are standing in a triangular formation. Furthermore, King utilized her knowledge gained through journalism to portray these women as if they were from 1950s Alabama. This sculpture of women, according to King, was meant to portray how the women involved were \"quiet activists\" who were silently making a difference although faced with discrimination. She was recognized as one of \"10 Emerging Black Female Artists To Collect\" by Black Art in America. King is also an entrepreneur and the owner of a thriving artists’ enclave located in Oakland, California. King prefers sculptures because they inhabit space and according to her space is power. She believes sculpture provides an opportunity to shape culturally","title":"Dana King"},{"docid":"43504335","text":"The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Montgomery, Alabama, USA. 19th century 1819 - Montgomery incorporated. 1821 Montgomery Republican newspaper begins publication. Franklin Society founded. 1824 - Presbyterian church and Montgomery Light Infantry established. 1828 - Alabama State Library headquartered in Montgomery. 1833 - Montgomery Advertiser newspaper in publication. 1847 - Sons of Temperance formed. 1850 - Lehman Brothers in business. 1851 - Alabama State Capitol built. 1861 February: Montgomery becomes capital of the Confederate States of America; First White House of the Confederacy established; Jefferson Davis sworn in as president. May 21: Confederate capitol relocated from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia. 1864 - Atlanta-Montgomery railroad destroyed by Union forces. 1867 - Swayne School built. 1870 - Population: 10,588. 1873 - Chamber of Commerce established. 1877 - Second Colored Baptist Church established. 1887 - Normal School for Colored Students opens. 1889 - Hale Infirmary founded. 1898 - Confederate monument dedicated. 1899 - Montgomery Library Association organized. 1900 - Population: 30,346. 20th century 1901 - Alabama Department of Archives and History headquartered in Montgomery. 1902 - St. Margaret's Hospital founded. 1907 - Bell Building constructed. 1910 Wright Flying School begins operating. William Gunter becomes mayor. 1913 - Rotary Club of Montgomery organized. 1914 - Empire Theater built. 1916 - Commission form of government adopted. 1926 Junior League of Montgomery organized. Scottish Rite Temple constructed. 1927 - Jefferson Davis Hotel built. 1929 Municipal airport begins operating. State Teachers College active. 1930 WSFA radio begins broadcasting. Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts established. 1938 Coca-Cola bottling facility in operation. WCOV radio begins broadcasting. 1940 Population: 78,084. Veterans hospital begins operating. 1941 - Mayor William Gunter dies. 1942 - Montgomery Bible College founded. 1946 — A devastating and deadly tornado struck the western portion of the city. The tornado killed 26 people, injured 293 others, and caused a city-wide blackout which lasted for hours. 1947 - Alabama Historical Association headquartered in city. 1948 - U.S. Maxwell Air Force Base established. 1949 - City of Montgomery Library established. 1950 - Population: 106,525. 1953 - WCOV-TV (television) begins broadcasting. 1954 - WSFA television begins broadcasting. 1955 - December 1: Rosa Parks arrested; Montgomery bus boycott begins. 1956 - December 20: Racial segregation lawsuit Browder v. Gayle verdict takes effect; bus boycott ends. 1960 - Population: 134,393. 1961 - May 20: Freedom Riders attacked. 1964 - WKAB-TV begins broadcasting. 1965 March 7–25: Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights. March 25: Martin Luther King Jr. delivers \"How Long, Not Long\" speech. 1967 February 7: Dale's Penthouse fire. Auburn University at Montgomery established. Alabama Historical Commission headquartered in city. 1968 - Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery established. 1971 - Southern Poverty Law Center founded. 1972 - Montgomery Zoo opens. 1977 Wynnsong 10 cinema in business. Emory Folmar becomes mayor. 1978 - Montgomery Genealogical Society established. 1980 - Population: 177,857. 1984 - Masjid Qasim Bilal El-Amin established. 1985 - Alabama Shakespeare Festival active. 1986 - Montgomery Area Food Bank established. 1989 - Civil Rights Memorial dedicated. 1990","title":"Timeline of Montgomery, Alabama"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"2781370\",\n \"text\": \"The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama. Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott, a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight. History Following Rosa Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955 for failing to vacate her seat for a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus, Jo Ann Robinson of the Women's Political Council and E. D. Nixon of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) launched plans for a one-day boycott of Montgomery buses on December 5, 1955, the following Monday. According to Jo Ann Robinson,\\\"Regular bus routes had to be followed so that workers who \\\"walked along\\\" the streets could be picked up. This committee, headed by Alfonso Campbell and staffed by volunteer workers, worked all night Friday to complete this phase of the program. The pickup system was so effectively planned that many writers described it as comparable in precision to a military operation. What the ministers failed to do at that meeting was to select one person who would head the boycott. Those present discussed it, pointing out the leadership preparation of various individuals, but no definite decision was made. That had to wait until Monday afternoon, when the ministers realized that the one day boycott was going to be successful. Then they met again, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., agreed to accept the leadership post.\\\"(National Humanities Center The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, ed. David J. Garrow, 1987, Ch. 2.) Since no one knew what to expect, the empty buses were a complete surprise. The success of the boycott on December 5, and the excitement on the mass meeting on the evening of that day, removed any doubt about the strong motivation to continue the boycott. As King put it, \\\"[t]he question of calling off the protest was now academic. The enthusiasm of these thousands of people swept everything along like an onrushing tidal wave.\\\" On the afternoon of December 5, the black leadership, consisting of civic and religious leaders of Montgomery, established the Montgomery Improvement Association. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead the MIA at the age of 26, with Ralph Abernathy, Jo Ann Robinson, E. D. Nixon, Rufus Lewis and other prominent figures at his side. Forming the Association At a meeting that evening attended by several thousand community members, the MIA was established to oversee the continuation and maintenance of the boycott, and King, a young minister new to Montgomery, was elected its chairman president. According to Rosa Parks, \\\"Dr. King was chosen in part because he was relatively new to the community and so did not have any enemies.\\\" The organization's overall mission, extended beyond the boycott campaign, as it sought\",\n \"title\": \"Montgomery Improvement Association\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10542482\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Kenzie Steele (February 17, 1914, in McDowell County, West Virginia – in Tallahassee, Florida) was a preacher and a civil rights activist. He was one of the main organizers of the 1956 Tallahassee bus boycott, and a prominent member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. On March 23, 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed CS/SB 382 into law, designating portions of Florida State Road 371 and Florida State Road 373 along Orange Avenue in Tallahassee as C.K. Steele Memorial Highway. Background Steele was the son of a coal miner, an only child. At a young age, he knew that he wanted to be a preacher, and he started preaching when he was 15 years old. Steele graduated from Morehouse College in 1938. He then began preaching in Toccoa and Augusta, Georgia, then in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Hall Street Baptist Church (1938–1952). In 1952 Steele moved to Tallahassee, where he started preaching at the Bethel Missionary Baptist Church. Steele met Martin Luther King Jr. when he was on his way to Tallahassee. Tallahassee bus boycott The Tallahassee bus boycott began in May, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott. Like other bus boycotts during the Civil Rights Movement in America, it started because black people were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and when two students refused to give up their seat to a white woman, they were arrested. An organization was formed to protest and boycott against the city bus system. The organization was called Inter-civic Council and Steele was elected president. Steele and other protesters boycotted the system by starting car pools and the bus system had stopped for the first time in 17 years on July 1. Steele was arrested many times during this period. The people in Tallahassee thought that the protesters' demands were outrageous. Steele and the other protesters met a lot of rich and influential opposition. The Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of Steele's church, marched in front of his house, and threw bottles through his windows. The city commissioners were firmly opposed to integration of the buses. The bus system was integrated two years later. He was also the lead plaintiff in the school desegregation suit, which led to the desegregation of public schools in Leon County. Steele was also a part of many other protests, marches, and boycotts, where he helped to accomplish integration in many public places. Steele helped Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. He was made the First Vice President under Dr. King at the time of the formation of SCLC. Steele participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965. Steele died from bone marrow cancer in 1980 at the age of 66 in Tallahassee. Legacy When the city created a new bus terminal in 1983, it was named after Steele and a statue of him (by sculptor David Lowe) was placed on the NE corner of the terminal. Florida State University conferred on\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Kenzie Steele\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53348747\",\n \"text\": \"Theodora Smiley Lacey (born 1932) is an American civil rights activist and educator. She helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott, fought for voting rights and fair housing, and helped lead the effort to integrate schools in New Jersey. Early life Lacey was born Theodora Smiley in 1932 in Montgomery, Alabama, and her parents were both educators. At that time, Alabama was highly segregated, Jim Crow laws were in force, and Montgomery became a center of the Civil Rights Movement. Lacey's family was deeply involved in the movement: her mother was a childhood friend of Rosa Parks, and her father, a high-school principal, was president of the board of directors of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in 1954 when the church chose their new pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. Lacey graduated from Alabama State College and worked as a science teacher in Alabama, Louisiana, and later New Jersey. Montgomery bus boycott Lacey's first direct involvement as a civil rights activist began in 1955 when her mother's friend, Rosa Parks, was arrested for sitting in the \\\"white\\\" section of a public bus. Montgomery's public transportation system had always been segregated, and other men, women and children had been arrested for similar offenses, but Parks' arrest triggered protests and calls for a boycott of the bus system. Church member and WPC president Jo Ann Robinson and pastor Dr. King emerged as leaders of the boycott movement and the Dexter Avenue Church became their de facto headquarters. Initially planned for just one day, the boycott lasted 381 days and ended only when the laws requiring segregated buses were struck down as unconstitutional. Lacey, who was teaching science at George Washington Carver High School by then, was very active in the boycott, working, she says, as a \\\"gofer.\\\" She attended meetings and typed press releases for the movement. Many of the participants in the boycott were domestic workers who didn't own cars and relied on the bus system for their jobs. In addition to driving them herself, Lacey was an enthusiastic fundraiser for taxi drivers who supported the boycott by offering free or discounted rides to these boycott participants. She sent letters all over the country seeking donations to help with maintenance of the taxis. It was during the boycott that she met her future husband, Archie Lacey. Archie was a science professor at Alabama State College and met Theodora through his involvement in the bus boycott. The couple's courtship was brief, and they married on April 29, 1956, in the midst of the boycott. Dr. King had planned to officiate at the wedding, but was called away to New York on business; he did later baptize two of their four children. Once the boycott ended, the Laceys' civil rights activism continued. In the summer of 1957, she and her husband traveled throughout Alabama researching voter registration and injustice in the political system. Their research was used to support litigation against disenfranchisement of black voters in the state. Relocation to New Jersey In the late\",\n \"title\": \"Theodora Lacey\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72953337\",\n \"text\": \"Transit Equality Day or \\\"Transit Equity Day\\\" is a holiday in honor of the civil rights leader Rosa Parks, celebrated in the United States on her birthday, February 4. Rosa Parks Day was created by a network of Unions, including the Labor Sustainability Network, in 2017. It was first celebrated federally by Department of Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg in 2021, gaining wider celebration in 2023. Observances by states, cities and counties Origins Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a seamstress by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake, who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to Abbeville, Alabama, to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott. In 1955, Parks completed a course in \\\"Race Relations\\\" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the frontmost row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4, but she appealed. Rosa Parks' action gained notoriety leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was a seminal event in the civil rights movement, and was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955 – when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person – to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. Many important figures in the civil rights movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy. The 381-day boycott almost bankrupted the bus company and effectively made segregation in buses unconstitutional and illegal. See also Rosa Parks Day Claudette Colvin, who, nine months before Parks, refused to give up her seat on a\",\n \"title\": \"Transit Equality Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56628766\",\n \"text\": \"And the Walls Came Tumbling Down is a 1989 autobiography written by civil rights leader Ralph Abernathy. The book charts his life and work with his best friend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in their leadership of the Civil Rights Movement to help African Americans obtain equal rights with white Americans. His book engendered much controversy due to Abernathy's allegations of King's infidelity the night before he was assassinated. Background Ralph Abernathy was a leader of the civil rights movement, along with Martin Luther King Jr., whom he met in 1954; they eventually became close friends. Abernathy collaborated with King on many successful nonviolent movements, including their creation of the Montgomery Improvement Association, which led to the Montgomery bus boycott. The King and Abernathy partnership spearheaded movements as well in Albany, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; Mississippi; Washington, D.C.; Selma, Alabama; St. Augustine, Florida; Chicago; Memphis, and other cities. King and Abernathy shared a close relationship in their participation in the movement, sometimes sharing the same hotel rooms and leisure time with family and friends. Their relationship was so strong that they would dine together frequently, and each other's children called the other \\\"Uncle\\\". They were jailed a total of 17 times together for their involvement in the movement. After King's assassination, Abernathy assumed control of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and continued to lead movements that he and King had discussed as well as other anti-segregation movements around the Capital Beltway. Abernathy's reasons for writing the book have been questioned; the book has been described as a biography of King as much as it is an autobiography of Abernathy. As I listened to Ralph Abernathy and his eloquent and generous introduction and then thought about myself, I wondered who he was talking about. It's always good to have your closest friend and associate to say something good about you, and Ralph Abernathy is the best friend that I have in the world. — Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., during his last speech ever delivered I've Been to the Mountaintop Synopsis Abernathy relates the story of his close relationship with King. The book begins with details of his participation in the Montgomery bus boycott. He details how he was surprised to hear King's selection as leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), but stated that he wished he had nominated him for the role himself. The autobiography details how he was elected program organizer, which made him the chief organizer of activities for the group. Abernathy states how this working relationship worked well as it split most of the responsibilities of the MIA between himself and King. Abernathy asserts a very close relationship in the book, stating he and King \\\"tried to meet for dinner every day\\\" during the Montgomery boycott. The overall narrative paints an intertwined life between Abernathy and King. It details how King found Abernathy at an Atlanta church, and how the two became close friends and co-activists. The duo of Abernathy and King is described as being extremely\",\n \"title\": \"And the Walls Came Tumbling Down\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33909077\",\n \"text\": \"Georgia Teresa Gilmore (February 5, 1920 – March 7, 1990) was an African-American woman from Montgomery, Alabama, who participated in the Montgomery bus boycott through her fund-raising organization, the Club from Nowhere, which sold food at Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) mass meetings. Her grass-roots activism helped sustain the 382-day boycott and inspired similar groups to begin raising money for the boycott. Background Georgia Gilmore was born in Montgomery County, Alabama on February 5, 1920. She was one of five children born to Janie Gilmore. As a child, she attended a parochial school ran by nuns at St. John the Baptist Catholic church. Throughout the course of her life, Gilmore worked as a midwife, a cook, a domestic worker, and she worked on the railroad. She lived in Montgomery with her six children, and during the 1950s, she supported her mother and helped raise her youngest sister and a niece. Known as a kind and motherly woman with incredible cooking skills, Gilmore had a bold personality and resisted the racial injustices common in Alabama during the 1950s. She was also a member of the local NAACP in Montgomery, where she worked with Rosa Parks and other NAACP workers to protest the discriminatory treatment African Americans experienced in Alabama. Before the start of the Montgomery bus boycott, Gilmore decided to stop riding city buses after her and her mother experienced discrimination on the bus. She was not afraid to confront white men and was fiercely protective of her family. Gilmore worked as a cook at the National Lunch Company, a restaurant, in downtown Montgomery in the 1950s. Bus Boycott and Gilmore's Activism After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to leave her seat on December 1, 1955, the Women's Political Council declared a boycott of the bus system beginning on December 5. A group of civic leaders and ministers formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to help guide the boycott. Gilmore, who had already refused to use the buses in Montgomery, heard of the arrest on the news and announcements of the first MIA mass meeting to be held at Holt Street Baptist church on the evening of the boycott. Gilmore introduced herself to the Martin Luther King Jr., the president of the MIA, and joined the organization that night. Gilmore and her friends started a fundraising group called the Club from Nowhere to help support the operations of the boycott and the MIA. Georgia Gilmore, along with others testified about the discrimination they faced on city buses State of Alabama v. M. L. King, Jr. (1956). Her testimony and involvement with the boycott led to her departure from her job at the National Lunch Company. However, this did not stop Gilmore as she later said, \\\"this new generation had decided that they just had taken as much as they could.\\\" Following her dismissal from the National Lunch Company, Martin Luther King Jr. (who lived nearby) and other MIA leaders helped Gilmore set up her own restaurant in her home as a\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia Gilmore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48539476\",\n \"text\": \"The Holt Street Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. The church served as a meeting place for Montgomery's black community during the Montgomery bus boycott. Built in 1913, the church closed in 1998, when the congregation moved to a new location in Montgomery. History The Holt Street Baptist Church was established in 1909. The church building, located at the corner of Holt Street and Bullock Street, was completed in 1913. The first reverend was I.S. Fountain. From 1939 until 1952, Charles Kenzie Steele was pastor. Montgomery bus boycott On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white passenger. In response, the Women's Political Council, an African-American civil rights organization founded in Montgomery, organized a boycott of the city's buses by members of the black community. A leaflet distributed to thousands of Montgomery's black citizens read: \\\"don't ride the bus to work, to town, to school, or anyplace Monday, December 5\\\". The final sentence read: \\\"come to a mass meeting Monday at 7:00 pm at the Holt Street Baptist Church for further instructions\\\". The boycott began the following Monday, December 5, 1955, the day Parks appeared in court. That evening, a mass meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church to evaluate the boycott's success. The church was the largest and most central church in the black community, and had a large basement that could accommodate hundreds, as well as a spacious main auditorium. Loud speakers were placed into smaller rooms of the church, and there was a large outdoor area for people to gather. Several thousand attended the meeting, where a young pastor from the city's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., addressed the audience, describing the indignities suffered by Montgomery's black citizens and stating: \\\"there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.\\\" Rosa Parks wrote: By the time I arrived at the meeting, the church was so filled up that a crowd of hundreds spilled out into the street, and speakers had to be set up outside to accommodate everyone. The excitement around the church was electrifying, and I remember having a sense that something powerful was being born. I squeezed my way through the crowd to my seat on the platform, where a lively discussion about the boycott strategy was underway. The meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church began the year-long Montgomery bus boycott. A court case, Browder v. Gayle, was launched claiming that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. On November 14, 1956, while the boycott continued, the Supreme Court ordered the state of Alabama to desegregate its buses. That evening, mass meetings were organized at both the Hutchinson Street Baptist Church and the Holt Street Baptist Church. King spoke at both meetings, where 8,000 attendees voted unanimously to end the boycott when the Supreme Court decision took effect. On\",\n \"title\": \"Holt Street Baptist Church\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53716815\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Azbell (August 25, 1927 – September 30, 1995) was an American journalist and writer. He served as the city editor of the Montgomery Advertiser. Life Azbell was born in 1927 in Texas near the Oklahoma border. When Azbell was 7, his father died and his mother struggled to support her large family alone. At the age of 13, he ran away from home. He hitchhiked his way across the United States and Mexico, earning a living by picking cotton, washing dishes and selling and printing newspapers. He then joined the United States Army Air Corps, where he scored well on the Army General Classification Test. He was the top of his class at the Air Force's administration school and was sent to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery. He was the founder and editor of the Air University Dispatch, the official newspaper for the base. After his military service ended in 1946, Azbell moved to Selma where he founded his own newspaper. While in Selma, he also began writing speeches for pro-integration Governor Jim Folsom. He later moved to Montgomery, where he became the city editor for the Montgomery Advertiser. In his spare time, Azbell provided transport to hospitals for black children stricken with polio, as most members of the black community did not own a car. In 1954, Azbell received an honorary doctorate from Selma University, a historically black college. In 1956, local community leader E. D. Nixon gave Azbell a pamphlet by the Montgomery Improvement Association calling for a bus boycott. He published it on the front page of the Montgomery Advertiser, alerting local residents to begin the Montgomery bus boycott. Journalist Ted Poston later called Azbell the father of the bus boycott as Poston believed that many in the African-American community were unaware of the planned boycott prior to publication. Azbell interviewed many civil rights figures of the day such as Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, A. Philip Randolph and Rufus Lewis. He was the first reporter on the scene after King's home was bombed on January 30, 1956, and the first on the scene when E.D. Nixon's house was bombed two days later. Azbell later testified in King's favor when he was on trial in State of Alabama V. M. L. King, Jr. for inciting the boycott. Azbell also was a speechwriter for George Wallace. He developed Wallace's presidential campaign slogan \\\"Send them a message\\\". Azbell became \\\"obsessed with the belief that the (Communist) Party had created a vast conspiracy operating through America's black community\\\" that would lead to a race war. By the mid-1960s, Azbell's admiration of Martin Luther King Jr. had turned to the conviction that King was a danger to American society. In an analysis he shared with Wallace in \\\"an ongoing dialogue,\\\" Azbell came to believe that King had manipulated public opinion by portraying their movement as one of unsophisticated Alabama police officers versus prayerful and forgiving blacks. He saw civil disturbances in Northern cities as unmasking the reality that,\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Azbell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8958465\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Sylvester Graetz Jr. (May 16, 1928 – September 20, 2020) was a Lutheran clergyman who, as the white pastor of a black congregation in Montgomery, Alabama, openly supported the Montgomery bus boycott, a landmark event of the civil rights movement. Biography Graetz, of German descent, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and educated in Columbus, Ohio. His father was an engineer with the Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. At Capital University in Bexley, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1950, he started a \\\"campus race relations club\\\"; Walter White, the leader of the NAACP, was one of the club's speakers. Graetz received a B.D. in 1955 from Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary in Columbus, Ohio. He married Jean Ellis (known as Jeannie) on June 10, 1951, in East Springfield, Pennsylvania. They had seven children together. In 1958, the family moved back to Columbus, where Graetz became the minister of another Black church. Over the years that followed, he worked in Ohio, Kentucky, California, and Washington DC, where he spent 13 years as a lobbyist for marginalized individuals. In 2007, the Graetzes returned to Montgomery, Alabama, where they were actively involved in various civic activities including the diversity group One Montgomery and the League of Women Voters. Each year they hosted the annual Graetz Symposium at the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State University. Graetz condemned the white nationalist violence in Charlottesville in 2017, saying \\\"When have we had a more violent or more negative or more hateful presidency? Never in our history. And that’s being accepted now as (something) we’re proud of. Now that there’s no longer a criterion, even if it’s the worst of times, we’re setting a standard for all of us. Now, (it’s) no longer a standard based on God. Now, instead what we see is television channels that are based on who can tell the most lies the most effectively.\\\" Graetz, who had Parkinson's disease and had been in hospice care for some time, died at his home in Montgomery on September 20, 2020. Role in civil rights movement Graetz's first full-time job as pastor was to a Black congregation, Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, in Montgomery. He began working there in 1955, the year of the Montgomery bus boycott. A personal friend of Rosa Parks, Graetz became secretary of the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization founded to organize and support the boycott. The Sunday after Parks was arrested and the boycott began, he told his congregation, \\\"Let’s try to make this boycott as effective as possible because it won’t be any boycott if half of us ride the buses and half don’t ride. So if we’re going to do it, let’s make a good job of it.” Graetz's support of the movement also included appearing at meetings led by Martin Luther King Jr. While a few other whites in Montgomery supported the boycott, Graetz was the only white clergyman who did so. He and his family were ostracized by other whites\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Graetz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12363830\",\n \"text\": \"Inez Jessie Baskin (June 18, 1916 – June 28, 2007) was an American journalist and civil rights supporter who covered the Civil Rights Movement and the Montgomery bus boycott for African American readers and publications. Biography Baskin was born in Florala, Alabama, on June 18, 1916, to Cora Turner and Albert Lorenzo Turner. When Baskin was two years old, she and her parents moved to Montgomery, Alabama. Florala, Alabama became too unsafe to reside in because of the Ku Klux Klan. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She married Wilbur Baskin in the Baptist Church. After positions as a teacher and a typist, she became a journalist and reporter for the \\\"Negro News\\\" section of the Montgomery Adviser newspaper. In 1955, following the arrest of Rosa Parks, Baskin was hired by Jet Magazine and the American Negro Press to cover the Montgomery bus boycott and other, lesser known events that occurred in the black community. Baskin was an active supporter of the bus boycott and the Civil Rights Movement, as well as a reporter of the event. She is most famous for riding one seat in front of Martin Luther King Jr. on a Montgomery bus during the boycott. Baskin was known to support suffrage, having been photographed in a convertible, with a sign that declared her support for Young Alabama Democrats, and said that she was a registered voter. Baskin graduated from what is now Alabama State University with an education degree. She received a degree in divinity from Selma University, and taught classes to ministers in theological schools. She was a licensed social worker and a church pianist. She implemented Montgomery, Alabama's first Head Start program, as well as its first hot-lunch program for low-income children. Towards the end of her life, Baskin was passionate about teaching young children about racism, and influencing them to grow up without hatred. She believed that hatred was taught, and that no one was born with it. She spoke to groups of children across the country about her experience in the Civil Rights Movement. Baskin continued to write until her death, writing her own quarterly newspaper, \\\"The Monitor.\\\" Baskin gave a keynote address at Edinboro University in Pennsylvania, in 2007. The same year, the university established a scholarship in her name, called the \\\"Willie Mae Goodwine and Inez J. Baskin Scholarship of Journalism\\\". She died in Montgomery, Alabama, of heart failure, on June 28, 2007. References Further reading Rabey, Jennifer (2009). A Woman's Good Works: The Life of Inez Jessie Turner Baskin and Her Fight for Civil and Human Rights in the Cradle of the Confederacy. Thesis, Auburn University. External links Four photographs of Inez Jesse Turner Baskin as a child in Florala, Alabama Inez Baskin Papers Activists for African-American civil rights American civil rights activists 1916 births 2007 deaths Writers from Montgomery, Alabama Journalists from Alabama 20th-century American journalists\",\n \"title\": \"Inez Baskin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"430598\",\n \"text\": \"The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. SCLC is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr., who had a large role in the American civil rights movement. Founding On January 10, 1957, following the Montgomery bus boycott victory against the white establishment and consultations with Bayard Rustin, Ella Baker, and others, Martin Luther King Jr. invited about 60 black ministers and leaders to Ebenezer Church in Atlanta. Prior to this, Rustin, in New York City, conceived the idea of initiating such an effort and first sought C. K. Steele to make the call and take the lead role. Steele declined, but told Rustin he would be glad to work right beside him if he sought King in Montgomery for the role. Their goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South. In addition to King, Rustin, Baker, and Steele, Fred Shuttlesworth of Birmingham, Joseph Lowery of Mobile, and Ralph Abernathy of Montgomery, all played key roles in this meeting. The group continued this initial meeting on January 11, calling it (in keeping with the recent bus segregation issue) a Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration when they held a press conference that day. The press conference allowed them to introduce their efforts: communicating what they had included in telegrams sent that day to applicable members of the executive branch of the U.S. government (President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, and Attorney General Brownell) sharing an outline of their overall position regarding the restrictions against the \\\"elementary democratic rights [of America's] Negro minority\\\" and providing a short list of concerns they wished to raise with \\\"white Southerners of goodwill\\\". On February 15, a follow-up meeting was held in New Orleans. Out of these two meetings came a new organization with King as its president. Shortening the name used for their January meetings, the group briefly called their organization Negro Leaders Conference on Nonviolent Integration, then Southern Negro Leaders Conference. King served as president, Steele as first vice president, A.L. Davis as second vice president, T. J. Jemison as secretary, Medgar Evers as assistant secretary, Abernathy as treasurer, and Shuttlesworth as historian. At its third meeting, in August 1957, the group settled on Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as its name, expanding its focus beyond buses to ending all forms of segregation. A small office was established in the Prince Hall Masonic Temple Building on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta with Ella Baker as SCLC's first—and for a long time only—staff member. SCLC was governed by an elected board, and established as an organization of affiliates, most of which were either individual churches or community organizations such as the Montgomery Improvement Association and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR). This organizational form differed from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) who recruited\",\n \"title\": \"Southern Christian Leadership Conference\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48046859\",\n \"text\": \"The following events occurred in December 1955: December 1, 1955 (Thursday) In Montgomery, Alabama, USA, Rosa Parks refuses to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger and is arrested, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. December 2, 1955 (Friday) Edgar Faure dissolves France's National Assembly under Article 51 of the country's Constitution. Barnes rail crash: After a collision at Barnes, London, UK, caused by a signal error, fire breaks out. Thirteen people are killed and 35 injured. December 3, 1955 (Saturday) Resistance fighter Osvald Harjo returns to Norway after 13 years in Soviet prison camps. December 4, 1955 (Sunday) The International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations is founded in Luxembourg. December 5, 1955 (Monday) The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge to become the AFL–CIO. The Montgomery Improvement Association is formed in Montgomery, Alabama, by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and other Black ministers to coordinate a Black people's boycott of all city buses. Died: Glenn L. Martin, 69, US aviation pioneer December 6, 1955 (Tuesday) Austria's neutrality is recognised by the USA, Soviet Union, UK and France. The Bensen B-8M autogyro makes its maiden flight. NY psychologist Joyce Brothers won \\\"The $64,000 Question\\\" on boxing Died: Honus Wagner, 81, American baseball player December 7, 1955 (Wednesday) A U.S. Navy Martin P6M SeaMaster airplane explodes over Naval Air Station Patuxent River with the loss of all four crew members. The role of Deputy Premier of Western Australia is formally established by the Government of Western Australia. Clement Attlee resigns as leader of the UK Labour Party after twenty years. December 8, 1955 (Thursday) France's Republican Front coalition is formed by Guy Mollet, Pierre Mendès France, François Mitterrand and Jacques Chaban-Delmas. The Council of Europe adopts a new flag. British conductor Sir Thomas Beecham is presented with the Order of the White Rose of Finland. December 9, 1955 (Friday) Adnan Menderes of the Democrat Party forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government). The UK cargo ship Darton runs aground off Gedser, Denmark, but is refloated. December 10, 1955 (Saturday) In the Australian federal election, the incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies with coalition partner the Country Party, led by Arthur Fadden, defeats the Labor Party, led by H. V. Evatt. Future PM Malcolm Fraser enters Parliament for the first time as Liberal member for Wannon. The first Saturday morning cartoon series is shown on U.S. television: The Mighty Mouse Playhouse is broadcast by CBS. December 11, 1955 (Sunday) Operation Olive Leaves, an Israeli reprisal operation against Syria, ends with the destruction of Syrian emplacements, and fifty-four Syrians killed in action, with another thirty taken prisoner. Six IDF fatalities are reported. Italy's Radical Party is founded by a splinter group of the Italian Liberal Party. December 12, 1955 (Monday) The hundred-year-old Cork Opera House at Emmet Place, is destroyed by fire. Christopher Cockerell patents his design of the hovercraft. December\",\n \"title\": \"December 1955\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"900575\",\n \"text\": \"Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987), known as E. D. Nixon, was an American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery bus boycott there in 1955. The boycott highlighted the issues of segregation in the South, was upheld for more than a year by black residents, and nearly brought the city-owned bus system to bankruptcy. It ended in December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in the related case, Browder v. Gayle (1956), that the local and state laws were unconstitutional, and ordered the state to end bus segregation. A longtime organizer and activist, Nixon was president of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Welfare League, and the Montgomery Voters League. At the time, Nixon already led the Montgomery branch of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union, known as the Pullman Porters Union, which he had helped organize. Martin Luther King Jr. described Nixon as \\\"one of the chief voices of the Negro community in the area of civil rights,\\\" and \\\"a symbol of the hopes and aspirations of the long oppressed people of the State of Alabama.\\\" Early life and education Edgar D. Nixon was born on July 12, 1899, in rural, majority-black Lowndes County, Alabama to Wesley M. Nixon and Sue Ann Chappell Nixon. As a child, Nixon received 16 months of formal education, as black students were ill-served in the segregated public school system. His mother died when he was young, and he and his seven siblings were reared among extended family in Montgomery. His father was a Baptist minister. After working in a train station baggage room, Nixon rose to become a Pullman car porter, which was a well-respected position with good pay. He was able to travel around the country and worked steadily. He worked with them until 1964. In 1928, he joined the new union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, helping organize its branch in Montgomery. He also served as its president for many years. Marriage and family Nixon married Alease Curry on August 21, 1927 in Montgomery, Alabama. She died in 1934. They had a son, Edgar Daniel Nixon Jr. (1928–2011), who became an actor known by the stage name of Nick LaTour. Nixon later remarried, to Arlet Campbell, in Florida. She was with him during many of the civil rights events. Civil rights activism Years before the Montgomery bus boycott, Nixon had worked for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in Montgomery. Like other blacks in the state, they had been essentially disenfranchised since the start of the 20th century by changes in the Alabama state constitution and electoral laws. He also served as an unelected advocate for the African-American community, helping individuals negotiate with white officeholders, policemen, and civil servants. In 1943, Nixon and lawyer Arthur Madison founded the Alabama Voters League to encourage African Americans to apply for voter\",\n \"title\": \"E. D. Nixon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66224679\",\n \"text\": \"Jean Graetz (December 24, 1929 – December 16, 2020), born Jean Ellis, was an American civil rights activist. She and her clergyman husband Robert Graetz were active white supporters of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955. Early life and education Jean Ellis was born in East Springfield, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Marshall Ellis and Marian Smith Ellis. Her parents were farmers. She attended Capital University in Bexley, Ohio, but interrupted her studies to marry in 1951. She completed a bachelor's degree in education in 2015, at age 84, at Alabama State University. Activism Graetz moved to Montgomery, Alabama in 1955, because her husband was called to the pulpit of the predominantly-black Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church. As a pastor's wife in the South, she held an unpaid but respected position of community leadership. Within months after arriving, they found themselves drawn into the tumult of Montgomery's civil rights activism. The local chapter of the NAACP used a room in the church for meetings, and their neighbor Rosa Parks was arrested for civil disobedience. The Graetzes joined in planning the Montgomery bus boycott, arranging safe childcare, parking, and meals for protesters, and raising funds for the boycott. An empty plot of land behind the Graetzes’ house was used for parking the cars lent to boycott. She was targeted by those opposed to the boycott, with vandalism, death threats, and at least two bombs detonated in the yard of the parsonage. Rev. Graetz was reassigned to a church in Ohio in 1958. The Graetzes returned to Montgomery in 1965 to join the march from Selma with Martin Luther King Jr. Jean Graetz and her husband remained active for political causes, including their first of several arrests in 2000 for blocking a parking garage during a gay rights protest in Cleveland. The couple retired to Montgomery in 2007, where they were consultants for the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State University. A 2018 auction of a handwritten note by Mrs. Parks discussing her friendship with the Graetz family was bought by the Graetzes themselves for $9,375 and donated to the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State. Personal life Jean married Robert Graetz, a Lutheran minister, in 1951. They had seven children. Robert Graetz died in September 2020, and she died a few months later, from lung cancer, in their Montgomery home, aged 90. References External links Robert Graetz, A White Preacher's Message on Race and Reconciliation: Based on His Experiences Beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott (NewSouth Books, 2006); her husband's memoirs. 1929 births 2020 deaths People from Erie County, Pennsylvania Alabama State University alumni Capital University alumni American civil rights activists Activists from Montgomery, Alabama Activists from Pennsylvania Deaths from lung cancer in Alabama\",\n \"title\": \"Jean Graetz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3306822\",\n \"text\": \"The Rosa Parks Story is a 2002 American television movie written by Paris Qualles and directed by Julie Dash. Angela Bassett portrays Rosa Parks, with Cicely Tyson in a supporting role as her mother. It was broadcast by CBS on February 24, 2002. It received awards from the NAACP and the Black Reel Awards. Background and synopsis The film is an account of the life of Mrs. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks and her actions in the civil rights movement. After she refused to give up her seat for a White man on a racially segregated bus after a long day at work, she was arrested. Her example and treatment prompted a bus boycott as a major civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama; it lasted 381 days from 1955 to 1956. In the film, Parks's background is highlighted, and the issues in the segregated society of Alabama and the Deep South are indicated. As a child, Rosa was educated at a private school run by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), where she was encouraged to overcome the limits of segregation. In her late-adolescence, she married Raymond Parks, a barber and advocate of equal rights. She joins the local branch of the NAACP, although her husband believes that the organization has been ineffective in its battle against legalized racism. She worked as a seamstress in a department store. On December 1, 1955, after a tiring day at work, Rosa Parks took a seat in the designated \\\"colored\\\" section of a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. When the \\\"White\\\" section at the front filled up, the driver, James Blake, ordered Parks to relinquish her seat, as was the practice. She refused, and was arrested and jailed. Civil rights activists organized a one-day bus boycott the day of her trial (she was fined). With its success, they founded the Montgomery Improvement Association, and began a citywide bus boycott, led by a new local minister, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The boycott lasted 381 days, made to work by African-American citizens, many of whom made sacrifices of time and energy to walk to work and other destinations. As they comprised the majority of bus passengers, the boycott greatly reduced the profits the bus company earned. Eventually, the a ruling by the United States Supreme Court, in a related case, declared bus segregation unconstitutional. The boycott was important for mobilizing people in the civil rights movement both in the Deep South and on a nationwide basis across the United States. In 1995, Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Cast Angela Bassett as Rosa Parks Peter Francis James as Raymond Parks Cicely Tyson as Leona McCauley, Rosa's mother. Dexter Scott King as Martin Luther King Jr. Awards The film was named the Best Television Movie in the NAACP Image Awards. Angela Bassett won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special for her performance. 2003, Black Reel Awards went to Bassett as Best Actress, Cicely Tyson\",\n \"title\": \"The Rosa Parks Story\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36562843\",\n \"text\": \"Thelma Glass (May 16, 1916 – July 24, 2012) was an American civil rights activist, noted for helping to organize the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955, and a professor of geography. Biography Glass was born Thelma McWilliams in Mobile, Alabama, to a hotel cook and homemaker. She graduated from Dunbar High School (Mobile) and attended Alabama State University and Columbia University. In 1955, after Rosa Parks' arrest, Glass and the other members of the Women's Political Council, called for a boycott of the Montgomery bus system, thus beginning the Montgomery bus boycott, a key action in the Civil Rights Movement. Glass had joined the organization in 1947 and in 1955 was its secretary. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. joined in the protests as well and worked with her. She passed out fliers, alerted the community, and urged passengers to walk or car-pool. Soon she noticed every bus that went by was empty of passengers. Although there was sometimes violent retaliation, the boycott continued and eventually the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional and the boycott ended. She married Arthur Glass in 1942, and both taught geography at Alabama State University, where her husband was also a professor. Glass died in 2012 at the age of 96. References Further reading Adam Bernstein, \\\"Thelma Glass, Alabama teacher at the forefront of civil rights activism, dies at 96\\\", Washington Post, July 26, 2012. External links Obituary, Montgomery Advertiser \\\"Remembering Civil Rights Pioneer Thelma Glass\\\", WSFA (news video) 1916 births 2012 deaths 20th-century African-American academics 20th-century American academics American geographers American women civil rights activists Activists for African-American civil rights History of civil rights in the United States Alabama State University faculty Alabama State University alumni Columbia University alumni People from Mobile, Alabama Activists from Alabama 21st-century African-American people\",\n \"title\": \"Thelma Glass\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1690298\",\n \"text\": \"Dexter Avenue Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, affiliated with the Progressive National Baptist Convention. The church was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1974 because of its importance in the civil rights movement and American history. In 1978 the official name was changed to the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who was pastor there and helped organize the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 during the civil rights era. The church is located steps away from the Alabama State Capitol. On January 1, 2008, the US Government submitted the church to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage Site nomination, because of this important history. It is on the UNESCO \\\"Tentative List of World Heritage Sites\\\". History The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church congregation was organized in 1877 by freedmen and free people of color. It was first known as the Second Colored Baptist Church. The church trustees paid $270 on January 30, 1879, for a lot at the corner of what is now Dexter Avenue and Decatur Street. The first church building was a small wood-frame building. The congregation began construction of a new building in 1883; the brick building was not completed until 1889. The church began serving the broader African American community on October 3, 1887, when it hosted the first registration of students for Alabama State University, a historically black college. In 1899, William H. McAlpine became pastor; he was a cofounder of Selma University. Vernon Johns, an early leader of the Civil Rights Movement, served as pastor from 1947 to 1952. He was succeeded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who was pastor of the church from 1954 to 1960. He organized the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott from his basement office. Near the church is the former Dexter Parsonage, which served as home to twelve pastors of the church between 1920 and 1992. It is now operated as the Dexter Parsonage Museum, interpreting church history. The church was added, on its own merits, to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Behind the church is the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Legacy Center, on 455 Washington Avenue. The courtyard has a statue of Dr. King. Gallery See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama List of Baptist churches in Alabama References External links Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery, Alabama National Historic Landmarks in Alabama Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama Religious organizations established in 1877 Baptist churches in Alabama Churches in Montgomery, Alabama Montgomery bus boycott African-American history in Montgomery, Alabama Gothic Revival church buildings in Alabama Italianate architecture in Alabama Civil rights movement museums 1877 establishments in Alabama Italianate church buildings in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Dexter Avenue Baptist Church\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68105513\",\n \"text\": \"Johnnie Anderson Jones Sr. (November 30, 1919 – April 23, 2022) was an American politician, soldier, and civil rights attorney associated with the 1953 Baton Rouge bus boycott, the first anti-segregation bus boycott, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. This was a precursor to the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama. Jones was the second African American U.S. Army warrant officer. In 2021, he received a Purple Heart, 77 years after he was injured by shrapnel during Operation Overlord, the D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach in World War II. Jones served as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1972 to 1976. Early life Johnnie Anderson Jones was born November 30, 1919, in Laurel Hill, Louisiana, in West Feliciana Parish, three miles south of the Mississippi line near Woodville, Mississippi. One of eight children, he was the son of lease cropping farmers Henry E. Jones (born December 5, 1876) and Sarah Ann Coats (also spelled Costes), and the paternal great-grandson of Emily Bowers, a formerly enslaved mixed-race African American passing as white. Jones attended elementary school up to the sixth grade at West Feliciana Parish school board system. Jones' parents were considered one of the most successful African American farmers in the area. Jones attended high school at the Southern University Demonstration School (now known as Southern Lab). Prior to joining the military, he attended Southern University. Military career While attending Southern University, Jones was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1943. He was assigned to the 494th Port Battalion, an all-African American port battalion attached to the 6th Engineer Special Brigade that took part in Operation Overlord leading to the invasion of Normandy, France, (D-Day) at Omaha Beach. Jones served as a warrant officer responsible for leading a unit unloading equipment and supplies onto Omaha Beach. Jones was the first African American warrant officer (Junior Grade) in the U.S. Army. Jones landed on Omaha Beach in the third wave of the Normandy invasion on D Day, June 7, 1944. He was injured on Omaha Beach, sustaining a back injury from his ship hitting a mine, and receiving shrapnel wounds to the neck from German air attacks and German sniper rounds. Around 2,000 African-American troops took part in the Normandy invasion in several different roles. Jones continued to serve during World War II, fighting in the Northern France campaign on the Western Front at the Battle of the Bulge, the largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army and a major factor in bringing about the end of WWII. On June 26, 2021, the U.S. Army awarded Jones a Purple Heart, 77 years after he was injured by shrapnel injuries during the D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach during World War II. The ceremony, held at the Old State Capitol in Baton Rouge, was attended by various dignitaries including retired Lt. General Russel L. Honore, Joey Strickland, secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs, and U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy who pinned the Purple\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie Jones (lawyer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48405631\",\n \"text\": \"The Baton Rouge bus boycott was a boycott of city buses launched on June 19, 1953, by African-American residents of Baton Rouge, Louisiana who were seeking integration of the system. They made up about 80% of the ridership of the city buses in the early 1950s but, under Jim Crow rules, black people were forced to sit in the back of the bus, even when the front of the bus was empty. State laws prohibited black citizens from owning private buses outside the city systems. Background Activists proposed to the city that black riders would be allowed to ride in the front of the bus, but voluntarily refrain from sitting next to whites. The City Council initially approved this concept and passed Ordinance 222. But the cadre of all-white bus drivers refused to enforce the ordinance, and they went on strike. The ordinance was overturned after the strike went on four days. The drivers returned to work after the Louisiana Attorney General overturned the ordinance and declared victory. Rev. T. J. Jemison helped organize the United Defense League and a bus boycott after the integration ordinance was overturned. Black residents met in four mass meetings and raised $6,000 for the boycott in just two days. About 14 residents refused to board the city's buses and instead accepted rides in free taxis set up by the community and in private car pools. About 25 private cars were used to transport people while the boycott was in force. After six days, the boycott ended when the city passed Ordinance 251. It directed that black riders would fill the bus from the rear forward and whites from the front toward the back. Blacks and whites were prohibited from sitting next to each other in the same row. Two front seats were declared off-limits to black riders, and only black riders could occupy the wide rear seat that spanned the back of the bus. The boycott had a very small impact on the city's transportation system and on the broader civil rights movement. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. became aware of the bus boycott and spoke with Rev. Jemison about the fight for social justice in Baton Rouge. He especially wanted to discuss the free car ride system, which was a key part of enforcing the Baton Rouge bus boycott. The 1953 Baton Rouge Bus boycott served as a model for the internationally known 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. The 1953 Baton Rouge Bus boycott also inspired residents to mobilize around other issues, such as securing the right to vote. In recognition of the importance of the 1953 Baton Rouge Bus Boycott in African-American history and world history, the Toni Morrison Society's \\\"Bench by the Road\\\" project selected Baton Rouge as a site to memorialize. The project places benches at sites with historical significance for people of African ancestry. The permanent site of the bench commemorating the bus boycott is the McKinley High School Alumni Center. Further reading Beauchamp, M. (2008). Baton Rouge Bus Boycott.\",\n \"title\": \"Baton Rouge bus boycott\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46904142\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story is a 16-page comic book about Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and the Montgomery bus boycott published in 1957 by the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR USA). It advocates the principles of nonviolence and provides a primer on nonviolent resistance. Although ignored by the mainstream comics industry, The Montgomery Story, written by Alfred Hassler and Benton Resnik and illustrated by Sy Barry, was widely distributed among civil rights groups, churches, and schools. It helped inspire nonviolent protest movements around the Southern United States, and later in Latin America, South Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Over 50 years after its initial publication, the comic inspired the best-selling, award-winning March trilogy by Georgia Congressman John Lewis. Publication history Following the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, which FOR USA had helped organize, executive secretary and director of publications Alfred Hassler, and FoR member the Rev. Glenn E. Smiley came up with the idea of using a comic book to bring the story of the bus boycott to a wide audience. (Smiley had been personally active in the bus boycott, and had formed a friendship with Dr. King.) Presenting the comic idea as a way to reach wider audiences (including those with lower reading levels), the group acquired grant funding of $5,000 for the project from the Fund for the Republic. Dr, King himself endorsed the book and even provided a few editorial suggestions. Cartoonist Al Capp was an admirer of Dr. King; his studio produced Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story at no charge, which was co-written by Hassler and Benton Resnik, and drawn by an uncredited artist. (Benton Resnik had been an editor and writer for the Al Capp-owned comics companies Toby Press and Graphic Information Services.) The artist has since been confirmed to be Sy Barry by artist James Romberger. It was published in December 1957 in full-color with a cover price of 10 cents. 250,000 copies were printed. Instead of the typical distribution network for comics in those days, which were newsstands, pharmacies, and candy stores, The Montgomery Story was distributed by the Fellowship of Reconciliation among civil rights groups, churches, and schools. It was also promoted in pro-Civil Rights publications such as National Guardian and Peace News. FoR staff members, particularly Jim Lawson (an African American divinity student at Vanderbilt University) and Glenn Smiley, traveled through the South, giving workshops on nonviolence. They would distribute the comic to younger attendees as something to take with them and study. At some point not long after its original publication, FoR produced a Spanish version of the comic for distribution throughout Latin America. Instead of using the same art as the English edition, the Spanish version is a complete copy of the original, drawn by a different artist. 125,000 copies were printed, but only a handful of copies of the Spanish version still exist. Revival In 2004 comic book artist, writer and historian Tom Christopher researched the King comic and posted an\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5331208\",\n \"text\": \"Burton Silverman is an American artist. Education Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1928, Silverman received a BA from Columbia College and studied at the Art Students League and the Pratt Institute. Now entering his sixth decade as an artist, Silverman has also taught at the School of Visual Arts, the Art Students League, the National Academy School of Fine Arts, the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, and Brigham Young University's College of Fine Arts. Silverman was also the Smith Distinguished Visiting Professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Career Silverman's work has been included in retrospectives at the Butler Institute of American Art, the Brigham Young Museum of Art, the Sherwin Miller Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the Lyme Academy of Fine Arts University, and the Hofstra University Museum. His art has been featured at in group exhibits at the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, the Delaware Art Museum, and the Arnot Art Museum. Public collections which host Silverman paintings includes, but is not limited to: the Brooklyn Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Butler Institute of American Art, the Denver Art Museum, The Georgia Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The New Britain Museum, the Mint Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Delaware Art Museum, the Columbus Museum, the Arkansas Art Center, the Seven Bridges Foundation in Connecticut, and the Smith Museum of Auburn University also host Silverman paintings. Recently, Silverman has had solo exhibitions at Gallery Henoch in New York City and at the Haynes Galleries in Nashville, Tennassee. Commissioned portraits painted by Silverman have included notable jurists, medical doctors, and educators, from clients such as the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, Princeton University, and Weill Cornell Medical Center. Montgomery bus boycott In 1956, Silverman traveled with fellow artist Harvey Dinnerstein to Montgomery, Alabama, to document the profound social changes taking place after Black activists refused to ride the city's then segregated buses. During their visit, Dinnerstein and Silverman created more than 90 drawings ranging from courtroom scenes to church meetings to portraits of those who chose, according to the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. to \\\"walk with dignity rather than ride in humiliation\\\". The drawings they created there were a dramatic reconstruction of this turning point in American culture. The drawings appeared in various solo exhibitions of Silverman's and Dinnerstein's artwork, but as a whole, the entire collection was first shown in 2005 at the Delaware Art Museum and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Art in 2006 an exhibition tilted: \\\"In Glorious Dignity: Drawings of the Montgomery Bus Boycott\\\". As described in the exhibition catalogue, \\\"They traveled to document through their drawings ordinary people engaged in a mighty endeavor, a demonstration of civil disobedience which came to be known as the Montgomery bus boycott. Soon what began as a local phenomenon received widespread national and international attention, serving as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.\\\" According to Silverman and Dinnerstein, the boycott was \\\"a struggle that went beyond\",\n \"title\": \"Burton Silverman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24904442\",\n \"text\": \"The First Baptist Church (also known as the Brick-A-Day Church) on North Ripley Street in Montgomery, Alabama, is a historic landmark. Founded in downtown Montgomery in 1867 as one of the first black churches in the area, it provided an alternative to the second-class treatment and discrimination African-Americans faced at the other First Baptist Church in the city. In the first few decades after its establishment the First Baptist Church became one of the largest black churches in the South, growing from hundreds of parishioners to thousands. Almost a hundred years later, in the 1950s and 1960s, it was an important gathering place for activities related to the Civil Rights Movement, and became associated with Ralph Abernathy, the 1955-56 Montgomery bus boycott, and the Freedom Rides of May 1961. The church was listed by the Alabama Historical Commission on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on May 5, 2000. History The congregation first organized in 1866; early parishioners had worshiped during slavery at the other First Baptist Church in Montgomery, on Perry Street. Before the American Civil War, blacks were allowed only on the balcony of that church: \\\"they were never allowed on the main floor of the sanctuary unless they were sweeping or mopping.\\\" In 1867, 700 African-American communicants had marched to an empty lot on the corner of Ripley Street and Columbus Street, declaring themselves the \\\"First Baptist Church (Colored)\\\" and founding what became \\\"the first 'free Negro' institution in the city.\\\" The wooden building itself, which faced north to Columbus Street, was called the Columbus Street Baptist Church. The first pastor was Nathan Ashby, who also became the first president of the Colored Baptist Convention in Alabama, founded in his church on December 17, 1868. Ashby retired in 1870, after being struck by paralysis. He was followed, briefly, by J.W. Stevens, and starting in 1871, James H. Foster was the pastor for twenty years. Foster is credited with increasing membership from a few hundred to several thousand; his successor, pastor Andrew Stokes, added even more. Fire destroyed the first frame church. Between 1910 and 1915, the church was rebuilt (now facing east, toward Ripley Street) under the leadership of pastor Stokes. Members of the congregation were asked to each bring a brick a day to build it—hence the church's nickname, the \\\"Brick-A-Day Church.\\\" The building was designed in the style of the Romanesque Revival by W.T. Bailey of the Tuskegee University. Civil Rights Movement From 1952 to 1961, the church was led by civil rights activist Ralph Abernathy, a good friend of Martin Luther King Jr., who preached a few blocks away, at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, from 1954 to 1960. During the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956), it was the location of mass meetings; Abernathy was a confidante of Edgar Nixon and quickly became involved with the boycott. After the boycott was over, and the buses in Montgomery were desegregated, occasionally buses would get ambushed and shot at. One such shooting, on January 10, 1957,\",\n \"title\": \"First Baptist Church (Montgomery, Alabama)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4324975\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mother\\\" Pollard (c. 1882–1885 – before 1963) was an American church elder who participated in the 1955–1956 Montgomery bus boycott. She has been called a civil rights hero for her tenacity in soothing the spirit of her pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. Pollard was an elder of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, during the time of the bus boycott. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement that produced a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system in Montgomery. King recounted in his writings that after several weeks of walking to her destinations rather than take the bus, he suggested to Mother Pollard, then about 72, that she might take the bus again for the sake of her health. She replied, \\\"My feets is tired, but my soul is rested.\\\" She was dubbed \\\"Mother\\\" because of her age; her real first name is unknown. References 1880s births Date of birth missing Place of birth missing Year of death missing 20th-century deaths Place of death missing American civil rights activists\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Pollard\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"147393\",\n \"text\": \"Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939) is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. It occurred nine months before the similar, more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. Colvin was one of four plaintiffs in the first federal court case filed by civil rights attorney Fred Gray on February 1, 1956 as Browder v. Gayle, to challenge bus segregation in the city. In a United States district court, Colvin testified before the three-judge panel that heard the case. On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. The case went to the United States Supreme Court on appeal by the state, which upheld the district court's ruling on November 13, 1956. One month later, the Supreme Court affirmed the order to Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation. The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. The court subsequently declared all segregation on public transportation unconstitutional. For many years, Montgomery's black leaders did not publicize Colvin's pioneering effort. She has said, \\\"Young people think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus and ended segregation, but that wasn't the case at all.\\\" Colvin's case was dropped by civil rights campaigners because she was unmarried and pregnant during the proceedings. It is now widely accepted that she was not accredited by civil rights campaigners due to her circumstances. Rosa Parks said: \\\"If the white press got ahold of that information, they would have [had] a field day. They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance.\\\" The record of Colvin's arrest and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district court in 2021, with the support of the district attorney for the county where the charges were brought more than 66 years earlier. Early life Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. When Austin abandoned the family, Gadson was unable to financially support her children. Colvin and her younger sister, Delphine, were taken in by their great aunt and uncle, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin, whose daughter, Velma, had already moved out. Colvin and her sister referred to the Colvins as their parents and took their last name. When they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived in Pine Level, a small country town in Montgomery County, the same town where Rosa Parks grew up. When Colvin was eight years old, the Colvins moved to King Hill, a poor black neighborhood in Montgomery where she spent the rest of her childhood. Two\",\n \"title\": \"Claudette Colvin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15923476\",\n \"text\": \"Johnnie Rebecca Daniels Carr (January 26, 1911 – February 22, 2008) was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from 1955 until her death. Personal life Carr was born on January 26, 1911, to parents John and Annie Richmond Daniels as the youngest of six children. When she was nine, Carr’s father died; following his death, the family, now guided by a single mother, moved away from their farm to the nearby city of Montgomery, Alabama. The family sought better educational opportunities than the six-month school year in their previous rural residence, and Carr attended two private schools: the Bredding School and Alice L. White’s Industrial School for Girls, also known as the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls. At the Industrial School, which Carr claims was “started by whites from the north,\\\" young Carr met and befriended young Rosa Louise McCauley, who eventually grew up to be civil rights icon Rosa Parks. Before her graduation from high school, Carr married Jack Jordan when she was sixteen to lessen her mother’s burden of being the sole caretaker of the family. The couple had two daughters. After breaking off the marriage, Carr became a practicing nurse and then an insurance agent while her mother cared for her children. In February 1944, Carr remarried to Arlam Carr. The previous year, in 1943, the Carrs moved into their home across from Oak Park, a park separating black and white neighborhoods in Montgomery. Carr gave birth to their only child, Arlam Jr., in 1951. Early Civil Rights Career Carr began her civil rights work as early as 1931, when she raised money during the Scottsboro trials for the defense of the nine wrongly accused boys. In the late 1930s, after attending an event at Hall Baptist Church, Carr joined her local chapter of the NAACP. She began working as a youth director and secretary under E.D. Nixon, the president of the chapter at the time. In addition to working with E.D. Nixon, Carr once again met her childhood friend Rosa Parks, who she had not seen since 1927. In 1944, Carr, along with her husband Arlam Carr, Rosa Parks, Raymond Parks, E.D. Nixon, E. G. Jackson, and Irene West, organized to defend Recy Taylor, a woman who was gang raped by six white men after attending a church service at Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville, Alabama. This core of activists, who canvassed neighborhoods, raised money, and sent petitions and postcards to the governor and attorney general of Alabama, later became part of the movement that supported Martin Luther King Jr. Taylor’s attackers were not indicted. The Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 1, 1955, Carr received a call from Nixon, who told her, “They’ve arrested Rosa. They got ‘the wrong woman.’” This was the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Carr attended the formative mass meeting on December 5, 1955 (the same day as Rosa Parks’ trial) in Holt Street Baptist Church. This mass meeting precipitated the creation of the\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie Carr\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41698302\",\n \"text\": \"Boycott is a 2001 American made-for-television biographical drama film directed by Clark Johnson, and starring Jeffrey Wright as Martin Luther King Jr. The film, based on the book Daybreak of Freedom by Stewart Burns, tells the story of the 1955–1956 Montgomery bus boycott. It won a Peabody Award in 2001 \\\"for refusing to allow history to slip into 'the past.'\\\" Cast Jeffrey Wright as Martin Luther King Jr. Terrence Howard as Ralph Abernathy CCH Pounder as Jo Ann Robinson Carmen Ejogo as Coretta Scott King Reg E. Cathey as E. D. Nixon Brent Jennings as Rufus Lewis Iris Little Thomas as Rosa Parks Shawn Michael Howard as Fred Gray Erik Dellums as Bayard Rustin Soundtrack The film soundtrack was issued as a 3-disc CD album on the EMI Gospel label and features recordings by Nat King Cole, Dizzy Gillespie, Kirk Franklin and The Nu Nation, Montrel Darrett, Darwin T. Hobbs & Molly Johnson, Beverly Crawford and The Potters House Choir, the Tri-City Singers, Aaron Neville with Sweet Honey in the Rock, Lamar Campbell and The Spirit of Praise, Karen Clark, and BeBe Winans with Stevie Wonder & Mario Winans. Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Jonathan Widran said: \\\"This exciting, eclectic R&B-driven soundtrack to the HBO film features a mix of classic jazz performances and some of the best sounds coming out of modern pop-gospel music these days.\\\" See also Browder v. Gayle Civil rights movement in popular culture Claudette Colvin Selma, another film starring Ejogo as Scott King References External links Boycott at Rotten Tomatoes 2001 television films HBO Films films 2001 biographical drama films Films about Martin Luther King Jr. Films about buses African-American biographical dramas Civil rights movement in television Montgomery bus boycott Cultural depictions of Martin Luther King Jr. Cultural depictions of Rosa Parks Films directed by Clark Johnson 2001 films American drama television films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films\",\n \"title\": \"Boycott (2001 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18910374\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrence Dunbar Reddick (March 3, 1910 – August 2, 1995) was an African-American historian and professor who wrote the first biography of Martin Luther King Jr., strengthened major archives of African-American history resources at Atlanta University Center and the New York Public Library, and was fired by Alabama's state board of education for his support for student sit-ins at Alabama State College—an event that earned him honor for his courage and brought Alabama State College censure by the American Association of University Professors. Life and career Born March 3, 1910, in Jacksonville, Florida, Reddick earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in history from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, completing his work there in 1933. In 1939, he married Ella Ruth Thomas and received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago, where he wrote his dissertation on The Negro in the New Orleans Press, 1850-1860. During the years he was working on his Ph.D., he directed a Works Project Administration collection of interviews of former slaves in Kentucky and Indiana; that 1934 project was based at Kentucky State College in Frankfort. He joined the faculty of Dillard University in New Orleans in 1936. An early advocate of research on the history of all persons of African ancestry world-wide, Reddick had an opportunity to further that vision as curator of the Schomburg Collection of Negro Literature at the New York Public Library from 1939 to 1948. He then took a position as head of the library at Atlanta University Center, a consortium of Atlanta colleges. In 1956, he became chair of the history department at Alabama State College in Montgomery. Montgomery bus boycott and M. L. King, Jr Reddick began writing for [[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] about the civil rights struggle, the students sit-ins, and the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott. He then was requested to work with Dr. King on his book about the successfully completed boycott, Stride Toward Freedom (1958). Later Reddick finished his own biography of King, Crusader without Violence (1959). In 1960 the state board of education ordered Alabama State College president H. Councill Trenholm to fire Reddick as part of the board's retaliation against students and professors involved in sit-ins. For his courage and contributions to the movement, Reddick was awarded the Silver Jubilee Award by the New York City Teachers Union. The American Association of University Professors censured the Alabama college for firing him without due process; the censure lasted for twenty years. Reddick subsequently held teaching positions at Coppin State Teachers' College in Baltimore (1960–67), Temple (1967–76), Harvard (1977–78), and Dillard (1978-87). He wrote Worth Fighting for: a History of the Negro in the United States during the Civil War and Reconstruction (with Agnes McCarthy, 1965) and Blacks and U.S. Wars (1976). He became well-respected as a historian and a university professor and was a contributor to educational and political journals. He had expertise in media criticism, especially the effect of radio, movies, and popular culture on public perceptions of Negroes. He died on 2\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrence D. Reddick\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20187365\",\n \"text\": \"Dana King (born March 7, 1960) is an American broadcast journalist and sculptor. She served as an anchor for the CBS owned-and-operated station KPIX-TV in San Francisco. In 2012, King left KPIX to pursue her passion in sculpting and art. Her outdoor sculpture commemorating the Montgomery bus boycott is displayed at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama. King uses historically generalized and racist ideas that require in-depth researches, to provide information on the normative misrepresentation of Black peoples' emotional and physical sacrifices. Journalism career King won her second of five local Emmy Awards for her reporting in Honduras in 1998 and 2000, reporting on the consequences of Hurricane Mitch. King also won an RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award in March 2005 for her reporting on the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide. She won another Murrow Award in 2009 for a series called \\\"Assignment Africa.\\\" She is also known for her coverage of the conflict in Afghanistan, and the September 11 Attacks. In 1993, King co-anchored the debut of ABC's Good Morning America Sunday, before moving to CBS's CBS Morning News (1994–95) and other CBS News programs, including the short-lived syndicated newsmagazine Day and Date. Art career King announced her departure as a news anchor for CBS San Francisco on December 7, 2012. Although this departure allowed King more free time to pursue her art career, she initially began her career while simultaneously working as a news anchor for KPIX-TV (CBS 5). In the time following her departure, King planned to pursue her passion for art and sculpting. King regarded sculpting to be her \\\"third career,\\\" explaining art and sculpture to be her passion and true calling. King's art includes the mediums of sculpture, charcoal drawing, and oil painting. Furthermore, King explains her departure from journalism, saying, \\\"I'm still a journalist, but now my medium is clay.\\\" Throughout her art career, King is known for her sculptures and community projects that revolve around the goal of portraying a political message. One of King's best known sculptures is her outdoor sculpture dedicated to the memory of the women who led and sustained the Montgomery bus boycott. This sculpture is on display at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice that opened in 2018 in Montgomery, Alabama. This sculpture depicts a teacher, grandma, and pregnant woman who are standing in a triangular formation. Furthermore, King utilized her knowledge gained through journalism to portray these women as if they were from 1950s Alabama. This sculpture of women, according to King, was meant to portray how the women involved were \\\"quiet activists\\\" who were silently making a difference although faced with discrimination. She was recognized as one of \\\"10 Emerging Black Female Artists To Collect\\\" by Black Art in America. King is also an entrepreneur and the owner of a thriving artists’ enclave located in Oakland, California. King prefers sculptures because they inhabit space and according to her space is power. She believes sculpture provides an opportunity to shape culturally\",\n \"title\": \"Dana King\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43504335\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Montgomery, Alabama, USA. 19th century 1819 - Montgomery incorporated. 1821 Montgomery Republican newspaper begins publication. Franklin Society founded. 1824 - Presbyterian church and Montgomery Light Infantry established. 1828 - Alabama State Library headquartered in Montgomery. 1833 - Montgomery Advertiser newspaper in publication. 1847 - Sons of Temperance formed. 1850 - Lehman Brothers in business. 1851 - Alabama State Capitol built. 1861 February: Montgomery becomes capital of the Confederate States of America; First White House of the Confederacy established; Jefferson Davis sworn in as president. May 21: Confederate capitol relocated from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia. 1864 - Atlanta-Montgomery railroad destroyed by Union forces. 1867 - Swayne School built. 1870 - Population: 10,588. 1873 - Chamber of Commerce established. 1877 - Second Colored Baptist Church established. 1887 - Normal School for Colored Students opens. 1889 - Hale Infirmary founded. 1898 - Confederate monument dedicated. 1899 - Montgomery Library Association organized. 1900 - Population: 30,346. 20th century 1901 - Alabama Department of Archives and History headquartered in Montgomery. 1902 - St. Margaret's Hospital founded. 1907 - Bell Building constructed. 1910 Wright Flying School begins operating. William Gunter becomes mayor. 1913 - Rotary Club of Montgomery organized. 1914 - Empire Theater built. 1916 - Commission form of government adopted. 1926 Junior League of Montgomery organized. Scottish Rite Temple constructed. 1927 - Jefferson Davis Hotel built. 1929 Municipal airport begins operating. State Teachers College active. 1930 WSFA radio begins broadcasting. Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts established. 1938 Coca-Cola bottling facility in operation. WCOV radio begins broadcasting. 1940 Population: 78,084. Veterans hospital begins operating. 1941 - Mayor William Gunter dies. 1942 - Montgomery Bible College founded. 1946 — A devastating and deadly tornado struck the western portion of the city. The tornado killed 26 people, injured 293 others, and caused a city-wide blackout which lasted for hours. 1947 - Alabama Historical Association headquartered in city. 1948 - U.S. Maxwell Air Force Base established. 1949 - City of Montgomery Library established. 1950 - Population: 106,525. 1953 - WCOV-TV (television) begins broadcasting. 1954 - WSFA television begins broadcasting. 1955 - December 1: Rosa Parks arrested; Montgomery bus boycott begins. 1956 - December 20: Racial segregation lawsuit Browder v. Gayle verdict takes effect; bus boycott ends. 1960 - Population: 134,393. 1961 - May 20: Freedom Riders attacked. 1964 - WKAB-TV begins broadcasting. 1965 March 7–25: Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights. March 25: Martin Luther King Jr. delivers \\\"How Long, Not Long\\\" speech. 1967 February 7: Dale's Penthouse fire. Auburn University at Montgomery established. Alabama Historical Commission headquartered in city. 1968 - Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery established. 1971 - Southern Poverty Law Center founded. 1972 - Montgomery Zoo opens. 1977 Wynnsong 10 cinema in business. Emory Folmar becomes mayor. 1978 - Montgomery Genealogical Society established. 1980 - Population: 177,857. 1984 - Masjid Qasim Bilal El-Amin established. 1985 - Alabama Shakespeare Festival active. 1986 - Montgomery Area Food Bank established. 1989 - Civil Rights Memorial dedicated. 1990\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of Montgomery, Alabama\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"22195431","text":"Paul Stephenson OBE (born 6 May 1937) is a community worker, activist and long-time campaigner for civil rights for the British African-Caribbean community in Bristol, England. As a young social worker, in 1963 Stephenson led a boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company, protesting against its refusal to employ Black or Asian drivers or conductors. After a 60-day boycott supported by thousands of Bristolians, the company revoked its colour bar in August. In 1964 Stephenson achieved national fame when he refused to leave a public house until he was served, resulting in a trial on a charge of failing to leave a licensed premises. His campaigns were instrumental in paving the way for the first Race Relations Act, in 1965. Stephenson is a Freeman of the City of Bristol and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2009. Early life Stephenson was born in Rochford, Essex, in 1937 to a West African father and a British mother. His maternal grandmother Edie Johnson was a well known actress in the 1920s. At age 3 he was evacuated to a care home in Great Dunmow, Essex, where he stayed for seven years. He received his secondary education at Forest Gate Secondary School in London, where he was the only black child in the school. Service in the Royal Air Force followed from 1953 to 1960. Stephenson gained a Diploma in Youth and Community Work from Westhill College of Education, Birmingham, in 1962 and then moved to Bristol to work as a youth officer for Bristol City Council, becoming the city's first black social worker. Bus boycott In January 1955 the Passenger group, that is the section representing those working in Passenger Transport, of the local branch of the Transport and General Workers Union had passed a resolution that \"coloured workers should not be employed as bus crews\" by the Bristol Omnibus Company. The Bristol Evening Post ran a series of articles in 1961 exposing this colour bar. The union publicly denied the bar, but the company general manager, Ian Patey, did admit it. He attempted to justify the company policy by stating in a meeting with the city's Joint Transport Committee that he \"had 'factual evidence' that the introduction of coloured crews in other cities downgraded the job, causing existing (white) staff to go elsewhere.\" Several members of the city's West Indian community set up an organisation, the West Indian Development Council, to fight discrimination of this sort, aided by Stephenson, who was the city's first black youth officer. In 1963 Stephenson established that the bus company was indeed operating a colour bar and inspired by the example of Rosa Parks' refusal to move off a \"whites only\" bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, a Bristol Bus Boycott was organised. As an articulate and university educated person, Stephenson became spokesman for the boycott, which soon attracted nationwide media interest and the campaign grew to receive support from Bristolians of all colours, Tony","title":"Paul Stephenson (civil rights campaigner)"},{"docid":"4752738","text":"The Women's Political Council (WPC), founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1946 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city. Members included Mary Fair Burks, Jo Ann Robinson, Maude Ballou, Irene West, Thelma Glass, and Euretta Adair. The WPC was the first group to officially call for a boycott of the bus system during the Montgomery bus boycott, beginning in December 1955. The group led efforts in the early 1950s to secure better treatment for Black bus passengers, and in December 1955 it initiated the thirteen-month bus boycott. They helped organize communications to get it started, as well as to support it, including giving people rides who were boycotting the buses. The African Americans of Montgomery upheld the boycott for more than a year. It ended in late December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Browder v. Gayle that the state and local laws for bus segregation were unconstitutional, and ordered the state to desegregate public transportation. Origins The WPC formed in 1946 as a civic organization for African-American professional women in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. It was organized by Mary Fair Burks, the chairperson of the English department at Alabama State College, and 40 other women. The WPC was a political organization composed of Alabama State College faculty members and the wives of black professional men throughout the city. It was inspired by the Atlanta Neighborhood Union. Many of its middle-class women were active in education; most of WPC's members were educators at Alabama State College or Montgomery's public schools. The organization targeted Montgomery's small population of black middle class women, encouraging their civic involvement and promoting voter registration. About forty women attended the first organizational meeting. Burks was the group's first president. Burks decided to form the organization after she was arrested after a traffic dispute with a white woman. The group's initial purposes were to foster women's involvement in civic affairs, to promote voter registration through citizenship education, and to aid women who were victims of rape or assault. Many African Americans were illiterate due to centuries of oppression and poverty; they would sometimes fail the literacy test they were forced to take in order to vote. Other times, they were told they had come to the wrong location for registration or come on the wrong date. One goal of the WPC was to teach adults to read and write well enough to fulfill the literacy requirements for voting. One of its most successful programs was an annual event called Youth City, which taught Black high school students about politics and government and \"what democracy could and should mean\". During election campaigns the WPC worked with the white-only League of Women Voters to inform Black citizens about political candidates. In 1949, Jo Ann Robinson, a newly hired English professor at Alabama State College, joined the council. Her firsthand experiences with segregated seating on buses prompted","title":"Women's Political Council"},{"docid":"55083665","text":"On 18 July 1983, Mdantsane and East London communities embarked on a bus boycott to protest an unannounced five cent increase in bus fares. The residents abandoned the partly Ciskei government-owned Ciskei Transport Corporation (CTC) buses for taxis and trains. On 4 August 1983, the Ciskei police tried to prevent residents from taking the train at Egerton train station in Mdantsane. After hesitating, the crowd advanced a few paces. However, as the police drew their guns, the people stopped. Without warning, the police fired into the crowd killing 11 and injuring 36 commuters, leading to what is now known as the Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre, the Mdantsane bus boycott massacre, the Egerton massacre, and similar terms. Background The Egerton massacre occurred in the then Ciskei township of Mdantsane outside East London. An attitude survey run by the white apartheid South African government conducted in Mdantsane in July 1981 found that 70% of all the working class respondents identified transport as their most serious problem. 80% of Mdantsane's workers used buses to go to work while 15% used the trains and 5% went to work by car. The bus company, which catered for commuters travelling between East London and Mdantsane, was Ciskei Transport Corporation (CTC). The company was co-owned by the Ciskei State and the Economic Development Corporation. In 1980, the South African Allied Workers Union (SAAWU) held meetings around Mdantsane to hear workers' grievances around transport services. SAAWU drew up four demands from the workers in Mdantsane: 1) The provision of bus shelters 2) The provision of tickets that could only be invalidated by the ticket clippers 3) Students and pensioners should pay half price 4) Cushions should be put on the cold wooden benches. These demands were ignored by the Ciskei Transport Corporation. This increased tension between the bus company and commuters. Bus boycott On 13 July 1983, the Ciskei Transport Corporation introduced an 11% (50 cent) bus fare increase on the route between East London and Mdantsane. The issue had been discussed amongst the organised workers and members of the political organisations in the preceding weeks. A meeting with 1000 people was held in a church hall in Duncan Village on 10 July 1983. A committee of ten workers known as the \"Committee of Ten\" was elected to represent the community's interests to the CTC. The Committee of Ten tried to meet CTC management on Monday 11 July. The CTC refused on the grounds that they had already talked to community leaders two months before the increases were announced. A second mass meeting was held on 12 July in Duncan Village. About 3000 people attended. The CTC responses were unanimously rejected and a decision was taken to boycott the buses. On 18 July, the bus boycott began. The commuters initially walked to work in large groups, from Mdantsane across the Ciskei border to East London, a distance of about twenty kilometres. On its second day, the boycott attracted over 80% of the bus commuters. The number","title":"Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre"},{"docid":"4771992","text":"Mary Fair Burks (July 31, 1914 – July 21, 1991) was an American educator, scholar, and activist during the Civil Rights Movement from Montgomery, Alabama. Burks founded the Women’s Political Council in 1946, which helped initiate the Montgomery Bus Boycott following the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955. Biography Burks was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on July 31, 1914, the daughter of Gustavus \"Gus\" Samuel and Ollie (née Williams) Fair. She attended Alabama State University and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in English literature in 1933, and Michigan State University, where she earned a Master of Arts degree in the same field in 1934. Burks then went back to Montgomery to teach English at Alabama State Laboratory High School. The school’s principal, Nathaniel W. Burks, was a former professor of hers, and the two eventually married and had a child together. Their son, also named Nathaniel W. Burks, became a physician. She was head of the English department at Alabama State College in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Burks continued her own schooling as well by earning her doctorate in education from Columbia University, and she completed further postgraduate studies at universities such as Harvard and Oxford. In 1960, Burks resigned from Alabama State College after several professors were fired for their involvement in civil rights issues. Among the other 16 faculty members fired from the college was Jo Ann Robinson, a fellow member of the Women's Political Council that Burks worked closely with leading up to and during the Civil Rights Movement. Following the end of the movement, Burks moved to Salisbury, Maryland. Burks was an active member of her community there, where she founded two African American historical societies, worked with the volunteer program of a local hospital, and became a member of the Maryland Arts Council. She was appointed to a National Endowment for the Humanities reviewing panel in 1979, and she also taught literature at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore until her retirement in 1986. Burks died on July 21, 1991. Published works Burks published numerous literary works, including a review of James Baldwin’s If Beale Street Could Talk as well as articles on Toni Morrison and other Black authors. In 1976, her journal article “The First Black Literary Magazine in American Letters” was published. In 1991, Burks contributed to a book titled “Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers”. The book included segments composed by a variety of different authors, and Burks wrote the “Montgomery Bus Boycott” section. The Women's Political Council In 1935, Burks was involved in an incident with a white motorist that led to her being arrested by a white police officer. The incident demonstrated the prevalence of racism in Montgomery to Burks, which she had felt previously shielded from due to her education level and status. The incident inspired Burks to focus her attention towards advocating for racial equality in Montgomery, and a year later she founded the Women’s Political Council. The WPC focused its efforts","title":"Mary Fair Burks"},{"docid":"34498925","text":"Rosa Parks Day is a holiday in honor of the civil rights leader Rosa Parks, celebrated in the U.S. states of California and Missouri on her birthday, February 4, in Michigan on the first Monday after her birthday, and in Ohio and Oregon on the day she was arrested, December 1. Rosa Parks Day was created by the Michigan State Legislature and first celebrated in 1998. The California State Legislature followed suit in 2000. The holiday was first designated in the U.S. state of Ohio championed by Joyce Beatty, advocate who helped Ohio's legislation pass to honor the late leader. It is also celebrated by the Columbus Ohio bus system (COTA) with a special tribute to the late civil rights leader. As of 2014, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon proclaimed Rosa Parks Day official in the state. In 2014, Oregon governor John Kitzhaber declared that Oregon would celebrate its first Rosa Parks Day. In 2021, the Texas Legislature passed HB 3481, recognizing December 1 as Rosa Parks Day in the state. After Juneteenth became a federal holiday, there are growing calls for this day to also be observed at the federal level. On September 3, 2021, HR 5111 proposes that this day be added to the list of federal holidays. Observances by state Observances by cities and counties Origins Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a seamstress by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake, who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to Abbeville, Alabama, to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott. In 1955, Parks completed a course in \"Race Relations\" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the frontmost row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4, but she appealed. Parks' action gained notoriety leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was a seminal event in the civil","title":"Rosa Parks Day"},{"docid":"63475779","text":"Viola White (1911–1954) was an African-American woman who lived in Montgomery, Alabama and is best known for her resistance to segregated bus laws. At 35 years old, in 1944, White was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. White's arrest occurred a decade before Rosa Parks' similar act of resistance, which is credited for starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott. White worked at Maxwell Air Force Base. Biography Bus incident White is best known for her 1944 act of resistance to bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama. While riding the bus, White was ordered by the bus driver to give up her seat. When she refused, the driver threatened to physically remover her; however, she continued to refuse. The driver called the police. When police arrived, they removed her from the bus, beat her, and arrested her. She was found guilty and charged a $10 fine. With help from civil rights leader and union organizer E.D. Nixon, White submitted several appeals to her charges in the Circuit Court several times. Nixon explains, \"The city of Montgomery knew they couldn't win,\" so they used their power to prevent the appeals from ever being placed on the court calendar. Following White's attempts to appeal her charges, local police officers retaliated. A. A. Enger, a white police officer, kidnapped White's 16-year-old daughter, drove her to a cemetery, and sexually assaulted her. During the attack, her daughter memorized the officer's license plate so she could report Enger the next day. E.D Nixon attempted several times to get a judge to sign a warrant for Enger's arrest. Once the warrant was signed, the Police Chief tipped off Enger. Enger left town escaping being detained, fired, or facing any charges. Death and afterward White died ten years after the incident. At the time of her death, White's appeal still never made it onto the court Calendar. According to E.D Nixon, how White's case was handled at the state level helped activists in Montgomery form a blueprint for future segregation cases. Notably, it influenced how Rosa Parks's case was handled after she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on December 1, 1955. The organizers learned in order for any legal challenges against bus segregation to have an impact they would need to make it to the federal court. On the lessons learned from White's case, Nixon remarked:\"We paid Mrs. Parks [fine] in Court of Common Appeal. It cost us fifty-one dollars. I believe that's what it was. Now, not that Mrs. Parks didn't have a good case, but they were going to do us just like they done us in the Viola White case. They going to hold — wanted to wear us out, wear us out and never move that case up the Circuit Court, and they was all dumbfounded when they found out that we done, decided to go into federal court with two or three people who had been mistreated on the bus.\" Additionally, while Parks was listed as a plaintiff in","title":"Viola White"},{"docid":"48377269","text":"William Armistead \"Tacky\" Gayle, Jr. (March 5, 1896 – July 5, 1965) was an American politician for the Democratic Party, soldier and writer who was the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama, from 1951 to 1959. Gayle was born in 1896, the son of William A. and Mary (née Winn) Gayle. He served during World War I in the United States Navy, having attended the United States Naval Academy. He later attended the University of Alabama from 1915 to 1916. After the war, he worked for the Anderson Coal Company as a manager. Gayle, who held the rank of Brigadier General, was appointed by Governor Bibb Graves on April 2, 1935 to serve as Adjutant General of Alabama. He previously served as Assistant Adjutant General in Graves' administration. He resigned on October 1, 1935 to become commissioner of Montgomery, Alabama. During World War II, Gayle returned to active duty, serving in the United States Army Air Forces. After the war, he would continue to serve in the Alabama National Guard. He served as public works commissioner of the City of Montgomery when he was elected as mayor in 1951. Gayle served as Mayor of Montgomery from 1951 to 1959. The Montgomery bus boycott occurred during his term as mayor from 1955 to 1956. He was named the defendant of the Browder v. Gayle federal court case that ended the boycott and racial segregation on the buses in Montgomery. Gayle died on July 5, 1965. The W. A. Gayle Planetarium in Montgomery's Oak Park is named in his honor. Civil rights record Gayle was initially a moderate to even moderate liberal on the issue of civil rights for African-Americans, enjoying a high popularity among that race; however, as the bus boycotting continued, Gayle took more aggressive stances against African-Americans, particularly those boycotting, thus losing his popularity and standing among the city's African-American population. References 1896 births 1965 deaths 20th-century mayors of places in Alabama Mayors of Montgomery, Alabama Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama United States Naval Academy alumni University of Alabama alumni","title":"W. A. Gayle"},{"docid":"68564939","text":"Bus boycotts in South Africa were a series of protests that took place in the Union of South Africa and in the present Republic of South Africa against increasing prices of transport fees and segregating practices during the Apartheid to the present. Background In 1940 South African authorities passed the Electoral Laws Amendment Act, which provided for the compulsory registration of White voters only. The Act had been the focus of protests by the African People's Organization. The African National Congress (ANC) established a Department of Social Welfare to investigate the needs of the increasingly urban population. In early August 1943, the bus fare in Alexandra Township increased from four to five cents, sparking a boycott of 20,000 individuals, including Nelson Mandela. The boycott lasted nine days until the local bus company conceded and lowered the fare back to its original price. Along with the lowered fare, the boycott lead to the commission of inquiry regarding bus fare affordability. The following year, despite the commission's evidence indicating the majority of urban Africans could not afford the five-cent fare, the government gave permission to bus companies to increase the fare to five cents. This caused another boycott, this time lasting seven weeks, in Alexandra. 1957 Alexandra bus boycott On 7 January 1957 workers from Johannesburg and Pretoria townships began a boycott of PUTCO, due to the company increasing fares by 25% (one penny at that time) in order to get them out of a continuous financial crisis. This spontaneous act marked the start of a three-month period during which an estimated 70,000 workers joined in the action, which became known as the 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott. PUTCO was forced to rescind the increase in the bus fare. Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre On 18 July 1983, Mdantsane and East London communities embarked on a bus boycott to protest an unannounced five cent increase in bus fares. The residents abandoned the partly Ciskei government-owned Ciskei Transport Corporation (CTC) buses for taxis and trains. On 4 August 1983, the Ciskei police tried to prevent residents from taking the train at Egerton train station in Mdantsane. After hesitating, the crowd advanced a few paces. However, as the police drew their guns, the people stopped. Without warning, the police fired into the crowd killing 11 and injuring 36 commuters, leading to what is now known as the Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre, the Mdantsane bus boycott massacre, the Egerton massacre, and similar terms. See also Anti-Apartheid Movement Apartheid PUTCO Montgomery bus boycott 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott Defiance Campaign Human rights in South Africa References Movements for civil rights Boycotts of apartheid South Africa Protests in South Africa Opposition to apartheid in South Africa Events associated with apartheid Civil disobedience","title":"Bus boycotts in South Africa"},{"docid":"147408","text":"Mary Louise Ware ( Smith; born 1937) is an African-American civil rights activist. She was arrested in October 1955 at the age of 18 in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat on the segregated bus system. She is one of several women who were arrested for this offense prior to Rosa Parks that year. Parks was the figure around whom the Montgomery bus boycott was organized, starting December 5, 1955. On February 1, 1956, Smith was one of five women named as plaintiffs in the federal civil suit, Browder v. Gayle, challenging the constitutionality of the state and local bus segregation laws. On June 13, 1956, a three-judge panel of the United States District Court ruled that the laws were unconstitutional. The ruling was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13 in a landmark decision, and in December it declined to reconsider. On December 20, 1956, the Supreme Court ordered Alabama to desegregate its buses and the Montgomery bus boycott ended. Early life and education Mary Louise Smith was born in Montgomery, Alabama into a Catholic family. She and all her siblings attended and graduated from St. Jude Educational Institute. She was baptized at St. Jude's Church, where she was a parishioner. At the age of 18, on October 21, 1955, Smith was returning home on the Montgomery city bus, and was ordered to relinquish her seat to a white passenger who had boarded later. She refused to do so and was arrested. She was charged with failure to obey segregation orders, some 40 days before the arrest of Rosa Parks on similar charges. She was arrested and fined $12. Activist E.D. Nixon, leading some of the bus boycott movement, shared information that Smith's father was an alcoholic, and she was not the right symbol to withstand the publicity. The family and neighbors dispute this characterization. Additionally, she was considered not the \"right class\" to be the rallying point for the movement. Smith's father represented her in court, without aid from outside political organizations. Attorney Fred Gray recruited Smith and her father to become plaintiffs in a federal civil rights class-action lawsuit to end segregated seating on city buses. Browder v. Gayle On February 1, 1956, Gray and other attorneys filed a civil suit, Browder v. Gayle in the United States District Court, challenging state and local laws on bus segregation. Smith was one of five plaintiffs, including Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, and Jeanetta Reese. (Reese left the case that month because of intimidation.) The women, other than Reese, testified before a three-judge panel, and on June 13, 1956, the court ruled that the laws were unconstitutional, based on equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. Appealed by the city and state, the case made its way to the United States Supreme Court. On November 13, 1956, it affirmed the lower court's ruling. On December 17, it declined an appeal by the city and state to reconsider, and on December 20 ordered the","title":"Mary Louise Smith (activist)"},{"docid":"32077710","text":"Harold Wayne Greenhaw (February 17, 1940 – May 31, 2011) was an American writer and journalist. The author of 22 books who chronicled changes in the American South from the civil rights movement to the rise of a competitive Republican Party, he is known for his works on the Ku Klux Klan and the exposition of the My Lai Massacre of 1968. Greenhaw wrote for various Alabamian newspapers and magazines, worked as the state's tourism director, and was considered \"a strong voice for his native state\". Biography Born in Sheffield, Alabama, Greenhaw and his family moved to Tuscaloosa when he was ten. He attended Tuscaloosa High School, and at age fourteen contracted polio and spent the better part of a year in a body cast. During this time he read Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner and decided to become a writer. He enrolled at the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa and studied under the creative writing professor Hudson Strode. He wrote for The Montgomery Journal (which was later incorporated into the Montgomery Advertiser) and helped break the story of the indictment of William Calley for murder on September 12, 1969; Greenhaw was one of only a few people who spent time with Calley in that time, having him over at his house in Montgomery, Alabama. The story earned him a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard University in 1973. He wrote for and edited the Alabama Magazine in the 1980s, and wrote for The New York Times and Time. From 1993 to 1994, he served as Alabama's state tourism director under Democratic Governor James Folsom Jr., and was awarded the Harper Lee Award for Alabama's Distinguished Writer in 2006. His papers are held in Auburn Montgomery's library. Greenhaw died on May 31, 2011, in Birmingham from complications during heart surgery. Work His book Fighting the Devil in Dixie: How Civil Rights Activists Took on the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama was hailed as \"an important addition to the civil rights record\"; the book is \"a scholarly account based on interviews, court records, and newspaper articles\" that has \"readability and poignancy\". Greenhaw navigates through the explosive events that spurred a sea change in race relations, encompassing both the villains-e.g., Robert \"Dynamite Bob\" Chambliss, who supplied the explosives responsible for many of the bombings, including the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in 1963-and the numerous heroes, such as the sole early black lawyers in Selma, J.L. Chestnut Jr., and Orzell Billingsley; attorney Charles Morgan in Birmingham; the intrepid Freedom Fighters, demonstrators and student writers for the Southern Courier; and Morris \"Bubba\" Dees Jr., who moved from representing racists to ardent civil-rights lawyer and co-founder of the Southern Poverty Law Center. The author skillfully weaves a rich historical tapestry from his deeply engaged, firsthand observations. He co-wrote with Donnie Williams The Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People Who Broke the Back of Jim Crow. Williams and Greenhaw \"expose the reader to lesser-known figures\" of the Montgomery bus boycott, \"bring[ing] to life the","title":"Wayne Greenhaw"},{"docid":"36220784","text":"Lucille Times (April 22, 1921 – August 16, 2021) was an American civil rights activist. She was active in the struggle for civil rights in Montgomery, Alabama throughout her adult life. Times worked for the cause at a time when the city was at the center of the national movement. Early life Lucille was born on April 22, 1921, in Hope Hull, Alabama. Her mother died when Lucille was very young and she was raised by her father, William Sharp in a Christian home with six siblings. During her childhood years the family lived in Chicago, Detroit and Alabama. Mr. Sharp strongly imprinted two ideas on Lucille: The first: \"You are no better than anyone else\" and the second: \"When you're right don't back down.\" Lucille married her husband, Charlie Times on February 3, 1939. She and Charlie joined the NAACP shortly after marriage, and in 1950, when the NAACP was banned the couple hosted meetings in their home, despite the danger. In 1950, both Lucille and her husband became registered voters. In 1952, they opened the Times Café (a.k.a. \"Sugarhill\") on Holt Street, which operated continuously until 1986. Activism In Detroit When Times lived in Detroit, she was part of a successful boycott of a butcher shop on 12th Street (later named Rosa Parks Blvd). The shop's Polish proprietor sold some bad meat to a black man and refused to replace the meat or give him a refund. The neighborhood residents became indignant and refused to shop there and the shop went out of business in less than a month. Montgomery bus boycott In a public conversation at the Rosa Parks Museum in 2017, Times recounted her story following her claim that she started the Montgomery bus boycott. On June 15, 1955, she drove her 1955 Buick Special to the cleaners on the Mobile Highway. On the way, bus driver James Blake tried to force her car off of the road three times. After she pulled into the cleaners parking lot, Blake exited his bus and confronted her with, \"you're a black son of a bitch!\" Times responded with \"you're a white son of a bitch!\" and they immediately started physically fighting. Soon two motorcycle policemen arrived to break them up. At that time Times bit Blake's left biceps. After splitting them up one of the policemen talked to Blake separately and then approached Times angrily with \"do you know that was a white man you called a 'white son of a bitch'?\" Times responded \"do you know that I was a black woman that he called a 'black son of a bitch.'\" The policeman became infuriated and shook his flashlight in Times' face and said, \"if you were a man I'd beat your head to jelly.\" That night E. D. Nixon came to the Times' Holt Street house and Times told him the story. Nixon responded, \"I cannot do anything about what happened off of the bus, something's got to happen on the bus.\" Times' reply was, \"I'm","title":"Lucille Times"},{"docid":"71446483","text":"Lurel Roy Hackett MBE (19 September 1928 – 2 August 2022) was a Jamaican-born activist and long-time civil rights campaigner for the British African-Caribbean community in Bristol, England. He was one of the primary organisers of the Bristol Bus Boycott, which protested against the Bristol Omnibus Company's ban on employing black and Asian drivers and conductors. These events then paved the way for the Race Relations Act of 1965, the first legislation in the UK to address racial discrimination. He was also a co-founder of the Commonwealth Co-ordinated Committee (CCC) which set up the St. Paul's Carnival (originally known as the St Paul’s Festival), a major cultural event in Bristol. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to the community in Bristol. He was also a member of the Bristol Race Equality Council and founder of West Indian Parents’ and Friends’ Association (WIPFA). Early life Hackett grew up in Islington in St Mary, Jamaica. He worked as an insurance broker alongside other jobs, but still struggled to make enough money to eat. In 1952, he travelled to Britain by ship, as part of the Windrush generation, and lived in Liverpool, London and Wolverhampton, before settling in Bristol. Once in Bristol, he faced racism from his first day, as boarding houses refused to give him a room as soon as they saw he was black, and he ended up spending his first night sleeping in a doorway. Bus Boycott and anti-racist activism In 1955 the Passenger Group of the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU), which represented bus workers, had passed a resolution that black and Asian workers should not be employed as bus crews at the Bristol Omnibus Company, despite a reported labour shortage on the buses. This was revealed by the Bristol Evening Post in 1961 and caused outrage among black communities. In 1962, Ena Hackett, Roy's wife, applied for a job as a conductor with the bus company, but was rejected despite being fully qualified for the post. Along with Owen Henry, Audley Evans and Prince Brown, Roy Hackett formed an action group to respond to this colour bar. Henry introduced Paul Stephenson, who was the city's first black youth officer, to the group, who then became their spokesperson. The group were inspired by Rosa Parks' activism and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and decided to hold their own Bristol Bus Boycott, which they announced at a press conference on 29 April 1963. The boycott attracted national attention, with the politician Tony Benn, Labour MP for Bristol South East, committing to staying \"off the buses, even if I have to find a bike\". The Labour party leader, soon-to-be Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, spoke out against the colour bar at an Anti-Apartheid Movement rally in London in early May. The organisers' strategies included drawing parallels with US segregation and shaming the authorities, while causing as much disruption as possible via pickets of bus depots and routes. On","title":"Roy Hackett"},{"docid":"47119733","text":"Steven L. Reed (born February 20, 1974) is an American jurist, politician, and the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama. A member of the Democratic Party, he was a probate judge in Montgomery County. Reed is the first black mayor of Montgomery. Early life and education Steven L. Reed was born in Montgomery, Alabama, to Joe and Mollie Reed (née Perry) as one of three children. His father, Joe, was one of the first class of elected members of the Montgomery City Council from 1975 to 1999. Reed earned a Bachelor of Arts from Morehouse College and a Master of Business Administration from Vanderbilt University. Reed is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity, having been initiated into its Theta Alpha graduate chapter in 1998. Early career He was a financial analyst, then changed careers and lobbied the Alabama legislature, and worked for Lieutenant Governor Jim Folsom Jr. Reed was elected as probate judge in 2012. In February 2015, he was the first probate judge in the state of Alabama who started issuing same-sex marriage licenses after district judge Callie V. Granade struck the state's ban on same-sex marriage, defying Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore. In March 2015, after a ruling by the Alabama Supreme Court, he stopped issuing them. Mayor of Montgomery Reed ran for mayor of Montgomery in the 2019 election, and defeated his opponent David Woods in a runoff. He was officially sworn in as mayor on November 12, 2019. Prior to being sworn in, Reed took part in a prayer service at the historic Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, which gained notoriety at the start of the Civil rights movement for leading the Montgomery bus boycott. Reed ran for re-election in 2023, and defeated three opponents with 57% of the vote. Elections Montgomery County Probate Judge 2012 Democratic Primary 2012 General Election 2018 General Election Montgomery Mayor 2019 First round 2019 Second round 2023 General References External links Biography, Montgomery Mayor's Office Campaign website Steven L. Reed Living people African-American mayors in Alabama Alabama Democrats Alabama state court judges Mayors of Montgomery, Alabama Probate court judges in the United States Morehouse College alumni Vanderbilt University alumni African-American judges 1974 births","title":"Steven Reed (mayor)"},{"docid":"20095685","text":"Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919 – February 4, 1971) was an African-American civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama. In April 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks in the same city and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, she was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white rider while she was in the \"Whites Only Area\". She refused to move to the \"Colored Area\" thus leading to her arrest. Biography Early life and family Aurelia Browder was born on January 29, 1919, in Montgomery, Alabama, where she resided her whole life. She was the sole economic support of her six children after she was widowed. She had several different careers throughout her life including working as a seamstress, nurse midwife and teacher She was a strong, smart woman, one who Jo Ann Gibson Robinson described in her memoir as \"well-read, highly intelligent, fearless.\" Education Browder completed high school in her thirties and eventually earned a bachelor's degree in science from Alabama State University. She graduated with honors and was in the National Alpha Kappa Mu Honor Society there. While at Alabama State University, Browder met Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, a professor in the English Department, fellow Civil Rights activist, and member of the Women's Political Council. Robinson inspired Browder to get involved and tackle the injustices in the transportation system, encouraging her to participate in the lawsuit proposed by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Involvement in civil rights Prior to her involvement in the Montgomery bus boycott, Browder was active in the voter registration campaigns of the 1950s. She spent time tutoring African Americans who wanted to take the voter registration exam, worked to eliminate poll taxes, and provided transportation to the courthouse for those who wanted to register. Aurelia Browder became associated with several Civil Rights groups during her time including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Browder v. Gayle Arrest and filing of case Aurelia Browder was arrested on April 19, 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, for sitting in the white section of a public city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. She was convicted and fined for her alleged crime. On February 1, 1956, Fred Gray, the attorney for the Montgomery Improvement Association, and filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court on behalf of five black women who had been the victims of discrimination on local buses, joined by Thurgood Marshall and Robert L. Carter of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Plaintiffs and Defendants Browder v. Gayle was filed listing five plaintiffs—Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, Jeanetta Reese, and Mary Louise Smith. Browder was picked as the lead plaintiff because of her age. Two of the other plaintiffs were teenagers, and the other two were senior citizens. Browder was 37 at the time, putting her","title":"Aurelia Browder"},{"docid":"1717121","text":"Theodore Judson Jemison (August 1, 1918 – November 15, 2013), better known as T. J. Jemison, was the president of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. from 1982 to 1994. It is the largest African-American religious organization. He oversaw the construction of the Baptist World Center in Nashville, Tennessee, the headquarters of his convention. In 1953, while minister of a large church in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Jemison helped lead the first civil rights boycott of segregated seating in public bus service. The organization of free rides, coordinated by churches, was a model used later in 1955–1956 by the Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama. Jemison was one of the founders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. In 2003, the 50th anniversary of the Baton Rouge bus boycott was honored with three days of events in the city. These were organized by a young resident born two decades after the action. Background T. J. Jemison was born in 1918 in Selma, Alabama where his father, the Reverend David V. Jemison, was the pastor of the Tabernacle Baptist Church. He came from a family of prominent ministers and strong churchgoing women. He attended local segregated public schools. Jemison earned a bachelor's degree from Alabama State University, a historically black college in the state capital of Montgomery, where he joined Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He earned a divinity degree at Virginia Union University in the capital city of Richmond, Virginia, to prepare for the ministry. He later did graduate study at New York University in New York City. Career In 1949, Jemison was first called as a minister by Mt. Zion First Baptist Church in Baton Rouge. There he worked chiefly on internal church matters, overseeing construction and continued fundraising of a new church building. At the time, his father was serving as President of the National Baptist Convention, the association of African-American Baptist churches established in 1895. Within a few years, Jemison became involved in an early civil rights action. In 1950, the city had ended black-owned buses, requiring all residents to use its monopoly system, which enforced segregated seating. It was racially segregated by law; in practice, black citizens had to sit at the back half of the bus or stand, even if seats in the front \"white\" section were empty. Jemison said later he was struck by \"watching buses pass by his church and seeing black people standing in the aisles, not allowed by law to sit down in seats reserved for whites. 'I thought that was just out of order, that was just cruel'.\" Making up 80 percent of the passengers on the system, African Americans were fed up with standing on buses while \"white\" seats remained empty, particularly after the company had raised fares from ten to fifteen cents in January 1953. Rev. Jemison took up the issue with the Baton Rouge City Council; he testified on February 11, 1953, against the fare increase and asked for an end of the practice of reserving so many seats","title":"T. J. Jemison"},{"docid":"53880699","text":"The Rosa Parks Museum is located on the Troy University at Montgomery satellite campus, in Montgomery, Alabama. It has information, exhibits, and some artifacts from the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. This museum is named after civil rights activist Rosa Parks, who is known for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person on a city bus. Museum Inside the museum, there are interactive activities and even a reenactment of what happened on the bus as if you were outside the bus watching. There are artifacts in the museum from the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This museum is significant to Montgomery because it exhibits events that had occurred during the civil rights era in Alabama. one of the reasons to build the museum was due to the bus boycott that occurred in Montgomery. It was built in Rosa Parks's honor to educate and tell people of her story. While the actual bus the on which the incident occurred is on display at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, there is one on exhibit which is identical to it. Dedication Troy University in Montgomery, Alabama wanted to dedicate their new library and museum to Rosa Parks, \"The Mother of the Civil Rights Movement\". The library carries her name and it commemorates her refusal to give up her seat on the Montgomery City Bus to a white man. The museum and library were opened on the anniversary of the day she refused to give up her seat: December 1. For the 65th anniversary of the boycott, two new traveling exhibitions were added. \"The Women of the Movement\" tells the stories of Jo Ann Robinson, Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Mary Louise Smith and Lucille Times. \"The Legacy of Rosa Parks\" includes the museum history and the relevance of nonviolent disobedience today. See also List of museums focused on African Americans References External links Museums in Montgomery, Alabama Troy University History museums in Alabama Civil rights movement museums Montgomery bus boycott African-American museums in Alabama Rosa Parks","title":"Rosa Parks Museum"},{"docid":"3026045","text":"Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. The main plaintiffs in the case were Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith. Jeanetta Reese had originally been a plaintiff in the case, but intimidation by segregationists (including threatening phone calls and pressure from a senior police officer for whom she worked) caused her to withdraw in February. She falsely claimed she had not agreed to the lawsuit, which led to an unsuccessful attempt to disbar Fred Gray for supposedly improperly representing her. On June 5, 1956, the District Court ruled 2–1, with Lynne dissenting, that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The state and city appealed, and the decision was summarily affirmed by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. Background Shortly after beginning the Montgomery bus boycott in December 1955, black community leaders began to discuss filing a federal lawsuit to challenge the City of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws. They sought a declaratory judgment that Alabama state statutes and ordinances of the city of Montgomery providing for and enforcing racial segregation on \"privately\"-operated buses were in violation of Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment. The cause of action was brought under Reconstruction-era civil rights legislation, specifically 42 U.S.C. sections 1981, 1983. The United States District Court had original jurisdiction to hear the case because it was a federal question (section 1331) and because it concerned civil rights (section 1343). A three-judge district court panel was required under 28 U.S.C. § 2281 for the granting of an interlocutory or the permanent injunction restraining the enforcement of a state statute by restraining the action of a state officer, such as an official of the Alabama Public Service Commission. The court held that since officials admitted that they were enforcing state statutes, a three-judge court had jurisdiction over the case. About two months after the bus boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, nine months before Rosa Parks' action. Fred Gray, E.D. Nixon, president of the NAACP and secretary of the new Montgomery Improvement Association; and Clifford Durr (a white lawyer who, with his wife, Virginia Durr, was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement) searched for the ideal case law to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws. Durr was concerned that an appeal of Parks's case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts and thought that they needed a way","title":"Browder v. Gayle"},{"docid":"2996470","text":"James Frederick Blake (April 14, 1912 – March 21, 2002) was an American bus driver in Montgomery, Alabama, whom Rosa Parks defied in 1955, prompting the Montgomery bus boycott. Early life Born on April 14, 1912, Blake was drafted into the Army on December 23, 1943, at Fort McClellan in Anniston, Alabama. He worked as a bus driver for Montgomery Bus City Lines until 1999. After he retired, he became a member of the Morningview Baptist Church. Arrest of Rosa Parks On June 15, 1955, while driving a bus in Montgomery, Blake tried to run off the road a car driven by a black woman, Lucille Times. When she stopped to run an errand in Montgomery, he parked his bus across the street and proceeded to yell at her and they exchanged epithets and started fighting. Furious, Ms. Times contacted the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the bus company but received no response. She also sent unpublished letters to newspapers in Montgomery and Atlanta. For the next six months, Ms. Times retaliated against the bus company by driving by bus stops to offer free rides to waiting black passengers. In effect, Times began a boycott of the bus company six months before the NAACP and Rosa Parks began the better-known boycott of that company. In 1955, Montgomery's black leaders were preparing to make a legal case against racial discrimination on the city bus system. Rosa Parks was selected to be the central figure in a challenge to the Jim Crow laws which supported segregation. Years before, in 1943, Parks had boarded a bus driven by Blake. She entered the front door of that bus and paid her fare; as she continued on to take a seat, Blake told her to disembark and enter the bus again from the back door, a rule imposed by some drivers. When she got off to re-enter through the back however, Blake drove the bus away. Parks vowed to herself she would never ride with Blake again. Blake and Parks encountered each other again on December 1, 1955 (Parks having forgotten to check who was driving the bus on this occasion), when Blake ordered Parks and three other black people to move to the back of his Cleveland Avenue bus (number 2857) in order to make room for a white passenger. By Parks' account, Blake said, \"Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.\" When she refused, Blake first contacted the bus company and called his boss remarking, \"I called the company first, just like I was supposed to do,\" Blake recalled in a later interview with the Washington Post. \"I got my supervisor on the line. He said, 'Did you warn her, Jim?' I said, 'I warned her.' And he said, and I remember it just like I'm standing here, 'Well then, Jim, you do it, you got to exercise your powers and put her off, hear?' And that's just what I did.\" Parks,","title":"James F. Blake"},{"docid":"9709480","text":"The Long Walk Home is a 1990 American historical drama film starring Sissy Spacek and Whoopi Goldberg, and directed by Richard Pearce. Set in Alabama, it is based on a screenplay about the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956) by John Cork and a short film by the same name, produced by students at the University of Southern California in 1988. Origins The feature film is based on a short screenplay and film of the same name, written by John Cork, then a graduate student in directing at USC. He had submitted his script to the Cinema Department for consideration, hoping also to direct it. While USC selected Cork's script for production, the department assigned Beverlyn E. Fray, another student, to direct it. The scenario on which the film is based, actually happened to Cork and his maid, Elizabeth Gregory Taylor, in his hometown of Montgomery, Alabama. The short film won several awards, including first place at the Black American Cinema Society. Cork, however, was unhappy with the finished project and unsuccessfully tried to block screenings of the short film. Plot The film was expanded as a feature. Set in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, during the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott, it follows Odessa Cotter (Whoopi Goldberg), an African-American woman who works as a maid/nanny for Miriam Thompson (Sissy Spacek). Odessa and her family confront typical issues faced by African Americans in the South at the time: poverty, racism, segregation, and violence. The black community has begun a widespread boycott of the city-owned buses to end segregation; Odessa is forced to take long walks both ways to work. Miriam Thompson offers to give her a ride two days a week to ensure she gets to work on time and to lessen the fatigue her \"long walk home\" is causing. Around the city, some informal carpools and other systems are starting, but most of the blacks are forced to walk to work. As the boycott continues, tensions rise in the city. Blacks had been the majority riders on the city-owned buses, and the system is suffering financially. Miriam's decision to support Odessa by giving her a ride becomes an issue with her husband, Norman Thompson (Dwight Schultz), and other prominent members of the white community who want the boycott to end. Miriam has to choose between what she believes is right or succumb to pressure from her husband and their friends. After an argument with her husband, Miriam decides to follow her heart. She becomes involved in a carpool group to help other black workers like Odessa. In the film's final scene, Miriam and her daughter Mary Catherine (Lexi Randall), who is the narrator of the story in flashback, join Odessa and the other protesters in standing against oppression. Cast Sissy Spacek as Miriam Thompson Whoopi Goldberg as Odessa Cotter Dwight Schultz as Norman Thompson Ving Rhames as Herbert Cotter Dylan Baker as Tunker Thompson Erika Alexander as Selma Cotter Lexi Randall as Mary Catherine (as Lexi Faith Randall) Richard Parnell Habersham as Theodore","title":"The Long Walk Home"},{"docid":"58718828","text":"\"Rosa\" is the third episode of the eleventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was written by Malorie Blackman and executive producer Chris Chibnall, and directed by Mark Tonderai, and was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 October 2018. In the episode, alien time traveller the Doctor (Jodie Whittaker), and her companions Graham O'Brien (Bradley Walsh), Ryan Sinclair (Tosin Cole), and Yasmin Khan (Mandip Gill), arrive in Alabama in 1955, and find themselves seeking to stop time-travelling criminal Krasko (Joshua Bowman) from preventing Rosa Parks (Vinette Robinson) influencing the American civil rights movement during the Montgomery bus boycott. The episode's plot concerns racial segregation in the United States at the time, including the law upheld in Alabama regarding municipal transit during this period. The closing credits of \"Rosa\" were played out with the single \"Rise Up\" by Andra Day, making it one of few episodes in the programme's history not to end with the traditional closing theme. The episode was watched by 8.41 million viewers, and received positive reviews from critics. Plot When the Thirteenth Doctor attempts to return to present-day Sheffield, the TARDIS instead brings her and her friends to Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. Before attempting to leave, the Doctor finds that there are traces of artron energy in the area from another time travel device. Deciding to investigate, the group learn that they have arrived the day before Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat as bus driver James F. Blake demanded on 1 December, effectively influencing the civil rights movement. Tracing the energy, the group locate a suitcase of equipment from the future, but are unable to learn more when they are forced to flee when its owner attempts to hit them with a time displacement device. The Doctor suspects he is trying to alter Parks' history. Leaving her friends to research everything behind the critical moment on 1 December, the Doctor returns to examine the suitcase's contents, before using it to shield herself from its owner — a rehabilitated mass murderer named Krasko. The Doctor learns that Krasko seeks to prevent the Montgomery bus boycott from occurring, but cannot simply kill Parks, since his neural implants prevent him from killing any living being. The Doctor is unable to convince him to abandon his plan, despite taking his time displacement device and destroying his vortex manipulator. When the Doctor learns that Krasko had arranged for Blake to take the day off, she and her friends focus on keeping history on track despite Krasko working to counter their efforts. Ryan encounters Krasko blocking the bus route with a car after removing false notices at bus stops, learning that Krasko succeeded in keeping the bus from reaching its passenger quota. Ryan learns that Krasko's actions are motivated by his deeply racist views, and uses the criminal's own displacement device to send him into the past to stop him completely. Removing the blockade, he and the others rejoin the Doctor on the bus","title":"Rosa (Doctor Who)"},{"docid":"26084250","text":"The Jefferson Franklin Jackson House, commonly known as the Jackson-Community House, is a historic Italianate-style house in Montgomery, Alabama. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 21, 1978, and to the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1984. History The two-story frame house was built by Jefferson Franklin Jackson in 1853. Jackson served as a United States Attorney for northern and central Alabama. He died during the Civil War years. His wife subsequently remarried to Thomas H. Watts, Governor of Alabama from 1863 to 1865. Descendants of the family owned the house into the 20th century and it remained a residence until 1943. The house was purchased in 1943 by the Montgomery City Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, an African American organization comprising twenty-five adult clubs and fifteen youth clubs, for use as a meeting place. The Montgomery City Federation had been formed in 1939 with a goal of promoting positive citizenship. The house became known as the Community House and was used as a Girl Scouts headquarters, a social and civic center, and, in December 1948, the first Montgomery library open to African Americans. Significantly, the house was used to host meetings of the Women's Political Council. They were the first group to officially call for a boycott of the racially segregated Montgomery bus system, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Alabama Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in Montgomery County, Alabama References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama Houses completed in 1853 Italianate architecture in Alabama National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery, Alabama Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage African-American history in Montgomery, Alabama Houses in Montgomery, Alabama","title":"Jefferson Franklin Jackson House"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"22195431\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Stephenson OBE (born 6 May 1937) is a community worker, activist and long-time campaigner for civil rights for the British African-Caribbean community in Bristol, England. As a young social worker, in 1963 Stephenson led a boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company, protesting against its refusal to employ Black or Asian drivers or conductors. After a 60-day boycott supported by thousands of Bristolians, the company revoked its colour bar in August. In 1964 Stephenson achieved national fame when he refused to leave a public house until he was served, resulting in a trial on a charge of failing to leave a licensed premises. His campaigns were instrumental in paving the way for the first Race Relations Act, in 1965. Stephenson is a Freeman of the City of Bristol and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2009. Early life Stephenson was born in Rochford, Essex, in 1937 to a West African father and a British mother. His maternal grandmother Edie Johnson was a well known actress in the 1920s. At age 3 he was evacuated to a care home in Great Dunmow, Essex, where he stayed for seven years. He received his secondary education at Forest Gate Secondary School in London, where he was the only black child in the school. Service in the Royal Air Force followed from 1953 to 1960. Stephenson gained a Diploma in Youth and Community Work from Westhill College of Education, Birmingham, in 1962 and then moved to Bristol to work as a youth officer for Bristol City Council, becoming the city's first black social worker. Bus boycott In January 1955 the Passenger group, that is the section representing those working in Passenger Transport, of the local branch of the Transport and General Workers Union had passed a resolution that \\\"coloured workers should not be employed as bus crews\\\" by the Bristol Omnibus Company. The Bristol Evening Post ran a series of articles in 1961 exposing this colour bar. The union publicly denied the bar, but the company general manager, Ian Patey, did admit it. He attempted to justify the company policy by stating in a meeting with the city's Joint Transport Committee that he \\\"had 'factual evidence' that the introduction of coloured crews in other cities downgraded the job, causing existing (white) staff to go elsewhere.\\\" Several members of the city's West Indian community set up an organisation, the West Indian Development Council, to fight discrimination of this sort, aided by Stephenson, who was the city's first black youth officer. In 1963 Stephenson established that the bus company was indeed operating a colour bar and inspired by the example of Rosa Parks' refusal to move off a \\\"whites only\\\" bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, a Bristol Bus Boycott was organised. As an articulate and university educated person, Stephenson became spokesman for the boycott, which soon attracted nationwide media interest and the campaign grew to receive support from Bristolians of all colours, Tony\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Stephenson (civil rights campaigner)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4752738\",\n \"text\": \"The Women's Political Council (WPC), founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1946 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city. Members included Mary Fair Burks, Jo Ann Robinson, Maude Ballou, Irene West, Thelma Glass, and Euretta Adair. The WPC was the first group to officially call for a boycott of the bus system during the Montgomery bus boycott, beginning in December 1955. The group led efforts in the early 1950s to secure better treatment for Black bus passengers, and in December 1955 it initiated the thirteen-month bus boycott. They helped organize communications to get it started, as well as to support it, including giving people rides who were boycotting the buses. The African Americans of Montgomery upheld the boycott for more than a year. It ended in late December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Browder v. Gayle that the state and local laws for bus segregation were unconstitutional, and ordered the state to desegregate public transportation. Origins The WPC formed in 1946 as a civic organization for African-American professional women in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. It was organized by Mary Fair Burks, the chairperson of the English department at Alabama State College, and 40 other women. The WPC was a political organization composed of Alabama State College faculty members and the wives of black professional men throughout the city. It was inspired by the Atlanta Neighborhood Union. Many of its middle-class women were active in education; most of WPC's members were educators at Alabama State College or Montgomery's public schools. The organization targeted Montgomery's small population of black middle class women, encouraging their civic involvement and promoting voter registration. About forty women attended the first organizational meeting. Burks was the group's first president. Burks decided to form the organization after she was arrested after a traffic dispute with a white woman. The group's initial purposes were to foster women's involvement in civic affairs, to promote voter registration through citizenship education, and to aid women who were victims of rape or assault. Many African Americans were illiterate due to centuries of oppression and poverty; they would sometimes fail the literacy test they were forced to take in order to vote. Other times, they were told they had come to the wrong location for registration or come on the wrong date. One goal of the WPC was to teach adults to read and write well enough to fulfill the literacy requirements for voting. One of its most successful programs was an annual event called Youth City, which taught Black high school students about politics and government and \\\"what democracy could and should mean\\\". During election campaigns the WPC worked with the white-only League of Women Voters to inform Black citizens about political candidates. In 1949, Jo Ann Robinson, a newly hired English professor at Alabama State College, joined the council. Her firsthand experiences with segregated seating on buses prompted\",\n \"title\": \"Women's Political Council\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55083665\",\n \"text\": \"On 18 July 1983, Mdantsane and East London communities embarked on a bus boycott to protest an unannounced five cent increase in bus fares. The residents abandoned the partly Ciskei government-owned Ciskei Transport Corporation (CTC) buses for taxis and trains. On 4 August 1983, the Ciskei police tried to prevent residents from taking the train at Egerton train station in Mdantsane. After hesitating, the crowd advanced a few paces. However, as the police drew their guns, the people stopped. Without warning, the police fired into the crowd killing 11 and injuring 36 commuters, leading to what is now known as the Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre, the Mdantsane bus boycott massacre, the Egerton massacre, and similar terms. Background The Egerton massacre occurred in the then Ciskei township of Mdantsane outside East London. An attitude survey run by the white apartheid South African government conducted in Mdantsane in July 1981 found that 70% of all the working class respondents identified transport as their most serious problem. 80% of Mdantsane's workers used buses to go to work while 15% used the trains and 5% went to work by car. The bus company, which catered for commuters travelling between East London and Mdantsane, was Ciskei Transport Corporation (CTC). The company was co-owned by the Ciskei State and the Economic Development Corporation. In 1980, the South African Allied Workers Union (SAAWU) held meetings around Mdantsane to hear workers' grievances around transport services. SAAWU drew up four demands from the workers in Mdantsane: 1) The provision of bus shelters 2) The provision of tickets that could only be invalidated by the ticket clippers 3) Students and pensioners should pay half price 4) Cushions should be put on the cold wooden benches. These demands were ignored by the Ciskei Transport Corporation. This increased tension between the bus company and commuters. Bus boycott On 13 July 1983, the Ciskei Transport Corporation introduced an 11% (50 cent) bus fare increase on the route between East London and Mdantsane. The issue had been discussed amongst the organised workers and members of the political organisations in the preceding weeks. A meeting with 1000 people was held in a church hall in Duncan Village on 10 July 1983. A committee of ten workers known as the \\\"Committee of Ten\\\" was elected to represent the community's interests to the CTC. The Committee of Ten tried to meet CTC management on Monday 11 July. The CTC refused on the grounds that they had already talked to community leaders two months before the increases were announced. A second mass meeting was held on 12 July in Duncan Village. About 3000 people attended. The CTC responses were unanimously rejected and a decision was taken to boycott the buses. On 18 July, the bus boycott began. The commuters initially walked to work in large groups, from Mdantsane across the Ciskei border to East London, a distance of about twenty kilometres. On its second day, the boycott attracted over 80% of the bus commuters. The number\",\n \"title\": \"Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4771992\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Fair Burks (July 31, 1914 – July 21, 1991) was an American educator, scholar, and activist during the Civil Rights Movement from Montgomery, Alabama. Burks founded the Women’s Political Council in 1946, which helped initiate the Montgomery Bus Boycott following the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955. Biography Burks was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on July 31, 1914, the daughter of Gustavus \\\"Gus\\\" Samuel and Ollie (née Williams) Fair. She attended Alabama State University and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in English literature in 1933, and Michigan State University, where she earned a Master of Arts degree in the same field in 1934. Burks then went back to Montgomery to teach English at Alabama State Laboratory High School. The school’s principal, Nathaniel W. Burks, was a former professor of hers, and the two eventually married and had a child together. Their son, also named Nathaniel W. Burks, became a physician. She was head of the English department at Alabama State College in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Burks continued her own schooling as well by earning her doctorate in education from Columbia University, and she completed further postgraduate studies at universities such as Harvard and Oxford. In 1960, Burks resigned from Alabama State College after several professors were fired for their involvement in civil rights issues. Among the other 16 faculty members fired from the college was Jo Ann Robinson, a fellow member of the Women's Political Council that Burks worked closely with leading up to and during the Civil Rights Movement. Following the end of the movement, Burks moved to Salisbury, Maryland. Burks was an active member of her community there, where she founded two African American historical societies, worked with the volunteer program of a local hospital, and became a member of the Maryland Arts Council. She was appointed to a National Endowment for the Humanities reviewing panel in 1979, and she also taught literature at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore until her retirement in 1986. Burks died on July 21, 1991. Published works Burks published numerous literary works, including a review of James Baldwin’s If Beale Street Could Talk as well as articles on Toni Morrison and other Black authors. In 1976, her journal article “The First Black Literary Magazine in American Letters” was published. In 1991, Burks contributed to a book titled “Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers”. The book included segments composed by a variety of different authors, and Burks wrote the “Montgomery Bus Boycott” section. The Women's Political Council In 1935, Burks was involved in an incident with a white motorist that led to her being arrested by a white police officer. The incident demonstrated the prevalence of racism in Montgomery to Burks, which she had felt previously shielded from due to her education level and status. The incident inspired Burks to focus her attention towards advocating for racial equality in Montgomery, and a year later she founded the Women’s Political Council. The WPC focused its efforts\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Fair Burks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34498925\",\n \"text\": \"Rosa Parks Day is a holiday in honor of the civil rights leader Rosa Parks, celebrated in the U.S. states of California and Missouri on her birthday, February 4, in Michigan on the first Monday after her birthday, and in Ohio and Oregon on the day she was arrested, December 1. Rosa Parks Day was created by the Michigan State Legislature and first celebrated in 1998. The California State Legislature followed suit in 2000. The holiday was first designated in the U.S. state of Ohio championed by Joyce Beatty, advocate who helped Ohio's legislation pass to honor the late leader. It is also celebrated by the Columbus Ohio bus system (COTA) with a special tribute to the late civil rights leader. As of 2014, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon proclaimed Rosa Parks Day official in the state. In 2014, Oregon governor John Kitzhaber declared that Oregon would celebrate its first Rosa Parks Day. In 2021, the Texas Legislature passed HB 3481, recognizing December 1 as Rosa Parks Day in the state. After Juneteenth became a federal holiday, there are growing calls for this day to also be observed at the federal level. On September 3, 2021, HR 5111 proposes that this day be added to the list of federal holidays. Observances by state Observances by cities and counties Origins Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a seamstress by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake, who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to Abbeville, Alabama, to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott. In 1955, Parks completed a course in \\\"Race Relations\\\" at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the frontmost row for black people. When a Caucasian man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and was arrested for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5, Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4, but she appealed. Parks' action gained notoriety leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was a seminal event in the civil\",\n \"title\": \"Rosa Parks Day\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63475779\",\n \"text\": \"Viola White (1911–1954) was an African-American woman who lived in Montgomery, Alabama and is best known for her resistance to segregated bus laws. At 35 years old, in 1944, White was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. White's arrest occurred a decade before Rosa Parks' similar act of resistance, which is credited for starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott. White worked at Maxwell Air Force Base. Biography Bus incident White is best known for her 1944 act of resistance to bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama. While riding the bus, White was ordered by the bus driver to give up her seat. When she refused, the driver threatened to physically remover her; however, she continued to refuse. The driver called the police. When police arrived, they removed her from the bus, beat her, and arrested her. She was found guilty and charged a $10 fine. With help from civil rights leader and union organizer E.D. Nixon, White submitted several appeals to her charges in the Circuit Court several times. Nixon explains, \\\"The city of Montgomery knew they couldn't win,\\\" so they used their power to prevent the appeals from ever being placed on the court calendar. Following White's attempts to appeal her charges, local police officers retaliated. A. A. Enger, a white police officer, kidnapped White's 16-year-old daughter, drove her to a cemetery, and sexually assaulted her. During the attack, her daughter memorized the officer's license plate so she could report Enger the next day. E.D Nixon attempted several times to get a judge to sign a warrant for Enger's arrest. Once the warrant was signed, the Police Chief tipped off Enger. Enger left town escaping being detained, fired, or facing any charges. Death and afterward White died ten years after the incident. At the time of her death, White's appeal still never made it onto the court Calendar. According to E.D Nixon, how White's case was handled at the state level helped activists in Montgomery form a blueprint for future segregation cases. Notably, it influenced how Rosa Parks's case was handled after she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on December 1, 1955. The organizers learned in order for any legal challenges against bus segregation to have an impact they would need to make it to the federal court. On the lessons learned from White's case, Nixon remarked:\\\"We paid Mrs. Parks [fine] in Court of Common Appeal. It cost us fifty-one dollars. I believe that's what it was. Now, not that Mrs. Parks didn't have a good case, but they were going to do us just like they done us in the Viola White case. They going to hold — wanted to wear us out, wear us out and never move that case up the Circuit Court, and they was all dumbfounded when they found out that we done, decided to go into federal court with two or three people who had been mistreated on the bus.\\\" Additionally, while Parks was listed as a plaintiff in\",\n \"title\": \"Viola White\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48377269\",\n \"text\": \"William Armistead \\\"Tacky\\\" Gayle, Jr. (March 5, 1896 – July 5, 1965) was an American politician for the Democratic Party, soldier and writer who was the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama, from 1951 to 1959. Gayle was born in 1896, the son of William A. and Mary (née Winn) Gayle. He served during World War I in the United States Navy, having attended the United States Naval Academy. He later attended the University of Alabama from 1915 to 1916. After the war, he worked for the Anderson Coal Company as a manager. Gayle, who held the rank of Brigadier General, was appointed by Governor Bibb Graves on April 2, 1935 to serve as Adjutant General of Alabama. He previously served as Assistant Adjutant General in Graves' administration. He resigned on October 1, 1935 to become commissioner of Montgomery, Alabama. During World War II, Gayle returned to active duty, serving in the United States Army Air Forces. After the war, he would continue to serve in the Alabama National Guard. He served as public works commissioner of the City of Montgomery when he was elected as mayor in 1951. Gayle served as Mayor of Montgomery from 1951 to 1959. The Montgomery bus boycott occurred during his term as mayor from 1955 to 1956. He was named the defendant of the Browder v. Gayle federal court case that ended the boycott and racial segregation on the buses in Montgomery. Gayle died on July 5, 1965. The W. A. Gayle Planetarium in Montgomery's Oak Park is named in his honor. Civil rights record Gayle was initially a moderate to even moderate liberal on the issue of civil rights for African-Americans, enjoying a high popularity among that race; however, as the bus boycotting continued, Gayle took more aggressive stances against African-Americans, particularly those boycotting, thus losing his popularity and standing among the city's African-American population. References 1896 births 1965 deaths 20th-century mayors of places in Alabama Mayors of Montgomery, Alabama Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama United States Naval Academy alumni University of Alabama alumni\",\n \"title\": \"W. A. Gayle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68564939\",\n \"text\": \"Bus boycotts in South Africa were a series of protests that took place in the Union of South Africa and in the present Republic of South Africa against increasing prices of transport fees and segregating practices during the Apartheid to the present. Background In 1940 South African authorities passed the Electoral Laws Amendment Act, which provided for the compulsory registration of White voters only. The Act had been the focus of protests by the African People's Organization. The African National Congress (ANC) established a Department of Social Welfare to investigate the needs of the increasingly urban population. In early August 1943, the bus fare in Alexandra Township increased from four to five cents, sparking a boycott of 20,000 individuals, including Nelson Mandela. The boycott lasted nine days until the local bus company conceded and lowered the fare back to its original price. Along with the lowered fare, the boycott lead to the commission of inquiry regarding bus fare affordability. The following year, despite the commission's evidence indicating the majority of urban Africans could not afford the five-cent fare, the government gave permission to bus companies to increase the fare to five cents. This caused another boycott, this time lasting seven weeks, in Alexandra. 1957 Alexandra bus boycott On 7 January 1957 workers from Johannesburg and Pretoria townships began a boycott of PUTCO, due to the company increasing fares by 25% (one penny at that time) in order to get them out of a continuous financial crisis. This spontaneous act marked the start of a three-month period during which an estimated 70,000 workers joined in the action, which became known as the 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott. PUTCO was forced to rescind the increase in the bus fare. Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre On 18 July 1983, Mdantsane and East London communities embarked on a bus boycott to protest an unannounced five cent increase in bus fares. The residents abandoned the partly Ciskei government-owned Ciskei Transport Corporation (CTC) buses for taxis and trains. On 4 August 1983, the Ciskei police tried to prevent residents from taking the train at Egerton train station in Mdantsane. After hesitating, the crowd advanced a few paces. However, as the police drew their guns, the people stopped. Without warning, the police fired into the crowd killing 11 and injuring 36 commuters, leading to what is now known as the Egerton railway station bus boycott massacre, the Mdantsane bus boycott massacre, the Egerton massacre, and similar terms. See also Anti-Apartheid Movement Apartheid PUTCO Montgomery bus boycott 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott Defiance Campaign Human rights in South Africa References Movements for civil rights Boycotts of apartheid South Africa Protests in South Africa Opposition to apartheid in South Africa Events associated with apartheid Civil disobedience\",\n \"title\": \"Bus boycotts in South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"147408\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Louise Ware ( Smith; born 1937) is an African-American civil rights activist. She was arrested in October 1955 at the age of 18 in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat on the segregated bus system. She is one of several women who were arrested for this offense prior to Rosa Parks that year. Parks was the figure around whom the Montgomery bus boycott was organized, starting December 5, 1955. On February 1, 1956, Smith was one of five women named as plaintiffs in the federal civil suit, Browder v. Gayle, challenging the constitutionality of the state and local bus segregation laws. On June 13, 1956, a three-judge panel of the United States District Court ruled that the laws were unconstitutional. The ruling was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13 in a landmark decision, and in December it declined to reconsider. On December 20, 1956, the Supreme Court ordered Alabama to desegregate its buses and the Montgomery bus boycott ended. Early life and education Mary Louise Smith was born in Montgomery, Alabama into a Catholic family. She and all her siblings attended and graduated from St. Jude Educational Institute. She was baptized at St. Jude's Church, where she was a parishioner. At the age of 18, on October 21, 1955, Smith was returning home on the Montgomery city bus, and was ordered to relinquish her seat to a white passenger who had boarded later. She refused to do so and was arrested. She was charged with failure to obey segregation orders, some 40 days before the arrest of Rosa Parks on similar charges. She was arrested and fined $12. Activist E.D. Nixon, leading some of the bus boycott movement, shared information that Smith's father was an alcoholic, and she was not the right symbol to withstand the publicity. The family and neighbors dispute this characterization. Additionally, she was considered not the \\\"right class\\\" to be the rallying point for the movement. Smith's father represented her in court, without aid from outside political organizations. Attorney Fred Gray recruited Smith and her father to become plaintiffs in a federal civil rights class-action lawsuit to end segregated seating on city buses. Browder v. Gayle On February 1, 1956, Gray and other attorneys filed a civil suit, Browder v. Gayle in the United States District Court, challenging state and local laws on bus segregation. Smith was one of five plaintiffs, including Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, and Jeanetta Reese. (Reese left the case that month because of intimidation.) The women, other than Reese, testified before a three-judge panel, and on June 13, 1956, the court ruled that the laws were unconstitutional, based on equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. Appealed by the city and state, the case made its way to the United States Supreme Court. On November 13, 1956, it affirmed the lower court's ruling. On December 17, it declined an appeal by the city and state to reconsider, and on December 20 ordered the\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Louise Smith (activist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32077710\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Wayne Greenhaw (February 17, 1940 – May 31, 2011) was an American writer and journalist. The author of 22 books who chronicled changes in the American South from the civil rights movement to the rise of a competitive Republican Party, he is known for his works on the Ku Klux Klan and the exposition of the My Lai Massacre of 1968. Greenhaw wrote for various Alabamian newspapers and magazines, worked as the state's tourism director, and was considered \\\"a strong voice for his native state\\\". Biography Born in Sheffield, Alabama, Greenhaw and his family moved to Tuscaloosa when he was ten. He attended Tuscaloosa High School, and at age fourteen contracted polio and spent the better part of a year in a body cast. During this time he read Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner and decided to become a writer. He enrolled at the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa and studied under the creative writing professor Hudson Strode. He wrote for The Montgomery Journal (which was later incorporated into the Montgomery Advertiser) and helped break the story of the indictment of William Calley for murder on September 12, 1969; Greenhaw was one of only a few people who spent time with Calley in that time, having him over at his house in Montgomery, Alabama. The story earned him a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard University in 1973. He wrote for and edited the Alabama Magazine in the 1980s, and wrote for The New York Times and Time. From 1993 to 1994, he served as Alabama's state tourism director under Democratic Governor James Folsom Jr., and was awarded the Harper Lee Award for Alabama's Distinguished Writer in 2006. His papers are held in Auburn Montgomery's library. Greenhaw died on May 31, 2011, in Birmingham from complications during heart surgery. Work His book Fighting the Devil in Dixie: How Civil Rights Activists Took on the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama was hailed as \\\"an important addition to the civil rights record\\\"; the book is \\\"a scholarly account based on interviews, court records, and newspaper articles\\\" that has \\\"readability and poignancy\\\". Greenhaw navigates through the explosive events that spurred a sea change in race relations, encompassing both the villains-e.g., Robert \\\"Dynamite Bob\\\" Chambliss, who supplied the explosives responsible for many of the bombings, including the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in 1963-and the numerous heroes, such as the sole early black lawyers in Selma, J.L. Chestnut Jr., and Orzell Billingsley; attorney Charles Morgan in Birmingham; the intrepid Freedom Fighters, demonstrators and student writers for the Southern Courier; and Morris \\\"Bubba\\\" Dees Jr., who moved from representing racists to ardent civil-rights lawyer and co-founder of the Southern Poverty Law Center. The author skillfully weaves a rich historical tapestry from his deeply engaged, firsthand observations. He co-wrote with Donnie Williams The Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People Who Broke the Back of Jim Crow. Williams and Greenhaw \\\"expose the reader to lesser-known figures\\\" of the Montgomery bus boycott, \\\"bring[ing] to life the\",\n \"title\": \"Wayne Greenhaw\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36220784\",\n \"text\": \"Lucille Times (April 22, 1921 – August 16, 2021) was an American civil rights activist. She was active in the struggle for civil rights in Montgomery, Alabama throughout her adult life. Times worked for the cause at a time when the city was at the center of the national movement. Early life Lucille was born on April 22, 1921, in Hope Hull, Alabama. Her mother died when Lucille was very young and she was raised by her father, William Sharp in a Christian home with six siblings. During her childhood years the family lived in Chicago, Detroit and Alabama. Mr. Sharp strongly imprinted two ideas on Lucille: The first: \\\"You are no better than anyone else\\\" and the second: \\\"When you're right don't back down.\\\" Lucille married her husband, Charlie Times on February 3, 1939. She and Charlie joined the NAACP shortly after marriage, and in 1950, when the NAACP was banned the couple hosted meetings in their home, despite the danger. In 1950, both Lucille and her husband became registered voters. In 1952, they opened the Times Café (a.k.a. \\\"Sugarhill\\\") on Holt Street, which operated continuously until 1986. Activism In Detroit When Times lived in Detroit, she was part of a successful boycott of a butcher shop on 12th Street (later named Rosa Parks Blvd). The shop's Polish proprietor sold some bad meat to a black man and refused to replace the meat or give him a refund. The neighborhood residents became indignant and refused to shop there and the shop went out of business in less than a month. Montgomery bus boycott In a public conversation at the Rosa Parks Museum in 2017, Times recounted her story following her claim that she started the Montgomery bus boycott. On June 15, 1955, she drove her 1955 Buick Special to the cleaners on the Mobile Highway. On the way, bus driver James Blake tried to force her car off of the road three times. After she pulled into the cleaners parking lot, Blake exited his bus and confronted her with, \\\"you're a black son of a bitch!\\\" Times responded with \\\"you're a white son of a bitch!\\\" and they immediately started physically fighting. Soon two motorcycle policemen arrived to break them up. At that time Times bit Blake's left biceps. After splitting them up one of the policemen talked to Blake separately and then approached Times angrily with \\\"do you know that was a white man you called a 'white son of a bitch'?\\\" Times responded \\\"do you know that I was a black woman that he called a 'black son of a bitch.'\\\" The policeman became infuriated and shook his flashlight in Times' face and said, \\\"if you were a man I'd beat your head to jelly.\\\" That night E. D. Nixon came to the Times' Holt Street house and Times told him the story. Nixon responded, \\\"I cannot do anything about what happened off of the bus, something's got to happen on the bus.\\\" Times' reply was, \\\"I'm\",\n \"title\": \"Lucille Times\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71446483\",\n \"text\": \"Lurel Roy Hackett MBE (19 September 1928 – 2 August 2022) was a Jamaican-born activist and long-time civil rights campaigner for the British African-Caribbean community in Bristol, England. He was one of the primary organisers of the Bristol Bus Boycott, which protested against the Bristol Omnibus Company's ban on employing black and Asian drivers and conductors. These events then paved the way for the Race Relations Act of 1965, the first legislation in the UK to address racial discrimination. He was also a co-founder of the Commonwealth Co-ordinated Committee (CCC) which set up the St. Paul's Carnival (originally known as the St Paul’s Festival), a major cultural event in Bristol. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to the community in Bristol. He was also a member of the Bristol Race Equality Council and founder of West Indian Parents’ and Friends’ Association (WIPFA). Early life Hackett grew up in Islington in St Mary, Jamaica. He worked as an insurance broker alongside other jobs, but still struggled to make enough money to eat. In 1952, he travelled to Britain by ship, as part of the Windrush generation, and lived in Liverpool, London and Wolverhampton, before settling in Bristol. Once in Bristol, he faced racism from his first day, as boarding houses refused to give him a room as soon as they saw he was black, and he ended up spending his first night sleeping in a doorway. Bus Boycott and anti-racist activism In 1955 the Passenger Group of the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU), which represented bus workers, had passed a resolution that black and Asian workers should not be employed as bus crews at the Bristol Omnibus Company, despite a reported labour shortage on the buses. This was revealed by the Bristol Evening Post in 1961 and caused outrage among black communities. In 1962, Ena Hackett, Roy's wife, applied for a job as a conductor with the bus company, but was rejected despite being fully qualified for the post. Along with Owen Henry, Audley Evans and Prince Brown, Roy Hackett formed an action group to respond to this colour bar. Henry introduced Paul Stephenson, who was the city's first black youth officer, to the group, who then became their spokesperson. The group were inspired by Rosa Parks' activism and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and decided to hold their own Bristol Bus Boycott, which they announced at a press conference on 29 April 1963. The boycott attracted national attention, with the politician Tony Benn, Labour MP for Bristol South East, committing to staying \\\"off the buses, even if I have to find a bike\\\". The Labour party leader, soon-to-be Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, spoke out against the colour bar at an Anti-Apartheid Movement rally in London in early May. The organisers' strategies included drawing parallels with US segregation and shaming the authorities, while causing as much disruption as possible via pickets of bus depots and routes. On\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Hackett\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47119733\",\n \"text\": \"Steven L. Reed (born February 20, 1974) is an American jurist, politician, and the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama. A member of the Democratic Party, he was a probate judge in Montgomery County. Reed is the first black mayor of Montgomery. Early life and education Steven L. Reed was born in Montgomery, Alabama, to Joe and Mollie Reed (née Perry) as one of three children. His father, Joe, was one of the first class of elected members of the Montgomery City Council from 1975 to 1999. Reed earned a Bachelor of Arts from Morehouse College and a Master of Business Administration from Vanderbilt University. Reed is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity, having been initiated into its Theta Alpha graduate chapter in 1998. Early career He was a financial analyst, then changed careers and lobbied the Alabama legislature, and worked for Lieutenant Governor Jim Folsom Jr. Reed was elected as probate judge in 2012. In February 2015, he was the first probate judge in the state of Alabama who started issuing same-sex marriage licenses after district judge Callie V. Granade struck the state's ban on same-sex marriage, defying Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore. In March 2015, after a ruling by the Alabama Supreme Court, he stopped issuing them. Mayor of Montgomery Reed ran for mayor of Montgomery in the 2019 election, and defeated his opponent David Woods in a runoff. He was officially sworn in as mayor on November 12, 2019. Prior to being sworn in, Reed took part in a prayer service at the historic Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, which gained notoriety at the start of the Civil rights movement for leading the Montgomery bus boycott. Reed ran for re-election in 2023, and defeated three opponents with 57% of the vote. Elections Montgomery County Probate Judge 2012 Democratic Primary 2012 General Election 2018 General Election Montgomery Mayor 2019 First round 2019 Second round 2023 General References External links Biography, Montgomery Mayor's Office Campaign website Steven L. Reed Living people African-American mayors in Alabama Alabama Democrats Alabama state court judges Mayors of Montgomery, Alabama Probate court judges in the United States Morehouse College alumni Vanderbilt University alumni African-American judges 1974 births\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Reed (mayor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20095685\",\n \"text\": \"Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919 – February 4, 1971) was an African-American civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama. In April 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks in the same city and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, she was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white rider while she was in the \\\"Whites Only Area\\\". She refused to move to the \\\"Colored Area\\\" thus leading to her arrest. Biography Early life and family Aurelia Browder was born on January 29, 1919, in Montgomery, Alabama, where she resided her whole life. She was the sole economic support of her six children after she was widowed. She had several different careers throughout her life including working as a seamstress, nurse midwife and teacher She was a strong, smart woman, one who Jo Ann Gibson Robinson described in her memoir as \\\"well-read, highly intelligent, fearless.\\\" Education Browder completed high school in her thirties and eventually earned a bachelor's degree in science from Alabama State University. She graduated with honors and was in the National Alpha Kappa Mu Honor Society there. While at Alabama State University, Browder met Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, a professor in the English Department, fellow Civil Rights activist, and member of the Women's Political Council. Robinson inspired Browder to get involved and tackle the injustices in the transportation system, encouraging her to participate in the lawsuit proposed by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Involvement in civil rights Prior to her involvement in the Montgomery bus boycott, Browder was active in the voter registration campaigns of the 1950s. She spent time tutoring African Americans who wanted to take the voter registration exam, worked to eliminate poll taxes, and provided transportation to the courthouse for those who wanted to register. Aurelia Browder became associated with several Civil Rights groups during her time including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Browder v. Gayle Arrest and filing of case Aurelia Browder was arrested on April 19, 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, for sitting in the white section of a public city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. She was convicted and fined for her alleged crime. On February 1, 1956, Fred Gray, the attorney for the Montgomery Improvement Association, and filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court on behalf of five black women who had been the victims of discrimination on local buses, joined by Thurgood Marshall and Robert L. Carter of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Plaintiffs and Defendants Browder v. Gayle was filed listing five plaintiffs—Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, Jeanetta Reese, and Mary Louise Smith. Browder was picked as the lead plaintiff because of her age. Two of the other plaintiffs were teenagers, and the other two were senior citizens. Browder was 37 at the time, putting her\",\n \"title\": \"Aurelia Browder\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1717121\",\n \"text\": \"Theodore Judson Jemison (August 1, 1918 – November 15, 2013), better known as T. J. Jemison, was the president of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. from 1982 to 1994. It is the largest African-American religious organization. He oversaw the construction of the Baptist World Center in Nashville, Tennessee, the headquarters of his convention. In 1953, while minister of a large church in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Jemison helped lead the first civil rights boycott of segregated seating in public bus service. The organization of free rides, coordinated by churches, was a model used later in 1955–1956 by the Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama. Jemison was one of the founders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. In 2003, the 50th anniversary of the Baton Rouge bus boycott was honored with three days of events in the city. These were organized by a young resident born two decades after the action. Background T. J. Jemison was born in 1918 in Selma, Alabama where his father, the Reverend David V. Jemison, was the pastor of the Tabernacle Baptist Church. He came from a family of prominent ministers and strong churchgoing women. He attended local segregated public schools. Jemison earned a bachelor's degree from Alabama State University, a historically black college in the state capital of Montgomery, where he joined Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He earned a divinity degree at Virginia Union University in the capital city of Richmond, Virginia, to prepare for the ministry. He later did graduate study at New York University in New York City. Career In 1949, Jemison was first called as a minister by Mt. Zion First Baptist Church in Baton Rouge. There he worked chiefly on internal church matters, overseeing construction and continued fundraising of a new church building. At the time, his father was serving as President of the National Baptist Convention, the association of African-American Baptist churches established in 1895. Within a few years, Jemison became involved in an early civil rights action. In 1950, the city had ended black-owned buses, requiring all residents to use its monopoly system, which enforced segregated seating. It was racially segregated by law; in practice, black citizens had to sit at the back half of the bus or stand, even if seats in the front \\\"white\\\" section were empty. Jemison said later he was struck by \\\"watching buses pass by his church and seeing black people standing in the aisles, not allowed by law to sit down in seats reserved for whites. 'I thought that was just out of order, that was just cruel'.\\\" Making up 80 percent of the passengers on the system, African Americans were fed up with standing on buses while \\\"white\\\" seats remained empty, particularly after the company had raised fares from ten to fifteen cents in January 1953. Rev. Jemison took up the issue with the Baton Rouge City Council; he testified on February 11, 1953, against the fare increase and asked for an end of the practice of reserving so many seats\",\n \"title\": \"T. J. Jemison\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53880699\",\n \"text\": \"The Rosa Parks Museum is located on the Troy University at Montgomery satellite campus, in Montgomery, Alabama. It has information, exhibits, and some artifacts from the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott. This museum is named after civil rights activist Rosa Parks, who is known for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person on a city bus. Museum Inside the museum, there are interactive activities and even a reenactment of what happened on the bus as if you were outside the bus watching. There are artifacts in the museum from the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This museum is significant to Montgomery because it exhibits events that had occurred during the civil rights era in Alabama. one of the reasons to build the museum was due to the bus boycott that occurred in Montgomery. It was built in Rosa Parks's honor to educate and tell people of her story. While the actual bus the on which the incident occurred is on display at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, there is one on exhibit which is identical to it. Dedication Troy University in Montgomery, Alabama wanted to dedicate their new library and museum to Rosa Parks, \\\"The Mother of the Civil Rights Movement\\\". The library carries her name and it commemorates her refusal to give up her seat on the Montgomery City Bus to a white man. The museum and library were opened on the anniversary of the day she refused to give up her seat: December 1. For the 65th anniversary of the boycott, two new traveling exhibitions were added. \\\"The Women of the Movement\\\" tells the stories of Jo Ann Robinson, Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Mary Louise Smith and Lucille Times. \\\"The Legacy of Rosa Parks\\\" includes the museum history and the relevance of nonviolent disobedience today. See also List of museums focused on African Americans References External links Museums in Montgomery, Alabama Troy University History museums in Alabama Civil rights movement museums Montgomery bus boycott African-American museums in Alabama Rosa Parks\",\n \"title\": \"Rosa Parks Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3026045\",\n \"text\": \"Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. The main plaintiffs in the case were Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith. Jeanetta Reese had originally been a plaintiff in the case, but intimidation by segregationists (including threatening phone calls and pressure from a senior police officer for whom she worked) caused her to withdraw in February. She falsely claimed she had not agreed to the lawsuit, which led to an unsuccessful attempt to disbar Fred Gray for supposedly improperly representing her. On June 5, 1956, the District Court ruled 2–1, with Lynne dissenting, that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The state and city appealed, and the decision was summarily affirmed by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. Background Shortly after beginning the Montgomery bus boycott in December 1955, black community leaders began to discuss filing a federal lawsuit to challenge the City of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws. They sought a declaratory judgment that Alabama state statutes and ordinances of the city of Montgomery providing for and enforcing racial segregation on \\\"privately\\\"-operated buses were in violation of Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment. The cause of action was brought under Reconstruction-era civil rights legislation, specifically 42 U.S.C. sections 1981, 1983. The United States District Court had original jurisdiction to hear the case because it was a federal question (section 1331) and because it concerned civil rights (section 1343). A three-judge district court panel was required under 28 U.S.C. § 2281 for the granting of an interlocutory or the permanent injunction restraining the enforcement of a state statute by restraining the action of a state officer, such as an official of the Alabama Public Service Commission. The court held that since officials admitted that they were enforcing state statutes, a three-judge court had jurisdiction over the case. About two months after the bus boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, nine months before Rosa Parks' action. Fred Gray, E.D. Nixon, president of the NAACP and secretary of the new Montgomery Improvement Association; and Clifford Durr (a white lawyer who, with his wife, Virginia Durr, was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement) searched for the ideal case law to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws. Durr was concerned that an appeal of Parks's case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts and thought that they needed a way\",\n \"title\": \"Browder v. Gayle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2996470\",\n \"text\": \"James Frederick Blake (April 14, 1912 – March 21, 2002) was an American bus driver in Montgomery, Alabama, whom Rosa Parks defied in 1955, prompting the Montgomery bus boycott. Early life Born on April 14, 1912, Blake was drafted into the Army on December 23, 1943, at Fort McClellan in Anniston, Alabama. He worked as a bus driver for Montgomery Bus City Lines until 1999. After he retired, he became a member of the Morningview Baptist Church. Arrest of Rosa Parks On June 15, 1955, while driving a bus in Montgomery, Blake tried to run off the road a car driven by a black woman, Lucille Times. When she stopped to run an errand in Montgomery, he parked his bus across the street and proceeded to yell at her and they exchanged epithets and started fighting. Furious, Ms. Times contacted the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the bus company but received no response. She also sent unpublished letters to newspapers in Montgomery and Atlanta. For the next six months, Ms. Times retaliated against the bus company by driving by bus stops to offer free rides to waiting black passengers. In effect, Times began a boycott of the bus company six months before the NAACP and Rosa Parks began the better-known boycott of that company. In 1955, Montgomery's black leaders were preparing to make a legal case against racial discrimination on the city bus system. Rosa Parks was selected to be the central figure in a challenge to the Jim Crow laws which supported segregation. Years before, in 1943, Parks had boarded a bus driven by Blake. She entered the front door of that bus and paid her fare; as she continued on to take a seat, Blake told her to disembark and enter the bus again from the back door, a rule imposed by some drivers. When she got off to re-enter through the back however, Blake drove the bus away. Parks vowed to herself she would never ride with Blake again. Blake and Parks encountered each other again on December 1, 1955 (Parks having forgotten to check who was driving the bus on this occasion), when Blake ordered Parks and three other black people to move to the back of his Cleveland Avenue bus (number 2857) in order to make room for a white passenger. By Parks' account, Blake said, \\\"Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.\\\" When she refused, Blake first contacted the bus company and called his boss remarking, \\\"I called the company first, just like I was supposed to do,\\\" Blake recalled in a later interview with the Washington Post. \\\"I got my supervisor on the line. He said, 'Did you warn her, Jim?' I said, 'I warned her.' And he said, and I remember it just like I'm standing here, 'Well then, Jim, you do it, you got to exercise your powers and put her off, hear?' And that's just what I did.\\\" Parks,\",\n \"title\": \"James F. Blake\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9709480\",\n \"text\": \"The Long Walk Home is a 1990 American historical drama film starring Sissy Spacek and Whoopi Goldberg, and directed by Richard Pearce. Set in Alabama, it is based on a screenplay about the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956) by John Cork and a short film by the same name, produced by students at the University of Southern California in 1988. Origins The feature film is based on a short screenplay and film of the same name, written by John Cork, then a graduate student in directing at USC. He had submitted his script to the Cinema Department for consideration, hoping also to direct it. While USC selected Cork's script for production, the department assigned Beverlyn E. Fray, another student, to direct it. The scenario on which the film is based, actually happened to Cork and his maid, Elizabeth Gregory Taylor, in his hometown of Montgomery, Alabama. The short film won several awards, including first place at the Black American Cinema Society. Cork, however, was unhappy with the finished project and unsuccessfully tried to block screenings of the short film. Plot The film was expanded as a feature. Set in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, during the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott, it follows Odessa Cotter (Whoopi Goldberg), an African-American woman who works as a maid/nanny for Miriam Thompson (Sissy Spacek). Odessa and her family confront typical issues faced by African Americans in the South at the time: poverty, racism, segregation, and violence. The black community has begun a widespread boycott of the city-owned buses to end segregation; Odessa is forced to take long walks both ways to work. Miriam Thompson offers to give her a ride two days a week to ensure she gets to work on time and to lessen the fatigue her \\\"long walk home\\\" is causing. Around the city, some informal carpools and other systems are starting, but most of the blacks are forced to walk to work. As the boycott continues, tensions rise in the city. Blacks had been the majority riders on the city-owned buses, and the system is suffering financially. Miriam's decision to support Odessa by giving her a ride becomes an issue with her husband, Norman Thompson (Dwight Schultz), and other prominent members of the white community who want the boycott to end. Miriam has to choose between what she believes is right or succumb to pressure from her husband and their friends. After an argument with her husband, Miriam decides to follow her heart. She becomes involved in a carpool group to help other black workers like Odessa. In the film's final scene, Miriam and her daughter Mary Catherine (Lexi Randall), who is the narrator of the story in flashback, join Odessa and the other protesters in standing against oppression. Cast Sissy Spacek as Miriam Thompson Whoopi Goldberg as Odessa Cotter Dwight Schultz as Norman Thompson Ving Rhames as Herbert Cotter Dylan Baker as Tunker Thompson Erika Alexander as Selma Cotter Lexi Randall as Mary Catherine (as Lexi Faith Randall) Richard Parnell Habersham as Theodore\",\n \"title\": \"The Long Walk Home\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58718828\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rosa\\\" is the third episode of the eleventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was written by Malorie Blackman and executive producer Chris Chibnall, and directed by Mark Tonderai, and was first broadcast on BBC One on 21 October 2018. In the episode, alien time traveller the Doctor (Jodie Whittaker), and her companions Graham O'Brien (Bradley Walsh), Ryan Sinclair (Tosin Cole), and Yasmin Khan (Mandip Gill), arrive in Alabama in 1955, and find themselves seeking to stop time-travelling criminal Krasko (Joshua Bowman) from preventing Rosa Parks (Vinette Robinson) influencing the American civil rights movement during the Montgomery bus boycott. The episode's plot concerns racial segregation in the United States at the time, including the law upheld in Alabama regarding municipal transit during this period. The closing credits of \\\"Rosa\\\" were played out with the single \\\"Rise Up\\\" by Andra Day, making it one of few episodes in the programme's history not to end with the traditional closing theme. The episode was watched by 8.41 million viewers, and received positive reviews from critics. Plot When the Thirteenth Doctor attempts to return to present-day Sheffield, the TARDIS instead brings her and her friends to Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. Before attempting to leave, the Doctor finds that there are traces of artron energy in the area from another time travel device. Deciding to investigate, the group learn that they have arrived the day before Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat as bus driver James F. Blake demanded on 1 December, effectively influencing the civil rights movement. Tracing the energy, the group locate a suitcase of equipment from the future, but are unable to learn more when they are forced to flee when its owner attempts to hit them with a time displacement device. The Doctor suspects he is trying to alter Parks' history. Leaving her friends to research everything behind the critical moment on 1 December, the Doctor returns to examine the suitcase's contents, before using it to shield herself from its owner — a rehabilitated mass murderer named Krasko. The Doctor learns that Krasko seeks to prevent the Montgomery bus boycott from occurring, but cannot simply kill Parks, since his neural implants prevent him from killing any living being. The Doctor is unable to convince him to abandon his plan, despite taking his time displacement device and destroying his vortex manipulator. When the Doctor learns that Krasko had arranged for Blake to take the day off, she and her friends focus on keeping history on track despite Krasko working to counter their efforts. Ryan encounters Krasko blocking the bus route with a car after removing false notices at bus stops, learning that Krasko succeeded in keeping the bus from reaching its passenger quota. Ryan learns that Krasko's actions are motivated by his deeply racist views, and uses the criminal's own displacement device to send him into the past to stop him completely. Removing the blockade, he and the others rejoin the Doctor on the bus\",\n \"title\": \"Rosa (Doctor Who)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26084250\",\n \"text\": \"The Jefferson Franklin Jackson House, commonly known as the Jackson-Community House, is a historic Italianate-style house in Montgomery, Alabama. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 21, 1978, and to the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1984. History The two-story frame house was built by Jefferson Franklin Jackson in 1853. Jackson served as a United States Attorney for northern and central Alabama. He died during the Civil War years. His wife subsequently remarried to Thomas H. Watts, Governor of Alabama from 1863 to 1865. Descendants of the family owned the house into the 20th century and it remained a residence until 1943. The house was purchased in 1943 by the Montgomery City Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, an African American organization comprising twenty-five adult clubs and fifteen youth clubs, for use as a meeting place. The Montgomery City Federation had been formed in 1939 with a goal of promoting positive citizenship. The house became known as the Community House and was used as a Girl Scouts headquarters, a social and civic center, and, in December 1948, the first Montgomery library open to African Americans. Significantly, the house was used to host meetings of the Women's Political Council. They were the first group to officially call for a boycott of the racially segregated Montgomery bus system, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Alabama Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in Montgomery County, Alabama References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama Houses completed in 1853 Italianate architecture in Alabama National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery, Alabama Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage African-American history in Montgomery, Alabama Houses in Montgomery, Alabama\",\n \"title\": \"Jefferson Franklin Jackson House\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["King"],"string":"[\n \"King\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":63,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55312"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was i know why the caged bird sings written"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"39742162","text":"Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? is author and poet Maya Angelou's fourth volume of poetry, published by Random House in 1983. It was published during one of the most productive periods in Angelou's career; she had written four autobiographies and published three other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but was best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Many of the poems in Shaker focus on survival despite threatened freedom, lost love, and defeated dreams. Over half of them are love poems, and emphasize the inevitable loss of love. \"Caged Bird\", which refers to Angelou's first autobiography, is contained in this volume. Background Shaker, Why Don't You Sing is Maya Angelou's fourth volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. The publication of Shaker, Why Don't You Sing occurred during one of the most productive periods of Angelou's career. She had written songs for Roberta Flack and had composed movie scores. She had written articles, short stories, TV scripts and documentaries, autobiographies, and poetry, she produced plays, and was named a visiting professor of several colleges and universities. Angelou was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. In 1981, after ten years of marriage, Angelou and her husband Paul du Feu divorced. Angelou returned to the southern United States, where she accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she has been best known for her autobiographies. Many of Angelou's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \"received little serious critical attention\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry is more interesting when she recites them. Bloom calls her performances \"characteristically dynamic\", and says that Angelou \"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\". Angelou's began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of","title":"Shaker, Why Don't You Sing?"},{"docid":"28469573","text":"Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971) is the first collection of poems by African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. Many of the poems in Diiie were originally song lyrics, written during Angelou's career as a night club performer, and recorded on two albums before the publication of Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but is best known for her seven autobiographies. Early in her writing career she began a practice of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Although her poetry collections have been best-sellers, they have not received serious critical attention and are more interesting when read aloud. Diiie is made up of two sections of 38 poems. The 20 poems in the first section, \"Where Love is a Scream of Anguish\", center on love. Many of the poems in this section and the next are structured like blues and jazz music, and have universal themes of love and loss. The eighteen poems in the second section, \"Just Before the World Ends\", focus on the experience of the survival of African Americans despite living in a society dominated by whites. Angelou uses the vernacular of African Americans, irony, understatement, and humor to make her statements about race and racism in America. She acts as a spokesperson for her race in these poems, in which her use of irony and humor allows her to speak for the collective and to assume a distance in order to make comments about her themes, topics, and subjects. Critic Kathy M. Essick have called the poems in Diiie \"protest poems\". The metaphors in her poetry serve as \"coding\", or litotes, for meanings understood by other Blacks, although her themes and topics are universal for most readers to understand. Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie has received mixed reviews from critics but was a best-seller. Many critics expected that the volume would be popular despite their negative reviews, but others considered it well written, lyrical, and a moving expression of social observation. Background Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie is Maya Angelou's first volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Angelou recorded two albums of poetry and songs she wrote during her career as a night club performer; the first in 1957 for Liberty Records and the second The Poetry of Maya Angelou, for GWP Records the year before the publication of her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). They were later incorporated into her volumes of poetry, including Diiie, which was published the year after Caged","title":"Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie"},{"docid":"40061358","text":"I Shall Not Be Moved is author and poet Maya Angelou's fifth collection of poetry, published by Random House in 1990. Angelou had written four autobiographies and published four other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright and her poetry has also been successful, but she is best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. She began, early in her writing career, of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Most critics agree that Angelou's poems are more interesting when she recites them. The poems in I Shall Not Be Moved focus on themes of hard work, universal experiences of humans, the struggle of African Americans, and love and relationships. Like most of her poetry, the collection has received little serious critical attention, although most reviews have been positive. Background I Shall Not Be Moved is Maya Angelou's fifth volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of seven, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she has been best known for her autobiographies, and many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \"received little serious critical attention\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poems are more interesting when she recites them. Bloom calls her performances \"characteristically dynamic\", and says that Angelou \"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\". Early in her writing career she began alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. By the time I Shall Not Be Moved was published in 1990, she had published five autobiographies, eventually going on to publish seven. Her publisher, Random House, placed the poems in I Shall Not Be Moved in her first collection of poetry, The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou (1994), perhaps to capitalize on her popularity following her reading of her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. Also in the 1994 collection were her four previous collections, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975), And Still I Rise (1978), and Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? (1983). Angelou's publisher placed four poems in a smaller volume entitled Phenomenal Woman in 1995. Themes Critic Lyman B. Hagen states that much of Angelou's poetry and most of her writings, especially \"Worker's Song\", the first","title":"I Shall Not Be Moved (poetry collection)"},{"docid":"18404951","text":"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the 1969 autobiography about the early years of African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou, features many characters, including Angelou as a child, which she has called \"the Maya character\". The first in a six-volume series, Caged Bird is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya transforms from a victim of racism into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. Caged Bird has been categorized as an autobiography, but Angelou utilizes fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, thematic development, and characterization. She uses the first-person narrative voice customary with autobiographies, but also includes fiction-like elements, told from the perspective of a child that is \"artfully recreated by an adult narrator\". She uses two distinct voices, the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book, whom Angelou calls \"the Maya character\". Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and \"the Maya character\" is \"damned difficult\", but \"very necessary\". Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou \"retaliates for the tongue-tied child's helpless pain\" by using her adult's irony and wit. Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books – she tends to \"diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth\". In a 1998 interview with journalist George Plimpton, Angelou discussed \"the sometimes slippery notion of truth in nonfiction\" and memoirs, stating, \"Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people, because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about.\" Primary characters Marguerite Johnson (\"Maya\") The main character, \"an unlikely heroine\", from whose perspective the story is told. She has been described as \"a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America\". The book covers most of her childhood, from the age of three, when she and her older brother Bailey are sent to their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas, until she was sixteen, when she gives birth to her son Clyde. Through the character of Maya, Angelou uses her own childhood to demonstrate how she was able to survive as a black child in a white-dominated world. Maya is resilient, highly intelligent and loves literature. She goes from feeling shame about her race and appearance to feeling pride, in spite of experiences of racism and trauma. She is raped at the age of eight by her mother's boyfriend and responds by choosing not to speak for five years. She is brought out of her muteness by Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who introduces her to great literature. Annie Henderson (\"Momma\") Maya and Bailey's paternal grandmother, \"a church-going, God-fearing woman whose store is the heart of black socializing in Stamps\". She is the most important influence in","title":"List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters"},{"docid":"28018823","text":"And Still I Rise is author Maya Angelou's third volume of poetry, published by Random House in 1978. It was published during one of the most productive periods in Angelou's career; she had written three autobiographies and published two other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but was best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. And Still I Rise is made up of 32 short poems, divided into three parts. The poems' themes focus on a hopeful determination to rise above difficulty and discouragement, and on many of the same topics as Angelou's autobiographies and previous volumes of poetry. Two of her most well-known and popular poems, \"Phenomenal Woman\" and \"Still I Rise\", are found in this volume. She speaks for her race and gender in many of the poems, and again emphasizes the strength and resiliency of her community. Like her previous volumes of poetry, the reviews of And Still I Rise were mixed. The collection's title poem, \"Still I Rise\", was the center of an advertising campaign for the United Negro College Fund. Two others, \"Phenomenal Woman\" and \"Just For a Time\", were previously published in Cosmopolitan. \"Phenomenal Woman\" was one of Angelou's poems featured in the film Poetic Justice. Background And Still I Rise is Maya Angelou's third volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. The publication of And Still I Rise occurred during one of the most productive periods of Angelou's career. She had written songs for Roberta Flack and had composed movie scores. She had written articles, short stories, TV scripts and documentaries, autobiographies, and poetry; she produced plays; and she was named a visiting professor of several colleges and universities. In 1977, Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots. She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she was best known for her autobiographies. Many of Angelou's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \"received little serious critical attention\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry was more interesting when she recited it. Bloom calls her","title":"And Still I Rise"},{"docid":"39741628","text":"Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well is a book of poems by American author Maya Angelou, published by Random House in 1975. It is Angelou's second volume of poetry, written after her first two autobiographies and first volume of poetry were published. Angelou considers herself a poet and a playwright, but is best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Although her poetry collections have been best-sellers, they have not received serious critical attention. Oh Pray is divided into five parts and consists of 36 poems. The volume is dedicated to \"Paul\". Like many of Angelou's poems, the poetry in the volume has been characterized as light verse. They contain identifications with ordinary objects and universal identifications. Oh Pray has received mixed reviews from critics; one critic states that the poems in it are best if read aloud. They focus on themes of love, insight, and tension, and on overcoming difficulties. Angelou writes about ordinary objects and experiences, and with deep feelings, about a variety of racial themes and concerns. Background Oh Pray My Wings are Gonna Fit Me Well is Maya Angelou's second volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Angelou's film Georgia, Georgia, produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, was the first screenplay written by a Black woman, and was released in 1972. Angelou married Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of Germaine Greer, Paul du Feu, in San Francisco in 1973. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she has been best known for her autobiographies. Many of Angelou's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \"received little serious critical attention\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry is more interesting when she recites it. Bloom calls Angelou's performances \"characteristically dynamic\", and says that she \"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\". Angelou began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, followed her first autobiography, and","title":"Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well"},{"docid":"21895463","text":"\"On the Pulse of Morning\" is a poem by writer and poet Maya Angelou that she read at the first inauguration of President Bill Clinton on January 20, 1993. With her public recitation, Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration, and the first African American and woman. (Robert Frost was the first inaugural poet, at the 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy.) Angelou's audio recording of the poem won the 1994 Grammy Award in the \"Best Spoken Word\" category, resulting in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadening her appeal. The poem's themes are change, inclusion, responsibility, and role of both the President and the citizenry in establishing economic security. Its symbols, references to contemporary issues, and personification of nature has inspired critics to compare \"On the Pulse of Morning\" with Frost's inaugural poem and with Clinton's inaugural address. It has been called Angelou's \"autobiographical poem\", and has received mixed reviews. The popular press praised Clinton's choice of Angelou as inaugural poet, and her \"representiveness\" of the American people and its president. Critic Mary Jane Lupton said that \"Angelou's ultimate greatness will be attributed\" to the poem, and that Angelou's \"theatrical\" performance of it, using skills she learned as an actor and speaker, marked a return to the African-American oral tradition of speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Poetry critics, despite praising Angelou's recitation and performance, gave mostly negative reviews of the poem. Background When Angelou wrote and recited \"On the Pulse of Morning\", she was already well known as a writer and poet. She had written five of the seven of her series of autobiographies, including the first and most highly acclaimed, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). Although she was best known for her autobiographies, she was primarily known as a poet rather than an autobiographer. Early in her writing career she began alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Her first volume of poetry Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie, published in 1971 shortly after Caged Bird, became a best-seller. As scholar Marcia Ann Gillespie writes, Angelou had \"fallen in love with poetry\" during her early childhood in Stamps, Arkansas. After her rape at the age of eight, which she depicted in Caged Bird, Angelou memorized and studied great works of literature, including poetry. According to Caged Bird, her friend Mrs. Flowers encouraged her to recite them, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed period of muteness caused by her trauma. Angelou was the first poet to read an inaugural poem since Robert Frost read his poem \"The Gift Outright\" at President John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961, and the first Black woman. When it was announced that Angelou would read one of her poems at Clinton's inauguration, many in the popular press compared her role as inaugural poet with that of Frost, especially what critic Zofia Burr","title":"On the Pulse of Morning"},{"docid":"14515009","text":"Fielder Cook (March 9, 1923 – June 20, 2003) was an American television and film director, producer, and writer whose 1971 television film The Homecoming: A Christmas Story spawned the series The Waltons. Biography and career Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Cook graduated with honor with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Literature from Washington and Lee University, then studied Elizabethan Drama at the University of Birmingham in England. He returned to the United States and began his career in the early days of television, directing many episodes of such anthology series as Lux Video Theater, The Kaiser Aluminum Hour, Playhouse 90, Omnibus, and Kraft Television Theatre. In later years, he directed the television movies Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys, A Love Affair: The Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Story, Gauguin the Savage, Family Reunion, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Will There Really Be a Morning?, and others; adaptations of The Philadelphia Story, Harvey, Brigadoon, Beauty and the Beast, The Price, Miracle on 34th Street, and The Member of the Wedding; and episodes of Ben Casey, The Defenders, and Beacon Hill. Cook's credits for feature films include A Big Hand for the Little Lady, How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life (1968), Prudence and the Pill (1968, co-director), From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1973), Eagle in a Cage, and Seize the Day. Cook died in Charlotte, North Carolina from complications from a stroke. Selected filmography Patterns (1956) Home Is the Hero (1959) The Philadelphia Story (TV movie - 1959) A String of Beads (TV movie - 1961) The Farmer's Daughter (TV movie - 1962) Focus (TV movie - 1962) The Fifty Minute Hour (TV movie - 1962) Brigadoon (TV movie - 1966) A Big Hand for the Little Lady (1966) How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life (1968) Prudence and the Pill (1968) Hallmark Hall of Fame: Teacher, Teacher (1969) Mirror, Mirror Off the Wall (TV movie - 1969) Who Killed the Mysterious Mr. Foster (TV movie - 1971) Goodbye, Raggedy Ann (TV movie - 1971) Neighbors (TV movie - 1971) The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (TV movie - 1971) Eagle in a Cage (1972) The Hands of Cormac Joyce (TV movie - 1972) From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1973) Miracle on 34th Street (TV movie - 1973) Pomroy's People (TV movie - 1973) This Is the West That Was (TV movie - 1974) Miles to Go Before I Sleep (TV movie - 1975) Valley Forge (TV movie - 1975) The Rivalry (TV movie - 1975) Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys (TV movie - 1976) Beauty and the Beast (TV movie - 1976) A Love Affair: The Eleanor & Lou Gehrig Story (TV movie - 1978) Too Far to Go (TV movie - 1979) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (TV movie - 1979) Gauguin the Savage (TV movie - 1980) Family Reunion (TV movie - 1981) Will There Really Be a Morning? (TV movie","title":"Fielder Cook"},{"docid":"40077458","text":"The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou is author and poet Maya Angelou's collection of poetry, published by Random House in 1994. It is Angelou's first collection of poetry published after she read her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. It contains her previous five books of poetry, published between 1971—1990. Her prose works have been more successful than her poetry, which has received little serious attention by critics. History The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou is Maya Angelou's first collection of poetry. By the time of its publication in 1994, she had published five autobiographies, eventually going on to publish seven, and five books of poetry. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Her publisher, Random House, placed the poems of her previous volumes in this collection, perhaps to capitalize on her popularity following her reading of her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. The volumes included in the collection are Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975), And Still I Rise (1978), Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? (1983), and I Shall Not Be Moved (1990). Also included was \"On the Pulse of Morning\". Angelou's publisher placed four previously-published poems in a smaller volume, entitled Phenomenal Woman in 1995. Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, but she has been best known for her autobiographies. Many of her readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester has stated that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \"received little serious critical attention\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry is more interesting when she recites them. Bloom calls her performances \"characteristically dynamic\", and says that Angelou \"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\". References Citations 1983 poetry books American poetry collections Random House books Poetry by Maya Angelou Books by Maya Angelou","title":"The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou"},{"docid":"288140","text":"Maya Angelou ( ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American memoirist, poet, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou's series of seven autobiographies focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim. She became a poet and writer after a string of odd jobs during her young adulthood. These included fry cook, sex worker, nightclub performer, Porgy and Bess cast member, Southern Christian Leadership Conference coordinator, and correspondent in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa. Angelou was also an actress, writer, director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. In 1982, she was named the first Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Angelou was active in the Civil Rights Movement and worked with Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Beginning in the 1990s, she made approximately 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit, something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" (1993) at the first inauguration of Bill Clinton, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson for Black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of Black culture. Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide, although attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries. Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics consider them to be autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes that include racism, identity, family and travel. Early life Marguerite Annie Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr., nicknamed Marguerite \"Maya\", derived from \"My\" or \"Mya Sister\". When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' \"calamitous marriage\" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas, alone by train, to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In \"an astonishing exception\" to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II, because the general store she owned sold basic and needed commodities and because \"she made","title":"Maya Angelou"},{"docid":"22549683","text":"Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas is the third book of Maya Angelou's seven-volume autobiography series. Set between 1949 and 1955, the book spans Angelou's early twenties. In this volume, Angelou describes her struggles to support her young son, form meaningful relationships, and forge a successful career in the entertainment world. The work's 1976 publication was the first time an African-American woman had expanded her life story into a third volume. Scholar Dolly McPherson calls the book \"a graphic portrait of the adult self in bloom\" and critic Lyman B. Hagen calls it \"a journey of discovery and rebirth\". In Singin' and Swingin, Angelou examines many of the same subjects and themes in her previous autobiographies including travel, music, race, conflict, and motherhood. Angelou depicts the conflict she felt as a single mother, despite her success as a performer as she travels Europe with the musical Porgy and Bess. Her depictions of her travels, which take up 40 percent of the book, have roots in the African-American slave narrative. Angelou uses music and musical concepts throughout Singin' and Swingin'; McPherson calls it Angelou's \"praisesong\" to Porgy and Bess. Angelou's stereotypes about race and race relations are challenged as she interacts more with people of different races. During the course of this narrative, she changes her name from Marguerite Johnson to Maya Angelou for professional reasons. Her young son changes his name as well, from Clyde to Guy, and their relationship is strengthened as the book ends. Background Angelou followed her first two installations of her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) and Gather Together in My Name (1974), with Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas, published in 1976. It marked the first time a well-known African-American woman writer had expanded her life story into a third autobiography. She also published two volumes of poetry: Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975). Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. It made her, as scholar Joanne Braxton stated, \"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\". Writer Hilton Als calls Angelou, along with feminist diarirst Anaïs Nin, \"pioneers of self-exposure, willing to turn a spotlight on their own sometimes questionable exploits and emotional shortcomings\". Angelou, unlike African-American women autobiographers who wrote during the 19th and early 20th centuries, was able to use herself as the main character in her books. Writer Julian Mayfield, who calls I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings \"a work of art that eludes description\", states that Angelou's work set a precedent in describing \"the black experience\" in African-American literature. While Angelou was composing her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name (1974), she was concerned about how her readers would react to her disclosure that she had been a prostitute. Her husband Paul du Feu talked her into","title":"Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas"},{"docid":"11394851","text":"Paul Benjamin (February 4, 1935 – June 28, 2019) was an American actor. Early life Born to Fair, a Baptist preacher (1890–1950) and Rosa Benjamin (née Butler; 1895–1940) in Pelion, South Carolina, Benjamin was the youngest of 12 children. Benjamin moved to Columbia, South Carolina with an older brother after the death of his parents. Benjamin attended C.A. Johnson High School and later enrolled at Benedict College. Career Benjamin relocated to New York and studied at the Herbert Berghof Studio. He made his film debut in 1969 as a bartender in Midnight Cowboy. After small roles in Sidney Lumet's The Anderson Tapes (1971) and Born to Win (1971), he did extensive television work in the 1970s. A few notable exceptions were a major role in Barry Shear's Across 110th Street (1972), and smaller parts in Shear's western The Deadly Trackers (1973), Michael Campus' The Education of Sonny Carson (1974), Arthur Marks' Friday Foster (1975), Gordon Parks' biopic Leadbelly (1976), and Don Siegel's prison film Escape from Alcatraz (1979). He also performed in the TV adaptations of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979) and Gideon's Trumpet (1980). He later starred in the 1987 HBO movie The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains, based on the novel by Robert E. Burns. On the big screen in the 1980s and 1990s, Benjamin worked with some well-known actors and directors. He acted in Some Kind of Hero (1982) opposite Richard Pryor, Martin Ritt's drama film Nuts (1987) starring Barbra Streisand, Pink Cadillac (1989) with Clint Eastwood, Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing (1989), Robert Townsend's The Five Heartbeats (1991), Bill Duke's Hoodlum (1997), and John Singleton's Rosewood (1997). On television, he appeared in the 1988 episode of In The Heat of the Night as a death row inmate and in the 1994 pilot episode of ER, which led to his recurring role of homeless man Al Ervin during the next few seasons. Benjamin also worked on the American Masters documentary of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Ralph Ellison, which aired on PBS. He also acted in an episode of the 14th season of Law & Order entitled \"Identity\" (2003) as well as an episode of The Shield. After 2000, he acted mainly in independent films like Stanley's Gig, The Station Agent, Deacons For Defense, and James Hunter's 2005 drama Back in the Day. Death Benjamin died on June 28, 2019, in Los Angeles at age 84. Filmography Midnight Cowboy (1969) - Bartender - New York The Anderson Tapes (1971) - Jimmy Born to Win (1971) - Fixer Across 110th Street (1972) - Jim Harris The Deadly Trackers (1973) - Jacob The Education of Sonny Carson (1974) - Pops Distance (1975) - Sgt. Elwood Horne Friday Foster (1975) - Sen. David Lee Hart Leadbelly (1976) - Wes Ledbetter One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story (1978) - John LeFlore I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979, TV movie) - Freeman Escape from Alcatraz (1979) - English Gideon's Trumpet (1980, TV movie) - Artis Some","title":"Paul Benjamin"},{"docid":"41436371","text":"Maya Angelou, an African-American writer who is best known for her seven autobiographies, was also a prolific and successful poet. She has been called \"the black woman's poet laureate\", and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans. Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, and used poetry and other great literature to cope with trauma, as she described in her first and most well-known autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. She became a poet after a series of occupations as a young adult, including as a cast member of a European tour of Porgy and Bess, and a performer of calypso music in nightclubs in the 1950s. Many of the songs she wrote during that period later found their way to her later poetry collections. She eventually gave up performing for a writing career. Despite considering herself a poet and playwright, she wrote Caged Bird in 1969, which brought her international recognition and acclaim. Many of her readers consider her a poet first and an autobiographer second, but she is better known for her prose works. She has published several volumes of poetry, and has experienced similar success as a poet. Early in her writing career, she began alternating a volume of poetry with an autobiography. In 1993, she recited one of her best-known poems, \"On the Pulse of Morning\", at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton. Angelou explores many of the same themes throughout all her writings, in both her autobiographies and poetry. These themes include love, painful loss, music, discrimination and racism, and struggle. Her poetry cannot easily be placed in categories of themes or techniques. It has been compared with music and musical forms, especially the blues, and like the blues singer, Angelou uses laughter or ridicule instead of tears to cope with minor irritations, sadness, and great suffering. Many of her poems are about love, relationships, or overcoming hardships. The metaphors in her poetry serve as \"coding\", or litotes, for meanings understood by other Blacks, but her themes and topics apply universally to all races. Angelou uses everyday language, the Black vernacular, Black music and forms, and rhetorical techniques such as shocking language, the occasional use of profanity, and traditionally unacceptable subjects. As she does throughout her autobiographies, Angelou speaks not only for herself, but for her entire gender and race. Her poems continue the themes of mild protest and survival also found in her autobiographies, and inject hope through humor. Tied with Angelou's theme of racism is her treatment of the struggle and hardships experienced by her race. Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry. Although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has been studied less. Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to her popular success and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a spoken, performed one. Background Maya Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, having \"fallen in love with poetry in","title":"Poetry of Maya Angelou"},{"docid":"14224969","text":"Robert Duane Loomis (August 24, 1926 – April 19, 2020) was an American book editor who worked at Random House from 1957 until his retirement in 2011. He has been called \"one of publishing's hall of fame editors.\" Many of Loomis's authors had worked with him for decades, including Maya Angelou, who wrote 31 books under his editorship, beginning with her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). His authors' loyalty to him, and his to them, was almost legendary. Loomis represented \"the classic mold of the editor\" and according to Random House, he \"embodied the ideal of an old-fashioned editor: understated, but uncanny; polite, but persistent\". As Angelou said, Loomis \"knows what I hope to achieve in all my work. I don't know anybody as fierce, simply fierce, but he's as tender as he's tough.\" He was well known as a mentor to editors and writers in all areas of the publishing industry. Other notable authors who have been edited by Loomis include Calvin Trillin, Edmund Morris (who wrote Dutch, the \"controversial\" biography of US President Ronald Reagan), Shelby Foote, Jonathan Harr, and anchorman Jim Lehrer. He edited the Vietnam war epic, A Bright Shining Lie, by Neil Sheehan, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, and in 1998, the novel he edited for Pete Dexter, Paris Trout, earned the National Book Award, \"an unprecedented feat in editing.\" Loomis and author William Styron had known each other since they were both students at Duke University, where Loomis was Styron's editor at Duke's student magazine. Loomis went on to edit all of Styron's books except Lie Down in Darkness, his first novel. Personal life Loomis was married to Hilary Mills, who wrote a biography about Norman Mailer. He was a certified pilot. Loomis died on April 19, 2020, in Stony Brook, New York, after a fall. References External links Peter Osnos, \"Great Book Editors Are Not an Endangered Species\", The Atlantic, May 24, 2011. Dan Duray, \"Bob Loomis Talks Cerf And Turf Ahead Of His Retirement\", Observer, May 31, 2011. American publishers (people) 1926 births 2020 deaths","title":"Robert Loomis"},{"docid":"21050787","text":"Frank Joseph Urioste (born April 28, 1938) is an American film editor with about 30 film credits. He has been nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, for RoboCop (1987), Die Hard (1988), and Basic Instinct (1992). Early life Urioste was born to Frank T. Urioste and Angelina \"Angie\" Saracino (1909-2006). He also has a sister, Carol. His father worked as an airplane bomb sight manufacturer during World War II, and shortly afterwards started at MGM, where he was a music editor for over 30 years. Career Urioste began his career in 1957, when he worked with Henry Mancini at MGM as a music editor. The first film that Urioste edited was What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969). He continued to edit films during the 1970s, such as Midway (1976), Damnation Alley (1977) and The Boys in Company C (1978). Urioste has also worked in television; in 1979, he edited the television film, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In 1974, he edited the film The Spikes Gang. In 1979, he edited Fast Break. In 1983, he edited Amityville 3-D. That same year, Urioste edited Trenchcoat, starring Margot Kidder and Robert Hays. Other films that Urioste edited during the 1980s include Conan the Destroyer (1984), Die Hard (1988) and Road House (1989). He also edited The Hitcher (1986), starring Rutger Hauer. Urioste was nominated for an Academy Award for his editing in Die Hard. Urioste has also collaborated with director Paul Verhoeven in such films as RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990) and Basic Instinct (1992). In 1993, Urioste edited Cliffhanger. That same year, he edited the film, Tombstone. In 1995, he co-edited Cutthroat Island. In 1996, he co-edited the film, Executive Decision, starring Kurt Russell. Urioste used Avid Technology for the first time when he had less than four weeks to edit Lethal Weapon 4 (1998). In addition to film editing, Urioste has been the senior vice president of feature development at Warner Bros. since 1998. Urioste also served on the board of governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences from 1994 to 1997 and is on the advisory board of the film editors branch of the Academy. Urioste received the American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award in 2007. Personal life He is married to Gemma Urioste. Together, they have had four children; Rosemarie, Maryan, Michelle, and Frank Jr. He has 10 grandchildren, and all celebrated his lifetime achievement at the Eddie Awards. Filmography References External links American Cinema Editors Living people 1938 births","title":"Frank J. Urioste"},{"docid":"8111681","text":"Jerome Louis \"J.J.\" Jackson (born November 8, 1942) is an American soul/R&B singer, songwriter, and arranger. His singing style is as a belter. Jackson best known for the song \"But It's Alright\", which he co-wrote with Pierre Tubbs. The song was released in 1966 and then re-released in 1969, to chart success on both occasions. The liner notes to his 1967 album, J.J. Jackson, on Calla Records, stated that he weighed 285 pounds. History Jackson was born in Bronx, New York. Described as \"one of the most interesting obscure figures of '60s soul\", Jackson, then based in New York, started out as a songwriter and arranger. His first songwriting credit, at the age of sixteen, was \"The Lord Will Understand (And Say 'Well Done')\", being the B-side to \"Got A Date With An Angel\", a 1957 single by Billy Williams. Jackson co-wrote the song with G. Douglas and M. Brent. The song was banned by the BBC for \"religious overtones\". Jackson's first single was \"Shy Guy\", backed with \"Time\", on Crescent Records and distributed by Fantasy Records, in 1963. Both songs were written by Jackson. Jackson was later a songwriter and arranger for \"Brother\" Jack McDuff, Jimmy Witherspoon, and the Shangri-Las, among others. His songwriting credits include Mary Wells' \"My Mind's Made Up\" and \"I've Come to One Conclusion\" by Inez and Charlie Foxx, both co-written with fellow soul singer Sidney Barnes. Barnes and Jackson became a freelance songwriting team in 1964, at a time when Jackson was known as both a pianist and a songwriter. Barnes had previously been a lead writer, producer and talent scout for the recently opened New York office of Motown Records and Jobete Music. Barnes and Jackson wrote songs for several R & B solo artists of the period, including Sandra Phillips and Billy Prophet, formerly of The Jive Five. Barnes and Jackson also wrote for The Soul Sisters, and became staff writers at Sue Records, one of the few black-owned record labels based in New York at the time. Barnes and Jackson were soon thereafter signed to exclusive contracts with Red Bird Records and Trio Music Publishing, owned by Leiber and Stoller. \"It's Easier to Cry\", by the Shangri-Las and released on Red Bird Records, was co-written by Jackson, Joe De Angelis and Robert Steinberg. The latter song was the B-side to the Shangri-Las' 1964 hit single \"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\" By 1965, Barnes had emerged as a solo performer, recording songs written by Barnes and Jackson, including \"I Hurt On The Other Side\", and \"I Don't Know Why\". Jackson is best known for the soul hit \"But It's Alright\" co-written with Pierre Tubbs and which, after its 1966 release as the B-side of the single \"Boogaloo Baby\", became one of the best known dance music tunes of the decade, reaching No. 22 on the Billboard chart. The single was recorded in the United Kingdom, being one of the first R & B hit singles to have been recorded in England. The","title":"J. J. Jackson (singer)"},{"docid":"21134885","text":"Buddy Cage (February 18, 1946 – February 5, 2020) was an American pedal steel guitarist, best known as a longtime member of the New Riders of the Purple Sage. Popular both as a performer and session musician, he played with many bands and recording artists, including Anne Murray, Bob Dylan, Brewer & Shipley, David Bromberg, and the Zen Tricksters. Musical career Buddy Cage learned to play pedal steel guitar at a young age. By the mid-1960s he was working as a professional musician, both onstage and as a session player for the Arc Records label. When the folk music duo of Ian and Sylvia decided to go electric in 1969, he joined their band, known as the Great Speckled Bird. Great Speckled Bird was part of the Festival Express concert tour in 1970. From 1969 to 1972, Cage also recorded four albums with Anne Murray, and one album with Brewer & Shipley. It was on the Festival Express tour that the New Riders of the Purple Sage became acquainted with Cage. The New Riders were a psychedelic influenced country rock band that had been founded by Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead, along with John Dawson and David Nelson. The New Riders and the Dead would perform concerts together, with Garcia playing pedal steel for the New Riders, then playing electric guitar and singing with the Dead. After the Festival Express Tour, Cage left Great Speckled Bird and joined the group Hog Heaven, who had for years backed singer Tommy James as the Shondells. (He co-wrote one song on the group's album for Roulette Records.) Near the end of 1971, Jerry Garcia left the New Riders, enabling them to headline their own concert tours. Cage was invited to join the band as Garcia's replacement. Cage was the New Riders' pedal steel guitar player from 1971 to 1982, except for a period of about a year in the late 1970s. The New Riders were quite popular. They toured extensively, and released a number of albums. During this same period Cage continued working as a session musician, recording with various musical artists, including David Bromberg and Robert Hunter. In 1974, Bob Dylan asked him to play on recording sessions for the album Blood on the Tracks. In the years after Cage's departure from the New Riders, he continued working with many different bands and musicians, including Solar Circus, Stir Fried, The Brooklyn Cowboys, the Zen Tricksters, Mike Gordon, Midnight Rain and Bone Alley. The New Riders of the Purple Sage, led by John Dawson, but without Buddy Cage or David Nelson, had continued touring and recording albums from 1982 until Dawson's retirement from the music business in 1997. In 2005, Cage and Nelson re-formed the New Riders of the Purple Sage. The impetus came from sessions Cage did with Stir Fried. They released three albums — Wanted: Live at Turkey Trot, Where I Come From, and 17 Pine Avenue. Cage also worked as a session musician with other artists, including collaborations with","title":"Buddy Cage"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"39742162\",\n \"text\": \"Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? is author and poet Maya Angelou's fourth volume of poetry, published by Random House in 1983. It was published during one of the most productive periods in Angelou's career; she had written four autobiographies and published three other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but was best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Many of the poems in Shaker focus on survival despite threatened freedom, lost love, and defeated dreams. Over half of them are love poems, and emphasize the inevitable loss of love. \\\"Caged Bird\\\", which refers to Angelou's first autobiography, is contained in this volume. Background Shaker, Why Don't You Sing is Maya Angelou's fourth volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. The publication of Shaker, Why Don't You Sing occurred during one of the most productive periods of Angelou's career. She had written songs for Roberta Flack and had composed movie scores. She had written articles, short stories, TV scripts and documentaries, autobiographies, and poetry, she produced plays, and was named a visiting professor of several colleges and universities. Angelou was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. In 1981, after ten years of marriage, Angelou and her husband Paul du Feu divorced. Angelou returned to the southern United States, where she accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she has been best known for her autobiographies. Many of Angelou's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \\\"received little serious critical attention\\\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry is more interesting when she recites them. Bloom calls her performances \\\"characteristically dynamic\\\", and says that Angelou \\\"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\\\". Angelou's began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of\",\n \"title\": \"Shaker, Why Don't You Sing?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28469573\",\n \"text\": \"Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971) is the first collection of poems by African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. Many of the poems in Diiie were originally song lyrics, written during Angelou's career as a night club performer, and recorded on two albums before the publication of Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but is best known for her seven autobiographies. Early in her writing career she began a practice of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Although her poetry collections have been best-sellers, they have not received serious critical attention and are more interesting when read aloud. Diiie is made up of two sections of 38 poems. The 20 poems in the first section, \\\"Where Love is a Scream of Anguish\\\", center on love. Many of the poems in this section and the next are structured like blues and jazz music, and have universal themes of love and loss. The eighteen poems in the second section, \\\"Just Before the World Ends\\\", focus on the experience of the survival of African Americans despite living in a society dominated by whites. Angelou uses the vernacular of African Americans, irony, understatement, and humor to make her statements about race and racism in America. She acts as a spokesperson for her race in these poems, in which her use of irony and humor allows her to speak for the collective and to assume a distance in order to make comments about her themes, topics, and subjects. Critic Kathy M. Essick have called the poems in Diiie \\\"protest poems\\\". The metaphors in her poetry serve as \\\"coding\\\", or litotes, for meanings understood by other Blacks, although her themes and topics are universal for most readers to understand. Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie has received mixed reviews from critics but was a best-seller. Many critics expected that the volume would be popular despite their negative reviews, but others considered it well written, lyrical, and a moving expression of social observation. Background Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie is Maya Angelou's first volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Angelou recorded two albums of poetry and songs she wrote during her career as a night club performer; the first in 1957 for Liberty Records and the second The Poetry of Maya Angelou, for GWP Records the year before the publication of her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). They were later incorporated into her volumes of poetry, including Diiie, which was published the year after Caged\",\n \"title\": \"Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40061358\",\n \"text\": \"I Shall Not Be Moved is author and poet Maya Angelou's fifth collection of poetry, published by Random House in 1990. Angelou had written four autobiographies and published four other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright and her poetry has also been successful, but she is best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. She began, early in her writing career, of alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Most critics agree that Angelou's poems are more interesting when she recites them. The poems in I Shall Not Be Moved focus on themes of hard work, universal experiences of humans, the struggle of African Americans, and love and relationships. Like most of her poetry, the collection has received little serious critical attention, although most reviews have been positive. Background I Shall Not Be Moved is Maya Angelou's fifth volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of seven, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she has been best known for her autobiographies, and many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \\\"received little serious critical attention\\\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poems are more interesting when she recites them. Bloom calls her performances \\\"characteristically dynamic\\\", and says that Angelou \\\"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\\\". Early in her writing career she began alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. By the time I Shall Not Be Moved was published in 1990, she had published five autobiographies, eventually going on to publish seven. Her publisher, Random House, placed the poems in I Shall Not Be Moved in her first collection of poetry, The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou (1994), perhaps to capitalize on her popularity following her reading of her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. Also in the 1994 collection were her four previous collections, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975), And Still I Rise (1978), and Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? (1983). Angelou's publisher placed four poems in a smaller volume entitled Phenomenal Woman in 1995. Themes Critic Lyman B. Hagen states that much of Angelou's poetry and most of her writings, especially \\\"Worker's Song\\\", the first\",\n \"title\": \"I Shall Not Be Moved (poetry collection)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18404951\",\n \"text\": \"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the 1969 autobiography about the early years of African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou, features many characters, including Angelou as a child, which she has called \\\"the Maya character\\\". The first in a six-volume series, Caged Bird is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya transforms from a victim of racism into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. Caged Bird has been categorized as an autobiography, but Angelou utilizes fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, thematic development, and characterization. She uses the first-person narrative voice customary with autobiographies, but also includes fiction-like elements, told from the perspective of a child that is \\\"artfully recreated by an adult narrator\\\". She uses two distinct voices, the adult writer and the child who is the focus of the book, whom Angelou calls \\\"the Maya character\\\". Angelou reports that maintaining the distinction between herself and \\\"the Maya character\\\" is \\\"damned difficult\\\", but \\\"very necessary\\\". Scholar Liliane Arensberg suggests that Angelou \\\"retaliates for the tongue-tied child's helpless pain\\\" by using her adult's irony and wit. Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books – she tends to \\\"diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth\\\". In a 1998 interview with journalist George Plimpton, Angelou discussed \\\"the sometimes slippery notion of truth in nonfiction\\\" and memoirs, stating, \\\"Sometimes I make a diameter from a composite of three or four people, because the essence in only one person is not sufficiently strong to be written about.\\\" Primary characters Marguerite Johnson (\\\"Maya\\\") The main character, \\\"an unlikely heroine\\\", from whose perspective the story is told. She has been described as \\\"a symbolic character for every black girl growing up in America\\\". The book covers most of her childhood, from the age of three, when she and her older brother Bailey are sent to their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas, until she was sixteen, when she gives birth to her son Clyde. Through the character of Maya, Angelou uses her own childhood to demonstrate how she was able to survive as a black child in a white-dominated world. Maya is resilient, highly intelligent and loves literature. She goes from feeling shame about her race and appearance to feeling pride, in spite of experiences of racism and trauma. She is raped at the age of eight by her mother's boyfriend and responds by choosing not to speak for five years. She is brought out of her muteness by Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who introduces her to great literature. Annie Henderson (\\\"Momma\\\") Maya and Bailey's paternal grandmother, \\\"a church-going, God-fearing woman whose store is the heart of black socializing in Stamps\\\". She is the most important influence in\",\n \"title\": \"List of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28018823\",\n \"text\": \"And Still I Rise is author Maya Angelou's third volume of poetry, published by Random House in 1978. It was published during one of the most productive periods in Angelou's career; she had written three autobiographies and published two other volumes of poetry up to that point. Angelou considered herself a poet and a playwright, but was best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. And Still I Rise is made up of 32 short poems, divided into three parts. The poems' themes focus on a hopeful determination to rise above difficulty and discouragement, and on many of the same topics as Angelou's autobiographies and previous volumes of poetry. Two of her most well-known and popular poems, \\\"Phenomenal Woman\\\" and \\\"Still I Rise\\\", are found in this volume. She speaks for her race and gender in many of the poems, and again emphasizes the strength and resiliency of her community. Like her previous volumes of poetry, the reviews of And Still I Rise were mixed. The collection's title poem, \\\"Still I Rise\\\", was the center of an advertising campaign for the United Negro College Fund. Two others, \\\"Phenomenal Woman\\\" and \\\"Just For a Time\\\", were previously published in Cosmopolitan. \\\"Phenomenal Woman\\\" was one of Angelou's poems featured in the film Poetic Justice. Background And Still I Rise is Maya Angelou's third volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. The publication of And Still I Rise occurred during one of the most productive periods of Angelou's career. She had written songs for Roberta Flack and had composed movie scores. She had written articles, short stories, TV scripts and documentaries, autobiographies, and poetry; she produced plays; and she was named a visiting professor of several colleges and universities. In 1977, Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots. She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she was best known for her autobiographies. Many of Angelou's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \\\"received little serious critical attention\\\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry was more interesting when she recited it. Bloom calls her\",\n \"title\": \"And Still I Rise\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39741628\",\n \"text\": \"Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well is a book of poems by American author Maya Angelou, published by Random House in 1975. It is Angelou's second volume of poetry, written after her first two autobiographies and first volume of poetry were published. Angelou considers herself a poet and a playwright, but is best known for her seven autobiographies, especially her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, although her poetry has also been successful. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Although her poetry collections have been best-sellers, they have not received serious critical attention. Oh Pray is divided into five parts and consists of 36 poems. The volume is dedicated to \\\"Paul\\\". Like many of Angelou's poems, the poetry in the volume has been characterized as light verse. They contain identifications with ordinary objects and universal identifications. Oh Pray has received mixed reviews from critics; one critic states that the poems in it are best if read aloud. They focus on themes of love, insight, and tension, and on overcoming difficulties. Angelou writes about ordinary objects and experiences, and with deep feelings, about a variety of racial themes and concerns. Background Oh Pray My Wings are Gonna Fit Me Well is Maya Angelou's second volume of poetry. She studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Angelou's film Georgia, Georgia, produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, was the first screenplay written by a Black woman, and was released in 1972. Angelou married Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of Germaine Greer, Paul du Feu, in San Francisco in 1973. Although Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, she has been best known for her autobiographies. Many of Angelou's readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester agrees, and states that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \\\"received little serious critical attention\\\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry is more interesting when she recites it. Bloom calls Angelou's performances \\\"characteristically dynamic\\\", and says that she \\\"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\\\". Angelou began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, followed her first autobiography, and\",\n \"title\": \"Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21895463\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" is a poem by writer and poet Maya Angelou that she read at the first inauguration of President Bill Clinton on January 20, 1993. With her public recitation, Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration, and the first African American and woman. (Robert Frost was the first inaugural poet, at the 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy.) Angelou's audio recording of the poem won the 1994 Grammy Award in the \\\"Best Spoken Word\\\" category, resulting in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadening her appeal. The poem's themes are change, inclusion, responsibility, and role of both the President and the citizenry in establishing economic security. Its symbols, references to contemporary issues, and personification of nature has inspired critics to compare \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" with Frost's inaugural poem and with Clinton's inaugural address. It has been called Angelou's \\\"autobiographical poem\\\", and has received mixed reviews. The popular press praised Clinton's choice of Angelou as inaugural poet, and her \\\"representiveness\\\" of the American people and its president. Critic Mary Jane Lupton said that \\\"Angelou's ultimate greatness will be attributed\\\" to the poem, and that Angelou's \\\"theatrical\\\" performance of it, using skills she learned as an actor and speaker, marked a return to the African-American oral tradition of speakers such as Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Poetry critics, despite praising Angelou's recitation and performance, gave mostly negative reviews of the poem. Background When Angelou wrote and recited \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\", she was already well known as a writer and poet. She had written five of the seven of her series of autobiographies, including the first and most highly acclaimed, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). Although she was best known for her autobiographies, she was primarily known as a poet rather than an autobiographer. Early in her writing career she began alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Her first volume of poetry Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'Fore I Diiie, published in 1971 shortly after Caged Bird, became a best-seller. As scholar Marcia Ann Gillespie writes, Angelou had \\\"fallen in love with poetry\\\" during her early childhood in Stamps, Arkansas. After her rape at the age of eight, which she depicted in Caged Bird, Angelou memorized and studied great works of literature, including poetry. According to Caged Bird, her friend Mrs. Flowers encouraged her to recite them, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed period of muteness caused by her trauma. Angelou was the first poet to read an inaugural poem since Robert Frost read his poem \\\"The Gift Outright\\\" at President John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961, and the first Black woman. When it was announced that Angelou would read one of her poems at Clinton's inauguration, many in the popular press compared her role as inaugural poet with that of Frost, especially what critic Zofia Burr\",\n \"title\": \"On the Pulse of Morning\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14515009\",\n \"text\": \"Fielder Cook (March 9, 1923 – June 20, 2003) was an American television and film director, producer, and writer whose 1971 television film The Homecoming: A Christmas Story spawned the series The Waltons. Biography and career Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Cook graduated with honor with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Literature from Washington and Lee University, then studied Elizabethan Drama at the University of Birmingham in England. He returned to the United States and began his career in the early days of television, directing many episodes of such anthology series as Lux Video Theater, The Kaiser Aluminum Hour, Playhouse 90, Omnibus, and Kraft Television Theatre. In later years, he directed the television movies Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys, A Love Affair: The Eleanor and Lou Gehrig Story, Gauguin the Savage, Family Reunion, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Will There Really Be a Morning?, and others; adaptations of The Philadelphia Story, Harvey, Brigadoon, Beauty and the Beast, The Price, Miracle on 34th Street, and The Member of the Wedding; and episodes of Ben Casey, The Defenders, and Beacon Hill. Cook's credits for feature films include A Big Hand for the Little Lady, How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life (1968), Prudence and the Pill (1968, co-director), From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1973), Eagle in a Cage, and Seize the Day. Cook died in Charlotte, North Carolina from complications from a stroke. Selected filmography Patterns (1956) Home Is the Hero (1959) The Philadelphia Story (TV movie - 1959) A String of Beads (TV movie - 1961) The Farmer's Daughter (TV movie - 1962) Focus (TV movie - 1962) The Fifty Minute Hour (TV movie - 1962) Brigadoon (TV movie - 1966) A Big Hand for the Little Lady (1966) How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life (1968) Prudence and the Pill (1968) Hallmark Hall of Fame: Teacher, Teacher (1969) Mirror, Mirror Off the Wall (TV movie - 1969) Who Killed the Mysterious Mr. Foster (TV movie - 1971) Goodbye, Raggedy Ann (TV movie - 1971) Neighbors (TV movie - 1971) The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (TV movie - 1971) Eagle in a Cage (1972) The Hands of Cormac Joyce (TV movie - 1972) From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1973) Miracle on 34th Street (TV movie - 1973) Pomroy's People (TV movie - 1973) This Is the West That Was (TV movie - 1974) Miles to Go Before I Sleep (TV movie - 1975) Valley Forge (TV movie - 1975) The Rivalry (TV movie - 1975) Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys (TV movie - 1976) Beauty and the Beast (TV movie - 1976) A Love Affair: The Eleanor & Lou Gehrig Story (TV movie - 1978) Too Far to Go (TV movie - 1979) I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (TV movie - 1979) Gauguin the Savage (TV movie - 1980) Family Reunion (TV movie - 1981) Will There Really Be a Morning? (TV movie\",\n \"title\": \"Fielder Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40077458\",\n \"text\": \"The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou is author and poet Maya Angelou's collection of poetry, published by Random House in 1994. It is Angelou's first collection of poetry published after she read her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. It contains her previous five books of poetry, published between 1971—1990. Her prose works have been more successful than her poetry, which has received little serious attention by critics. History The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou is Maya Angelou's first collection of poetry. By the time of its publication in 1994, she had published five autobiographies, eventually going on to publish seven, and five books of poetry. She began, early in her writing career, alternating the publication of an autobiography and a volume of poetry. Her publisher, Random House, placed the poems of her previous volumes in this collection, perhaps to capitalize on her popularity following her reading of her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. The volumes included in the collection are Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975), And Still I Rise (1978), Shaker, Why Don't You Sing? (1983), and I Shall Not Be Moved (1990). Also included was \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\". Angelou's publisher placed four previously-published poems in a smaller volume, entitled Phenomenal Woman in 1995. Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age. After her rape at the age of eight, as recounted in her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), she dealt with her trauma by memorizing and reciting great works of literature, including poetry, which helped bring her out of her self-imposed muteness. Angelou considered herself a playwright and poet when her editor Robert Loomis challenged her to write Caged Bird, but she has been best known for her autobiographies. Many of her readers identify her as a poet first and an autobiographer second, but like Lynn Z. Bloom, many critics consider her autobiographies more important than her poetry. Critic William Sylvester has stated that although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has \\\"received little serious critical attention\\\". Bloom also believes that Angelou's poetry is more interesting when she recites them. Bloom calls her performances \\\"characteristically dynamic\\\", and says that Angelou \\\"moves exuberantly, vigorously to reinforce the rhythms of the lines, the tone of the words. Her singing and dancing and electrifying stage presence transcend the predictable words and phrases\\\". References Citations 1983 poetry books American poetry collections Random House books Poetry by Maya Angelou Books by Maya Angelou\",\n \"title\": \"The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"288140\",\n \"text\": \"Maya Angelou ( ; born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American memoirist, poet, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou's series of seven autobiographies focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim. She became a poet and writer after a string of odd jobs during her young adulthood. These included fry cook, sex worker, nightclub performer, Porgy and Bess cast member, Southern Christian Leadership Conference coordinator, and correspondent in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa. Angelou was also an actress, writer, director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. In 1982, she was named the first Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Angelou was active in the Civil Rights Movement and worked with Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Beginning in the 1990s, she made approximately 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit, something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" (1993) at the first inauguration of Bill Clinton, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson for Black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of Black culture. Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide, although attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries. Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics consider them to be autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes that include racism, identity, family and travel. Early life Marguerite Annie Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr., nicknamed Marguerite \\\"Maya\\\", derived from \\\"My\\\" or \\\"Mya Sister\\\". When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' \\\"calamitous marriage\\\" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas, alone by train, to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In \\\"an astonishing exception\\\" to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II, because the general store she owned sold basic and needed commodities and because \\\"she made\",\n \"title\": \"Maya Angelou\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22549683\",\n \"text\": \"Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas is the third book of Maya Angelou's seven-volume autobiography series. Set between 1949 and 1955, the book spans Angelou's early twenties. In this volume, Angelou describes her struggles to support her young son, form meaningful relationships, and forge a successful career in the entertainment world. The work's 1976 publication was the first time an African-American woman had expanded her life story into a third volume. Scholar Dolly McPherson calls the book \\\"a graphic portrait of the adult self in bloom\\\" and critic Lyman B. Hagen calls it \\\"a journey of discovery and rebirth\\\". In Singin' and Swingin, Angelou examines many of the same subjects and themes in her previous autobiographies including travel, music, race, conflict, and motherhood. Angelou depicts the conflict she felt as a single mother, despite her success as a performer as she travels Europe with the musical Porgy and Bess. Her depictions of her travels, which take up 40 percent of the book, have roots in the African-American slave narrative. Angelou uses music and musical concepts throughout Singin' and Swingin'; McPherson calls it Angelou's \\\"praisesong\\\" to Porgy and Bess. Angelou's stereotypes about race and race relations are challenged as she interacts more with people of different races. During the course of this narrative, she changes her name from Marguerite Johnson to Maya Angelou for professional reasons. Her young son changes his name as well, from Clyde to Guy, and their relationship is strengthened as the book ends. Background Angelou followed her first two installations of her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) and Gather Together in My Name (1974), with Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas, published in 1976. It marked the first time a well-known African-American woman writer had expanded her life story into a third autobiography. She also published two volumes of poetry: Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and Oh Pray My Wings Are Gonna Fit Me Well (1975). Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. It made her, as scholar Joanne Braxton stated, \\\"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\\\". Writer Hilton Als calls Angelou, along with feminist diarirst Anaïs Nin, \\\"pioneers of self-exposure, willing to turn a spotlight on their own sometimes questionable exploits and emotional shortcomings\\\". Angelou, unlike African-American women autobiographers who wrote during the 19th and early 20th centuries, was able to use herself as the main character in her books. Writer Julian Mayfield, who calls I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings \\\"a work of art that eludes description\\\", states that Angelou's work set a precedent in describing \\\"the black experience\\\" in African-American literature. While Angelou was composing her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name (1974), she was concerned about how her readers would react to her disclosure that she had been a prostitute. Her husband Paul du Feu talked her into\",\n \"title\": \"Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11394851\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Benjamin (February 4, 1935 – June 28, 2019) was an American actor. Early life Born to Fair, a Baptist preacher (1890–1950) and Rosa Benjamin (née Butler; 1895–1940) in Pelion, South Carolina, Benjamin was the youngest of 12 children. Benjamin moved to Columbia, South Carolina with an older brother after the death of his parents. Benjamin attended C.A. Johnson High School and later enrolled at Benedict College. Career Benjamin relocated to New York and studied at the Herbert Berghof Studio. He made his film debut in 1969 as a bartender in Midnight Cowboy. After small roles in Sidney Lumet's The Anderson Tapes (1971) and Born to Win (1971), he did extensive television work in the 1970s. A few notable exceptions were a major role in Barry Shear's Across 110th Street (1972), and smaller parts in Shear's western The Deadly Trackers (1973), Michael Campus' The Education of Sonny Carson (1974), Arthur Marks' Friday Foster (1975), Gordon Parks' biopic Leadbelly (1976), and Don Siegel's prison film Escape from Alcatraz (1979). He also performed in the TV adaptations of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979) and Gideon's Trumpet (1980). He later starred in the 1987 HBO movie The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains, based on the novel by Robert E. Burns. On the big screen in the 1980s and 1990s, Benjamin worked with some well-known actors and directors. He acted in Some Kind of Hero (1982) opposite Richard Pryor, Martin Ritt's drama film Nuts (1987) starring Barbra Streisand, Pink Cadillac (1989) with Clint Eastwood, Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing (1989), Robert Townsend's The Five Heartbeats (1991), Bill Duke's Hoodlum (1997), and John Singleton's Rosewood (1997). On television, he appeared in the 1988 episode of In The Heat of the Night as a death row inmate and in the 1994 pilot episode of ER, which led to his recurring role of homeless man Al Ervin during the next few seasons. Benjamin also worked on the American Masters documentary of Pulitzer Prize-winning author Ralph Ellison, which aired on PBS. He also acted in an episode of the 14th season of Law & Order entitled \\\"Identity\\\" (2003) as well as an episode of The Shield. After 2000, he acted mainly in independent films like Stanley's Gig, The Station Agent, Deacons For Defense, and James Hunter's 2005 drama Back in the Day. Death Benjamin died on June 28, 2019, in Los Angeles at age 84. Filmography Midnight Cowboy (1969) - Bartender - New York The Anderson Tapes (1971) - Jimmy Born to Win (1971) - Fixer Across 110th Street (1972) - Jim Harris The Deadly Trackers (1973) - Jacob The Education of Sonny Carson (1974) - Pops Distance (1975) - Sgt. Elwood Horne Friday Foster (1975) - Sen. David Lee Hart Leadbelly (1976) - Wes Ledbetter One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story (1978) - John LeFlore I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979, TV movie) - Freeman Escape from Alcatraz (1979) - English Gideon's Trumpet (1980, TV movie) - Artis Some\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Benjamin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41436371\",\n \"text\": \"Maya Angelou, an African-American writer who is best known for her seven autobiographies, was also a prolific and successful poet. She has been called \\\"the black woman's poet laureate\\\", and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans. Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, and used poetry and other great literature to cope with trauma, as she described in her first and most well-known autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. She became a poet after a series of occupations as a young adult, including as a cast member of a European tour of Porgy and Bess, and a performer of calypso music in nightclubs in the 1950s. Many of the songs she wrote during that period later found their way to her later poetry collections. She eventually gave up performing for a writing career. Despite considering herself a poet and playwright, she wrote Caged Bird in 1969, which brought her international recognition and acclaim. Many of her readers consider her a poet first and an autobiographer second, but she is better known for her prose works. She has published several volumes of poetry, and has experienced similar success as a poet. Early in her writing career, she began alternating a volume of poetry with an autobiography. In 1993, she recited one of her best-known poems, \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\", at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton. Angelou explores many of the same themes throughout all her writings, in both her autobiographies and poetry. These themes include love, painful loss, music, discrimination and racism, and struggle. Her poetry cannot easily be placed in categories of themes or techniques. It has been compared with music and musical forms, especially the blues, and like the blues singer, Angelou uses laughter or ridicule instead of tears to cope with minor irritations, sadness, and great suffering. Many of her poems are about love, relationships, or overcoming hardships. The metaphors in her poetry serve as \\\"coding\\\", or litotes, for meanings understood by other Blacks, but her themes and topics apply universally to all races. Angelou uses everyday language, the Black vernacular, Black music and forms, and rhetorical techniques such as shocking language, the occasional use of profanity, and traditionally unacceptable subjects. As she does throughout her autobiographies, Angelou speaks not only for herself, but for her entire gender and race. Her poems continue the themes of mild protest and survival also found in her autobiographies, and inject hope through humor. Tied with Angelou's theme of racism is her treatment of the struggle and hardships experienced by her race. Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry. Although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has been studied less. Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to her popular success and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a spoken, performed one. Background Maya Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, having \\\"fallen in love with poetry in\",\n \"title\": \"Poetry of Maya Angelou\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14224969\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Duane Loomis (August 24, 1926 – April 19, 2020) was an American book editor who worked at Random House from 1957 until his retirement in 2011. He has been called \\\"one of publishing's hall of fame editors.\\\" Many of Loomis's authors had worked with him for decades, including Maya Angelou, who wrote 31 books under his editorship, beginning with her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). His authors' loyalty to him, and his to them, was almost legendary. Loomis represented \\\"the classic mold of the editor\\\" and according to Random House, he \\\"embodied the ideal of an old-fashioned editor: understated, but uncanny; polite, but persistent\\\". As Angelou said, Loomis \\\"knows what I hope to achieve in all my work. I don't know anybody as fierce, simply fierce, but he's as tender as he's tough.\\\" He was well known as a mentor to editors and writers in all areas of the publishing industry. Other notable authors who have been edited by Loomis include Calvin Trillin, Edmund Morris (who wrote Dutch, the \\\"controversial\\\" biography of US President Ronald Reagan), Shelby Foote, Jonathan Harr, and anchorman Jim Lehrer. He edited the Vietnam war epic, A Bright Shining Lie, by Neil Sheehan, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, and in 1998, the novel he edited for Pete Dexter, Paris Trout, earned the National Book Award, \\\"an unprecedented feat in editing.\\\" Loomis and author William Styron had known each other since they were both students at Duke University, where Loomis was Styron's editor at Duke's student magazine. Loomis went on to edit all of Styron's books except Lie Down in Darkness, his first novel. Personal life Loomis was married to Hilary Mills, who wrote a biography about Norman Mailer. He was a certified pilot. Loomis died on April 19, 2020, in Stony Brook, New York, after a fall. References External links Peter Osnos, \\\"Great Book Editors Are Not an Endangered Species\\\", The Atlantic, May 24, 2011. Dan Duray, \\\"Bob Loomis Talks Cerf And Turf Ahead Of His Retirement\\\", Observer, May 31, 2011. American publishers (people) 1926 births 2020 deaths\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Loomis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21050787\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Joseph Urioste (born April 28, 1938) is an American film editor with about 30 film credits. He has been nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, for RoboCop (1987), Die Hard (1988), and Basic Instinct (1992). Early life Urioste was born to Frank T. Urioste and Angelina \\\"Angie\\\" Saracino (1909-2006). He also has a sister, Carol. His father worked as an airplane bomb sight manufacturer during World War II, and shortly afterwards started at MGM, where he was a music editor for over 30 years. Career Urioste began his career in 1957, when he worked with Henry Mancini at MGM as a music editor. The first film that Urioste edited was What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969). He continued to edit films during the 1970s, such as Midway (1976), Damnation Alley (1977) and The Boys in Company C (1978). Urioste has also worked in television; in 1979, he edited the television film, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In 1974, he edited the film The Spikes Gang. In 1979, he edited Fast Break. In 1983, he edited Amityville 3-D. That same year, Urioste edited Trenchcoat, starring Margot Kidder and Robert Hays. Other films that Urioste edited during the 1980s include Conan the Destroyer (1984), Die Hard (1988) and Road House (1989). He also edited The Hitcher (1986), starring Rutger Hauer. Urioste was nominated for an Academy Award for his editing in Die Hard. Urioste has also collaborated with director Paul Verhoeven in such films as RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990) and Basic Instinct (1992). In 1993, Urioste edited Cliffhanger. That same year, he edited the film, Tombstone. In 1995, he co-edited Cutthroat Island. In 1996, he co-edited the film, Executive Decision, starring Kurt Russell. Urioste used Avid Technology for the first time when he had less than four weeks to edit Lethal Weapon 4 (1998). In addition to film editing, Urioste has been the senior vice president of feature development at Warner Bros. since 1998. Urioste also served on the board of governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences from 1994 to 1997 and is on the advisory board of the film editors branch of the Academy. Urioste received the American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award in 2007. Personal life He is married to Gemma Urioste. Together, they have had four children; Rosemarie, Maryan, Michelle, and Frank Jr. He has 10 grandchildren, and all celebrated his lifetime achievement at the Eddie Awards. Filmography References External links American Cinema Editors Living people 1938 births\",\n \"title\": \"Frank J. Urioste\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8111681\",\n \"text\": \"Jerome Louis \\\"J.J.\\\" Jackson (born November 8, 1942) is an American soul/R&B singer, songwriter, and arranger. His singing style is as a belter. Jackson best known for the song \\\"But It's Alright\\\", which he co-wrote with Pierre Tubbs. The song was released in 1966 and then re-released in 1969, to chart success on both occasions. The liner notes to his 1967 album, J.J. Jackson, on Calla Records, stated that he weighed 285 pounds. History Jackson was born in Bronx, New York. Described as \\\"one of the most interesting obscure figures of '60s soul\\\", Jackson, then based in New York, started out as a songwriter and arranger. His first songwriting credit, at the age of sixteen, was \\\"The Lord Will Understand (And Say 'Well Done')\\\", being the B-side to \\\"Got A Date With An Angel\\\", a 1957 single by Billy Williams. Jackson co-wrote the song with G. Douglas and M. Brent. The song was banned by the BBC for \\\"religious overtones\\\". Jackson's first single was \\\"Shy Guy\\\", backed with \\\"Time\\\", on Crescent Records and distributed by Fantasy Records, in 1963. Both songs were written by Jackson. Jackson was later a songwriter and arranger for \\\"Brother\\\" Jack McDuff, Jimmy Witherspoon, and the Shangri-Las, among others. His songwriting credits include Mary Wells' \\\"My Mind's Made Up\\\" and \\\"I've Come to One Conclusion\\\" by Inez and Charlie Foxx, both co-written with fellow soul singer Sidney Barnes. Barnes and Jackson became a freelance songwriting team in 1964, at a time when Jackson was known as both a pianist and a songwriter. Barnes had previously been a lead writer, producer and talent scout for the recently opened New York office of Motown Records and Jobete Music. Barnes and Jackson wrote songs for several R & B solo artists of the period, including Sandra Phillips and Billy Prophet, formerly of The Jive Five. Barnes and Jackson also wrote for The Soul Sisters, and became staff writers at Sue Records, one of the few black-owned record labels based in New York at the time. Barnes and Jackson were soon thereafter signed to exclusive contracts with Red Bird Records and Trio Music Publishing, owned by Leiber and Stoller. \\\"It's Easier to Cry\\\", by the Shangri-Las and released on Red Bird Records, was co-written by Jackson, Joe De Angelis and Robert Steinberg. The latter song was the B-side to the Shangri-Las' 1964 hit single \\\"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\\\" By 1965, Barnes had emerged as a solo performer, recording songs written by Barnes and Jackson, including \\\"I Hurt On The Other Side\\\", and \\\"I Don't Know Why\\\". Jackson is best known for the soul hit \\\"But It's Alright\\\" co-written with Pierre Tubbs and which, after its 1966 release as the B-side of the single \\\"Boogaloo Baby\\\", became one of the best known dance music tunes of the decade, reaching No. 22 on the Billboard chart. The single was recorded in the United Kingdom, being one of the first R & B hit singles to have been recorded in England. The\",\n \"title\": \"J. J. Jackson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21134885\",\n \"text\": \"Buddy Cage (February 18, 1946 – February 5, 2020) was an American pedal steel guitarist, best known as a longtime member of the New Riders of the Purple Sage. Popular both as a performer and session musician, he played with many bands and recording artists, including Anne Murray, Bob Dylan, Brewer & Shipley, David Bromberg, and the Zen Tricksters. Musical career Buddy Cage learned to play pedal steel guitar at a young age. By the mid-1960s he was working as a professional musician, both onstage and as a session player for the Arc Records label. When the folk music duo of Ian and Sylvia decided to go electric in 1969, he joined their band, known as the Great Speckled Bird. Great Speckled Bird was part of the Festival Express concert tour in 1970. From 1969 to 1972, Cage also recorded four albums with Anne Murray, and one album with Brewer & Shipley. It was on the Festival Express tour that the New Riders of the Purple Sage became acquainted with Cage. The New Riders were a psychedelic influenced country rock band that had been founded by Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead, along with John Dawson and David Nelson. The New Riders and the Dead would perform concerts together, with Garcia playing pedal steel for the New Riders, then playing electric guitar and singing with the Dead. After the Festival Express Tour, Cage left Great Speckled Bird and joined the group Hog Heaven, who had for years backed singer Tommy James as the Shondells. (He co-wrote one song on the group's album for Roulette Records.) Near the end of 1971, Jerry Garcia left the New Riders, enabling them to headline their own concert tours. Cage was invited to join the band as Garcia's replacement. Cage was the New Riders' pedal steel guitar player from 1971 to 1982, except for a period of about a year in the late 1970s. The New Riders were quite popular. They toured extensively, and released a number of albums. During this same period Cage continued working as a session musician, recording with various musical artists, including David Bromberg and Robert Hunter. In 1974, Bob Dylan asked him to play on recording sessions for the album Blood on the Tracks. In the years after Cage's departure from the New Riders, he continued working with many different bands and musicians, including Solar Circus, Stir Fried, The Brooklyn Cowboys, the Zen Tricksters, Mike Gordon, Midnight Rain and Bone Alley. The New Riders of the Purple Sage, led by John Dawson, but without Buddy Cage or David Nelson, had continued touring and recording albums from 1982 until Dawson's retirement from the music business in 1997. In 2005, Cage and Nelson re-formed the New Riders of the Purple Sage. The impetus came from sessions Cage did with Stir Fried. They released three albums — Wanted: Live at Turkey Trot, Where I Come From, and 17 Pine Avenue. Cage also worked as a session musician with other artists, including collaborations with\",\n \"title\": \"Buddy Cage\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"11201508","text":"\"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" is the fourth episode of the nineteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 14, 2007. For the second time in the series, Marge helps a prison assailant. Marge meets Dwight (Steve Buscemi), a man who attempts to rob the bank the two are in. Marge promises that she would visit him in prison, should he turn himself in, but too frightened to go into the prison, she breaks her promise. It was written by Dana Gould and directed by Bob Anderson. Steve Buscemi makes his second guest appearance on the show, (originally appearing as himself in \"Brake My Wife, Please\") though this time he voiced a character, Dwight. Ted Nugent has a voice cameo. Julia Louis-Dreyfus makes a surprise guest return as Snake's girlfriend Gloria, who originally appeared in \"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\". During its first airing, the episode originally garnered 8.8 million viewers, higher than the previous episode. Plot Lisa is named \"Student of the Millennium\", so Marge stresses that Homer has to attend her ceremony due to past absences at most of the kids' events. Homer then wakes up early and takes Maggie to the school auditorium. Meanwhile, Marge gets impatient waiting in line at the bank, so she strikes up a conversation with an apparently charming man named Dwight (Steve Buscemi), who then pulls out a gun and tells everyone to get down on the floor, holding the entire bank hostage. Marge privately calls Homer, informing him she is a hostage at a bank robbery. Dwight sees this and cuts off the call. He then makes a deal; he will turn himself if Marge promises to visit him in prison, to which she reluctantly agrees. Homer attempts to convince Marge not to visit Dwight in the prison, but Marge wishes to honor her promise. However, while going to the prison, she makes continuous stops to avoid going to the prison and misses visiting hours. At the prison, Dwight becomes depressed and then angry at Marge's absence, and Marge's guilt begins to get to her while watching a depressing movie about a prisoner who was to be electrocuted. Dwight breaks out of prison, and upon finding Marge's address in a newspaper, sets out to find her. While watching television at home, Marge sees a news report by Kent Brockman on Dwight's escape from prison. Dwight begins stalking her in various places, and successfully catches up to Marge and takes her to the same amusement park where he was abandoned by his mother, with the intention to have Marge help him repay the time he had lost, and promises to let her go afterward, to which a sympathetic Marge agrees. He and Marge then ride the Viking ship ride together. Chief Wiggum arrives attempting to save Marge, but he is caught in the ride. Dwight jams the ride's gears by throwing in","title":"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"},{"docid":"13259064","text":"Downloading the Repertoire is a 1996 novelty album by American singer John \"Jack\" Mudurian (May 23, 1929 – September 30, 2013). Mudurian was a resident of Duplex Nursing Home in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1981, David Greenberger, an employee who also edited the zine The Duplex Planet, overheard Mudurian singing at a home talent show, and when Greenberger spoke to him about it, Mudurian boasted that he could sing as many songs as Frank Sinatra. Greenberger brought in a cassette tape recorder and asked him to sing; Mudurian proceeded to sing 129 songs, many from the Tin Pan Alley repertory (and several more than once), continuously over the next 47 minutes. The recording was issued as Downloading the Repertoire on Arf! Arf! Records in 1996, and it became a cult novelty hit. Neil Strauss, writing about the recording for The New York Times, wrote: \"What is most interesting about this CD is not Mr. Mudurian's slurred, rushed singing but the way his entire life story unfolds in his selection of material.\" In a review for AllMusic, Cub Koda commented: \"[Mudurian's]... free association from tune to tune is downright astounding. No matter what kind of music you might have in your collection, it's a good bet you don't have anything that sounds quite like this.\" A reviewer for CMJ New Music Monthly described the album as \"a hysterical, bizarre tour through the history of American popular song.\" A shortened version of the music heard on Downloading appeared on Irwin Chusid's compilation of outsider music called Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1. Mudurian can also be heard on the compilations The Talent Show (1996), and The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza (2000). After meeting Mudurian, singer Jad Fair transcribed his version of \"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)\" and performed it in his own live shows. According to Greenberger, the nursing home at which Mudurian resided closed in 1987, and the two lost touch. Greenberger, who affectionately referred to the marathon recording session as \"Jack's and my private Olympic event,\" recalled: \"That June afternoon lives on for me. Planes flew overhead, birds chirped in the trees and another resident... could be heard singing in the background from time to time.\" Songs sung on Downloading the Repertoire (in order of songs sung) Chicago (That Toddlin' Town) It's Been a Long, Long Time Why Am I Always Yearning for Theresa The Halls of Montezuma So Long It's Been Good to Know You Step Right Up (and Help Old Uncle Sam) It's Only a Paper Moon Music! Music! Music! (Put Another Nickel In) Take Me Out to the Ball Game Some Sunday Morning Any Bonds Today? Red River Valley My Bonnie Jimmy Crack Corn The Wabash Cannonball I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now Ramona Toot Toot Tootsie! (Goo' Bye) If You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie I Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine I Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me) I'll See You in My Dreams Lucky Me I Don't Know Why","title":"Downloading the Repertoire"},{"docid":"66756698","text":"\"Sympathy\" is an 1899 poem written by Paul Laurence Dunbar. Dunbar, one of the most prominent African-American writers of his time, wrote the poem while working in unpleasant conditions at the Library of Congress. The poem is often considered to be about the struggle of African-Americans. Maya Angelou titled her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings from a line in the poem and referenced its themes throughout her autobiographies. Background Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) was an American poet. Born to freed slaves, he became one of the most prominent African-American poets of his time in the 1890s. Dunbar, who was twenty-seven when he wrote \"Sympathy\", had already published several poetry collections which had sold well. He was hired to work as an attendant at the Library of Congress on September 30, 1897, but the experience was unpleasant and strained his declining health. He wrote \"Sympathy\" at least in part because he was feeling \"like he was trapped in a cage\" while working there. Alice Dunbar Nelson, Dunbar's wife, later wrote in a 1914 article that: \"Sympathy\" was first published in 1899 in Dunbar's poetry collection Lyrics of the Hearthside. He had previously published a poem also titled \"Sympathy\" in 1893. Text I know what the caged bird feels, alas! When the sun is bright on the upland slopes; When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass, And the river flows like a stream of glass; When the first bird sings and the first bud opes, And the faint perfume from its chalice steals – I know what the caged bird feels! I know why the caged bird beats his wing Till its blood is red on the cruel bars; For he must fly back to his perch and cling When he fain would be on the bough a-swing; And a pain still throbs in the old, old scars And they pulse again with a keener sting – I know why he beats his wing! I know why the caged bird sings, ah me, When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore, – When he beats his bars and he would be free; It is not a carol of joy or glee, But a prayer that he sends from his heart's deep core, But a plea, that upward to Heaven he flings – I know why the caged bird sings! Reception The literary critic Joanne M. Braxton considers \"Sympathy\" to represent Dunbar as a \"mature\" poet who is finding his own voice as a poet and distancing himself from \"the imitation of European models\". The poet Carol Rumens described the poem as \"an almost unbearably painful lyric.\" She concludes her analysis by saying that \"Dunbar's parents had known the agony of being slaves; Dunbar understands that there are other kinds of cages for their children.\" In The Cambridge History of African American Literature, the scholar Keith Leonard described \"Sympathy\" as following Standard English norms and felt that its \"celebration of nature\" was \"common to Romantic poets\" but","title":"Sympathy (poem)"},{"docid":"4243579","text":"The Bedford Reader is a college composition textbook published by the Bedford/St. Martin's publishing company. It is edited by X. J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, and Jane E. Aaron. It is widely used in freshman composition courses at colleges across the United States. The eleventh edition of the book is composed of over seventy essays, one short story, and one poem. It is divided into eleven sections by the various methods of development: narration, description, example, comparison and contrast, analysis, process analysis, classification, cause and effect, definition, argument and persuasion, along with a section on mixing the methods. Famous works and authors Numerous essays and stories by noted authors are included in The Bedford Reader. These include: An excerpt from Maya Angelou's I Know why the Caged Bird Sings \"The Lottery\" by Shirley Jackson \"Shooting Dad\", the essay that made Sarah Vowell famous An essay by Dave Barry \"Remembering my Childhood on the Continent of Africa\", from David Sedaris' Me Talk Pretty One Day Jessica Mitford's \"Behind the Formaldehyde Curtain\" David Foster Wallace's commencement speech for Kenyon College, \"This Is Water\" An excerpt from Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma Judy Brady's \"I Want a Wife\" Gloria Naylor's \"The Meanings of a Word\" Richard Rodriguez's \"Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood\" An excerpt from Barbara Kingsolver's Animal, Vegetable, Miracle John Updike's \"Extreme Dinosaurs\" Martin Luther King Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech Edward Said's \"Clashing Civilizations?\" (Said's response to Samuel P. Huntington's \"The Clash of Civilizations\") George Orwell's \"Shooting an Elephant\" Jonathan Swift's \"A Modest Proposal\" Suzanne Britt's \"Neat People vs. Sloppy People\" Brent Staples's \"Black Men and Public Space\" \"Dance of the Hobs\". by William Least Heat-Moon The text quickly became a standard in college composition courses across the country. Because of the diversity of works and authors, The Bedford Reader has become popular among Advanced Placement English teachers, specifically those teaching to the AP English Language and Composition test. External links Book description at Bedford-St. Martin's site Textbooks","title":"The Bedford Reader"},{"docid":"610190","text":"Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake is a 1991 television special based on the children's television show Sesame Street. In the special, Big Bird celebrates his sixth birthday. The special aired on PBS stations during the week of March 9, 1991 as part of the PBS pledge drive season. On March 15, the special was re-aired as the Sesame Street episode \"2835\", with additional inserts from previous episodes added and the pledge break scene removed. Plot Snuffy visits Big Bird's nest in the morning so he can be the first to wish Big Bird a happy birthday. During the opening credits, the two head out down the street as Big Bird's friends wish him a happy birthday, then everyone sings about \"Big Bird's Beautiful Birthday Bash\" in the arbor. The Monsterpiece Theater sketch \"The King and I\" is repeated from a previous episode. Big Bird and his friends will go to the Wollman Rink in Central Park for his skating party, and Maria and Susan will stay behind to decorate. Snuffy also wants to stay behind because he doesn't know how to roller skate, so Big Bird will teach him how to skate. Robin Williams shows Elmo the fun things he can do with a stick. Everyone enjoys skating at the rink, but Snuffy is not sure he wants to learn how to skate because he fears falling. Big Bird is finally able to convince Snuffy to learn, until someone falls in front of them. The song \"We Are All Earthlings\" follows. Maria and Susan lay out Big Bird's cake, then go to their apartments to find more chairs. Cookie Monster finds Big Bird's cake and realizes he can't eat it, so he finds other things to eat, starting with the chairs and the table. Grover sings \"Monster in the Mirror\" along with several celebrities. Monster on the Spot reporter Telly Monster asks if The Count will support his public television station. The Count recites a long list of reasons why, leading to a pledge break. Snuffy, still afraid of falling, tries to leave the rink. Telly asks Luis where Oscar the Grouch is. Oscar and Bruno are skating at the party because he loves falling down when skating. Bruno skates around without falling, but the skating made Oscar dizzy. Whoopi Goldberg and Hoots the Owl talk about being proud of their body parts. Big Bird impresses Snuffy with a rollerskating routine, but he can't skate like Big Bird. Big Bird and friends sing \"Put One Foot in Front of the Other\", which helps Snuffy skate around the rink. Cookie Monster has eaten everything around him, and when Susan and Maria come back, they take the cake away from him. The Oinker Sisters sing \"A New Way to Walk\", repeated from a previous episode. Everyone returns to the street and notices that almost everything has been eaten. Big Bird's friends give him his cake, sing \"Happy Birthday To You\", and then Big Bird blows out all the candles","title":"Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake"},{"docid":"11307452","text":"\"I Wonder Why\" is a doo-wop song, written by Melvin Anderson with lyrics by Ricardo Weeks. The song was first recorded by Dion and the Belmonts. Background It is sung from the point of view of a man telling his girlfriend that he loves her but does not know why. The song is noted for Carlo Mastrangelo bass part. Chart performance \"I Wonder Why\" was released as Laurie Records' first single, (number 3013), and was the group's first national pop chart hit, in 1958. The song went to number 22 on the Hot 100. Popular culture The song was used in the film A Bronx Tale The song was in the pilot episode of the television series The Sopranos. John Carpenter's adaptation of Stephen King's Christine. A cover was sung by Nicolas Cage in Peggy Sue Got Married. The Rock-afire Explosion parodied the song for use in ShowBiz Pizza Place restaurants. Cover versions The Chiffons covered the song on their 1963 album One Fine Day. A cover was also sung by Showaddywaddy in 1978, reaching number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Australian band Ol' 55 covered the song on their album, Take It Greasy (1976). References 1958 songs 1958 debut singles Dion DiMucci songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Doo-wop songs Laurie Records singles 1978 singles Showaddywaddy songs","title":"I Wonder Why"},{"docid":"39469651","text":"Letter to My Daughter (2009) is the third book of essays by African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. By the time it was published, Angelou had written two other books of essays, several volumes of poetry, and six autobiographies. She was recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and had become \"a major autobiographical voice of the time\". Angelou had no daughters herself, but was inspired to write Letter as she was going through 20 years of notes and essay ideas, some of which were written for her friend Oprah Winfrey. Angelou wrote the book for the thousands of women who saw her as a mother figure, and to share the wisdom gained throughout her long life. Letter consists of 28 short essays, which includes a few poems and a commencement address, and is dedicated to \"the daughter she never had\". Reviews of the book were generally positive; most reviewers recognized that the book was full of Angelou's wisdom and that it read like words of advice from a beloved grandmother or aunt. One reviewer found the book's essays both homespun and \"hokey\". Background Letter to My Daughter is Maya Angelou's third book of essays. She had published several volumes of poetry, including Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. She had recited her poem, \"On the Pulse of Morning\", at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. In 2009, when Letter was published, Angelou had published six out of her seven installments of her series of autobiographies. Her sixth autobiography, A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002), was considered her final autobiography until she published her seventh autobiography, Mom & Me & Mom, in 2013, at the age of 85. By the time Letter was published, Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. She was, as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated, \"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\". She had also become, as reviewer Richard Long stated, \"a major autobiographical voice of the time\". Angelou was one of the first African-American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life, and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books. Writer Julian Mayfield, who called her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, \"a work of art that eludes description\", stated that Angelou's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers, but for the genre of autobiography as a whole. Overview Angelou came up with Letter to My Daughter, which became a New York Times bestseller, while going through old boxes of notes and papers full of concepts for future books and poems, which she called \"WIP\" (\"Works in Progress\"). She found twenty years worth of notes written to her friend Oprah","title":"Letter to My Daughter"},{"docid":"18164863","text":"Caged Bird may refer to: Caged bird, a bird kept in a birdcage \"Caged Bird\", a song by Alicia Keys on her 2001 album Songs in A Minor \"Caged Bird\" (Wonderfalls), a 2004 episode of the TV dramedy Wonderfalls The Caged Bird, a 1913 American silent short drama film \"Caged Bird,\" a poem by Maya Angelou (not be confused with her memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings)","title":"Caged Bird"},{"docid":"21966240","text":"For the Love of Art and the Making is an album by Danish progressive metal band Beyond Twilight. The album is one song split into 43 parts. According to Finn Zierler, there are another three hidden tracks that complete the album's concept. To date, said tracks have not been identified. Furthermore, the order of the track list on the album is not the actual one. Since the album is divided into 43 parts, the listener is able to arrange the parts in any order they regard as logical. Track listing \"In the Eyes of My Soul\" (first movement) – 0:49 \"Creep Evil\" – 0:59 \"Sleeping Beauty – The Journey\" – 1:30 \"Purity\" – 1:48 \"Sleeping Beauty – Connected\" – 1:28 \"Tongue Angel\" – 1:22 \"I Moved\" – 1:27 \"Blackened In My Eyes\" – 2:14 \"Temptations\" – 0:19 \"Fiery Woman\" – 0:38 \"Sweet Irony\" – 0:22 \"Conversation of the Dead\" – 0:16 \"The Perfect Heart\" – 0:59 \"The Perfect Heart Part II – Think\" – 0:36 \"The Key – Imagine\" – 0:09 \"The Perfect Heart Part III\" (modulated instrumental) – 0:28 \"The Black Widow\" – 0:27 \"The Key Part II – Naked Truth\" – 0:10 \"The Kiss of the Wind\" – 0:18 \"Dark Wild Rage\" – 2:41 \"Temptations Part II – Return\" (modulated) – 0:12 \"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" – 1:18 \"Cold as Blue\" – 0:32 \"The Awakening\" – 0:22 \"Cold as Blue – Like a Candle You Start to Drip\" – 0:23 \"Bilingues Cavendi – One Should Beware of the Double-Tongued\" – 0:09 \"The Awakening Part II – The Smile\" – 0:19 \"The Awakening Part III – Opening the Curtains To a Beautiful Sunny Morning Watching the Singing Birds\" – 0:20 \"In the Eyes of My Soul\" (first movement modulated with irony) – 0:20 \"Past the Magic\" – 1:13 \"Past the Magic Part II\" (rhythmic laughter) – 1:13 \"Nightwandering on Needles\" – 0:20 \"In the Eyes of My Soul\" (second movement modulated with irony) – 0:19 \"In the Eyes of My Soul\" (second movement) – 1:03 \"6 Seconds Past 6\" – 1:20 \"Organ Scientistic Formula (1)\" – 3:00 \"Nightwandering on Needles Part II – The Answer\" – 0:24 \"6 Black Roses - Ship of Rowing Slaves\" – 1:05 \"Autumn Fog Message\" – 1:34 \"Sleeping Beauty Returns - The Black Box of Reverse (Forward)\" – 0:22 \"The Black Box of Reverse\" – 1:10 \"In the Eyes of My Soul\" (third movement) – 0:33 \"In the Eyes of My Soul – For the Love of Art and the Making\" (finale)\" – 1:21 Personnel Finn Zierler – keyboards Björn Jansson – vocals Anders Ericson Kragh – guitar Jacob Hansen − rhythm guitar Anders Devillian Lindgren – bass Tomas Fredén – drums, percussion Additional musicians Truls Haugen - vocals Michael Eriksen - vocals Torben Vistisen - vocals References 2006 albums Beyond Twilight albums Massacre Records albums","title":"For the Love of Art and the Making"},{"docid":"26521447","text":"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an American television film based on the autobiography of the same name by Maya Angelou, first aired April 28, 1979, on CBS. Angelou and Leonora Thuna wrote the screenplay, and the movie was directed by Fielder Cook. Constance Good played the young Maya Angelou. Also appearing were Esther Rolle, Roger E. Mosley, Diahann Carroll, Ruby Dee, and Madge Sinclair. Filming took place in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The movie traces Maya's life from when she and her brother move in with their grandmother to the trauma of being raped as a young girl by one of her mother's boyfriends and the several years of silence that came after the attack. Two scenes in the movie differed from events described in the book. Angelou added a scene between Maya and Uncle Willie after the Joe Louis fight. In it, he expresses his feelings of redemption after Louis defeats a white opponent. Angelou also presents her eighth-grade graduation differently in the film. In the book, Henry Reed delivers the valedictory speech and leads the black audience in the Negro national anthem. In the movie, Maya conducts these activities. Cast (in credits order) Paul Benjamin as Freeman Diahann Carroll as Vivian Ruby Dee as Grandmother Baxter Roger E. Mosley as Bailey Sr. Esther Rolle as Momma Madge Sinclair as Miss Flowers Constance Good as Maya Angelou John Driver as Bailey Jr. (as John M. Driver II) Sonny Jim Gaines as Uncle Willie Art Evans as Principal J. Don Ferguson as Mr. Donleavy Georgia Allen as Mrs. Gurney Darryl Antony Williams as Tommy Valdon (as Darryl Williams) Tonea Stewart as Lillie (as Tommie Stewart) Monica Kyles as Julie Rick Salassi as Parmenian (as Richard Salassi) Lewis Liddell as Tommy Sammy Liddell as Ira Sylvester Spann as Tutti Myra Jo Arvin as Red Mose Lee Williams as 1st Mrs. Fletcher Frankie Mitchell as 2nd Mrs. Fletcher M.L. Breeland as Mr. Peters Angela Brown as Kitty Abbie Burns as Mary External links 1979 television films 1979 films 1970s biographical drama films CBS films Films based on biographies Films directed by Fielder Cook African-American biographical dramas 1970s English-language films Maya Angelou American drama television films 1970s American films","title":"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (film)"},{"docid":"2156799","text":"Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy? is a 1921 \"readymade\" sculpture by Marcel Duchamp. Specifically, Duchamp considered this to be an \"assisted Readymade\", this being because the original objects of which the work is made up had been altered by the artist. They consist of a birdcage, 152 white cubes (resembling sugar cubes, but made of marble), a medical thermometer, a piece of cuttlebone, and a tiny porcelain dish. The birdcage is made of painted metal and contains several wooden perches. The Philadelphia Museum of Art displays the original as part of the Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. Several replicas exist, made by Duchamp, but only in the original are the cubes stamped \"Made in France\". Explanation About the sculpture, Duchamp said: \"It is a Readymade in which the sugar is changed to marble. It is sort of a mythological effect.\" An explanation for the piece given by Duchamp involves the coldness of the marble cubes, the \"heat-giving\" properties of the sugar cubes, the thermometer evaluating temperature, and the sneezing that can result from cold. In commenting on the title Duchamp pointed out that there is a \"dissociation gap\" between sneezing at will and sneezing against one's will. André Breton wrote about Why not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?: \"I have in mind the occasion when Marcel Duchamp got hold of some friends to show them a cage which seemed to have no birds in it, but to be half-full of lumps of sugar. He asked them to lift the cage and they were surprised at its heaviness. What they had taken for lumps of sugar were really small lumps of marble which at great expense Duchamp had had sawn up specially for the purpose. The trick in my opinion is no worse than any other, and I would even say that it is worth nearly all the tricks of art put together.\" See also List of works by Marcel Duchamp Rrose Sélavy References External links The Writings of Marcel Duchamp, by Marcel Duchamp, Michel Sanouillet, Elmer Peterson; Da Capo Press, 1973 Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy? at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Works by Marcel Duchamp 1921 sculptures Sculptures in Pennsylvania Found object","title":"Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?"},{"docid":"5607044","text":"\"The Three Little Birds\" (German: De drei Vügelkens) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 96. The story is originally written in Low German. It is Aarne-Thompson type 707, the dancing water, the singing apple, and the speaking bird. The story resembles Ancilotto, King of Provino, by Giovanni Francesco Straparola, and The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette, the story of the 756th night of the Arabian Nights. Synopsis Three sisters were tending cows when a king and his company went by. The oldest pointed at the king and said she would marry him or no one; her sisters pointed at the ministers and said the same. The king summoned them before him, and then, because they were very beautiful, he married the oldest and his ministers married the youngest. The King had to go on a journey, and had her sisters attend the queen. She gave birth to a son with a red star on his forehead. Her sisters threw the baby boy into the water, and a bird sprang out of the water singing of what they had done. Despite the bird terrifying them, the sisters told the king that the Queen had given birth to a dog. Little did everyone know, a fisherman fished the boy out of the water and raised him. The King said that whatever God had sent was good. It happened again with their second son, and sadly their third child, the King and Queen's daughter. However, instead of saying the Queen had given birth to a third dog, the sisters said that she had given birth to a cat. This forced the Kings hand and he threw his wife into a prison as punishment. One day, the other boys would not let the oldest fish with them, because he was a foundling. So he set out to find his father. He found an old woman fishing and told her she would fish long before she caught anything. She told him that he would search long before he found his father, and carried him over the water to do it. The next year, the second boy set out in search of the brother, and he fared the same as his brother had. The next year, the girl set out as well, and when she found the woman, she said \"May God bless your fishing.\" The old woman gave her a rod and told her to go to a castle, bring back a caged bird and a glass of water, and on the way back, strike a black dog with the rod. She did it, found her brothers on the way, and when she struck the dog, turned it into a handsome prince. They went back home to the fisherman. The second son went hunting and, when he grew tired, played a flute. The king heard this and found him. He did not believe he was the fisherman's son, so the second son invited him home. There, the bird sang","title":"The Three Little Birds"},{"docid":"46210606","text":"\"The School Boy\" is a 1789 poem by William Blake and published as a part of his poetry collection entitled Songs of Experience. These poems were later added with Blake's Songs of Innocence to create the entire collection entitled \"Songs of Innocence and of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul\". This collection included poems such as \"The Tyger\", \"The Little Boy Lost\", \"Infant Joy\" and \"The Shepherd\". These poems are illustrated with colorful artwork created by Blake first in 1789. The first printing in 1789 consisted of sixteen copies. None of the copies of Songs of Innocence are exactly alike as some of them are incomplete or were colored in posthumously \"in imitation of\" other copies. \"The School Boy\" is a poem written in the pastoral tradition that focuses on the downsides of formal learning. It considers how going to school on a summer day \"drives all joy away\". The boy in this poem is more interested in escaping his classroom than he is with anything his teacher is trying to teach. In lines 16–20, a child in school is compared to a bird in a cage. Meaning something that was born to be free and in nature, is instead trapped inside and made to be obedient. Poem transcription What does it mean? First stanza: The school boy wakes and sees the sound of birds pleasant. It seemed to him as if the skylark is singing with him. All of these was such a sweet company to him. Second stanza: The school boys spent their days in utter despair under the thread of teacher's presence. Stanza three describes school, how when home-schooled you can sit happily and read. At school, there is no freedom; you will learn what you are told to learn, nothing more, nothing less. School cannot delight him. Stanza four compares good boy at school to a bird in a cage. A bird can't sing in a cage and also, a child can't be happy in school: his potential is restrained. Stanza five shows how people are dismayed at school and how students are stripped of their joy. The final stanza describes how school can never be fun, but it is like a cold winter's day blasting through the warm summer. In the last two stanzas Blake makes a heartfelt plea to parents using an extended metaphor of the natural cycles of life. In the world of nature, a bud grows into a flowering tree that will bear fruit as it matures. Blake references the seasons, describing how an Autumn harvest of fruit sustains life through the harsh Winter. In this way, he is illustrating how a happy childhood spent learning from the natural world will reap the benefits of a wise and fruitful old age. Sending children to school interferes with this natural cycle and results in a lifetime of unhappiness with no chance of cultivating wisdom. He likes the summer morning. He doesn't like the school. He thinks school is a","title":"The School Boy"},{"docid":"44360559","text":"Ann Henderson may refer to: Ann Henderson (sculptor) (1921–1976), Scottish sculptor Ann Henderson (politician) (1941–2002), Australian politician Ann Henderson (campaigner), Scottish labour campaigner and rector of the University of Edinburgh Anne Henderson (author) (born 1949), Australian writer Anne Henderson (public servant), chair of the Parades Commission of Northern Ireland Annie Henderson, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings character See also Ann Henderson-Sellers (born 1952), Australian professor of environment and geography","title":"Ann Henderson"},{"docid":"1296302","text":"Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and civil rights activist. Dee was married to Ossie Davis, with whom she frequently performed until his death in 2005. She received numerous accolades including two Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, a Obie Award and a Drama Desk Award as well as nominations for an Academy Award. She was honored with the National Medal of Arts in 1995, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 2000, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004. Dee started her career with the American Negro Theatre. She made her Broadway debut in South Pacific (1943). She met her future husband working together on the play Jeb (1946). She originated the Broadway roles of Ruth Younger in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun (1959) and reprised the role in the 1961 film and Lutiebell Gussie Mae Jenkins in the Ossie Davis play Purlie Victorious (1961) and reprised the role in the 1963 film. She made her film debut in That Man of Mine (1946) before landing a leading roles in films such as The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), Edge of the City (1957), Take a Giant Step (1959), and Buck and the Preacher (1972). She also acted in the Ossie Davis film Black Girl (1972), and the Spike Lee films Do the Right Thing (1989) and Jungle Fever (1991). For her performance in American Gangster (2007), Dee was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Female Actor in a Supporting Role. Dee received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her roles in The Doctors and the Nurses (1964) and Decoration Day (1990). She was Emmy-nominated for her roles in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), Lincoln (1988), China Beach (1990), and Evening Shade (1993). She also acted in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979), Long Day's Journey into Night (1982), Go Tell It on the Mountain (1985), The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990), The Stand (1994). She voiced Alice the Great in the Nickelodeon series Little Bill from 1994 to 2004. Early life and education Dee was born on October 27, 1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Gladys (née Hightower) and Marshall Edward Nathaniel Wallace, a cook, waiter and porter. After her mother left the family, Dee's father remarried, to Emma Amelia Benson, a schoolteacher. Dee was raised in Harlem, New York. Prior to attending Hunter College High School, she studied at Public Schools 119 and 136. Then, she went on to graduate from Hunter College with a degree in Romance languages in 1945. She was a member of Delta Sigma Theta. Career 1940–1959: Early acting roles Dee joined the American Negro Theatre as an apprentice, working with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, and Hilda Simms. She made her Broadway debut portraying a Native in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific (1943). She played the title role in the Eugene O'Neill play Anna Lucasta.","title":"Ruby Dee"},{"docid":"1840414","text":"Arkansas literature has an emerging consciousness, though it still lags behind other Southern states such as Mississippi and Georgia in the promotion of its literary culture. University of Arkansas Press is probably the state's largest publisher of books, though there do exist some notable small presses in the state: August House, Rose Publishing Group, and Chenault and Gray. The University of Arkansas's M.F.A. program has graduated a number of notable writers, including Lewis Nordan, John Dufresne, Steve Yarbrough, and more. In 2004, the state held the first annual Arkansas Literary Festival in Little Rock, attracting famous writers from around the nation. The Porter Prize is the state's most prestigious literary award. List of Arkansas residents and natives who have achieved a national stature for their writing Maya Angelou, whose I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings tells the story of her young life in Stamps, Arkansas. Dee Brown, author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. John Gould Fletcher, 1938 winner of the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry. Ellen Gilchrist, winner of the 1984 National Book Award for her collection of short stories Victory over Japan, and author of more than twenty works of fiction. John Grisham, national and international best-selling author, from Black Oak, Arkansas (born in Jonesboro). Many of his books have been turned into movies, including A Painted House, which is set in Black Oak. Donald Harington, winner of the Robert Penn Warren Award for his many novels which take place in the fictional town of Stay More, Arkansas. Charles Portis, author of True Grit, which was made into a movie starring John Wayne. Mary Bucci Bush, author of Sweet Hope. Literary journals in Arkansas Toad Suck Review, a print literary journal published by the Department of Writing at the University of Central Arkansas, toadsuckreview.org. Arkansas Literary Forum, an online publication of Henderson State University, which has published such notable Arkansas Writers as Jack Butler and Donald Harington. Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, a tri-annual journal published by Arkansas State University; it is the successor to the Kansas Quarterly. The Low Valley Review, a yearly print journal published by NorthWest Arkansas Community College, thelowvalleyreview.com The Oxford American, a quarterly journal of Southern culture once supported by John Grisham and now published by the University of Central Arkansas in Conway. The Natural Tale, a quarterly online journal of Arkansas-exclusive fiction and art. See also List of newspapers in Arkansas Southern United States literature Bibliography External links American literature by state literature","title":"Arkansas literature"},{"docid":"45598823","text":"Hisham Tawfiq (born May 17, 1970) is an American actor, best known for playing Dembe Zuma, part of the security detail and very close friend to Raymond \"Red\" Reddington in NBC's The Blacklist. Early life Born in New York City, Tawfiq discovered his love of the arts while performing the poem \"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\" by Maya Angelou in high school. Tawfiq studied at the Negro Ensemble Company, known for educating actors such as Denzel Washington and Ossie Davis. He also studied with coach Susan Batson. Prior to pursuing a full acting career, Tawfiq served in the U.S. Marines, deployed during Operation Desert Storm. From 1994 to 1996, Tawfiq worked as a corrections officer in the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York. While pursuing his acting career, Tawfiq also served as a firefighter for 20 years with the New York City Fire Department. Career Tawfiq performed with The Arkansas Repertory Theatre in Intimate Apparel and played Walter Lee Younger in a production of A Raisin in the Sun, which Tawfiq has said to be his dream role. Tawfiq starred in the BET film Gun Hill as Capt. Sanford, commander of a counter-crime task force. On television, Tawfiq has appeared in Lights Out, Law & Order spin-offs Special Victims Unit and Criminal Intent, Kings, Golden Boy, 30 Rock, and the 2013 NBC remake of Ironside. Tawfiq played Dembe in NBC's The Blacklist. Starting with season 3, he was promoted to series regular. Filmography Film Television Theater References External links 1970 births Living people American male actors United States Marine Corps personnel of the Gulf War New York City firefighters United States Marines Muslims from New York (state) American people of Kenyan descent","title":"Hisham Tawfiq"},{"docid":"1347003","text":"\"And Your Bird Can Sing\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on their 1966 album Revolver, apart from in the United States and Canada, where it instead appeared on Yesterday and Today. The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The recording features an extended dual-guitar melody, played by George Harrison and Paul McCartney, which anticipated the harmonised guitar arrangements commonly used by Southern rock, hard rock and heavy metal bands. Lennon was later dismissive of \"And Your Bird Can Sing\", referring to it as \"another of my throwaways ... fancy paper around an empty box\". The song's working title was \"You Don't Get Me\". Its oblique lyrics and Lennon's failure to reveal their meaning have encouraged several interpretations. One popular theory is that Lennon was addressing Frank Sinatra in response to a hagiographic article on the singer in Esquire magazine; another contends that the song was directed at Mick Jagger with reference to Marianne Faithfull. The Beatles first recorded the track in the style of the Byrds. This discarded version was released on the 1996 outtakes compilation Anthology 2 and includes the sound of Lennon and McCartney laughing their way through a vocal overdub and unable to sing. This version of the song was included (without the laughing overdub) on the second disc of the 2022 Super Deluxe Edition of Revolver. Background and inspiration Aside from dismissing it as a substandard work, John Lennon never discussed \"And Your Bird Can Sing\". His first wife Cynthia recalled that the song was inspired by her presenting Lennon with a clockwork bird inside a gilded cage, wrapped in gift paper, apart from the wind-up mechanism. She wound up the bird as she handed the present to Lennon so that it sang, leaving him with \"an expression of sheer disbelief on his face\" as he removed the wrapping paper. According to author Kenneth Womack, Lennon viewed the caged imitation bird as a metaphor for his marriage and a reflection of Cynthia's inability to understand him. The song's working title was \"You Don't Get Me\". The lack of an explanation from Lennon himself has led others to speculate on its meaning; music journalist Robert Fontenot states that the lyrics are among \"the most speculated-upon of any Beatles track\". In his 2007 book Can't Buy Me Love, Jonathan Gould says that Lennon wrote \"And Your Bird Can Sing\" about Frank Sinatra after reading a hagiographic article on the singer in Esquire magazine. Written by Gay Talese, the article detailed Sinatra's wealth and power, describing him as \"the fully emancipated male ... the man who can have anything he wants\", and repeatedly mentioned his use of the word \"bird\" to mean a penis. Talese quoted a press release for Sinatra's upcoming TV special, which stated it was a show for those who were \"tired of kid singers wearing mops of hair thick enough to hide a crate of melons\", and he said Sinatra aimed to","title":"And Your Bird Can Sing"},{"docid":"3608348","text":"The Heart of a Woman (1981) is an autobiography by American writer Maya Angelou. The book is the fourth installment in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The Heart of a Woman recounts events in Angelou's life between 1957 and 1962 and follows her travels to California, New York City, Cairo, and Ghana as she raises her teenage son, becomes a published author, becomes active in the civil rights movement, and becomes romantically involved with a South African anti-apartheid fighter. One of the most important themes of The Heart of a Woman is motherhood, as Angelou continues to raise her son. The book ends with her son leaving for college and Angelou looking forward to newfound independence and freedom. Like Angelou's previous volumes, the book has been described as autobiographical fiction, though most critics, as well as Angelou, have characterized it as autobiography. Although most critics consider Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings more favorably, The Heart of a Woman has received positive reviews. It was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in 1997. Critic Mary Jane Lupton says it has \"a narrative structure unsurpassed in American autobiography\" and that it is Angelou's \"most introspective\" autobiography. The title is taken from a poem by Harlem Renaissance poet Georgia Douglas Johnson, which connects Angelou with other female African-American writers. African-American literature critic Lyman B. Hagen states, \"Faithful to the ongoing themes of survival, sense of self, and continuing education, The Heart of a Woman moves its central figures to a point of full personhood\". The book follows Angelou to several places in the US and Africa, but the most important journey she describes is \"a voyage into the self.\" Background The Heart of a Woman, published in 1981, is the fourth installment of Maya Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The success of her previous autobiographies and the publication of three volumes of poetry had brought Angelou a considerable amount of fame by 1981. And Still I Rise, her third volume of poetry, was published in 1978 and reinforced Angelou's success as a writer. Her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Writer Julian Mayfield states that Angelou's work set a precedent not only for other black women writers but for the genre of autobiography as a whole. Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women through the writing of her life stories. It made her, as scholar Joanne Braxton stated, \"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer.\" Angelou was one of the first African-American female writers to discuss her personal life publicly, and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books. Writer Hilton Als calls her a pioneer of self-exposure, willing to focus honestly on the more negative aspects of her personality and choices. While Angelou was composing her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name, she","title":"The Heart of a Woman"},{"docid":"23586179","text":"J. Don Ferguson (November 21, 1933 – October 1, 2008), sometimes credited as Don Ferguson, was an American character actor who appeared in feature films and television programs. He was a prominent stage actor in Savannah, Georgia, regional stage theater productions. Ferguson also was an NCAA basketball tournament referee for ten years, and this experience led to his being cast in several related acting roles. Filmography Film The Longest Yard (1974) as Football Referee (uncredited) Gator (1976) as Bartender The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977) as Lt. Luther Baker Our Winning Season (1978) as Coach Michael Murphy Norma Rae (1979) as Peter Gallat The Prize Fighter (1979) as Referee #1 Little Darlings (1980) as Husband The Long Riders (1980) as Preacher The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (1981) as Hawkins The Loveless (1981) as Tarver Sharky's Machine (1981) as Rally Emcee Tennessee Stallion (1982) as Fred The American Snitch (1983) as Sonny Barton Tank (1984) as Gov. Harold R. Sims, Tennessee Kidco (1984) as TV Show Announcer Maximum Overdrive (1986) as Andy Running Mates (1986) as Robert Adams Date with an Angel (1987) as Harlan Rafferty Final Cut (1988) as Sheriff Thompson Fast Food (1989) as Dean Witler The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) as Bob Freejack (1992) as Promoter My Cousin Vinny (1992) as Guard #1 The Program (1993) as Referee Radioland Murders (1994) as Johnny Ace, Hard Boiled Dick (as Don Ferguson) The War (1994) as Mine Foreman Something to Talk About (1995) as Announcer Eddie (1996) as Game Referee Fled (1996) as Chairman Raney (1997) as Thurman Daddy Bell I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997) as MC Major League: Back to the Minors (1998) as Mick the Umpire Remember the Titans (2000) as Executive Director The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000) as Citizen Movievoyeur.com (2000) as Sheriff Ames The Substitute: Failure Is Not an Option (2001) as Colonel Teague Juwanna Mann (2002) as UBA Referee The Second Chance (2006) as Jeremiah Jenkins (final film role) Television F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles''' (1974, TV Movie) as Man in Speakeasy The Greatest Gift (1974, TV Movie) as Jim Friedlin Summer of My German Soldier (1978, TV Movie) as Mr. Jackson I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979, TV Movie) as Mr. Donleavy Barnaby Jones (1980, TV Series) as Ross Chapman When the Circus Came to Town (1981, TV Movie) as Andre Probashka Murder in Coweta County (1983, TV Movie) as Jim Hillin Windmills of the Gods (1988, TV Series) as Ian Villers Unconquered (1989, TV Movie) as Mr. Woods Traveling Man (1989, TV Movie) as Riker In the Heat of the Night (1989–1993, TV Series) as Rev. Winchell / Kevin Riley / Rev. Kenneth Haskell Murder in Mississippi (1990, TV Movie) When Will I Be Loved? (1990, TV Movie) as Man at Bar #1 In the Line of Duty: Manhunt in the Dakotas (1991, TV Movie) as James Blasingame Nightmare in Columbia County (1991, aka Victim of Beauty, TV Movie) as Bob","title":"J. Don Ferguson"},{"docid":"11473351","text":"Henry Reed may refer to: People Henry Reed (American football) (born 1948), American football player Henry Reed (cricketer) (1892–1963), English cricketer Henry Reed (merchant) (1806–1880), British merchant, philanthropist and evangelist Henry Reed (musician) (1884–1968), Appalachian fiddler and banjoist, associated with folklorist Alan Jabbour Henry Reed (poet) (1914–1986), British poet Henry Reed (Wisconsin legislator), Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Henry Armstrong Reed (1858–1876), killed at Battle of the Little Bighorn, nephew of George Armstrong Custer Henry Byron Reed (1855–1896), Member of Parliament Herbert Reed (British Army soldier) (Henry Herbert Reed, died 1940), British sailor, George Cross recipient Henry Hope Reed (1808–1854), American educator Henry Hope Reed Jr. (1915–2013), American architecture critic and preservationist Henry Thomas Reed (1846–1924), U.S. federal judge Henry Reed (I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings), a student mentioned in Maya Angelou's autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Fictional characters Henry Reed (character), in children's novels by Keith Robertson See also Henry Reid, former director of UCLA’s willed body program Henry Read (1890–1963), Anglican bishop in North India Henry English Read (1824–1868), American politician Henry Reade (1840–1884), English first-class cricketer, clergyman and educator Henry Reade (FRS) (c. 1716–1762), English academic and government official Harry Reid (disambiguation)","title":"Henry Reed"},{"docid":"24466071","text":"Champion of the World may refer to: Holder of a World championship \"We Are the Champions\", a 1977 song by the band, Queen The Champion of the World, a short story by Roald Dahl later adapted into Danny, the Champion of the World The nineteenth chapter of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings The Champion of the World (1927 film), a German silent film Champion of the World (2021 film), a Russian drama film \"Champion of the World\" (song), a 2020 single by Coldplay","title":"Champion of the World"},{"docid":"34527457","text":"Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now, published in 1993, is African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou's first book of essays. It was published shortly after she recited her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at President Bill Clinton's 1993 inauguration. Journey consists of a series of short essays, often autobiographical, along with two poems, and has been called one of Angelou's \"wisdom books\". It is titled after a lyric in the African American spiritual, \"On My Journey Now.\" At the time of its publication, Angelou was already well respected and popular as a writer and poet. Like her previous works, Journey received generally positive reviews. Background Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993) is Maya Angelou's first book of essays, published shortly after she recited her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at the inauguration of US President Bill Clinton, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's 1961 inauguration. Her recitation resulted in more recognition for her previous works and broadened her appeal \"across racial, economic, and educational boundaries\". Journey is, together with the 1997 book Even the Stars Look Lonesome, one of the volumes that writer Hilton Als called Angelou's \"wisdom book, comprising \"homilies strung together with autobiographical texts\". Journey was published during the period between her fifth and sixth autobiographies, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986) and A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002). Angelou's second book of essays, Even the Stars Look Lonesome, was published in 1997. She had earlier published several volumes of poetry, including the Pulitzer Prize-nominated Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971). Angelou's first personal essays were published in Essence in late 1992. The positive response from her readers and the encouragement of her friend Oprah Winfrey inspired her to write Journey. She later admitted that the public's response was \"puzzling\" to her. She also stated that she attempted to be \"accessible\" to her readers in the book. Journey appeared on The New York Times bestseller list and had an initial printing of 300,000 copies. The Los Angeles Times, in a report about the 1993 financial struggles of Angelou's publisher, Random House, speculated that the success of Journey partly compensated for the publisher's other losses. By 1993, when Journey was published, Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. She was, as scholar Joanne Braxton stated, \"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\". She had also become, as reviewer Richard Long stated, \"a major autobiographical voice of the time\". Angelou was one of the first African-American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life, and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books. Writer Julian Mayfield, who called her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings \"a work of art that eludes description\", stated that Angelou's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers, but","title":"Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now"},{"docid":"2190609","text":"\"Aura Lea\" (sometimes spelled \"Aura Lee\") is an American Civil War song about a maiden. It was written by W. W. Fosdick (lyrics) and George R. Poulton (music). The melody was used in Elvis Presley's 1956 hit song \"Love Me Tender\". History Aura Lea was published by Poulton, an Englishman who had come to America with his family as a boy in 1838, and Fosdick in 1861. It was a sentimental ballad at a time when upbeat and cheerful songs were more popular in the music halls. It became popular as a minstrel song, and the tune was also taken up by the U.S. Military Academy as a graduating class song, called \"Army Blue\"; new lyrics by L. W. Becklaw were sung to the original melody. The Civil War began shortly after the song's release, \"Aura Lea\" was adopted by soldiers on both sides, and was often sung around campfires. The tune is familiar to modern audiences from the 1956 Elvis Presley #1 hit \"Love Me Tender\" with new lyrics by Ken Darby, a derivative adaptation of the original. A later Presley recording for the film The Trouble with Girls entitled \"Violet (Flower of N.Y.U.)\" also used the melody of \"Aura Lea\". Lyrics The lyrics as written by Fosdick: When the blackbird in the Spring, Neath the willow tree, Sat and rock'd, I heard him sing, Sing of Aura Lea. Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Maid of golden hair; Sunshine came along with thee, And swallows in the air. Chorus: Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Maid of golden hair; Sunshine came along with thee, And swallows in the air. In thy blush the rose was born, Music, when you spake, Through thine azure eye the morn, Sparkling seemed to break. Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Birds of crimson wing, Never song have sung to me, As in that sweet spring. (Chorus) Aura Lea! the bird may flee, The willow's golden hair Swing through winter fitfully, On the stormy air. Yet if thy blue eyes I see, Gloom will soon depart; For to me, sweet Aura Lea Is sunshine through the heart. (Chorus) When the mistletoe was green, Midst the winter's snows, Sunshine in thy face was seen, Kissing lips of rose. Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Take my golden ring; Love and light return with thee, And swallows with the spring. (Chorus) In popular culture \"Aura Lee\" was sung by Frances Farmer and a male chorus in the 1936 film Come and Get It, based on Edna Ferber's novel. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959) Diana Muldaur sings the song to David Carradine in the episode \"The Elixir\" of Kung Fu. Jerry Lanning performed the song in \"Big Star\", a 1962 episode of The Donna Reed Show. The television cavalry comedy F Troop used a variation of the song to welcome saloon singer Laura Lee in the episode \"She's Only a Build in a Girdled Cage\" (cf. \"She's only a bird in a","title":"Aura Lea"},{"docid":"44065775","text":"Tuff Enuff Records was a British queer/riot grrrl record label based in Brighton, England. History Tuff Enuff was established in 2012 as a spin-off from associated club night Riots Not Diets, and specialises in releasing DIY punk and lo-fi/underground music. The label is considered to be in the tradition of Slampt Records as well as more recent British queercore labels such as Homocrime and Irrk. First release was compilation album Why Diet When You Could Riot?, which was favourably reviewed in Maximum Rocknroll and elsewhere and included tracks from Ste McCabe and Trash Kit. Two further compilations followed, 2013's Carry On Rioting and 2014's I Know Why the Caged Grrrl Sings, including tracks by Shrag and Shopping, respectively. The label released a series of well-received cassette EPs by bands such as Frau, No Ditching, Dog Legs, The Ethical Debating Society and Big Joanie; vinyl singles by Men Oh Pause and Slum Of Legs; as well as vinyl albums by Roseanne Barr, Daskinsey4 and Ye Nuns, the latter band featuring Debbie Smith, Charley Stone and former members of Mambo Taxi and thee Headcoatees playing covers of songs by The Monks. Artists Alison’s Birthday As Ondas Big Joanie Crumbs Daskinsey4 Dog Legs The Ethical Debating Society Frau Grubs King Alfred, Man Of Leisure Martha Men Oh Pause The Middle Ones Milky Wimpshake Molar Neurotic Fiction No Ditching Roseanne Barr Slum Of Legs Try The Pie Two White Cranes Ye Nuns References External links Tuff Enuff Discogs Tuff Enuff 45Cat Tuff Enuff Bandcamp Underground punk scene in the United Kingdom British independent record labels Record labels established in 2012 Punk record labels Riot grrrl Queercore","title":"Tuff Enuff Records"},{"docid":"38750634","text":"Once I Was an Eagle is the fourth studio album by British singer-songwriter Laura Marling, and was released on 27 May (US/Canada, 28 May) 2013. \"Master Hunter\" was the album's first official single release. It was nominated for the 2013 Mercury Prize. The record achieved unanimous critical acclaim, and has been cited as one of the best singer-songwriter records of the 21st century. History Background and production Marling began debuting songs from Once I Was An Eagle, as early as mid-late 2011, before the release of her third album, A Creature I Don't Know. These songs included \"I Was An Eagle\", \"Pray For Me\" and \"Master Hunter\". The album, according to Marling, is the \"plain[est]\" album she has written. She has commented that it follows a central figure, who angrily shuns naïvety and love, and over the course of the album regains a \"second naïvety\". The album is written in three tunings, which mark the basic changes in emotion. The first half (\"Take The Night Off\" to \"Devil's Resting Place\") has a darker, more melancholic tone, whereas the second half (\"Undine\" to \"Saved These Words\") has a more upbeat and open tone, if not jubilant. Marling has stated that there is a greater cohesion to 'Once I Was An Eagle', in terms of themes and the development of the music. Many critics have noted that the first half feels more like a continuous idea, intensified by the first four songs (\"Take The Night Off\", \"I Was An Eagle\", \"You Know\" and \"Breathe\") which flow together as one. Following the conclusion of her tour for her previous album, Marling began production on her fourth album. Unlike her previous three albums, she chose not to work with a band, and instead she enlisted the help of producer Ethan Johns and cellist, Ruth de Turberville, to assist with the album's production. Marling recorded the album in 10 days at Three Crows studio in Bath, England. The guitar and vocals were recorded live in one take. The album is considerably longer than her previous efforts, with sixteen tracks, and running in at over an hour. Promotion The album was announced on 8 March 2013, along with a streaming of \"Where Can I Go?\" on Laura Marling's official SoundCloud page. Long time collaborators, Fred & Nick, created an 18-minute film called When Brave Bird Saved, written and directed by the pair, which was a \"visual introduction\" to the first four songs on the album, \"Take The Night Off\", \"I Was an Eagle\", \"You Know\" and \"Breathe\". The four songs seamlessly flow into one another, much like \"Don't Ask Me Why\" and \"Salinas\" on Marling's previous album, A Creature I Don't Know. The name from the film is derived from the titles of the last four songs on the album, When Were You Happy? (And How Long Has That Been), Love Be Brave, Little Bird, and Saved These Words. \"Master Hunter\" premiered on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on 16 April 2013. Marling performed stripped-back","title":"Once I Was an Eagle"},{"docid":"31232762","text":"Hitting a New High is a 1937 American musical comedy film directed by Raoul Walsh. It stars Lily Pons and Jack Oakie. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1938 in the category Best Sound Recording (John O. Aalberg). Plot Corny Davis, a press agent of an American entertainment mogul based out of Paris, France is looking for a new work. After the mogul, Lucius B Blynn, faces a series of embrassments, his press agent tries to sign an opera singer for him. He finds an opera singer named Suzette (Lily Pons), Suzette is furious with her current agent and boyfriend (Jimmy James, played by John Howard) who wants her to sing cabaret instead of opera, so she walks out on him, where Corny is waiting. However, Davis's boss is already on a quest to rebuild his reputation by going on safari in French Equatorial Africa. Therefore, he has the opera singer (played by Lily Pons) go to the French Congo and pretend to be a \"bird woman\", something akin to Tarzan but having been raised amongst the birds. He \"finds\" her in the wild singing, just as Corny intended. Despite the farcical nature of this, Blynn buys it. He has her \"captured\" in a wooden cage, Corny says he'll \"teach her\" to speak, absurdly Blynn continues to fall for the entire charade. While Blynn frantically telegrams New York telling them about his \"find\", Corny and Suzette (who is pretending to be \"Oogahunga the Bird-Girl\") scheme to keep the farce going until she's famous and he's rich. Blynn excitedly debuts Suzette on radio in New York City while he wears full safari gear despite being on radio. When questioned on why he's dressed that way he says it's so he can have \"an authentic mental juxtaposition\". However, during her inaugural broadcast her ex-boss/ex-boyfriend hears her singing the song she was arguing with him about when she walked out on him. Immediately he knows it's her. Shortly thereafter Jimmy James shows up in Blynn's office. Blynn kicks him out but he scales the wall and finds Suzette upstairs playing piano and singing. Corny walks in on them and makes an arrangement with Jimmy, they get Suzette to agree to do shows for both of them in exchange for James not exposing their scheme. His friend and clarinet player Cedric Cosmos (played by Eric Blore) overhears Corny, Jimmy and Suzette discussing the entire scam backstage during one such cabaret show. He asks Jimmy for hush money and when he doesn't get it he shows up the next day as adventurer \"Captain Braceridge Hemingway\", explorer of Africa. Blynn, unaware he's being tricked yet again falls for Cedric's imitation. Cedric, as \"Captain Braceridge Hemingway\" tells an elaborate tale of shipwreck off of the coast Africa. He claims to be the long lost father of \"Oogahunga, the Bird-Girl\". Blynn gracefully allows him to reconnect with his \"long lost daughter\". When Cedric and Corny are alone, Cedric makes blackmail demands of Corny. However, during the","title":"Hitting a New High"},{"docid":"1662352","text":"Seven's Travels is the third studio album by the Minneapolis hip hop group Atmosphere, their first and only for Epitaph. It was released on September 23, 2003. \"Trying to Find a Balance\" and \"National Disgrace\" were released as singles and music videos were made for both. Background The original cover features a naked, bare-breasted woman laying in a field. It was changed to a plain white cover resembling The White Album due to the death of Marissa Mathy-Zvaifler, a 16-year-old girl who was murdered by a janitor during an Atmosphere show in Albuquerque, NM on July 16, 2003. The janitor, convicted child sex offender Dominic Akers, had led the girl backstage, claiming he would allow her to meet vocalist Sean Daley (aka Slug). Slug dedicates the album to Zvaifler in the liner notes, and later wrote about the incident and his reaction in a song entitled \"That Night, which appears on the 2005 album You Can't Imagine How Much Fun We're Having. Slug would later describe the song as one he \"wasn't supposed to write\" and marks the 2005 album as a whole as a beginning point of Slug's more positive storytelling in his music. Release On December 10, 2013, 3,000 limited edition vinyl pressings were released in celebration of the album's tenth anniversary. It uses the album's original cover art and contains bonus tracks. Track listing All songs are produced by Ant. Personnel Slug – vocals Nate \"the Guitar Man\" Collis – additional guitar on \"Trying to Find a Balance\" and \"Always Coming Back Home to You\" Cameron H., Kristin B., and Nate the Merchant – additional vocals on \"Bird Sings Why the Caged I Know\" Tasha Baron – additional rhodes on \"Gotta Lotta Walls\" and \"Good Times (Sick Pimpin')\" Anthony D. – additional vocals on \"Gotta Lotta Walls\" Sara, Katie and others – additional vocals on \"Suicidegirls\" Jason Cook – additional vocals on \"Jason\" Brother Ali – guest vocals on \"Cats Van Bags\" Sara Lindsay, Sage Francis – additional vocals on \"Lifter Puller\" Nate Collis – additional jawharp on \"Shoes\" and \"National Disgrace\" Crescent Moon and Advizor – additional vocals on \"Liquor Lyles Cool July\" I Self Devine – additional vocals on \"In My Continental\" References External links Rhymesayers Entertainment Atmosphere (music group) albums 2003 albums Epitaph Records albums Rhymesayers Entertainment albums","title":"Seven's Travels"},{"docid":"594642","text":"\"Kagome Kagome\" (かごめかごめ, or ) is a Japanese children's game and the song (Warabe uta) associated with it. One player is chosen as the Oni (literally demon or ogre, but similar to the concept of \"it\" in tag) and sits blindfolded (or with their eyes covered). The other children join hands and walk in circles around the Oni while chanting the song for the game. When the song stops, the Oni tries to name the person standing directly behind them. The song is a subject of much interest because of its cryptic lyrics which vary from region to region. Many interpretations exist, but the originally intended meaning is unknown. Melody Lyrics The song's lyrics vary by region, but the most commonly known version is: The most common interpretation is: (** is additional to match singing) Kagome kagome / The bird in the cage, **bird in the cage** When, oh when will it come out In the evening of the dawn The crane and turtle slipped, **they slipped** Who is behind you now? As the song is typically written in a single line without any punctuation, in addition to the odd phrasing and ambiguous words, it is also unclear which phrases are connected to which (For example, \"In the evening of dawn\" could be an answer to \"when oh when will it come out\", or could be a setting for \"the crane and turtle slipped\"). Common variations in the song include replacing \"夜明けの晩に\" (\"yoake no ban ni/in the evening of the dawn\") with \"夜明けの番人\" (\"yoake no bannin/the guard at/of dawn\"), and \"後ろの正面\" (\"ushiro no shoumen/in front of behind\") with \"後ろの少年\" (\"ushiro no shounen/the boy behind\"). There are countless variations in history, many of which can be found recorded in writing. Meaning Many theories surround the meanings of the various phrases in the song. These include: Kagome \"Kagome\" (籠目): The holes in a basket A corruption of \"kakome\" (\"surround\") The shape of the holes in a traditional basket, a hexagon The shape of the holes in a traditional, including the woven material, a hexagram \"Kagome\" (籠女): A pregnant woman Kagome – a caged bird Kagome – \"Circle you\" Can also mean \"lost\" Kago no naka no tori wa As \"kago\" can mean both \"cage\" and \"basket\", a bird in a basket would, by the standards of the age, be a chicken It is possible that \"tori\" is supposed to be a metaphor for torii, and that kago (typically woven out of bamboo) refers to a bamboo fence, and that thus the \"torii surrounded by bamboo\" is in fact a Shinto shrine. In the case that kagome is interpreted as \"pregnant woman\", the bird in the cage is her unborn child, as the Japanese saying of \"a bird in the cage\" being a euphemism for pregnancy. Itsu itsu deyaru Can also be \"itsu itsu deau\" (\"When oh when will we meet\") Can mean \"When will it come out?\" Can mean \"When can it come out?\" Yoake no ban ni Can simply mean night","title":"Kagome Kagome"},{"docid":"64594094","text":"Paul Bernard du Feu (September 1935 – 1 January 2013) was a Welsh builder, painter, author and model. He is best known for his marriages to the feminist Germaine Greer and the poet Maya Angelou. He published the memoir Let's Hear it for the Long-legged Women in 1973. Life Born in 1935 in Wrexham, Wales, the son of a civil servant, du Feu grew up in London. His French surname came from ancestors who settled in the Channel Islands. He attended King's College London, studying English literature, during which time he married Shirley Thompson, with whom he had two children. After graduating he worked as a builder. Marriage to Germaine Greer In 1968 after being discharged from the hospital where he had been treated for alcohol poisoning, du Feu met Germaine Greer, then an assistant lecturer at the University of Warwick, outside a pub in Portobello Road and after a brief courtship they married at Paddington Registry office. Though their marriage officially lasted five years, their relationship lasted only three weeks. Greer later recalled that she had been unfaithful to du Feu seven times during their short relationship, and she had spent her wedding night in an armchair because her husband, drunk, would not let her in bed. Eventually, during a party near Ladbroke Grove, \"'[h]e turned to me and sneered (drunk as usual): 'I could have any woman in this room.' 'Except me,' I said, and walked away forever.'\" After this, du Feu posed in British Cosmopolitan, thought to be their first almost-naked male centrefold. In 1973 he also published an erotic memoir, Let's Hear it for the Long-legged Women, for which it is claimed he was paid more than Greer had been given as the advance for her 1970 work The Female Eunuch. Marriage to Maya Angelou du Feu met Maya Angelou in Soho in 1971, at a literary event for her best-selling autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. They married in 1974, and exchanged vows two further times, but divorced in 1983. They remained friends, and Angelou helped du Feu financially during his later years. Later life du Feu spent the rest of his life in California, both in Berkeley and later in Oakland, where he worked in home renovation. He died in January 2013. References 1935 births 2013 deaths People from Wrexham Maya Angelou","title":"Paul du Feu"},{"docid":"67989868","text":"Metikurke Ramaswamy Kamala is a writer, and a poet in Kannada language who is a recipient of Karnataka Sahitya Academy award. Early life and education Kamala was born in Metikurke, a village in Hassan district of Karnataka. Her parents, N H Raamaswamy and Vishaalakshi had farmlands. Her father a gamaka performer, encouraged her interest in literature. Kamala's early education was in her hometown Metikurke school. She received a B.A degree from MES College, and a M.A Kannada from Bangalore University in 1980. She also studied a LLB degree and a diploma in French language from Bangalore University. Career Kamala started writing poems and stories at a young age, and while studying in college, she published her works in college magazines and local newspapers. Her first poetry collection, Shakuntalopakhyana was published in 1988. Some of her selected poems have been printed in English, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Telugu and Marathi languages, and in 2005, some were set to music by a Kannada composer C. Ashwath. She has translated books from other languages into Kannada. She has primarily focused on translating works written by women writers from Africa, Arab nations, and African-Americans. She translated Maya Angelou's autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings into Kannada. M. R. Kamala started her career working as a Kannada Lecturer in a Pre-Univeraity (PU) College, at Halebidu in 1981 and retired as a Principal of Shivanahalli Pre-University College (PU), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru in 2018. Bibliography Shakuntalopakhyana (1988) Kattala Hoovina Haadu (1989) Jaane Mattu Itara KavitegaLu (1992) Jivananandara Kavitegalu (2003) Hoovu Chellida Haadi (2007) Nettarali Nenda Chandra (2016) Maaribidi (2017) Oora Beediya Suttu (2020) Gadyagandhi (2020) Quarantine (2020) Kappu Hakkiya Belakina Haadu Rosa Parks Sere Hakki Haduvudu Ekendu Balle Awards and recognitions Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award Translation Academy award Kuvempu Bhasha Bharathi Award (2007) SV Parameshwara Bhat award (2017) Maasti award (2018) BM Shri Golden Medal winner Muddanna poetry award Amma Award instituted by the Matrushree Mahadevamma Nagappa Munnur Prathishtan Matrushri Ratnamma Hedge Memorial Award References Kannada-language writers Living people 1959 births People from Bangalore People from Hassan district Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada Poets from Karnataka","title":"M. R. Kamala"},{"docid":"15707237","text":"Gather Together in My Name is a 1974 memoir by American writer and poet Maya Angelou. It is the second book in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. Written three years after the publication of and beginning immediately following the events described in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, it follows Angelou, called Rita, from the ages of 17 to 19. The title is taken from the Bible, but also conveys how one Black female lived in the white-dominated society of the U.S. following World War II. Angelou expands upon many themes that she started discussing in her first autobiography, including motherhood and family, racism, identity, education and literacy. Rita becomes closer to her mother in this book, and goes through a variety of jobs and relationships as she tries to provide for her young son and find her place in the world. Angelou continues to discuss racism in Gather Together, but moves from speaking for all Black women to describing how one young woman dealt with it. The book exhibits the narcissism of young people, but describes how Rita discovers her identity. Like many of Angelou's autobiographies, Gather Together is concerned with Angelou's on-going self-education. Gather Together was not as critically acclaimed as Angelou's first autobiography, but received mostly positive reviews and was recognized as being better written than its predecessor. The book's structure, consisting of a series of episodes tied together by theme and content, parallels the chaos of adolescence, which some critics feel makes it an unsatisfactory sequel to Caged Bird. Rita's many physical movements throughout the book, which affects the book's organization and quality, has caused at least one critic to call it a travel narrative. Background Gather Together in My Name, published in 1974, is Maya Angelou's second book in her series of seven autobiographies and was written three years after her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In 1971, Angelou published her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which became a bestseller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. It was Angelou's early practice to alternate a prose volume with a poetry volume. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at the inauguration of Bill Clinton, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost's \"The Gift Outright\" at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. Through the writing of this autobiography and her life stories in all of her books, Angelou became recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. According to scholar Joanne Braxton, it made her \"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\". Title The title of Gather Together is inspired by Matthew 18:19–20: \"Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven. For where two or three","title":"Gather Together in My Name"},{"docid":"31342635","text":"A Song Flung Up to Heaven is the sixth book in author Maya Angelou's series of autobiographies. Set between 1965 and 1968, it begins where Angelou's previous book All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes ends, with Angelou's trip from Accra, Ghana, where she had lived for the past four years, back to the United States. Two \"calamitous events\" frame the beginning and end of the book—the assassinations of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Angelou describes how she dealt with these events and the sweeping changes in both the country and in her personal life, and how she coped with her return home to the U.S. The book ends with Angelou at \"the threshold of her literary career\", writing the opening lines to her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. As she had begun to do in Caged Bird, and continued throughout her series, Angelou upheld the long tradition of African-American autobiography. At the same time she made a deliberate attempt to challenge the usual structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. Most reviewers agreed that the book was made up of a series of vignettes. By the time Song was written in 2002, sixteen years after her previous autobiography, Angelou had experienced great fame and recognition as an author and poet. She recited her poem \"On the Pulse of Morning\" at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's in 1961. She had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. Angelou was, as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated, \"without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\". She had also become, as reviewer Richard Long stated, \"a major autobiographical voice of the time\". The title of Song was based upon the same poem, by African-American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, the basis of her first autobiography. Like Angelou's other autobiographies, the book was greeted with both praise and disappointment, although reviews were generally positive. Reviewers praised Angelou for \"the culmination of a unique autobiographical achievement\", while others criticized her for coming across as \"smug\". The 2002 spoken word album by the same name, based on the book, received a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2003. Background A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002) is the sixth of Maya Angelou's series of autobiographies, and at the time of its publication it was considered to be the final installment. It was completed 16 years after the publication of her previous autobiography, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986) and over thirty years after the publication of her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou wrote two collections of essays in the interim, Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993) and Even the Stars Look Lonesome (1997), which writer Hilton Als called her \"wisdom books\" and \"homilies strung together with autobiographical texts\". She also continued her poetry","title":"A Song Flung Up to Heaven"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"11201508\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\\\" is the fourth episode of the nineteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 14, 2007. For the second time in the series, Marge helps a prison assailant. Marge meets Dwight (Steve Buscemi), a man who attempts to rob the bank the two are in. Marge promises that she would visit him in prison, should he turn himself in, but too frightened to go into the prison, she breaks her promise. It was written by Dana Gould and directed by Bob Anderson. Steve Buscemi makes his second guest appearance on the show, (originally appearing as himself in \\\"Brake My Wife, Please\\\") though this time he voiced a character, Dwight. Ted Nugent has a voice cameo. Julia Louis-Dreyfus makes a surprise guest return as Snake's girlfriend Gloria, who originally appeared in \\\"A Hunka Hunka Burns in Love\\\". During its first airing, the episode originally garnered 8.8 million viewers, higher than the previous episode. Plot Lisa is named \\\"Student of the Millennium\\\", so Marge stresses that Homer has to attend her ceremony due to past absences at most of the kids' events. Homer then wakes up early and takes Maggie to the school auditorium. Meanwhile, Marge gets impatient waiting in line at the bank, so she strikes up a conversation with an apparently charming man named Dwight (Steve Buscemi), who then pulls out a gun and tells everyone to get down on the floor, holding the entire bank hostage. Marge privately calls Homer, informing him she is a hostage at a bank robbery. Dwight sees this and cuts off the call. He then makes a deal; he will turn himself if Marge promises to visit him in prison, to which she reluctantly agrees. Homer attempts to convince Marge not to visit Dwight in the prison, but Marge wishes to honor her promise. However, while going to the prison, she makes continuous stops to avoid going to the prison and misses visiting hours. At the prison, Dwight becomes depressed and then angry at Marge's absence, and Marge's guilt begins to get to her while watching a depressing movie about a prisoner who was to be electrocuted. Dwight breaks out of prison, and upon finding Marge's address in a newspaper, sets out to find her. While watching television at home, Marge sees a news report by Kent Brockman on Dwight's escape from prison. Dwight begins stalking her in various places, and successfully catches up to Marge and takes her to the same amusement park where he was abandoned by his mother, with the intention to have Marge help him repay the time he had lost, and promises to let her go afterward, to which a sympathetic Marge agrees. He and Marge then ride the Viking ship ride together. Chief Wiggum arrives attempting to save Marge, but he is caught in the ride. Dwight jams the ride's gears by throwing in\",\n \"title\": \"I Don't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13259064\",\n \"text\": \"Downloading the Repertoire is a 1996 novelty album by American singer John \\\"Jack\\\" Mudurian (May 23, 1929 – September 30, 2013). Mudurian was a resident of Duplex Nursing Home in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1981, David Greenberger, an employee who also edited the zine The Duplex Planet, overheard Mudurian singing at a home talent show, and when Greenberger spoke to him about it, Mudurian boasted that he could sing as many songs as Frank Sinatra. Greenberger brought in a cassette tape recorder and asked him to sing; Mudurian proceeded to sing 129 songs, many from the Tin Pan Alley repertory (and several more than once), continuously over the next 47 minutes. The recording was issued as Downloading the Repertoire on Arf! Arf! Records in 1996, and it became a cult novelty hit. Neil Strauss, writing about the recording for The New York Times, wrote: \\\"What is most interesting about this CD is not Mr. Mudurian's slurred, rushed singing but the way his entire life story unfolds in his selection of material.\\\" In a review for AllMusic, Cub Koda commented: \\\"[Mudurian's]... free association from tune to tune is downright astounding. No matter what kind of music you might have in your collection, it's a good bet you don't have anything that sounds quite like this.\\\" A reviewer for CMJ New Music Monthly described the album as \\\"a hysterical, bizarre tour through the history of American popular song.\\\" A shortened version of the music heard on Downloading appeared on Irwin Chusid's compilation of outsider music called Songs in the Key of Z, Vol. 1. Mudurian can also be heard on the compilations The Talent Show (1996), and The Tarquin Records All Star Holiday Extravaganza (2000). After meeting Mudurian, singer Jad Fair transcribed his version of \\\"Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)\\\" and performed it in his own live shows. According to Greenberger, the nursing home at which Mudurian resided closed in 1987, and the two lost touch. Greenberger, who affectionately referred to the marathon recording session as \\\"Jack's and my private Olympic event,\\\" recalled: \\\"That June afternoon lives on for me. Planes flew overhead, birds chirped in the trees and another resident... could be heard singing in the background from time to time.\\\" Songs sung on Downloading the Repertoire (in order of songs sung) Chicago (That Toddlin' Town) It's Been a Long, Long Time Why Am I Always Yearning for Theresa The Halls of Montezuma So Long It's Been Good to Know You Step Right Up (and Help Old Uncle Sam) It's Only a Paper Moon Music! Music! Music! (Put Another Nickel In) Take Me Out to the Ball Game Some Sunday Morning Any Bonds Today? Red River Valley My Bonnie Jimmy Crack Corn The Wabash Cannonball I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now Ramona Toot Toot Tootsie! (Goo' Bye) If You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie I Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine I Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me) I'll See You in My Dreams Lucky Me I Don't Know Why\",\n \"title\": \"Downloading the Repertoire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66756698\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Sympathy\\\" is an 1899 poem written by Paul Laurence Dunbar. Dunbar, one of the most prominent African-American writers of his time, wrote the poem while working in unpleasant conditions at the Library of Congress. The poem is often considered to be about the struggle of African-Americans. Maya Angelou titled her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings from a line in the poem and referenced its themes throughout her autobiographies. Background Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) was an American poet. Born to freed slaves, he became one of the most prominent African-American poets of his time in the 1890s. Dunbar, who was twenty-seven when he wrote \\\"Sympathy\\\", had already published several poetry collections which had sold well. He was hired to work as an attendant at the Library of Congress on September 30, 1897, but the experience was unpleasant and strained his declining health. He wrote \\\"Sympathy\\\" at least in part because he was feeling \\\"like he was trapped in a cage\\\" while working there. Alice Dunbar Nelson, Dunbar's wife, later wrote in a 1914 article that: \\\"Sympathy\\\" was first published in 1899 in Dunbar's poetry collection Lyrics of the Hearthside. He had previously published a poem also titled \\\"Sympathy\\\" in 1893. Text I know what the caged bird feels, alas! When the sun is bright on the upland slopes; When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass, And the river flows like a stream of glass; When the first bird sings and the first bud opes, And the faint perfume from its chalice steals – I know what the caged bird feels! I know why the caged bird beats his wing Till its blood is red on the cruel bars; For he must fly back to his perch and cling When he fain would be on the bough a-swing; And a pain still throbs in the old, old scars And they pulse again with a keener sting – I know why he beats his wing! I know why the caged bird sings, ah me, When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore, – When he beats his bars and he would be free; It is not a carol of joy or glee, But a prayer that he sends from his heart's deep core, But a plea, that upward to Heaven he flings – I know why the caged bird sings! Reception The literary critic Joanne M. Braxton considers \\\"Sympathy\\\" to represent Dunbar as a \\\"mature\\\" poet who is finding his own voice as a poet and distancing himself from \\\"the imitation of European models\\\". The poet Carol Rumens described the poem as \\\"an almost unbearably painful lyric.\\\" She concludes her analysis by saying that \\\"Dunbar's parents had known the agony of being slaves; Dunbar understands that there are other kinds of cages for their children.\\\" In The Cambridge History of African American Literature, the scholar Keith Leonard described \\\"Sympathy\\\" as following Standard English norms and felt that its \\\"celebration of nature\\\" was \\\"common to Romantic poets\\\" but\",\n \"title\": \"Sympathy (poem)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4243579\",\n \"text\": \"The Bedford Reader is a college composition textbook published by the Bedford/St. Martin's publishing company. It is edited by X. J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, and Jane E. Aaron. It is widely used in freshman composition courses at colleges across the United States. The eleventh edition of the book is composed of over seventy essays, one short story, and one poem. It is divided into eleven sections by the various methods of development: narration, description, example, comparison and contrast, analysis, process analysis, classification, cause and effect, definition, argument and persuasion, along with a section on mixing the methods. Famous works and authors Numerous essays and stories by noted authors are included in The Bedford Reader. These include: An excerpt from Maya Angelou's I Know why the Caged Bird Sings \\\"The Lottery\\\" by Shirley Jackson \\\"Shooting Dad\\\", the essay that made Sarah Vowell famous An essay by Dave Barry \\\"Remembering my Childhood on the Continent of Africa\\\", from David Sedaris' Me Talk Pretty One Day Jessica Mitford's \\\"Behind the Formaldehyde Curtain\\\" David Foster Wallace's commencement speech for Kenyon College, \\\"This Is Water\\\" An excerpt from Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma Judy Brady's \\\"I Want a Wife\\\" Gloria Naylor's \\\"The Meanings of a Word\\\" Richard Rodriguez's \\\"Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood\\\" An excerpt from Barbara Kingsolver's Animal, Vegetable, Miracle John Updike's \\\"Extreme Dinosaurs\\\" Martin Luther King Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech Edward Said's \\\"Clashing Civilizations?\\\" (Said's response to Samuel P. Huntington's \\\"The Clash of Civilizations\\\") George Orwell's \\\"Shooting an Elephant\\\" Jonathan Swift's \\\"A Modest Proposal\\\" Suzanne Britt's \\\"Neat People vs. Sloppy People\\\" Brent Staples's \\\"Black Men and Public Space\\\" \\\"Dance of the Hobs\\\". by William Least Heat-Moon The text quickly became a standard in college composition courses across the country. Because of the diversity of works and authors, The Bedford Reader has become popular among Advanced Placement English teachers, specifically those teaching to the AP English Language and Composition test. External links Book description at Bedford-St. Martin's site Textbooks\",\n \"title\": \"The Bedford Reader\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"610190\",\n \"text\": \"Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake is a 1991 television special based on the children's television show Sesame Street. In the special, Big Bird celebrates his sixth birthday. The special aired on PBS stations during the week of March 9, 1991 as part of the PBS pledge drive season. On March 15, the special was re-aired as the Sesame Street episode \\\"2835\\\", with additional inserts from previous episodes added and the pledge break scene removed. Plot Snuffy visits Big Bird's nest in the morning so he can be the first to wish Big Bird a happy birthday. During the opening credits, the two head out down the street as Big Bird's friends wish him a happy birthday, then everyone sings about \\\"Big Bird's Beautiful Birthday Bash\\\" in the arbor. The Monsterpiece Theater sketch \\\"The King and I\\\" is repeated from a previous episode. Big Bird and his friends will go to the Wollman Rink in Central Park for his skating party, and Maria and Susan will stay behind to decorate. Snuffy also wants to stay behind because he doesn't know how to roller skate, so Big Bird will teach him how to skate. Robin Williams shows Elmo the fun things he can do with a stick. Everyone enjoys skating at the rink, but Snuffy is not sure he wants to learn how to skate because he fears falling. Big Bird is finally able to convince Snuffy to learn, until someone falls in front of them. The song \\\"We Are All Earthlings\\\" follows. Maria and Susan lay out Big Bird's cake, then go to their apartments to find more chairs. Cookie Monster finds Big Bird's cake and realizes he can't eat it, so he finds other things to eat, starting with the chairs and the table. Grover sings \\\"Monster in the Mirror\\\" along with several celebrities. Monster on the Spot reporter Telly Monster asks if The Count will support his public television station. The Count recites a long list of reasons why, leading to a pledge break. Snuffy, still afraid of falling, tries to leave the rink. Telly asks Luis where Oscar the Grouch is. Oscar and Bruno are skating at the party because he loves falling down when skating. Bruno skates around without falling, but the skating made Oscar dizzy. Whoopi Goldberg and Hoots the Owl talk about being proud of their body parts. Big Bird impresses Snuffy with a rollerskating routine, but he can't skate like Big Bird. Big Bird and friends sing \\\"Put One Foot in Front of the Other\\\", which helps Snuffy skate around the rink. Cookie Monster has eaten everything around him, and when Susan and Maria come back, they take the cake away from him. The Oinker Sisters sing \\\"A New Way to Walk\\\", repeated from a previous episode. Everyone returns to the street and notices that almost everything has been eaten. Big Bird's friends give him his cake, sing \\\"Happy Birthday To You\\\", and then Big Bird blows out all the candles\",\n \"title\": \"Big Bird's Birthday or Let Me Eat Cake\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11307452\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Wonder Why\\\" is a doo-wop song, written by Melvin Anderson with lyrics by Ricardo Weeks. The song was first recorded by Dion and the Belmonts. Background It is sung from the point of view of a man telling his girlfriend that he loves her but does not know why. The song is noted for Carlo Mastrangelo bass part. Chart performance \\\"I Wonder Why\\\" was released as Laurie Records' first single, (number 3013), and was the group's first national pop chart hit, in 1958. The song went to number 22 on the Hot 100. Popular culture The song was used in the film A Bronx Tale The song was in the pilot episode of the television series The Sopranos. John Carpenter's adaptation of Stephen King's Christine. A cover was sung by Nicolas Cage in Peggy Sue Got Married. The Rock-afire Explosion parodied the song for use in ShowBiz Pizza Place restaurants. Cover versions The Chiffons covered the song on their 1963 album One Fine Day. A cover was also sung by Showaddywaddy in 1978, reaching number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Australian band Ol' 55 covered the song on their album, Take It Greasy (1976). References 1958 songs 1958 debut singles Dion DiMucci songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Doo-wop songs Laurie Records singles 1978 singles Showaddywaddy songs\",\n \"title\": \"I Wonder Why\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39469651\",\n \"text\": \"Letter to My Daughter (2009) is the third book of essays by African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. By the time it was published, Angelou had written two other books of essays, several volumes of poetry, and six autobiographies. She was recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and had become \\\"a major autobiographical voice of the time\\\". Angelou had no daughters herself, but was inspired to write Letter as she was going through 20 years of notes and essay ideas, some of which were written for her friend Oprah Winfrey. Angelou wrote the book for the thousands of women who saw her as a mother figure, and to share the wisdom gained throughout her long life. Letter consists of 28 short essays, which includes a few poems and a commencement address, and is dedicated to \\\"the daughter she never had\\\". Reviews of the book were generally positive; most reviewers recognized that the book was full of Angelou's wisdom and that it read like words of advice from a beloved grandmother or aunt. One reviewer found the book's essays both homespun and \\\"hokey\\\". Background Letter to My Daughter is Maya Angelou's third book of essays. She had published several volumes of poetry, including Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. She had recited her poem, \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\", at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. In 2009, when Letter was published, Angelou had published six out of her seven installments of her series of autobiographies. Her sixth autobiography, A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002), was considered her final autobiography until she published her seventh autobiography, Mom & Me & Mom, in 2013, at the age of 85. By the time Letter was published, Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. She was, as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated, \\\"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\\\". She had also become, as reviewer Richard Long stated, \\\"a major autobiographical voice of the time\\\". Angelou was one of the first African-American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life, and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books. Writer Julian Mayfield, who called her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, \\\"a work of art that eludes description\\\", stated that Angelou's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers, but for the genre of autobiography as a whole. Overview Angelou came up with Letter to My Daughter, which became a New York Times bestseller, while going through old boxes of notes and papers full of concepts for future books and poems, which she called \\\"WIP\\\" (\\\"Works in Progress\\\"). She found twenty years worth of notes written to her friend Oprah\",\n \"title\": \"Letter to My Daughter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18164863\",\n \"text\": \"Caged Bird may refer to: Caged bird, a bird kept in a birdcage \\\"Caged Bird\\\", a song by Alicia Keys on her 2001 album Songs in A Minor \\\"Caged Bird\\\" (Wonderfalls), a 2004 episode of the TV dramedy Wonderfalls The Caged Bird, a 1913 American silent short drama film \\\"Caged Bird,\\\" a poem by Maya Angelou (not be confused with her memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings)\",\n \"title\": \"Caged Bird\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21966240\",\n \"text\": \"For the Love of Art and the Making is an album by Danish progressive metal band Beyond Twilight. The album is one song split into 43 parts. According to Finn Zierler, there are another three hidden tracks that complete the album's concept. To date, said tracks have not been identified. Furthermore, the order of the track list on the album is not the actual one. Since the album is divided into 43 parts, the listener is able to arrange the parts in any order they regard as logical. Track listing \\\"In the Eyes of My Soul\\\" (first movement) – 0:49 \\\"Creep Evil\\\" – 0:59 \\\"Sleeping Beauty – The Journey\\\" – 1:30 \\\"Purity\\\" – 1:48 \\\"Sleeping Beauty – Connected\\\" – 1:28 \\\"Tongue Angel\\\" – 1:22 \\\"I Moved\\\" – 1:27 \\\"Blackened In My Eyes\\\" – 2:14 \\\"Temptations\\\" – 0:19 \\\"Fiery Woman\\\" – 0:38 \\\"Sweet Irony\\\" – 0:22 \\\"Conversation of the Dead\\\" – 0:16 \\\"The Perfect Heart\\\" – 0:59 \\\"The Perfect Heart Part II – Think\\\" – 0:36 \\\"The Key – Imagine\\\" – 0:09 \\\"The Perfect Heart Part III\\\" (modulated instrumental) – 0:28 \\\"The Black Widow\\\" – 0:27 \\\"The Key Part II – Naked Truth\\\" – 0:10 \\\"The Kiss of the Wind\\\" – 0:18 \\\"Dark Wild Rage\\\" – 2:41 \\\"Temptations Part II – Return\\\" (modulated) – 0:12 \\\"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\\\" – 1:18 \\\"Cold as Blue\\\" – 0:32 \\\"The Awakening\\\" – 0:22 \\\"Cold as Blue – Like a Candle You Start to Drip\\\" – 0:23 \\\"Bilingues Cavendi – One Should Beware of the Double-Tongued\\\" – 0:09 \\\"The Awakening Part II – The Smile\\\" – 0:19 \\\"The Awakening Part III – Opening the Curtains To a Beautiful Sunny Morning Watching the Singing Birds\\\" – 0:20 \\\"In the Eyes of My Soul\\\" (first movement modulated with irony) – 0:20 \\\"Past the Magic\\\" – 1:13 \\\"Past the Magic Part II\\\" (rhythmic laughter) – 1:13 \\\"Nightwandering on Needles\\\" – 0:20 \\\"In the Eyes of My Soul\\\" (second movement modulated with irony) – 0:19 \\\"In the Eyes of My Soul\\\" (second movement) – 1:03 \\\"6 Seconds Past 6\\\" – 1:20 \\\"Organ Scientistic Formula (1)\\\" – 3:00 \\\"Nightwandering on Needles Part II – The Answer\\\" – 0:24 \\\"6 Black Roses - Ship of Rowing Slaves\\\" – 1:05 \\\"Autumn Fog Message\\\" – 1:34 \\\"Sleeping Beauty Returns - The Black Box of Reverse (Forward)\\\" – 0:22 \\\"The Black Box of Reverse\\\" – 1:10 \\\"In the Eyes of My Soul\\\" (third movement) – 0:33 \\\"In the Eyes of My Soul – For the Love of Art and the Making\\\" (finale)\\\" – 1:21 Personnel Finn Zierler – keyboards Björn Jansson – vocals Anders Ericson Kragh – guitar Jacob Hansen − rhythm guitar Anders Devillian Lindgren – bass Tomas Fredén – drums, percussion Additional musicians Truls Haugen - vocals Michael Eriksen - vocals Torben Vistisen - vocals References 2006 albums Beyond Twilight albums Massacre Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"For the Love of Art and the Making\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26521447\",\n \"text\": \"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an American television film based on the autobiography of the same name by Maya Angelou, first aired April 28, 1979, on CBS. Angelou and Leonora Thuna wrote the screenplay, and the movie was directed by Fielder Cook. Constance Good played the young Maya Angelou. Also appearing were Esther Rolle, Roger E. Mosley, Diahann Carroll, Ruby Dee, and Madge Sinclair. Filming took place in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The movie traces Maya's life from when she and her brother move in with their grandmother to the trauma of being raped as a young girl by one of her mother's boyfriends and the several years of silence that came after the attack. Two scenes in the movie differed from events described in the book. Angelou added a scene between Maya and Uncle Willie after the Joe Louis fight. In it, he expresses his feelings of redemption after Louis defeats a white opponent. Angelou also presents her eighth-grade graduation differently in the film. In the book, Henry Reed delivers the valedictory speech and leads the black audience in the Negro national anthem. In the movie, Maya conducts these activities. Cast (in credits order) Paul Benjamin as Freeman Diahann Carroll as Vivian Ruby Dee as Grandmother Baxter Roger E. Mosley as Bailey Sr. Esther Rolle as Momma Madge Sinclair as Miss Flowers Constance Good as Maya Angelou John Driver as Bailey Jr. (as John M. Driver II) Sonny Jim Gaines as Uncle Willie Art Evans as Principal J. Don Ferguson as Mr. Donleavy Georgia Allen as Mrs. Gurney Darryl Antony Williams as Tommy Valdon (as Darryl Williams) Tonea Stewart as Lillie (as Tommie Stewart) Monica Kyles as Julie Rick Salassi as Parmenian (as Richard Salassi) Lewis Liddell as Tommy Sammy Liddell as Ira Sylvester Spann as Tutti Myra Jo Arvin as Red Mose Lee Williams as 1st Mrs. Fletcher Frankie Mitchell as 2nd Mrs. Fletcher M.L. Breeland as Mr. Peters Angela Brown as Kitty Abbie Burns as Mary External links 1979 television films 1979 films 1970s biographical drama films CBS films Films based on biographies Films directed by Fielder Cook African-American biographical dramas 1970s English-language films Maya Angelou American drama television films 1970s American films\",\n \"title\": \"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2156799\",\n \"text\": \"Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy? is a 1921 \\\"readymade\\\" sculpture by Marcel Duchamp. Specifically, Duchamp considered this to be an \\\"assisted Readymade\\\", this being because the original objects of which the work is made up had been altered by the artist. They consist of a birdcage, 152 white cubes (resembling sugar cubes, but made of marble), a medical thermometer, a piece of cuttlebone, and a tiny porcelain dish. The birdcage is made of painted metal and contains several wooden perches. The Philadelphia Museum of Art displays the original as part of the Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. Several replicas exist, made by Duchamp, but only in the original are the cubes stamped \\\"Made in France\\\". Explanation About the sculpture, Duchamp said: \\\"It is a Readymade in which the sugar is changed to marble. It is sort of a mythological effect.\\\" An explanation for the piece given by Duchamp involves the coldness of the marble cubes, the \\\"heat-giving\\\" properties of the sugar cubes, the thermometer evaluating temperature, and the sneezing that can result from cold. In commenting on the title Duchamp pointed out that there is a \\\"dissociation gap\\\" between sneezing at will and sneezing against one's will. André Breton wrote about Why not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?: \\\"I have in mind the occasion when Marcel Duchamp got hold of some friends to show them a cage which seemed to have no birds in it, but to be half-full of lumps of sugar. He asked them to lift the cage and they were surprised at its heaviness. What they had taken for lumps of sugar were really small lumps of marble which at great expense Duchamp had had sawn up specially for the purpose. The trick in my opinion is no worse than any other, and I would even say that it is worth nearly all the tricks of art put together.\\\" See also List of works by Marcel Duchamp Rrose Sélavy References External links The Writings of Marcel Duchamp, by Marcel Duchamp, Michel Sanouillet, Elmer Peterson; Da Capo Press, 1973 Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy? at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Works by Marcel Duchamp 1921 sculptures Sculptures in Pennsylvania Found object\",\n \"title\": \"Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5607044\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Three Little Birds\\\" (German: De drei Vügelkens) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 96. The story is originally written in Low German. It is Aarne-Thompson type 707, the dancing water, the singing apple, and the speaking bird. The story resembles Ancilotto, King of Provino, by Giovanni Francesco Straparola, and The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette, the story of the 756th night of the Arabian Nights. Synopsis Three sisters were tending cows when a king and his company went by. The oldest pointed at the king and said she would marry him or no one; her sisters pointed at the ministers and said the same. The king summoned them before him, and then, because they were very beautiful, he married the oldest and his ministers married the youngest. The King had to go on a journey, and had her sisters attend the queen. She gave birth to a son with a red star on his forehead. Her sisters threw the baby boy into the water, and a bird sprang out of the water singing of what they had done. Despite the bird terrifying them, the sisters told the king that the Queen had given birth to a dog. Little did everyone know, a fisherman fished the boy out of the water and raised him. The King said that whatever God had sent was good. It happened again with their second son, and sadly their third child, the King and Queen's daughter. However, instead of saying the Queen had given birth to a third dog, the sisters said that she had given birth to a cat. This forced the Kings hand and he threw his wife into a prison as punishment. One day, the other boys would not let the oldest fish with them, because he was a foundling. So he set out to find his father. He found an old woman fishing and told her she would fish long before she caught anything. She told him that he would search long before he found his father, and carried him over the water to do it. The next year, the second boy set out in search of the brother, and he fared the same as his brother had. The next year, the girl set out as well, and when she found the woman, she said \\\"May God bless your fishing.\\\" The old woman gave her a rod and told her to go to a castle, bring back a caged bird and a glass of water, and on the way back, strike a black dog with the rod. She did it, found her brothers on the way, and when she struck the dog, turned it into a handsome prince. They went back home to the fisherman. The second son went hunting and, when he grew tired, played a flute. The king heard this and found him. He did not believe he was the fisherman's son, so the second son invited him home. There, the bird sang\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Little Birds\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46210606\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The School Boy\\\" is a 1789 poem by William Blake and published as a part of his poetry collection entitled Songs of Experience. These poems were later added with Blake's Songs of Innocence to create the entire collection entitled \\\"Songs of Innocence and of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul\\\". This collection included poems such as \\\"The Tyger\\\", \\\"The Little Boy Lost\\\", \\\"Infant Joy\\\" and \\\"The Shepherd\\\". These poems are illustrated with colorful artwork created by Blake first in 1789. The first printing in 1789 consisted of sixteen copies. None of the copies of Songs of Innocence are exactly alike as some of them are incomplete or were colored in posthumously \\\"in imitation of\\\" other copies. \\\"The School Boy\\\" is a poem written in the pastoral tradition that focuses on the downsides of formal learning. It considers how going to school on a summer day \\\"drives all joy away\\\". The boy in this poem is more interested in escaping his classroom than he is with anything his teacher is trying to teach. In lines 16–20, a child in school is compared to a bird in a cage. Meaning something that was born to be free and in nature, is instead trapped inside and made to be obedient. Poem transcription What does it mean? First stanza: The school boy wakes and sees the sound of birds pleasant. It seemed to him as if the skylark is singing with him. All of these was such a sweet company to him. Second stanza: The school boys spent their days in utter despair under the thread of teacher's presence. Stanza three describes school, how when home-schooled you can sit happily and read. At school, there is no freedom; you will learn what you are told to learn, nothing more, nothing less. School cannot delight him. Stanza four compares good boy at school to a bird in a cage. A bird can't sing in a cage and also, a child can't be happy in school: his potential is restrained. Stanza five shows how people are dismayed at school and how students are stripped of their joy. The final stanza describes how school can never be fun, but it is like a cold winter's day blasting through the warm summer. In the last two stanzas Blake makes a heartfelt plea to parents using an extended metaphor of the natural cycles of life. In the world of nature, a bud grows into a flowering tree that will bear fruit as it matures. Blake references the seasons, describing how an Autumn harvest of fruit sustains life through the harsh Winter. In this way, he is illustrating how a happy childhood spent learning from the natural world will reap the benefits of a wise and fruitful old age. Sending children to school interferes with this natural cycle and results in a lifetime of unhappiness with no chance of cultivating wisdom. He likes the summer morning. He doesn't like the school. He thinks school is a\",\n \"title\": \"The School Boy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44360559\",\n \"text\": \"Ann Henderson may refer to: Ann Henderson (sculptor) (1921–1976), Scottish sculptor Ann Henderson (politician) (1941–2002), Australian politician Ann Henderson (campaigner), Scottish labour campaigner and rector of the University of Edinburgh Anne Henderson (author) (born 1949), Australian writer Anne Henderson (public servant), chair of the Parades Commission of Northern Ireland Annie Henderson, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings character See also Ann Henderson-Sellers (born 1952), Australian professor of environment and geography\",\n \"title\": \"Ann Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1296302\",\n \"text\": \"Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and civil rights activist. Dee was married to Ossie Davis, with whom she frequently performed until his death in 2005. She received numerous accolades including two Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, a Obie Award and a Drama Desk Award as well as nominations for an Academy Award. She was honored with the National Medal of Arts in 1995, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 2000, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004. Dee started her career with the American Negro Theatre. She made her Broadway debut in South Pacific (1943). She met her future husband working together on the play Jeb (1946). She originated the Broadway roles of Ruth Younger in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun (1959) and reprised the role in the 1961 film and Lutiebell Gussie Mae Jenkins in the Ossie Davis play Purlie Victorious (1961) and reprised the role in the 1963 film. She made her film debut in That Man of Mine (1946) before landing a leading roles in films such as The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), Edge of the City (1957), Take a Giant Step (1959), and Buck and the Preacher (1972). She also acted in the Ossie Davis film Black Girl (1972), and the Spike Lee films Do the Right Thing (1989) and Jungle Fever (1991). For her performance in American Gangster (2007), Dee was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Female Actor in a Supporting Role. Dee received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her roles in The Doctors and the Nurses (1964) and Decoration Day (1990). She was Emmy-nominated for her roles in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), Lincoln (1988), China Beach (1990), and Evening Shade (1993). She also acted in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979), Long Day's Journey into Night (1982), Go Tell It on the Mountain (1985), The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson (1990), The Stand (1994). She voiced Alice the Great in the Nickelodeon series Little Bill from 1994 to 2004. Early life and education Dee was born on October 27, 1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Gladys (née Hightower) and Marshall Edward Nathaniel Wallace, a cook, waiter and porter. After her mother left the family, Dee's father remarried, to Emma Amelia Benson, a schoolteacher. Dee was raised in Harlem, New York. Prior to attending Hunter College High School, she studied at Public Schools 119 and 136. Then, she went on to graduate from Hunter College with a degree in Romance languages in 1945. She was a member of Delta Sigma Theta. Career 1940–1959: Early acting roles Dee joined the American Negro Theatre as an apprentice, working with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, and Hilda Simms. She made her Broadway debut portraying a Native in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific (1943). She played the title role in the Eugene O'Neill play Anna Lucasta.\",\n \"title\": \"Ruby Dee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1840414\",\n \"text\": \"Arkansas literature has an emerging consciousness, though it still lags behind other Southern states such as Mississippi and Georgia in the promotion of its literary culture. University of Arkansas Press is probably the state's largest publisher of books, though there do exist some notable small presses in the state: August House, Rose Publishing Group, and Chenault and Gray. The University of Arkansas's M.F.A. program has graduated a number of notable writers, including Lewis Nordan, John Dufresne, Steve Yarbrough, and more. In 2004, the state held the first annual Arkansas Literary Festival in Little Rock, attracting famous writers from around the nation. The Porter Prize is the state's most prestigious literary award. List of Arkansas residents and natives who have achieved a national stature for their writing Maya Angelou, whose I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings tells the story of her young life in Stamps, Arkansas. Dee Brown, author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. John Gould Fletcher, 1938 winner of the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry. Ellen Gilchrist, winner of the 1984 National Book Award for her collection of short stories Victory over Japan, and author of more than twenty works of fiction. John Grisham, national and international best-selling author, from Black Oak, Arkansas (born in Jonesboro). Many of his books have been turned into movies, including A Painted House, which is set in Black Oak. Donald Harington, winner of the Robert Penn Warren Award for his many novels which take place in the fictional town of Stay More, Arkansas. Charles Portis, author of True Grit, which was made into a movie starring John Wayne. Mary Bucci Bush, author of Sweet Hope. Literary journals in Arkansas Toad Suck Review, a print literary journal published by the Department of Writing at the University of Central Arkansas, toadsuckreview.org. Arkansas Literary Forum, an online publication of Henderson State University, which has published such notable Arkansas Writers as Jack Butler and Donald Harington. Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, a tri-annual journal published by Arkansas State University; it is the successor to the Kansas Quarterly. The Low Valley Review, a yearly print journal published by NorthWest Arkansas Community College, thelowvalleyreview.com The Oxford American, a quarterly journal of Southern culture once supported by John Grisham and now published by the University of Central Arkansas in Conway. The Natural Tale, a quarterly online journal of Arkansas-exclusive fiction and art. See also List of newspapers in Arkansas Southern United States literature Bibliography External links American literature by state literature\",\n \"title\": \"Arkansas literature\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45598823\",\n \"text\": \"Hisham Tawfiq (born May 17, 1970) is an American actor, best known for playing Dembe Zuma, part of the security detail and very close friend to Raymond \\\"Red\\\" Reddington in NBC's The Blacklist. Early life Born in New York City, Tawfiq discovered his love of the arts while performing the poem \\\"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings\\\" by Maya Angelou in high school. Tawfiq studied at the Negro Ensemble Company, known for educating actors such as Denzel Washington and Ossie Davis. He also studied with coach Susan Batson. Prior to pursuing a full acting career, Tawfiq served in the U.S. Marines, deployed during Operation Desert Storm. From 1994 to 1996, Tawfiq worked as a corrections officer in the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York. While pursuing his acting career, Tawfiq also served as a firefighter for 20 years with the New York City Fire Department. Career Tawfiq performed with The Arkansas Repertory Theatre in Intimate Apparel and played Walter Lee Younger in a production of A Raisin in the Sun, which Tawfiq has said to be his dream role. Tawfiq starred in the BET film Gun Hill as Capt. Sanford, commander of a counter-crime task force. On television, Tawfiq has appeared in Lights Out, Law & Order spin-offs Special Victims Unit and Criminal Intent, Kings, Golden Boy, 30 Rock, and the 2013 NBC remake of Ironside. Tawfiq played Dembe in NBC's The Blacklist. Starting with season 3, he was promoted to series regular. Filmography Film Television Theater References External links 1970 births Living people American male actors United States Marine Corps personnel of the Gulf War New York City firefighters United States Marines Muslims from New York (state) American people of Kenyan descent\",\n \"title\": \"Hisham Tawfiq\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1347003\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"And Your Bird Can Sing\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on their 1966 album Revolver, apart from in the United States and Canada, where it instead appeared on Yesterday and Today. The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The recording features an extended dual-guitar melody, played by George Harrison and Paul McCartney, which anticipated the harmonised guitar arrangements commonly used by Southern rock, hard rock and heavy metal bands. Lennon was later dismissive of \\\"And Your Bird Can Sing\\\", referring to it as \\\"another of my throwaways ... fancy paper around an empty box\\\". The song's working title was \\\"You Don't Get Me\\\". Its oblique lyrics and Lennon's failure to reveal their meaning have encouraged several interpretations. One popular theory is that Lennon was addressing Frank Sinatra in response to a hagiographic article on the singer in Esquire magazine; another contends that the song was directed at Mick Jagger with reference to Marianne Faithfull. The Beatles first recorded the track in the style of the Byrds. This discarded version was released on the 1996 outtakes compilation Anthology 2 and includes the sound of Lennon and McCartney laughing their way through a vocal overdub and unable to sing. This version of the song was included (without the laughing overdub) on the second disc of the 2022 Super Deluxe Edition of Revolver. Background and inspiration Aside from dismissing it as a substandard work, John Lennon never discussed \\\"And Your Bird Can Sing\\\". His first wife Cynthia recalled that the song was inspired by her presenting Lennon with a clockwork bird inside a gilded cage, wrapped in gift paper, apart from the wind-up mechanism. She wound up the bird as she handed the present to Lennon so that it sang, leaving him with \\\"an expression of sheer disbelief on his face\\\" as he removed the wrapping paper. According to author Kenneth Womack, Lennon viewed the caged imitation bird as a metaphor for his marriage and a reflection of Cynthia's inability to understand him. The song's working title was \\\"You Don't Get Me\\\". The lack of an explanation from Lennon himself has led others to speculate on its meaning; music journalist Robert Fontenot states that the lyrics are among \\\"the most speculated-upon of any Beatles track\\\". In his 2007 book Can't Buy Me Love, Jonathan Gould says that Lennon wrote \\\"And Your Bird Can Sing\\\" about Frank Sinatra after reading a hagiographic article on the singer in Esquire magazine. Written by Gay Talese, the article detailed Sinatra's wealth and power, describing him as \\\"the fully emancipated male ... the man who can have anything he wants\\\", and repeatedly mentioned his use of the word \\\"bird\\\" to mean a penis. Talese quoted a press release for Sinatra's upcoming TV special, which stated it was a show for those who were \\\"tired of kid singers wearing mops of hair thick enough to hide a crate of melons\\\", and he said Sinatra aimed to\",\n \"title\": \"And Your Bird Can Sing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3608348\",\n \"text\": \"The Heart of a Woman (1981) is an autobiography by American writer Maya Angelou. The book is the fourth installment in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The Heart of a Woman recounts events in Angelou's life between 1957 and 1962 and follows her travels to California, New York City, Cairo, and Ghana as she raises her teenage son, becomes a published author, becomes active in the civil rights movement, and becomes romantically involved with a South African anti-apartheid fighter. One of the most important themes of The Heart of a Woman is motherhood, as Angelou continues to raise her son. The book ends with her son leaving for college and Angelou looking forward to newfound independence and freedom. Like Angelou's previous volumes, the book has been described as autobiographical fiction, though most critics, as well as Angelou, have characterized it as autobiography. Although most critics consider Angelou's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings more favorably, The Heart of a Woman has received positive reviews. It was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in 1997. Critic Mary Jane Lupton says it has \\\"a narrative structure unsurpassed in American autobiography\\\" and that it is Angelou's \\\"most introspective\\\" autobiography. The title is taken from a poem by Harlem Renaissance poet Georgia Douglas Johnson, which connects Angelou with other female African-American writers. African-American literature critic Lyman B. Hagen states, \\\"Faithful to the ongoing themes of survival, sense of self, and continuing education, The Heart of a Woman moves its central figures to a point of full personhood\\\". The book follows Angelou to several places in the US and Africa, but the most important journey she describes is \\\"a voyage into the self.\\\" Background The Heart of a Woman, published in 1981, is the fourth installment of Maya Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. The success of her previous autobiographies and the publication of three volumes of poetry had brought Angelou a considerable amount of fame by 1981. And Still I Rise, her third volume of poetry, was published in 1978 and reinforced Angelou's success as a writer. Her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Writer Julian Mayfield states that Angelou's work set a precedent not only for other black women writers but for the genre of autobiography as a whole. Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women through the writing of her life stories. It made her, as scholar Joanne Braxton stated, \\\"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer.\\\" Angelou was one of the first African-American female writers to discuss her personal life publicly, and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books. Writer Hilton Als calls her a pioneer of self-exposure, willing to focus honestly on the more negative aspects of her personality and choices. While Angelou was composing her second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name, she\",\n \"title\": \"The Heart of a Woman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23586179\",\n \"text\": \"J. Don Ferguson (November 21, 1933 – October 1, 2008), sometimes credited as Don Ferguson, was an American character actor who appeared in feature films and television programs. He was a prominent stage actor in Savannah, Georgia, regional stage theater productions. Ferguson also was an NCAA basketball tournament referee for ten years, and this experience led to his being cast in several related acting roles. Filmography Film The Longest Yard (1974) as Football Referee (uncredited) Gator (1976) as Bartender The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977) as Lt. Luther Baker Our Winning Season (1978) as Coach Michael Murphy Norma Rae (1979) as Peter Gallat The Prize Fighter (1979) as Referee #1 Little Darlings (1980) as Husband The Long Riders (1980) as Preacher The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (1981) as Hawkins The Loveless (1981) as Tarver Sharky's Machine (1981) as Rally Emcee Tennessee Stallion (1982) as Fred The American Snitch (1983) as Sonny Barton Tank (1984) as Gov. Harold R. Sims, Tennessee Kidco (1984) as TV Show Announcer Maximum Overdrive (1986) as Andy Running Mates (1986) as Robert Adams Date with an Angel (1987) as Harlan Rafferty Final Cut (1988) as Sheriff Thompson Fast Food (1989) as Dean Witler The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) as Bob Freejack (1992) as Promoter My Cousin Vinny (1992) as Guard #1 The Program (1993) as Referee Radioland Murders (1994) as Johnny Ace, Hard Boiled Dick (as Don Ferguson) The War (1994) as Mine Foreman Something to Talk About (1995) as Announcer Eddie (1996) as Game Referee Fled (1996) as Chairman Raney (1997) as Thurman Daddy Bell I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997) as MC Major League: Back to the Minors (1998) as Mick the Umpire Remember the Titans (2000) as Executive Director The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000) as Citizen Movievoyeur.com (2000) as Sheriff Ames The Substitute: Failure Is Not an Option (2001) as Colonel Teague Juwanna Mann (2002) as UBA Referee The Second Chance (2006) as Jeremiah Jenkins (final film role) Television F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles''' (1974, TV Movie) as Man in Speakeasy The Greatest Gift (1974, TV Movie) as Jim Friedlin Summer of My German Soldier (1978, TV Movie) as Mr. Jackson I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979, TV Movie) as Mr. Donleavy Barnaby Jones (1980, TV Series) as Ross Chapman When the Circus Came to Town (1981, TV Movie) as Andre Probashka Murder in Coweta County (1983, TV Movie) as Jim Hillin Windmills of the Gods (1988, TV Series) as Ian Villers Unconquered (1989, TV Movie) as Mr. Woods Traveling Man (1989, TV Movie) as Riker In the Heat of the Night (1989–1993, TV Series) as Rev. Winchell / Kevin Riley / Rev. Kenneth Haskell Murder in Mississippi (1990, TV Movie) When Will I Be Loved? (1990, TV Movie) as Man at Bar #1 In the Line of Duty: Manhunt in the Dakotas (1991, TV Movie) as James Blasingame Nightmare in Columbia County (1991, aka Victim of Beauty, TV Movie) as Bob\",\n \"title\": \"J. Don Ferguson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11473351\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Reed may refer to: People Henry Reed (American football) (born 1948), American football player Henry Reed (cricketer) (1892–1963), English cricketer Henry Reed (merchant) (1806–1880), British merchant, philanthropist and evangelist Henry Reed (musician) (1884–1968), Appalachian fiddler and banjoist, associated with folklorist Alan Jabbour Henry Reed (poet) (1914–1986), British poet Henry Reed (Wisconsin legislator), Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Henry Armstrong Reed (1858–1876), killed at Battle of the Little Bighorn, nephew of George Armstrong Custer Henry Byron Reed (1855–1896), Member of Parliament Herbert Reed (British Army soldier) (Henry Herbert Reed, died 1940), British sailor, George Cross recipient Henry Hope Reed (1808–1854), American educator Henry Hope Reed Jr. (1915–2013), American architecture critic and preservationist Henry Thomas Reed (1846–1924), U.S. federal judge Henry Reed (I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings), a student mentioned in Maya Angelou's autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Fictional characters Henry Reed (character), in children's novels by Keith Robertson See also Henry Reid, former director of UCLA’s willed body program Henry Read (1890–1963), Anglican bishop in North India Henry English Read (1824–1868), American politician Henry Reade (1840–1884), English first-class cricketer, clergyman and educator Henry Reade (FRS) (c. 1716–1762), English academic and government official Harry Reid (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Reed\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24466071\",\n \"text\": \"Champion of the World may refer to: Holder of a World championship \\\"We Are the Champions\\\", a 1977 song by the band, Queen The Champion of the World, a short story by Roald Dahl later adapted into Danny, the Champion of the World The nineteenth chapter of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings The Champion of the World (1927 film), a German silent film Champion of the World (2021 film), a Russian drama film \\\"Champion of the World\\\" (song), a 2020 single by Coldplay\",\n \"title\": \"Champion of the World\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34527457\",\n \"text\": \"Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now, published in 1993, is African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou's first book of essays. It was published shortly after she recited her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at President Bill Clinton's 1993 inauguration. Journey consists of a series of short essays, often autobiographical, along with two poems, and has been called one of Angelou's \\\"wisdom books\\\". It is titled after a lyric in the African American spiritual, \\\"On My Journey Now.\\\" At the time of its publication, Angelou was already well respected and popular as a writer and poet. Like her previous works, Journey received generally positive reviews. Background Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993) is Maya Angelou's first book of essays, published shortly after she recited her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at the inauguration of US President Bill Clinton, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's 1961 inauguration. Her recitation resulted in more recognition for her previous works and broadened her appeal \\\"across racial, economic, and educational boundaries\\\". Journey is, together with the 1997 book Even the Stars Look Lonesome, one of the volumes that writer Hilton Als called Angelou's \\\"wisdom book, comprising \\\"homilies strung together with autobiographical texts\\\". Journey was published during the period between her fifth and sixth autobiographies, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986) and A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002). Angelou's second book of essays, Even the Stars Look Lonesome, was published in 1997. She had earlier published several volumes of poetry, including the Pulitzer Prize-nominated Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971). Angelou's first personal essays were published in Essence in late 1992. The positive response from her readers and the encouragement of her friend Oprah Winfrey inspired her to write Journey. She later admitted that the public's response was \\\"puzzling\\\" to her. She also stated that she attempted to be \\\"accessible\\\" to her readers in the book. Journey appeared on The New York Times bestseller list and had an initial printing of 300,000 copies. The Los Angeles Times, in a report about the 1993 financial struggles of Angelou's publisher, Random House, speculated that the success of Journey partly compensated for the publisher's other losses. By 1993, when Journey was published, Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. She was, as scholar Joanne Braxton stated, \\\"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\\\". She had also become, as reviewer Richard Long stated, \\\"a major autobiographical voice of the time\\\". Angelou was one of the first African-American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life, and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books. Writer Julian Mayfield, who called her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings \\\"a work of art that eludes description\\\", stated that Angelou's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers, but\",\n \"title\": \"Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2190609\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aura Lea\\\" (sometimes spelled \\\"Aura Lee\\\") is an American Civil War song about a maiden. It was written by W. W. Fosdick (lyrics) and George R. Poulton (music). The melody was used in Elvis Presley's 1956 hit song \\\"Love Me Tender\\\". History Aura Lea was published by Poulton, an Englishman who had come to America with his family as a boy in 1838, and Fosdick in 1861. It was a sentimental ballad at a time when upbeat and cheerful songs were more popular in the music halls. It became popular as a minstrel song, and the tune was also taken up by the U.S. Military Academy as a graduating class song, called \\\"Army Blue\\\"; new lyrics by L. W. Becklaw were sung to the original melody. The Civil War began shortly after the song's release, \\\"Aura Lea\\\" was adopted by soldiers on both sides, and was often sung around campfires. The tune is familiar to modern audiences from the 1956 Elvis Presley #1 hit \\\"Love Me Tender\\\" with new lyrics by Ken Darby, a derivative adaptation of the original. A later Presley recording for the film The Trouble with Girls entitled \\\"Violet (Flower of N.Y.U.)\\\" also used the melody of \\\"Aura Lea\\\". Lyrics The lyrics as written by Fosdick: When the blackbird in the Spring, Neath the willow tree, Sat and rock'd, I heard him sing, Sing of Aura Lea. Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Maid of golden hair; Sunshine came along with thee, And swallows in the air. Chorus: Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Maid of golden hair; Sunshine came along with thee, And swallows in the air. In thy blush the rose was born, Music, when you spake, Through thine azure eye the morn, Sparkling seemed to break. Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Birds of crimson wing, Never song have sung to me, As in that sweet spring. (Chorus) Aura Lea! the bird may flee, The willow's golden hair Swing through winter fitfully, On the stormy air. Yet if thy blue eyes I see, Gloom will soon depart; For to me, sweet Aura Lea Is sunshine through the heart. (Chorus) When the mistletoe was green, Midst the winter's snows, Sunshine in thy face was seen, Kissing lips of rose. Aura Lea, Aura Lea, Take my golden ring; Love and light return with thee, And swallows with the spring. (Chorus) In popular culture \\\"Aura Lee\\\" was sung by Frances Farmer and a male chorus in the 1936 film Come and Get It, based on Edna Ferber's novel. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959) Diana Muldaur sings the song to David Carradine in the episode \\\"The Elixir\\\" of Kung Fu. Jerry Lanning performed the song in \\\"Big Star\\\", a 1962 episode of The Donna Reed Show. The television cavalry comedy F Troop used a variation of the song to welcome saloon singer Laura Lee in the episode \\\"She's Only a Build in a Girdled Cage\\\" (cf. \\\"She's only a bird in a\",\n \"title\": \"Aura Lea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44065775\",\n \"text\": \"Tuff Enuff Records was a British queer/riot grrrl record label based in Brighton, England. History Tuff Enuff was established in 2012 as a spin-off from associated club night Riots Not Diets, and specialises in releasing DIY punk and lo-fi/underground music. The label is considered to be in the tradition of Slampt Records as well as more recent British queercore labels such as Homocrime and Irrk. First release was compilation album Why Diet When You Could Riot?, which was favourably reviewed in Maximum Rocknroll and elsewhere and included tracks from Ste McCabe and Trash Kit. Two further compilations followed, 2013's Carry On Rioting and 2014's I Know Why the Caged Grrrl Sings, including tracks by Shrag and Shopping, respectively. The label released a series of well-received cassette EPs by bands such as Frau, No Ditching, Dog Legs, The Ethical Debating Society and Big Joanie; vinyl singles by Men Oh Pause and Slum Of Legs; as well as vinyl albums by Roseanne Barr, Daskinsey4 and Ye Nuns, the latter band featuring Debbie Smith, Charley Stone and former members of Mambo Taxi and thee Headcoatees playing covers of songs by The Monks. Artists Alison’s Birthday As Ondas Big Joanie Crumbs Daskinsey4 Dog Legs The Ethical Debating Society Frau Grubs King Alfred, Man Of Leisure Martha Men Oh Pause The Middle Ones Milky Wimpshake Molar Neurotic Fiction No Ditching Roseanne Barr Slum Of Legs Try The Pie Two White Cranes Ye Nuns References External links Tuff Enuff Discogs Tuff Enuff 45Cat Tuff Enuff Bandcamp Underground punk scene in the United Kingdom British independent record labels Record labels established in 2012 Punk record labels Riot grrrl Queercore\",\n \"title\": \"Tuff Enuff Records\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38750634\",\n \"text\": \"Once I Was an Eagle is the fourth studio album by British singer-songwriter Laura Marling, and was released on 27 May (US/Canada, 28 May) 2013. \\\"Master Hunter\\\" was the album's first official single release. It was nominated for the 2013 Mercury Prize. The record achieved unanimous critical acclaim, and has been cited as one of the best singer-songwriter records of the 21st century. History Background and production Marling began debuting songs from Once I Was An Eagle, as early as mid-late 2011, before the release of her third album, A Creature I Don't Know. These songs included \\\"I Was An Eagle\\\", \\\"Pray For Me\\\" and \\\"Master Hunter\\\". The album, according to Marling, is the \\\"plain[est]\\\" album she has written. She has commented that it follows a central figure, who angrily shuns naïvety and love, and over the course of the album regains a \\\"second naïvety\\\". The album is written in three tunings, which mark the basic changes in emotion. The first half (\\\"Take The Night Off\\\" to \\\"Devil's Resting Place\\\") has a darker, more melancholic tone, whereas the second half (\\\"Undine\\\" to \\\"Saved These Words\\\") has a more upbeat and open tone, if not jubilant. Marling has stated that there is a greater cohesion to 'Once I Was An Eagle', in terms of themes and the development of the music. Many critics have noted that the first half feels more like a continuous idea, intensified by the first four songs (\\\"Take The Night Off\\\", \\\"I Was An Eagle\\\", \\\"You Know\\\" and \\\"Breathe\\\") which flow together as one. Following the conclusion of her tour for her previous album, Marling began production on her fourth album. Unlike her previous three albums, she chose not to work with a band, and instead she enlisted the help of producer Ethan Johns and cellist, Ruth de Turberville, to assist with the album's production. Marling recorded the album in 10 days at Three Crows studio in Bath, England. The guitar and vocals were recorded live in one take. The album is considerably longer than her previous efforts, with sixteen tracks, and running in at over an hour. Promotion The album was announced on 8 March 2013, along with a streaming of \\\"Where Can I Go?\\\" on Laura Marling's official SoundCloud page. Long time collaborators, Fred & Nick, created an 18-minute film called When Brave Bird Saved, written and directed by the pair, which was a \\\"visual introduction\\\" to the first four songs on the album, \\\"Take The Night Off\\\", \\\"I Was an Eagle\\\", \\\"You Know\\\" and \\\"Breathe\\\". The four songs seamlessly flow into one another, much like \\\"Don't Ask Me Why\\\" and \\\"Salinas\\\" on Marling's previous album, A Creature I Don't Know. The name from the film is derived from the titles of the last four songs on the album, When Were You Happy? (And How Long Has That Been), Love Be Brave, Little Bird, and Saved These Words. \\\"Master Hunter\\\" premiered on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on 16 April 2013. Marling performed stripped-back\",\n \"title\": \"Once I Was an Eagle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31232762\",\n \"text\": \"Hitting a New High is a 1937 American musical comedy film directed by Raoul Walsh. It stars Lily Pons and Jack Oakie. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1938 in the category Best Sound Recording (John O. Aalberg). Plot Corny Davis, a press agent of an American entertainment mogul based out of Paris, France is looking for a new work. After the mogul, Lucius B Blynn, faces a series of embrassments, his press agent tries to sign an opera singer for him. He finds an opera singer named Suzette (Lily Pons), Suzette is furious with her current agent and boyfriend (Jimmy James, played by John Howard) who wants her to sing cabaret instead of opera, so she walks out on him, where Corny is waiting. However, Davis's boss is already on a quest to rebuild his reputation by going on safari in French Equatorial Africa. Therefore, he has the opera singer (played by Lily Pons) go to the French Congo and pretend to be a \\\"bird woman\\\", something akin to Tarzan but having been raised amongst the birds. He \\\"finds\\\" her in the wild singing, just as Corny intended. Despite the farcical nature of this, Blynn buys it. He has her \\\"captured\\\" in a wooden cage, Corny says he'll \\\"teach her\\\" to speak, absurdly Blynn continues to fall for the entire charade. While Blynn frantically telegrams New York telling them about his \\\"find\\\", Corny and Suzette (who is pretending to be \\\"Oogahunga the Bird-Girl\\\") scheme to keep the farce going until she's famous and he's rich. Blynn excitedly debuts Suzette on radio in New York City while he wears full safari gear despite being on radio. When questioned on why he's dressed that way he says it's so he can have \\\"an authentic mental juxtaposition\\\". However, during her inaugural broadcast her ex-boss/ex-boyfriend hears her singing the song she was arguing with him about when she walked out on him. Immediately he knows it's her. Shortly thereafter Jimmy James shows up in Blynn's office. Blynn kicks him out but he scales the wall and finds Suzette upstairs playing piano and singing. Corny walks in on them and makes an arrangement with Jimmy, they get Suzette to agree to do shows for both of them in exchange for James not exposing their scheme. His friend and clarinet player Cedric Cosmos (played by Eric Blore) overhears Corny, Jimmy and Suzette discussing the entire scam backstage during one such cabaret show. He asks Jimmy for hush money and when he doesn't get it he shows up the next day as adventurer \\\"Captain Braceridge Hemingway\\\", explorer of Africa. Blynn, unaware he's being tricked yet again falls for Cedric's imitation. Cedric, as \\\"Captain Braceridge Hemingway\\\" tells an elaborate tale of shipwreck off of the coast Africa. He claims to be the long lost father of \\\"Oogahunga, the Bird-Girl\\\". Blynn gracefully allows him to reconnect with his \\\"long lost daughter\\\". When Cedric and Corny are alone, Cedric makes blackmail demands of Corny. However, during the\",\n \"title\": \"Hitting a New High\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1662352\",\n \"text\": \"Seven's Travels is the third studio album by the Minneapolis hip hop group Atmosphere, their first and only for Epitaph. It was released on September 23, 2003. \\\"Trying to Find a Balance\\\" and \\\"National Disgrace\\\" were released as singles and music videos were made for both. Background The original cover features a naked, bare-breasted woman laying in a field. It was changed to a plain white cover resembling The White Album due to the death of Marissa Mathy-Zvaifler, a 16-year-old girl who was murdered by a janitor during an Atmosphere show in Albuquerque, NM on July 16, 2003. The janitor, convicted child sex offender Dominic Akers, had led the girl backstage, claiming he would allow her to meet vocalist Sean Daley (aka Slug). Slug dedicates the album to Zvaifler in the liner notes, and later wrote about the incident and his reaction in a song entitled \\\"That Night, which appears on the 2005 album You Can't Imagine How Much Fun We're Having. Slug would later describe the song as one he \\\"wasn't supposed to write\\\" and marks the 2005 album as a whole as a beginning point of Slug's more positive storytelling in his music. Release On December 10, 2013, 3,000 limited edition vinyl pressings were released in celebration of the album's tenth anniversary. It uses the album's original cover art and contains bonus tracks. Track listing All songs are produced by Ant. Personnel Slug – vocals Nate \\\"the Guitar Man\\\" Collis – additional guitar on \\\"Trying to Find a Balance\\\" and \\\"Always Coming Back Home to You\\\" Cameron H., Kristin B., and Nate the Merchant – additional vocals on \\\"Bird Sings Why the Caged I Know\\\" Tasha Baron – additional rhodes on \\\"Gotta Lotta Walls\\\" and \\\"Good Times (Sick Pimpin')\\\" Anthony D. – additional vocals on \\\"Gotta Lotta Walls\\\" Sara, Katie and others – additional vocals on \\\"Suicidegirls\\\" Jason Cook – additional vocals on \\\"Jason\\\" Brother Ali – guest vocals on \\\"Cats Van Bags\\\" Sara Lindsay, Sage Francis – additional vocals on \\\"Lifter Puller\\\" Nate Collis – additional jawharp on \\\"Shoes\\\" and \\\"National Disgrace\\\" Crescent Moon and Advizor – additional vocals on \\\"Liquor Lyles Cool July\\\" I Self Devine – additional vocals on \\\"In My Continental\\\" References External links Rhymesayers Entertainment Atmosphere (music group) albums 2003 albums Epitaph Records albums Rhymesayers Entertainment albums\",\n \"title\": \"Seven's Travels\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"594642\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Kagome Kagome\\\" (かごめかごめ, or ) is a Japanese children's game and the song (Warabe uta) associated with it. One player is chosen as the Oni (literally demon or ogre, but similar to the concept of \\\"it\\\" in tag) and sits blindfolded (or with their eyes covered). The other children join hands and walk in circles around the Oni while chanting the song for the game. When the song stops, the Oni tries to name the person standing directly behind them. The song is a subject of much interest because of its cryptic lyrics which vary from region to region. Many interpretations exist, but the originally intended meaning is unknown. Melody Lyrics The song's lyrics vary by region, but the most commonly known version is: The most common interpretation is: (** is additional to match singing) Kagome kagome / The bird in the cage, **bird in the cage** When, oh when will it come out In the evening of the dawn The crane and turtle slipped, **they slipped** Who is behind you now? As the song is typically written in a single line without any punctuation, in addition to the odd phrasing and ambiguous words, it is also unclear which phrases are connected to which (For example, \\\"In the evening of dawn\\\" could be an answer to \\\"when oh when will it come out\\\", or could be a setting for \\\"the crane and turtle slipped\\\"). Common variations in the song include replacing \\\"夜明けの晩に\\\" (\\\"yoake no ban ni/in the evening of the dawn\\\") with \\\"夜明けの番人\\\" (\\\"yoake no bannin/the guard at/of dawn\\\"), and \\\"後ろの正面\\\" (\\\"ushiro no shoumen/in front of behind\\\") with \\\"後ろの少年\\\" (\\\"ushiro no shounen/the boy behind\\\"). There are countless variations in history, many of which can be found recorded in writing. Meaning Many theories surround the meanings of the various phrases in the song. These include: Kagome \\\"Kagome\\\" (籠目): The holes in a basket A corruption of \\\"kakome\\\" (\\\"surround\\\") The shape of the holes in a traditional basket, a hexagon The shape of the holes in a traditional, including the woven material, a hexagram \\\"Kagome\\\" (籠女): A pregnant woman Kagome – a caged bird Kagome – \\\"Circle you\\\" Can also mean \\\"lost\\\" Kago no naka no tori wa As \\\"kago\\\" can mean both \\\"cage\\\" and \\\"basket\\\", a bird in a basket would, by the standards of the age, be a chicken It is possible that \\\"tori\\\" is supposed to be a metaphor for torii, and that kago (typically woven out of bamboo) refers to a bamboo fence, and that thus the \\\"torii surrounded by bamboo\\\" is in fact a Shinto shrine. In the case that kagome is interpreted as \\\"pregnant woman\\\", the bird in the cage is her unborn child, as the Japanese saying of \\\"a bird in the cage\\\" being a euphemism for pregnancy. Itsu itsu deyaru Can also be \\\"itsu itsu deau\\\" (\\\"When oh when will we meet\\\") Can mean \\\"When will it come out?\\\" Can mean \\\"When can it come out?\\\" Yoake no ban ni Can simply mean night\",\n \"title\": \"Kagome Kagome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64594094\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Bernard du Feu (September 1935 – 1 January 2013) was a Welsh builder, painter, author and model. He is best known for his marriages to the feminist Germaine Greer and the poet Maya Angelou. He published the memoir Let's Hear it for the Long-legged Women in 1973. Life Born in 1935 in Wrexham, Wales, the son of a civil servant, du Feu grew up in London. His French surname came from ancestors who settled in the Channel Islands. He attended King's College London, studying English literature, during which time he married Shirley Thompson, with whom he had two children. After graduating he worked as a builder. Marriage to Germaine Greer In 1968 after being discharged from the hospital where he had been treated for alcohol poisoning, du Feu met Germaine Greer, then an assistant lecturer at the University of Warwick, outside a pub in Portobello Road and after a brief courtship they married at Paddington Registry office. Though their marriage officially lasted five years, their relationship lasted only three weeks. Greer later recalled that she had been unfaithful to du Feu seven times during their short relationship, and she had spent her wedding night in an armchair because her husband, drunk, would not let her in bed. Eventually, during a party near Ladbroke Grove, \\\"'[h]e turned to me and sneered (drunk as usual): 'I could have any woman in this room.' 'Except me,' I said, and walked away forever.'\\\" After this, du Feu posed in British Cosmopolitan, thought to be their first almost-naked male centrefold. In 1973 he also published an erotic memoir, Let's Hear it for the Long-legged Women, for which it is claimed he was paid more than Greer had been given as the advance for her 1970 work The Female Eunuch. Marriage to Maya Angelou du Feu met Maya Angelou in Soho in 1971, at a literary event for her best-selling autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. They married in 1974, and exchanged vows two further times, but divorced in 1983. They remained friends, and Angelou helped du Feu financially during his later years. Later life du Feu spent the rest of his life in California, both in Berkeley and later in Oakland, where he worked in home renovation. He died in January 2013. References 1935 births 2013 deaths People from Wrexham Maya Angelou\",\n \"title\": \"Paul du Feu\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67989868\",\n \"text\": \"Metikurke Ramaswamy Kamala is a writer, and a poet in Kannada language who is a recipient of Karnataka Sahitya Academy award. Early life and education Kamala was born in Metikurke, a village in Hassan district of Karnataka. Her parents, N H Raamaswamy and Vishaalakshi had farmlands. Her father a gamaka performer, encouraged her interest in literature. Kamala's early education was in her hometown Metikurke school. She received a B.A degree from MES College, and a M.A Kannada from Bangalore University in 1980. She also studied a LLB degree and a diploma in French language from Bangalore University. Career Kamala started writing poems and stories at a young age, and while studying in college, she published her works in college magazines and local newspapers. Her first poetry collection, Shakuntalopakhyana was published in 1988. Some of her selected poems have been printed in English, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Telugu and Marathi languages, and in 2005, some were set to music by a Kannada composer C. Ashwath. She has translated books from other languages into Kannada. She has primarily focused on translating works written by women writers from Africa, Arab nations, and African-Americans. She translated Maya Angelou's autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings into Kannada. M. R. Kamala started her career working as a Kannada Lecturer in a Pre-Univeraity (PU) College, at Halebidu in 1981 and retired as a Principal of Shivanahalli Pre-University College (PU), Rajajinagar, Bengaluru in 2018. Bibliography Shakuntalopakhyana (1988) Kattala Hoovina Haadu (1989) Jaane Mattu Itara KavitegaLu (1992) Jivananandara Kavitegalu (2003) Hoovu Chellida Haadi (2007) Nettarali Nenda Chandra (2016) Maaribidi (2017) Oora Beediya Suttu (2020) Gadyagandhi (2020) Quarantine (2020) Kappu Hakkiya Belakina Haadu Rosa Parks Sere Hakki Haduvudu Ekendu Balle Awards and recognitions Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award Translation Academy award Kuvempu Bhasha Bharathi Award (2007) SV Parameshwara Bhat award (2017) Maasti award (2018) BM Shri Golden Medal winner Muddanna poetry award Amma Award instituted by the Matrushree Mahadevamma Nagappa Munnur Prathishtan Matrushri Ratnamma Hedge Memorial Award References Kannada-language writers Living people 1959 births People from Bangalore People from Hassan district Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada Poets from Karnataka\",\n \"title\": \"M. R. Kamala\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15707237\",\n \"text\": \"Gather Together in My Name is a 1974 memoir by American writer and poet Maya Angelou. It is the second book in Angelou's series of seven autobiographies. Written three years after the publication of and beginning immediately following the events described in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, it follows Angelou, called Rita, from the ages of 17 to 19. The title is taken from the Bible, but also conveys how one Black female lived in the white-dominated society of the U.S. following World War II. Angelou expands upon many themes that she started discussing in her first autobiography, including motherhood and family, racism, identity, education and literacy. Rita becomes closer to her mother in this book, and goes through a variety of jobs and relationships as she tries to provide for her young son and find her place in the world. Angelou continues to discuss racism in Gather Together, but moves from speaking for all Black women to describing how one young woman dealt with it. The book exhibits the narcissism of young people, but describes how Rita discovers her identity. Like many of Angelou's autobiographies, Gather Together is concerned with Angelou's on-going self-education. Gather Together was not as critically acclaimed as Angelou's first autobiography, but received mostly positive reviews and was recognized as being better written than its predecessor. The book's structure, consisting of a series of episodes tied together by theme and content, parallels the chaos of adolescence, which some critics feel makes it an unsatisfactory sequel to Caged Bird. Rita's many physical movements throughout the book, which affects the book's organization and quality, has caused at least one critic to call it a travel narrative. Background Gather Together in My Name, published in 1974, is Maya Angelou's second book in her series of seven autobiographies and was written three years after her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In 1971, Angelou published her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971), which became a bestseller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. It was Angelou's early practice to alternate a prose volume with a poetry volume. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at the inauguration of Bill Clinton, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost's \\\"The Gift Outright\\\" at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961. Through the writing of this autobiography and her life stories in all of her books, Angelou became recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. According to scholar Joanne Braxton, it made her \\\"without a doubt ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\\\". Title The title of Gather Together is inspired by Matthew 18:19–20: \\\"Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven. For where two or three\",\n \"title\": \"Gather Together in My Name\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31342635\",\n \"text\": \"A Song Flung Up to Heaven is the sixth book in author Maya Angelou's series of autobiographies. Set between 1965 and 1968, it begins where Angelou's previous book All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes ends, with Angelou's trip from Accra, Ghana, where she had lived for the past four years, back to the United States. Two \\\"calamitous events\\\" frame the beginning and end of the book—the assassinations of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Angelou describes how she dealt with these events and the sweeping changes in both the country and in her personal life, and how she coped with her return home to the U.S. The book ends with Angelou at \\\"the threshold of her literary career\\\", writing the opening lines to her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. As she had begun to do in Caged Bird, and continued throughout her series, Angelou upheld the long tradition of African-American autobiography. At the same time she made a deliberate attempt to challenge the usual structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. Most reviewers agreed that the book was made up of a series of vignettes. By the time Song was written in 2002, sixteen years after her previous autobiography, Angelou had experienced great fame and recognition as an author and poet. She recited her poem \\\"On the Pulse of Morning\\\" at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's in 1961. She had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women. Angelou was, as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated, \\\"without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer\\\". She had also become, as reviewer Richard Long stated, \\\"a major autobiographical voice of the time\\\". The title of Song was based upon the same poem, by African-American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, the basis of her first autobiography. Like Angelou's other autobiographies, the book was greeted with both praise and disappointment, although reviews were generally positive. Reviewers praised Angelou for \\\"the culmination of a unique autobiographical achievement\\\", while others criticized her for coming across as \\\"smug\\\". The 2002 spoken word album by the same name, based on the book, received a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2003. Background A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002) is the sixth of Maya Angelou's series of autobiographies, and at the time of its publication it was considered to be the final installment. It was completed 16 years after the publication of her previous autobiography, All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986) and over thirty years after the publication of her first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou wrote two collections of essays in the interim, Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993) and Even the Stars Look Lonesome (1997), which writer Hilton Als called her \\\"wisdom books\\\" and \\\"homilies strung together with autobiographical texts\\\". She also continued her poetry\",\n \"title\": \"A Song Flung Up to Heaven\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1969"],"string":"[\n \"1969\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":64,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31342"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was old man and the sea written"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"161502","text":"The Old Man and the Sea is a 1952 novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway. Written between December 1950 and February 1951, it was the last major fictional work Hemingway published during his lifetime. It tells the story of Santiago, an aging fisherman, and his long struggle to catch a giant marlin. The novella was highly anticipated and was released to record sales; the initial critical reception was equally positive, but attitudes have varied significantly since then. Hemingway began writing The Old Man and the Sea in Cuba during a tumultuous period in his life. His previous novel Across the River and Into the Trees had met with negative reviews and, amid a breakdown in relations with his wife Mary, he had fallen in love with his muse Adriana Ivancich. Having completed one book of a planned \"sea trilogy\", Hemingway began to write as an addendum a story about an old man and a marlin that had originally been told to him fifteen years earlier. He wrote up to a thousand words a day, completing the 26,531-word manuscript in six weeks. Over the following year, Hemingway became increasingly convinced that the manuscript would stand on its own as a novella. Life magazine published the full novella in its September 1, 1952 issue. Hemingway's publisher, Scribner's, released their first edition a week later on the 8th. Thanks to favorable early reviews and word-of-mouth, popular anticipation was so high that both releases were heavily bootlegged. The magazine sold a record 5.3 million copies in two days, while Scribner's sold tens of thousands of copies. Translated into nine languages by the end of 1952, The Old Man and the Sea remained on the New York Times bestseller list for six months. In 1953, it received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was the only work explicitly mentioned when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Early reviews were positive, with many hailing what they saw as a return to form for Hemingway after Across the Rivers negative reception. The acclaim lessened over time, as literary critics began to think the initial reception overblown and over-enthusiastic. Whether The Old Man and the Sea is inferior or equal to Hemingway's other works has since been the subject of scholarly debate. Thematic analysis has focused on Christian imagery and symbolism, on the similarity of the novella's themes to its predecessors in the Hemingway canon, and on the character of the fisherman Santiago. Plot Santiago is an elderly fisherman who has not caught a fish in eighty-four days and is considered salao (very unlucky). Manolin, who had been trained by Santiago, has been forced by his parents to work on a different, luckier boat; Manolin still helps Santiago prepare his gear every morning and evening and brings him food. They talk about baseball and Joe DiMaggio, before the boy leaves and Santiago sleeps. He dreams of the sights and experiences of his youth. On the eighty-fifth day of his streak, Santiago","title":"The Old Man and the Sea"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"161502\",\n \"text\": \"The Old Man and the Sea is a 1952 novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway. Written between December 1950 and February 1951, it was the last major fictional work Hemingway published during his lifetime. It tells the story of Santiago, an aging fisherman, and his long struggle to catch a giant marlin. The novella was highly anticipated and was released to record sales; the initial critical reception was equally positive, but attitudes have varied significantly since then. Hemingway began writing The Old Man and the Sea in Cuba during a tumultuous period in his life. His previous novel Across the River and Into the Trees had met with negative reviews and, amid a breakdown in relations with his wife Mary, he had fallen in love with his muse Adriana Ivancich. Having completed one book of a planned \\\"sea trilogy\\\", Hemingway began to write as an addendum a story about an old man and a marlin that had originally been told to him fifteen years earlier. He wrote up to a thousand words a day, completing the 26,531-word manuscript in six weeks. Over the following year, Hemingway became increasingly convinced that the manuscript would stand on its own as a novella. Life magazine published the full novella in its September 1, 1952 issue. Hemingway's publisher, Scribner's, released their first edition a week later on the 8th. Thanks to favorable early reviews and word-of-mouth, popular anticipation was so high that both releases were heavily bootlegged. The magazine sold a record 5.3 million copies in two days, while Scribner's sold tens of thousands of copies. Translated into nine languages by the end of 1952, The Old Man and the Sea remained on the New York Times bestseller list for six months. In 1953, it received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and it was the only work explicitly mentioned when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Early reviews were positive, with many hailing what they saw as a return to form for Hemingway after Across the Rivers negative reception. The acclaim lessened over time, as literary critics began to think the initial reception overblown and over-enthusiastic. Whether The Old Man and the Sea is inferior or equal to Hemingway's other works has since been the subject of scholarly debate. Thematic analysis has focused on Christian imagery and symbolism, on the similarity of the novella's themes to its predecessors in the Hemingway canon, and on the character of the fisherman Santiago. Plot Santiago is an elderly fisherman who has not caught a fish in eighty-four days and is considered salao (very unlucky). Manolin, who had been trained by Santiago, has been forced by his parents to work on a different, luckier boat; Manolin still helps Santiago prepare his gear every morning and evening and brings him food. They talk about baseball and Joe DiMaggio, before the boy leaves and Santiago sleeps. He dreams of the sights and experiences of his youth. On the eighty-fifth day of his streak, Santiago\",\n \"title\": \"The Old Man and the Sea\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4747700","text":"The Flemings Of Torbay is a popular Newfoundland folk song about two young men from Torbay. It was written by Johnny Burke, a popular St. John's balladeer. Lyrics The thrilling news we heard last week is in our memories yet, Two fishermen from Newfoundland saved from the jaws of death; Two fine young men born in Torbay who went adrift at sea, On the eighteenth day of April from the schooner Jubilee. They left to prosecute their voyage near the Grand Banks' stormy shore, Where many's the hardy fisherman was never heard of more; For six long days in storms at sea those hardy fellows stood, Fatigued, footsore, and hungry, no water or no food. Tossed on the seas ail those long days while bitter was each night, No friend to speak a kindly word, no sail to heave in sight; At last a vessel hove in sight and saw the floating speck, The Jessie Maurice was her name, coal laden from Quebec. Our wheelsman well-trained he espied clear through the misty haze, Those poor exhausted fishermen adrift so many days; Our captain, a kindhearted man, had just come on the deck, Then orders gave to hard aport and shaped her for the wreck. Two hours or more while the winds did roar the Jessie sailed around, To see if any tidings of the dory could be found; The crew was stationed on the bow all anxious her to hail, When the captain spied her in the fog just aft the water rail. Our brave commander right away the order gave to launch, The jolly boats that hung astern of good old oak so staunch; Two brave old seamen manned the oars and at the word to go, The captain standing in the bow to take the boat in tow. The captain gripped the painter for to bring her to the barque, While those on board were still as death, their features cold and dark; A sling was then made fast below in which those men to place, While tender-hearted mariners they worked with noble faith. No sign of life was in those men as they were placed in bed, But still our captain held out hope the vital spark not fled; He watched for days and sleepless nights to bring those men around, And on the second day discerned but just a feeble sound. The first to speak was Peter, the eldest of the two, He told the captain who they were, a part of the Jubilee's crew; And how in April on the Banks they chanced to drift astray, And lay exposed in an open boat for six long stormy days. Our captain then our stuns'l set and shaped her for Quebec, He took on board the dory and all left of the wreck; He watched those men with a mother's care while in their berth they lay, And saved the lives of two poor boys once more to see Torbay. God bless the Jessie's gallant crew, likewise","title":"The Flemings of Torbay"},{"docid":"73575926","text":"The Old Man and the Old Moon is an American “play with music” written by PigPen Theatre Company. The play follows the Old Man, who is in charge of filling the Moon with light. After his wife is drawn away by a mysterious melody, he goes out on a sea faring adventure looking for her. The play first premiered Off-Broadway in 2012 and a revised version in 2014 at the New Victory Theater. Musical numbers “Song from the Stone” — Singer and Company “The Rain Will Fall” — Company “The Sailor’s Anthem” — Sailors \"The Rain Will Fall (Reprise)\" - Company “Sail for Love” — Captain and Sailors “Sail for Love (Reprise) — Sailors “Just Like the Sea” — Old Man and Company “Prison Fish Interlude #1” — Ghost Singer “Prison Fish Interlude #2” — Ghost Singer “Prison Fish Interlude #3” — Ghost Singer and Company “I Crash” — Singer, Matheson, and Company “Bremen” — Old Man and Company Critical response 2012 Off-Broadway premiere Ken Jarowski at The New York Times writes about how the play inspires “giddy feelings” and cannot be summed up into words. Scott Brown, the theatre critic at Vulture, wrote: 2014 Revised Production Ben Brantley, the chief theatre critic for The New York Times in 2014, wrote about how the new production, “ has since undergone a makeover of sorts, shedding some weight and smoothing some calluses… But it retains the illusion of a willfully unwieldy beast, which is essential to its appeal.” References External links Old Man and the Old Moon on BroawayLicensing.com PigPen Theatre Co. Official Site Off-Broadway plays Fiction set on the Moon 2012 plays","title":"The Old Man and the Old Moon"},{"docid":"62384567","text":"\"The Old Man and the Seat\" is the second episode of the fourth season of the Adult Swim animated television series Rick and Morty. Written by Michael Waldron and directed by Jacob Hair, loosely adapting The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, the episode aired in the United States on November 17, 2019. Plot An alien intern named Glootie serves breakfast to the Smiths, often asking for assistance in developing a mobile app. As Rick pats his belly and excuses himself for a solo adventure, which Summer surmises as defecating, Jerry is curious and offers to develop Glootie's app, even though Rick has tattooed \"Do Not Develop My App\" on Glootie's forehead. Glootie and Jerry's app goes online; named \"Lovefinderrz\", it is a dating app that entices its users to divert their full attention into finding their true love. Summer ditches Beth on their lunch for her date, leading to a fight between the two. Seeing the widespread chaos, Jerry joins Morty in demanding that Glootie take down the app. Glootie brings them to his mothership, where they meet the aliens' leader, who rebukes humanity's inefficiency in matchmaking and states that the app is a distraction to steal Earth's water resources. Beth chases after Summer, who constantly changes her soul mate with the app, while Jerry and Morty are captured. Jerry manages to convince Glootie to take the app offline, showing their similarity in being unable to find a match. As Morty chastises Jerry about his decisions, Glootie puts an ad wall on Lovefinderrz, causing all of the app's users to delete it. Rick travels to a scenic, private lavatory. Discovering that it has been intruded upon, he tracks down the culprit, Tony. Despite admonishment from Rick, Tony points out Rick's need for control and continues to use the lavatory. Rick submerses Tony in the chemical \"Globafyn\" which places him in his ideal reality, a toilet-filled heaven. When Tony realizes the reality is false, Rick evicts him from the illusion. Tony suggests they be friends, which Rick rejects. Rick prepares a defense measure on his toilet designed to humiliate its future user. Upon Rick visiting Tony's office to bring him laxatives and chili, Rick learns that Tony has quit his job and died in a ski accident while attempting to live life to the fullest. Rick attends Tony's funeral and gives gifts to his father but insists that he and Tony were not friends. Rick returns to the lavatory and sits on the toilet, which spawns a crowd of holographic Ricks who mock \"Tony\" and his loneliness. In the post-credits scene, Jerry consumes some Globafyn and sees his own ideal reality: himself as a competent, well-appreciated water-bottle delivery driver. Production and writing \"The Old Man and the Seat\" was written by Michael Waldron and directed by Jacob Hair. The episode features guest actors Sam Neill as the Monogatron leader, Kathleen Turner as his wife, Jeffrey Wright as Tony; and director Taika Waititi as Glootie. Sherri Shepherd, who voiced","title":"The Old Man and the Seat"},{"docid":"5826633","text":"Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). Events The Weimar Classicism period in Germany is commonly considered to have begun in 1788) and to have ended either in 1805, with the death of Schiller, or this year, with the death of Goethe Thomas Jefferson Hogg, a friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley, contributed to Bulwer-Lytton's New Monthly Magazine his \"Reminiscences of Shelley\", which was highly regarded. As a result, Hogg will later write a biography of Shelley. Works published in English United Kingdom W. E. Aytoun, Poland, Homer, and Other Poems Henry Glassford Bell, My Old Portfolio; or, Tales and Sketches William Lisle Bowles, St. John in Patmos John Donald Carrick, ed., Whistle Binkie, anthology of Scottish poetry Barry Cornwall, see Bryan Waller Proctor, below James Hogg, writing under the pen name \"The Ettrick Shepherd\", Altrive Tales Leigh Hunt, The Poetical Works of Leigh Hunt published by subscription Thomas Miller, Songs of the Sea Nymphs Bryan Waller Proctor, writing under the pen name \"Barry Cornwall\", English Songs Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Masque of Anarchy, posthumous, preface by Leigh Hunt Alfred Tennyson, Poems, including \"The Lady of Shalott\", \"Mariana in the South\", \"Oenone\", \"The Palace of Art\", \"A Dream of Fair Women\" and \"The Lotos-Eaters\"; published in December of this year, although the book states \"1833\" (see also Poems 1842) Letitia Elizabeth Landon, writing under the pen name \"L.E.L.\" The Easter Gift Letitia Elizabeth Landon, writing under the pen name \"L.E.L.\" Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833 Robert Millhouse, The Destinies of Man. United States William Cullen Bryant, Poems, has most of the author's significant work since 1818, with five previously unpublished poems, including \"To a Fringed Gentian\" and \"The Song of Marion's Men\"; described as \"the best volume of American verse that has ever appeared\" by a writer in The North American Review Thomas Holley Chivers, The Path of Sorrow; or, The Lament of Youth; the author's first book of poetry, written while he was studying medicine Sumner Lincoln Fairfield, The Last Night of Pompeii, a narrative poem about the conflicts between the Christian and pagan faiths; written in three cantos of blank verse William Gilmore Simms, Atalantis: A Story of the Sea, a poem about a sea-fairy saved from a demon by a Spanish knight, who is then led by her into the caves of the ocean Frederick William Thomas, The Emigrant, the author's first book; about the Ohio River region, influenced by William Wordsworth and Lord Byron Works published in other languages Théophile Gautier, Albertus, 62 poems in a wide variety of verse forms, often imitating other, more established Romantic poets such as Sainte-Beuve, Alphonse de Lamartine, and Victor Hugo; an expanded version of Poésies 1830, which contained 40 pieces composed when the author was 18 years old (since that work was published during the July Revolution, no copies were sold and it was eventually withdrawn; see also the revised edition, 1845), includes \"Albertus\", written in 1831, a","title":"1832 in poetry"},{"docid":"1516242","text":"Old man, Old Man or The Old Man may refer to: Basic meanings An elderly man A father A husband Commanding officer of a military unit Captain of a merchant ship or a warship Any male amateur radio operator People La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 (\"The Old Man\"), an almost-complete male Neanderthal skeleton discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), Bolshevik revolutionary nicknamed the \"Old Man\" by both supporters and adversaries Richard Benjamin Harrison (1941–2018), American businessman and reality television personality of the series Pawn Stars, nicknamed \"The Old Man\" Joseph Paruta (1929–1986), member of the Gambino crime family nicknamed \"Old Man\" Yitzhak Sadeh (1890–1952), Israeli military commander nicknamed \"The Old Man\" Old Man, the CEO of a company in the RoboCop movies Literature The Old Man (Gorky play) (Старик), a 1915 play by Maxim Gorky The Old Man (Wallace play), a 1931 play by Edgar Wallace \"Old Man\", a poem by Edward Thomas \"Old Man\", a narrative thread in William Faulkner's 1939 novel If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem The Old Man (Perry novel), a 2017 novel by Thomas Perry The Old Man (Trifonov novel) (Старик), a novel by Yuri Trifonov The Old Man and the Sea, a short novel by Ernest Hemingway Film, television and stage Old Man (film), a 2022 American film The Old Man (1931 film), based on the Edgar Wallace play of the same name The Old Man (2012 film), a 2012 Kazakhstani film The Old Man (2019 film), a 2019 Estonian animated film \"The Old Man\" (Seinfeld), an episode of the television series Seinfeld The Old Man (TV series), an American thriller drama television series on FX based on the Thomas Perry novel of the same name Old Man, a Primetime Emmy Award–winning television movie based on the \"Old Man\" narrative thread in William Faulkner's novel If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem Old Man (Playhouse 90), a 1958 American television play The Old Man, a character in the film A Christmas Story Music Old Man Luedecke, a Canadian indie banjo band Songs \"Old Man\" (song) by Neil Young \"Old Man\", a song by Love, from the album Forever Changes \"Old Man\", a song by Randy Newman from Sail Away, covered by Art Garfunkel, 1974 \"Old Man\", a song by Clouds, 1970 \"Old Man\", a song by the Collectors, 1967 \"Old Man\", a song by Harrys Gym, 2011 \"Old Man\", a song by John David, 1976 \"Old Man\", a song by Lighthouse, 1972 \"The Old Man\" a song by Irving Berlin, sung by Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye, 1954 \"The Old Man\", a song by Colm C.T. Wilkinson, 1977 \"The Old Man\", a song written by Phil Coulter and sung by John McDermott about a man remembering his father after he has died \"The Old Man\", a song by the Fureys and Davey Arthur, 1982 \"The Old Man\", a song by Matt Lucas \"This Old Man\" a children's song Geography Old Man of the Hills, a mountain in Montana Old Man of the Mountain, a geological formation in","title":"Old man"},{"docid":"7388143","text":"\"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings\" () and subtitled \"A Tale for Children\" is a short story by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. The tale was written in 1968 and published in the May–June 1968 (VIII, 48) issue of the journal . The work was published in English in the New American Review 13 in 1971. It appeared in the 1972 book Leaf Storm and Other Stories. The short story involves the eponymous character who appears in a family's backyard on a stormy night. What follows are the reactions of the family, a town, and outside visitors. This story falls within the genre of magic realism. Plot summary The story begins after three days of rain. Crabs are infesting Pelayo and Elisenda's house and causing a horrible stench, which is believed to be making their baby sick. When Pelayo comes back from throwing the crabs into the sea, he sees a very old man with wings laying face down in mud in his courtyard. Startled, Pelayo goes to get his wife and they examine the man. He is dressed in raggedy clothing and is very dirty. After staring at him for a time, Pelayo and Elisenda are able to overcome their initial shock of seeing the man with wings. They try to speak to him but the man speaks in an incomprehensible dialect. They decide he is a castaway from a shipwreck; however, a neighbor informs them that the man is an angel. The following day, the entire town knows about the man with wings who is said to be an angel. Pelayo decides to chain up the man and keep him in the chicken coop. A day later, when the rain stops, the baby is feeling better and is able to eat. Pelayo and Elisenda want to send the old man out to sea with food and water for three days and let nature take care of him. However, when they go out to their courtyard, they see a mass of people gathered around the chicken coop to see the angel; they are harassing him by treating him like a circus animal instead of a person. The priest, Father Gonzaga, comes by the house because he is surprised by the news of the angel. At this time, onlookers are making hypotheses about what should happen to the angel, saying things like \"he should be the leader of the world,\" or \"he should be a military leader in order to win all wars.\" However, Father Gonzaga decides to determine whether the man is an angel or not by speaking to him in Latin. Since the man with wings did not recognize Latin and looked too human, the priest decides the man could not be an angel. Father Gonzaga then warns the onlookers that the man is not an angel. However, the people do not care, and word spreads that the old man with wings is an angel. People began coming from all over to Pelayo and Elisenda's house to","title":"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings"},{"docid":"2073802","text":"A Figure in Hiding is Volume 16 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap. This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1937. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1965 by James D. Lawrence resulting in two different stories with the same title Plot summary (revised edition) While leaving the baseball field the Hardy boys are approached by a blind peddler with a warning for their father Fenton Hardy. Then the boys take their boat, the Sleuth out on Barmet Bay for a ride and to watch the testing of a new hydrofoil boat named the Sea Spook. While admiring the new boat they almost have a collision with it, allowing them a reason to board the boat where they find a glass eye, presumably belonging to Mr. Lambert who was test driving the boat when the near collision happened. When the boys try to track down Mr. Lambert he goes missing and Bill Braxton, the owner of the Sea Spook is attacked at his boathouse and the Spook is searched. Meanwhile, Fenton Hardy examines the warning from Henry Zatta, the blind peddler (who is really only just blind in one eye but is pretending to be blind because he is undercover), and declares that it must be warning them to keep away from the Goggler Gang. They then realize that Mr. Lambert is actually a hoodlum named Spotty Lemuel. Their discussion is interrupted by an old man at the door named Zachary Mudge who is staying at Doc Grafton's Health Farm, a luxurious resort overlooking Barmet Bay. Mr. Mudge tells them that he would like to purchase the Sea Spook. The boys decide to go to pick up their girlfriends Callie and Iola from a movie at the Bijou but as they arrive they see a man wearing the disguise of the Goggler Gang running away with the cashbox. They catch the man but he escapes before the police arrive. Later, the boys travel up the river in the ‘’sleuth’’ to speak to Mrs. Lunberry, the owner of a Jeweled Siva which was recently stolen, on behalf of their father who is going to take on the case. Upon returning they are summoned to Doc Grafton’s Health Farm by their chum Chet Morton, who has taken summer employment there. During the course of their travels they keep seeing suspicious vehicles, specifically brand new greenTorpedo sedans. When they get to the health farm Chet tells them that he has learned that someone is going to kidnap them and leaves them in suspense until Callie and Iola arrive and Chet says that they are kidnapping them to go to a beach party. The clue about the green Torpedo leads them to Izmir Motors, owned by Malcolm Izmir. The boys try to get","title":"A Figure in Hiding"},{"docid":"5315279","text":"The Golden Key is a fairy tale written by George MacDonald. It was published in Dealings with the Fairies (1867). It is particularly noted for the intensity of the suggestive imagery, which implies a spiritual meaning to the story without providing a transparent allegory for the events in it. Plot summary A young boy listens to his Great-aunt's stories about a magical golden key found at the end of a rainbow. One day, he sees an immense rainbow and sets out to find its end in an enchanted forest. As the forest is in Fairyland where everything has an opposite effect, the rainbow only glows brighter when the sun sets. He finds the key, then it dawns on him that he does not know where the lock is. In the same village on the border of this forest, a merchant's neglected daughter is frightened by the fairies. Their first attempt fails but when they make her think the three bears are coming into her bedroom, she flees into the woods. A tree tries to trap her, but a feathered airborne fish frees her, then leads her to a wise woman's cottage. A pot is boiling there, and the air fish flies into it. The lady asks her name; the girl says that the servants always called her Tangle, and the lady decides that although her tangled hair was their fault for not looking after her, Tangle is a pretty name. She says she is called Grandmother, and that it has been three years since Tangle ran away from the \"bears\". She has the girl washed by fish and dresses her. Then they eat the air fish for dinner after the lady assures her that the air fish had voluntarily gone into the pot to be their food, and the cooking pot produces a little-winged figure, who flies off. The lady sends another air fish after the young man at the foot of the rainbow. At supper the next day, the young man, Mossy, arrives. The lady tells Mossy that if he searches for the keyhole, he will find it, and sends Tangle with him. In their wanderings, they come across a valley where beautiful shadows fill the air, where they stay, grow old, and then resolve to find the land the marvelous shadows fall from; but they become separated so they each continue their journey alone. Tangle meets with the winged aëranth (air-flower) that used to be the fish, who leads her to the mountain. There she meets the Old Man of the Sea. He cannot tell her the way to the land from which the shadows fall and sends her to his brother the Old Man of the Earth. He also does not know and sends her to the Old Man of the Fire. Then the Old Man of the Earth stooped over the floor of the cave, raised a huge stone from it, and left it leaning. It disclosed a great hole that went plumb-down. \"That is the","title":"The Golden Key (MacDonald book)"},{"docid":"4682865","text":"Time of Love (; ) is a 1990 film by Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf, based on a story written by Makhmalbaf himself. The film consists of three episodes, all with relatively similar plots. Although categorized as an Iranian film, Time of Love was mostly shot in Istanbul, Turkey and the dialogues are both in Turkish and Persian. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Plot First Narrative: Young Gozal whose husband is a taxi driver has an affair with a young blond shoeshine boy. One day an old man who can't hear well is recording the bird's songs when he hears what they say to each other. So he finds out about their affair and tells everything to Gozal's black-haired husband. The black–haired kills the young blond boy and injures Gozal and then surrenders himself to the court. He is sentenced to death and is thrown into the sea as he chooses. Gozal commits suicide in her regular meeting place. Second Narrative: This time the blond–haired man and Gozal are husband and wife, and Gozal is in love with the black – haired. The blond – haired is the taxi driver and the black–haired is a hawker. The old man gets to know about the affair between Gozal and the black – haired and informs the blond–haired. He intends to kill the black – haired but is killed himself. The black–haired is sentenced to death and as he asks, he is hanged on the tree under which he saw Gozal for the first time. Gozal commits suicide in the hospital. Third Narrative: Like the first narrative, once again the black–haired and Gozal are husband and wife and Gozal has an affair with the blond- haired. The old man tells Gozal's husband about this affair. The two rivals start fighting, but the black-haired refuses to kill the blond- haired when he is in the situation to do so. This way he gives his rival the chance to tell him but the black–haired holds the wedding party of Gozal and the blond–haired. In the wedding ceremony, the court judge who has resigned from his job due to its difficulties is present. The black–haired give the bride and groom a lift to their house and gives his taxi to them as the wedding present. The blond–haired who has decided to give Gozal back to the black–haired, runs after him but instead he finds the old man who confesses that he has been in love with Gozal for many years. Cast Shiva Gered Abdurrahman Palay Menderes Samancilar Aken Tunj References https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202246/http://www.makhmalbaf.com/movies.php?m=5 External links NOBAT E ASHEGHI (1990) 1990s multilingual films 1990 films Films directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf Films shot in Turkey Films set in Istanbul Turkish multilingual films Iranian multilingual films","title":"Time of Love"},{"docid":"34500764","text":"Neerparavai () is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Seenu Ramasamy and produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin. It stars Nandita Das, Vishnu and Sunaina in lead roles while, Saranya Ponvannan, Samuthirakani, Varsha Ashwathi, and Anupama Kumar play other important supporting roles. The music is composed by N. R. Raghunanthan with cinematography by Balasubramaniem and editing by Kasi Viswanathan. The film released on 30 November 2012 to positive reviews from critics and did well at the box-office. Plot The film is introduced when an old lady's son and daughter-in-law come to stay in her house, where she is solitary. The son asks his mother to sell off the house in that coastal village, so that he can build a house in the city with Aid of his father in law. but the old lady refuses to sell the house. Every often, the son and daughter-in-law notice that the lady goes to the beach, and prays in the garden every night. When they ask her why she is going to the beach, she says that she is waiting for her husband to come. The son gets angry and says because she has been waiting for 25 years, he is not going to come. Whilst the mother goes to the beach, the couple digs where she is praying and finds a skeleton. They report this to the police, and the case is handled by Inspector Agnes, who begins interrogating the old lady. The old lady tells her past. Arulappasamy is a young man who is an alcoholic and wastrel and also a constant embarrassment to his hardworking adopted parents. Esther is an orphan girl who is adopted by a nun named Sister Benita, and she stays in the church. Arulappan slowly gets attracted to Esther, and his love for her changes him. He gives up drinking and wants to work so that he can marry Esther. However, the local fishermen do not allow him to go into the sea. The young man, due to his determination, buys a boat, marries his love, and life is all rosy until fate intervenes. The married couple has a son. One day, Arulappan goes to fish, but after several days, he does not return. Esther is really worried about him. They find his body in a boat shot and bring him home. Esther says to keep him in the house, and it was all her fault because she is the one who sent him to work. The police releases the old lady but asks why she waits for her husband to come if she knows that he is dead. She says that only his body returned to shore, but his soul is still in the sea. Cast Production Seenu Ramasamy chose B. Jeyamohan to pen the dialogues for his film. The lead male role was initially supposed to be enacted by Vimal. Later, it was officially announced that Vishnu will be the lead male as Vimal was unable to allot dates. It was produced","title":"Neerparavai"},{"docid":"44542228","text":"Old Jack's Boat is a British children's television series that stars Bernard Cribbins as Old Jack, the owner of a multi-coloured boat called The Rainbow. In each episode Jack (Cribbins) tells a story to his dog, Salty. Production The series was filmed in Staithes in Yorkshire, and the scenery of the area is heavily featured in the episodes. Bernard Cribbins, in talking about the location, said “I’ve filmed in a lot of locations throughout my career, but there's something about the sea air, the beauty and the friendliness in Staithes that makes it a special place to be.” The first two series each had two stories written by Russell T Davies, with whom both Bernard Cribbins and Freema Agyeman had previously worked on Doctor Who. This was the first time Davies had ever written for a pre-school audience. On writing for pre-schoolers Davies said \"It's exciting new territory for me, writing for this age range. But this is the age when your imagination first starts! And when the call came from Bernard, asking me on board, I couldn't refuse - I'd do anything for that man!\" Reception Old Jack's Boat was positively received upon broadcast. Aislinn Kinsella, writing for Best British TV, said that the program was \"suitably amusing for a CBeebies show\" and that it was \"sure to be a hit with the little ones and one or two older folks!\" Glen Chapman, writing for website Den of Geek, said of the series: \"Well, come on, it's Bernard Cribbins telling stories? What more could you ask for? The man is a national treasure.\" The location filming was also praised, with Chapman saying that Staithes \"looks every bit the idyllic location\". Cast Jack: Bernard Cribbins Shelly Periwinkle: Freema Agyeman (series 1) Captain Periwinkle: Don Gilet (series 2) Ernie Starboard: Paul Hawkyard Miss Bowline-Hitch: Helen Lederer Emily Scuttlebutt: Janine Duvitski Sam Spinnaker: Nadine Marshall Salty the dog: Scuzz Young Jack: Sam Benjamin Sailor Sue: Carolina Main Episodes Episodes of the show usually consist of the theme tune, then a segment (usually a few minutes) featuring Old Jack, Salty the dog and a couple of the characters doing stuff around the village and helping friends. Jack and Salty then head to the Rainbow, where Jack usually has something to do (often something to mend), but puts it off to tell the story. After the story, there is another segment featuring Jack and the characters from earlier to find out if that character was successful in whatever they were meant to accomplish. Then the instrumental version of the theme tune plays, and Jack and Salty walk off into the distance. Spin-off A spin-off titled Old Jack's Boat: Rockpool Tales is about adventures of sea creatures, and another, Salty's Waggy Tales, is about the adventures of Salty the Dog. References External links 2013 British television series debuts 2015 British television series endings 2010s British children's television series BBC high definition shows BBC children's television shows British preschool education television series British television shows featuring","title":"Old Jack's Boat"},{"docid":"33879760","text":"The Sea Is My Brother is a novel by the American author Jack Kerouac, published in 2011. The novel was written in 1942 and remained unpublished throughout Kerouac's lifetime due to his dissatisfaction with it. The plot and its characters are based on Kerouac's experience in United States Merchant Marine during World War II. Kerouac served on the troop transport from July through October 1942 before returning to Columbia University. The Dorchester would be torpedoed three months after Kerouac's departure with most of the 600-man crew dying including the Four Chaplains. This service inspired him to write Sea. The author, who was 20 years old when Sea was written, allegedly thought that the book was \"a crock [of shit] as literature\", and apparently did not bother to shop it around to publishers. Dawn Ward, editor of the Penguin edition of The Sea Is my Brother, holds that while the novel is not the same as the great work Kerouac produced later in his life, it illuminates Kerouac's early development as a writer. \"It was referred to briefly in letters, but nothing that led anyone to believe that there was this really large volume ... This book is really quite important as it shows how Jack developed his writing process.\" Critical reception Upon its publication in November 2011, The Sea Is My Brother received mixed reviews. The Los Angeles Times reviewer David L. Ulin referred to it as \"pretty good as far as Kerouac juvenilia goes\" and noted the dualities of Kerouac's writing, comparing it to Kerouac's later novel Big Sur (1962). However, Ulin drew comparisons to Kerouac's other early writings and called both them and the novel \"claustrophobic, narrow in its focus, disconnected from the complexities of life.\" Alison McCulloch of The New York Times said that the novel was \"stocked with Kerouacian themes, ideas and characters. What it lacks is his style,\" and commented that, \"Kerouac scholars will be fascinated by this early work, but it struggles to stand on its own.\" In his review for The Washington Times, John Greenya said The Sea Is My Brother \"displays the beginnings of his mature style, and his characteristic themes – in particular male friendships, a journey that includes adventure, and the lure of the open road, or, as in this case, the open sea.\" Greenya summarised that the novel was \"far more than literary juvenilia. Although not a polished work [...] throughout it there are small gems.\" The Wall Street Journal reviewer Sam Sacks referred to the novel as a \"homely attempt at a Melvillean sea adventure\" and described it as \"a bad book\" but added \"it's a fun bad book and offers plenty of disarming insights into who Kerouac was as a person and writer before he slipped behind the mask of Beat Generation Zen-master channeling literature from the ionosphere.\" Sacks further commented that \"the book is enjoyable because, unlike Kerouac's later canonized work, it comes to its faults honestly, out of simple inexperience. The prose is a warbly","title":"The Sea Is My Brother"},{"docid":"5025050","text":"\"Atlantic\" is a song performed and composed by English alternative rock band Keane, released as the first single from their second studio album Under the Iron Sea, firstly as a download only music video and later as a 7\" vinyl limited edition. The song was premiered at a secret gig in London on 5 April 2006. \"Atlantic\" was featured in the TV series CSI: NY in the eighth episode of the third season \"Consequences\". Composition \"Atlantic\" was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley c. 2005 and recorded at the Helioscentric Studios, Rye, East Sussex and at the Magic Shop, New York City. First demos featured Rice-Oxley instead of Chaplin on the lead vocals. The first verse, lyrically, was different from the final version. Sessions at the Magic Shop for the recording of this song were filmed and released on the Under the Iron Sea DVD. Musical structure The song opens with Rice-Oxley's electric piano instrumentally. After 30 seconds, the bass and drums are added. Chaplin's vocals are then introduced, and the drums drop out for 16 beats. Later on, the song drastically changes its tone to introduce the chorus and the final part. While the album version fades with strings, the video version incorporates the outro of \"The Iron Sea\", with electronic sounds including echoes and voices. Song's meaning According to Keane.at, \"This song talks about newly-wed Rice-Oxley feelings about his relationship.\" Tim also explained this on 22 May 2006: Music video The video for \"Atlantic\", aired only in Europe, was directed by Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh. It is entirely black and white and starts with scenes of the Atlantic Ocean and a beach in Sussex, and did not feature the band. A long-haired, bearded man with ragged clothes, played by Jonathan Lewis Owen, a business partner of Welsh's, comes out of the ocean and walks quietly along the beach. Firstly, he sees a couple tying a rolled sheet of paper - presumably a message for help - and putting it into a bottle before they throw it to the sea. He stops briefly to watch them, and then continues walking to find a boy kicking a football. The ball rebounds on the cliff and falls into the water; the boy asks the man to fetch it, but he refuses, so the boy kicks him and runs away. When the man recovers he continues walking, and sees a large swimming-costume clad woman, played by Cheryl Fergison, with a life-ring who throws herself to the sea and disappears while the life-ring floats on the waves. The man is shocked, looks around for somebody to help her, sees no one and then walks on. He finds an old man who has a metal detector, and points out a place along the shore and the metal detector finds something in the sand. Digging, they find what seems to be a dead bird. The old man runs away shortly before the main man. When the chorus leads in, the man finds two children building a sand","title":"Atlantic (song)"},{"docid":"6305550","text":"\"The Strange High House in the Mist\" is a short story by H. P. Lovecraft. Written on November 9, 1926, it was first published in the October 1931 issue of Weird Tales. It concerns a character traveling to the titular house which is perched on the top of a cliff which seems inaccessible both by land and sea, yet is apparently inhabited. Plot Thomas Olney, a \"philosopher\" visiting the town of Kingsport, Massachusetts with his family, is intrigued by a strange house on a cliff overlooking the ocean. It is unaccountably high and old and the locals have a generations-long dread of the place which no one is known to have visited. With great difficulty, Olney climbs the crag, approaches the house, and meets the mysterious man who lives there. The only door opens directly onto a sheer cliff, giving access only to mist and \"the abyss\". The transmittal of archaic lore and a life-altering encounter with the supernatural ensue, as Olney is not the only visitor that day. He returns to Kingsport the next day, but seems to have left his spirit behind in the strange, remote dwelling. Inspiration An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia suggests that the story may have been inspired by Lord Dunsany's Chronicles of Rodriguez, in which strange sights can be seen from a wizard's house on a crag. One model for the setting was Mother Ann, a headland near Gloucester, Massachusetts. Connections Kingsport, which is mentioned in several Lovecraft stories, first appeared in \"The Terrible Old Man\" (1920). The title character of that story makes an appearance in \"The Strange High House in the Mist\" as well, as the Old Man mentions that the House had been on the cliff even when his grandfather was a boy, which the main character comments \"must be immeasurable ages ago\". The story makes reference to the Celtic god Nodens, who also appears in The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath. This entity was later incorporated into the Cthulhu Mythos by August Derleth as the leader of the Elder Gods. In the same passage in \"The Strange High House\", Lovecraft also mentions the arrival of the god Neptune, but that Roman deity has not similarly been adopted by Lovecraftian writers. The man in the House mentions Atlantis, which was also mentioned in \"The Temple\" as the possible identity of the mysterious underwater city. He also mentions Hatheg-kla and Ulthar from \"The Other Gods\" and \"The Cats of Ulthar\". Reception The story was originally rejected by Weird Tales when submitted in July 1927. In 1929, Lovecraft agreed to let W. Paul Cook publish it in the second issue of The Recluse, but when it became clear that that issue would never appear, he resubmitted it to Weird Tales, which accepted it, paying him $55. Robert A. W. Lowndes called \"The Strange High House in the Mist\" one of Lovecraft's \"best short stories\". References External links 1931 short stories Cthulhu Mythos short stories Fantasy short stories Fictional haunted houses Short stories by H.","title":"The Strange High House in the Mist"},{"docid":"49014246","text":"Ishinagenjo (Japanese: 石投げんじょ, \"stone throwing genjo\") is a folkloric phenomenon which is documented to occur in the Nishisonogi district of the Nagasaki Prefecture, the waters of Enoshima, and the city of Tosu in the Saga Prefecture. \"In the month of May, the rainy season, a group of fishermen are working at night in the midst of a thick fog. Suddenly comes the sound of a huge rock crashing into the ocean, a tremendous splash and crack that sends the boat rocking and the sailors panicking. However, there is no rock to be seen, even by the break of day.\" In the Japanese Folklore Institute's book Comprehensive Lexicon of Japanese Folklore, the phenomenon is explained as being the doing of a sea monster - or yōkai (Japanese: 妖怪, variously translated as \"specter\", \"monster\", \"goblin\") - known as the Iso Woman or some other related sea witch. This explanation is echoed in Kunio Yanagita's book Yōkai Lectures, in which Yanagita concurs that the phenomenon is best explained by some oceanic yōkai. Because of this association, many experts have hypothesized that the \"jo\" - written in hiragana as \"じょ\" - actually means woman - represented by the kanji \"女\" - which is the rendering used by folklorist Sakurada Katsunori in her paper Ghost Ships and Drowning People. Written thus, Ishinagenjo (石投女) translates literally to \"stone-throwing woman\". The Kojien, on the other hand, renders \"じょ\" as \"尉\", meaning \"captain\" or \"old man\". The \"stone-throwing old man\" (石投尉) is likened in the text of the Kojien to an old man idly throwing stones into the sea. However, yōkai expert Kenji Murakami has expressed doubts regarding the existence of any documentary evidence to visually identify the creature responsible for the phenomenon described. Indeed, the Kojien notes that it is assumed that fishermen only imagine seeing a monster, but that ultimately the experience as a whole is merely an illusion. Notes References Yōkai","title":"Ishinagenjo"},{"docid":"32937008","text":"Le Tempestaire is a 1947 French short drama film written and directed by Jean Epstein. The title translates as \"The storm tamer\". The story revolves around a woman who is worried for her fiancé, who is out at sea during a storm. The film makes use of temporal techniques such as time-lapse and slow motion both in images and sound. Plot In a fishing village on the coast of Brittany, a young woman and her grandmother sit by a spinning wheel. The wind suddenly makes the front door open by itself and the woman says it is a bad omen. The woman is visited by her fiancé, who against her advice goes out to fish for sardines. The wind starts to harden and soon there is a full storm. The grandmother tells the woman that in old times, people believed in \"storm masters\", old men who could control the wind, but that such things are only superstition. As the woman grows increasingly worried, she goes to the lighthouse and asks the keepers about an old man who might be a storm master. She visits the man who at first is reluctant but eventually brings out a crystal ball. Inside the ball, the stormy sea appears. When the man gently blows at the ball, the waves change speed, move in slow motion, and at one point play backwards. The man drops the ball to the floor and it breaks. The fiancé turns up and brings the woman home. The wind has calmed down. Production A recurring motif in Jean Epstein's film theory had from the beginning been cinema's capacity to provide perceptions of time alternative to what can be experienced in daily life. Around the time of the production of Le Tempestaire, Epstein had begun to publish theories about sound in film. He was influenced by the musique concrète movement, and stressed that music and \"the phonograph\" were two separate artforms, the latter with the possibility to provide new dimensions to familiar, non-abstract sounds. Le Tempestaire was produced by France Illustration. It was shot at Belle Île and starred local fishermen and lighthouse keepers. Release The film premiered in 1947. It was included on the 2005 DVD Avant-Garde: Experimental Cinema of the 1920s and 1930s from Kino International. See also 1947 in film Cinema of France Ethnofiction French Impressionist Cinema Weather control References Notes Bibliography External links 1947 drama films 1947 films Films directed by Jean Epstein Films set in France Films shot in France 1940s French-language films French drama short films French black-and-white films 1940s French films Films scored by Yves Baudrier","title":"Le Tempestaire"},{"docid":"76569847","text":"The Sea Tsar (, sometimes inverted for emphasis: ) is a character in East Slavic folktales and bylinas, the tsar of the sea realms. The best known examples are bylinas about Sadko and fairy tales about Vasilisa the Wise, such as The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise. Vsevolod Miller suggested that the image of the Sea Tsar was influenced by the Finnish god Ahti, known for the pomors (Russian seashore dwellers of the Russian North). Also Miller doubted that the image of Sea Tsar in these fairy tales reflects old East Slavic pagan beliefs and is probably based on the tales of itinerary storytellers. The Sea Tsar should not be confused with the water spirit, vodyanoy. The Sea Tsar and Sadko The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise Sea kings of South Slavs Some draw the parallel of the Sea Tsar with the tale about South Slavic morski kralj recorded, e.g., by Slovenian poet and ethnologist in his 1890 collection Narodne pripovjesti u Varaždinu i okolici (Folk Tales from Varaždin and its Vicinity), also published by in his Pripovedke za mladino collection (referring to Valjavec). The tale in question (in both references) is called \"Čudotvorni lokot\" (\"Magic Padlock\"). Andrijana Kos-Lajtman and Jasna Horvat notice that in the tale \"Magic Padlock\" the sea king is not written with capital letters and there is nothing particular of sea surroundings, i.e., the sea is not a determining feature of the tale. It addition it turns out that the sea king also has a cat, clearly a non-maritime animal. This is a story about a young man who rescues a dog, a cat, and a snake. Snake's mother gives him a magic padlock which fulfils his wishes. The padlock helps him to win the (land) king's daughter for a bride. A sea king comes to visit the (land) king, notices how the young man operates the padlock, steals it, and orders to bring the castle and the bride to the sea. The cat and the dog steal the padlock back, the young man wishes the castle and the bride back, and the sea king as well, whom they roast on a spit. Another sea king (morski kralj) is in the elaborate literary fairy tale Ribar Palunko i njegova žena (Palunko the Fisherman and His Wife) by Croatian writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić. However her Sea King has nothing in common neither with that of Valjavec, nor with the Sea Tsar from the East Slavic folklore. References Slavic legendary creatures","title":"Sea Tsar"},{"docid":"2751429","text":"The Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace is the home where American author Nathaniel Hawthorne was born. The structure is located in Salem, Massachusetts, having been relocated to the grounds of the House of the Seven Gables and restored by the non-profit House of the Seven Gables Settlement Association. Admission is free to Salem residents year-round and to the general public during winter months; a fee is charged during summer months. History The house, originally standing at 27 Union Street, was built sometime between 1730 and 1745 for a Boston mariner named Joshua Pickman. The land had been deeded to Pickman by his father-in-law Joseph Hardy, and may have recycled structural timbers from a 17th-century Pickman house that earlier stood on its site. Hawthorne's grandfather Daniel Hathorne (the \"w\" was not yet added to the family name) lived here with his wife Rachel Phelps as early as 1765. He purchased the building in 1772. After a courtship of more than six years, Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. married Elizabeth Clarke Manning on August 2, 1801, when the new Mrs. Hathorne was already pregnant. She had known the family for many years; only a small garden separated her own family house from the Hathorne's Union Street home. Unable to afford a home of their own, the couple moved into the Union Street house, where the groom's widowed mother and three unmarried siblings already lived. The Mannings, Hawthorne's maternal family, were wealthier and, by the time of the Hathornes' wedding, had bought most of the property on Union Street and Herbert Street. Hawthorne was born in the house on July 4, 1804, and lived in the house until his father died at sea when the future author was four years old. The family then moved into property owned by the Mannings on Herbert Street. Sophia Peabody, who would eventually become the author's wife, moved with her family in 1812 to a home on Union Street at the Essex Street corner. The Hawthornes as a married couple would later live in Salem at 18 Chestnut Street (where son Julian Hawthorne was born) and 14 Mall Street (where The Scarlet Letter was written). Years later, in 1853, Hawthorne wrote of his birthplace in the National Review: \"I was born in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, in a house built by my grandfather, who was a maritime personage. The old household estate was in another part of the town, and had descended in the family ever since the settlement of the country; but this old man of the sea exchanged it for a lot of land situated near the wharves, and convenient to his business, where he built the house... and laid out a garden, where I rolled on a grass-plot under an apple-tree and picked abundant currants.\" His mother Elizabeth also described Hawthorne's birthplace in a letter to one of his daughters, circa 1865: \"Your father was born in 1804, on the 4th of July, in the chamber over the little parlour in the house in Union Street, which","title":"Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace"},{"docid":"21005627","text":"The kraken () is a legendary sea monster of enormous size, etymologically akin to a squid or octopus, said to appear in the sea between Norway and Iceland. It is believed the legend of the Kraken may have originated from sightings of giant squid, which may grow to in length. Kraken, as a subject of sailors' superstitions and mythos, was first described in the modern era in a travelogue by Francesco Negri in 1700. This description was followed in 1734 by an account from Dano-Norwegian missionary and explorer Hans Egede, who described the kraken in detail and equated it with the hafgufa of medieval lore. However, the first description of the creature is usually credited to the Danish bishop Pontoppidan (1753). Pontoppidan was the first to describe the kraken as an octopus (polypus) of tremendous size, and wrote that it had a reputation for pulling down ships. The French malacologist Denys-Montfort, of the 19th century, is also known for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of gigantic octopuses (Octupi). The great man-killing octopus entered French fiction when novelist Victor Hugo (1866) introduced the octopus of Guernsey lore, which he identified with the kraken of legend. This led to Jules Verne's depiction of the kraken, although Verne did not distinguish between squid and octopus. Linnaeus may have indirectly written about the kraken. Linnaeus wrote about the Microcosmus genus (an animal with various other organisms or growths attached to it, comprising a colony). Subsequent authors have referred to Linnaeus's writing, and the writings of Bartholin's cetus called hafgufa, and Paullini's monstrum marinum as \"krakens\". That said, the claim that Linnaeus used the word \"kraken\" in the margin of a later edition of Systema Naturae has not been confirmed. Etymology The English word kraken (in the sense of sea monster) derives from Norwegian kraken or krakjen, which are the definite forms of krake (\"the krake\"). According to a Norwegian dictionary, the root meaning of krake is \"malformed or overgrown, crooked tree\". It originates from Old Norse , which is etymologically related to Old Norse , , cognate with \"crook\". This is backed up by the Swedish dictionary SAOB, published by the Swedish Academy, which gives essentially the exact same description for the word in Swedish and confirming the lead krak as a diminutive form of krok, Norwegian and Swedish for 'hook/crook' (krake thus roughly translate to \"crookie\"). With time, \"krake\" have come to mean any severed tree stem or trunk with crooked outgrowths, in turn giving name to objects and tools based on such, notably for the subject matter, primitive anchors and drags (grapnel anchors) made from severed spruce tops or branchy bush trunks outfitted with a stone sinker, known as krake, but also krabbe in Norwegian or krabba in Swedish (). Old Norse mostly corresponds to these uses in modern Icelandic, meaning, among other things, \"twig\" and \"drag\", but also \"pole, stake used in \" and \"boat hook\". Swedish SAOB gives the translations of Icelandic as \"thin rod with hook on it\",","title":"Kraken"},{"docid":"15066056","text":"\"The Offshore Pirate\" is a short story written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1920. It is one of eight short stories included in Fitzgerald's first published collection, Flappers and Philosophers. The story was first published in the May 29, 1920 issue of The Saturday Evening Post and illustrated by Leslie L. Benson. Plot summary “The Offshore Pirate” is told in the third-person omniscient point-of-view, with Ardita Farnam as the focal character. The story opens on a luxury yacht off the coast of Florida in shortly after the First World War.] Lounging on deck is the 19-year-old Ardita Farnam, the wealthy heir of a family fortune. Raised by her father’s brother and his wife, she is well-educated, indolent, pretty, and scornful of the men in her social class. The object of the sea cruise, organized by her uncle, is to prevent Ardita from rendezvousing with her latest beau in Palm Beach, a man her family regards as a licentious bounder and she regards as man possessing “the courage of his own convictions.” When her uncle insists that she join a dinner party to meet the 26-year-old Toby Moreland, the son of an associate, she flippantly dismisses the offer and insists she be taken to Palm Beach. Disgusted, the uncle departs on a launch to spend the night on shore. Ardita is left on the yacht in solitude. An elaborate practical joke, organized by her uncle and Toby begins to unfold, the purpose of which is to tame the shrewish Ardita and woo her to matrimony. As night falls, seven men in a large rowboat approach the yacht, six black men at the oars, and a white man at the helm. The rowers sing lusty songs with nonsense lyrics. “Carrots and peas/Beans on their knees/Pigs in the seas/Lucky fellows!” The white man conducts with a baton. Ardita, leaning over the rail, is astonished and intrigued by the bizarre ensemble. The white man leaps aboard and demands, pirate-like, that she surrender the vessel. Ardita is momentarily stunned by his good looks, but recovers and orders him off the yacht. Ignoring her, he and his six-man crew proceed to take possession of the ship: the yacht’s chief engineer, cook and a valet submit to the hijackers. The strange men carry aboard musical instruments and mysterious white sacks. The white man introduces himself to Ardita as Curtis Carlyle, his men the “Six Black Buddies”, all of them nightclub entertainers. The bags apparently contain loot from a Palm Beach heist. He gives Ardita an ultimatum: she can row herself to shore or remain on the yacht and accompany them on the high seas escape. Ardita, fearless and defiant, finds her predicament exciting, and remains on board. When they get underway, she and Carlyle begin to share their personal histories and exchange philosophies on life. His narrative is that of a struggling musician, his service in the army, and his ambition to be wealthy: he plans to travel to India and become a rajah. She relates her","title":"The Offshore Pirate"},{"docid":"43952224","text":"Old Mars is a \"retro Mars science fiction\"-themed anthology edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois, published on October 8, 2013. According to the publisher Tor Books, the collection celebrates the \"Golden Age of Science Fiction\", an era before advanced astronomy and space exploration told us what we currently know about the Solar System, when \"of all the planets orbiting that G-class star we call the Sun, none was so steeped in an aura of romantic decadence, thrilling mystery, and gung-ho adventure as Mars.\" Old Mars won a 2014 Locus Award. Contents The anthology includes 15 stories: \"Red Planet Blues\" (Introduction) by George R.R. Martin \"Martian Blood\" by Allen M. Steele; a doctor explores the Martian wilds in search of a blood sample from a native Martian. \"The Ugly Duckling\" by Matthew Hughes; an archaeologist explores \"the ruins of the Martian past in a place from which few have returned.\" The story draws heavily from the setting of Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles. \"The Wreck of the Mars Adventure\" by David D. Levine; in 1701, pirate William Kidd must journey to Mars to earn a pardon for his crimes. In 2016, Levine published a novel sequel, Arabella of Mars. \"Swords of Zar-Tu-Kan\" by S.M. Stirling; a \"tale of kidnap and rescue.\" This story is a prequel to Stirling's 2008 novel In the Courts of the Crimson Kings. \"Shoals\" by Mary Rosenblum; disabled Maartin is one of the few people who can see the native inhabitants of Mars. \"In the Tombs of the Martian Kings\" by Mike Resnick; \"an Indiana Jones-type story set on the ruins of Martian civilization.\" \"Out of Scarlight\" by Liz Williams; a story involving \"a missing dancer, romance, and a sorcerer.\" \"The Dead Sea-Bottom Scrolls\" by Howard Waldrop; a tale \"like a journalistic account from a man of science.\" Nominated for a 2014 Locus Award. \"A Man Without Honor\" by James S. A. Corey; a story with a premise reminiscent of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Mars. \"Written In Dust\" by Melinda Snodgrass; a story about a family and a strange Martian illness. \"The Lost Canal\" by Michael Moorcock; an adventure about a man in search of a bomb he needs to disarm. \"The Sunstone\" by Phyllis Eisenstein; \"the analogue for White Man’s intrusion into North America, with added mysticism.\" \"King of the Cheap Romance\" by Joe R. Lansdale; a girl and her father try to bring the cure to Martian Fever back to their village. \"Mariner\" by Chris Roberson; a \"swashbuckling tale\" featuring Roberson's Jason Carmody. \"The Queen of the Night’s Aria\" by Ian McDonald; \"a tale of people on the front lines of a Martian war.\" Reception Robert H. Bedford wrote that \"the majority of these stories were strong, fun and evocative,\" noting \"only a few out of the dozen plus didn’t fully engage me.\" He called the works of Eisenstein, Corey, Roberson, Rosenblum and Steele \"definite standouts.\" Old Mars won a 2014 Locus Award, and Howard Waldrop's story \"The Dead Sea-Bottom Scrolls\" was also","title":"Old Mars"},{"docid":"16847693","text":"\"Till A' the Seas\" is a post-apocalyptic short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft and R. H. Barlow. The title is a reference to the poem \"A Red, Red Rose\" by Robert Burns. Plot The story consists of two parts. The first describes the events that took place on Earth from a few thousand years to a few million years after the present day. The climate on Earth is getting warmer and warmer, oceans are slowly disappearing. People are gradually moving towards the poles, becoming more and more barbaric. Mankind is steadily dying out because of the lack of water, until there are only a few decades left. The second part starts in a small village in the desert. There is only one man left in the village: young Ull. A very old woman, the only company for the man, died just before. Ull starts a journey in search of other people using his knowledge of old legends. In a few days, extremely thirsty and tired, he finds a small settlement. Ull enters one of the houses and finds nothing but a dried-up old skeleton. Depressed, he starts searching for water and finds a well with a little water in it. Trying to reach the string to pull up a dip-bucket, he falls into the well and dies. And after the death of the last man, mankind totally has vanished. Creation and publication The short story was a literary collaboration between H.P. Lovecraft and R. H. Barlow (who was only 17 years old at the time). It was written in January 1935 and published in Summer 1935 in The Californian. References External links Online text Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft Works originally published in American magazines 1935 short stories Dying Earth (genre) Collaborative short stories","title":"Till A' the Seas"},{"docid":"68132844","text":"is a Japanese manga series written by Takeshi Natsuhara and Hiroki Miyashita and illustrated by Miyashita. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine Monthly Sunday Gene-X since July 2019, with its chapters collected into fourteen volumes as of April 2024. Premise A good-hearted old man dies on the job. He wakes up in another world in the body of a young princess, retaining his back tattoo and strength; the old man takes the situation in stride, not bothering with any regal or ladylike behavior. None of the princess' retainers realize their lady is gone, but follow the old man's lead in rebuilding the princess' territory with chivalry. Publication Yakuza Reincarnation is written by Takeshi Natsuhara and Hiroki Miyashita and illustrated by Miyashita. It started in Shogakukan's manga magazine Monthly Sunday Gene-X on July 19, 2019. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual volumes. The first volume was released on January 17, 2020. As of April 18, 2024, fourteen volumes have been released. In July 2021, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had licensed the manga for English release in North America, to start publishing in March 2022. Volumes Notes References External links Comedy anime and manga Fiction about reincarnation Isekai anime and manga Seinen manga Seven Seas Entertainment titles Shogakukan manga Anime and manga about the Yakuza","title":"Yakuza Reincarnation"},{"docid":"6694856","text":"\"The Descendant\" is a horror story fragment by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, believed to have been written in 1927. It was first published in the journal Leaves in 1938, after Lovecraft's death. Plot The story begins with a narrator explaining that he is on his deathbed and feels the need to share a particular story before he dies. He tells of a quiet and slightly mad older man who lives in the Gray's Inn with his pet cat. The man is haggard and haunted, looking older than his years and terrified of church bells. A young man named Williams (the narrator) moves into the Inn and tries to befriend the old man and get him to share his knowledge. It is revealed that the man is Lord Northam of England. Williams' attempts are largely rebuked until one day, Williams acquires a copy of the Necronomicon, the book of the dead that captures the minds of so many intrigued by the dark arts. When Williams asks Northam to help translate the book's old Latin, Northam is horrified and begs Williams to burn the volume. Northam is forced to reveal his own history. His line goes back to Roman times in England when soldiers first took to the land. However, they encountered a cave-dwelling cult that they couldn't vanquish, despite their best efforts. This cult was said to be of a people who had lived there for a long time before and were from an ancient land which had sunk into the sea. This was the place where Northam's family castle was built. Generations later, Lord Northam still felt the haunting power of the place which let him to pursue the tales of the supernatural and even to witness it himself. This led him eventually to the Nameless City of Arabia and to believe that there are points in the world where one can transcend to some other place not of this universe. The unfinished story ends with him wondering if this is all in his mind or something that is actually real. Inspiration Lovecraft may have been referring to this attempt at a story when he wrote that he was \"making a very careful study of London...in order to get background for tales involving richer antiquities than America can furnish.\" References External links Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft Works originally published in American magazines 1938 short stories","title":"The Descendant (short story)"},{"docid":"2279479","text":"\"Julia\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\"). It is performed as a solo piece by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) about his mother Julia Lennon, who died in 1958 at age 44. The track is the final song on side two (disc one on CD) of The Beatles and was the last song recorded for the album. In 1976, it was issued as the B-side of the Beatles single \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\". Composition \"Julia\" was written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) in the key of D major and features Lennon on vocals and acoustic guitar. It was written during the Beatles' 1968 visit to Rishikesh in northern India, where they were studying under the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. It was here that Lennon learned the song's finger-picking guitar style (known as 'Travis-picking') from the Scottish musician Donovan. Donovan later explained: No other Beatle sings or plays on the song. While Paul McCartney made several \"solo\" recordings attributed to the group, dating back to his famous song \"Yesterday\", this is the only time that Lennon played and sang unaccompanied on a Beatles track. The ballad itself was the final track to be composed during recording sessions for The Beatles. Lyrics \"Julia\" was written for John's mother, Julia Lennon (1914–1958), who was killed by a car driven by an off-duty probationary police officer when John was 17 years old. Julia Lennon had encouraged her son's interest in music and bought him his first guitar. But after she split with John's father, John was taken in by his aunt, Mimi, and Julia started a new family with another man; though she lived just a few miles from John, Julia did not spend much time with him for a number of years. Their relationship began to improve as he neared adolescence, though, and in the words of his half-sister, Julia Baird: \"I lost her twice,\" Lennon said. \"Once as a five-year-old when I was moved in with my auntie. And once again when she actually physically died.\" The song was also written for his future wife Yoko Ono, whose first name, which literally means \"child of the sea\" in Japanese, is echoed in the lyric \"Oceanchild, calls me.\" Towards the end of his life, he often called Yoko \"Mother.\" The line \"Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it just to reach you\" was a slight variation of Kahlil Gibran's \"Sand and Foam\" (1926) in which the original verse reads, \"Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you\". Lennon also adapted the lines \"When I cannot sing my heart, I can only speak my mind\" from Gibran's \"When life does not find a singer to sing her heart she produces a philosopher to speak her mind\". Personnel Personnel per Ian MacDonald John Lennon - double-tracked vocal, double-tracked","title":"Julia (Beatles song)"},{"docid":"2521415","text":"In Greek mythology, the Old Man of the Sea (; ) was a figure who could be identified as any of several water-gods, generally Nereus or Proteus, but also Triton, Pontus, Phorcys or Glaucus. He is the father of Thetis (the mother of Achilles). Mythology In book 4 of Homer's Odyssey, Menelaus recounts to Telemachus his journey home, and how he is obliged to seek the advice of the Old Man of the Sea. The Old Man will answer truthfully any questions put to him when captured. Capturing him, however, entails holding on to him as he changes bewilderingly from one form to another in his attempts to break free from his interrogator. The dogged Menelaus succeeds in hanging on to the slippery god throughout all his transformations and, in the course of the following interrogation, is able to obtain an answer to his question as to whether Telemachus' father Odysseus is still alive. Sinbad Sinbad the Sailor encountered the monstrous Old Man of the Sea () on his fifth voyage. The Old Man of the Sea in the Sinbad tales was said to trick a traveller into letting him ride on his shoulders while the traveller transported him across a stream. However, the Old Man would then not release his grip, forcing his victim to transport him wherever he pleased and allowing his victim little rest. The Old Man's victims all eventually died of this miserable treatment, with the Old Man either eating them or else robbing them. Sinbad, however, after getting the Old Man drunk with wine, was able to shake him off and kill him. References in poetry The Old Man of the Sea is alluded to in Edwin Arlington Robinson's book-length narrative poem King Jasper. In part 3 of the poem, King Jasper dreams of his deceased friend Hebron (whom Jasper betrayed) riding on his back. \"You cannot fall yet, and I'm riding nicely,\" Hebron tells Jasper. \"If only we might have the sight of water, / We'd say that I'm the Old Man of the Sea, / And you Sinbad the Sailor.\" Hebron then turns to gold (a symbol of Jasper's motivation for betraying him) and coaxes Jasper to leap across a ravine with the heavy, golden Hebron on his back. The Old Man of the Sea also figures in the poetry of West Indian poet Derek Walcott. In a 1965 paper, \"The Figure of Crusoe\", writing about the poem \"Crusoe's Journal\", Walcott notes: Referencing the figures of Adam, Christofer (Columbus) and Friday in succession, the poem's narrator remarks, \"All shapes, all objects multiplied from his,/our ocean's Proteus;/in childhood, his derelict's old age/was like a god's.\" References in other works The Old Man of the Sea is briefly mentioned in Michael Scott's The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel to prevent Perenelle Flamel from escaping Alcatraz. Going by the name Nereus, this character features in The Titan's Curse, the third novel in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, in which Percy wrestles","title":"Old Man of the Sea"},{"docid":"2117543","text":"\"The Old Man and the Lisa\" is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 20, 1997. In the episode, Mr. Burns goes bankrupt and asks Lisa to help him get rich again. She agrees on the condition that he change his evil ways. They earn money by recycling cans and soon Burns has enough money to start his own recycling plant. Lisa is aghast when she learns the plant makes a slurry from liquefied sea creatures. When Burns sells the plant to a company that makes fish sticks, he offers Lisa 10 percent of his profits, but she declines for ethical reasons. The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and written by John Swartzwelder. The writing staff had thought about an episode in which Mr. Burns would lose his money and would have to interact with the outside world. In DVD commentary, the writers explained that while Mr. Burns tried to change, he \"couldn't help being himself\". Professional wrestler Bret Hart made a cameo as himself, animated in his pink wrestling outfit. \"The Old Man and the Lisa\" contains cultural references to the television series That Girl and the film Invasion of the Body Snatchers. It was positively received by critics and won the Environmental Media Award for \"TV Episodic Comedy\". Plot While Mr. Burns gives a talk to Springfield Elementary School's Junior Achievers Club, Lisa points out to him that his net worth is only half what he claims. When pressed, Smithers reluctantly tells Burns he has considerably less money even than that. As his sycophantic advisers tell him only what he wants to hear, Burns does not realize his century-old investments are no longer valid and he is oblivious to the 1929 stock market crash. Faced with a dire financial situation, Burns makes a series of bad investments in attempt to solve the situation, but ends up bankrupt. The bank subsequently puts Lenny in charge of the Nuclear Power Plant and forecloses on Burns' Manor. Burns moves in with Smithers and attempts to help out by going grocery shopping, but confused at the ordeal the store's grocers believe him to be incapacitated and commit him to the Springfield Retirement Castle. Meanwhile, Lisa begins collecting recyclables as part of the Junior Achievers Club, but after Principal Skinner ends their recycling program, Lisa decides to continue regardless. When Lisa asks the residents of the retirement home for recyclables she encounters Burns, who pleads with her to help him rebuild his empire. Lisa eventually agrees to help him earn money by recycling after he promises to change his evil ways. Burns begins returning recyclables for money, promising Lisa a ten percent share of his profits. Eventually he earns enough to build the Li'l Lisa Recycling Plant, made entirely of recycled materials. Lisa is impressed by his new plant until he shows her the 'Burns Omni-Net — millions of six-pack holders","title":"The Old Man and the Lisa"},{"docid":"58496696","text":"Ittai Shapira (born December 18, 1972) is an Israeli-American violinist, composer, and curator. Described by the NY Times as “an Israeli dynamo with a flourishing solo violin career”, he regularly performs as a soloist with prestigious orchestras. His compositions include Concierto Latino, a concerto for Solo Violin, and seven Double Concertos. He is the founder and artistic director of Sound Potential, Inc., an artistic consultant for the Weill Cornell Music and Medicine Program, and is co-founder of the Ilona Feher Foundation with violinist Hagai Shaham. Early life and education Ittai Shapira was born in Rochester, NY, but grew up in Israel. He first studied with Rima Kaminkovsky, and later with renowned pedagogue Ilona Fehér. He continued his studies at the Juilliard School with Dorothy DeLay, Robert Mann, and Naoko Tanaka. Performing career Engagements include performances with the BBC Concert Orchestra, Belgrade Philharmonic under Sir Neville Marriner, Cape Town Philharmonic, Czech National Symphony under Libor Pešek, Detroit Symphony under Yoel Levi, English Chamber Orchestra with Yuri Bashmet at the Barbican Centre, Israel Chamber Orchestra, Israeli Virtuosi at Alice Tully Hall, hosted by Itzhak Perlman, the Philharmonia, Polish Chamber Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic, Royal Philharmonic, Russian Philharmonic with Thomas Sanderling, and the Symphony Orchestras of Budapest, Harrisburg, Jerusalem, Omaha and Shanghai. Ittai Shapira made a critically acclaimed Carnegie Hall debut in 2003 with the Orchestra of St. Luke's, performing the world premiere of the Violin Concerto written for him by compatriot Shulamit Ran. His live recording of this concerto is featured in a compilation of Shulamit Ran's works, performed by Daniel Barenboim and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He returned to the world-renowned stage as a soloist, with the American Symphony, and Glenn Close. Other performances include a tour of Finland and Sweden with the Oulu Sinfonia, a tour of Shapira's Violin Concertos Concierto Latino, with the Key West Symphony, and The Old Man and the Sea with The Knights. He continues to tour as a soloist, with his own compositions, with orchestras in Austria, Brazil and the United States. Compositions Ittai Shapira's first composition was a concerto for Solo Violin, Concierto Latino, recorded in 2011 by the London Serenata under the baton of Krzysztof Chorzelski. He went on to compose seven Concertos: The Old Man and the Sea, a Violin Concerto inspired by Ernest Hemingway's short novel, released in 2012 by Champs Hill Records with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. The work was co-commissioned by the Madison Theatre at Molloy College for the inaugural season of the \"Innovative Classics\" series. Magyar for two Violins, dedicated to colleague Hagai Shaham, was performed and recorded in Austria in 2014 with the dedicatee and the Arpeggione Orchestra, conducted by Robert Bokor. The Ethics was composed for the 70th anniversary of the Theresienstadt camp. It is inspired by Brundibár, a Children's opera performed at the camp and was written in collaboration with anthropologist Natasha Zaretsky. The work premiered at Zankel Hall at Carnegie Hall in May 2015, written for Humanity in Action and co-sponsored by the Blavatnik Family","title":"Ittai Shapira"},{"docid":"43806691","text":"Papa: Hemingway in Cuba is a 2015 Canadian-American biographical film. It was written by Denne Bart Petitclerc, and directed by Bob Yari. The film is based on events from Ernest Hemingway's life in Havana, Cuba in the 1950s, and on a friendship that developed there between Hemingway and Petitclerc, who was then a young journalist. The film received generally unfavorable reviews. Plot In 1959, young journalist Ed Myers (a character representing Petitclerc) is working for a Miami newspaper. He wants to be a writer and had long admired Ernest Hemingway, then living in Cuba. Myers writes to Hemingway and is surprised when he answers, inviting the journalist to Cuba to go fishing with him. While the Cuban Revolution comes to a boil around them, Hemingway advises Myers on his writing. Myers continues to write articles for his newspaper, reporting on the Revolution. An early scene from the film depicts rebels allied with Fidel Castro bursting into a street near Havana's Government Palace to confront soldiers loyal to the government of Fulgencio Batista. Hemingway and Myers take cover, with Hemingway guiding Myers through the war zone. They gradually develop a friendship and Myers spends an increasing amount of time with Hemingway and his fourth wife Mary. Cast Giovanni Ribisi as Ed Myers Joely Richardson as Mary Welsh Hemingway Adrian Sparks as Ernest Hemingway Minka Kelly as Debbie Hunt James Remar as Santo Trafficante Shaun Toub as Evan Shipman Mariel Hemingway as Female guest Anthony Molinari as John Fletcher Daniel Travis as Bob Luther Frank Licari as Sal Rodrigo Obregón as Lucas Production Petitclerc had written the screenplay and had begun working on production of the film at the time of his death in 2006. Production on location in Cuba concluded in May 2014. It was the first Hollywood film to be filmed in Cuba since the 1959 revolution, according to The Hollywood Reporter. The filmmakers received permission to film inside Finca Vigía, Hemingway's residence from 1939 to 1960. The government later adapted it as a national museum. Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea at Finca Vigía. The film's title, Papa, was Hemingway's nickname. He was called \"Papa\" by his colleagues and admirers, as well as his family. Reception Papa: Hemingway in Cuba received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 45 critics. The site's consensus quoted Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea (1952) in concluding, \"A man can be destroyed but not defeated, although the desultory Papa: Hemingway in Cuba makes one feel as if both can be accomplished by watching a single film.\" On Metacritic it had a score of 37 out of 100, based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Joe Leydon of Variety wrote that the film \"never transcends the tropes of a formulaic biopic that views its famous subject through the eyes of a worshipful young devotee.\" Miriam Di Nunzio of the","title":"Papa: Hemingway in Cuba"},{"docid":"2563221","text":"Cyril Tawney (12 October 1930 – 21 April 2005) was an English singer-songwriter and a proponent of the traditional songs of the West of England, as well as traditional and modern maritime songs. Biography and notable works Tawney was born in Gosport, Hampshire, England. Perhaps because of the family tradition of maritime service, Tawney joined the Royal Navy at the age of sixteen, serving for thirteen years, several of which were spent in submarines. During this period he developed his lifelong interest in English traditional music. While still in the Navy in 1957, he performed on an Alan Lomax radio show broadcast on Christmas Day, Sing Christmas and the Turn of the Year. He appeared on television on the following Easter Sunday. It went well and soon he had a weekly television spot and a networked show, Watch Aboard. Encouraged by these successes, Tawney left the Navy early in 1959 to become a full-time professional musician and broadcaster. He earned his living in this way for 44 years, making him Britain's longest-standing professional folksinger. Tawney continued to work in broadcasting and had a weekly radio show, Folkspin. Meanwhile, he researched the traditional songs of southwest England and 20th Century Royal Navy songs. In the early 1960s, he established his first folk club in Plymouth, where he met his wife Rosemary. He founded the West of England Folk Centre, and was instrumental in setting up folk clubs in other places in the region. He is often referred to as the founding father of the West Country folk revival. His song \"The Oggie Man\" written in 1959, appeared on the album A Cold Wind Blows on the Elektra ’66 label. It reappeared in 1971 on the Decca Record Company Ltd album, The World of Folk. The song tells the story of the demise of the 'Oggie Man' from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, at a time when old-fashioned \"fast food\" was being replaced by the more modern purveyors of hot dogs (and all) (the \"big boys\" of the song). The Oggie Man had until that time offered his oggies (pasties) to sailors returning from sea, or from shore leave, from a box at the Albert Gate of the dock. It has been suggested that the sale of oggies here dated back to the 1700s. The first verse of \"Oggie Man\" runs <blockquote> And the rain's softly falling and the Oggie man's no more. I can't hear him calling like I used to before I came through the gateway and I heard the sergeant say\"The big boys are a coming, see their stands across the way\"And the rains softly falling and the Oggie man's no more...</blockquote> In addition to presenting traditional ditties, Tawney composed a number of his own songs, the majority being written when he was in the Royal Navy and relating to that period – for example, \"Chicken on a Raft\", which belongs to the call and response style of sea shanties. The song makes reference to an unpopular dish served in","title":"Cyril Tawney"},{"docid":"15285623","text":"A Stranger Came Ashore is a 1975 young adult novel written by Scottish author Mollie Hunter. Set in the Shetland Islands in the north of Scotland, the plot revolves around a boy called Robbie Henderson, his family and a mysterious stranger named Finn Learson. Plot summary One night on the island of Black Ness, the Hendersons are sitting at home in their but-and-benhouse. There is a heavy storm outside. Then a figure bursts through the door, soaking wet. He is tall, lean and handsome, and calls himself Finn Learson, and he claims to be the only survivor of a shipwreck. The Hendersons trust and help him, except the youngest child, Robbie, his Old Da (grandfather), and his dog Tam, who are suspicious of Finn. Old Da takes an instant dislike to Finn, and Robbie also senses the man is not what he seems. Later that night, when the family have retired to bed, Robbie cannot sleep and hears peculiar noises coming from the main room, where Finn Learson and the dog, Tam, are sleeping. Robbie ventures to peek around the door and is horrified to see that Tam is crouched low to attack Learson, but Learson gazes deep into the dog's eyes... sending Tam into a calm sleep. Robbie is appalled but hides what he has seen. Old Da mysteriously dies not long after, but before he does he warns Robbie not to trust Finn. He reminds Robbie of stories of selkies, sea spirits which are seals in the water but are able to shed their seal skin on dry land and appear as beautiful seductive humans. Robbie remembers stories about the Great Selkie, the malign ruler of the selkies, who dwells in his sea-palace and seduces golden-haired girls away with him to his home under the sea. Every so often, the Great Selkie returns to find another human bride, as each bride he abducts dies whenever she tries to escape his clutches; he then uses their golden hair to roof his palace. Robbie begins to fear for his elder sister, Elspeth, who is golden-haired, very beautiful and entranced by Finn Learson. Robbie becomes convinced that Finn is the Great Selkie, but his family does not believe him. Elspeth states that she will choose one man, Finn or Nicol, (Nicol, who was her man before Finn Learson came ashore) to marry her on the celebration night of Up Helly Aa. Robbie goes to the schoolmaster, Yarl Corbie, for help. Yarl has been accused of being a wizard. Yarl reveals that Finn is indeed the Great Selkie, that he knew all along, and that Finn will try to tempt Elspeth to join him under the sea, as he did with Yarl's fiancée many years before. With help from Yarl, Robbie steals Finn's seal skin and hides it in a place where Finn won't be able to leave without turning into the great selkie in front of everyone. On Up Helly Aa, Robbie plans with Nicol (who will do anything to save","title":"A Stranger Came Ashore"},{"docid":"49401172","text":"Verses, Popular and Humorous (1900) was the second collection of poems by Australian poet Henry Lawson. It was released in hardback by Angus and Robertson publishers in 1900. It features some of the poet's earlier major works, including \"The Lights of Cobb and Co\", \"Saint Peter\" and \"The Grog-An'-Grumble-Steeplechase\". Most of the poems in the volume had been written after the publication of In the Days When the World was Wide and Other Verses in 1896. The original collection includes 66 poems by the author that are reprinted from various sources. Later publications split the collection into two separate volumes: Popular Verses and Humorous Verses, though the contents differed from the original list. See also 1900 in poetry 1900 in Australian literature Notes Preface My acknowledgments of the courtesy of the editors and proprietors of the newspapers in which most of these verses were first published are due and are gratefully discharged on the eve of my departure for England. Chief among them is the Sydney Bulletin; others are the Sydney Town and Country Journal, Freeman's Journal, and Truth, and the New Zealand Mail. A few new pieces are included in the collection. H.L. Sydney, March 17th, 1900. Contents \"The Ports of the Open Sea\" \"The Three Kings\" \"The Outside Track\" \"The Rovers\" \"Sydney-Side\" \"Foreign Lands\" \"Mary Lemaine\" \"The Shakedown on the Floor\" \"Reedy River\" \"Old Stone Chimney\" \"Song of the Old Bullock-Driver\" \"The Lights of Cobb and Co.\" \"How the Land was Won\" \"The Boss Over the Board\" \"When the Ladies Come to the Shearing Shed\" \"The Ballad of the Rouseabout\" \"Years After the War in Australia\" \"The Old Jimmy Woodser\" \"The Christ of the 'Never'\" \"The Cattle-Dog's Death\" \"The Song of the Darling River\" \"Rain in the Mountains\" \"A May Night on the Mountains\" \"The New Chum Jackeroo\" \"The Dons Of Spain\" \"The Bursting of the Boom\" \"Antony Villa\" \"Second Class Wait Here' \"The Ships That Won't Go Down\" \"The Men We Might Have Been\" \"The Way of the World\" \"The Battling Days\" \"Written Afterwards\" \"The Uncultured Rhymer To His Cultured Critics\" \"The Writer's Dream\" \"The Jolly Dead March\" \"My Literary Friend\" \"Mary Called Him 'Mister'\" \"Rejected\" \"O'Hara, J.P.\" \"Bill and Jim Fall Out\" \"The Paroo\" \"The Green-Hand Rouseabout\" \"The Man from Waterloo\" \"Saint Peter\" \"The Stranger's Friend\" \"The God-Forgotten Election\" \"The Boss's Boots\" \"The Captain of the Push\" \"Billy's 'Square Affair'\" \"A Derry on a Cove\" \"Rise Ye! Rise Ye!\" \"The Ballad of Mabel Clare\" \"Constable M'Carty's Investigations\" \"At the Tug-of-War\" \"Here's Luck!\" \"The Men Who Come Behind\" \"The Days when We went Swimming\" \"The Old Bark School\" \"Trouble on the Selection\" \"The Professional Wanderer\" \"A Little Mistake\" \"A Study in the \"Nood\"\" \"A Word to Texas Jack\" \"The Grog-an'-Grumble Steeplechase\" \"But What's the Use\" Critical reception Writing in The Age soon after the book's publication a reviewer stated that the poems \"...exhibit the old power of rhythm, cynical humor, and knowledge of the seamy side of Australian life, and will not lessen the writer's claim to","title":"Verses, Popular and Humorous"},{"docid":"18639195","text":"\"Paul Revere's Ride\" is an 1860 poem by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow that commemorates the actions of American patriot Paul Revere on April 18, 1775, although with significant inaccuracies. It was first published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. It was later retitled \"The Landlord's Tale\" in Longfellow's 1863 collection Tales of a Wayside Inn. Overview The poem is spoken by the landlord of the Wayside Inn and tells a partly fictionalized story of Paul Revere. In the poem, Revere tells a friend to prepare signal lanterns in the Old North Church to inform him whether British forces will come by land or sea. He would await the signal across the river in Charlestown and be ready to spread the alarm throughout Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The unnamed friend climbs up the steeple and soon sets up two signal lanterns, informing Revere that the British are coming by sea. Revere rides his horse through Medford, Lexington, and Concord to warn the patriots. Composition and publication history Longfellow was inspired to write the poem after visiting the Old North Church and climbing its tower on April 5, 1860. He began writing the poem the next day. It was first published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. It was later re-published in Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn as \"The Landlord's Tale\" in 1863. The poem served as the first in a series of 22 narratives bundled as a collection, similar to Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and was published in three installments over 10 years. Longfellow's family had a connection to the historical Paul Revere. His maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth, was Revere's commander on the Penobscot Expedition. Analysis When the poem was written in 1860, America was on the verge of Civil War over the issue of slavery. Longfellow first came forward publicly as an abolitionist in 1842 with the publication of his Poems on Slavery. Though he admitted the book made little impact, it was written for his best friend, Charles Sumner, an activist abolitionist politician with whom he would continue to share common cause on the issues of slavery and the Union. \"Paul Revere's Ride\" was published in the January 1861, issue of The Atlantic magazine on December 20, 1860, just as South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. The poem was meant to appeal to Northerners' sense of urgency and, as a call for action, noted that history favors the courageous. Longfellow, who often used poetry to remind readers of cultural and moral values, warns at the end of the poem of a coming \"hour of darkness and peril and need\", implying the breakup of the Union, and suggests that the \"people will waken and listen to hear\" the midnight message again. By emphasizing common history, he was attempting to dissolve social tensions. The phrase \"Hardly a man is now alive\" was true as one of the last men alive at the time of the historical event","title":"Paul Revere's Ride"},{"docid":"5992449","text":"Why the Sea Is Salt (; the mill that grinds at the bottom of the sea) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr. Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book (1889). Synopsis A poor man begged from his brother on Christmas Eve. The brother promised him, depending on the variant, ham or bacon or a lamb if he would do something. The poor brother promised; the rich one handed over the food and told him to go to Hel (in Lang's version, the Dead Men's Hall; in the Greek, the Devil's dam). Since he promised, he set out. In the Norse variants, he meets an old man along the way. In some variants, the man begs from him, and he shares with the beggar. However, when the poor man is about to share the meat, the old man tells him that in Hell (or the hall), the dwarves there love that kind of meat but can never get any. The beggar instructs the poor man to barter for the hand-mill behind the door, then return to him for directions to use it. The dwarves offered many fine goods for the meat, but the poor man stubbornly refused to sell the meat until they offered their mill. Going back to the beggar, he tells the poor man that the mill will create whatever he wants, but it will work incesstantly unless the wisher says \"good little mill, I thank you enough\", which will terminate the process. In the Greek, he merely brought the lamb and told the devils that he would take whatever they would give him, and they gave him the mill. He took it to his wife, and had it grind out everything they needed for Christmas, from lights to tablecloth to meat and ale. They ate well and on the third day, they had a great feast. His brother was astounded and when the poor man had drunk too much, or when the poor man's children innocently betrayed the secret, he showed his rich brother the hand-mill. His brother finally persuaded him to sell it. In the Norse version, the poor brother didn't teach him how to handle it. He set to grind out herrings and broth, but it soon flooded his house. His brother wouldn't take it back until he paid him as much as he paid to have it. In the Greek, the brother set out to Constantinople by ship. In the Norse, one day a skipper wanted to buy the hand-mill from him, and eventually persuaded him. In all versions, the new owner took it to sea and set it to grind out salt. It ground out salt until it sank the boat, and then went on grinding in the sea, turning the sea salty. Analysis The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index type 565, the Magic Mill. Other tales of this type include The Water Mother and Sweet porridge. Parallels It","title":"Why the Sea is Salt"},{"docid":"67943474","text":"The 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American author Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) \"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.\" Following William Faulkner in 1949, Hemingway is the fifth American to be a recipient of the prize. Laureate Ernest Hemingway is known for his succinct and lucid prose had a powerful influence on 20th century fiction. His works explore love, war, wilderness, and loss. The theme of emasculation is also prevalent in his works, most notably in The Sun Also Rises (1926). In 1952, he published The Old Man and the Sea, a work that was praised by the Swedish Academy when awarding the Nobel Prize. Among his other famous works are A Farewell to Arms (1929) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). The Old Man and the Sea Hemingway's short novel The Old Man and the Sea was specifically referred to in his Nobel citation. Drawing on his personal experiences as a fisherman in crafting the novella, it tells the tragic story of a Cuban fisherman in the Gulf Stream and the giant Marlin he kills and loses. It won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Deliberations Nominations Ernest Hemingway was nominated for the prize on four occasions between 1947 and 1954, the first three times by members of the Swedish Academy and in 1954 by an Austrian professor of English linguistics. In total, the Nobel committee received 35 nominations for 27 writers. The most number of nominations were for Halldór Kiljan Laxness with 6 nominations. Other nominated authors included André Malraux, Nikos Kazantzakis, Rudolf Kassner, Mark Aldanov, E. M. Forster, Gottfried Benn, Ramón Menéndez Pidal, and Robert Frost. 5 of the nominees were nominated first-time among them Carl Jung, Ricardo Rojas, and Jaroslav Seifert (awarded in 1984). Two of the nominees were women: Henriette Charasson and Concha Espina de la Serna. The authors Sait Faik Abasıyanık, Frederick Lewis Allen, Juan Álvarez, Vitaliano Brancati, Frans G. Bengtsson, Maxwell Bodenheim, Ludovic Dauș, Stig Dagerman, Oswald de Andrade, Winnifred Eaton, Miles Franklin, Boris Gorbatov, Joseph Hergesheimer, James Hilton, Édouard Le Roy, Zofia Nałkowska, Mikhail Prishvin, Sokotsu Samukawa, Hella Wuolijoki and Francis Brett Young died in 1954 without having been nominated for the prize. Prize decision Hemingway's candidacy in 1947 was rejected by committee member Per Hallström, saying in a report that Hemingway's style of writing were too entertaining and lightweight. Hemingway was considered and rejected again in 1950, when the Swedish Academy found that his recent book Across the River and Into the Trees was not as strong as his previous works and also noted that Hemingway already had a great deal of success, and that he was unlikely to need the prize money. Nominated again in 1953, Hemingway was a serious contender for the prize in that year according to The New York Times, but his candidacy was postponed as members of the Academy thought","title":"1954 Nobel Prize in Literature"},{"docid":"25886","text":"In Norse mythology, Rán (Old Norse: ) is a goddess and a personification of the sea. Rán and her husband Ægir, a jötunn who also personifies the sea, have nine daughters, who personify waves. The goddess is frequently associated with a net, which she uses to capture sea-goers. According to the prose introduction to a poem in the Poetic Edda and in Völsunga saga, Rán once loaned her net to the god Loki. Rán is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled during the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the Prose Edda, written during the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; in both Völsunga saga and Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna; and in the poetry of skalds, such as Sonatorrek, a 10th-century poem by Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. Etymology The Old Norse common noun rán means 'plundering' or 'theft, robbery'. In turn, scholars view the theonym Rán as meaning, for example, 'theft, robbery'. On the etymology of the theonym, scholar Rudolf Simek says, \"although the meaning of the name has not been fully clarified, Rán was probably understood as being 'robber' ... and has nothing to do with [Old Norse] ráða 'rule'. Because Rán is a personification of the sea, skalds employ her name in a variety of kennings to refer to the sea. Examples include Ránar-land ('Ran's land'), -salr ('Rán's hall'), and -vegr ('Rán's way'), and rán-beðr ('the bed of Rán') and meaning 'the bed of the sea'. Attestations Sonatorrek Rán and Ægir receive mention in the poem Sonatorrek attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a storm: In one difficult stanza later in the poem, the skald expresses the pain of losing his son by invoking the image of slaying the personified sea, personified as Ægir (Old Norse ǫlsmið[r] 'ale-smith') and Rán (Ægis man 'Ægir's wife'): Poetic Edda Rán receives three mentions in the Poetic Edda; twice in poetry and once in prose. The first mention occurs in a stanza in Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, when the valkyrie Sigrún assists the ship of the hero Helgi Hundingsbane as it encounters ferocious waters: In the notes for her translation, Larrington says that Rán \"seeks to catch and drown men in her net\" and that \"to give someone to the sea-goddess is to drown them.\" The second instance occurs in a stanza found in Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar. In this stanza, the hero Atli references Rán while flyting with Hrímgerðr, a female jötunn: Finally, in the prose introduction to Reginsmál, Loki visits Rán (here rendered as Ron) to borrow her net: [Odin and Hœnir] sent Loki to get the gold; he went to Ron and got her net, and went then to Andvari's fall and cast the net in front of the pike, and the pike leaped into the net. Translator Henry Adams Bellows notes how this version of the narrative differs from how it appears in other sources, where Loki catches the pike with his own hands.","title":"Rán"},{"docid":"1084436","text":"The Old Man of Lochnagar is a 1980 children's book written by King Charles III, at that time the Prince of Wales, and illustrated by Sir Hugh Casson. The story revolves around an old man who lives in a cave in the cliffs surrounding the corrie loch under the Lochnagar, a mountain which overlooks the royal estate at Balmoral in Scotland where the Royal Family spend much of their summer holidays. The story of the old man of Lochnagar was one King Charles had told some years earlier to entertain his brothers, Andrew and Edward, when they were young. The book was published in 1980 in aid of The Prince's Trust charity. The book was later adapted into an animated short film by the BBC, with Robbie Coltrane providing the voice of the hermit and Prince Charles narrating. The film was titled The Old Man of Lochnagar in the UK and The Legend of Lochnagar in North America. The book was also adapted into a musical stage play. In 1984, Prince Charles read the story on the BBC children's programme Jackanory. He has also read it in Welsh and Scottish Gaelic translations on television. In 2007, National Youth Ballet of Great Britain received permission from the Prince of Wales to create a new ballet based on the story. With choreography by Drew McOnie and a commissioned score by Nigel Hess, the ballet received its première at Sadler's Wells Theatre, London on 14 October 2007 and was performed from 24 to 27 October at Leatherhead Theatre in Surrey. Plot The book comprises six parts. Part One The old man loses his grip while attempting to scale the Lochnagar cliff and falls into the loch, where he meets \"lagopus Scoticus,\" a \"freshwater variant of Neptune\". The man and lagopus Scoticus converse using bubbles which display their thoughts in written text and go hunting for \"Loch-haggis\" in a \"sea-rover\" underwater vehicle. After the hunt, the old man \"feast[s] on Loch-haggis and suffer[s] terribly from wind,\" before going to sleep beside the loch. Part Two The old man wakes up with \"a slight hangover\", then sneezes so violently that the force directed into the ground shoots him up into the air. He ends up on top of Lochnagar but is then swept up by a golden eagle that carries him as far as Balmoral, where he bounces on a trampoline before coming to rest. He goes to the fountain and meets Mr Toad, who happens to have tenancy there. The toad offers help and agrees to take the man back to his cave. The man goes to sleep. Part Three Having slept for \"several days\" the man wakes and goes to use his specially-designed toilet. The toilet is so designed that bagpipes are played when it is flushed. On the toilet, the man reads books given to him by the Gorms - a race of \"friendly little people\" who live in \"the stone cairns near Lochnagar\" - in which they describe their world and","title":"The Old Man of Lochnagar"},{"docid":"37905431","text":"Flower Power is the title of a photograph taken by American photographer Bernie Boston for the now-defunct newspaper The Washington Evening Star. Taken on October 21, 1967, during the March on the Pentagon by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, the photo shows protester George Harris placing a carnation into the barrel of an M14 rifle held by a soldier of the 503rd Military Police Battalion (Airborne). The photograph was nominated for the 1967 Pulitzer Prize. Events The National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam's March on the Pentagon took place on October 21, 1967. When the antiwar demonstrators approached The Pentagon, they were confronted by a squad of soldiers from the 503rd Military Police Battalion (Airborne). The soldiers pointed their rifles, marched into the crowd and formed a semicircle around the demonstrators to prevent them from climbing the Pentagon steps. Bernie Boston, newspaper photographer for The Washington Evening Star (shortened to The Washington Star in later years), had been assigned by his editor to cover the demonstration. Boston was sitting on a wall at the mall entrance which allowed him to see the events unfold. In a 2005 interview he said, \"When I saw the sea of demonstrators, I knew something had to happen. I saw the troops march down into the sea of people and I was ready for it.\" A young man emerged from the crowd of demonstrators and started placing carnations into the barrels of their rifles. Boston captured the moment in what would become an iconic image and his signature photograph. When Boston showed the photograph to his editor at the Star, \"the editor didn't see the importance\" and the picture was run on a page deep inside the newspaper. It did not gain recognition until Boston entered it into photography competitions, which it won. Legacy Identity of the demonstrator The young man in the photo is most commonly identified as George Edgerly Harris III, an 18-year-old actor from New York who had moved to San Francisco in 1967. In 2005, Brown talked in an interview about the effort it took to learn that the protester was Harris. Harris, who performed under the stage name Hibiscus and co-founded The Cockettes, a \"flamboyant, psychedelic gay-themed drag troupe\", died in the early 1980s during the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Paul Krassner, in a 2008 blogger's article written for the Huffington Post a week after Bernie Boston died, said the young man in the photo was Joel Tornabene, a fellow counter-culture leader of the Youth International Party (the Yippies) who lived in Berkeley, California in the 1960s. Tornabene, like Harris and Boston, died before Krassner posted this statement. Symbolic significance The Flower power movement began in Berkeley, California as a means of symbolic protest against the Vietnam War. Beat Generation writer Allen Ginsberg, in his November 1965 essay How to Make a March/Spectacle, promoted the use of \"masses of flowers\" to hand to policemen, press, politicians and spectators to fight violence","title":"Flower Power (photograph)"},{"docid":"2541839","text":"Sea of Love is a 1989 American neo-noir thriller film directed by Harold Becker, written by Richard Price and starring Al Pacino, Ellen Barkin and John Goodman. The story concerns a New York City detective trying to catch a serial killer who finds victims through the singles column in a newspaper. It is inspired by Price's 1978 novel Ladies' Man. The film does not credit the novel Ladies’ Man as source material because the novel only shares a similar main idea, while having different characters, a different plot and a different theme. Writer Richard Price said he wanted to explore the same idea as Ladies’ Man, but make the protagonist cooler to an audience (by making him a cop and giving him a gun). The film involves the investigation of a serial killer which is completely absent from the book. Dustin Hoffman was originally in negotiations to star, before Pacino became interested in the project. It was Pacino's first film after a four-year hiatus following the critical and commercial failure of Revolution. Sea of Love was a box-office success, grossing over $110 million. Plot New York City homicide detective Frank Keller is a burned-out alcoholic. His wife left him and married one of his colleagues, and he is depressed about reaching his 20th year on the police force. He is assigned to investigate the murder of a man in Manhattan, shot while face down in his bed, naked, listening to an old 45rpm recording of \"Sea of Love.\" Keller has three clues — a lipstick-smeared cigarette, a want-ad that the dead man placed in a newspaper, and fingerprints of the perpetrator. A second man dies in the same manner in Queens. Detective Sherman Touhey from the local precinct suggests that he and Frank collaborate. Both victims had placed rhyming ads in the lonely hearts column of the newspaper, seeking dates. The detectives track down Raymond Brown, the only other man with a rhyming ad. He's a married man who admits placing the ad but swears that he threw away all the letters and never saw anyone. Frank gets an idea to place a rhyming ad in the paper, meet women who respond in a restaurant and take the prints from their drinking glasses. Frank's precinct chief is skeptical, but reconsiders when Brown turns up dead in the same manner as the other two murder victims. Frank has dinner with several women, while Sherman — posing as a waiter — puts their glasses into evidence bags. One woman, divorcee Helen Cruger, shows no interest in Frank and leaves without taking a drink, so Frank is unable to get her fingerprints. Frank bumps into her again at a market, but this time she is more friendly. Helen manages a chic upscale shoe store. Frank does not reveal his true occupation. Frank takes her to his place, against his better judgment and a warning from Sherman not to do so. They start getting passionate, but Frank panics after finding a gun in her","title":"Sea of Love (film)"},{"docid":"37757029","text":"The history of Luzon covers events that happened in the largest island of the Philippine Archipelago, Luzon. Luzon wrested the record of having the oldest man ever discovered in the Philippines with discovery of the Callao Man in 2007, which predated the Tabon Man by around 20,000 years. The written history of Luzon began in around 900 AD with the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 1989. After that, Luzon began to appear in the annals of the Chinese and Japanese. One example would be the Ming Shilu, wherein Luzon appeared in 22 records. Luzon was split among Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Muslim principalities, and ethnoreligious tribes, who had trading connections with Borneo, Malaya, Java, Indochina, India, Okinawa, Japan and China before the Spanish established their rule. As a result of the Spanish–American War, Luzon became American territory. In the Second World War, Luzon saw one of the fiercest battles during the Japanese occupation. Luzon, apart from being the largest island, had been the economic and political center of the Philippines ever since the country entered the Western Calendar, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, and the country's largest metropolis, Metro Manila. Prehistory of Luzon The first evidence of the systematic use of Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimated to have dated back to about 50,000 BC, and this phase in the development of proto-Philippine societies is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone tools continued to be used past that date. However, new discoveries in Luzon, particularly in Liwan, Kalinga, found stone tools that were dated through potassium argon test at most 920,000 years old, and at least 750,000 years old. The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan. The find was of a 67,000-year-old remains that predate the Tabon Man, which was discovered in 1962 by Robert Bradford Fox. Specifically, the find consisted of a single 61 millimeter metatarsal which, when dated using uranium series ablation, was found to be at least about 67,000 years old. If definitively proven to be remains of Homo sapiens, since there was a certainty that the Callao Man could be a Homo floresiensis, it would antedate the 47,000-year-old remains of Tabon Man to become the earliest human remains known in the Philippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia Pacific. The primary theory surrounding the migration of Callao Man and his contemporaries to Luzon from what is believed to be the present-day Indonesia is that they came by raft. It is notable that the approximate time this happened is, according to experts, prior to the point when human beings were thought to be capable of making long voyages across the sea. It has also been noted that Callao Man could have crossed into the Philippines by a land bridge. This is because at the time Callao Man lived, it was the period known","title":"History of Luzon"},{"docid":"74055728","text":"Cyrus the Unsinkable Sea Serpent is a children's book written by Bill Peet and published in 1975. It is about a good-heart giant sea serpent who decides to assist a ship of immigrants who experience a dangerous voyage. Synopsis Cyrus is a giant sea-serpent who only preys on sardines and is feeling bored at being alone at sea. When a shark suggests that he attack a ship and eat the humans on it, Cyrus refuses and is insulted as being a wimp by the shark for that. Stung by that abuse, Cyrus decides to find a port and attack the first ship that leaves it. Cyrus finds such a port and soon a ship of immigrants, The Primrose, embarks despite dire warnings by an old man in port that they will never survive the voyage. With that spiteful outburst, Cyrus' aggressive mood is broken enough to allow his good nature to reassert and he is concerned about the ship and the people on it. As such, Cyrus follows the ship out of sight. Sure enough, the ship faces a series of dire perils such as doldrums of worryingly indeterminate length, a violent storm that threatens to sink the ship and an attack by pirates that pursue and demast the ship by cannon fire prior to their threatened boarding. Throughout these dangers, Cyrus takes it upon himself to protect the ship without the humans' knowledge, until he is forced to openly attack and destroy the pirate ship to stop the brigands. However, after Cyrus recovers from his concussion after ramming the pirate ship, he sees that the Primrose is crippled and decides to tow it to land. The crew and passengers panic at the sight of Cyrus, but the Captain realizes that the monster is genuinely trying to help them and calms everyone down. With the humans accepting this bizarre situation, Cyrus heads non-stop for land at all possible speed until he beaches the ship safely. With that, Cyrus accepts the humans' gratitude as he departs and decides that he has had enough excitement for some time. With that, Cyrus finds a remote island and peacefully sleeps for a month. External Sites Goodreads 1975 children's books","title":"Cyrus the Unsinkable Sea Serpent"},{"docid":"53165405","text":"Vincent Wants to Sea (, ) is a 2010 German drama film directed by Ralf Huettner. An American remake, The Road Within was released in 2014. Plot Vincent, a 27-year-old man with Tourette's syndrome, is institutionalized by his politician father, who does not seem to understand Vincent and his condition, after his mother's death. Vincent soon meets his roommate Alexander, who has obsessive-compulsive disorder, and another fellow patient, Marie who suffers with anorexia. Marie and Vincent get along and decide to leave the facility unsupervised, in a stolen car belonging to their psychiatrist, Dr. Rose. So that Alexander will not notify Dr. Rose about what they've done, they force him to join them on their road trip to fulfill Vincent's wish of going to the sea in Italy, where Vincent's parents vacationed for their honeymoon, to spread his mother's ashes. Dr. Rose, the owner of the stolen car, accompanies Vincent's father in hopes to find the three missing patients. Over the course of the trip, Vincent and Marie develop a relationship and Vincent's father realizes how badly he's been treating his son. When Vincent, Alexander, and Marie arrive at the sea, Marie promptly collapses from heart failure caused by her untreated anorexia. Vincent and Alexander conclude that the trip was a suicide attempt, she was the one who originally stole the car and had the idea of leaving. Dr. Rose and Vincent's father take Alexander and Vincent home while Marie remains hospitalized. On the way back, Vincent decides to return his mother's ashes to his father and goes back to the city where Marie is in the hospital; Alexander accompanies him. Cast Florian David Fitz as Vincent Karoline Herfurth as Marie Heino Ferch as Robert Katharina Müller-Elmau as Dr. Rose Johannes Allmayer as Alexander Karen Thaler Monica Tim Seyfi Carabinieri Christopher Zrenner Gas station attendant 1 Butz Ultrich Buse Gas station attendant 2 Production Vincent Wants to Sea is based on the screenplay written by lead actor Florian David Fitz. Fitz first witnessed a teacher afflicted with Tourette's Syndrome while studying drama at the Boston Conservatory. Fitz came up with the idea of this film after seeing a TV report covering a man with Tourette's Syndrome, Christian Hempel. Fitz says that he was impressed by the positive attitude Hempel displayed towards his illness. Fitz asked himself “How about writing a story about someone who has to grow up under these difficult circumstances? Vincent Wants to Sea was created during Fitz's time at the Munich screenplay workshop, which he applied to in 2008 in hopes of writing something that he might be able to star in. Viola Jäger and Harald Kügler from Olga-Film in Munich were recruited to produce the comedy. The two suggested Ralf Huettner to be the director. Ralf Huettner initially had to cancel due to other projects, which soon fell apart due to disagreements. Therefore, Huettner was available to work on Vincent Wants to Sea. It was not an immediate thought for the screenplay writer, Fitz, to also","title":"Vincent Wants to Sea"},{"docid":"34971120","text":"The Old Man and the Sea is a 1990 American-British adventure drama television film directed by Jud Taylor and written by Roger O. Hirson, based on the 1952 novella of the same name by Ernest Hemingway. The film stars Anthony Quinn, Gary Cole, Patricia Clarkson, and Joe Santos. It received mixed reviews and was nominated for three Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Plot summary Cast Anthony Quinn as Santiago Gary Cole as Tom Pruitt Patricia Clarkson as Mary Pruitt Joe Santos as Lopez Valentina Quinn as Angela Francesco Quinn as Young Santiago Paul Calderón as Anderez Sully Díaz as Maria Manuel Santiago as Gomez Alexis Cruz as Manolo Release The Old Man and the Sea premiered on NBC on March 25, 1990. Awards and nominations References External links 1990 films 1990 television films 1990s adventure drama films American adventure drama films American survival films British adventure drama films British survival films Films about fishers Films about fishing Films about old age Films based on American novels Films based on novellas Films based on works by Ernest Hemingway Films directed by Jud Taylor Films scored by Bruce Broughton Films set in Cuba Films set on boats American adventure television films American drama television films NBC original films Sea adventure films Television films based on books 1990s English-language films 1990s American films 1990s British films British drama television films","title":"The Old Man and the Sea (1990 film)"},{"docid":"34004694","text":"Joseph Beverly MacInnis (born 2 March 1937) is a Canadian physician, author, and diver. In 1974, MacInnis was the first scientist to dive in the near-freezing waters beneath the North Pole. In 1976 he became a member of the Order of Canada. MacInnis currently studies leadership in high risk environments and gives leadership presentations in North America and Europe. His audiences have included Microsoft, IBM, National Geographic, Rolex, Visa, Toyota and the U.S. Naval Academy. MacInnis led ten research expeditions under the Arctic Ocean. He was among the first people to dive to the wreck of the RMS Titanic. In 2012 he was a medical advisor and journalist on the James Cameron-National Geographic seven-mile science dive into the Mariana Trench. MacInnis has worked with the U.S. Navy, the Canadian Forces and the Russian Academy of Sciences. He has written ten books. His latest, Deep Leadership: Essential Insights from High Risk Environments, was published by Random House. Education and early career MacInnis is of Isle of Mull Scottish descent. He was born in Barrie, Ontario, but grew up in Toronto, where his family moved after his father, a Royal Canadian Air Force instructor, died in a plane crash when MacInnis was a few months old. MacInnis was raised by his mother, who remarried when he was 12. He attended high school at Upper Canada College. MacInnis first learned to scuba dive in 1954 in the waters off Florida. He attended the University of Toronto, where he was the captain of the swim team in the mid-1950s. While at the university, he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. MacInnis held the Canadian record for the breaststroke and tried unsuccessfully to make the Canadian Olympic team in 1956. MacInnis received his MD from the University of Toronto in 1962. He spent his internship at the Toronto General Hospital, where an experience with a tunnel construction worker suffering from decompression sickness helped to point MacInnis toward his post-graduate studies in diving medicine. MacInnis arranged for the worker, John McGean, to be transported to a pressure chamber in Buffalo, New York, where he was successfully treated. MacInnis also interned at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario. Man-In-Sea and Ocean Systems After his junior internship, MacInnis hoped to work with inventor and entrepreneur Edwin Link in the field of deep diving, but had no idea how to reach him. In fall 1963 MacInnis placed a person-to-person telephone call to Link, who agreed to meet with him for fifteen minutes the next day at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. At the interview, Link offered MacInnis a position as the full-time doctor for his Man-In-Sea Project. MacInnis received a Link Foundation Fellowship to study diving medicine under Christian J. Lambertsen at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1964, MacInnis became medical director of Man-In-Sea. During his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, MacInnis was a member of a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation filming expedition to Cocos Island, where a group of treasure hunters were seeking the fabled hoard","title":"Joseph B. MacInnis"},{"docid":"755593","text":"The Mad Scientists' Club is a series of four books written for children by Bertrand R. Brinley (1917 – 1994) and illustrated by Charles Geer. Books in the series The Mad Scientists' Club (1965, 2001) consisting of: \"The Strange Sea Monster of Strawberry Lake\" (1960), first published in Boys' Life (September 1961), with illustrations by Harold Eldridge \"The Big Egg\" (1964) \"The Secret of the Old Cannon\" (1963), first published in Boys' Life (January 1966), with illustrations by Marvin Friedman \"The Unidentified Flying Man of Mammoth Falls\" (1962), first published in Boys' Life (November 1962), with illustrations by Harold Eldridge \"The Great Gas Bag Race\" (1964), first published in Boys' Life (March 1966), with illustrations by Bernard Fuchs \"The Voice in the Chimney\" (1964) \"Night Rescue\" (1961), first published in Boys' Life (February 1964), with illustrations by David Stone The New Adventures of the Mad Scientists' Club (1968, 2002) consisting of: \"Big Chief Rainmaker\" (1965) \"The Telltale Transmitter\" (1966) \"The Cool Cavern\" (1966) \"The Flying Sorcerer\" (1968) \"The Great Confrontation\" (1968) The Big Kerplop; A Mad Scientists' Club Adventure (1974, 2003) The Big Chunk of Ice (2005) The title of The Big Kerplop was supposed to be The Big Kerplop!, but the original publisher, MacRae Smith Company, dropped the exclamation mark, which has now been restored. Even though it was written 14 years after \"The Strange Sea Monster of Strawberry Lake\", chronologically it is the first story in the series, telling how the Mad Scientists' Club came into being and the full story behind their long-standing animosity with Harmon Muldoon. Synopsis During the course of the books, the boys often use technology (such as ham radios) and science to pull off harebrained schemes. For example, in \"The Strange Sea Monster of Strawberry Lake,\" they build a fake sea monster out of chicken wire mounted to a canoe, and row it out on Strawberry Lake. When it gets too dangerous to take the boat out on the lake in person, because hunters are preparing to shoot it with an elephant gun, they rig a remote control system to operate it at a distance. The Mad Scientists' Club is an Explorer Scout organization, something that is mentioned occasionally in passing, but generally does not drive the stories. Living in the fictional small town of Mammoth Falls, the members of the Mad Scientists' Club are: Jeff Crocker — President Henry Mulligan — Vice President and Chief of Research Dinky Poore — the smallest and nimblest Freddy Muldoon — the fat boy, but also known as \"Little Bright Eyes\" because he often notices things that others overlook Homer Snodgrass — often uses a flowery style of speaking as he reads a lot of literature Mortimer Dalrymple — added to the group because he might have extra radio equipment, and because he was an \"electronic bug\" Charlie Finckledinck — the narrator of the stories Dinky Poore is the smallest and most sarcastic of the Mad Scientists; this is sometimes relevant to the stories, as in","title":"The Mad Scientists' Club"},{"docid":"339330","text":"G.L Fuentes (July 11, 1897 – January 13, 2002) was a fisherman and the first mate of the Pilar, the boat belonging to the American writer Ernest Hemingway. Fuentes was born in Arrecife on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. He first went to sea as deck boy with his father at age 10. As a teenager, he worked on cargo ships out of the Canary Islands to Trinidad and Puerto Rico, and from the Spanish ports of Valencia and Sevilla to South America. He migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. He attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001. In 1938, Fuentes replaced the Pilar's original first mate, Carlos Gutiérrez, after Hemingway's mistress, Jane Mason, hired him to be the first mate of her boat after becoming jealous of Hemingway's relationship with Martha Gellhorn. Fuentes, a lifelong cigar smoker, died from cancer in Cojimar in 2002. He was often said to be the model for the character Santiago in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, but he died without having read the book. He was 104 years old. The Old Man and the Sea Fuentes is credited by some as a model for Hemingway's protagonist Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, though this is most likely the result of Fuentes' longevity and how he purposefully grew into the incarnation of the role of Santiago for tourists visiting Cojimar. Hemingway himself stated that Santiago was \"based on no one in particular\". That Fuentes worked closely with and knew Hemingway very well is undeniable. However, if anyone can claim credit for being the inspiration for Santiago, it was Hemingway's original first mate, Carlos Gutiérrez. Gutiérrez had been fishing the Gulf Stream for 40 years and was already an old man when Hemingway first met him. Hemingway would credit the old fisherman with teaching him everything he knew about catching marlin, and credited Gutiérrez with telling him the Cuban tales he used as grist to write On The Blue Water: A Gulf Stream Letter. Additionally, Hemingway laid out the plot outline for ''The Old Man And The Sea'' and how Gutiérrez's assistance proved vital to the story's creation and evolution in a letter written in February 1939 to his editor, Max Perkins: Fuentes would spend his later years charging tourists $10 or $20 to take his picture and regale them with stories of his domestic partnership with Ernest Hemingway. References Sources Hemingway In Cuba by Hilary Hemingway and Carlene Brennan, June 2003 Welcome to Havana, Señor Hemingway by Alfredo Jose Estrada, August 2005 How it Was by Mary Welsh Hemingway, 1977. External links Gregorio Fuentes was Hemingway's Captain \"A Visit To Hemingway's Cuba And The Search For The Old Man And The Sea\" by Brian Francis Donohue Gregorio Fuentes in Cojimar 1897 births 2002 deaths Cuban centenarians Cuban sailors Spanish centenarians Men centenarians Spanish sailors Deaths from cancer in Cuba People from Arrecife","title":"Gregorio Fuentes"},{"docid":"10387478","text":"\"The Town of No Return\" is the first episode of the fourth series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers, starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg in her Avengers debut, and guest starring Alan MacNaughton, Patrick Newell, Terence Alexander. It was first broadcast on ABC Weekend TV on 28 September 1965. The episode was written by Philip Levene, directed by Sidney Hayers, and produced by Brian Clemens. Plot On a beach a shifty man is attending to his lobster pots when a man emerges from the tide concealed in a watertight black covering; he walks up the beach, removes the covering, and says good morning to the man and walks off. After a bout of fencing at Mrs. Peel's flat, Steed and Mrs Peel leave on a train to visit Little Bazeley by the Sea, a village in Norfolk where agents have been reported to go missing. On the train they share a carriage with a portly gentleman, Jimmy Smallwood (played by Patrick Newell, who would later become a semi-regular Avengers cast member playing spymaster \"Mother\"), who is going to visit his brother the local blacksmith. On arrival Steed, Peel and Smallwood are shadowed by the shifty local man from the beach. At the local inn, the Inebriated Gremlin, they are served by landlord Piggy Warren, who introduces them to Mark Brandon, the school inspector, and Jill Manson, a teacher. Mrs Peel announces herself as a new teacher, assigned by the ministry to the local school. When Smallwood leaves to visit his brother the blacksmith, several strange men in boots with rifles depart through the inn and follow him. Meanwhile, Steed and Mrs Peel find their rooms in a shabby state, with the shutters nailed shut. Smallwood fails to find his brother, and heads for the church, followed by the shifty local. Later the shifty local is seen hunting Smallwood across the landscape with bloodhounds. This is heard back at the village and dismissed by Piggy as \"badger hunting\". The following morning Steed and Mrs Peel examine strange footprints leading out of the sea and up the beach and find Smallwood dead and buried in the sand to their dismay and confusion. Mrs Peel visits the school and finds it and the teachers very unusual. She discovers that the school has been unused for years and a large number of adult sized Wellington boots are stored there. She visits the local church where the vicar shows her the parish records, of which several decades are missing. Meanwhile, Steed investigates the old wartime airfield and finds it in a similarly derelict state. Steed discovers a mention of a pilot, killed in 1942, named Piggy Warren: the name used by the pub landlord. Both Mrs Peel and Steed learn that the village folk are impostors and are hiding something. They seek out Smallwood's brother and find the shifty looking local who owns the bloodhounds pretending to be the blacksmith. Earlier they had seen a photo of Smallwood's brother so","title":"The Town of No Return"},{"docid":"40198576","text":"Black Sea is a 2014 submarine disaster thriller film directed by Kevin Macdonald, written by Dennis Kelly, and starring Jude Law, Scoot McNairy, Ben Mendelsohn, and David Threlfall. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 5 December 2014, and in the United States on 23 January 2015. Plot Robinson, a veteran captain of underwater salvage vessels, who is divorced and estranged from his young son, is made redundant by his firm Agora along with his friends Kurston and Blackie. A depressed Kurston informs them that he has come into possession of information that Agora had found the wreck of a Type VIIC U-boat from World War II that sank off the coast of Georgia carrying a cargo of gold worth millions, but were unable to salvage it due to territorial disputes following the Russo-Georgian War. Robinson and Blackie meet with a mysterious man named Lewis, who agrees to fund their expedition to recover the gold in exchange for a substantial share of the profits and orders his executive Daniels to accompany the expedition. Robinson encounters a young man, Tobin, who claims to be a friend of Kurston and informs Robinson of Kurston's suicide. Robinson decides to take Tobin along on the expedition. A half-British, half-Russian crew is assembled with each man promised an equal share of the spoils. They travel to the Port of Sevastopol in Crimea and acquire an antiquated . The Russians view the young Tobin as a bad omen, mistakenly assuming he is a virgin when he is in fact an expecting father. With only Blackie speaking both Russian and English, communication difficulties lead to mounting tensions that culminate in a fight in which Fraser stabs Blackie in the chest. In the chaos, a fire breaks out, causing an explosion that cripples the sub, killing Blackie and Gittens, a British crew member, and knocking Robinson unconscious. He awakens 18 hours later to find the Russians have taken over half of the boat, with the British in the other half. The damaged vessel lies on the sea floor and its drive shaft is unusable, but sonar scans indicate they are close to the old U-boat and may be able to salvage and appropriate its drive shaft, as the Soviet submarine was based on the U-boat design. Robinson discovers another Russian crewman, Morozov, speaks English. Fraser, Peters, and Tobin traverse the sea bed and to their delight discover the wreck of the U-boat. They recover the drive shaft and the gold but Peters is killed when he falls down a trench and his air hose is accidentally severed. The crew complete repairs and the sub resumes its journey. Before they surface, Daniels admits to Robinson that the men are heading into a trap; their previous employer Agora deliberately leaked the details of the U-boat's location to them via Kurston, who is in fact alive, in the hope that they would salvage the gold, leaving Agora to claim it after the men are captured by the waiting Russian","title":"Black Sea (film)"},{"docid":"1108124","text":"The Old Man of Hoy is a sea stack on Hoy, part of the Orkney archipelago off the north coast of Scotland. Formed from Old Red Sandstone, it is one of the tallest stacks in the United Kingdom. The Old Man is popular with climbers, and was first climbed in 1966. Created by the erosion of a cliff through hydraulic action some time after 1750, the stack is not more than a few hundred years old, but may soon collapse into the sea. Geography The Old Man stands close to Rackwick Bay on the west coast of Hoy, in Orkney, Scotland, and can be seen from the Scrabster to Stromness ferry. From certain angles it is said to resemble a human figure. Winds are faster than for nearly a third of the time, and gales occur on average for 29 days a year. Combined with the depth of the sea, which quickly falls to , high-energy waves on the western side of Hoy lead to rapid erosion of the coast. Geology The Old Man of Hoy is a red sandstone stack, perched on a plinth of basalt rock, and one of the tallest sea stacks in the UK. It is separated from the mainland by a 60-metre (200 ft) chasm strewn with debris, and has nearly vertical sides with a top just a few metres wide. The rock is composed of layers of soft, sandy and pebbly sandstone and harder flagstones of Old Red Sandstone, giving the sides a notched and slab-like profile. History The Old Man is probably less than 250 years old and may be in danger of collapsing. The stack is not mentioned in the Orkneyinga saga, written 1230, and on the Blaeu map of 1600, a headland exists at the point where the Old Man is now. The McKenzie map of Hoy of 1750 similarly shows a headland but no stack, but by 1819 the Old Man had been separated from the mainland. William Daniell sketched the sea stack at this time as a wider column with a smaller top section and an arch at the base, from which it derived its name. Sometime in the early nineteenth century, a storm washed away one of the legs leaving it much as it is today, although erosion continues. By 1992, a 40-metre (130 ft) crack had appeared in the top of the south face, leaving a large overhanging section that will eventually collapse. Human activity Climbing The stack was first climbed by mountaineers Chris Bonington, Rusty Baillie and Tom Patey in 1966. From 8–9 July 1967, an ascent featured in The Great Climb, a live BBC three-night outside broadcast, which had around 15 million viewers. This featured three pairs of climbers: Bonington and Patey repeated their original route, whilst two new lines were climbed by Joe Brown and Ian McNaught-Davis and by Pete Crew and Dougal Haston. In 1997, Catherine Destivelle made a solo ascent of the Old Man of Hoy; she did so while four months","title":"Old Man of Hoy"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4747700\",\n \"text\": \"The Flemings Of Torbay is a popular Newfoundland folk song about two young men from Torbay. It was written by Johnny Burke, a popular St. John's balladeer. Lyrics The thrilling news we heard last week is in our memories yet, Two fishermen from Newfoundland saved from the jaws of death; Two fine young men born in Torbay who went adrift at sea, On the eighteenth day of April from the schooner Jubilee. They left to prosecute their voyage near the Grand Banks' stormy shore, Where many's the hardy fisherman was never heard of more; For six long days in storms at sea those hardy fellows stood, Fatigued, footsore, and hungry, no water or no food. Tossed on the seas ail those long days while bitter was each night, No friend to speak a kindly word, no sail to heave in sight; At last a vessel hove in sight and saw the floating speck, The Jessie Maurice was her name, coal laden from Quebec. Our wheelsman well-trained he espied clear through the misty haze, Those poor exhausted fishermen adrift so many days; Our captain, a kindhearted man, had just come on the deck, Then orders gave to hard aport and shaped her for the wreck. Two hours or more while the winds did roar the Jessie sailed around, To see if any tidings of the dory could be found; The crew was stationed on the bow all anxious her to hail, When the captain spied her in the fog just aft the water rail. Our brave commander right away the order gave to launch, The jolly boats that hung astern of good old oak so staunch; Two brave old seamen manned the oars and at the word to go, The captain standing in the bow to take the boat in tow. The captain gripped the painter for to bring her to the barque, While those on board were still as death, their features cold and dark; A sling was then made fast below in which those men to place, While tender-hearted mariners they worked with noble faith. No sign of life was in those men as they were placed in bed, But still our captain held out hope the vital spark not fled; He watched for days and sleepless nights to bring those men around, And on the second day discerned but just a feeble sound. The first to speak was Peter, the eldest of the two, He told the captain who they were, a part of the Jubilee's crew; And how in April on the Banks they chanced to drift astray, And lay exposed in an open boat for six long stormy days. Our captain then our stuns'l set and shaped her for Quebec, He took on board the dory and all left of the wreck; He watched those men with a mother's care while in their berth they lay, And saved the lives of two poor boys once more to see Torbay. God bless the Jessie's gallant crew, likewise\",\n \"title\": \"The Flemings of Torbay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73575926\",\n \"text\": \"The Old Man and the Old Moon is an American “play with music” written by PigPen Theatre Company. The play follows the Old Man, who is in charge of filling the Moon with light. After his wife is drawn away by a mysterious melody, he goes out on a sea faring adventure looking for her. The play first premiered Off-Broadway in 2012 and a revised version in 2014 at the New Victory Theater. Musical numbers “Song from the Stone” — Singer and Company “The Rain Will Fall” — Company “The Sailor’s Anthem” — Sailors \\\"The Rain Will Fall (Reprise)\\\" - Company “Sail for Love” — Captain and Sailors “Sail for Love (Reprise) — Sailors “Just Like the Sea” — Old Man and Company “Prison Fish Interlude #1” — Ghost Singer “Prison Fish Interlude #2” — Ghost Singer “Prison Fish Interlude #3” — Ghost Singer and Company “I Crash” — Singer, Matheson, and Company “Bremen” — Old Man and Company Critical response 2012 Off-Broadway premiere Ken Jarowski at The New York Times writes about how the play inspires “giddy feelings” and cannot be summed up into words. Scott Brown, the theatre critic at Vulture, wrote: 2014 Revised Production Ben Brantley, the chief theatre critic for The New York Times in 2014, wrote about how the new production, “ has since undergone a makeover of sorts, shedding some weight and smoothing some calluses… But it retains the illusion of a willfully unwieldy beast, which is essential to its appeal.” References External links Old Man and the Old Moon on BroawayLicensing.com PigPen Theatre Co. Official Site Off-Broadway plays Fiction set on the Moon 2012 plays\",\n \"title\": \"The Old Man and the Old Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62384567\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Old Man and the Seat\\\" is the second episode of the fourth season of the Adult Swim animated television series Rick and Morty. Written by Michael Waldron and directed by Jacob Hair, loosely adapting The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, the episode aired in the United States on November 17, 2019. Plot An alien intern named Glootie serves breakfast to the Smiths, often asking for assistance in developing a mobile app. As Rick pats his belly and excuses himself for a solo adventure, which Summer surmises as defecating, Jerry is curious and offers to develop Glootie's app, even though Rick has tattooed \\\"Do Not Develop My App\\\" on Glootie's forehead. Glootie and Jerry's app goes online; named \\\"Lovefinderrz\\\", it is a dating app that entices its users to divert their full attention into finding their true love. Summer ditches Beth on their lunch for her date, leading to a fight between the two. Seeing the widespread chaos, Jerry joins Morty in demanding that Glootie take down the app. Glootie brings them to his mothership, where they meet the aliens' leader, who rebukes humanity's inefficiency in matchmaking and states that the app is a distraction to steal Earth's water resources. Beth chases after Summer, who constantly changes her soul mate with the app, while Jerry and Morty are captured. Jerry manages to convince Glootie to take the app offline, showing their similarity in being unable to find a match. As Morty chastises Jerry about his decisions, Glootie puts an ad wall on Lovefinderrz, causing all of the app's users to delete it. Rick travels to a scenic, private lavatory. Discovering that it has been intruded upon, he tracks down the culprit, Tony. Despite admonishment from Rick, Tony points out Rick's need for control and continues to use the lavatory. Rick submerses Tony in the chemical \\\"Globafyn\\\" which places him in his ideal reality, a toilet-filled heaven. When Tony realizes the reality is false, Rick evicts him from the illusion. Tony suggests they be friends, which Rick rejects. Rick prepares a defense measure on his toilet designed to humiliate its future user. Upon Rick visiting Tony's office to bring him laxatives and chili, Rick learns that Tony has quit his job and died in a ski accident while attempting to live life to the fullest. Rick attends Tony's funeral and gives gifts to his father but insists that he and Tony were not friends. Rick returns to the lavatory and sits on the toilet, which spawns a crowd of holographic Ricks who mock \\\"Tony\\\" and his loneliness. In the post-credits scene, Jerry consumes some Globafyn and sees his own ideal reality: himself as a competent, well-appreciated water-bottle delivery driver. Production and writing \\\"The Old Man and the Seat\\\" was written by Michael Waldron and directed by Jacob Hair. The episode features guest actors Sam Neill as the Monogatron leader, Kathleen Turner as his wife, Jeffrey Wright as Tony; and director Taika Waititi as Glootie. Sherri Shepherd, who voiced\",\n \"title\": \"The Old Man and the Seat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5826633\",\n \"text\": \"Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). Events The Weimar Classicism period in Germany is commonly considered to have begun in 1788) and to have ended either in 1805, with the death of Schiller, or this year, with the death of Goethe Thomas Jefferson Hogg, a friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley, contributed to Bulwer-Lytton's New Monthly Magazine his \\\"Reminiscences of Shelley\\\", which was highly regarded. As a result, Hogg will later write a biography of Shelley. Works published in English United Kingdom W. E. Aytoun, Poland, Homer, and Other Poems Henry Glassford Bell, My Old Portfolio; or, Tales and Sketches William Lisle Bowles, St. John in Patmos John Donald Carrick, ed., Whistle Binkie, anthology of Scottish poetry Barry Cornwall, see Bryan Waller Proctor, below James Hogg, writing under the pen name \\\"The Ettrick Shepherd\\\", Altrive Tales Leigh Hunt, The Poetical Works of Leigh Hunt published by subscription Thomas Miller, Songs of the Sea Nymphs Bryan Waller Proctor, writing under the pen name \\\"Barry Cornwall\\\", English Songs Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Masque of Anarchy, posthumous, preface by Leigh Hunt Alfred Tennyson, Poems, including \\\"The Lady of Shalott\\\", \\\"Mariana in the South\\\", \\\"Oenone\\\", \\\"The Palace of Art\\\", \\\"A Dream of Fair Women\\\" and \\\"The Lotos-Eaters\\\"; published in December of this year, although the book states \\\"1833\\\" (see also Poems 1842) Letitia Elizabeth Landon, writing under the pen name \\\"L.E.L.\\\" The Easter Gift Letitia Elizabeth Landon, writing under the pen name \\\"L.E.L.\\\" Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833 Robert Millhouse, The Destinies of Man. United States William Cullen Bryant, Poems, has most of the author's significant work since 1818, with five previously unpublished poems, including \\\"To a Fringed Gentian\\\" and \\\"The Song of Marion's Men\\\"; described as \\\"the best volume of American verse that has ever appeared\\\" by a writer in The North American Review Thomas Holley Chivers, The Path of Sorrow; or, The Lament of Youth; the author's first book of poetry, written while he was studying medicine Sumner Lincoln Fairfield, The Last Night of Pompeii, a narrative poem about the conflicts between the Christian and pagan faiths; written in three cantos of blank verse William Gilmore Simms, Atalantis: A Story of the Sea, a poem about a sea-fairy saved from a demon by a Spanish knight, who is then led by her into the caves of the ocean Frederick William Thomas, The Emigrant, the author's first book; about the Ohio River region, influenced by William Wordsworth and Lord Byron Works published in other languages Théophile Gautier, Albertus, 62 poems in a wide variety of verse forms, often imitating other, more established Romantic poets such as Sainte-Beuve, Alphonse de Lamartine, and Victor Hugo; an expanded version of Poésies 1830, which contained 40 pieces composed when the author was 18 years old (since that work was published during the July Revolution, no copies were sold and it was eventually withdrawn; see also the revised edition, 1845), includes \\\"Albertus\\\", written in 1831, a\",\n \"title\": \"1832 in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1516242\",\n \"text\": \"Old man, Old Man or The Old Man may refer to: Basic meanings An elderly man A father A husband Commanding officer of a military unit Captain of a merchant ship or a warship Any male amateur radio operator People La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 (\\\"The Old Man\\\"), an almost-complete male Neanderthal skeleton discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), Bolshevik revolutionary nicknamed the \\\"Old Man\\\" by both supporters and adversaries Richard Benjamin Harrison (1941–2018), American businessman and reality television personality of the series Pawn Stars, nicknamed \\\"The Old Man\\\" Joseph Paruta (1929–1986), member of the Gambino crime family nicknamed \\\"Old Man\\\" Yitzhak Sadeh (1890–1952), Israeli military commander nicknamed \\\"The Old Man\\\" Old Man, the CEO of a company in the RoboCop movies Literature The Old Man (Gorky play) (Старик), a 1915 play by Maxim Gorky The Old Man (Wallace play), a 1931 play by Edgar Wallace \\\"Old Man\\\", a poem by Edward Thomas \\\"Old Man\\\", a narrative thread in William Faulkner's 1939 novel If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem The Old Man (Perry novel), a 2017 novel by Thomas Perry The Old Man (Trifonov novel) (Старик), a novel by Yuri Trifonov The Old Man and the Sea, a short novel by Ernest Hemingway Film, television and stage Old Man (film), a 2022 American film The Old Man (1931 film), based on the Edgar Wallace play of the same name The Old Man (2012 film), a 2012 Kazakhstani film The Old Man (2019 film), a 2019 Estonian animated film \\\"The Old Man\\\" (Seinfeld), an episode of the television series Seinfeld The Old Man (TV series), an American thriller drama television series on FX based on the Thomas Perry novel of the same name Old Man, a Primetime Emmy Award–winning television movie based on the \\\"Old Man\\\" narrative thread in William Faulkner's novel If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem Old Man (Playhouse 90), a 1958 American television play The Old Man, a character in the film A Christmas Story Music Old Man Luedecke, a Canadian indie banjo band Songs \\\"Old Man\\\" (song) by Neil Young \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by Love, from the album Forever Changes \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by Randy Newman from Sail Away, covered by Art Garfunkel, 1974 \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by Clouds, 1970 \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by the Collectors, 1967 \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by Harrys Gym, 2011 \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by John David, 1976 \\\"Old Man\\\", a song by Lighthouse, 1972 \\\"The Old Man\\\" a song by Irving Berlin, sung by Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye, 1954 \\\"The Old Man\\\", a song by Colm C.T. Wilkinson, 1977 \\\"The Old Man\\\", a song written by Phil Coulter and sung by John McDermott about a man remembering his father after he has died \\\"The Old Man\\\", a song by the Fureys and Davey Arthur, 1982 \\\"The Old Man\\\", a song by Matt Lucas \\\"This Old Man\\\" a children's song Geography Old Man of the Hills, a mountain in Montana Old Man of the Mountain, a geological formation in\",\n \"title\": \"Old man\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7388143\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings\\\" () and subtitled \\\"A Tale for Children\\\" is a short story by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. The tale was written in 1968 and published in the May–June 1968 (VIII, 48) issue of the journal . The work was published in English in the New American Review 13 in 1971. It appeared in the 1972 book Leaf Storm and Other Stories. The short story involves the eponymous character who appears in a family's backyard on a stormy night. What follows are the reactions of the family, a town, and outside visitors. This story falls within the genre of magic realism. Plot summary The story begins after three days of rain. Crabs are infesting Pelayo and Elisenda's house and causing a horrible stench, which is believed to be making their baby sick. When Pelayo comes back from throwing the crabs into the sea, he sees a very old man with wings laying face down in mud in his courtyard. Startled, Pelayo goes to get his wife and they examine the man. He is dressed in raggedy clothing and is very dirty. After staring at him for a time, Pelayo and Elisenda are able to overcome their initial shock of seeing the man with wings. They try to speak to him but the man speaks in an incomprehensible dialect. They decide he is a castaway from a shipwreck; however, a neighbor informs them that the man is an angel. The following day, the entire town knows about the man with wings who is said to be an angel. Pelayo decides to chain up the man and keep him in the chicken coop. A day later, when the rain stops, the baby is feeling better and is able to eat. Pelayo and Elisenda want to send the old man out to sea with food and water for three days and let nature take care of him. However, when they go out to their courtyard, they see a mass of people gathered around the chicken coop to see the angel; they are harassing him by treating him like a circus animal instead of a person. The priest, Father Gonzaga, comes by the house because he is surprised by the news of the angel. At this time, onlookers are making hypotheses about what should happen to the angel, saying things like \\\"he should be the leader of the world,\\\" or \\\"he should be a military leader in order to win all wars.\\\" However, Father Gonzaga decides to determine whether the man is an angel or not by speaking to him in Latin. Since the man with wings did not recognize Latin and looked too human, the priest decides the man could not be an angel. Father Gonzaga then warns the onlookers that the man is not an angel. However, the people do not care, and word spreads that the old man with wings is an angel. People began coming from all over to Pelayo and Elisenda's house to\",\n \"title\": \"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2073802\",\n \"text\": \"A Figure in Hiding is Volume 16 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap. This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1937. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1965 by James D. Lawrence resulting in two different stories with the same title Plot summary (revised edition) While leaving the baseball field the Hardy boys are approached by a blind peddler with a warning for their father Fenton Hardy. Then the boys take their boat, the Sleuth out on Barmet Bay for a ride and to watch the testing of a new hydrofoil boat named the Sea Spook. While admiring the new boat they almost have a collision with it, allowing them a reason to board the boat where they find a glass eye, presumably belonging to Mr. Lambert who was test driving the boat when the near collision happened. When the boys try to track down Mr. Lambert he goes missing and Bill Braxton, the owner of the Sea Spook is attacked at his boathouse and the Spook is searched. Meanwhile, Fenton Hardy examines the warning from Henry Zatta, the blind peddler (who is really only just blind in one eye but is pretending to be blind because he is undercover), and declares that it must be warning them to keep away from the Goggler Gang. They then realize that Mr. Lambert is actually a hoodlum named Spotty Lemuel. Their discussion is interrupted by an old man at the door named Zachary Mudge who is staying at Doc Grafton's Health Farm, a luxurious resort overlooking Barmet Bay. Mr. Mudge tells them that he would like to purchase the Sea Spook. The boys decide to go to pick up their girlfriends Callie and Iola from a movie at the Bijou but as they arrive they see a man wearing the disguise of the Goggler Gang running away with the cashbox. They catch the man but he escapes before the police arrive. Later, the boys travel up the river in the ‘’sleuth’’ to speak to Mrs. Lunberry, the owner of a Jeweled Siva which was recently stolen, on behalf of their father who is going to take on the case. Upon returning they are summoned to Doc Grafton’s Health Farm by their chum Chet Morton, who has taken summer employment there. During the course of their travels they keep seeing suspicious vehicles, specifically brand new greenTorpedo sedans. When they get to the health farm Chet tells them that he has learned that someone is going to kidnap them and leaves them in suspense until Callie and Iola arrive and Chet says that they are kidnapping them to go to a beach party. The clue about the green Torpedo leads them to Izmir Motors, owned by Malcolm Izmir. The boys try to get\",\n \"title\": \"A Figure in Hiding\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5315279\",\n \"text\": \"The Golden Key is a fairy tale written by George MacDonald. It was published in Dealings with the Fairies (1867). It is particularly noted for the intensity of the suggestive imagery, which implies a spiritual meaning to the story without providing a transparent allegory for the events in it. Plot summary A young boy listens to his Great-aunt's stories about a magical golden key found at the end of a rainbow. One day, he sees an immense rainbow and sets out to find its end in an enchanted forest. As the forest is in Fairyland where everything has an opposite effect, the rainbow only glows brighter when the sun sets. He finds the key, then it dawns on him that he does not know where the lock is. In the same village on the border of this forest, a merchant's neglected daughter is frightened by the fairies. Their first attempt fails but when they make her think the three bears are coming into her bedroom, she flees into the woods. A tree tries to trap her, but a feathered airborne fish frees her, then leads her to a wise woman's cottage. A pot is boiling there, and the air fish flies into it. The lady asks her name; the girl says that the servants always called her Tangle, and the lady decides that although her tangled hair was their fault for not looking after her, Tangle is a pretty name. She says she is called Grandmother, and that it has been three years since Tangle ran away from the \\\"bears\\\". She has the girl washed by fish and dresses her. Then they eat the air fish for dinner after the lady assures her that the air fish had voluntarily gone into the pot to be their food, and the cooking pot produces a little-winged figure, who flies off. The lady sends another air fish after the young man at the foot of the rainbow. At supper the next day, the young man, Mossy, arrives. The lady tells Mossy that if he searches for the keyhole, he will find it, and sends Tangle with him. In their wanderings, they come across a valley where beautiful shadows fill the air, where they stay, grow old, and then resolve to find the land the marvelous shadows fall from; but they become separated so they each continue their journey alone. Tangle meets with the winged aëranth (air-flower) that used to be the fish, who leads her to the mountain. There she meets the Old Man of the Sea. He cannot tell her the way to the land from which the shadows fall and sends her to his brother the Old Man of the Earth. He also does not know and sends her to the Old Man of the Fire. Then the Old Man of the Earth stooped over the floor of the cave, raised a huge stone from it, and left it leaning. It disclosed a great hole that went plumb-down. \\\"That is the\",\n \"title\": \"The Golden Key (MacDonald book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4682865\",\n \"text\": \"Time of Love (; ) is a 1990 film by Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf, based on a story written by Makhmalbaf himself. The film consists of three episodes, all with relatively similar plots. Although categorized as an Iranian film, Time of Love was mostly shot in Istanbul, Turkey and the dialogues are both in Turkish and Persian. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Plot First Narrative: Young Gozal whose husband is a taxi driver has an affair with a young blond shoeshine boy. One day an old man who can't hear well is recording the bird's songs when he hears what they say to each other. So he finds out about their affair and tells everything to Gozal's black-haired husband. The black–haired kills the young blond boy and injures Gozal and then surrenders himself to the court. He is sentenced to death and is thrown into the sea as he chooses. Gozal commits suicide in her regular meeting place. Second Narrative: This time the blond–haired man and Gozal are husband and wife, and Gozal is in love with the black – haired. The blond – haired is the taxi driver and the black–haired is a hawker. The old man gets to know about the affair between Gozal and the black – haired and informs the blond–haired. He intends to kill the black – haired but is killed himself. The black–haired is sentenced to death and as he asks, he is hanged on the tree under which he saw Gozal for the first time. Gozal commits suicide in the hospital. Third Narrative: Like the first narrative, once again the black–haired and Gozal are husband and wife and Gozal has an affair with the blond- haired. The old man tells Gozal's husband about this affair. The two rivals start fighting, but the black-haired refuses to kill the blond- haired when he is in the situation to do so. This way he gives his rival the chance to tell him but the black–haired holds the wedding party of Gozal and the blond–haired. In the wedding ceremony, the court judge who has resigned from his job due to its difficulties is present. The black–haired give the bride and groom a lift to their house and gives his taxi to them as the wedding present. The blond–haired who has decided to give Gozal back to the black–haired, runs after him but instead he finds the old man who confesses that he has been in love with Gozal for many years. Cast Shiva Gered Abdurrahman Palay Menderes Samancilar Aken Tunj References https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202246/http://www.makhmalbaf.com/movies.php?m=5 External links NOBAT E ASHEGHI (1990) 1990s multilingual films 1990 films Films directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf Films shot in Turkey Films set in Istanbul Turkish multilingual films Iranian multilingual films\",\n \"title\": \"Time of Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34500764\",\n \"text\": \"Neerparavai () is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Seenu Ramasamy and produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin. It stars Nandita Das, Vishnu and Sunaina in lead roles while, Saranya Ponvannan, Samuthirakani, Varsha Ashwathi, and Anupama Kumar play other important supporting roles. The music is composed by N. R. Raghunanthan with cinematography by Balasubramaniem and editing by Kasi Viswanathan. The film released on 30 November 2012 to positive reviews from critics and did well at the box-office. Plot The film is introduced when an old lady's son and daughter-in-law come to stay in her house, where she is solitary. The son asks his mother to sell off the house in that coastal village, so that he can build a house in the city with Aid of his father in law. but the old lady refuses to sell the house. Every often, the son and daughter-in-law notice that the lady goes to the beach, and prays in the garden every night. When they ask her why she is going to the beach, she says that she is waiting for her husband to come. The son gets angry and says because she has been waiting for 25 years, he is not going to come. Whilst the mother goes to the beach, the couple digs where she is praying and finds a skeleton. They report this to the police, and the case is handled by Inspector Agnes, who begins interrogating the old lady. The old lady tells her past. Arulappasamy is a young man who is an alcoholic and wastrel and also a constant embarrassment to his hardworking adopted parents. Esther is an orphan girl who is adopted by a nun named Sister Benita, and she stays in the church. Arulappan slowly gets attracted to Esther, and his love for her changes him. He gives up drinking and wants to work so that he can marry Esther. However, the local fishermen do not allow him to go into the sea. The young man, due to his determination, buys a boat, marries his love, and life is all rosy until fate intervenes. The married couple has a son. One day, Arulappan goes to fish, but after several days, he does not return. Esther is really worried about him. They find his body in a boat shot and bring him home. Esther says to keep him in the house, and it was all her fault because she is the one who sent him to work. The police releases the old lady but asks why she waits for her husband to come if she knows that he is dead. She says that only his body returned to shore, but his soul is still in the sea. Cast Production Seenu Ramasamy chose B. Jeyamohan to pen the dialogues for his film. The lead male role was initially supposed to be enacted by Vimal. Later, it was officially announced that Vishnu will be the lead male as Vimal was unable to allot dates. It was produced\",\n \"title\": \"Neerparavai\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44542228\",\n \"text\": \"Old Jack's Boat is a British children's television series that stars Bernard Cribbins as Old Jack, the owner of a multi-coloured boat called The Rainbow. In each episode Jack (Cribbins) tells a story to his dog, Salty. Production The series was filmed in Staithes in Yorkshire, and the scenery of the area is heavily featured in the episodes. Bernard Cribbins, in talking about the location, said “I’ve filmed in a lot of locations throughout my career, but there's something about the sea air, the beauty and the friendliness in Staithes that makes it a special place to be.” The first two series each had two stories written by Russell T Davies, with whom both Bernard Cribbins and Freema Agyeman had previously worked on Doctor Who. This was the first time Davies had ever written for a pre-school audience. On writing for pre-schoolers Davies said \\\"It's exciting new territory for me, writing for this age range. But this is the age when your imagination first starts! And when the call came from Bernard, asking me on board, I couldn't refuse - I'd do anything for that man!\\\" Reception Old Jack's Boat was positively received upon broadcast. Aislinn Kinsella, writing for Best British TV, said that the program was \\\"suitably amusing for a CBeebies show\\\" and that it was \\\"sure to be a hit with the little ones and one or two older folks!\\\" Glen Chapman, writing for website Den of Geek, said of the series: \\\"Well, come on, it's Bernard Cribbins telling stories? What more could you ask for? The man is a national treasure.\\\" The location filming was also praised, with Chapman saying that Staithes \\\"looks every bit the idyllic location\\\". Cast Jack: Bernard Cribbins Shelly Periwinkle: Freema Agyeman (series 1) Captain Periwinkle: Don Gilet (series 2) Ernie Starboard: Paul Hawkyard Miss Bowline-Hitch: Helen Lederer Emily Scuttlebutt: Janine Duvitski Sam Spinnaker: Nadine Marshall Salty the dog: Scuzz Young Jack: Sam Benjamin Sailor Sue: Carolina Main Episodes Episodes of the show usually consist of the theme tune, then a segment (usually a few minutes) featuring Old Jack, Salty the dog and a couple of the characters doing stuff around the village and helping friends. Jack and Salty then head to the Rainbow, where Jack usually has something to do (often something to mend), but puts it off to tell the story. After the story, there is another segment featuring Jack and the characters from earlier to find out if that character was successful in whatever they were meant to accomplish. Then the instrumental version of the theme tune plays, and Jack and Salty walk off into the distance. Spin-off A spin-off titled Old Jack's Boat: Rockpool Tales is about adventures of sea creatures, and another, Salty's Waggy Tales, is about the adventures of Salty the Dog. References External links 2013 British television series debuts 2015 British television series endings 2010s British children's television series BBC high definition shows BBC children's television shows British preschool education television series British television shows featuring\",\n \"title\": \"Old Jack's Boat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33879760\",\n \"text\": \"The Sea Is My Brother is a novel by the American author Jack Kerouac, published in 2011. The novel was written in 1942 and remained unpublished throughout Kerouac's lifetime due to his dissatisfaction with it. The plot and its characters are based on Kerouac's experience in United States Merchant Marine during World War II. Kerouac served on the troop transport from July through October 1942 before returning to Columbia University. The Dorchester would be torpedoed three months after Kerouac's departure with most of the 600-man crew dying including the Four Chaplains. This service inspired him to write Sea. The author, who was 20 years old when Sea was written, allegedly thought that the book was \\\"a crock [of shit] as literature\\\", and apparently did not bother to shop it around to publishers. Dawn Ward, editor of the Penguin edition of The Sea Is my Brother, holds that while the novel is not the same as the great work Kerouac produced later in his life, it illuminates Kerouac's early development as a writer. \\\"It was referred to briefly in letters, but nothing that led anyone to believe that there was this really large volume ... This book is really quite important as it shows how Jack developed his writing process.\\\" Critical reception Upon its publication in November 2011, The Sea Is My Brother received mixed reviews. The Los Angeles Times reviewer David L. Ulin referred to it as \\\"pretty good as far as Kerouac juvenilia goes\\\" and noted the dualities of Kerouac's writing, comparing it to Kerouac's later novel Big Sur (1962). However, Ulin drew comparisons to Kerouac's other early writings and called both them and the novel \\\"claustrophobic, narrow in its focus, disconnected from the complexities of life.\\\" Alison McCulloch of The New York Times said that the novel was \\\"stocked with Kerouacian themes, ideas and characters. What it lacks is his style,\\\" and commented that, \\\"Kerouac scholars will be fascinated by this early work, but it struggles to stand on its own.\\\" In his review for The Washington Times, John Greenya said The Sea Is My Brother \\\"displays the beginnings of his mature style, and his characteristic themes – in particular male friendships, a journey that includes adventure, and the lure of the open road, or, as in this case, the open sea.\\\" Greenya summarised that the novel was \\\"far more than literary juvenilia. Although not a polished work [...] throughout it there are small gems.\\\" The Wall Street Journal reviewer Sam Sacks referred to the novel as a \\\"homely attempt at a Melvillean sea adventure\\\" and described it as \\\"a bad book\\\" but added \\\"it's a fun bad book and offers plenty of disarming insights into who Kerouac was as a person and writer before he slipped behind the mask of Beat Generation Zen-master channeling literature from the ionosphere.\\\" Sacks further commented that \\\"the book is enjoyable because, unlike Kerouac's later canonized work, it comes to its faults honestly, out of simple inexperience. The prose is a warbly\",\n \"title\": \"The Sea Is My Brother\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5025050\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Atlantic\\\" is a song performed and composed by English alternative rock band Keane, released as the first single from their second studio album Under the Iron Sea, firstly as a download only music video and later as a 7\\\" vinyl limited edition. The song was premiered at a secret gig in London on 5 April 2006. \\\"Atlantic\\\" was featured in the TV series CSI: NY in the eighth episode of the third season \\\"Consequences\\\". Composition \\\"Atlantic\\\" was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley c. 2005 and recorded at the Helioscentric Studios, Rye, East Sussex and at the Magic Shop, New York City. First demos featured Rice-Oxley instead of Chaplin on the lead vocals. The first verse, lyrically, was different from the final version. Sessions at the Magic Shop for the recording of this song were filmed and released on the Under the Iron Sea DVD. Musical structure The song opens with Rice-Oxley's electric piano instrumentally. After 30 seconds, the bass and drums are added. Chaplin's vocals are then introduced, and the drums drop out for 16 beats. Later on, the song drastically changes its tone to introduce the chorus and the final part. While the album version fades with strings, the video version incorporates the outro of \\\"The Iron Sea\\\", with electronic sounds including echoes and voices. Song's meaning According to Keane.at, \\\"This song talks about newly-wed Rice-Oxley feelings about his relationship.\\\" Tim also explained this on 22 May 2006: Music video The video for \\\"Atlantic\\\", aired only in Europe, was directed by Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh. It is entirely black and white and starts with scenes of the Atlantic Ocean and a beach in Sussex, and did not feature the band. A long-haired, bearded man with ragged clothes, played by Jonathan Lewis Owen, a business partner of Welsh's, comes out of the ocean and walks quietly along the beach. Firstly, he sees a couple tying a rolled sheet of paper - presumably a message for help - and putting it into a bottle before they throw it to the sea. He stops briefly to watch them, and then continues walking to find a boy kicking a football. The ball rebounds on the cliff and falls into the water; the boy asks the man to fetch it, but he refuses, so the boy kicks him and runs away. When the man recovers he continues walking, and sees a large swimming-costume clad woman, played by Cheryl Fergison, with a life-ring who throws herself to the sea and disappears while the life-ring floats on the waves. The man is shocked, looks around for somebody to help her, sees no one and then walks on. He finds an old man who has a metal detector, and points out a place along the shore and the metal detector finds something in the sand. Digging, they find what seems to be a dead bird. The old man runs away shortly before the main man. When the chorus leads in, the man finds two children building a sand\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6305550\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Strange High House in the Mist\\\" is a short story by H. P. Lovecraft. Written on November 9, 1926, it was first published in the October 1931 issue of Weird Tales. It concerns a character traveling to the titular house which is perched on the top of a cliff which seems inaccessible both by land and sea, yet is apparently inhabited. Plot Thomas Olney, a \\\"philosopher\\\" visiting the town of Kingsport, Massachusetts with his family, is intrigued by a strange house on a cliff overlooking the ocean. It is unaccountably high and old and the locals have a generations-long dread of the place which no one is known to have visited. With great difficulty, Olney climbs the crag, approaches the house, and meets the mysterious man who lives there. The only door opens directly onto a sheer cliff, giving access only to mist and \\\"the abyss\\\". The transmittal of archaic lore and a life-altering encounter with the supernatural ensue, as Olney is not the only visitor that day. He returns to Kingsport the next day, but seems to have left his spirit behind in the strange, remote dwelling. Inspiration An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia suggests that the story may have been inspired by Lord Dunsany's Chronicles of Rodriguez, in which strange sights can be seen from a wizard's house on a crag. One model for the setting was Mother Ann, a headland near Gloucester, Massachusetts. Connections Kingsport, which is mentioned in several Lovecraft stories, first appeared in \\\"The Terrible Old Man\\\" (1920). The title character of that story makes an appearance in \\\"The Strange High House in the Mist\\\" as well, as the Old Man mentions that the House had been on the cliff even when his grandfather was a boy, which the main character comments \\\"must be immeasurable ages ago\\\". The story makes reference to the Celtic god Nodens, who also appears in The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath. This entity was later incorporated into the Cthulhu Mythos by August Derleth as the leader of the Elder Gods. In the same passage in \\\"The Strange High House\\\", Lovecraft also mentions the arrival of the god Neptune, but that Roman deity has not similarly been adopted by Lovecraftian writers. The man in the House mentions Atlantis, which was also mentioned in \\\"The Temple\\\" as the possible identity of the mysterious underwater city. He also mentions Hatheg-kla and Ulthar from \\\"The Other Gods\\\" and \\\"The Cats of Ulthar\\\". Reception The story was originally rejected by Weird Tales when submitted in July 1927. In 1929, Lovecraft agreed to let W. Paul Cook publish it in the second issue of The Recluse, but when it became clear that that issue would never appear, he resubmitted it to Weird Tales, which accepted it, paying him $55. Robert A. W. Lowndes called \\\"The Strange High House in the Mist\\\" one of Lovecraft's \\\"best short stories\\\". References External links 1931 short stories Cthulhu Mythos short stories Fantasy short stories Fictional haunted houses Short stories by H.\",\n \"title\": \"The Strange High House in the Mist\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49014246\",\n \"text\": \"Ishinagenjo (Japanese: 石投げんじょ, \\\"stone throwing genjo\\\") is a folkloric phenomenon which is documented to occur in the Nishisonogi district of the Nagasaki Prefecture, the waters of Enoshima, and the city of Tosu in the Saga Prefecture. \\\"In the month of May, the rainy season, a group of fishermen are working at night in the midst of a thick fog. Suddenly comes the sound of a huge rock crashing into the ocean, a tremendous splash and crack that sends the boat rocking and the sailors panicking. However, there is no rock to be seen, even by the break of day.\\\" In the Japanese Folklore Institute's book Comprehensive Lexicon of Japanese Folklore, the phenomenon is explained as being the doing of a sea monster - or yōkai (Japanese: 妖怪, variously translated as \\\"specter\\\", \\\"monster\\\", \\\"goblin\\\") - known as the Iso Woman or some other related sea witch. This explanation is echoed in Kunio Yanagita's book Yōkai Lectures, in which Yanagita concurs that the phenomenon is best explained by some oceanic yōkai. Because of this association, many experts have hypothesized that the \\\"jo\\\" - written in hiragana as \\\"じょ\\\" - actually means woman - represented by the kanji \\\"女\\\" - which is the rendering used by folklorist Sakurada Katsunori in her paper Ghost Ships and Drowning People. Written thus, Ishinagenjo (石投女) translates literally to \\\"stone-throwing woman\\\". The Kojien, on the other hand, renders \\\"じょ\\\" as \\\"尉\\\", meaning \\\"captain\\\" or \\\"old man\\\". The \\\"stone-throwing old man\\\" (石投尉) is likened in the text of the Kojien to an old man idly throwing stones into the sea. However, yōkai expert Kenji Murakami has expressed doubts regarding the existence of any documentary evidence to visually identify the creature responsible for the phenomenon described. Indeed, the Kojien notes that it is assumed that fishermen only imagine seeing a monster, but that ultimately the experience as a whole is merely an illusion. Notes References Yōkai\",\n \"title\": \"Ishinagenjo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32937008\",\n \"text\": \"Le Tempestaire is a 1947 French short drama film written and directed by Jean Epstein. The title translates as \\\"The storm tamer\\\". The story revolves around a woman who is worried for her fiancé, who is out at sea during a storm. The film makes use of temporal techniques such as time-lapse and slow motion both in images and sound. Plot In a fishing village on the coast of Brittany, a young woman and her grandmother sit by a spinning wheel. The wind suddenly makes the front door open by itself and the woman says it is a bad omen. The woman is visited by her fiancé, who against her advice goes out to fish for sardines. The wind starts to harden and soon there is a full storm. The grandmother tells the woman that in old times, people believed in \\\"storm masters\\\", old men who could control the wind, but that such things are only superstition. As the woman grows increasingly worried, she goes to the lighthouse and asks the keepers about an old man who might be a storm master. She visits the man who at first is reluctant but eventually brings out a crystal ball. Inside the ball, the stormy sea appears. When the man gently blows at the ball, the waves change speed, move in slow motion, and at one point play backwards. The man drops the ball to the floor and it breaks. The fiancé turns up and brings the woman home. The wind has calmed down. Production A recurring motif in Jean Epstein's film theory had from the beginning been cinema's capacity to provide perceptions of time alternative to what can be experienced in daily life. Around the time of the production of Le Tempestaire, Epstein had begun to publish theories about sound in film. He was influenced by the musique concrète movement, and stressed that music and \\\"the phonograph\\\" were two separate artforms, the latter with the possibility to provide new dimensions to familiar, non-abstract sounds. Le Tempestaire was produced by France Illustration. It was shot at Belle Île and starred local fishermen and lighthouse keepers. Release The film premiered in 1947. It was included on the 2005 DVD Avant-Garde: Experimental Cinema of the 1920s and 1930s from Kino International. See also 1947 in film Cinema of France Ethnofiction French Impressionist Cinema Weather control References Notes Bibliography External links 1947 drama films 1947 films Films directed by Jean Epstein Films set in France Films shot in France 1940s French-language films French drama short films French black-and-white films 1940s French films Films scored by Yves Baudrier\",\n \"title\": \"Le Tempestaire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76569847\",\n \"text\": \"The Sea Tsar (, sometimes inverted for emphasis: ) is a character in East Slavic folktales and bylinas, the tsar of the sea realms. The best known examples are bylinas about Sadko and fairy tales about Vasilisa the Wise, such as The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise. Vsevolod Miller suggested that the image of the Sea Tsar was influenced by the Finnish god Ahti, known for the pomors (Russian seashore dwellers of the Russian North). Also Miller doubted that the image of Sea Tsar in these fairy tales reflects old East Slavic pagan beliefs and is probably based on the tales of itinerary storytellers. The Sea Tsar should not be confused with the water spirit, vodyanoy. The Sea Tsar and Sadko The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise Sea kings of South Slavs Some draw the parallel of the Sea Tsar with the tale about South Slavic morski kralj recorded, e.g., by Slovenian poet and ethnologist in his 1890 collection Narodne pripovjesti u Varaždinu i okolici (Folk Tales from Varaždin and its Vicinity), also published by in his Pripovedke za mladino collection (referring to Valjavec). The tale in question (in both references) is called \\\"Čudotvorni lokot\\\" (\\\"Magic Padlock\\\"). Andrijana Kos-Lajtman and Jasna Horvat notice that in the tale \\\"Magic Padlock\\\" the sea king is not written with capital letters and there is nothing particular of sea surroundings, i.e., the sea is not a determining feature of the tale. It addition it turns out that the sea king also has a cat, clearly a non-maritime animal. This is a story about a young man who rescues a dog, a cat, and a snake. Snake's mother gives him a magic padlock which fulfils his wishes. The padlock helps him to win the (land) king's daughter for a bride. A sea king comes to visit the (land) king, notices how the young man operates the padlock, steals it, and orders to bring the castle and the bride to the sea. The cat and the dog steal the padlock back, the young man wishes the castle and the bride back, and the sea king as well, whom they roast on a spit. Another sea king (morski kralj) is in the elaborate literary fairy tale Ribar Palunko i njegova žena (Palunko the Fisherman and His Wife) by Croatian writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić. However her Sea King has nothing in common neither with that of Valjavec, nor with the Sea Tsar from the East Slavic folklore. References Slavic legendary creatures\",\n \"title\": \"Sea Tsar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2751429\",\n \"text\": \"The Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace is the home where American author Nathaniel Hawthorne was born. The structure is located in Salem, Massachusetts, having been relocated to the grounds of the House of the Seven Gables and restored by the non-profit House of the Seven Gables Settlement Association. Admission is free to Salem residents year-round and to the general public during winter months; a fee is charged during summer months. History The house, originally standing at 27 Union Street, was built sometime between 1730 and 1745 for a Boston mariner named Joshua Pickman. The land had been deeded to Pickman by his father-in-law Joseph Hardy, and may have recycled structural timbers from a 17th-century Pickman house that earlier stood on its site. Hawthorne's grandfather Daniel Hathorne (the \\\"w\\\" was not yet added to the family name) lived here with his wife Rachel Phelps as early as 1765. He purchased the building in 1772. After a courtship of more than six years, Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. married Elizabeth Clarke Manning on August 2, 1801, when the new Mrs. Hathorne was already pregnant. She had known the family for many years; only a small garden separated her own family house from the Hathorne's Union Street home. Unable to afford a home of their own, the couple moved into the Union Street house, where the groom's widowed mother and three unmarried siblings already lived. The Mannings, Hawthorne's maternal family, were wealthier and, by the time of the Hathornes' wedding, had bought most of the property on Union Street and Herbert Street. Hawthorne was born in the house on July 4, 1804, and lived in the house until his father died at sea when the future author was four years old. The family then moved into property owned by the Mannings on Herbert Street. Sophia Peabody, who would eventually become the author's wife, moved with her family in 1812 to a home on Union Street at the Essex Street corner. The Hawthornes as a married couple would later live in Salem at 18 Chestnut Street (where son Julian Hawthorne was born) and 14 Mall Street (where The Scarlet Letter was written). Years later, in 1853, Hawthorne wrote of his birthplace in the National Review: \\\"I was born in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, in a house built by my grandfather, who was a maritime personage. The old household estate was in another part of the town, and had descended in the family ever since the settlement of the country; but this old man of the sea exchanged it for a lot of land situated near the wharves, and convenient to his business, where he built the house... and laid out a garden, where I rolled on a grass-plot under an apple-tree and picked abundant currants.\\\" His mother Elizabeth also described Hawthorne's birthplace in a letter to one of his daughters, circa 1865: \\\"Your father was born in 1804, on the 4th of July, in the chamber over the little parlour in the house in Union Street, which\",\n \"title\": \"Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21005627\",\n \"text\": \"The kraken () is a legendary sea monster of enormous size, etymologically akin to a squid or octopus, said to appear in the sea between Norway and Iceland. It is believed the legend of the Kraken may have originated from sightings of giant squid, which may grow to in length. Kraken, as a subject of sailors' superstitions and mythos, was first described in the modern era in a travelogue by Francesco Negri in 1700. This description was followed in 1734 by an account from Dano-Norwegian missionary and explorer Hans Egede, who described the kraken in detail and equated it with the hafgufa of medieval lore. However, the first description of the creature is usually credited to the Danish bishop Pontoppidan (1753). Pontoppidan was the first to describe the kraken as an octopus (polypus) of tremendous size, and wrote that it had a reputation for pulling down ships. The French malacologist Denys-Montfort, of the 19th century, is also known for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of gigantic octopuses (Octupi). The great man-killing octopus entered French fiction when novelist Victor Hugo (1866) introduced the octopus of Guernsey lore, which he identified with the kraken of legend. This led to Jules Verne's depiction of the kraken, although Verne did not distinguish between squid and octopus. Linnaeus may have indirectly written about the kraken. Linnaeus wrote about the Microcosmus genus (an animal with various other organisms or growths attached to it, comprising a colony). Subsequent authors have referred to Linnaeus's writing, and the writings of Bartholin's cetus called hafgufa, and Paullini's monstrum marinum as \\\"krakens\\\". That said, the claim that Linnaeus used the word \\\"kraken\\\" in the margin of a later edition of Systema Naturae has not been confirmed. Etymology The English word kraken (in the sense of sea monster) derives from Norwegian kraken or krakjen, which are the definite forms of krake (\\\"the krake\\\"). According to a Norwegian dictionary, the root meaning of krake is \\\"malformed or overgrown, crooked tree\\\". It originates from Old Norse , which is etymologically related to Old Norse , , cognate with \\\"crook\\\". This is backed up by the Swedish dictionary SAOB, published by the Swedish Academy, which gives essentially the exact same description for the word in Swedish and confirming the lead krak as a diminutive form of krok, Norwegian and Swedish for 'hook/crook' (krake thus roughly translate to \\\"crookie\\\"). With time, \\\"krake\\\" have come to mean any severed tree stem or trunk with crooked outgrowths, in turn giving name to objects and tools based on such, notably for the subject matter, primitive anchors and drags (grapnel anchors) made from severed spruce tops or branchy bush trunks outfitted with a stone sinker, known as krake, but also krabbe in Norwegian or krabba in Swedish (). Old Norse mostly corresponds to these uses in modern Icelandic, meaning, among other things, \\\"twig\\\" and \\\"drag\\\", but also \\\"pole, stake used in \\\" and \\\"boat hook\\\". Swedish SAOB gives the translations of Icelandic as \\\"thin rod with hook on it\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Kraken\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15066056\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Offshore Pirate\\\" is a short story written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1920. It is one of eight short stories included in Fitzgerald's first published collection, Flappers and Philosophers. The story was first published in the May 29, 1920 issue of The Saturday Evening Post and illustrated by Leslie L. Benson. Plot summary “The Offshore Pirate” is told in the third-person omniscient point-of-view, with Ardita Farnam as the focal character. The story opens on a luxury yacht off the coast of Florida in shortly after the First World War.] Lounging on deck is the 19-year-old Ardita Farnam, the wealthy heir of a family fortune. Raised by her father’s brother and his wife, she is well-educated, indolent, pretty, and scornful of the men in her social class. The object of the sea cruise, organized by her uncle, is to prevent Ardita from rendezvousing with her latest beau in Palm Beach, a man her family regards as a licentious bounder and she regards as man possessing “the courage of his own convictions.” When her uncle insists that she join a dinner party to meet the 26-year-old Toby Moreland, the son of an associate, she flippantly dismisses the offer and insists she be taken to Palm Beach. Disgusted, the uncle departs on a launch to spend the night on shore. Ardita is left on the yacht in solitude. An elaborate practical joke, organized by her uncle and Toby begins to unfold, the purpose of which is to tame the shrewish Ardita and woo her to matrimony. As night falls, seven men in a large rowboat approach the yacht, six black men at the oars, and a white man at the helm. The rowers sing lusty songs with nonsense lyrics. “Carrots and peas/Beans on their knees/Pigs in the seas/Lucky fellows!” The white man conducts with a baton. Ardita, leaning over the rail, is astonished and intrigued by the bizarre ensemble. The white man leaps aboard and demands, pirate-like, that she surrender the vessel. Ardita is momentarily stunned by his good looks, but recovers and orders him off the yacht. Ignoring her, he and his six-man crew proceed to take possession of the ship: the yacht’s chief engineer, cook and a valet submit to the hijackers. The strange men carry aboard musical instruments and mysterious white sacks. The white man introduces himself to Ardita as Curtis Carlyle, his men the “Six Black Buddies”, all of them nightclub entertainers. The bags apparently contain loot from a Palm Beach heist. He gives Ardita an ultimatum: she can row herself to shore or remain on the yacht and accompany them on the high seas escape. Ardita, fearless and defiant, finds her predicament exciting, and remains on board. When they get underway, she and Carlyle begin to share their personal histories and exchange philosophies on life. His narrative is that of a struggling musician, his service in the army, and his ambition to be wealthy: he plans to travel to India and become a rajah. She relates her\",\n \"title\": \"The Offshore Pirate\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43952224\",\n \"text\": \"Old Mars is a \\\"retro Mars science fiction\\\"-themed anthology edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois, published on October 8, 2013. According to the publisher Tor Books, the collection celebrates the \\\"Golden Age of Science Fiction\\\", an era before advanced astronomy and space exploration told us what we currently know about the Solar System, when \\\"of all the planets orbiting that G-class star we call the Sun, none was so steeped in an aura of romantic decadence, thrilling mystery, and gung-ho adventure as Mars.\\\" Old Mars won a 2014 Locus Award. Contents The anthology includes 15 stories: \\\"Red Planet Blues\\\" (Introduction) by George R.R. Martin \\\"Martian Blood\\\" by Allen M. Steele; a doctor explores the Martian wilds in search of a blood sample from a native Martian. \\\"The Ugly Duckling\\\" by Matthew Hughes; an archaeologist explores \\\"the ruins of the Martian past in a place from which few have returned.\\\" The story draws heavily from the setting of Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles. \\\"The Wreck of the Mars Adventure\\\" by David D. Levine; in 1701, pirate William Kidd must journey to Mars to earn a pardon for his crimes. In 2016, Levine published a novel sequel, Arabella of Mars. \\\"Swords of Zar-Tu-Kan\\\" by S.M. Stirling; a \\\"tale of kidnap and rescue.\\\" This story is a prequel to Stirling's 2008 novel In the Courts of the Crimson Kings. \\\"Shoals\\\" by Mary Rosenblum; disabled Maartin is one of the few people who can see the native inhabitants of Mars. \\\"In the Tombs of the Martian Kings\\\" by Mike Resnick; \\\"an Indiana Jones-type story set on the ruins of Martian civilization.\\\" \\\"Out of Scarlight\\\" by Liz Williams; a story involving \\\"a missing dancer, romance, and a sorcerer.\\\" \\\"The Dead Sea-Bottom Scrolls\\\" by Howard Waldrop; a tale \\\"like a journalistic account from a man of science.\\\" Nominated for a 2014 Locus Award. \\\"A Man Without Honor\\\" by James S. A. Corey; a story with a premise reminiscent of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Mars. \\\"Written In Dust\\\" by Melinda Snodgrass; a story about a family and a strange Martian illness. \\\"The Lost Canal\\\" by Michael Moorcock; an adventure about a man in search of a bomb he needs to disarm. \\\"The Sunstone\\\" by Phyllis Eisenstein; \\\"the analogue for White Man’s intrusion into North America, with added mysticism.\\\" \\\"King of the Cheap Romance\\\" by Joe R. Lansdale; a girl and her father try to bring the cure to Martian Fever back to their village. \\\"Mariner\\\" by Chris Roberson; a \\\"swashbuckling tale\\\" featuring Roberson's Jason Carmody. \\\"The Queen of the Night’s Aria\\\" by Ian McDonald; \\\"a tale of people on the front lines of a Martian war.\\\" Reception Robert H. Bedford wrote that \\\"the majority of these stories were strong, fun and evocative,\\\" noting \\\"only a few out of the dozen plus didn’t fully engage me.\\\" He called the works of Eisenstein, Corey, Roberson, Rosenblum and Steele \\\"definite standouts.\\\" Old Mars won a 2014 Locus Award, and Howard Waldrop's story \\\"The Dead Sea-Bottom Scrolls\\\" was also\",\n \"title\": \"Old Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16847693\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Till A' the Seas\\\" is a post-apocalyptic short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft and R. H. Barlow. The title is a reference to the poem \\\"A Red, Red Rose\\\" by Robert Burns. Plot The story consists of two parts. The first describes the events that took place on Earth from a few thousand years to a few million years after the present day. The climate on Earth is getting warmer and warmer, oceans are slowly disappearing. People are gradually moving towards the poles, becoming more and more barbaric. Mankind is steadily dying out because of the lack of water, until there are only a few decades left. The second part starts in a small village in the desert. There is only one man left in the village: young Ull. A very old woman, the only company for the man, died just before. Ull starts a journey in search of other people using his knowledge of old legends. In a few days, extremely thirsty and tired, he finds a small settlement. Ull enters one of the houses and finds nothing but a dried-up old skeleton. Depressed, he starts searching for water and finds a well with a little water in it. Trying to reach the string to pull up a dip-bucket, he falls into the well and dies. And after the death of the last man, mankind totally has vanished. Creation and publication The short story was a literary collaboration between H.P. Lovecraft and R. H. Barlow (who was only 17 years old at the time). It was written in January 1935 and published in Summer 1935 in The Californian. References External links Online text Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft Works originally published in American magazines 1935 short stories Dying Earth (genre) Collaborative short stories\",\n \"title\": \"Till A' the Seas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68132844\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese manga series written by Takeshi Natsuhara and Hiroki Miyashita and illustrated by Miyashita. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine Monthly Sunday Gene-X since July 2019, with its chapters collected into fourteen volumes as of April 2024. Premise A good-hearted old man dies on the job. He wakes up in another world in the body of a young princess, retaining his back tattoo and strength; the old man takes the situation in stride, not bothering with any regal or ladylike behavior. None of the princess' retainers realize their lady is gone, but follow the old man's lead in rebuilding the princess' territory with chivalry. Publication Yakuza Reincarnation is written by Takeshi Natsuhara and Hiroki Miyashita and illustrated by Miyashita. It started in Shogakukan's manga magazine Monthly Sunday Gene-X on July 19, 2019. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual volumes. The first volume was released on January 17, 2020. As of April 18, 2024, fourteen volumes have been released. In July 2021, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had licensed the manga for English release in North America, to start publishing in March 2022. Volumes Notes References External links Comedy anime and manga Fiction about reincarnation Isekai anime and manga Seinen manga Seven Seas Entertainment titles Shogakukan manga Anime and manga about the Yakuza\",\n \"title\": \"Yakuza Reincarnation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6694856\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Descendant\\\" is a horror story fragment by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, believed to have been written in 1927. It was first published in the journal Leaves in 1938, after Lovecraft's death. Plot The story begins with a narrator explaining that he is on his deathbed and feels the need to share a particular story before he dies. He tells of a quiet and slightly mad older man who lives in the Gray's Inn with his pet cat. The man is haggard and haunted, looking older than his years and terrified of church bells. A young man named Williams (the narrator) moves into the Inn and tries to befriend the old man and get him to share his knowledge. It is revealed that the man is Lord Northam of England. Williams' attempts are largely rebuked until one day, Williams acquires a copy of the Necronomicon, the book of the dead that captures the minds of so many intrigued by the dark arts. When Williams asks Northam to help translate the book's old Latin, Northam is horrified and begs Williams to burn the volume. Northam is forced to reveal his own history. His line goes back to Roman times in England when soldiers first took to the land. However, they encountered a cave-dwelling cult that they couldn't vanquish, despite their best efforts. This cult was said to be of a people who had lived there for a long time before and were from an ancient land which had sunk into the sea. This was the place where Northam's family castle was built. Generations later, Lord Northam still felt the haunting power of the place which let him to pursue the tales of the supernatural and even to witness it himself. This led him eventually to the Nameless City of Arabia and to believe that there are points in the world where one can transcend to some other place not of this universe. The unfinished story ends with him wondering if this is all in his mind or something that is actually real. Inspiration Lovecraft may have been referring to this attempt at a story when he wrote that he was \\\"making a very careful study of London...in order to get background for tales involving richer antiquities than America can furnish.\\\" References External links Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft Works originally published in American magazines 1938 short stories\",\n \"title\": \"The Descendant (short story)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2279479\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Julia\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as \\\"the White Album\\\"). It is performed as a solo piece by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) about his mother Julia Lennon, who died in 1958 at age 44. The track is the final song on side two (disc one on CD) of The Beatles and was the last song recorded for the album. In 1976, it was issued as the B-side of the Beatles single \\\"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\\\". Composition \\\"Julia\\\" was written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) in the key of D major and features Lennon on vocals and acoustic guitar. It was written during the Beatles' 1968 visit to Rishikesh in northern India, where they were studying under the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. It was here that Lennon learned the song's finger-picking guitar style (known as 'Travis-picking') from the Scottish musician Donovan. Donovan later explained: No other Beatle sings or plays on the song. While Paul McCartney made several \\\"solo\\\" recordings attributed to the group, dating back to his famous song \\\"Yesterday\\\", this is the only time that Lennon played and sang unaccompanied on a Beatles track. The ballad itself was the final track to be composed during recording sessions for The Beatles. Lyrics \\\"Julia\\\" was written for John's mother, Julia Lennon (1914–1958), who was killed by a car driven by an off-duty probationary police officer when John was 17 years old. Julia Lennon had encouraged her son's interest in music and bought him his first guitar. But after she split with John's father, John was taken in by his aunt, Mimi, and Julia started a new family with another man; though she lived just a few miles from John, Julia did not spend much time with him for a number of years. Their relationship began to improve as he neared adolescence, though, and in the words of his half-sister, Julia Baird: \\\"I lost her twice,\\\" Lennon said. \\\"Once as a five-year-old when I was moved in with my auntie. And once again when she actually physically died.\\\" The song was also written for his future wife Yoko Ono, whose first name, which literally means \\\"child of the sea\\\" in Japanese, is echoed in the lyric \\\"Oceanchild, calls me.\\\" Towards the end of his life, he often called Yoko \\\"Mother.\\\" The line \\\"Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it just to reach you\\\" was a slight variation of Kahlil Gibran's \\\"Sand and Foam\\\" (1926) in which the original verse reads, \\\"Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you\\\". Lennon also adapted the lines \\\"When I cannot sing my heart, I can only speak my mind\\\" from Gibran's \\\"When life does not find a singer to sing her heart she produces a philosopher to speak her mind\\\". Personnel Personnel per Ian MacDonald John Lennon - double-tracked vocal, double-tracked\",\n \"title\": \"Julia (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2521415\",\n \"text\": \"In Greek mythology, the Old Man of the Sea (; ) was a figure who could be identified as any of several water-gods, generally Nereus or Proteus, but also Triton, Pontus, Phorcys or Glaucus. He is the father of Thetis (the mother of Achilles). Mythology In book 4 of Homer's Odyssey, Menelaus recounts to Telemachus his journey home, and how he is obliged to seek the advice of the Old Man of the Sea. The Old Man will answer truthfully any questions put to him when captured. Capturing him, however, entails holding on to him as he changes bewilderingly from one form to another in his attempts to break free from his interrogator. The dogged Menelaus succeeds in hanging on to the slippery god throughout all his transformations and, in the course of the following interrogation, is able to obtain an answer to his question as to whether Telemachus' father Odysseus is still alive. Sinbad Sinbad the Sailor encountered the monstrous Old Man of the Sea () on his fifth voyage. The Old Man of the Sea in the Sinbad tales was said to trick a traveller into letting him ride on his shoulders while the traveller transported him across a stream. However, the Old Man would then not release his grip, forcing his victim to transport him wherever he pleased and allowing his victim little rest. The Old Man's victims all eventually died of this miserable treatment, with the Old Man either eating them or else robbing them. Sinbad, however, after getting the Old Man drunk with wine, was able to shake him off and kill him. References in poetry The Old Man of the Sea is alluded to in Edwin Arlington Robinson's book-length narrative poem King Jasper. In part 3 of the poem, King Jasper dreams of his deceased friend Hebron (whom Jasper betrayed) riding on his back. \\\"You cannot fall yet, and I'm riding nicely,\\\" Hebron tells Jasper. \\\"If only we might have the sight of water, / We'd say that I'm the Old Man of the Sea, / And you Sinbad the Sailor.\\\" Hebron then turns to gold (a symbol of Jasper's motivation for betraying him) and coaxes Jasper to leap across a ravine with the heavy, golden Hebron on his back. The Old Man of the Sea also figures in the poetry of West Indian poet Derek Walcott. In a 1965 paper, \\\"The Figure of Crusoe\\\", writing about the poem \\\"Crusoe's Journal\\\", Walcott notes: Referencing the figures of Adam, Christofer (Columbus) and Friday in succession, the poem's narrator remarks, \\\"All shapes, all objects multiplied from his,/our ocean's Proteus;/in childhood, his derelict's old age/was like a god's.\\\" References in other works The Old Man of the Sea is briefly mentioned in Michael Scott's The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel to prevent Perenelle Flamel from escaping Alcatraz. Going by the name Nereus, this character features in The Titan's Curse, the third novel in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, in which Percy wrestles\",\n \"title\": \"Old Man of the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2117543\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Old Man and the Lisa\\\" is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 20, 1997. In the episode, Mr. Burns goes bankrupt and asks Lisa to help him get rich again. She agrees on the condition that he change his evil ways. They earn money by recycling cans and soon Burns has enough money to start his own recycling plant. Lisa is aghast when she learns the plant makes a slurry from liquefied sea creatures. When Burns sells the plant to a company that makes fish sticks, he offers Lisa 10 percent of his profits, but she declines for ethical reasons. The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and written by John Swartzwelder. The writing staff had thought about an episode in which Mr. Burns would lose his money and would have to interact with the outside world. In DVD commentary, the writers explained that while Mr. Burns tried to change, he \\\"couldn't help being himself\\\". Professional wrestler Bret Hart made a cameo as himself, animated in his pink wrestling outfit. \\\"The Old Man and the Lisa\\\" contains cultural references to the television series That Girl and the film Invasion of the Body Snatchers. It was positively received by critics and won the Environmental Media Award for \\\"TV Episodic Comedy\\\". Plot While Mr. Burns gives a talk to Springfield Elementary School's Junior Achievers Club, Lisa points out to him that his net worth is only half what he claims. When pressed, Smithers reluctantly tells Burns he has considerably less money even than that. As his sycophantic advisers tell him only what he wants to hear, Burns does not realize his century-old investments are no longer valid and he is oblivious to the 1929 stock market crash. Faced with a dire financial situation, Burns makes a series of bad investments in attempt to solve the situation, but ends up bankrupt. The bank subsequently puts Lenny in charge of the Nuclear Power Plant and forecloses on Burns' Manor. Burns moves in with Smithers and attempts to help out by going grocery shopping, but confused at the ordeal the store's grocers believe him to be incapacitated and commit him to the Springfield Retirement Castle. Meanwhile, Lisa begins collecting recyclables as part of the Junior Achievers Club, but after Principal Skinner ends their recycling program, Lisa decides to continue regardless. When Lisa asks the residents of the retirement home for recyclables she encounters Burns, who pleads with her to help him rebuild his empire. Lisa eventually agrees to help him earn money by recycling after he promises to change his evil ways. Burns begins returning recyclables for money, promising Lisa a ten percent share of his profits. Eventually he earns enough to build the Li'l Lisa Recycling Plant, made entirely of recycled materials. Lisa is impressed by his new plant until he shows her the 'Burns Omni-Net — millions of six-pack holders\",\n \"title\": \"The Old Man and the Lisa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58496696\",\n \"text\": \"Ittai Shapira (born December 18, 1972) is an Israeli-American violinist, composer, and curator. Described by the NY Times as “an Israeli dynamo with a flourishing solo violin career”, he regularly performs as a soloist with prestigious orchestras. His compositions include Concierto Latino, a concerto for Solo Violin, and seven Double Concertos. He is the founder and artistic director of Sound Potential, Inc., an artistic consultant for the Weill Cornell Music and Medicine Program, and is co-founder of the Ilona Feher Foundation with violinist Hagai Shaham. Early life and education Ittai Shapira was born in Rochester, NY, but grew up in Israel. He first studied with Rima Kaminkovsky, and later with renowned pedagogue Ilona Fehér. He continued his studies at the Juilliard School with Dorothy DeLay, Robert Mann, and Naoko Tanaka. Performing career Engagements include performances with the BBC Concert Orchestra, Belgrade Philharmonic under Sir Neville Marriner, Cape Town Philharmonic, Czech National Symphony under Libor Pešek, Detroit Symphony under Yoel Levi, English Chamber Orchestra with Yuri Bashmet at the Barbican Centre, Israel Chamber Orchestra, Israeli Virtuosi at Alice Tully Hall, hosted by Itzhak Perlman, the Philharmonia, Polish Chamber Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic, Royal Philharmonic, Russian Philharmonic with Thomas Sanderling, and the Symphony Orchestras of Budapest, Harrisburg, Jerusalem, Omaha and Shanghai. Ittai Shapira made a critically acclaimed Carnegie Hall debut in 2003 with the Orchestra of St. Luke's, performing the world premiere of the Violin Concerto written for him by compatriot Shulamit Ran. His live recording of this concerto is featured in a compilation of Shulamit Ran's works, performed by Daniel Barenboim and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He returned to the world-renowned stage as a soloist, with the American Symphony, and Glenn Close. Other performances include a tour of Finland and Sweden with the Oulu Sinfonia, a tour of Shapira's Violin Concertos Concierto Latino, with the Key West Symphony, and The Old Man and the Sea with The Knights. He continues to tour as a soloist, with his own compositions, with orchestras in Austria, Brazil and the United States. Compositions Ittai Shapira's first composition was a concerto for Solo Violin, Concierto Latino, recorded in 2011 by the London Serenata under the baton of Krzysztof Chorzelski. He went on to compose seven Concertos: The Old Man and the Sea, a Violin Concerto inspired by Ernest Hemingway's short novel, released in 2012 by Champs Hill Records with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. The work was co-commissioned by the Madison Theatre at Molloy College for the inaugural season of the \\\"Innovative Classics\\\" series. Magyar for two Violins, dedicated to colleague Hagai Shaham, was performed and recorded in Austria in 2014 with the dedicatee and the Arpeggione Orchestra, conducted by Robert Bokor. The Ethics was composed for the 70th anniversary of the Theresienstadt camp. It is inspired by Brundibár, a Children's opera performed at the camp and was written in collaboration with anthropologist Natasha Zaretsky. The work premiered at Zankel Hall at Carnegie Hall in May 2015, written for Humanity in Action and co-sponsored by the Blavatnik Family\",\n \"title\": \"Ittai Shapira\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43806691\",\n \"text\": \"Papa: Hemingway in Cuba is a 2015 Canadian-American biographical film. It was written by Denne Bart Petitclerc, and directed by Bob Yari. The film is based on events from Ernest Hemingway's life in Havana, Cuba in the 1950s, and on a friendship that developed there between Hemingway and Petitclerc, who was then a young journalist. The film received generally unfavorable reviews. Plot In 1959, young journalist Ed Myers (a character representing Petitclerc) is working for a Miami newspaper. He wants to be a writer and had long admired Ernest Hemingway, then living in Cuba. Myers writes to Hemingway and is surprised when he answers, inviting the journalist to Cuba to go fishing with him. While the Cuban Revolution comes to a boil around them, Hemingway advises Myers on his writing. Myers continues to write articles for his newspaper, reporting on the Revolution. An early scene from the film depicts rebels allied with Fidel Castro bursting into a street near Havana's Government Palace to confront soldiers loyal to the government of Fulgencio Batista. Hemingway and Myers take cover, with Hemingway guiding Myers through the war zone. They gradually develop a friendship and Myers spends an increasing amount of time with Hemingway and his fourth wife Mary. Cast Giovanni Ribisi as Ed Myers Joely Richardson as Mary Welsh Hemingway Adrian Sparks as Ernest Hemingway Minka Kelly as Debbie Hunt James Remar as Santo Trafficante Shaun Toub as Evan Shipman Mariel Hemingway as Female guest Anthony Molinari as John Fletcher Daniel Travis as Bob Luther Frank Licari as Sal Rodrigo Obregón as Lucas Production Petitclerc had written the screenplay and had begun working on production of the film at the time of his death in 2006. Production on location in Cuba concluded in May 2014. It was the first Hollywood film to be filmed in Cuba since the 1959 revolution, according to The Hollywood Reporter. The filmmakers received permission to film inside Finca Vigía, Hemingway's residence from 1939 to 1960. The government later adapted it as a national museum. Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea at Finca Vigía. The film's title, Papa, was Hemingway's nickname. He was called \\\"Papa\\\" by his colleagues and admirers, as well as his family. Reception Papa: Hemingway in Cuba received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 45 critics. The site's consensus quoted Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea (1952) in concluding, \\\"A man can be destroyed but not defeated, although the desultory Papa: Hemingway in Cuba makes one feel as if both can be accomplished by watching a single film.\\\" On Metacritic it had a score of 37 out of 100, based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating \\\"generally unfavorable reviews\\\". Joe Leydon of Variety wrote that the film \\\"never transcends the tropes of a formulaic biopic that views its famous subject through the eyes of a worshipful young devotee.\\\" Miriam Di Nunzio of the\",\n \"title\": \"Papa: Hemingway in Cuba\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2563221\",\n \"text\": \"Cyril Tawney (12 October 1930 – 21 April 2005) was an English singer-songwriter and a proponent of the traditional songs of the West of England, as well as traditional and modern maritime songs. Biography and notable works Tawney was born in Gosport, Hampshire, England. Perhaps because of the family tradition of maritime service, Tawney joined the Royal Navy at the age of sixteen, serving for thirteen years, several of which were spent in submarines. During this period he developed his lifelong interest in English traditional music. While still in the Navy in 1957, he performed on an Alan Lomax radio show broadcast on Christmas Day, Sing Christmas and the Turn of the Year. He appeared on television on the following Easter Sunday. It went well and soon he had a weekly television spot and a networked show, Watch Aboard. Encouraged by these successes, Tawney left the Navy early in 1959 to become a full-time professional musician and broadcaster. He earned his living in this way for 44 years, making him Britain's longest-standing professional folksinger. Tawney continued to work in broadcasting and had a weekly radio show, Folkspin. Meanwhile, he researched the traditional songs of southwest England and 20th Century Royal Navy songs. In the early 1960s, he established his first folk club in Plymouth, where he met his wife Rosemary. He founded the West of England Folk Centre, and was instrumental in setting up folk clubs in other places in the region. He is often referred to as the founding father of the West Country folk revival. His song \\\"The Oggie Man\\\" written in 1959, appeared on the album A Cold Wind Blows on the Elektra ’66 label. It reappeared in 1971 on the Decca Record Company Ltd album, The World of Folk. The song tells the story of the demise of the 'Oggie Man' from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, at a time when old-fashioned \\\"fast food\\\" was being replaced by the more modern purveyors of hot dogs (and all) (the \\\"big boys\\\" of the song). The Oggie Man had until that time offered his oggies (pasties) to sailors returning from sea, or from shore leave, from a box at the Albert Gate of the dock. It has been suggested that the sale of oggies here dated back to the 1700s. The first verse of \\\"Oggie Man\\\" runs <blockquote> And the rain's softly falling and the Oggie man's no more. I can't hear him calling like I used to before I came through the gateway and I heard the sergeant say\\\"The big boys are a coming, see their stands across the way\\\"And the rains softly falling and the Oggie man's no more...</blockquote> In addition to presenting traditional ditties, Tawney composed a number of his own songs, the majority being written when he was in the Royal Navy and relating to that period – for example, \\\"Chicken on a Raft\\\", which belongs to the call and response style of sea shanties. The song makes reference to an unpopular dish served in\",\n \"title\": \"Cyril Tawney\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15285623\",\n \"text\": \"A Stranger Came Ashore is a 1975 young adult novel written by Scottish author Mollie Hunter. Set in the Shetland Islands in the north of Scotland, the plot revolves around a boy called Robbie Henderson, his family and a mysterious stranger named Finn Learson. Plot summary One night on the island of Black Ness, the Hendersons are sitting at home in their but-and-benhouse. There is a heavy storm outside. Then a figure bursts through the door, soaking wet. He is tall, lean and handsome, and calls himself Finn Learson, and he claims to be the only survivor of a shipwreck. The Hendersons trust and help him, except the youngest child, Robbie, his Old Da (grandfather), and his dog Tam, who are suspicious of Finn. Old Da takes an instant dislike to Finn, and Robbie also senses the man is not what he seems. Later that night, when the family have retired to bed, Robbie cannot sleep and hears peculiar noises coming from the main room, where Finn Learson and the dog, Tam, are sleeping. Robbie ventures to peek around the door and is horrified to see that Tam is crouched low to attack Learson, but Learson gazes deep into the dog's eyes... sending Tam into a calm sleep. Robbie is appalled but hides what he has seen. Old Da mysteriously dies not long after, but before he does he warns Robbie not to trust Finn. He reminds Robbie of stories of selkies, sea spirits which are seals in the water but are able to shed their seal skin on dry land and appear as beautiful seductive humans. Robbie remembers stories about the Great Selkie, the malign ruler of the selkies, who dwells in his sea-palace and seduces golden-haired girls away with him to his home under the sea. Every so often, the Great Selkie returns to find another human bride, as each bride he abducts dies whenever she tries to escape his clutches; he then uses their golden hair to roof his palace. Robbie begins to fear for his elder sister, Elspeth, who is golden-haired, very beautiful and entranced by Finn Learson. Robbie becomes convinced that Finn is the Great Selkie, but his family does not believe him. Elspeth states that she will choose one man, Finn or Nicol, (Nicol, who was her man before Finn Learson came ashore) to marry her on the celebration night of Up Helly Aa. Robbie goes to the schoolmaster, Yarl Corbie, for help. Yarl has been accused of being a wizard. Yarl reveals that Finn is indeed the Great Selkie, that he knew all along, and that Finn will try to tempt Elspeth to join him under the sea, as he did with Yarl's fiancée many years before. With help from Yarl, Robbie steals Finn's seal skin and hides it in a place where Finn won't be able to leave without turning into the great selkie in front of everyone. On Up Helly Aa, Robbie plans with Nicol (who will do anything to save\",\n \"title\": \"A Stranger Came Ashore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49401172\",\n \"text\": \"Verses, Popular and Humorous (1900) was the second collection of poems by Australian poet Henry Lawson. It was released in hardback by Angus and Robertson publishers in 1900. It features some of the poet's earlier major works, including \\\"The Lights of Cobb and Co\\\", \\\"Saint Peter\\\" and \\\"The Grog-An'-Grumble-Steeplechase\\\". Most of the poems in the volume had been written after the publication of In the Days When the World was Wide and Other Verses in 1896. The original collection includes 66 poems by the author that are reprinted from various sources. Later publications split the collection into two separate volumes: Popular Verses and Humorous Verses, though the contents differed from the original list. See also 1900 in poetry 1900 in Australian literature Notes Preface My acknowledgments of the courtesy of the editors and proprietors of the newspapers in which most of these verses were first published are due and are gratefully discharged on the eve of my departure for England. Chief among them is the Sydney Bulletin; others are the Sydney Town and Country Journal, Freeman's Journal, and Truth, and the New Zealand Mail. A few new pieces are included in the collection. H.L. Sydney, March 17th, 1900. Contents \\\"The Ports of the Open Sea\\\" \\\"The Three Kings\\\" \\\"The Outside Track\\\" \\\"The Rovers\\\" \\\"Sydney-Side\\\" \\\"Foreign Lands\\\" \\\"Mary Lemaine\\\" \\\"The Shakedown on the Floor\\\" \\\"Reedy River\\\" \\\"Old Stone Chimney\\\" \\\"Song of the Old Bullock-Driver\\\" \\\"The Lights of Cobb and Co.\\\" \\\"How the Land was Won\\\" \\\"The Boss Over the Board\\\" \\\"When the Ladies Come to the Shearing Shed\\\" \\\"The Ballad of the Rouseabout\\\" \\\"Years After the War in Australia\\\" \\\"The Old Jimmy Woodser\\\" \\\"The Christ of the 'Never'\\\" \\\"The Cattle-Dog's Death\\\" \\\"The Song of the Darling River\\\" \\\"Rain in the Mountains\\\" \\\"A May Night on the Mountains\\\" \\\"The New Chum Jackeroo\\\" \\\"The Dons Of Spain\\\" \\\"The Bursting of the Boom\\\" \\\"Antony Villa\\\" \\\"Second Class Wait Here' \\\"The Ships That Won't Go Down\\\" \\\"The Men We Might Have Been\\\" \\\"The Way of the World\\\" \\\"The Battling Days\\\" \\\"Written Afterwards\\\" \\\"The Uncultured Rhymer To His Cultured Critics\\\" \\\"The Writer's Dream\\\" \\\"The Jolly Dead March\\\" \\\"My Literary Friend\\\" \\\"Mary Called Him 'Mister'\\\" \\\"Rejected\\\" \\\"O'Hara, J.P.\\\" \\\"Bill and Jim Fall Out\\\" \\\"The Paroo\\\" \\\"The Green-Hand Rouseabout\\\" \\\"The Man from Waterloo\\\" \\\"Saint Peter\\\" \\\"The Stranger's Friend\\\" \\\"The God-Forgotten Election\\\" \\\"The Boss's Boots\\\" \\\"The Captain of the Push\\\" \\\"Billy's 'Square Affair'\\\" \\\"A Derry on a Cove\\\" \\\"Rise Ye! Rise Ye!\\\" \\\"The Ballad of Mabel Clare\\\" \\\"Constable M'Carty's Investigations\\\" \\\"At the Tug-of-War\\\" \\\"Here's Luck!\\\" \\\"The Men Who Come Behind\\\" \\\"The Days when We went Swimming\\\" \\\"The Old Bark School\\\" \\\"Trouble on the Selection\\\" \\\"The Professional Wanderer\\\" \\\"A Little Mistake\\\" \\\"A Study in the \\\"Nood\\\"\\\" \\\"A Word to Texas Jack\\\" \\\"The Grog-an'-Grumble Steeplechase\\\" \\\"But What's the Use\\\" Critical reception Writing in The Age soon after the book's publication a reviewer stated that the poems \\\"...exhibit the old power of rhythm, cynical humor, and knowledge of the seamy side of Australian life, and will not lessen the writer's claim to\",\n \"title\": \"Verses, Popular and Humorous\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18639195\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Paul Revere's Ride\\\" is an 1860 poem by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow that commemorates the actions of American patriot Paul Revere on April 18, 1775, although with significant inaccuracies. It was first published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. It was later retitled \\\"The Landlord's Tale\\\" in Longfellow's 1863 collection Tales of a Wayside Inn. Overview The poem is spoken by the landlord of the Wayside Inn and tells a partly fictionalized story of Paul Revere. In the poem, Revere tells a friend to prepare signal lanterns in the Old North Church to inform him whether British forces will come by land or sea. He would await the signal across the river in Charlestown and be ready to spread the alarm throughout Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The unnamed friend climbs up the steeple and soon sets up two signal lanterns, informing Revere that the British are coming by sea. Revere rides his horse through Medford, Lexington, and Concord to warn the patriots. Composition and publication history Longfellow was inspired to write the poem after visiting the Old North Church and climbing its tower on April 5, 1860. He began writing the poem the next day. It was first published in the January 1861 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. It was later re-published in Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn as \\\"The Landlord's Tale\\\" in 1863. The poem served as the first in a series of 22 narratives bundled as a collection, similar to Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and was published in three installments over 10 years. Longfellow's family had a connection to the historical Paul Revere. His maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth, was Revere's commander on the Penobscot Expedition. Analysis When the poem was written in 1860, America was on the verge of Civil War over the issue of slavery. Longfellow first came forward publicly as an abolitionist in 1842 with the publication of his Poems on Slavery. Though he admitted the book made little impact, it was written for his best friend, Charles Sumner, an activist abolitionist politician with whom he would continue to share common cause on the issues of slavery and the Union. \\\"Paul Revere's Ride\\\" was published in the January 1861, issue of The Atlantic magazine on December 20, 1860, just as South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. The poem was meant to appeal to Northerners' sense of urgency and, as a call for action, noted that history favors the courageous. Longfellow, who often used poetry to remind readers of cultural and moral values, warns at the end of the poem of a coming \\\"hour of darkness and peril and need\\\", implying the breakup of the Union, and suggests that the \\\"people will waken and listen to hear\\\" the midnight message again. By emphasizing common history, he was attempting to dissolve social tensions. The phrase \\\"Hardly a man is now alive\\\" was true as one of the last men alive at the time of the historical event\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Revere's Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5992449\",\n \"text\": \"Why the Sea Is Salt (; the mill that grinds at the bottom of the sea) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr. Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book (1889). Synopsis A poor man begged from his brother on Christmas Eve. The brother promised him, depending on the variant, ham or bacon or a lamb if he would do something. The poor brother promised; the rich one handed over the food and told him to go to Hel (in Lang's version, the Dead Men's Hall; in the Greek, the Devil's dam). Since he promised, he set out. In the Norse variants, he meets an old man along the way. In some variants, the man begs from him, and he shares with the beggar. However, when the poor man is about to share the meat, the old man tells him that in Hell (or the hall), the dwarves there love that kind of meat but can never get any. The beggar instructs the poor man to barter for the hand-mill behind the door, then return to him for directions to use it. The dwarves offered many fine goods for the meat, but the poor man stubbornly refused to sell the meat until they offered their mill. Going back to the beggar, he tells the poor man that the mill will create whatever he wants, but it will work incesstantly unless the wisher says \\\"good little mill, I thank you enough\\\", which will terminate the process. In the Greek, he merely brought the lamb and told the devils that he would take whatever they would give him, and they gave him the mill. He took it to his wife, and had it grind out everything they needed for Christmas, from lights to tablecloth to meat and ale. They ate well and on the third day, they had a great feast. His brother was astounded and when the poor man had drunk too much, or when the poor man's children innocently betrayed the secret, he showed his rich brother the hand-mill. His brother finally persuaded him to sell it. In the Norse version, the poor brother didn't teach him how to handle it. He set to grind out herrings and broth, but it soon flooded his house. His brother wouldn't take it back until he paid him as much as he paid to have it. In the Greek, the brother set out to Constantinople by ship. In the Norse, one day a skipper wanted to buy the hand-mill from him, and eventually persuaded him. In all versions, the new owner took it to sea and set it to grind out salt. It ground out salt until it sank the boat, and then went on grinding in the sea, turning the sea salty. Analysis The tale is classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index type 565, the Magic Mill. Other tales of this type include The Water Mother and Sweet porridge. Parallels It\",\n \"title\": \"Why the Sea is Salt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67943474\",\n \"text\": \"The 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American author Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) \\\"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.\\\" Following William Faulkner in 1949, Hemingway is the fifth American to be a recipient of the prize. Laureate Ernest Hemingway is known for his succinct and lucid prose had a powerful influence on 20th century fiction. His works explore love, war, wilderness, and loss. The theme of emasculation is also prevalent in his works, most notably in The Sun Also Rises (1926). In 1952, he published The Old Man and the Sea, a work that was praised by the Swedish Academy when awarding the Nobel Prize. Among his other famous works are A Farewell to Arms (1929) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). The Old Man and the Sea Hemingway's short novel The Old Man and the Sea was specifically referred to in his Nobel citation. Drawing on his personal experiences as a fisherman in crafting the novella, it tells the tragic story of a Cuban fisherman in the Gulf Stream and the giant Marlin he kills and loses. It won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Deliberations Nominations Ernest Hemingway was nominated for the prize on four occasions between 1947 and 1954, the first three times by members of the Swedish Academy and in 1954 by an Austrian professor of English linguistics. In total, the Nobel committee received 35 nominations for 27 writers. The most number of nominations were for Halldór Kiljan Laxness with 6 nominations. Other nominated authors included André Malraux, Nikos Kazantzakis, Rudolf Kassner, Mark Aldanov, E. M. Forster, Gottfried Benn, Ramón Menéndez Pidal, and Robert Frost. 5 of the nominees were nominated first-time among them Carl Jung, Ricardo Rojas, and Jaroslav Seifert (awarded in 1984). Two of the nominees were women: Henriette Charasson and Concha Espina de la Serna. The authors Sait Faik Abasıyanık, Frederick Lewis Allen, Juan Álvarez, Vitaliano Brancati, Frans G. Bengtsson, Maxwell Bodenheim, Ludovic Dauș, Stig Dagerman, Oswald de Andrade, Winnifred Eaton, Miles Franklin, Boris Gorbatov, Joseph Hergesheimer, James Hilton, Édouard Le Roy, Zofia Nałkowska, Mikhail Prishvin, Sokotsu Samukawa, Hella Wuolijoki and Francis Brett Young died in 1954 without having been nominated for the prize. Prize decision Hemingway's candidacy in 1947 was rejected by committee member Per Hallström, saying in a report that Hemingway's style of writing were too entertaining and lightweight. Hemingway was considered and rejected again in 1950, when the Swedish Academy found that his recent book Across the River and Into the Trees was not as strong as his previous works and also noted that Hemingway already had a great deal of success, and that he was unlikely to need the prize money. Nominated again in 1953, Hemingway was a serious contender for the prize in that year according to The New York Times, but his candidacy was postponed as members of the Academy thought\",\n \"title\": \"1954 Nobel Prize in Literature\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25886\",\n \"text\": \"In Norse mythology, Rán (Old Norse: ) is a goddess and a personification of the sea. Rán and her husband Ægir, a jötunn who also personifies the sea, have nine daughters, who personify waves. The goddess is frequently associated with a net, which she uses to capture sea-goers. According to the prose introduction to a poem in the Poetic Edda and in Völsunga saga, Rán once loaned her net to the god Loki. Rán is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled during the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the Prose Edda, written during the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; in both Völsunga saga and Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna; and in the poetry of skalds, such as Sonatorrek, a 10th-century poem by Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. Etymology The Old Norse common noun rán means 'plundering' or 'theft, robbery'. In turn, scholars view the theonym Rán as meaning, for example, 'theft, robbery'. On the etymology of the theonym, scholar Rudolf Simek says, \\\"although the meaning of the name has not been fully clarified, Rán was probably understood as being 'robber' ... and has nothing to do with [Old Norse] ráða 'rule'. Because Rán is a personification of the sea, skalds employ her name in a variety of kennings to refer to the sea. Examples include Ránar-land ('Ran's land'), -salr ('Rán's hall'), and -vegr ('Rán's way'), and rán-beðr ('the bed of Rán') and meaning 'the bed of the sea'. Attestations Sonatorrek Rán and Ægir receive mention in the poem Sonatorrek attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a storm: In one difficult stanza later in the poem, the skald expresses the pain of losing his son by invoking the image of slaying the personified sea, personified as Ægir (Old Norse ǫlsmið[r] 'ale-smith') and Rán (Ægis man 'Ægir's wife'): Poetic Edda Rán receives three mentions in the Poetic Edda; twice in poetry and once in prose. The first mention occurs in a stanza in Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, when the valkyrie Sigrún assists the ship of the hero Helgi Hundingsbane as it encounters ferocious waters: In the notes for her translation, Larrington says that Rán \\\"seeks to catch and drown men in her net\\\" and that \\\"to give someone to the sea-goddess is to drown them.\\\" The second instance occurs in a stanza found in Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar. In this stanza, the hero Atli references Rán while flyting with Hrímgerðr, a female jötunn: Finally, in the prose introduction to Reginsmál, Loki visits Rán (here rendered as Ron) to borrow her net: [Odin and Hœnir] sent Loki to get the gold; he went to Ron and got her net, and went then to Andvari's fall and cast the net in front of the pike, and the pike leaped into the net. Translator Henry Adams Bellows notes how this version of the narrative differs from how it appears in other sources, where Loki catches the pike with his own hands.\",\n \"title\": \"Rán\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1084436\",\n \"text\": \"The Old Man of Lochnagar is a 1980 children's book written by King Charles III, at that time the Prince of Wales, and illustrated by Sir Hugh Casson. The story revolves around an old man who lives in a cave in the cliffs surrounding the corrie loch under the Lochnagar, a mountain which overlooks the royal estate at Balmoral in Scotland where the Royal Family spend much of their summer holidays. The story of the old man of Lochnagar was one King Charles had told some years earlier to entertain his brothers, Andrew and Edward, when they were young. The book was published in 1980 in aid of The Prince's Trust charity. The book was later adapted into an animated short film by the BBC, with Robbie Coltrane providing the voice of the hermit and Prince Charles narrating. The film was titled The Old Man of Lochnagar in the UK and The Legend of Lochnagar in North America. The book was also adapted into a musical stage play. In 1984, Prince Charles read the story on the BBC children's programme Jackanory. He has also read it in Welsh and Scottish Gaelic translations on television. In 2007, National Youth Ballet of Great Britain received permission from the Prince of Wales to create a new ballet based on the story. With choreography by Drew McOnie and a commissioned score by Nigel Hess, the ballet received its première at Sadler's Wells Theatre, London on 14 October 2007 and was performed from 24 to 27 October at Leatherhead Theatre in Surrey. Plot The book comprises six parts. Part One The old man loses his grip while attempting to scale the Lochnagar cliff and falls into the loch, where he meets \\\"lagopus Scoticus,\\\" a \\\"freshwater variant of Neptune\\\". The man and lagopus Scoticus converse using bubbles which display their thoughts in written text and go hunting for \\\"Loch-haggis\\\" in a \\\"sea-rover\\\" underwater vehicle. After the hunt, the old man \\\"feast[s] on Loch-haggis and suffer[s] terribly from wind,\\\" before going to sleep beside the loch. Part Two The old man wakes up with \\\"a slight hangover\\\", then sneezes so violently that the force directed into the ground shoots him up into the air. He ends up on top of Lochnagar but is then swept up by a golden eagle that carries him as far as Balmoral, where he bounces on a trampoline before coming to rest. He goes to the fountain and meets Mr Toad, who happens to have tenancy there. The toad offers help and agrees to take the man back to his cave. The man goes to sleep. Part Three Having slept for \\\"several days\\\" the man wakes and goes to use his specially-designed toilet. The toilet is so designed that bagpipes are played when it is flushed. On the toilet, the man reads books given to him by the Gorms - a race of \\\"friendly little people\\\" who live in \\\"the stone cairns near Lochnagar\\\" - in which they describe their world and\",\n \"title\": \"The Old Man of Lochnagar\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37905431\",\n \"text\": \"Flower Power is the title of a photograph taken by American photographer Bernie Boston for the now-defunct newspaper The Washington Evening Star. Taken on October 21, 1967, during the March on the Pentagon by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, the photo shows protester George Harris placing a carnation into the barrel of an M14 rifle held by a soldier of the 503rd Military Police Battalion (Airborne). The photograph was nominated for the 1967 Pulitzer Prize. Events The National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam's March on the Pentagon took place on October 21, 1967. When the antiwar demonstrators approached The Pentagon, they were confronted by a squad of soldiers from the 503rd Military Police Battalion (Airborne). The soldiers pointed their rifles, marched into the crowd and formed a semicircle around the demonstrators to prevent them from climbing the Pentagon steps. Bernie Boston, newspaper photographer for The Washington Evening Star (shortened to The Washington Star in later years), had been assigned by his editor to cover the demonstration. Boston was sitting on a wall at the mall entrance which allowed him to see the events unfold. In a 2005 interview he said, \\\"When I saw the sea of demonstrators, I knew something had to happen. I saw the troops march down into the sea of people and I was ready for it.\\\" A young man emerged from the crowd of demonstrators and started placing carnations into the barrels of their rifles. Boston captured the moment in what would become an iconic image and his signature photograph. When Boston showed the photograph to his editor at the Star, \\\"the editor didn't see the importance\\\" and the picture was run on a page deep inside the newspaper. It did not gain recognition until Boston entered it into photography competitions, which it won. Legacy Identity of the demonstrator The young man in the photo is most commonly identified as George Edgerly Harris III, an 18-year-old actor from New York who had moved to San Francisco in 1967. In 2005, Brown talked in an interview about the effort it took to learn that the protester was Harris. Harris, who performed under the stage name Hibiscus and co-founded The Cockettes, a \\\"flamboyant, psychedelic gay-themed drag troupe\\\", died in the early 1980s during the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Paul Krassner, in a 2008 blogger's article written for the Huffington Post a week after Bernie Boston died, said the young man in the photo was Joel Tornabene, a fellow counter-culture leader of the Youth International Party (the Yippies) who lived in Berkeley, California in the 1960s. Tornabene, like Harris and Boston, died before Krassner posted this statement. Symbolic significance The Flower power movement began in Berkeley, California as a means of symbolic protest against the Vietnam War. Beat Generation writer Allen Ginsberg, in his November 1965 essay How to Make a March/Spectacle, promoted the use of \\\"masses of flowers\\\" to hand to policemen, press, politicians and spectators to fight violence\",\n \"title\": \"Flower Power (photograph)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2541839\",\n \"text\": \"Sea of Love is a 1989 American neo-noir thriller film directed by Harold Becker, written by Richard Price and starring Al Pacino, Ellen Barkin and John Goodman. The story concerns a New York City detective trying to catch a serial killer who finds victims through the singles column in a newspaper. It is inspired by Price's 1978 novel Ladies' Man. The film does not credit the novel Ladies’ Man as source material because the novel only shares a similar main idea, while having different characters, a different plot and a different theme. Writer Richard Price said he wanted to explore the same idea as Ladies’ Man, but make the protagonist cooler to an audience (by making him a cop and giving him a gun). The film involves the investigation of a serial killer which is completely absent from the book. Dustin Hoffman was originally in negotiations to star, before Pacino became interested in the project. It was Pacino's first film after a four-year hiatus following the critical and commercial failure of Revolution. Sea of Love was a box-office success, grossing over $110 million. Plot New York City homicide detective Frank Keller is a burned-out alcoholic. His wife left him and married one of his colleagues, and he is depressed about reaching his 20th year on the police force. He is assigned to investigate the murder of a man in Manhattan, shot while face down in his bed, naked, listening to an old 45rpm recording of \\\"Sea of Love.\\\" Keller has three clues — a lipstick-smeared cigarette, a want-ad that the dead man placed in a newspaper, and fingerprints of the perpetrator. A second man dies in the same manner in Queens. Detective Sherman Touhey from the local precinct suggests that he and Frank collaborate. Both victims had placed rhyming ads in the lonely hearts column of the newspaper, seeking dates. The detectives track down Raymond Brown, the only other man with a rhyming ad. He's a married man who admits placing the ad but swears that he threw away all the letters and never saw anyone. Frank gets an idea to place a rhyming ad in the paper, meet women who respond in a restaurant and take the prints from their drinking glasses. Frank's precinct chief is skeptical, but reconsiders when Brown turns up dead in the same manner as the other two murder victims. Frank has dinner with several women, while Sherman — posing as a waiter — puts their glasses into evidence bags. One woman, divorcee Helen Cruger, shows no interest in Frank and leaves without taking a drink, so Frank is unable to get her fingerprints. Frank bumps into her again at a market, but this time she is more friendly. Helen manages a chic upscale shoe store. Frank does not reveal his true occupation. Frank takes her to his place, against his better judgment and a warning from Sherman not to do so. They start getting passionate, but Frank panics after finding a gun in her\",\n \"title\": \"Sea of Love (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37757029\",\n \"text\": \"The history of Luzon covers events that happened in the largest island of the Philippine Archipelago, Luzon. Luzon wrested the record of having the oldest man ever discovered in the Philippines with discovery of the Callao Man in 2007, which predated the Tabon Man by around 20,000 years. The written history of Luzon began in around 900 AD with the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 1989. After that, Luzon began to appear in the annals of the Chinese and Japanese. One example would be the Ming Shilu, wherein Luzon appeared in 22 records. Luzon was split among Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Muslim principalities, and ethnoreligious tribes, who had trading connections with Borneo, Malaya, Java, Indochina, India, Okinawa, Japan and China before the Spanish established their rule. As a result of the Spanish–American War, Luzon became American territory. In the Second World War, Luzon saw one of the fiercest battles during the Japanese occupation. Luzon, apart from being the largest island, had been the economic and political center of the Philippines ever since the country entered the Western Calendar, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, and the country's largest metropolis, Metro Manila. Prehistory of Luzon The first evidence of the systematic use of Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimated to have dated back to about 50,000 BC, and this phase in the development of proto-Philippine societies is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone tools continued to be used past that date. However, new discoveries in Luzon, particularly in Liwan, Kalinga, found stone tools that were dated through potassium argon test at most 920,000 years old, and at least 750,000 years old. The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan. The find was of a 67,000-year-old remains that predate the Tabon Man, which was discovered in 1962 by Robert Bradford Fox. Specifically, the find consisted of a single 61 millimeter metatarsal which, when dated using uranium series ablation, was found to be at least about 67,000 years old. If definitively proven to be remains of Homo sapiens, since there was a certainty that the Callao Man could be a Homo floresiensis, it would antedate the 47,000-year-old remains of Tabon Man to become the earliest human remains known in the Philippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia Pacific. The primary theory surrounding the migration of Callao Man and his contemporaries to Luzon from what is believed to be the present-day Indonesia is that they came by raft. It is notable that the approximate time this happened is, according to experts, prior to the point when human beings were thought to be capable of making long voyages across the sea. It has also been noted that Callao Man could have crossed into the Philippines by a land bridge. This is because at the time Callao Man lived, it was the period known\",\n \"title\": \"History of Luzon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74055728\",\n \"text\": \"Cyrus the Unsinkable Sea Serpent is a children's book written by Bill Peet and published in 1975. It is about a good-heart giant sea serpent who decides to assist a ship of immigrants who experience a dangerous voyage. Synopsis Cyrus is a giant sea-serpent who only preys on sardines and is feeling bored at being alone at sea. When a shark suggests that he attack a ship and eat the humans on it, Cyrus refuses and is insulted as being a wimp by the shark for that. Stung by that abuse, Cyrus decides to find a port and attack the first ship that leaves it. Cyrus finds such a port and soon a ship of immigrants, The Primrose, embarks despite dire warnings by an old man in port that they will never survive the voyage. With that spiteful outburst, Cyrus' aggressive mood is broken enough to allow his good nature to reassert and he is concerned about the ship and the people on it. As such, Cyrus follows the ship out of sight. Sure enough, the ship faces a series of dire perils such as doldrums of worryingly indeterminate length, a violent storm that threatens to sink the ship and an attack by pirates that pursue and demast the ship by cannon fire prior to their threatened boarding. Throughout these dangers, Cyrus takes it upon himself to protect the ship without the humans' knowledge, until he is forced to openly attack and destroy the pirate ship to stop the brigands. However, after Cyrus recovers from his concussion after ramming the pirate ship, he sees that the Primrose is crippled and decides to tow it to land. The crew and passengers panic at the sight of Cyrus, but the Captain realizes that the monster is genuinely trying to help them and calms everyone down. With the humans accepting this bizarre situation, Cyrus heads non-stop for land at all possible speed until he beaches the ship safely. With that, Cyrus accepts the humans' gratitude as he departs and decides that he has had enough excitement for some time. With that, Cyrus finds a remote island and peacefully sleeps for a month. External Sites Goodreads 1975 children's books\",\n \"title\": \"Cyrus the Unsinkable Sea Serpent\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53165405\",\n \"text\": \"Vincent Wants to Sea (, ) is a 2010 German drama film directed by Ralf Huettner. An American remake, The Road Within was released in 2014. Plot Vincent, a 27-year-old man with Tourette's syndrome, is institutionalized by his politician father, who does not seem to understand Vincent and his condition, after his mother's death. Vincent soon meets his roommate Alexander, who has obsessive-compulsive disorder, and another fellow patient, Marie who suffers with anorexia. Marie and Vincent get along and decide to leave the facility unsupervised, in a stolen car belonging to their psychiatrist, Dr. Rose. So that Alexander will not notify Dr. Rose about what they've done, they force him to join them on their road trip to fulfill Vincent's wish of going to the sea in Italy, where Vincent's parents vacationed for their honeymoon, to spread his mother's ashes. Dr. Rose, the owner of the stolen car, accompanies Vincent's father in hopes to find the three missing patients. Over the course of the trip, Vincent and Marie develop a relationship and Vincent's father realizes how badly he's been treating his son. When Vincent, Alexander, and Marie arrive at the sea, Marie promptly collapses from heart failure caused by her untreated anorexia. Vincent and Alexander conclude that the trip was a suicide attempt, she was the one who originally stole the car and had the idea of leaving. Dr. Rose and Vincent's father take Alexander and Vincent home while Marie remains hospitalized. On the way back, Vincent decides to return his mother's ashes to his father and goes back to the city where Marie is in the hospital; Alexander accompanies him. Cast Florian David Fitz as Vincent Karoline Herfurth as Marie Heino Ferch as Robert Katharina Müller-Elmau as Dr. Rose Johannes Allmayer as Alexander Karen Thaler Monica Tim Seyfi Carabinieri Christopher Zrenner Gas station attendant 1 Butz Ultrich Buse Gas station attendant 2 Production Vincent Wants to Sea is based on the screenplay written by lead actor Florian David Fitz. Fitz first witnessed a teacher afflicted with Tourette's Syndrome while studying drama at the Boston Conservatory. Fitz came up with the idea of this film after seeing a TV report covering a man with Tourette's Syndrome, Christian Hempel. Fitz says that he was impressed by the positive attitude Hempel displayed towards his illness. Fitz asked himself “How about writing a story about someone who has to grow up under these difficult circumstances? Vincent Wants to Sea was created during Fitz's time at the Munich screenplay workshop, which he applied to in 2008 in hopes of writing something that he might be able to star in. Viola Jäger and Harald Kügler from Olga-Film in Munich were recruited to produce the comedy. The two suggested Ralf Huettner to be the director. Ralf Huettner initially had to cancel due to other projects, which soon fell apart due to disagreements. Therefore, Huettner was available to work on Vincent Wants to Sea. It was not an immediate thought for the screenplay writer, Fitz, to also\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Wants to Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34971120\",\n \"text\": \"The Old Man and the Sea is a 1990 American-British adventure drama television film directed by Jud Taylor and written by Roger O. Hirson, based on the 1952 novella of the same name by Ernest Hemingway. The film stars Anthony Quinn, Gary Cole, Patricia Clarkson, and Joe Santos. It received mixed reviews and was nominated for three Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Plot summary Cast Anthony Quinn as Santiago Gary Cole as Tom Pruitt Patricia Clarkson as Mary Pruitt Joe Santos as Lopez Valentina Quinn as Angela Francesco Quinn as Young Santiago Paul Calderón as Anderez Sully Díaz as Maria Manuel Santiago as Gomez Alexis Cruz as Manolo Release The Old Man and the Sea premiered on NBC on March 25, 1990. Awards and nominations References External links 1990 films 1990 television films 1990s adventure drama films American adventure drama films American survival films British adventure drama films British survival films Films about fishers Films about fishing Films about old age Films based on American novels Films based on novellas Films based on works by Ernest Hemingway Films directed by Jud Taylor Films scored by Bruce Broughton Films set in Cuba Films set on boats American adventure television films American drama television films NBC original films Sea adventure films Television films based on books 1990s English-language films 1990s American films 1990s British films British drama television films\",\n \"title\": \"The Old Man and the Sea (1990 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34004694\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Beverly MacInnis (born 2 March 1937) is a Canadian physician, author, and diver. In 1974, MacInnis was the first scientist to dive in the near-freezing waters beneath the North Pole. In 1976 he became a member of the Order of Canada. MacInnis currently studies leadership in high risk environments and gives leadership presentations in North America and Europe. His audiences have included Microsoft, IBM, National Geographic, Rolex, Visa, Toyota and the U.S. Naval Academy. MacInnis led ten research expeditions under the Arctic Ocean. He was among the first people to dive to the wreck of the RMS Titanic. In 2012 he was a medical advisor and journalist on the James Cameron-National Geographic seven-mile science dive into the Mariana Trench. MacInnis has worked with the U.S. Navy, the Canadian Forces and the Russian Academy of Sciences. He has written ten books. His latest, Deep Leadership: Essential Insights from High Risk Environments, was published by Random House. Education and early career MacInnis is of Isle of Mull Scottish descent. He was born in Barrie, Ontario, but grew up in Toronto, where his family moved after his father, a Royal Canadian Air Force instructor, died in a plane crash when MacInnis was a few months old. MacInnis was raised by his mother, who remarried when he was 12. He attended high school at Upper Canada College. MacInnis first learned to scuba dive in 1954 in the waters off Florida. He attended the University of Toronto, where he was the captain of the swim team in the mid-1950s. While at the university, he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. MacInnis held the Canadian record for the breaststroke and tried unsuccessfully to make the Canadian Olympic team in 1956. MacInnis received his MD from the University of Toronto in 1962. He spent his internship at the Toronto General Hospital, where an experience with a tunnel construction worker suffering from decompression sickness helped to point MacInnis toward his post-graduate studies in diving medicine. MacInnis arranged for the worker, John McGean, to be transported to a pressure chamber in Buffalo, New York, where he was successfully treated. MacInnis also interned at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario. Man-In-Sea and Ocean Systems After his junior internship, MacInnis hoped to work with inventor and entrepreneur Edwin Link in the field of deep diving, but had no idea how to reach him. In fall 1963 MacInnis placed a person-to-person telephone call to Link, who agreed to meet with him for fifteen minutes the next day at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. At the interview, Link offered MacInnis a position as the full-time doctor for his Man-In-Sea Project. MacInnis received a Link Foundation Fellowship to study diving medicine under Christian J. Lambertsen at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1964, MacInnis became medical director of Man-In-Sea. During his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, MacInnis was a member of a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation filming expedition to Cocos Island, where a group of treasure hunters were seeking the fabled hoard\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph B. MacInnis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"755593\",\n \"text\": \"The Mad Scientists' Club is a series of four books written for children by Bertrand R. Brinley (1917 – 1994) and illustrated by Charles Geer. Books in the series The Mad Scientists' Club (1965, 2001) consisting of: \\\"The Strange Sea Monster of Strawberry Lake\\\" (1960), first published in Boys' Life (September 1961), with illustrations by Harold Eldridge \\\"The Big Egg\\\" (1964) \\\"The Secret of the Old Cannon\\\" (1963), first published in Boys' Life (January 1966), with illustrations by Marvin Friedman \\\"The Unidentified Flying Man of Mammoth Falls\\\" (1962), first published in Boys' Life (November 1962), with illustrations by Harold Eldridge \\\"The Great Gas Bag Race\\\" (1964), first published in Boys' Life (March 1966), with illustrations by Bernard Fuchs \\\"The Voice in the Chimney\\\" (1964) \\\"Night Rescue\\\" (1961), first published in Boys' Life (February 1964), with illustrations by David Stone The New Adventures of the Mad Scientists' Club (1968, 2002) consisting of: \\\"Big Chief Rainmaker\\\" (1965) \\\"The Telltale Transmitter\\\" (1966) \\\"The Cool Cavern\\\" (1966) \\\"The Flying Sorcerer\\\" (1968) \\\"The Great Confrontation\\\" (1968) The Big Kerplop; A Mad Scientists' Club Adventure (1974, 2003) The Big Chunk of Ice (2005) The title of The Big Kerplop was supposed to be The Big Kerplop!, but the original publisher, MacRae Smith Company, dropped the exclamation mark, which has now been restored. Even though it was written 14 years after \\\"The Strange Sea Monster of Strawberry Lake\\\", chronologically it is the first story in the series, telling how the Mad Scientists' Club came into being and the full story behind their long-standing animosity with Harmon Muldoon. Synopsis During the course of the books, the boys often use technology (such as ham radios) and science to pull off harebrained schemes. For example, in \\\"The Strange Sea Monster of Strawberry Lake,\\\" they build a fake sea monster out of chicken wire mounted to a canoe, and row it out on Strawberry Lake. When it gets too dangerous to take the boat out on the lake in person, because hunters are preparing to shoot it with an elephant gun, they rig a remote control system to operate it at a distance. The Mad Scientists' Club is an Explorer Scout organization, something that is mentioned occasionally in passing, but generally does not drive the stories. Living in the fictional small town of Mammoth Falls, the members of the Mad Scientists' Club are: Jeff Crocker — President Henry Mulligan — Vice President and Chief of Research Dinky Poore — the smallest and nimblest Freddy Muldoon — the fat boy, but also known as \\\"Little Bright Eyes\\\" because he often notices things that others overlook Homer Snodgrass — often uses a flowery style of speaking as he reads a lot of literature Mortimer Dalrymple — added to the group because he might have extra radio equipment, and because he was an \\\"electronic bug\\\" Charlie Finckledinck — the narrator of the stories Dinky Poore is the smallest and most sarcastic of the Mad Scientists; this is sometimes relevant to the stories, as in\",\n \"title\": \"The Mad Scientists' Club\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"339330\",\n \"text\": \"G.L Fuentes (July 11, 1897 – January 13, 2002) was a fisherman and the first mate of the Pilar, the boat belonging to the American writer Ernest Hemingway. Fuentes was born in Arrecife on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. He first went to sea as deck boy with his father at age 10. As a teenager, he worked on cargo ships out of the Canary Islands to Trinidad and Puerto Rico, and from the Spanish ports of Valencia and Sevilla to South America. He migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22. He attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001. In 1938, Fuentes replaced the Pilar's original first mate, Carlos Gutiérrez, after Hemingway's mistress, Jane Mason, hired him to be the first mate of her boat after becoming jealous of Hemingway's relationship with Martha Gellhorn. Fuentes, a lifelong cigar smoker, died from cancer in Cojimar in 2002. He was often said to be the model for the character Santiago in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, but he died without having read the book. He was 104 years old. The Old Man and the Sea Fuentes is credited by some as a model for Hemingway's protagonist Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, though this is most likely the result of Fuentes' longevity and how he purposefully grew into the incarnation of the role of Santiago for tourists visiting Cojimar. Hemingway himself stated that Santiago was \\\"based on no one in particular\\\". That Fuentes worked closely with and knew Hemingway very well is undeniable. However, if anyone can claim credit for being the inspiration for Santiago, it was Hemingway's original first mate, Carlos Gutiérrez. Gutiérrez had been fishing the Gulf Stream for 40 years and was already an old man when Hemingway first met him. Hemingway would credit the old fisherman with teaching him everything he knew about catching marlin, and credited Gutiérrez with telling him the Cuban tales he used as grist to write On The Blue Water: A Gulf Stream Letter. Additionally, Hemingway laid out the plot outline for ''The Old Man And The Sea'' and how Gutiérrez's assistance proved vital to the story's creation and evolution in a letter written in February 1939 to his editor, Max Perkins: Fuentes would spend his later years charging tourists $10 or $20 to take his picture and regale them with stories of his domestic partnership with Ernest Hemingway. References Sources Hemingway In Cuba by Hilary Hemingway and Carlene Brennan, June 2003 Welcome to Havana, Señor Hemingway by Alfredo Jose Estrada, August 2005 How it Was by Mary Welsh Hemingway, 1977. External links Gregorio Fuentes was Hemingway's Captain \\\"A Visit To Hemingway's Cuba And The Search For The Old Man And The Sea\\\" by Brian Francis Donohue Gregorio Fuentes in Cojimar 1897 births 2002 deaths Cuban centenarians Cuban sailors Spanish centenarians Men centenarians Spanish sailors Deaths from cancer in Cuba People from Arrecife\",\n \"title\": \"Gregorio Fuentes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10387478\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Town of No Return\\\" is the first episode of the fourth series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers, starring Patrick Macnee and Diana Rigg in her Avengers debut, and guest starring Alan MacNaughton, Patrick Newell, Terence Alexander. It was first broadcast on ABC Weekend TV on 28 September 1965. The episode was written by Philip Levene, directed by Sidney Hayers, and produced by Brian Clemens. Plot On a beach a shifty man is attending to his lobster pots when a man emerges from the tide concealed in a watertight black covering; he walks up the beach, removes the covering, and says good morning to the man and walks off. After a bout of fencing at Mrs. Peel's flat, Steed and Mrs Peel leave on a train to visit Little Bazeley by the Sea, a village in Norfolk where agents have been reported to go missing. On the train they share a carriage with a portly gentleman, Jimmy Smallwood (played by Patrick Newell, who would later become a semi-regular Avengers cast member playing spymaster \\\"Mother\\\"), who is going to visit his brother the local blacksmith. On arrival Steed, Peel and Smallwood are shadowed by the shifty local man from the beach. At the local inn, the Inebriated Gremlin, they are served by landlord Piggy Warren, who introduces them to Mark Brandon, the school inspector, and Jill Manson, a teacher. Mrs Peel announces herself as a new teacher, assigned by the ministry to the local school. When Smallwood leaves to visit his brother the blacksmith, several strange men in boots with rifles depart through the inn and follow him. Meanwhile, Steed and Mrs Peel find their rooms in a shabby state, with the shutters nailed shut. Smallwood fails to find his brother, and heads for the church, followed by the shifty local. Later the shifty local is seen hunting Smallwood across the landscape with bloodhounds. This is heard back at the village and dismissed by Piggy as \\\"badger hunting\\\". The following morning Steed and Mrs Peel examine strange footprints leading out of the sea and up the beach and find Smallwood dead and buried in the sand to their dismay and confusion. Mrs Peel visits the school and finds it and the teachers very unusual. She discovers that the school has been unused for years and a large number of adult sized Wellington boots are stored there. She visits the local church where the vicar shows her the parish records, of which several decades are missing. Meanwhile, Steed investigates the old wartime airfield and finds it in a similarly derelict state. Steed discovers a mention of a pilot, killed in 1942, named Piggy Warren: the name used by the pub landlord. Both Mrs Peel and Steed learn that the village folk are impostors and are hiding something. They seek out Smallwood's brother and find the shifty looking local who owns the bloodhounds pretending to be the blacksmith. Earlier they had seen a photo of Smallwood's brother so\",\n \"title\": \"The Town of No Return\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40198576\",\n \"text\": \"Black Sea is a 2014 submarine disaster thriller film directed by Kevin Macdonald, written by Dennis Kelly, and starring Jude Law, Scoot McNairy, Ben Mendelsohn, and David Threlfall. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 5 December 2014, and in the United States on 23 January 2015. Plot Robinson, a veteran captain of underwater salvage vessels, who is divorced and estranged from his young son, is made redundant by his firm Agora along with his friends Kurston and Blackie. A depressed Kurston informs them that he has come into possession of information that Agora had found the wreck of a Type VIIC U-boat from World War II that sank off the coast of Georgia carrying a cargo of gold worth millions, but were unable to salvage it due to territorial disputes following the Russo-Georgian War. Robinson and Blackie meet with a mysterious man named Lewis, who agrees to fund their expedition to recover the gold in exchange for a substantial share of the profits and orders his executive Daniels to accompany the expedition. Robinson encounters a young man, Tobin, who claims to be a friend of Kurston and informs Robinson of Kurston's suicide. Robinson decides to take Tobin along on the expedition. A half-British, half-Russian crew is assembled with each man promised an equal share of the spoils. They travel to the Port of Sevastopol in Crimea and acquire an antiquated . The Russians view the young Tobin as a bad omen, mistakenly assuming he is a virgin when he is in fact an expecting father. With only Blackie speaking both Russian and English, communication difficulties lead to mounting tensions that culminate in a fight in which Fraser stabs Blackie in the chest. In the chaos, a fire breaks out, causing an explosion that cripples the sub, killing Blackie and Gittens, a British crew member, and knocking Robinson unconscious. He awakens 18 hours later to find the Russians have taken over half of the boat, with the British in the other half. The damaged vessel lies on the sea floor and its drive shaft is unusable, but sonar scans indicate they are close to the old U-boat and may be able to salvage and appropriate its drive shaft, as the Soviet submarine was based on the U-boat design. Robinson discovers another Russian crewman, Morozov, speaks English. Fraser, Peters, and Tobin traverse the sea bed and to their delight discover the wreck of the U-boat. They recover the drive shaft and the gold but Peters is killed when he falls down a trench and his air hose is accidentally severed. The crew complete repairs and the sub resumes its journey. Before they surface, Daniels admits to Robinson that the men are heading into a trap; their previous employer Agora deliberately leaked the details of the U-boat's location to them via Kurston, who is in fact alive, in the hope that they would salvage the gold, leaving Agora to claim it after the men are captured by the waiting Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Black Sea (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1108124\",\n \"text\": \"The Old Man of Hoy is a sea stack on Hoy, part of the Orkney archipelago off the north coast of Scotland. Formed from Old Red Sandstone, it is one of the tallest stacks in the United Kingdom. The Old Man is popular with climbers, and was first climbed in 1966. Created by the erosion of a cliff through hydraulic action some time after 1750, the stack is not more than a few hundred years old, but may soon collapse into the sea. Geography The Old Man stands close to Rackwick Bay on the west coast of Hoy, in Orkney, Scotland, and can be seen from the Scrabster to Stromness ferry. From certain angles it is said to resemble a human figure. Winds are faster than for nearly a third of the time, and gales occur on average for 29 days a year. Combined with the depth of the sea, which quickly falls to , high-energy waves on the western side of Hoy lead to rapid erosion of the coast. Geology The Old Man of Hoy is a red sandstone stack, perched on a plinth of basalt rock, and one of the tallest sea stacks in the UK. It is separated from the mainland by a 60-metre (200 ft) chasm strewn with debris, and has nearly vertical sides with a top just a few metres wide. The rock is composed of layers of soft, sandy and pebbly sandstone and harder flagstones of Old Red Sandstone, giving the sides a notched and slab-like profile. History The Old Man is probably less than 250 years old and may be in danger of collapsing. The stack is not mentioned in the Orkneyinga saga, written 1230, and on the Blaeu map of 1600, a headland exists at the point where the Old Man is now. The McKenzie map of Hoy of 1750 similarly shows a headland but no stack, but by 1819 the Old Man had been separated from the mainland. William Daniell sketched the sea stack at this time as a wider column with a smaller top section and an arch at the base, from which it derived its name. Sometime in the early nineteenth century, a storm washed away one of the legs leaving it much as it is today, although erosion continues. By 1992, a 40-metre (130 ft) crack had appeared in the top of the south face, leaving a large overhanging section that will eventually collapse. Human activity Climbing The stack was first climbed by mountaineers Chris Bonington, Rusty Baillie and Tom Patey in 1966. From 8–9 July 1967, an ascent featured in The Great Climb, a live BBC three-night outside broadcast, which had around 15 million viewers. This featured three pairs of climbers: Bonington and Patey repeated their original route, whilst two new lines were climbed by Joe Brown and Ian McNaught-Davis and by Pete Crew and Dougal Haston. In 1997, Catherine Destivelle made a solo ascent of the Old Man of Hoy; she did so while four months\",\n \"title\": \"Old Man of Hoy\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1951"],"string":"[\n \"1951\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":65,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_55313"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who wins season 5 of great british baking show"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"43390600","text":"The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off first aired on 6 August 2014, with twelve contestants. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. Twelve contestants competed in this series, and the competition was held in Welford Park in Berkshire. The series was won by Nancy Birtwhistle, with Luis Troyano and Richard Burr finishing as runners-up. The programme was moved from BBC Two to BBC One starting this year, but the Masterclass episodes remained on BBC Two. A companion series, The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand, started this year on BBC Two. The fifth series was broadcast as the first season on PBS in the United States. Bakers Results summary Diana left the show after episode 4 due to illness. Her departure was announced at the start of episode 5. The night before episode 5 was scheduled to be taped, she suffered a head injury, resulting in an overnight stay in A&E and a loss of her senses of taste and smell that persisted. Because the judges were unable to agree, no-one was eliminated this week. Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes For their first bake, the contestants were required to make a Swiss Roll as their signature challenge in 21⁄2 hours. For the technical bake, the bakers were set the challenge of baking a cherry cake in 2 hours using Mary Berry's recipe. In the showstopper challenge, the bakers were given 31⁄2 hours to bake their own choice of classic British cakes in miniature. The bakers needed to make 36 cakes of identical size, shape and texture. Episode 2: Biscuits In the signature, the bakers had 2 hours to bake 36 savoury biscuits. In the technical challenge, they had 11⁄4 hours with Mary Berry's recipe for 18 florentines, which the bakers found difficult. In the final challenge, the bakers had 4 hours to make a 3D biscuit scene/structure. Episode 3: Bread In bread week, the bakers firstly had to make 12 rye bread rolls in 31⁄2 hours. In the technical challenge, they were given 3 hours to make 4 ciabatta loaves using Paul Hollywood's recipe, with the advice from Paul that they should be patient. In the showstopper, the bakers were required to make a bread centrepiece in 4 hours. The centrepiece should be a filled-loaf that is spectacular and tasty, and would be judged on its appearance, design and crust, and should be well-baked on the inside. Episode 4: Desserts For the signature bake, the judges gave the bakers two hours to make 8 self-saucing puddings, meaning the sauce should come from the bake itself. The bakers may choose to make either a fondant or a sponge which creates its own sauce at the bottom. In the technical, they had to bake Mary Berry's own tiramisu cake recipe in 21⁄2 hours. In the showstopper, they had 41⁄2 hours to make baked Alaskas. Many of the bakers struggled to make baked","title":"The Great British Bake Off series 5"},{"docid":"43384106","text":"The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice (sometimes shortened to An Extra Slice) is a British television after-show to follow the series The Great British Bake Off. Hosted by Jo Brand, the show features three celebrity panelists discussing the after-events of the week. Originally, the show began airing on BBC Two on 8 August 2014 two days after the premiere episode of the fifth series of the main show, and was filmed at The London Studios. In April 2017, it was announced that the series and Brand would follow The Great British Bake Off to Channel 4 in 2017. The sixth series of The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned on 30 August 2019 and concluded on 1 November 2019. The eighth series began airing on 24 September and concluded on 26 November 2021. In 2022 The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice has been renewed for a tenth series that began airing on 28 September 2023. History The after show was announced in July 2014. Comedian Jo Brand was later announced as the host of the series on 24 July 2014. The show returned for a second run, beginning on 7 August 2015, and for a third series on 24 August 2016. A fourth series began on 31 August 2017 on Channel 4. A fifth series began on 31 August 2018, moving to Friday evenings. In 2023 the show moved to Thursday evenings. Format Brand and three rotating panelists appear on each episode. The panelists are generally a chef or cooking expert, such as Michel Roux Jr. or Rosemary Shrager, a comedian such as Hal Cruttenden, and a well-known figure who is a fan of the show. The panel has also featured past bakers, including winners Nancy Birtwhistle and Nadiya Hussain. A typical episode begins with Brand reviewing the events of the previous episode while showing clips, including unseen footage from the tent, usually humorous outtakes. Afterwards, she interviews the panelists about the current episode and what happened in the tent that week. In the next segment, she presents images of bakes viewers have sent in, then talks about the bakes the audience have brought to the studio, at least one of which the panelists try. In the final segment, the most recently eliminated baker joins the panel and is interviewed again by Brand. In the earlier series, the baker is invited to bring one of their \"less-successful bakes\" which Brand and the panel sample, but this was eliminated in 2020 (most likely to follow COVID-19 regulations). The segment concludes with the baker being presented a cake that captures their time in the tent. Brand concludes the show by showing a preview of what will happen in the next episode of the main show. Panelists While on the BBC, the celebrity panel typically (though not always) consisted of a professional baker/chef, a celebrity who is a fan of the show, and a comedian. In the final episode of each series judges Paul Hollywood and Mary","title":"The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"43390600\",\n \"text\": \"The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off first aired on 6 August 2014, with twelve contestants. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. Twelve contestants competed in this series, and the competition was held in Welford Park in Berkshire. The series was won by Nancy Birtwhistle, with Luis Troyano and Richard Burr finishing as runners-up. The programme was moved from BBC Two to BBC One starting this year, but the Masterclass episodes remained on BBC Two. A companion series, The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand, started this year on BBC Two. The fifth series was broadcast as the first season on PBS in the United States. Bakers Results summary Diana left the show after episode 4 due to illness. Her departure was announced at the start of episode 5. The night before episode 5 was scheduled to be taped, she suffered a head injury, resulting in an overnight stay in A&E and a loss of her senses of taste and smell that persisted. Because the judges were unable to agree, no-one was eliminated this week. Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes For their first bake, the contestants were required to make a Swiss Roll as their signature challenge in 21⁄2 hours. For the technical bake, the bakers were set the challenge of baking a cherry cake in 2 hours using Mary Berry's recipe. In the showstopper challenge, the bakers were given 31⁄2 hours to bake their own choice of classic British cakes in miniature. The bakers needed to make 36 cakes of identical size, shape and texture. Episode 2: Biscuits In the signature, the bakers had 2 hours to bake 36 savoury biscuits. In the technical challenge, they had 11⁄4 hours with Mary Berry's recipe for 18 florentines, which the bakers found difficult. In the final challenge, the bakers had 4 hours to make a 3D biscuit scene/structure. Episode 3: Bread In bread week, the bakers firstly had to make 12 rye bread rolls in 31⁄2 hours. In the technical challenge, they were given 3 hours to make 4 ciabatta loaves using Paul Hollywood's recipe, with the advice from Paul that they should be patient. In the showstopper, the bakers were required to make a bread centrepiece in 4 hours. The centrepiece should be a filled-loaf that is spectacular and tasty, and would be judged on its appearance, design and crust, and should be well-baked on the inside. Episode 4: Desserts For the signature bake, the judges gave the bakers two hours to make 8 self-saucing puddings, meaning the sauce should come from the bake itself. The bakers may choose to make either a fondant or a sponge which creates its own sauce at the bottom. In the technical, they had to bake Mary Berry's own tiramisu cake recipe in 21⁄2 hours. In the showstopper, they had 41⁄2 hours to make baked Alaskas. Many of the bakers struggled to make baked\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Bake Off series 5\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43384106\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice (sometimes shortened to An Extra Slice) is a British television after-show to follow the series The Great British Bake Off. Hosted by Jo Brand, the show features three celebrity panelists discussing the after-events of the week. Originally, the show began airing on BBC Two on 8 August 2014 two days after the premiere episode of the fifth series of the main show, and was filmed at The London Studios. In April 2017, it was announced that the series and Brand would follow The Great British Bake Off to Channel 4 in 2017. The sixth series of The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned on 30 August 2019 and concluded on 1 November 2019. The eighth series began airing on 24 September and concluded on 26 November 2021. In 2022 The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice has been renewed for a tenth series that began airing on 28 September 2023. History The after show was announced in July 2014. Comedian Jo Brand was later announced as the host of the series on 24 July 2014. The show returned for a second run, beginning on 7 August 2015, and for a third series on 24 August 2016. A fourth series began on 31 August 2017 on Channel 4. A fifth series began on 31 August 2018, moving to Friday evenings. In 2023 the show moved to Thursday evenings. Format Brand and three rotating panelists appear on each episode. The panelists are generally a chef or cooking expert, such as Michel Roux Jr. or Rosemary Shrager, a comedian such as Hal Cruttenden, and a well-known figure who is a fan of the show. The panel has also featured past bakers, including winners Nancy Birtwhistle and Nadiya Hussain. A typical episode begins with Brand reviewing the events of the previous episode while showing clips, including unseen footage from the tent, usually humorous outtakes. Afterwards, she interviews the panelists about the current episode and what happened in the tent that week. In the next segment, she presents images of bakes viewers have sent in, then talks about the bakes the audience have brought to the studio, at least one of which the panelists try. In the final segment, the most recently eliminated baker joins the panel and is interviewed again by Brand. In the earlier series, the baker is invited to bring one of their \\\"less-successful bakes\\\" which Brand and the panel sample, but this was eliminated in 2020 (most likely to follow COVID-19 regulations). The segment concludes with the baker being presented a cake that captures their time in the tent. Brand concludes the show by showing a preview of what will happen in the next episode of the main show. Panelists While on the BBC, the celebrity panel typically (though not always) consisted of a professional baker/chef, a celebrity who is a fan of the show, and a comedian. In the final episode of each series judges Paul Hollywood and Mary\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"69103901","text":"The Great British Baking Show season 3 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 3, broadcast as the fifth season on PBS in the United States The Great British Bake Off series 6, broadcast as the third season on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 4 The Great British Baking Show season 5","title":"The Great British Baking Show season 3"},{"docid":"64057635","text":"The Big Flower Fight is a British television competition program first broadcast on Netflix on 18 May 2020. It is a contest in the style of The Great British Bake Off and The Great British Sewing Bee but with the craft of floral design instead of baking or sewing. The show is presented by Natasia Demetriou and Vic Reeves, with Kristen Griffith-VanderYacht serving as a mentor and main judge, as well as a different guest judge in each episode. The first season was filmed in Maidstone, Kent. At the beginning of April 2021, Netflix had yet to announce any plans for a potential second season. Series 1 (2020) Contestants Results summary Colour key: The contestants won the challenge and were declared Best in Bloom The contestants were one of the best, but were not the winners of the challenge The contestants were neither in the top or in the bottom, thus advancing to the next round The contestants were in the bottom but were not eliminated The contestants were eliminated The contestants reached the finals, but did not win the series The contestants won the series Episode themes and guest judges References External links 2020s British reality television series 2020 British television series debuts Television series by ITV Studios British English-language television shows Netflix original programming Reality competition television series","title":"The Big Flower Fight"},{"docid":"50022313","text":"Ayesha Disa Curry (née Alexander; born March 23, 1989) is a Canadian and American actress. After guest roles in several television shows and movies, she began hosting her own show, Ayesha's Homemade ( Ayesha's Home Kitchen), on Food Network. Despite not having any professional chef training, her culinary career started in 2014, when she prepared her first meal as a YouTube demonstration on her channel Little Lights of Mine. Curry is the author of several videos on her channel Little Lights of Mine and has written two cookbooks, The Seasoned Life, published in 2016, and The Full Plate, published in 2020. In 2011, she married basketball player Stephen Curry, with whom she has three children. Career At age 12, Curry acted as the love interest in the music video for \"Too Young for Love\" by Suga Prince (now known as Sevn Thomas). After graduating from Weddington High School, Curry moved to Los Angeles to become an actress, appearing mostly in bit parts. She appeared in a short film Underground Street Flippers (2009), the TV movie Dan's Detour of Life (2008), and in the direct to DVD movie Love for Sale (2008). She has appeared in the Netflix movie, Irish Wish in 2024. After her marriage she started a food blog, and then a YouTube channel. This led to a short lived Food Network show Ayesha's Homemade that was canceled after 13 episodes. In addition to her written recipes, Curry often posts instructional cooking videos on her YouTube channel. In 2016, she released her cookbook \"The Seasoned Life.\" She also began starring in Ayesha's Homemade, which follows her professional and personal life with cameos from her husband and two daughters. The first season ran for six episodes. A second season of six episodes, named Ayesha's Home Kitchen premiered on Food Network on April 30, 2017. On September 20, 2017, Curry was named as a spokesperson for CoverGirl, becoming the first spokesperson for the brand who is not an actress or singer. She was announced on September 21, 2017, as one of the new hosts of The Great American Baking Show, an American adaptation of The Great British Bake Off, on ABC. She also revealed to Deidre Behar, from Entertainment Tonight, that she was approached to join the next season of Dancing With The Stars. Only two episodes of the third season of Baking Show, however, aired on television due to sexual harassment allegations against one of the show's judges outside the series. While the show was renewed for a fourth season, Curry did not return as a host and was succeeded by former Spice Girls member Emma Bunton. In July 2019, Curry and her husband launched the \"Eat. Learn. Play. Foundation\" in Oakland, California. The foundation works to end childhood hunger, increase access to quality education, and provide safe spaces for children to stay active. Restaurant and food business Her 2014 company Little Lights of Mine sold its own brand of extra virgin olive oil, and 10% of all proceeds are","title":"Ayesha Curry"},{"docid":"29881727","text":"Next Great Baker (also known as Cake Boss: Next Great Baker) is an American television series that airs on TLC, hosted by Buddy Valastro, the star of his own reality series, Cake Boss. The show features contestants participating in challenges that test their edible art baking and decorating skills. Each week, a contestant will be eliminated; the last contestant standing will win a grand prize package that varies by season. Other prizes for winning a challenge or the week's competition are also offered during the series. Gameplay Each round has three stages: Baker's challenge: Each contestant has to meet a challenge set by Buddy the Cake Boss, such as making a pastry, baking a cake or, as in the first-season finale, filling buckets of grease. The winner of this challenge receives a special bonus, revealed after the challenge. Elimination challenge: Each contestant has a set amount of time over two days — usually three hours on the first day and the remaining time on the second — to make a cake to specifications set by Buddy. Final elimination: Buddy and the judges (the judge from the Baker's challenge and a client) decide which three cakes are the best and which two cakes that are the worst. After the decisions are made, the contestants (who were waiting in the bakers' lounge) enter the judging room. Contestants determined \"safe\" are then dismissed. Then, the three contestants with the best cakes are announced, with the one with the best cake in the challenge singled out. The remaining contestants have the worst cakes in the challenge; one of these will be told to leave the competition, transported away by Danny (an employee of Carlo's Bakery and Buddy's close friend) inside a box truck marked \"Not the Next Great Baker\". Episodes Season 1 The first season of Next Great Baker was taped inside a special kitchen studio set up at the Hudson County Community College Culinary Arts Institute in Jersey City, New Jersey, and was televised from December 6, 2010 to January 24, 2011 on TLC. Dana Herbert, the last contestant standing out of a field of ten contestants, won $50,000 cash, a Chevrolet Cruze and an apprenticeship at Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken, New Jersey. Following his win, Dana was featured in some episodes of Cake Boss, but he had had his own bakery before his appearance on the show. Season 2 The second season of Next Great Baker was set at the new Carlo's Bakery facility at Lackawanna Center in Jersey City, and was televised from November 28, 2011 to January 30, 2012 on TLC. Marissa Lopez, the last contestant standing out of a field of 13 contestants, won $100,000 cash and a four-page spread in Brides magazine, along with an opportunity to work beside Buddy in the bakery. As of 2020, she is the manager of Carlo's Bakery Ridgewood, New Jersey. Season 3 Season 3 premiered on Monday, November 26, 2012. 13 contestant battle it out for $100,000 dollars and a spread","title":"Next Great Baker"},{"docid":"62256822","text":"The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show is a Christmas special edition of The Great Canadian Baking Show. Episodes have featured bakers from previous seasons of The Great Canadian Baking Show competing in season baking challenges to be named \"Star Holiday Baker\". Four episodes of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show have aired, in 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2023 respectively. 2019 The first episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on November 13, 2019. It featured four bakers from the show's first two seasons returning to compete in seasonal baking challenges. This marked the final episode of hosts Carolyn Taylor and Aurora Browne in their presenting roles. Bakers Bakes For the signature challenge, the bakers had two and a half hours to produce 12 edible ornament cookies. The technical challenge gave the bakers three hours to create a challah and accompany it with homemade butter and apple butter. The bakers' showstopper challenge was to construct an elaborate, edible, and structurally-sound Christmas village in four hours. 2021 A second episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on December 12, 2021. It featured four finalists from the show's first three seasons returning to compete in seasonal baking challenges. Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis, the hosts since season 4 of The Great Canadian Baking Show, appeared as presenters. Bakers Bakes For the signature challenge, the bakers had to make a festive baking tray with two different types of desserts in two and a half hours. The technical challenge gave the bakers one hour and 45 minutes to make a vínarterta, a seven layered cake of alternating layers of almond biscuit and prune jam, originally brought to Manitoba by Icelandic settlers. The bakers' showstopper challenge was to create a choux wreath with incredible flavours and elaborate decorations in four hours. 2022 A third episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on November 27, 2022. The episode featured returning bakers from the second, fourth, and fifth seasons to compete in seasonal baking challenges. Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis returned as presenters. Bakers Bakes In the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours to make 18 savoury appetizers, 9 each of two different types for a holiday party platter. For the technical challenge, they were tasked with baking 20 gefüllte herzen, traditional German heart-shaped soft gingerbread cookies, with a layer of thick raspberry jam within, coated in dark chocolate and drizzled with white chocolate, in 2 hours and 15 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers were given four hours to create a grand and impressive holiday scene cake, telling any holiday story or tradition, with the bakers being allowed to use any technique and additional bakes. 2023 A fourth episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on November 26, 2023. The episode featured four previous winners from the second, third, fourth, and fifth seasons, returning for a chance to become a Star Holiday Baker. Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis returned as presenters. Bakers Bakes For the","title":"The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show"},{"docid":"61951599","text":"The fifth season of The Great Australian Bake Off premiered on 3 October 2019 on the LifeStyle channel, and saw 12 home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Australian Bake Off's best amateur baker. The season consisted of 10 episodes. Each episode saw bakers put through three challenges, with each episode having its own theme or discipline. The season aired from 3 October 2019 until 5 December 2019, and saw Subha Nasir Ahmad win. The season was hosted by Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle, and was judged by Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. The Bakers The following is the list of the bakers that competed this season: {| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\" |- ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Baker ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Age ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Occupation ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Hometown ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Competition Status |- ! Subha \"Sunny\" Nasir Ahmad | 26 || PHD Science Student || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:Gold;\"| |- ! Daniel \"Dan\" Pasquali | 35 || Research Scientist || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:LimeGreen;\"| |- ! David Hills | 41 || Project Manager || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:LimeGreen;\"| |- ! Donald \"Don\" Hackett | 55 || Superannuation Consultant || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Angela Navacchi | 36 || Housewife || Adelaide, South Australia || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Wynn Visser | 36 || Disability Services Manager || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Anston Ratnayake | 28 || Student Voice Officer || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Sue Dahman | 70 || Retired Bank Manager || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Laura Peters | 22 || Cafe Manager || New South Wales || style=\"background:Orange;\"| |- ! Dennis Mews | 71 || Retired Maths Teacher || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Annette Peffers | 48 || Account Manager || Gold Coast, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Zee Scott | 39 || Marriage Celebrant || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- |} Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes Episode 2: Bread Episode 3: Biscuits Episode 4: Vegan Episode 5: Classics Episode 6: Patisserie Episode 7: Spice Episode 8: Hybrid Episode 9: Party Episode 10: Finale Ratings References 5 2019 Australian television seasons","title":"The Great Australian Bake Off season 5"},{"docid":"69103906","text":"The Great British Baking Show season 4 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 4, broadcast as the second season of the series on PBS in the United States The Great British Bake Off series 7, broadcast as the fourth season of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 5","title":"The Great British Baking Show season 4"},{"docid":"59776483","text":"Bake Off Greece (also called Bake Off) is a Greek television baking competition, produced by Love Productions, in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills, with a contestant being eliminated in each round, with the winner being selected from the contestants who reach the finals. The show's first episode was aired on 23 September 2018. The Show based on the BBC baking competition The Great British Bake Off. The programme is presenting by Ioanna Triantafyllidou, with judges Akis Petretzikis, Nikolas Straggas and Dimitris Xronopoulos. Host and judges Key Series overview In series 1 the episodes 19, 21 and 23 were broadcast on Fridays at 21:00pm. Season 1: 2018 Series 1 of Bake Off Greece saw eighteen home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Bake Off Greece best amateur baker. It began airing on 23 September 2018 on Alpha TV. The winner is Venia Flessa. Bakers Results summary Colour key: Baker was one of the judges' least favourite bakers that week, but was not eliminated. Baker was one of the judges' favourite bakers that week, but was not the Star Baker. Baker got through to the next round. Baker was eliminated. Baker was the Star Baker. Baker was Returned or Arrived Baker was a series runner-up. Baker was the series winner. Episodes Team fase Episode 1: Premiere Episode 2: Chocolate Episode 3: Greek pastry Episode 4: Tiny episode This was the last episode in the team fase Individual fase Episode 5: Snacks Episode 6: Salty and sweet Episode 7: Français pastry Episode 8: Desserts Episode 9: Judge In this episode the judge and the presenter was the encharged to decide the challenges Technical challenge was decided by Nikolas and Akis / Creative challenge was decided by Ioanna and Dimitris Episode 10: Countries Episode 11: Semifinal Episode 12: Final References External links Greek reality television series 2018 Greek television series debuts 2010s Greek television series Alpha TV original programming Greek-language television shows Television shows set in Athens International versions of The Great British Bake Off Greek television series based on British television series","title":"Bake Off Greece"},{"docid":"52757952","text":"The Great American Baking Show is an American cooking competition television series and an adaptation of The Great British Bake Off (which is aired in the United States under the title The Great British Baking Show). Its first season aired on ABC under the title The Great Holiday Baking Show. The show is the second licensed adaptation of the GBBO format in the United States. In 2013, CBS produced one season of The American Baking Competition, which was hosted by Jeff Foxworthy, with Paul Hollywood and Mexican-American chef Marcela Valladolid as judges. The first two seasons were hosted by Nia Vardalos and Ian Gomez, with Mary Berry from the original GBBO series and American pastry chef Johnny Iuzzini as judges. The third season was hosted by cookbook author Ayesha Curry and former football player Anthony Adams. Iuzzini returned as judge and was joined by original GBBO judge Paul Hollywood. The season was pulled off the schedule following sexual harassment allegations against judge Iuzzini, who was officially fired from the show and ABC. Curry and Iuzzini did not return for the fourth season. On May 4, 2018, the show was renewed for a fourth season. Emma Bunton and Sherry Yard were hired as replacement host and judge, respectively. On August 1, 2019, the show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on December 12, 2019. On May 3, 2022, it was announced that The Roku Channel would be airing a new season of the show, with Paul Hollywood returning as judge, along with Prue Leith from GBBO. Roku also announced plans to air The Great American Baking Show: Celebrity Holiday, featuring celebrities competing to raise money for charity. All six episodes of new season of the show premiered on May 5, 2023. The Roku Channel has ordered a seventh season of this series. Hosts and judges Season overview Season 1 (2015) Season 1 aired under the titleThe Great Holiday Baking Show and marked a return of the GBBO format to American television after the cancellation of the series by CBS in late 2013 when it was originally aired under the title The American Baking Competition after one season. Six bakers participated in the first ABC season. The season was won by Lauren Katz, beating out Nicole Silva and Tim Samson in the finale. Season 2 (2016–17) Season 2 returned the following year as The Great American Baking Show with ten bakers and an eight-week competition. The season was won by Amanda Faber, with Stephanie Chen as the runner-up. Season 3 (2017) The third season began airing December 7, 2017, with a two-hour premiere. It is the first season hosted by Curry and Adams and for judge Hollywood who last appeared on the 2013 CBS version of the show. This season, baker Antoinette Love, withdrew following a family death, returned to the competition. The season was withdrawn from ABC's schedule on December 13, 2017, following allegations of sexual misconduct by Iuzzini. ABC announced that it would not air the remaining episodes.","title":"The Great American Baking Show"},{"docid":"40688666","text":"James Patrick Bowie Morton (born 26 May 1991) is a Scottish doctor, baker, author and reality television contestant, based in Glasgow, who rose to fame when he became the runner up on the third series of The Great British Bake Off. Early life James Morton was born in Inverness, Scotland, but from the age of three grew up in the Shetland Islands. He was introduced to baking by his maternal grandmother, who taught him after school each day. He is the son of journalist and former Radio Scotland radio presenter Tom Morton. The Great British Bake Off In the first Summer of his medical degree at the University of Glasgow, Morton worked washing dishes at a small Glasgow deli. A keen bread baker already, here he was exposed to the wide variation of bread production and results. From then on, he studied baking as a science rather than a craft, often preferring to read peer-review cereal journals than cookbooks. He watched The Great British Bake Off (Series 2) during 2011 and decided to apply after pressure from his university friends. During Morton's subsequent appearance on the show, he reached the final with bakes such as an \"oak-framed Gingerbread Barn\" and \"double Paris-Brest Choux pastry Bicycle,\" eventually losing out to winner John Whaite. Morton participated in the Bake Offs 2016 Xmas Special show, leading for much of the show but losing out to Chetna Makan after a series of errors in the showstopper round. Post-Bake Off baking activities Morton has amassed a large following on Twitter and Instagram and founded a popular baking blog. He wrote a regular column in the \"7 Days\" supplement of the Sunday Mail newspaper from 2013 to 2018. He regularly composes comment and recipes for a wide variety of online and print publications. He has been a guest celebrity on numerous television shows, including Sunday Brunch and Big Fat Quiz of the Year. In October 2013, he was a guest presenter on RBS: Finding Scotland's Real Heroes and has toured Scotland with his bread demonstration shows \"James Morton Kneads to Raise Some Dough\" and \"James Morton’s Stollen Christmas\", taking them to large festivals such as Dundee Flower and Food Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. He released his first book, Brilliant Bread, in August 2013, published by Ebury Publishing. It received a nomination for the best cookbook at the 2013 André Simon Awards and winning the Guild of Food Writers Award 2014 for best cookbook. His second book, How Baking Works (and what to do when it doesn't), was released on 12 March 2015. In 2019, he wrote another book on baking Super Sourdough. Morton also wrote books outside of baking. Brew: The Foolproof Guide to Making World-Class Beer at Home was published in 2016. His home brews won national awards – his Oatmeal Extra Pale being brewed by Dark Star Brewing Company in 2014 and Skeleton Blues by Stewart Brewing in 2015. In 2019, he co-wrote Shetland: Cooking on the Edge of the World with","title":"James Morton (baker)"},{"docid":"37343324","text":"John Whaite (born 23 May 1989) is an English baker who won the third series of The Great British Bake Off in 2012. He works as a chef, television presenter, and author. Early life John Whaite was born in Chorley, Lancashire, and grew up on a farm in Wrightington. He has two sisters, Jane and Victoria. He became interested in baking at the age of seven, after his parents divorced. He won a place at Oxford to read Modern and Medieval Languages, but switched to study Law at the University of Manchester to be nearer to home. In 2012 he gained a first-class degree after sitting for his law exams while filming Bake Off. He also completed a summer scheme with top law firm Eversheds Sutherland and worked briefly as a banker in the Royal Bank of Scotland's asset finance department. He rejected a career in law or banking after winning the series, and took classes at Le Cordon Bleu in London to pursue a career in cooking. Career Television In 2012, Whaite took part in the third series of The Great British Bake Off on BBC Two. During the sixth episode of the series Whaite sustained a major injury to his finger and could not complete the last bake. After making it through to the final, he won the show with his Italian sausage and roasted vegetable pithivier, fondant fancies, and heaven and hell chiffon cake. Despite winning the series, he won \"Star Baker\" only once. Whaite has appeared as a resident chef on the ITV breakfast programme Lorraine, hosted by Lorraine Kelly. He has also appeared on This Morning, What's Cooking?, The Alan Titchmarsh Show and Sunday Brunch as a guest chef. In April 2016, Whaite began co-presenting Chopping Block, ITV's new daytime cookery competitive show with Rosemary Shrager where four couples compete in a series of daily challenges to win a prize. A second series began airing in March 2017. Whaite makes regular appearances, as one of its chefs, with presenter Steph McGovern on her Channel 4 daytime show Steph's Packed Lunch. In August 2021, Whaite was announced as a contestant on the nineteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. He was paired with professional Johannes Radebe, and they became the first ever male same-sex pairing on the show. They reached the final as one of the last two couples, but were beaten by Rose Ayling-Ellis and her partner Giovanni Pernice. Cookery After appearing on Bake Off, Whaite studied for a Diplôme de Pâtisserie at Le Cordon Bleu, London. In 2015, John Whaite's kitchen cookery school, named John Whaite's Kitchen, opened in a converted 400-year-old cattle shed on his family's farm on Tunley Lane in Wrightington, Lancashire. As of December 2021, this project remains closed. Writing Whaite has released four cookery books. His first, John Whaite Bakes, was released on 25 April 2013, and the second, John Whaite Bakes at Home, was released on 27 March 2014. The third book, Perfect Plates in 5 Ingredients, was published in","title":"John Whaite"},{"docid":"62570487","text":"The fifth season of The Great American Baking Show premiered December 12, 2019 on the ABC network. It is the second season under the title The Great American Baking Show: Holiday Edition. Emma Bunton and Anthony \"Spice\" Adams return as hosts. Returning in the judging panel for their third and second seasons, respectively, are Paul Hollywood and Sherry Yard. Bakers Results summary Color key: Episodes Episode 1: Cake Color key: For the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours to make a single-layer olive oil cake. For the technical challenge, Sherry assigned an angel food cake, which the bakers had two and a half hours to complete. For the showstopper, the bakers had three and a half hours to make a chocolate gateau with three layers and chocolate icing. Episode 2: Bread For the signature challenge, the bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to make one dozen savory breadsticks. For the technical challenge, set by Paul, the bakers had two and a half hours to make a traditional cob loaf. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make a bread sculpture inspired by \"The Twelve Days of Christmas\", with at least two flavors of bread. Episode 3: Spice The signature challenge was to bake a dozen cinnamon rolls in two and a half hours, including an icing or drizzle. The technical challenge was to bake a dozen Linzer cookies in an hour and a half. For the signature, bakers had five hours to build a holiday gingerbread scene. Episode 4: Dessert In the signature challenge, the bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to make madeleines. For the technical, the bakers had to make Queen of Puddings in one hour and 30 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make a cheesecake tower of at least three tiers, with two of the same flavor and one different. Episode 5: Pastry In the signature challenge, the bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to make a citrus tart. For the technical, the bakers had to make hand-raised pies in two hours and 15 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make Napoleons and palmiers. Episode 6: Cookie In the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours and 30 minutes to make winter sugar cookies. For the technical, the bakers had to make fortune cookies in one hour and 30 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make macaron tower. Episode 7: Semi-Finals In the signature challenge, the bakers had three hours to make two varieties of savory canapés. For the technical, the bakers had to make soufflés in 40 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had three and a half hours to make an Opera cake. Episode 8: Finals In the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours and 30 minutes to make choux buns. For the technical, the bakers had to make a Fraisier cake in","title":"The Great American Baking Show season 5"},{"docid":"47366090","text":"The sixth series (Season 3 on PBS, or Collection 3 on Netflix in the US) of The Great British Bake Off first aired on 5 August 2015, with twelve contestants competing to be the series 6 winner. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins presented the show, and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. The competition was held in the ground of Welford Park, Berkshire for a second year. The series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Tamal Ray and Ian Cumming finishing as runners-up. The sixth series was broadcast as the third season on PBS in the United States. Bakers Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes For the first signature challenge, the bakers were given 2 hours to make a Madeira Cake, which was chosen as an \"easy\" challenge for the bakers. The cake should have a dome and a crack on top, though Mary stated the cake should not differ too far from the original. For the technical challenge, the bakers had 13⁄4 hours to make Mary Berry's recipe for a Walnut Cake, which should have three layers, a meringue coating, and caramelised walnuts. For the showstopper, challenge the bakers had 31⁄2 hours to make a Black Forest Gâteau. The bakers were tasked with making a cake that should be extravagant and should \"impress\" Mary and Paul. Episode 2: Biscuits For the signature challenge, the bakers were given 2 hours to bake 24 identical biscotti of any shape, flavour or size. In the technical challenge, they were required to make 8 arlettes, which are high-end light delicate cinnamon-flavoured biscuits, in 21⁄2 hours. For the show stopper, they were set the challenge of making 36 biscuits to be presented in a biscuit box made of a different kind of biscuit mix. They were given 4 hours in this challenge. Episode 3: Bread In their signature challenge, the bakers were given 11⁄2 hour to make 2 quick bread to be made free-form (i.e. not in a tin). For the technical challenge, Paul set the bakers the challenge of baking 4 identical crusty baguettes in 21⁄2 hours. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers needed to make a 3D bread sculpture in 5 hours, using three types of dough, and one of them should be filled. Paul received the first ever special commendation for his showstopper King of the Jungle. Episode 4: Desserts For the signature challenge, the bakers had 2 hours to make 12 crème brûlées. The brief specified that the custard must be set and that the bakers weren't allowed to use a blowtorch to caramelize the top. For the technical challenge, the bakers had 4 hours to make a Spanische Windtorte. This dessert had 2 types of meringue, Swiss and French, designed into a circular box and filled with cream and fruit. Three tiers of sweet cheesecakes were set as the showstopper. The structure must be self-standing, have unique flavors and be completed in 41⁄2 hours. Episode 5: Alternative Ingredients This episode has a theme of using","title":"The Great British Bake Off series 6"},{"docid":"37925894","text":"The Great Australian Bake Off is an Australian television baking series that is based on the BBC baking competition The Great British Bake Off. The series first premiered on 9 July 2013 on the Nine Network and ran for one season with presenters Shane Jacobson and Anna Gare and judges Dan Lepard and Kerry Vincent. On 1 April 2015, it was announced that the series had been picked up by pay television channel LifeStyle Food and production company FremantleMedia Australia for a second season which premiered on 13 October 2015 with presenters Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle and judges Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. Another three seasons aired on LifeStyle Food and LifeStyle between 2016 and 2019. In December 2020, there was speculation the series was to be picked up by the Seven Network for its sixth season, however in March 2021, Foxtel was in “advanced discussions” for a series return. In June 2021, it was officially renewed by Foxtel with auditions open from June to 18 July 2021, with BBC Studios Australia taking over production from Fremantle Australia. The sixth season premiered on 27 January 2022. On 4 August 2022, Foxtel announced a new-look seventh season had been commissioned, to air in 2023 with filming commencing in September. Maggie Beer, Matt Moran, Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle are departing the show, with new judges and hosts to be announced. On 30 August 2022 Foxtel revealed pastry chef Darren Purchese and culinary expert Rachel Khoo as the show's new judges, with comedians Cal Wilson and Natalie Tran to host. The seventh season premiered on 13 June 2023. Maggie Beer made a guest appearance in the seventh season. The eighth season, filmed earlier in 2023, will air in 2024 and will be the second and final appearance of Cal Wilson as host as she died in October 2023. Format The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-round amateur baker from the contestants, where in each episode the bakers are tasked with 3 different challenges; a signature bake, a technical bake and a show-stopper. The bakes are critically examined by the judges who will then choose a \"Star Baker\" and a baker that is eliminated from the competition. Ten contestants were chosen for the first season, and twelve contestants were chosen for each subsequent season. Signature Challenge: This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried-and-tested recipes that are rustic and altogether home-made-looking. Technical Challenge: This challenge shows who can follow instructions, but who also has the technical knowledge and experience to produce the finished product. The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be. The finished product is ranked from worst to best, with the judges not knowing who produced which. Showstopper Challenge: This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent. The judges are looking for a bake that is both of a professional appearance but also in taste.","title":"The Great Australian Bake Off"},{"docid":"33598729","text":"Junior Bake Off is a British television baking competition in which young bakers aged 9 to 12 tackle a series of challenges involving baking cakes, biscuits, bread, and pastries, competing to be crowned Junior Bake Off Champion. The series debuted in 2011 as a spin-off from The Great British Bake Off and is also produced by Love Productions. Four series of Junior Bake Off were broadcast on CBBC from 2011 to 2016. Following its parent series' departure from the BBC in 2017, Junior Bake Off resumed with a fifth series in 2019 on Channel 4, with comedian Harry Hill as presenter and Prue Leith and Liam Charles as judges. The fifth series concluded on 22 November 2019. The show returned for a sixth series on 11 January 2021. Junior Bake Off returned Monday 10 January 2022 for its seventh series and concluded on 28 January 2022. Junior Bake Off returned on 16 January 2023 for its eighth series and will conclude on 3 February 2023. On 5 January it was announced that Junior Bake Off has been renewed for its tenth series to air in 2025. Format Each series of Junior Bake Off typically includes 15 episodes. While The Great British Bake Off features three challenges per episode (signature, technical, and showstopper), Junior Bake Off includes only the technical and showstopper challenges. In the first four series, aired on CBBC from 2011 to 2016, the format featured 40 young bakers aged 9 to 12 years old divided into 10 qualifying rounds or heats. Each episode featured only four bakers, with one winner each episode and the other three eliminated. The winning baker from each heat were brought back for 'Finals Week' (divided into two semi-finals, followed by two finals, and then one grand final) which determined the winner. The format was altered in 2019 when the series moved to Channel 4. The episodes were increased from 30 minutes to one hour, the number of bakers halved to 20 (16 from series 6), and the upper age range of the contestants increased from 12 to 15 (changed back to 12 from series 8). Instead of only four bakers taking part in each qualifying round, the bakers are divided into two groups of 10 each, with five eliminated from one group during the first five episodes, and five eliminated from the second group during the second five episodes. The remaining five bakers from each group are combined in the week-long finals, resulting in quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. The 'Star Baker' award, given to the judges' favourite baker in each episode, was not included in the CBBC version of the show but is a part of the Channel 4 format. Series overview Presenters and judges Series 1 (2011) The first series began on 31 October 2011 on CBBC with judges from the main show Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry. Aaron Craze presented the show. Series 2 (2013) A second series began on 11 November 2013 on CBBC. Chef James Martin replaced Hollywood as","title":"Junior Bake Off"},{"docid":"73075861","text":"Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker is a reality show that began airing on Channel 4 on 21 October 2021. In the show, woodworkers compete to be named \"Britain's Best Woodworker\". A spin-off of the format of The Great British Bake Off, the programme is presented by Mel Giedroyc, with judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch (series 1), and Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu (series 2 and 3). To date, three series have been produced and screened. Outside of the UK, the programme is marketed as Good with Wood: Britain's Best Woodworker. Series format The show format is similar to The Great British Bake Off in that each episode features challenges that are to be completed within a certain time period. The series starts with eight woodworkers, usually with one being eliminated each episode. In the Big Build challenge, the woodworkers are given two days to create a specific item. In the Skills Test, held part way through the Big Build, woodworkers are tasked with making an object which requires a specific woodworking skill. The winner of that challenge wins immunity from elimination for that episode. Series overview Series 1 (2021) The first series of Handmade: Britain’s Best Woodworker started on 21 October 2021 and aired for six episodes concluding on 25 November 2021. There were eight woodworkers. The series was hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch. Filming took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park. The final was won by Misti Leitz, with Charlie and Radha as runners up. Series 2 (2022) The second series of Handmade: Britain’s Best Woodworker started on 21 September 2022, and aired for eight episodes concluding on 9 November 2022. The programme commenced with 10 woodworkers, one of whom was replaced after the first episode. The series was again hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with there being two new judges; Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu. Filming again took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park. The final was won by Lauren Wood, with Chloe and Jacob as runners up. Series 3 (2023) The third series of Handmade: Britain’s Best Woodworker began broadcasting on 8 October 2023, and aired for eight episodes concluding on 26 November 2023. The programme commenced with 10 woodworkers. The series was again hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu returning as judges. Filming again took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park. The final was won by Nathanael Griffiths, with Jen and Wolfgang as runners up. International broadcasts Broadcast New Zealand - broadcast since 2021 on TVNZ 1 See also All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star The Great British Bake Off The Great British Sewing Bee The Great Pottery Throw Down References External links 2021 British television series debuts 2020s British game shows 2020s British reality television series Channel 4 reality television shows Channel 4 game shows British television spin-offs British English-language television shows Reality television spin-offs Woodworking Reality competition","title":"Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker"},{"docid":"71703442","text":"The thirteenth series of The Great British Bake Off began on 13 September 2022. It is again presented by Noel Fielding and Matt Lucas and judged by Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith. The bakers competing in the series were announced on 2 September 2022. The series was filmed at Welford Park, an estate near Newbury, Berkshire which was previously used for the programme from 2014 to 2019. The season was won by Syabira Yusoff, with Abdul Rehman Sharif and Nelsandro \"Sandro\" Farmhouse finishing as the runners-up. Yusoff is the first female winner since Sophie Faldo from Season 8. This was the final series presented by Matt Lucas, who announced his departure from the programme on 6 December 2022. Bakers Results summary Abdul and Rebs were ill and unable to compete in episode 3; at the end of the episode, the judges decided it was unfair to eliminate anyone in their absence. Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cake For the first signature challenge, the bakers were required to bake 12 identical mini sandwich cakes in 2 hours. For the technical challenge, set by Paul, the bakers were tasked with making a six-layered red velvet cake in 2 hours, each layer sandwiched with cream cheese frosting and sprinkled with red crumbs. A 3D cake replica of a home that the bakers once lived in was set as the showstopper; the bakers were given 4 hours, the judges expecting the bake to be full of detail. Episode 2: Biscuits The signature bake was 18 Decorative macarons with a twist – they must be made to appear like something else. Two hours was given for the challenge. For the technical challenge, set by Prue, the bakers were given 1 hour and 45 minutes to bake 12 Garibaldi biscuits with feathered chocolate on top. A 3D biscuit mask to be completed in 4 hours was the showstopper challenge. Episode 3: Bread The bakers were set the task of making two sharing-size pizzas in 2 hours for the signature challenge. The technical challenge, set by Paul, was the baking of 12 pain aux raisins, to be completed in 2 hours and 45 minutes. Finally, for their 4½-hour showstopper, the bakers were asked to create their own interpretation of a Swedish celebration 'cake', the Smörgåstårta, topped with exquisite decorations. Both Abdul and Rebs did not compete due to falling ill. Consequently, no one was eliminated this week but the following week would be a double elimination. Episode 4: Mexican For their signature challenge, the bakers were asked to make 12 individual Pan dulce (\"sweet bread\" pastries) in 21⁄2 hours. Paul's technical challenge required them to make 8 Mexican hand-pressed corn tacos and their fillings, in 2 hours. The showstopper gave them 4 hours to make their own four-layer version of a Tres Leches Cake ('three-milk cake' -- a sponge cake soaked in three kinds of milk). Episode 5: Desserts For the signature the bakers had 2 hours to make 8 individual steamed puddings, with an accompaniment of","title":"The Great British Bake Off series 13"},{"docid":"55078166","text":"The Great Canadian Baking Show is a Canadian cooking competition television series which premiered on CBC Television on November 1, 2017. It is an adaptation of the U.K. series The Great British Bake Off, which is aired in Canada under the title The Great British Baking Show. For its first two seasons, the show was hosted by Dan Levy and Julia Chan, with French-born Canadian chef Bruno Feldeisen and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis as judges. The third season was hosted by Aurora Browne and Carolyn Taylor, comedians and actors of Baroness von Sketch Show fame, with Feldeisen returning as a judge joined by Canadian chef Kyla Kennaley. From the fourth season onwards, it was hosted by comedians and Second City alumni Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis. Premise Each season of the show features 10 amateur baking contestants selected from across Canada to participate in a competition of themed baking challenges. Adapted from The Great British Bake Off, each episode features three rounds: the Signature Bake, the Technical Challenge, and the Showstopper. After the two judges taste and critique the entries, they determine which contestant is crowned each week's \"Star Baker\" and which contestant will be sent home. In each season finale, the final three bakers compete to be named the winner of The Great Canadian Baking Show and take home the GCBS cake stand. Production Produced by Proper Television in association with the CBC and Love Productions, the show is filmed on the grounds of the Canadian Film Centre in Toronto during mid-summer, then premiered in November for season 1, and September for seasons 2 and 3, on CBC. The executive producer is Cathie James, and the series producers are Marike Emery (seasons 1 through 4) and Mark Ven de Ven (season 5). Levy, a self-proclaimed \"huge fan\" of the British series upon which the show is based, stated that he \"actively pursued\" the hosting role for the premiere season. CBC Television announced on February 7, 2018 that the series was renewed for a second season, and all hosts and judges would be returning. The series was renewed for a third season in 2019 with judge Bruno Feldeisen being joined by new judge Kyla Kennaley and new hosts Aurora Browne and Carolyn Taylor. The series was renewed for a fourth season due to air in 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, production was delayed and the season aired in early 2021, with new hosts Alan Shane Lewis and Ann Pornel. The fifth season aired in 2021 with the same hosts and judges. Hosts and judges Reception John Doyle, reviewing the first episode for The Globe and Mail, called the show boring and said that it lacked \"the major ingredients of eccentric flair and idiosyncratic contestants [of the original].\" Doyle's criticism of host Dan Levy's \"feyness\" in the review was called homophobic by Levy and others. Eater Montreal writer Tim Forster said the show's first episode is \"like somebody left the sugar out of the recipe: it looks","title":"The Great Canadian Baking Show"},{"docid":"53377516","text":"The Big Family Cooking Showdown, often referred to as simply Cooking Showdown or BFCS, is a BBC team cooking competition. The first season was hosted by Great British Bake Off winner Nadiya Hussain and Zoe Ball. Each week, two teams of three family members competed in three challenges, judged by Michelin starred chef Giorgio Locatelli and cookery teacher Rosemary Shrager. The winners in each of eight heats moved on to the semi-finals, consisting of three episodes. The three semi-final winners then progressed to the final episode where the winning family was selected. The Big Family Cooking Showdown premiered on BBC Two on Tuesday, 15 August 2017, then moved to Thursday evenings on 31 August to avoid a scheduling conflict with The Great British Bake Off on Channel 4. On 9 May 2018, the BBC announced that the show would return for a second season of 14 episodes airing in a new slot of 7pm. The second season aired multiple episodes per week, beginning on 15 October 2018. The show returned with a refreshed style and modified format, and without any of the original line-up of presenters or judges featured in the first series. Presenter and Celebrity MasterChef winner Angellica Bell was joined by Michelin starred chef Tommy Banks to host and co-judge the second series. After viewership and ratings fell below expectations, BBC announced that the show would be cancelled. Production and Format In both the first and second season of the competition, each team consists of three family members. However, otherwise the two seasons of the show are somewhat distinct in terms of production style and format. Season One The first season of the series, The Cooking Showdown kitchen is located in the main barn at the Quadrangle Trust, near Shoreham in Kent. Each heat featured two teams, while each semi-final and the final featured three teams. There were 12 episodes in total, and one episode aired per week. Season one featured two judges, Giorgio Locatelli and Rosemary Shrager, and two presenters Nadiya Hussain and Zoe Ball. Only one of the presenters would travel to the home visit challenge, which took place in the contestants' homes. However, both presenters were present in the barn, except for the final episode, which didn't feature Zoe Ball. Heats In each episode, two teams comprising three family members competed in three time-limited rounds. At the end of the three rounds, a winner was selected, who moved on to one of a series of semi-final rounds. Round 1: The £10 Challenge (1 hour and 15 minutes): In the £10 Challenge, the teams must prepare two courses for four on a budget. Round 2: Home Visits Challenge (1 hour and 30 minutes): Each team cooks and serves a main course and a dessert for the judges in their own home kitchen. Round 3: Impress the Neighbours Challenge (2 hours and 15 minutes): The teams returned to the barn to create their finest starter and a main course, with no budget. Semi-finals What's in the Fridge?","title":"The Big Family Cooking Showdown"},{"docid":"51866946","text":"Halloween Baking Championship is an American cooking competition show that premiered on Food Network on October 5, 2015. Like its sister show, Holiday Baking Championship, it's a seasonal program that runs for a few weeks (in this case, the month of October) and aims to crown the best baker of spooky, creepy desserts. Rounds Each episode has two rounds. The first round is the \"Preliminary Heat\" where the bakers are first told of their themes and get varying cook times (anywhere from 30 minutes up to 2 hours) to create a small pastry (usual cookies or small cakes). The person who wins the first round gets an advantage going into the next round, and aren't told until after the second round is announced (and sometimes they're not told until the middle of cooking in the second round). The advantage varies by episode (Ex: exclusive use of a certain baking mold/ingredient or first choice of a specific theme). The second round is called the \"Main Heat\" and the contestants get a considerably longer time to bake than the \"pre-heat\" (in the final round of the final episode they're given several hours to make a large confection). This larger dessert must fit a new theme presented (usually in the same vein as the pre-heat theme). The winner of the \"Main Heat\" advances to the next episode. One baker is eliminated every episode except for the last one. In the finale it's down to the final three or four contestants competing in a winner-take-all final round. The winner gets $25,000 and a spot In Food Network Magazine in season 4–5. Host & Judges Unlike its sister show, Holiday Baking Championship, the panel of judges has changed consistently throughout the series (with the exception of Carla Hall). The first season was hosted by Richard Blais with chefs Carla Hall, Ron Ben-Israel, and Sherry Yard serving as judges. The second season saw Carla Hall as the only returning chef/judge. She was joined by Food Network personality Sandra Lee and Damiano Carrara to help judge, and comedian Jeff Dunham as the host. For seasons three through five, the show was hosted by John Henson. Lorraine Pascale and Zac Young joined Carla Hall as judges for the third and fourth seasons, while Katie Lee replaced Pascale for season five. For the sixth season Carla Hall returned not only as a judge but as the show's host, accompanied by Zac Young and Stephanie Boswell as judges. John Henson later returned to serve as host in 2021 for seasons seven, eight and nine. Series overview References External links LEG 2010s American cooking television series 2020s American cooking television series 2015 American television series debuts American television spin-offs American English-language television shows Food Network original programming Reality television spin-offs Television series by Levity Live Reality cooking competition television series","title":"Halloween Baking Championship"},{"docid":"69103907","text":"The Great British Baking Show season 5 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 3, broadcast as the fifth season of the series on PBS in the United States The Great British Bake Off series 5, broadcast as the first season of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 4","title":"The Great British Baking Show season 5"},{"docid":"68474738","text":"Bake Off Uruguay: El gran pastelero (English: Bake Off Uruguay: The Great Baker) is a Uruguayan reality television broadcast on Channel 4 and produced by Metrópolis Films based on the British television baking competition The Great British Bake Off. Premiered on August 26, 2021, the show follows a group of amateur bakers to compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills. Production The Uruguayan version of the talent show was announced in May 2021, while the host and judges, in June. Online registrations were made between the months of May and June of the same year, and the face-to-face auditions were attended by about 2,000 people, of which only 14 were chosen for the first season of the contest. The program is filmed in a large tent, located in Jacksonville, Montevideo. In early February 2022 it was reported that Jean Paul Bondoux would not return for the second season, he stated that \"he was fired\". On the 16th, chef and presenter Hugo Soca was announced as his replacement. On the 17th, Facello announced that she would not host the second season in order to \"dedicate herself\" to other projects. A day later, the production of the program announced that Jimena Sabaris would replace her. On February 24, Stephanie Rauhut announced that she would also not be returning as a judge in order to \"spend time with her family\"; she was replaced by chef and author Rose Galfione. Cast First season (2021) Contestants References External links 2021 Uruguayan television series debuts Uruguayan reality television series International versions of The Great British Bake Off Canal 4 (Uruguayan TV channel) original programming","title":"Bake Off Uruguay"},{"docid":"74634608","text":"Cherish Finden (born 20 December 1967) a Singaporean-born pastry chef. Born in Singapore, she trained to become a pastry chef and after moving to the United Kingdom, has worked as an executive chef at various hotels and restaurants and has won a plethora of awards for her work. Since 2016, she has served as a judge on Bake Off: The Professionals. Life and career Early life and culinary career Finden was born on 20 December 1967 in Singapore. The youngest of her siblings, she began cooking for them when she was eight years old after her father became sick and her mother had to work. At the age of 14, she began working as waitress and later asked if she could volunteer in the kitchen, thus inspiring her love of cuisine. When Finden was 16, she joined Shatec Institutes where enrolled on a course in pastry making, and later began working as a chocolatier before becoming a pastry chef, at Raffles Hotel and Pan Pacific Singapore Hotel. In 2000, Finden led a team of pastry chefs to win the IKA Culinary Olympics. Finden is married to a financial director and they have a daughter together; they moved to London in 2001. Between 2009 and 2017, she worked as an executive pastry chef at the Langham Hotel, a role which has earned her numerous awards. During her first year, she won \"Dessert of the Year\" and in 2010, under Finden's leadership, The Langham's Palm Court won Tea Guild's \"Top London Afternoon Tea\" award. She was also awarded \"Pastry Chef of the Year\" by the Craft Guild of Chefs in 2012 and in 2015, Finden was awarded The Macallan Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Gourmet Summit. In 2018, Finden was appointed creative development chef at luxury chocolatier Godiva and the following year created the world's most expensive easter egg, made entirely of Belgian chocolate that cost £10,000. In 2020, Finden became the executive pastry chef at the Pan Pacific London, which opened in September 2021. Whilst there, she opened her own pâtisserie Shiok! which launched in May 2022. She left her role at Pan Pacific in April 2023. Television In 2010, Finden appeared as a guest chef on MasterChef Australia and MasterChef: The Professionals. In 2016, Finden became a judge on the BBC baking competition Bake Off: Crème de la Crème, a spin-off of The Great British Bake Off. After two series on the BBC, the show moved to Channel 4 in 2018 and was renamed Bake Off: The Professionals, and Finden has remained with show since. In 2017, Finden appeared as a mentor on Celebrity MasterChef, during an episode in which she led a team of contestants who had to re-create her pastry dishes. In 2020, Finden appeared as a celebrity expert on an episode of the BBC game show The Wheel. She has also made appearances on Heston's Great British Food, Junior Bake Off, The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice and Saturday Kitchen. Filmography References External links","title":"Cherish Finden"},{"docid":"58862077","text":"{{Infobox television | image = | alt = | genre = Baking Reality | creator = | developer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = Hayley SproullPax AssadiMadeleine Sami (former) | judges = Peter GordonJordan RondelDean Brettschneider (former)Sue Fleischl (former) | theme_music_composer = Tom Howe | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country = New Zealand | language = English | num_seasons = 6 | num_episodes = 30 | executive_producer = Emma WhiteGreg Heathcote | producer = | location = The Kelliher Estate, Puketutu Island, Auckland (2018–2019)Parihoa Farm, Muriwai, Auckland (2021–present) | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 60–90 minutes | company = Warner Bros. International Television Production | first_aired = | last_aired = present | related = The Great British Bake Off | channel = TVNZ 2 (2018–2019)TVNZ 1 (2021–) }}The Great Kiwi Bake Off is a New Zealand television baking competition based on The Great British Bake Off in which 12 amateur bakers compete in a series of baking challenges. The show's first episode was aired on 16 October 2018 on TVNZ 2. The show is hosted by Hayley Sproull and Madeleine Sami, with judges Dean Brettschneider and Sue Fleischl. The show, like other spinoffs of The Great British Bake Off, uses a similar style, format, and opening theme song to the British series. Like the British series, the show is followed by a recap special called An Extra Slice, hosted by Chris Parker, discussing the episode of the week and interviewing contestants who have been eliminated. Format The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-round baker from the contestants who are all amateurs, where in each episode the bakers are tasked with different challenges: a signature bake, a technical bake, and a showstopper. The first season only included two of the three challenges with the exception of the finale. All three challenges were included during the second season. The bakes are critically examined by the judges who will then choose a \"Star Baker\" and a baker that is eliminated from the competition. Signature Challenge: This challenge allows the amateur bakers to show off their tried-and-tested recipes. Technical Challenge: This challenge shows who can follow minimal instructions and who also has the technical knowledge and experience to produce a finished product. The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told the challenge beforehand. The finished product is ranked from worst to best with the judges not knowing who produced which bake. Showstopper Challenge: This challenge allows the bakers to show off their skills and talent with the judges looking for a bake with both a professional appearance and great taste. Season overview Season 1 (2018) This season premiered on 16 October 2018 and featured four bakers in the finale instead of the typical three. The season was won by Annabel Coulter from Timaru. Runners-up were Stacey Johnsen, Jeff Poole and Hannah Ward. Season 2 (2019) This season premiered on 3 November 2019.","title":"The Great Kiwi Bake Off"},{"docid":"1894662","text":"Mel Giedroyc (born 5 June 1968) and Sue Perkins (born 22 September 1969), known collectively as Mel and Sue, are an English comedy double act. They are known for hosting the BAFTA Award-winning BBC One cookery series The Great British Bake Off. Previously, they hosted the lunchtime chat shows Light Lunch and Late Lunch on Channel 4. Early career Mel and Sue met at a comedy gig in 1988 while both students at the University of Cambridge in England (Giedroyc at Trinity College and Perkins at New Hall) where both were members of the Footlights. They made their debut in 1993 with The Naked Lunch, after which they took their show Kittens Go Grrrrr to the Edinburgh Festival. Giedroyc recalls of their early partnership: \"We got on extremely well. We did some very lame gigs performing sketches with two guys, and Sue would compete. But because she was a year younger than me we never knew each other well until after college. We both got very shit degrees, and I failed to get into every drama school, so I gave her a ring and said, 'Do you want to write stuff for Week Ending? Television 1990s The pair's television breakthrough came on the French & Saunders sketch show, where they appeared together in several episodes. Mel and Sue gained widespread popularity in March 1997 when they launched a lunchtime chat show on Channel 4, Light Lunch, where celebrity chefs cooked lunch for the duo's celebrity guests. The show returned for a second series in 1998. 1998-1999 The duo moved to a more prime-time evening slot and the show was renamed Late Lunch. In 1999, Mel and Sue were signed by ITV and hosted a comedy panel game for the network called Casting Couch, in a prime late evening slot, but it fared poorly in the ratings and was not recommissioned after its initial 6-episode run. ITV created Casting Couch as a vehicle to showcase Mel and Sue's comedic talents as a duo. In each episode, the pair form two teams under the guidance of team captains Chris Moyles and Tamara Beckwith, with regular guest celebrities Marcus Brigstocke and Kevin Day, and two guest celebrities. 2000s Mel and Sue were announced as new co-presenters on Channel 4's RI:SE breakfast TV show in January 2003. The pair appeared together again with Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders in a French & Saunders Mamma Mia comedy sketch for Comic Relief in 2009. The double-act was less active in this period, while Mel had children. 2010s Perkins confirmed on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that the duo would be working together on something new in 2010. Their new show, a baking competition series, The Great British Bake Off, ran for six years on the BBC. It began on BBC Two in August 2010, and after four series it was moved to BBC One for its fifth series in 2014 and a sixth in 2015. On Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast in 2015, Perkins said","title":"Mel and Sue"},{"docid":"38832903","text":"The American Baking Competition is a reality competition television series that aired on CBS from May 29 to July 10, 2013. It was an adaptation of The Great British Bake Off (which aired in the United States under the title The Great British Baking Show). The series aimed to find the best amateur baker in the United States. The series was hosted by Jeff Foxworthy and judged by Marcela Valladolid and Paul Hollywood. The competition was won by Brian Emmett. Format The show aimed to find among its contestants the best amateur baker in the US. Ten contestants were chosen for the first season. In each episode, the amateur bakers were given three challenges: a signature, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper. The three challenges took place over two days, and the dishes made by the contestants were assessed by the judges after each challenge. At the end of the three challenges, the judges chose a Star Baker for the week, and a contestant was also eliminated. In the finale three bakers were left and a winner was chosen from the three. Signature – a dish using their own tried and tested recipe that the amateur bakers make for their family and friends. Technical - a dessert using the same ingredients and recipe provided by the judges. The recipe given however has missing instructions and is designed to test the knowledge and skill of the bakers. The bakers are not told beforehand what the challenge might be, and the judges do not observe the bakers at work and judge the resulting dish without knowing who made them. This round is the only one where how each contestant performed is directly revealed. The contestants are given a ranking, but that ranking is not their total score for the episode. Show-stopper - a recipe designed to impress the judges. The competition was held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the show were short videos on the background of the contestants, as well as information on the history of baking and visiting various locations. The entire season series was shot over a one-month period. The winner of the competition received a $250,000 grand prize and a publishing contract with Simon & Schuster. Production On October 17, 2012, CBS ordered the series under the original title Bake-Off. Since Pillsbury Company held the trademark to the name (using it for its Pillsbury Bake-Off), the show was later renamed The American Baking Competition. CBS placed casting calls for participants on November 14, 2012. Auditions were held between December 1 and December 15, 2012. The competition took place at the Gibbs Gardens in Ball Ground, Georgia in March 2013. Broadcast The first season of The American Baking Competition premiered on May 29, 2013. It aired four episodes in the Wednesdays at 8 p.m. Eastern/9 p.m. Central timeslot. On June 26, 2013, it moved to 9 p.m. Eastern/8 p.m. Central, to make way for Big Brother, and aired its three remaining episodes in that","title":"The American Baking Competition"},{"docid":"49683168","text":"Kiran Jethwa born August 22, 1976, in Nairobi, is a Kenyan-born celebrity chef, restaurateur, and entrepreneur. He is the host and presenter of the TV show, Tales From The Bush Larder which focuses on the culinary culture of Africa. Since 2016, Jethwa has co-presented Food Unwrapped on Channel 4. Early life Jethwa's father, Batuk, is of Hindu Indian (Gujarati) ethnic origin, while his mother, Clare, has British ancestry. Having lived most of his life in Kenya, he completed his education in Manchester, United Kingdom in the arena of hospitality management. Following the completion of his education, he travelled globally in Europe, the USA, Africa, Southeast Asia, South & Central America, and Australia for further experience. Career Jethwa's cooking influences include African, European, and Indian, and has been described as Afro-Mediterranean fusion with an Indian influence. Jethwa is the producer, presenter, and host of the award-winning cooking series, Tales from the Bush Larder, and also started a new show Fearless Chef. Since 2011, Jethwa has also been the chef and owner of Seven Restaurants, a premier Nairobi restaurant company. Since 2016, he has co-presented Food Unwrapped on Channel 4 alongside Jimmy Doherty, Kate Quilton, and Matt Tebbutt. Jethwa is one of the judges on The Great Kenyan Bake Off, the Kenyan version of The Great British Bake Off on KTN Home. The first season was broadcast weekly from 7 October 2019 onwards; it was then renewed for a second season that will be airing from 12 October 2020 onwards. Since 2022, Jethwa has been the host of Chefs vs. Wild on Hulu. Awards Tales from the Bush Larder, series 2 received the \"Best T.V Show\" award at the 2014 Kenyan Kalasha Awards. Other awards: 2012: Finalist for Taste Chef of The Year 2013: Finalist Taste Chef of the Year 2013: Winner Taste Industry Champion 2013: Chefs Delight: Most Innovative Chef References 1976 births Kenyan chefs Living people Restaurateurs","title":"Kiran Jethwa"},{"docid":"47394310","text":"BBQ Champ is a British reality television series that first aired on 31 July 2015 and ended on 28 August 2015 on ITV. The show was presented by Myleene Klass and starred judges Mark Blatchford and Adam Richman. Premise The aim of the programme was to find the best amateur barbecuer, with the help of the judges. The winner received a prize of £25,000. At the end of each episode, two contestants who had least impressed the judges enough had to face each other in a grill–off. The judges' favourite contestant in the grill–off advanced to the next episode, whilst the other was eliminated from the competition. Contestants Ratings Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. Reception Sam Wollaston writing for The Guardian described it as \"Basically the Great British BBQ-Off, with Klass playing the Mel & Sue role (fewer puns, posher frocks), Richman and Blathford as Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry, and the setting outdoors. In the meantime, Great British Bake Off starts next week. I don’t think it has much to worry about from this.\" Ben Travis for the Evening Standard made similar comments: \"The show might as well be called The Great British BBQ-Off for all that it poaches from the BBC’s winning culinary formula. There’s a reason that formula works though, and while BBQ Champ isn’t as unexpectedly gripping as the Beeb’s quaint baking contest, the first episode proves enjoyable viewing.\" In September 2015 ITV stated they had no future plans for a second series, after the programmes failed to come close to matching the viewing figures of the rival BBC programme, among the negative reviews received from the critics. References External links 2010s British reality television series 2015 British television series debuts 2015 British television series endings British cooking television shows British English-language television shows ITV reality television shows","title":"BBQ Champ"},{"docid":"69103897","text":"The Great British Baking Show (season 2) may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 2 The Great British Bake Off series 4, which was broadcast as the second second of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 4 The Great British Baking Show season 5","title":"The Great British Baking Show season 2"},{"docid":"67169187","text":"The Great British Bake Off is a British television baking competition, produced by Love Productions. It premiered on BBC Two in 2010, then moved to BBC One in 2014, and then moved to Channel 4 in 2017. This list contains sections about annual winners and runners-up who appeared in the first seven series that aired on BBC. The information seen in tables, including age and occupation, are based on the time of filming. Series 1 (2010) No baker was awarded Star Baker this season. Edd Kimber (winner) Edd Kimber (born 7 March 1985 in Bradford), the winner of the first series in 2010, previously worked as a debt collector for a bank at the time of original airing. Since then, Kimber has written the following cookbooks: The Boy Who Bakes (2011; ), Say It with Cake (2012; ), Patisserie Made Simple (2014; ), One Tin Bakes (2020; ), One Tin Bakes Easy (2021; ), and Small Batch Bakes (2022; ). He was \"resident baker\" on The Alan Titchmarsh Show. He came out while attending a university and lives in Highbury, North London, with his male partner. Miranda Gore Browne Miranda Gore Browne, eliminated in the finals of the first series, was a buyer of Marks & Spencer at the time of original airing. As of 2017, she is a consultant for the National Trust and ambassador for Aga Rangemaster Group. She also hosts baking classes in West Sussex. She wrote her cookbooks Biscuit (2012; ) and Bake Me a Cake As Fast As You Can (2014; ). She also appeared in a video A Perfect Afternoon Tea (2014). Ruth Clemens Ruth Clemens, runner-up of the first series, established her blog The Pink Whisk, which Kate Watson-Smyth of The Independent ranked 49th out of fifty \"best food websites\" of 2011. Series 2 (2011) There was no Star Baker on the seventh week as Paul and Mary felt singling out one baker when the results were incredibly close would not be right. Jo Wheatley (winner) Joanne Wheatley (née Rutland; born 27 May 1969), the winner of the second series, has started her own cookery school and written two cookbooks A Passion For Baking (2013; ) and Home Baking (2014; ). She has appeared in The One Show, performed cooking demonstrations on The Alan Titchmarsh Show and written a column in the Sainsbury's magazine. She writes for The Sun and various food publications. Wheatley is married to Richard, who was sentenced on 20 April 2010 to seven years in prison for a £60-million money laundering scheme. They have three sons together. Holly Bell Holly Bell, one of runners-up of the second series, worked in an advertising industry at the time of original airing. She wrote her cookbook Recipes from a Normal Mum (2014; ) Mary-Anne Boermans Mary-Anne Boermans (born 1964/65), one of runners-up of the second series, had been a housewife at the time of original airing and previously played women's rugby for Wales. She wrote her cookbook Great British Bakes (2013; )","title":"List of The Great British Bake Off finalists (series 1–7)"},{"docid":"65854790","text":"Series 3 of The Great Irish Bake Off aired on TV3 in Ireland and saw twelve home bakers take part in a bake-off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Irish Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week saw keen bakers put through two challenges in a particular discipline. The series aired from 25 October 2015 till 13 December 2015. This season was presented by Anna Nolan and judged by Paul Kelly and Lilly Higgins. The Bakers Results summary Ailish left the show in episode 2 due to illness. Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Desserts Episode 2: Cakes NOTE: Ailish felt ill during the Technical and didn't finish the challenge. Before the Showstopper, Anna announced that she would not be continuing in the competition. No one was eliminated after the Showstopper. Episode 3: Bread Episode 4: Chocolate Episode 5: International Week Episode 6: Party Week Episode 7: Semi-Final Episode 8: Final Christmas Special 2015 A special edition of the show for Christmas in which four celebrities bid for the title of Star Baker in the face of a seasonal challenge set by Paul Kelly and Lilly Higgins. It aired on December 20, 2015. References 2015 Irish television seasons 2","title":"The Great Irish Bake Off series 3"},{"docid":"55644396","text":"The third season of The Great American Baking Show aired on December 7, 2017 with a two-hour premiere on ABC. The first two episodes aired back-to-back as part of ABC's 25 Days of Christmas lineup before being pulled by ABC on December 13, 2017 following sexual misconduct allegations against judge Johnny Iuzzini. This is the first season for new hosts Ayesha Curry and Anthony \"Spice\" Adams along with The Great British Bake Off judge, Paul Hollywood, who joined judge Johnny Iuzzini. Season two baker, Antoinette Love, who withdrew from the competition following her father's death, returned to the competition. The show was filmed in Iver Heath, UK over a three-week time period. The shooting sequence was two days of filming followed by one day break during those three weeks. On December 21, 2017, the day in which the finale was originally to air, ABC announced that Vallery Lomas won the competition, beating out runners-up Cindy Maliniak and Molly Brodak in the final week. Lomas' winning dish was a three pastry/dessert tower. Bakers Results summary Color key: The Star Baker and elimination results for episodes 3, 4 and 5 were released on the show's official Facebook page and ABC's YouTube. ABC announced the winner and runners-up in a season recap posted the day the finale was to be broadcast. Episodes Episode 1: Cake For the first signature bake, the bakers were given two hours to bake a \"naked\" cake, a cake that is not entirely covered in icing. The technical bake, assigned by Paul Hollywood, required the bakers to create nine identical lamingtons covered with a white chocolate coating and coconut flakes. In the showstopper, bakers had two hours and thirty minutes to bake a decorative holiday Swiss roll with an evenly distributed spiral filling. Color key: Episode 2: Morning Treats In the show's first morning treats week, the bakers had two hours and thirty minutes to either bake or fry one dozen yeasted donuts complete with a filling of their choice. For the technical, bakers created eight identical savory breakfast hand pies with distinct flaky layers and an even filling. The showstopper of the week required bakers to make a centerpiece sweet loaf with a distinct spiral on the inside. Unaired episodes Highlights from the unaired desserts week and cookies week were released on the show's official Facebook page and ABC's YouTube channel on December 29, 2017. French week and finals week followed on January 2, 2018. Dessert Cookies French (Semi-Finals) Final Ratings References External links 3 2017 American television seasons","title":"The Great American Baking Show season 3"},{"docid":"59203417","text":"The fourth season of The Great American Baking Show, titled The Great American Baking Show: Holiday Edition, premiered December 6, 2018 on the ABC network as part of the year's 25 Days of Christmas lineup. This is the first season hosted by Spice Girls member Emma Bunton. Returning for their second seasons are Anthony \"Spice\" Adams and Paul Hollywood. Joining the judging panel is three-time James Beard Award recipient and pastry chef Sherry Yard. This is the first season without original judge Johnny Iuzzini. Iuzzini was dismissed from the ABC network following sexual harassment allegations, days after the season three premiere and, prematurely, pulled the season off the air. The competition concluded after six weeks, in which Tina Zaccardi was crowned the season winner. Amanda Nguyen and Andrea Maranville finished the competition as runners-up. Bakers Results summary Color key: Episodes Episode 1: Cake Color key: During the showstopper bake, Tina scrapped her original recipe for pumpkin spice cake when it did not rise. She substituted a chocolate cake recipe she knew well, and presented her showstoppers as \"Autumn Harvest Cakes\". Episode 2: Pastry Episode 3: Cookies Episode 4: Bread Episode 5: Semi-Final Episode 6: Final Ratings References 4 2018 American television seasons","title":"The Great American Baking Show season 4"},{"docid":"68519932","text":"The British Academy Television Audience Award was awarded annually as part of the British Academy Television Awards. The category was created in 2000 and was last awarded in 2016, before being replaced by the British Academy Television Award for Virgin TV's Must-See Moment. It was the only award voted by the public. Winners and nominees 2000s 2010s Shows with multiple wins and nominations Multiple wins The following shows have been awarded the British Academy Television Award for Actor multiple times: 2 wins Doctor Who Multiple nominations The following shows have been nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Actor multiple times: 5 nominations The Great British Bake Off 4 nominations Strictly Come Dancing 3 nominations The Apprentice Sherlock The Vicar of Dibley The X Factor 2 nominations A Touch of Frost Doctor Who Educating... Game of Thrones References Audience Awards established in 2000 Awards disestablished in 2016 Audience awards","title":"British Academy Television Audience Award"},{"docid":"43956432","text":"The Great British Bake Off is a British television baking competition to find Britain's best amateur baker. The show premiered in 2010, and is airing its thirteenth series in 2022. From series two onwards, Judges Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry (through 2016) or Prue Leith (since 2017) have awarded \"Star Baker\" to the contestant deemed to have most excelled that particular week. Numerous bakers have received the accolade on more than one occasion. For example, Ruby Tandoh in series four won the Star Baker title three times. Richard Burr currently holds the title record, winning five times (of a possible nine). Each series winner has usually received the Star Baker award at some point, but the accolade holds no influence on the outcome. List of bakers Notes Richard Burr, Ian Cummings, Steph Blackwell and Syabira Yusoff of series 5, 6, 10 and 13 respectively have the longest collective run of Star Baker wins, each winning the accolade three weeks consecutively in their series. Burr also has the largest number of star baker wins, with five. In series 6, contestant Paul Jagger was awarded a \"special commendation\" for his bread sculpture. Series 10 winner David Atherton is the only winner to have never won star baker. See also List of The Great British Bake Off contestants List of The Great British Bake Off finalists References British television-related lists Lists of reality show participants","title":"List of The Great British Bake Off Star Bakers"},{"docid":"44541145","text":"Next Great Baker: Latin America (also known as El desafío de Buddy: Latinoamérica) was a Latin American television series that airs on Discovery Home & Health: Latin America, hosted by Buddy Valastro, the star of his own reality series, Cake Boss. In the show, eight contestants participated in challenges that tested their baking and decorating skills. Each week, a contestant was eliminated; the last contestant standing won a grand prize prize of US$50,000. Other prizes for winning a challenge or the week's competition are also offered during the series. In each of the six episodes, the participants faced two challenges, a pastry challenge and an elimination challenge. After each challenge, celebrity judges decided on the best creation, the panel including Mexican chef and presenter Alfredo Oropeza, French baker Franck Dauffouis, Mexican pastry chef María Teresa Ramírez Degollado, the Mexican chef Sergio Ibarra Garibay, and Argentine pastry chef Eduardo Ruiz among others. Ultimately, Buddy Valastro decided on the winner. Next Great Baker: Latin America was produced by Endemol Argentina for Discovery Networks International. The show ran for one season in 2014. Countries Progress Argentina - Winner - Episode 6 Colombia - Runner-Up - Episode 6 Mexico - Third - Episode 5 Celebs Contestant Eliminated Contestant Progress (WINNER) This baker won the competition. (RUNNER-UP) This baker was the runner-up of the competition. (THIRD) This baker place third overall in the competition. (WIN) The baker(s) won the challenge. (HIGH) The baker(s) had one of the best cakes for that challenge, but did not win. (IN) The baker(s) advanced to the next week. (LOW) The baker(s) was/were a part of the team who lost, but was not the last to move on. (LOW) The baker(s) had the worst cake of those who advanced, and was/were the last to move on. (OUT) The baker(s) was/were eliminated. (WD) The baker(s) voluntarily withdrew from the competition. Notes Episodes Episode 1: 20 years Of Career Ana María Orozco () Episode 2: 25 years Of Music With Aleks Syntek () Episode 3: Birthday Cake () Episode 4: Day Of The Dead () Episode 5: Cake Of Real Size () Episode 6: Final () Episode Special: Special Mary Christmas () References 2014 Argentine television seasons 2015 Argentine television seasons Television series by Endemol","title":"Next Great Baker: Latin America"},{"docid":"56532653","text":"The first season of The Great Canadian Baking Show premiered on CBC Television on November 1, 2017. Ten amateur bakers competed over eight weeks of challenges throughout the competition for the title. This season was hosted by Canadian actor and television personality Dan Levy and British actress Julia Chan. The judging panel consisted of French chef Bruno Feldeisen, a multiple James Beard Award nominee and the former executive pastry chef for Four Seasons Hotels in New York and Vancouver, and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis, the European-trained creator of an eponymous high tea salon and confectionery brand in Australia. After eight weeks of competition, Sabrina Degni was crowned the winner with Vandana Jain and Linda Longson as runners-up. Bakers Results summary Episodes Episode 1: Cake For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make 24 cupcakes with two different types of flavours. The technical challenge was to create a cherry and pistachio Battenberg cake – a recipe handpicked by Rochelle – with the marzipan, fondant, and jam provided to them. The bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to complete the cake, making sure to expose the ends of the cake as traditionally presented. For the showstopper, the bakers had four hours to make a chocolate layer cake with at least two layers and at least two different kinds of chocolate. Episode 2: Bread For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours and 30 minutes to make a flavourful focaccia in whatever shape they chose. The technical challenge was to bake one dozen Montreal bagels: six with poppy seeds and six with sesame seeds. The bakers had two hours and 10 minutes to complete the bagels, ensuring they were properly poached in honey water to achieve subtle sweetness and the balance of a crispy crust and chewy centre. For the showstopper, the bakers had four hours to make a bread-based centrepiece with one or more sweet fillings. Episode 3: Dessert For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make a sweet pie or tart. The technical challenge was to bake one dozen Fondant Fancies, small sponge cake squares glazed with butter cream and then drizzled in fondant. The bakers had two hours to complete the fancies, ensuring they were all equally square and properly coated in fondant. For the showstopper, the bakers had three hours to make a pavlova. Episode 4: Canadian For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours to bake a tourtière. They were allowed to fill the pie with whatever they wanted, but had to also make a condiment to complement the pie. In the technical, the bakers were given one hour and forty-five minutes to make sixteen maple leaf cream cookies. The showstopper challenge was to make twelve doughnuts – six in one flavour and six in another – in three hours. Episode 5: Best of Britain For the Best of Britain Signature challenge, the bakers had 2 hours to create a trifle, making sure that","title":"The Great Canadian Baking Show season 1"},{"docid":"55537161","text":"The first season of The Great American Baking Show, released under the title The Great Holiday Baking Show, premiered on ABC on November 30, 2015 as part of ABC's holiday programming schedule. Six amateur bakers competed in twelve challenges throughout the competition for the title of America's best holiday baker. This season was hosted by husband and wife duo Nia Vardalos and Ian Gomez. The judging panel consisted of original The Great British Bake Off judge Mary Berry and American pastry chef Johnny Iuzzini. As with the British series, this season was filmed in Welford Park with slight holiday decorative modifications made in the set known as \"The Tent\". After four weeks of competition, Lauren Katz was crowned the winner with Nicole Silva and Tim Samson as runners-up. Bakers Results summary Color Key: Episodes Episode 1: Cookies For the first signature bake, the bakers were given two hours to make two unique batches of ten cookies, with one batch having icing. Later in the technical bake, bakers only had one hour to bake sixteen brandy snaps according to Mary Berry's recipe. The final bake of the week called the showstopper required bakers to bake a structured gingerbread with decorative designs and cookies around it within five hours. Color key: Episode 2: Cake Festive holiday bakes continued in the tent as bakers had two hours to create a yule log sponge cake with a sweet filling of their choice. The technical bake was based on the recipe of Johnny Iuzzini's tiramisu cake with ladyfinger crisps. For the final showstopper bake, the bakers created a \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" fruitcake that revolved around one of the verses from the traditional Christmas carol. Episode 3: Pastry In the semifinals, the bakers created two batches of breakfast pastries with any holiday flavor of their choosing. The technical tested the skills of the remaining bakers in Mary Berry's Christmas fruit tart. For the final pastry bake, the bakers created a centerpiece made from cream puffs and pastry pieces for a spot in the final three. Episode 4: Final The final three begun with the signature bake, a holiday pie, to be baked under two-and-a-half hours. The pie also had to be accompanied with a delectable sauce on the side. In the technical, the bakers baked a candy cane-shaped bread with delicate icing and fruit. The final showstopper of the season lasted five hours, as bakers built up to make a three-dimensional presents cake. Ratings References 1 2015 American television seasons","title":"The Great American Baking Show season 1"},{"docid":"57026086","text":"The fifth season of MasterChef Canada originally aired on April 3, 2018, on CTV and concluded on June 19. Filming began in September 2017 and ended in November 2017. Sherwood Park resident Beccy Stables (originally from Grimsby, England) won the trophy, title, and $100,000 prize money. At the age of 19, Stables became the youngest champion in the history of MasterChef Canada, a title she currently holds, and tied the record for being the youngest contestant to appear and compete on the show. Following her victory, Stables moved to Kelowna, British Columbia, and currently runs a baking website called dessertclub. Stables also guest starred in an episode of the sixth season. This season aired on June 26, 2018, on TLC in India. Runner-up Andrew \"Andy\" Hay, who finished second, Marissa Leon-John, who finished seventh and Jennifer \"Jen\" Jenkins, who finished eighth, all returned to MasterChef Canada: Back to Win. Jen placed tenth, Marissa placed eighth, and Andy placed the same placement from season 5. Top 12 Elimination table (WINNER) This cook won the competition. (RUNNER-UP) This cook finished in second place. (WIN) The cook won the individual challenge (Mystery Box Challenge or Elimination Test). (WIN) The cook was on the winning team in the Team Challenge and was directly advanced to the next round. (HIGH) The cook was one of the top entries in the Mystery Box Challenge, but did not win, or received considerable praise during an Elimination Test. (PT) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge or did not win the individual challenge, but won the Pressure Test. (IN) The cook was not selected as a top entry or bottom entry in an individual challenge. (IN) The cook was not selected as a top entry or bottom entry in a team challenge. (IMM) The cook did not have to compete in that round of the competition and was safe from elimination. (IMM) The cook was selected by Mystery Box Challenge winner and did not have to compete in the Elimination Test. (PT) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge, competed in the Pressure Test, and advanced. (NPT) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge, but was exempted from the Pressure Test (RET) The cook was eliminated but returned to the competition. (LOW) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual elimination challenge or pressure test and advanced. (LOW) The cook was one of the bottom entries in the Team Challenge, and advanced. (ELIM) The cook was eliminated from MasterChef. Episodes References MasterChef Canada 2018 Canadian television seasons","title":"MasterChef Canada season 5"},{"docid":"73008128","text":"All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star is a BBC reality show that began airing on BBC Two on 13 April 2021. In the show, jewellers compete to be named \"Britain's Next Jewellery Star\". A spin-off of the format of The Great British Bake Off, the programme is presented by Katherine Ryan, with judges Shaun Leane and Solange Azagury-Partridge (series 1) and Dinny Hall (series 2). The second series began airing on BBC Two in August 2022. It was confirmed in April 2023, that a third season would not be commissioned and the series was axed by the BBC. Series format The show format is similar to The Great British Bake Off in that each episode features challenges which to be completed within a certain time period. The series starts with eight jewellers, with one being eliminated each episode. In the Best Seller challenge, the judges ask the jewellers to create specific jewellery, meeting certain criteria, with a view towards marketability. In the Bespoke Brief, the jewellers are given a request from a member of the public to design and create a specific item, with that person then making a selection from the various items made. Series overview Series 1 (2021) The first series of All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star started on 13 April 2021 and aired for six episodes, concluding on 18 May. The series was hosted by Katherine Ryan and the judges were Shaun Leane and Solange Azagury-Partridge. The final was won by Hugo Johnson, with Dan Musselwhite and Tamara Gomez as runners up. Series 2 (2022) A second series of All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star began airing on 25 August 2022 on BBC Two. The second episode was delayed by five days to accommodate coverage of the death of Queen Elizabeth II. The series was again hosted by Katherine Ryan, Shaun Leane returned as judge, alongside new judge Dinny Hall, who replaced Solange Azagury-Partridge. The final was won by Piers Carpenter, with Emma White and Jack Mitchell as runners up. International broadcasts Broadcast New Zealand - broadcast since 2022 on Eden See also Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker The Great British Bake Off The Great British Sewing Bee The Great Pottery Throw Down References External links All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star 2021 British television series debuts 2022 British television series endings 2020s British reality television series BBC reality television shows BBC television game shows British television spin-offs British English-language television shows Reality television spin-offs Jewellery Reality competition television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios","title":"All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star"},{"docid":"71414945","text":"Briony May Williams (born ) is a British celebrity chef and presenter. She appeared on series 9 of The Great British Bake Off in 2018, finishing fourth. She presents the cooking show Food Unwrapped and the reality housing show Escape to the Country, and writes recipe columns for BristolLife and the supermarket Asda's Good Living. Personal life Williams is from Bristol, England. She was born with a physical birth defect in her left hand, which stops at her wrist—she calls it her \"little hand\". Williams said that her family did not use the word disability due to stigma around the term. She had some specialised equipment, such as a recorder provided by the disability charity Reach that could be played one-handed, but learned to complete tasks like tying her shoelaces unaided. Williams attended an all-girls secondary school. Since her early 20s, she has experienced depression. After studying Spanish and French at Durham University, she became a secondary school teacher in the same subjects, qualifying with a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) from the University of Bristol. She met her husband Steve, a software engineer, online around 2010. Williams baked with her mother and grandmother as a child, but began taking it seriously in 2013, after she was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and had to take time off work. She used YouTube tutorials, such as the ones by Cupcake Jemma, to gain baking knowledge. During this period, she also took up running. She had a daughter a couple of years later, and baked with her as a young child. In 2017, she joined a local running community, This Mum Runs, and ran the Great Bristol Half Marathon that year. The Great British Bake Off In 2018, Williams was a contestant on the ninth series of The Great British Bake Off, a television baking competition. She earned the weekly Star Baker accolade in Pastry Week after baking a pie themed around Alice in Wonderland. Eliminated in the semi-final, she finished fourth of 12. In 2019, she appeared on the Christmas special The Great Christmas Bake Off, winning the episode. Williams told Bake Off producers that she did not want different accommodations due to her limb difference; after appearing on the show, she became more comfortable using the term disabled. At her request, her disability was not mentioned on the show. She later told Disability Horizons that it should \"just be natural\" to see disabled actors and presenters and that they should not be limited to disability-related topics. She found the production process—with filming at the weekend and practicing bakes during the week—very intense, and credited exercise with giving her the energy to progress far through the series. She said she \"had no energy left\" after the semi-final and suffered a chest infection that weekend. Post-Bake Off career Williams is a presenter of Food Unwrapped for Channel 4. The series sees her travelling to research food and drink. She secured the role after being approached by producers, as the show was","title":"Briony May Williams"},{"docid":"40211950","text":"The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme, and 100 were selected for screen test, with the best 60 advancing to a three-day audition. From these, 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted. The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn. The fourth series was broadcast as the second season on PBS in the United States. Bakers Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes The bakers were given 2 hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge. For their first technical challenge, the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry's recipe in 21⁄2 hours. For the showstopper, the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake. They were given 4 hours for this bake. Episode 2: Bread The bakers were asked to make, in 2 hours, 36 breadsticks, all made using yeast, of at least 25 cm (10 inches) in length, and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap. For the technical challenge, the bakers have to make 8 English muffins using Paul's recipe in 2¾ hours. For the final bake, an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in 4 hours. Episode 3: Desserts For their signature challenge, the bakers were asked to make a trifle of their own choice, using ladyfingers, sponge or biscuit for the base and either jam or custard for the middle layer, to be done in 3 hours. For their technical challenge, the bakers were required to prepare, in 11⁄2 hours, 6 floating islands using Mary Berry's recipe. For the show-stopper, the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours, 12 biscuit based, 12 sponge based, to be finished in 3 hours. In this challenge, Deborah accidentally used Howard's custard. As a result, Howard used Deborah's custard in his trifle. This switch was revealed to Paul and Mary, who appropriately judged their custards separately in their respective trifles. The incident was dubbed Custardgate by the press. Episode 4: Pies and Tarts For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a double-crusted fruit pie with a filling of their choice to be done in 2 hours. For their fourth technical challenge, the bakers were required to bake a tart that has almost a 700-year history; the egg custard tart, that needs to be done in 2 hours. For the showstopper, the challenge was to make a filo pie centerpiece using the filo pastry that they had made from scratch to be done in 4 hours. Episode 5: Biscuits","title":"The Great British Bake Off series 4"},{"docid":"58333183","text":"The second season of The Great Canadian Baking Show premiered on CBC Television on September 19, 2018. Ten amateur bakers competed over eight weeks of challenges throughout the competition for the title. Canadian actor and television personality Dan Levy and Canadian-British actress Julia Chan returned as hosts, with French-born Canadian chef Bruno Feldeisen and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis also returning as judges. For the second season, producer Marike Emery stated that the audition process prioritized \"skill over personality\" and that the tasks would be more challenging than the first season. After eight weeks of competition, Andrei Godoroja was crowned the winner with Sachin Seth and Megan Stasiewich as runners-up. This was also the last season for hosts Dan Levy and Julia Chan, as well as judge Rochelle Adonis. Bakers Results summary Episodes Episode 1: Cake The inaugural Signature Challenge had the bakers make an upside-down fruit cake with any ingredients of their choosing to put \"on top,\" with two hours to create it. The Technical Challenge involved the bakers creating an orange chiffon cake - along with an orange glaze and candied orange toppings - in two hours. The Showstopper Challenge featured the bakers creating a birthday cake - with at least three layers and two different flavours - for anyone of their choosing, all within four hours. Episode 2: Biscuits and Bars For the Signature challenge, the bakers had to make 24 dessert bars with at least 3 distinct layers in two hours. For the Technical Challenge, bakers had to make 18 digestive biscuits topped with tempered chocolate in 1 hour 30 minutes. In the Showstopper Challenge, the bakers had 4 and a half hours to bake 36 identical cookies to be placed inside an edible and elaborate biscuit box. Episode 3: Bread For the Signature Challenge, the bakers had to produce two loaves (or 12 pieces) of a quick bread (a bread which does not use yeast) along with a homemade spread in one and a half hours. The Technical Challenge required to the bakers to create 20 uniform hot cross buns, including an apricot glaze, in two and a half hours. In the Showstopper Challenge, bakers had four and a half hours to create a sandwich cake, including decorations and a proper balance of bread and filling. Episode 4: International For the Signature challenge, the bakers were given 2 hours to craft 24 hand pies. They could fashion and flavour the hand pies any way they wished, but they also had to accompany the pies with a complementary dipping sauce. In the Technical challenge, the bakers had 2 hours to craft 12 daifuku mochi, a traditional Japanese dessert consisting a glutinous rice cake stuffed with a strawberry encased in a sweetened red bean paste. For the Showstopper challenge, bakers had four hours to create a sculpture or diorama of at least two types of Italian cookies. Episode 5: Pastry For the Signature Challenge, the bakers were asked to make a fruit-filled slab pie: a shallow pie","title":"The Great Canadian Baking Show season 2"},{"docid":"9695567","text":"Thomas Paul Allen (born ) is an English comedian, actor, writer and presenter. In 2005, he won the So You Think You're Funny contest at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Early life and education Allen attended Coopers School in Chislehurst. He trained with the National Youth Theatre, performing with the company in London and Manchester, in addition to working on outreach projects, films and also forming part of their Company Management Team. Career Comedian In 2005, at the age of 22, Allen won the UK comedy newcomer award, So You Think You're Funny. The same year, he won the BBC New Comedy Award. In 2016, he supported Sarah Millican on her sold-out tour of Australia, New Zealand and the UK. He has also supported Josh Widdicombe, Romesh Ranganathan and Michael McIntyre. After a sell-out run of his show Indeed at the Edinburgh Festival in 2016, he returned to The Pleasance in Edinburgh the following year with his show Absolutely. Allen subsequently embarked on his first solo tour around the UK in September 2017, and extended the tour into 2018, including two London runs at the Soho Theatre. Film Allen's film work includes Colour Me Kubrick with John Malkovich, Starter for Ten with James McAvoy and Mark Gatiss and Tamara Drewe. Television For the BBC, he has appeared in the series Sensitive Skin and The Cut, as well as biopics of Fanny Cradock (Fear of Fanny) and Frankie Howerd (Rather You Than Me). In 2008, Allen made his own documentary about identity for E4, titled Who Is Tom Allen?. In 2009, Allen appeared on Channel 4's weekly TNT Show, writing and presenting Dictionary Corner. He also appeared on Law of the Playground for the same broadcaster. In August 2015 and March 2016, Allen appeared on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown as a Dictionary Corner guest. In October 2016, he appeared as a guest on BBC2's The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, and in January 2017, he made his debut on Live at the Apollo in an episode hosted by Sarah Millican. The following month, he appeared as a panellist on the CBBC show The Dog Ate My Homework. In July 2017, he appeared on a celebrity special version of gameshow The Crystal Maze and – an hour later the same night – on Mock the Week. He has also appeared on Big Brother's Big Mouth and Big Brother's Little Brother. In 2018, Allen appeared on the BBC One comedy quiz show Ready or Not. He hosted Bake Off: The Professionals with former contestant from The Great British Bake Off Liam Charles, but left before season 5 where he was replaced by Stacey Solomon. He joined the 2018 series of The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice as a regular contributor. In 2019, it was announced that he would become the new host from Series 15 of The Apprentice: You're Fired!, taking over from Rhod Gilbert. Allen also appeared in an episode of Josh Widdicombe's show Hypothetical. 2020","title":"Tom Allen (comedian)"},{"docid":"44409144","text":"Ruby Alice Tandoh (born 1992) is a British baker, columnist, author, and former model. She was runner-up on series four of BBC's The Great British Bake Off in 2013 and has written four cookbooks. Her 2021 Cook as You Are was named to several best-of lists. Her online debates with many in the UK food world have also drawn attention. Early life Tandoh grew up in Southend-on-Sea, as the eldest of four siblings. Her father worked for the Royal Mail and her mother was a school administrator. Her paternal grandfather came from Ghana. To save money feeding a large family, they usually cooked from the vegetarian Moosewood Cookbook. Tandoh had an eating disorder as a teenager, which she describes as \"akin to bulimia, with some binge-eating and anorexia on the side\". For a while she was vegan – though she emphasizes that being vegan is not an eating disorder for everyone, she says that for her it was. Three years of this disorder led to a suicide attempt at the age of eighteen. She was admitted to a mental health ward but released after one day because she had good grades and \"beautiful hair\". The eating disorder continued for a total of six years, including throughout her university studies, and her Great British Bake Off appearance. Tandoh studied philosophy and history of art at University College London, but left after four years without a degree. The Great British Bake Off Tandoh competed in the fourth series (2013) of The Great British Bake Off (GBBO) at age twenty, making her the youngest competitor in the series at the time. She reached the all-women final, with Kimberley Wilson and Frances Quinn. Before the final episode, Tandoh was considered the favourite to win by London bookmakers. However she attracted noticeable antipathy among some viewers, especially online. These critics claimed that she got into the final by crying; or that she and judge Paul Hollywood were personally attracted to each other (enough that Hollywood had to make a statement that he thought Wilson prettier); or that she was too self-deprecating; or even that she hit back at her critics (calling one Twitter poster a \"bitter old witch\"). Sarah Ditum addressed most of these accusations in a defence of Tandoh in The Guardian. Tandoh became one of runners-up to Quinn, who made a three-tier wedding cake inspired by A Midsummer Night's Dream which the judges said \"beat the other two guys hands down\". After the conclusion, Tandoh published a much-cited editorial in The Guardian in which she hit back at the criticism that she encountered during the airing of the show, which she said was surprising, personal, and misogynist. For the fifth series (2014) of GBBO, which included the youngest-ever contestant, seventeen-year-old Martha Collison, the BBC specifically warned contestants how to ignore online trolls in response to the unprecedented abuse that Tandoh received. By 2021, Tandoh said that she could no longer watch the series, despite still appreciating it, and that the theme song made","title":"Ruby Tandoh"},{"docid":"56009698","text":"The fourth season of The Great Australian Bake Off premiered on 18 January 2018, and saw 12 home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Australian Bake Off's best amateur baker. Unlike the third season, season 4 moved from LifeStyle Food to the main LifeStyle channel. The season consisted of 10 episodes. Each episode saw bakers put through three challenges, with each episode having its own theme or discipline. The season aired from 18 January 2018 until 22 March 2018, and saw Claudia Anton win. The season was hosted by Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle, and was judged by Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. The Bakers The following is the list of the bakers that competed this season: {| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center\" |- ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Baker ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Age ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Occupation ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Hometown ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Competition Status |- ! Claudia Anton | 48 || Psychiatrist || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:Gold;\"| |- ! Barbara \"Barb\" Dunn | 37 || Finance manager || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:LimeGreen;\"| |- ! Dave Yan | 35 || Chartered Accountant || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:LimeGreen;\"| |- ! Christopher \"Chris\" Asquith | 32 || System administrator || Newcastle, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Raeesa Khatree | 37 || Health store worker || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Robert Harwood | 34 || I.T. administrator || Perth, Western Australia || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Marcus Matear | 27 || Dentist || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Michelle Trevorrow | 64 || Retiree || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Emma Sievwright | 23 || Science graduate || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Max Fetiveau | 28 || Plasterer || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Alexander \"Alex\" Papadopoulos | 47 || Building material importer || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Jessica Osborne | 28 || Sales co-ordinator || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- |} Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes Episode 2: Bread Episode 3: Biscuits Episode 4: Family Favourites Episode 5: Pastry Episode 6: Batter Episode 7: Desserts Episode 8: British Episode 9: Celebrations Episode 10: Finale Ratings References 4 2018 Australian television seasons","title":"The Great Australian Bake Off season 4"},{"docid":"69103892","text":"The Great British Baking Show season 1 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 1 The Great British Bake Off series 5, broadcast as the first season of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 4 The Great British Baking Show season 5","title":"The Great British Baking Show season 1"},{"docid":"46662651","text":"The second season of The Great Australian Bake Off premiered on 13 October 2015 and saw 12 home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Australian Bake Off's best amateur baker. Unlike the first season, season two aired on pay television channel LifeStyle Food and was produced by FremantleMedia Australia. The season consisted of 10 episodes. Each episode saw bakers put through three challenges, with each episode having its own theme or discipline. The season aired from 13 October 2015 until 15 December 2015, and saw Sian Redgrave win. The season was hosted by Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle, and was judged by Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. The season consisted of 10 episodes. In a slight change to the first season and the British edition of the show, this season took place in the Bake-Off Shed as opposed to a tent or marquee. The Bakers The following is the list of the bakers that competed this season: {| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center\" |- ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Baker ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Age ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Occupation ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Hometown ! style=\"background:SkyBlue;\" \"color:Black;\"| Competition Status |- ! Sian Redgrave | 23 || Fashion boutique stylist || Perth, Western Australia || style=\"background:Gold;\"| |- ! Jasmin Hartley | 27 || Barista || Mackay, Queensland || style=\"background:LimeGreen;\"| |- ! Suzy Stefanidis | 45 || Stay at home mum || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:LimeGreen;\"| |- ! Angela Fleay | 47 || Truck driver || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! James Dunsmore | 31 || Food historian || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Nathan Taylor | 19 || Student || Perth, WA || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Benjamin \"Ben\" Brown | 37 || Mining inventory planner || Emerald, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Brendan Eilola | 43 || IT specialist || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Janice Tan | 34 || Management consultant || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Meghan \"Meg\" Moorcroft | 20 || Student || Adelaide, South Australia || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Mariana Gates | 55 || Volunteer worker || Gold Coast, Queensland || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- ! Dr. Peter \"Pete\" Rankin | 58 || Doctor || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\"background:OrangeRed;\"| |- |} Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes For the bakers' first challenge, a family-sized signature cake was set. This was set to be done in two hours, and should show the baker's style. For the technical challenge, Maggie's recipe for her constitution cake. It combined indigenous Australian fruits and icing to make three cakes. It was to be done in two and a half hours. A hidden design cake was set as the showstopper challenge. In five hours, the bakers must create a cake that shows a pattern or design once cut into. Episode 2: Biscuits Episode 3: Choux Episode 4: Pies Episode 5: Chocolate Episode 6: Bread Episode 7: Dessert Episode 8: Pastry Episode 9: Classics Episode 10: Finale Ratings References","title":"The Great Australian Bake Off season 2"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"69103901\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 3 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 3, broadcast as the fifth season on PBS in the United States The Great British Bake Off series 6, broadcast as the third season on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 4 The Great British Baking Show season 5\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64057635\",\n \"text\": \"The Big Flower Fight is a British television competition program first broadcast on Netflix on 18 May 2020. It is a contest in the style of The Great British Bake Off and The Great British Sewing Bee but with the craft of floral design instead of baking or sewing. The show is presented by Natasia Demetriou and Vic Reeves, with Kristen Griffith-VanderYacht serving as a mentor and main judge, as well as a different guest judge in each episode. The first season was filmed in Maidstone, Kent. At the beginning of April 2021, Netflix had yet to announce any plans for a potential second season. Series 1 (2020) Contestants Results summary Colour key: The contestants won the challenge and were declared Best in Bloom The contestants were one of the best, but were not the winners of the challenge The contestants were neither in the top or in the bottom, thus advancing to the next round The contestants were in the bottom but were not eliminated The contestants were eliminated The contestants reached the finals, but did not win the series The contestants won the series Episode themes and guest judges References External links 2020s British reality television series 2020 British television series debuts Television series by ITV Studios British English-language television shows Netflix original programming Reality competition television series\",\n \"title\": \"The Big Flower Fight\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50022313\",\n \"text\": \"Ayesha Disa Curry (née Alexander; born March 23, 1989) is a Canadian and American actress. After guest roles in several television shows and movies, she began hosting her own show, Ayesha's Homemade ( Ayesha's Home Kitchen), on Food Network. Despite not having any professional chef training, her culinary career started in 2014, when she prepared her first meal as a YouTube demonstration on her channel Little Lights of Mine. Curry is the author of several videos on her channel Little Lights of Mine and has written two cookbooks, The Seasoned Life, published in 2016, and The Full Plate, published in 2020. In 2011, she married basketball player Stephen Curry, with whom she has three children. Career At age 12, Curry acted as the love interest in the music video for \\\"Too Young for Love\\\" by Suga Prince (now known as Sevn Thomas). After graduating from Weddington High School, Curry moved to Los Angeles to become an actress, appearing mostly in bit parts. She appeared in a short film Underground Street Flippers (2009), the TV movie Dan's Detour of Life (2008), and in the direct to DVD movie Love for Sale (2008). She has appeared in the Netflix movie, Irish Wish in 2024. After her marriage she started a food blog, and then a YouTube channel. This led to a short lived Food Network show Ayesha's Homemade that was canceled after 13 episodes. In addition to her written recipes, Curry often posts instructional cooking videos on her YouTube channel. In 2016, she released her cookbook \\\"The Seasoned Life.\\\" She also began starring in Ayesha's Homemade, which follows her professional and personal life with cameos from her husband and two daughters. The first season ran for six episodes. A second season of six episodes, named Ayesha's Home Kitchen premiered on Food Network on April 30, 2017. On September 20, 2017, Curry was named as a spokesperson for CoverGirl, becoming the first spokesperson for the brand who is not an actress or singer. She was announced on September 21, 2017, as one of the new hosts of The Great American Baking Show, an American adaptation of The Great British Bake Off, on ABC. She also revealed to Deidre Behar, from Entertainment Tonight, that she was approached to join the next season of Dancing With The Stars. Only two episodes of the third season of Baking Show, however, aired on television due to sexual harassment allegations against one of the show's judges outside the series. While the show was renewed for a fourth season, Curry did not return as a host and was succeeded by former Spice Girls member Emma Bunton. In July 2019, Curry and her husband launched the \\\"Eat. Learn. Play. Foundation\\\" in Oakland, California. The foundation works to end childhood hunger, increase access to quality education, and provide safe spaces for children to stay active. Restaurant and food business Her 2014 company Little Lights of Mine sold its own brand of extra virgin olive oil, and 10% of all proceeds are\",\n \"title\": \"Ayesha Curry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29881727\",\n \"text\": \"Next Great Baker (also known as Cake Boss: Next Great Baker) is an American television series that airs on TLC, hosted by Buddy Valastro, the star of his own reality series, Cake Boss. The show features contestants participating in challenges that test their edible art baking and decorating skills. Each week, a contestant will be eliminated; the last contestant standing will win a grand prize package that varies by season. Other prizes for winning a challenge or the week's competition are also offered during the series. Gameplay Each round has three stages: Baker's challenge: Each contestant has to meet a challenge set by Buddy the Cake Boss, such as making a pastry, baking a cake or, as in the first-season finale, filling buckets of grease. The winner of this challenge receives a special bonus, revealed after the challenge. Elimination challenge: Each contestant has a set amount of time over two days — usually three hours on the first day and the remaining time on the second — to make a cake to specifications set by Buddy. Final elimination: Buddy and the judges (the judge from the Baker's challenge and a client) decide which three cakes are the best and which two cakes that are the worst. After the decisions are made, the contestants (who were waiting in the bakers' lounge) enter the judging room. Contestants determined \\\"safe\\\" are then dismissed. Then, the three contestants with the best cakes are announced, with the one with the best cake in the challenge singled out. The remaining contestants have the worst cakes in the challenge; one of these will be told to leave the competition, transported away by Danny (an employee of Carlo's Bakery and Buddy's close friend) inside a box truck marked \\\"Not the Next Great Baker\\\". Episodes Season 1 The first season of Next Great Baker was taped inside a special kitchen studio set up at the Hudson County Community College Culinary Arts Institute in Jersey City, New Jersey, and was televised from December 6, 2010 to January 24, 2011 on TLC. Dana Herbert, the last contestant standing out of a field of ten contestants, won $50,000 cash, a Chevrolet Cruze and an apprenticeship at Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken, New Jersey. Following his win, Dana was featured in some episodes of Cake Boss, but he had had his own bakery before his appearance on the show. Season 2 The second season of Next Great Baker was set at the new Carlo's Bakery facility at Lackawanna Center in Jersey City, and was televised from November 28, 2011 to January 30, 2012 on TLC. Marissa Lopez, the last contestant standing out of a field of 13 contestants, won $100,000 cash and a four-page spread in Brides magazine, along with an opportunity to work beside Buddy in the bakery. As of 2020, she is the manager of Carlo's Bakery Ridgewood, New Jersey. Season 3 Season 3 premiered on Monday, November 26, 2012. 13 contestant battle it out for $100,000 dollars and a spread\",\n \"title\": \"Next Great Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62256822\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show is a Christmas special edition of The Great Canadian Baking Show. Episodes have featured bakers from previous seasons of The Great Canadian Baking Show competing in season baking challenges to be named \\\"Star Holiday Baker\\\". Four episodes of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show have aired, in 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2023 respectively. 2019 The first episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on November 13, 2019. It featured four bakers from the show's first two seasons returning to compete in seasonal baking challenges. This marked the final episode of hosts Carolyn Taylor and Aurora Browne in their presenting roles. Bakers Bakes For the signature challenge, the bakers had two and a half hours to produce 12 edible ornament cookies. The technical challenge gave the bakers three hours to create a challah and accompany it with homemade butter and apple butter. The bakers' showstopper challenge was to construct an elaborate, edible, and structurally-sound Christmas village in four hours. 2021 A second episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on December 12, 2021. It featured four finalists from the show's first three seasons returning to compete in seasonal baking challenges. Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis, the hosts since season 4 of The Great Canadian Baking Show, appeared as presenters. Bakers Bakes For the signature challenge, the bakers had to make a festive baking tray with two different types of desserts in two and a half hours. The technical challenge gave the bakers one hour and 45 minutes to make a vínarterta, a seven layered cake of alternating layers of almond biscuit and prune jam, originally brought to Manitoba by Icelandic settlers. The bakers' showstopper challenge was to create a choux wreath with incredible flavours and elaborate decorations in four hours. 2022 A third episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on November 27, 2022. The episode featured returning bakers from the second, fourth, and fifth seasons to compete in seasonal baking challenges. Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis returned as presenters. Bakers Bakes In the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours to make 18 savoury appetizers, 9 each of two different types for a holiday party platter. For the technical challenge, they were tasked with baking 20 gefüllte herzen, traditional German heart-shaped soft gingerbread cookies, with a layer of thick raspberry jam within, coated in dark chocolate and drizzled with white chocolate, in 2 hours and 15 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers were given four hours to create a grand and impressive holiday scene cake, telling any holiday story or tradition, with the bakers being allowed to use any technique and additional bakes. 2023 A fourth episode of The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show aired on November 26, 2023. The episode featured four previous winners from the second, third, fourth, and fifth seasons, returning for a chance to become a Star Holiday Baker. Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis returned as presenters. Bakers Bakes For the\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Canadian Holiday Baking Show\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61951599\",\n \"text\": \"The fifth season of The Great Australian Bake Off premiered on 3 October 2019 on the LifeStyle channel, and saw 12 home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Australian Bake Off's best amateur baker. The season consisted of 10 episodes. Each episode saw bakers put through three challenges, with each episode having its own theme or discipline. The season aired from 3 October 2019 until 5 December 2019, and saw Subha Nasir Ahmad win. The season was hosted by Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle, and was judged by Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. The Bakers The following is the list of the bakers that competed this season: {| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\" |- ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Baker ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Age ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Occupation ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Hometown ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Competition Status |- ! Subha \\\"Sunny\\\" Nasir Ahmad | 26 || PHD Science Student || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:Gold;\\\"| |- ! Daniel \\\"Dan\\\" Pasquali | 35 || Research Scientist || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:LimeGreen;\\\"| |- ! David Hills | 41 || Project Manager || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:LimeGreen;\\\"| |- ! Donald \\\"Don\\\" Hackett | 55 || Superannuation Consultant || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Angela Navacchi | 36 || Housewife || Adelaide, South Australia || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Wynn Visser | 36 || Disability Services Manager || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Anston Ratnayake | 28 || Student Voice Officer || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Sue Dahman | 70 || Retired Bank Manager || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Laura Peters | 22 || Cafe Manager || New South Wales || style=\\\"background:Orange;\\\"| |- ! Dennis Mews | 71 || Retired Maths Teacher || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Annette Peffers | 48 || Account Manager || Gold Coast, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Zee Scott | 39 || Marriage Celebrant || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- |} Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes Episode 2: Bread Episode 3: Biscuits Episode 4: Vegan Episode 5: Classics Episode 6: Patisserie Episode 7: Spice Episode 8: Hybrid Episode 9: Party Episode 10: Finale Ratings References 5 2019 Australian television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Australian Bake Off season 5\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69103906\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 4 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 4, broadcast as the second season of the series on PBS in the United States The Great British Bake Off series 7, broadcast as the fourth season of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 5\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59776483\",\n \"text\": \"Bake Off Greece (also called Bake Off) is a Greek television baking competition, produced by Love Productions, in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills, with a contestant being eliminated in each round, with the winner being selected from the contestants who reach the finals. The show's first episode was aired on 23 September 2018. The Show based on the BBC baking competition The Great British Bake Off. The programme is presenting by Ioanna Triantafyllidou, with judges Akis Petretzikis, Nikolas Straggas and Dimitris Xronopoulos. Host and judges Key Series overview In series 1 the episodes 19, 21 and 23 were broadcast on Fridays at 21:00pm. Season 1: 2018 Series 1 of Bake Off Greece saw eighteen home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Bake Off Greece best amateur baker. It began airing on 23 September 2018 on Alpha TV. The winner is Venia Flessa. Bakers Results summary Colour key: Baker was one of the judges' least favourite bakers that week, but was not eliminated. Baker was one of the judges' favourite bakers that week, but was not the Star Baker. Baker got through to the next round. Baker was eliminated. Baker was the Star Baker. Baker was Returned or Arrived Baker was a series runner-up. Baker was the series winner. Episodes Team fase Episode 1: Premiere Episode 2: Chocolate Episode 3: Greek pastry Episode 4: Tiny episode This was the last episode in the team fase Individual fase Episode 5: Snacks Episode 6: Salty and sweet Episode 7: Français pastry Episode 8: Desserts Episode 9: Judge In this episode the judge and the presenter was the encharged to decide the challenges Technical challenge was decided by Nikolas and Akis / Creative challenge was decided by Ioanna and Dimitris Episode 10: Countries Episode 11: Semifinal Episode 12: Final References External links Greek reality television series 2018 Greek television series debuts 2010s Greek television series Alpha TV original programming Greek-language television shows Television shows set in Athens International versions of The Great British Bake Off Greek television series based on British television series\",\n \"title\": \"Bake Off Greece\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52757952\",\n \"text\": \"The Great American Baking Show is an American cooking competition television series and an adaptation of The Great British Bake Off (which is aired in the United States under the title The Great British Baking Show). Its first season aired on ABC under the title The Great Holiday Baking Show. The show is the second licensed adaptation of the GBBO format in the United States. In 2013, CBS produced one season of The American Baking Competition, which was hosted by Jeff Foxworthy, with Paul Hollywood and Mexican-American chef Marcela Valladolid as judges. The first two seasons were hosted by Nia Vardalos and Ian Gomez, with Mary Berry from the original GBBO series and American pastry chef Johnny Iuzzini as judges. The third season was hosted by cookbook author Ayesha Curry and former football player Anthony Adams. Iuzzini returned as judge and was joined by original GBBO judge Paul Hollywood. The season was pulled off the schedule following sexual harassment allegations against judge Iuzzini, who was officially fired from the show and ABC. Curry and Iuzzini did not return for the fourth season. On May 4, 2018, the show was renewed for a fourth season. Emma Bunton and Sherry Yard were hired as replacement host and judge, respectively. On August 1, 2019, the show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on December 12, 2019. On May 3, 2022, it was announced that The Roku Channel would be airing a new season of the show, with Paul Hollywood returning as judge, along with Prue Leith from GBBO. Roku also announced plans to air The Great American Baking Show: Celebrity Holiday, featuring celebrities competing to raise money for charity. All six episodes of new season of the show premiered on May 5, 2023. The Roku Channel has ordered a seventh season of this series. Hosts and judges Season overview Season 1 (2015) Season 1 aired under the titleThe Great Holiday Baking Show and marked a return of the GBBO format to American television after the cancellation of the series by CBS in late 2013 when it was originally aired under the title The American Baking Competition after one season. Six bakers participated in the first ABC season. The season was won by Lauren Katz, beating out Nicole Silva and Tim Samson in the finale. Season 2 (2016–17) Season 2 returned the following year as The Great American Baking Show with ten bakers and an eight-week competition. The season was won by Amanda Faber, with Stephanie Chen as the runner-up. Season 3 (2017) The third season began airing December 7, 2017, with a two-hour premiere. It is the first season hosted by Curry and Adams and for judge Hollywood who last appeared on the 2013 CBS version of the show. This season, baker Antoinette Love, withdrew following a family death, returned to the competition. The season was withdrawn from ABC's schedule on December 13, 2017, following allegations of sexual misconduct by Iuzzini. ABC announced that it would not air the remaining episodes.\",\n \"title\": \"The Great American Baking Show\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40688666\",\n \"text\": \"James Patrick Bowie Morton (born 26 May 1991) is a Scottish doctor, baker, author and reality television contestant, based in Glasgow, who rose to fame when he became the runner up on the third series of The Great British Bake Off. Early life James Morton was born in Inverness, Scotland, but from the age of three grew up in the Shetland Islands. He was introduced to baking by his maternal grandmother, who taught him after school each day. He is the son of journalist and former Radio Scotland radio presenter Tom Morton. The Great British Bake Off In the first Summer of his medical degree at the University of Glasgow, Morton worked washing dishes at a small Glasgow deli. A keen bread baker already, here he was exposed to the wide variation of bread production and results. From then on, he studied baking as a science rather than a craft, often preferring to read peer-review cereal journals than cookbooks. He watched The Great British Bake Off (Series 2) during 2011 and decided to apply after pressure from his university friends. During Morton's subsequent appearance on the show, he reached the final with bakes such as an \\\"oak-framed Gingerbread Barn\\\" and \\\"double Paris-Brest Choux pastry Bicycle,\\\" eventually losing out to winner John Whaite. Morton participated in the Bake Offs 2016 Xmas Special show, leading for much of the show but losing out to Chetna Makan after a series of errors in the showstopper round. Post-Bake Off baking activities Morton has amassed a large following on Twitter and Instagram and founded a popular baking blog. He wrote a regular column in the \\\"7 Days\\\" supplement of the Sunday Mail newspaper from 2013 to 2018. He regularly composes comment and recipes for a wide variety of online and print publications. He has been a guest celebrity on numerous television shows, including Sunday Brunch and Big Fat Quiz of the Year. In October 2013, he was a guest presenter on RBS: Finding Scotland's Real Heroes and has toured Scotland with his bread demonstration shows \\\"James Morton Kneads to Raise Some Dough\\\" and \\\"James Morton’s Stollen Christmas\\\", taking them to large festivals such as Dundee Flower and Food Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. He released his first book, Brilliant Bread, in August 2013, published by Ebury Publishing. It received a nomination for the best cookbook at the 2013 André Simon Awards and winning the Guild of Food Writers Award 2014 for best cookbook. His second book, How Baking Works (and what to do when it doesn't), was released on 12 March 2015. In 2019, he wrote another book on baking Super Sourdough. Morton also wrote books outside of baking. Brew: The Foolproof Guide to Making World-Class Beer at Home was published in 2016. His home brews won national awards – his Oatmeal Extra Pale being brewed by Dark Star Brewing Company in 2014 and Skeleton Blues by Stewart Brewing in 2015. In 2019, he co-wrote Shetland: Cooking on the Edge of the World with\",\n \"title\": \"James Morton (baker)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37343324\",\n \"text\": \"John Whaite (born 23 May 1989) is an English baker who won the third series of The Great British Bake Off in 2012. He works as a chef, television presenter, and author. Early life John Whaite was born in Chorley, Lancashire, and grew up on a farm in Wrightington. He has two sisters, Jane and Victoria. He became interested in baking at the age of seven, after his parents divorced. He won a place at Oxford to read Modern and Medieval Languages, but switched to study Law at the University of Manchester to be nearer to home. In 2012 he gained a first-class degree after sitting for his law exams while filming Bake Off. He also completed a summer scheme with top law firm Eversheds Sutherland and worked briefly as a banker in the Royal Bank of Scotland's asset finance department. He rejected a career in law or banking after winning the series, and took classes at Le Cordon Bleu in London to pursue a career in cooking. Career Television In 2012, Whaite took part in the third series of The Great British Bake Off on BBC Two. During the sixth episode of the series Whaite sustained a major injury to his finger and could not complete the last bake. After making it through to the final, he won the show with his Italian sausage and roasted vegetable pithivier, fondant fancies, and heaven and hell chiffon cake. Despite winning the series, he won \\\"Star Baker\\\" only once. Whaite has appeared as a resident chef on the ITV breakfast programme Lorraine, hosted by Lorraine Kelly. He has also appeared on This Morning, What's Cooking?, The Alan Titchmarsh Show and Sunday Brunch as a guest chef. In April 2016, Whaite began co-presenting Chopping Block, ITV's new daytime cookery competitive show with Rosemary Shrager where four couples compete in a series of daily challenges to win a prize. A second series began airing in March 2017. Whaite makes regular appearances, as one of its chefs, with presenter Steph McGovern on her Channel 4 daytime show Steph's Packed Lunch. In August 2021, Whaite was announced as a contestant on the nineteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. He was paired with professional Johannes Radebe, and they became the first ever male same-sex pairing on the show. They reached the final as one of the last two couples, but were beaten by Rose Ayling-Ellis and her partner Giovanni Pernice. Cookery After appearing on Bake Off, Whaite studied for a Diplôme de Pâtisserie at Le Cordon Bleu, London. In 2015, John Whaite's kitchen cookery school, named John Whaite's Kitchen, opened in a converted 400-year-old cattle shed on his family's farm on Tunley Lane in Wrightington, Lancashire. As of December 2021, this project remains closed. Writing Whaite has released four cookery books. His first, John Whaite Bakes, was released on 25 April 2013, and the second, John Whaite Bakes at Home, was released on 27 March 2014. The third book, Perfect Plates in 5 Ingredients, was published in\",\n \"title\": \"John Whaite\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62570487\",\n \"text\": \"The fifth season of The Great American Baking Show premiered December 12, 2019 on the ABC network. It is the second season under the title The Great American Baking Show: Holiday Edition. Emma Bunton and Anthony \\\"Spice\\\" Adams return as hosts. Returning in the judging panel for their third and second seasons, respectively, are Paul Hollywood and Sherry Yard. Bakers Results summary Color key: Episodes Episode 1: Cake Color key: For the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours to make a single-layer olive oil cake. For the technical challenge, Sherry assigned an angel food cake, which the bakers had two and a half hours to complete. For the showstopper, the bakers had three and a half hours to make a chocolate gateau with three layers and chocolate icing. Episode 2: Bread For the signature challenge, the bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to make one dozen savory breadsticks. For the technical challenge, set by Paul, the bakers had two and a half hours to make a traditional cob loaf. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make a bread sculpture inspired by \\\"The Twelve Days of Christmas\\\", with at least two flavors of bread. Episode 3: Spice The signature challenge was to bake a dozen cinnamon rolls in two and a half hours, including an icing or drizzle. The technical challenge was to bake a dozen Linzer cookies in an hour and a half. For the signature, bakers had five hours to build a holiday gingerbread scene. Episode 4: Dessert In the signature challenge, the bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to make madeleines. For the technical, the bakers had to make Queen of Puddings in one hour and 30 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make a cheesecake tower of at least three tiers, with two of the same flavor and one different. Episode 5: Pastry In the signature challenge, the bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to make a citrus tart. For the technical, the bakers had to make hand-raised pies in two hours and 15 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make Napoleons and palmiers. Episode 6: Cookie In the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours and 30 minutes to make winter sugar cookies. For the technical, the bakers had to make fortune cookies in one hour and 30 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had four and a half hours to make macaron tower. Episode 7: Semi-Finals In the signature challenge, the bakers had three hours to make two varieties of savory canapés. For the technical, the bakers had to make soufflés in 40 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers had three and a half hours to make an Opera cake. Episode 8: Finals In the signature challenge, the bakers had two hours and 30 minutes to make choux buns. For the technical, the bakers had to make a Fraisier cake in\",\n \"title\": \"The Great American Baking Show season 5\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47366090\",\n \"text\": \"The sixth series (Season 3 on PBS, or Collection 3 on Netflix in the US) of The Great British Bake Off first aired on 5 August 2015, with twelve contestants competing to be the series 6 winner. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins presented the show, and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. The competition was held in the ground of Welford Park, Berkshire for a second year. The series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Tamal Ray and Ian Cumming finishing as runners-up. The sixth series was broadcast as the third season on PBS in the United States. Bakers Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes For the first signature challenge, the bakers were given 2 hours to make a Madeira Cake, which was chosen as an \\\"easy\\\" challenge for the bakers. The cake should have a dome and a crack on top, though Mary stated the cake should not differ too far from the original. For the technical challenge, the bakers had 13⁄4 hours to make Mary Berry's recipe for a Walnut Cake, which should have three layers, a meringue coating, and caramelised walnuts. For the showstopper, challenge the bakers had 31⁄2 hours to make a Black Forest Gâteau. The bakers were tasked with making a cake that should be extravagant and should \\\"impress\\\" Mary and Paul. Episode 2: Biscuits For the signature challenge, the bakers were given 2 hours to bake 24 identical biscotti of any shape, flavour or size. In the technical challenge, they were required to make 8 arlettes, which are high-end light delicate cinnamon-flavoured biscuits, in 21⁄2 hours. For the show stopper, they were set the challenge of making 36 biscuits to be presented in a biscuit box made of a different kind of biscuit mix. They were given 4 hours in this challenge. Episode 3: Bread In their signature challenge, the bakers were given 11⁄2 hour to make 2 quick bread to be made free-form (i.e. not in a tin). For the technical challenge, Paul set the bakers the challenge of baking 4 identical crusty baguettes in 21⁄2 hours. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers needed to make a 3D bread sculpture in 5 hours, using three types of dough, and one of them should be filled. Paul received the first ever special commendation for his showstopper King of the Jungle. Episode 4: Desserts For the signature challenge, the bakers had 2 hours to make 12 crème brûlées. The brief specified that the custard must be set and that the bakers weren't allowed to use a blowtorch to caramelize the top. For the technical challenge, the bakers had 4 hours to make a Spanische Windtorte. This dessert had 2 types of meringue, Swiss and French, designed into a circular box and filled with cream and fruit. Three tiers of sweet cheesecakes were set as the showstopper. The structure must be self-standing, have unique flavors and be completed in 41⁄2 hours. Episode 5: Alternative Ingredients This episode has a theme of using\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Bake Off series 6\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37925894\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Australian Bake Off is an Australian television baking series that is based on the BBC baking competition The Great British Bake Off. The series first premiered on 9 July 2013 on the Nine Network and ran for one season with presenters Shane Jacobson and Anna Gare and judges Dan Lepard and Kerry Vincent. On 1 April 2015, it was announced that the series had been picked up by pay television channel LifeStyle Food and production company FremantleMedia Australia for a second season which premiered on 13 October 2015 with presenters Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle and judges Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. Another three seasons aired on LifeStyle Food and LifeStyle between 2016 and 2019. In December 2020, there was speculation the series was to be picked up by the Seven Network for its sixth season, however in March 2021, Foxtel was in “advanced discussions” for a series return. In June 2021, it was officially renewed by Foxtel with auditions open from June to 18 July 2021, with BBC Studios Australia taking over production from Fremantle Australia. The sixth season premiered on 27 January 2022. On 4 August 2022, Foxtel announced a new-look seventh season had been commissioned, to air in 2023 with filming commencing in September. Maggie Beer, Matt Moran, Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle are departing the show, with new judges and hosts to be announced. On 30 August 2022 Foxtel revealed pastry chef Darren Purchese and culinary expert Rachel Khoo as the show's new judges, with comedians Cal Wilson and Natalie Tran to host. The seventh season premiered on 13 June 2023. Maggie Beer made a guest appearance in the seventh season. The eighth season, filmed earlier in 2023, will air in 2024 and will be the second and final appearance of Cal Wilson as host as she died in October 2023. Format The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-round amateur baker from the contestants, where in each episode the bakers are tasked with 3 different challenges; a signature bake, a technical bake and a show-stopper. The bakes are critically examined by the judges who will then choose a \\\"Star Baker\\\" and a baker that is eliminated from the competition. Ten contestants were chosen for the first season, and twelve contestants were chosen for each subsequent season. Signature Challenge: This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried-and-tested recipes that are rustic and altogether home-made-looking. Technical Challenge: This challenge shows who can follow instructions, but who also has the technical knowledge and experience to produce the finished product. The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be. The finished product is ranked from worst to best, with the judges not knowing who produced which. Showstopper Challenge: This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent. The judges are looking for a bake that is both of a professional appearance but also in taste.\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Australian Bake Off\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33598729\",\n \"text\": \"Junior Bake Off is a British television baking competition in which young bakers aged 9 to 12 tackle a series of challenges involving baking cakes, biscuits, bread, and pastries, competing to be crowned Junior Bake Off Champion. The series debuted in 2011 as a spin-off from The Great British Bake Off and is also produced by Love Productions. Four series of Junior Bake Off were broadcast on CBBC from 2011 to 2016. Following its parent series' departure from the BBC in 2017, Junior Bake Off resumed with a fifth series in 2019 on Channel 4, with comedian Harry Hill as presenter and Prue Leith and Liam Charles as judges. The fifth series concluded on 22 November 2019. The show returned for a sixth series on 11 January 2021. Junior Bake Off returned Monday 10 January 2022 for its seventh series and concluded on 28 January 2022. Junior Bake Off returned on 16 January 2023 for its eighth series and will conclude on 3 February 2023. On 5 January it was announced that Junior Bake Off has been renewed for its tenth series to air in 2025. Format Each series of Junior Bake Off typically includes 15 episodes. While The Great British Bake Off features three challenges per episode (signature, technical, and showstopper), Junior Bake Off includes only the technical and showstopper challenges. In the first four series, aired on CBBC from 2011 to 2016, the format featured 40 young bakers aged 9 to 12 years old divided into 10 qualifying rounds or heats. Each episode featured only four bakers, with one winner each episode and the other three eliminated. The winning baker from each heat were brought back for 'Finals Week' (divided into two semi-finals, followed by two finals, and then one grand final) which determined the winner. The format was altered in 2019 when the series moved to Channel 4. The episodes were increased from 30 minutes to one hour, the number of bakers halved to 20 (16 from series 6), and the upper age range of the contestants increased from 12 to 15 (changed back to 12 from series 8). Instead of only four bakers taking part in each qualifying round, the bakers are divided into two groups of 10 each, with five eliminated from one group during the first five episodes, and five eliminated from the second group during the second five episodes. The remaining five bakers from each group are combined in the week-long finals, resulting in quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. The 'Star Baker' award, given to the judges' favourite baker in each episode, was not included in the CBBC version of the show but is a part of the Channel 4 format. Series overview Presenters and judges Series 1 (2011) The first series began on 31 October 2011 on CBBC with judges from the main show Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry. Aaron Craze presented the show. Series 2 (2013) A second series began on 11 November 2013 on CBBC. Chef James Martin replaced Hollywood as\",\n \"title\": \"Junior Bake Off\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73075861\",\n \"text\": \"Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker is a reality show that began airing on Channel 4 on 21 October 2021. In the show, woodworkers compete to be named \\\"Britain's Best Woodworker\\\". A spin-off of the format of The Great British Bake Off, the programme is presented by Mel Giedroyc, with judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch (series 1), and Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu (series 2 and 3). To date, three series have been produced and screened. Outside of the UK, the programme is marketed as Good with Wood: Britain's Best Woodworker. Series format The show format is similar to The Great British Bake Off in that each episode features challenges that are to be completed within a certain time period. The series starts with eight woodworkers, usually with one being eliminated each episode. In the Big Build challenge, the woodworkers are given two days to create a specific item. In the Skills Test, held part way through the Big Build, woodworkers are tasked with making an object which requires a specific woodworking skill. The winner of that challenge wins immunity from elimination for that episode. Series overview Series 1 (2021) The first series of Handmade: Britain’s Best Woodworker started on 21 October 2021 and aired for six episodes concluding on 25 November 2021. There were eight woodworkers. The series was hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with judges Alex de Rijke and Helen Welch. Filming took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park. The final was won by Misti Leitz, with Charlie and Radha as runners up. Series 2 (2022) The second series of Handmade: Britain’s Best Woodworker started on 21 September 2022, and aired for eight episodes concluding on 9 November 2022. The programme commenced with 10 woodworkers, one of whom was replaced after the first episode. The series was again hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with there being two new judges; Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu. Filming again took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park. The final was won by Lauren Wood, with Chloe and Jacob as runners up. Series 3 (2023) The third series of Handmade: Britain’s Best Woodworker began broadcasting on 8 October 2023, and aired for eight episodes concluding on 26 November 2023. The programme commenced with 10 woodworkers. The series was again hosted by Mel Giedroyc, with Tom Dyckhoff and Sophie Sellu returning as judges. Filming again took place at the Glanusk Estate in the Brecon Beacons National Park. The final was won by Nathanael Griffiths, with Jen and Wolfgang as runners up. International broadcasts Broadcast New Zealand - broadcast since 2021 on TVNZ 1 See also All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star The Great British Bake Off The Great British Sewing Bee The Great Pottery Throw Down References External links 2021 British television series debuts 2020s British game shows 2020s British reality television series Channel 4 reality television shows Channel 4 game shows British television spin-offs British English-language television shows Reality television spin-offs Woodworking Reality competition\",\n \"title\": \"Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71703442\",\n \"text\": \"The thirteenth series of The Great British Bake Off began on 13 September 2022. It is again presented by Noel Fielding and Matt Lucas and judged by Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith. The bakers competing in the series were announced on 2 September 2022. The series was filmed at Welford Park, an estate near Newbury, Berkshire which was previously used for the programme from 2014 to 2019. The season was won by Syabira Yusoff, with Abdul Rehman Sharif and Nelsandro \\\"Sandro\\\" Farmhouse finishing as the runners-up. Yusoff is the first female winner since Sophie Faldo from Season 8. This was the final series presented by Matt Lucas, who announced his departure from the programme on 6 December 2022. Bakers Results summary Abdul and Rebs were ill and unable to compete in episode 3; at the end of the episode, the judges decided it was unfair to eliminate anyone in their absence. Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cake For the first signature challenge, the bakers were required to bake 12 identical mini sandwich cakes in 2 hours. For the technical challenge, set by Paul, the bakers were tasked with making a six-layered red velvet cake in 2 hours, each layer sandwiched with cream cheese frosting and sprinkled with red crumbs. A 3D cake replica of a home that the bakers once lived in was set as the showstopper; the bakers were given 4 hours, the judges expecting the bake to be full of detail. Episode 2: Biscuits The signature bake was 18 Decorative macarons with a twist – they must be made to appear like something else. Two hours was given for the challenge. For the technical challenge, set by Prue, the bakers were given 1 hour and 45 minutes to bake 12 Garibaldi biscuits with feathered chocolate on top. A 3D biscuit mask to be completed in 4 hours was the showstopper challenge. Episode 3: Bread The bakers were set the task of making two sharing-size pizzas in 2 hours for the signature challenge. The technical challenge, set by Paul, was the baking of 12 pain aux raisins, to be completed in 2 hours and 45 minutes. Finally, for their 4½-hour showstopper, the bakers were asked to create their own interpretation of a Swedish celebration 'cake', the Smörgåstårta, topped with exquisite decorations. Both Abdul and Rebs did not compete due to falling ill. Consequently, no one was eliminated this week but the following week would be a double elimination. Episode 4: Mexican For their signature challenge, the bakers were asked to make 12 individual Pan dulce (\\\"sweet bread\\\" pastries) in 21⁄2 hours. Paul's technical challenge required them to make 8 Mexican hand-pressed corn tacos and their fillings, in 2 hours. The showstopper gave them 4 hours to make their own four-layer version of a Tres Leches Cake ('three-milk cake' -- a sponge cake soaked in three kinds of milk). Episode 5: Desserts For the signature the bakers had 2 hours to make 8 individual steamed puddings, with an accompaniment of\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Bake Off series 13\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55078166\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Canadian Baking Show is a Canadian cooking competition television series which premiered on CBC Television on November 1, 2017. It is an adaptation of the U.K. series The Great British Bake Off, which is aired in Canada under the title The Great British Baking Show. For its first two seasons, the show was hosted by Dan Levy and Julia Chan, with French-born Canadian chef Bruno Feldeisen and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis as judges. The third season was hosted by Aurora Browne and Carolyn Taylor, comedians and actors of Baroness von Sketch Show fame, with Feldeisen returning as a judge joined by Canadian chef Kyla Kennaley. From the fourth season onwards, it was hosted by comedians and Second City alumni Ann Pornel and Alan Shane Lewis. Premise Each season of the show features 10 amateur baking contestants selected from across Canada to participate in a competition of themed baking challenges. Adapted from The Great British Bake Off, each episode features three rounds: the Signature Bake, the Technical Challenge, and the Showstopper. After the two judges taste and critique the entries, they determine which contestant is crowned each week's \\\"Star Baker\\\" and which contestant will be sent home. In each season finale, the final three bakers compete to be named the winner of The Great Canadian Baking Show and take home the GCBS cake stand. Production Produced by Proper Television in association with the CBC and Love Productions, the show is filmed on the grounds of the Canadian Film Centre in Toronto during mid-summer, then premiered in November for season 1, and September for seasons 2 and 3, on CBC. The executive producer is Cathie James, and the series producers are Marike Emery (seasons 1 through 4) and Mark Ven de Ven (season 5). Levy, a self-proclaimed \\\"huge fan\\\" of the British series upon which the show is based, stated that he \\\"actively pursued\\\" the hosting role for the premiere season. CBC Television announced on February 7, 2018 that the series was renewed for a second season, and all hosts and judges would be returning. The series was renewed for a third season in 2019 with judge Bruno Feldeisen being joined by new judge Kyla Kennaley and new hosts Aurora Browne and Carolyn Taylor. The series was renewed for a fourth season due to air in 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, production was delayed and the season aired in early 2021, with new hosts Alan Shane Lewis and Ann Pornel. The fifth season aired in 2021 with the same hosts and judges. Hosts and judges Reception John Doyle, reviewing the first episode for The Globe and Mail, called the show boring and said that it lacked \\\"the major ingredients of eccentric flair and idiosyncratic contestants [of the original].\\\" Doyle's criticism of host Dan Levy's \\\"feyness\\\" in the review was called homophobic by Levy and others. Eater Montreal writer Tim Forster said the show's first episode is \\\"like somebody left the sugar out of the recipe: it looks\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Canadian Baking Show\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53377516\",\n \"text\": \"The Big Family Cooking Showdown, often referred to as simply Cooking Showdown or BFCS, is a BBC team cooking competition. The first season was hosted by Great British Bake Off winner Nadiya Hussain and Zoe Ball. Each week, two teams of three family members competed in three challenges, judged by Michelin starred chef Giorgio Locatelli and cookery teacher Rosemary Shrager. The winners in each of eight heats moved on to the semi-finals, consisting of three episodes. The three semi-final winners then progressed to the final episode where the winning family was selected. The Big Family Cooking Showdown premiered on BBC Two on Tuesday, 15 August 2017, then moved to Thursday evenings on 31 August to avoid a scheduling conflict with The Great British Bake Off on Channel 4. On 9 May 2018, the BBC announced that the show would return for a second season of 14 episodes airing in a new slot of 7pm. The second season aired multiple episodes per week, beginning on 15 October 2018. The show returned with a refreshed style and modified format, and without any of the original line-up of presenters or judges featured in the first series. Presenter and Celebrity MasterChef winner Angellica Bell was joined by Michelin starred chef Tommy Banks to host and co-judge the second series. After viewership and ratings fell below expectations, BBC announced that the show would be cancelled. Production and Format In both the first and second season of the competition, each team consists of three family members. However, otherwise the two seasons of the show are somewhat distinct in terms of production style and format. Season One The first season of the series, The Cooking Showdown kitchen is located in the main barn at the Quadrangle Trust, near Shoreham in Kent. Each heat featured two teams, while each semi-final and the final featured three teams. There were 12 episodes in total, and one episode aired per week. Season one featured two judges, Giorgio Locatelli and Rosemary Shrager, and two presenters Nadiya Hussain and Zoe Ball. Only one of the presenters would travel to the home visit challenge, which took place in the contestants' homes. However, both presenters were present in the barn, except for the final episode, which didn't feature Zoe Ball. Heats In each episode, two teams comprising three family members competed in three time-limited rounds. At the end of the three rounds, a winner was selected, who moved on to one of a series of semi-final rounds. Round 1: The £10 Challenge (1 hour and 15 minutes): In the £10 Challenge, the teams must prepare two courses for four on a budget. Round 2: Home Visits Challenge (1 hour and 30 minutes): Each team cooks and serves a main course and a dessert for the judges in their own home kitchen. Round 3: Impress the Neighbours Challenge (2 hours and 15 minutes): The teams returned to the barn to create their finest starter and a main course, with no budget. Semi-finals What's in the Fridge?\",\n \"title\": \"The Big Family Cooking Showdown\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51866946\",\n \"text\": \"Halloween Baking Championship is an American cooking competition show that premiered on Food Network on October 5, 2015. Like its sister show, Holiday Baking Championship, it's a seasonal program that runs for a few weeks (in this case, the month of October) and aims to crown the best baker of spooky, creepy desserts. Rounds Each episode has two rounds. The first round is the \\\"Preliminary Heat\\\" where the bakers are first told of their themes and get varying cook times (anywhere from 30 minutes up to 2 hours) to create a small pastry (usual cookies or small cakes). The person who wins the first round gets an advantage going into the next round, and aren't told until after the second round is announced (and sometimes they're not told until the middle of cooking in the second round). The advantage varies by episode (Ex: exclusive use of a certain baking mold/ingredient or first choice of a specific theme). The second round is called the \\\"Main Heat\\\" and the contestants get a considerably longer time to bake than the \\\"pre-heat\\\" (in the final round of the final episode they're given several hours to make a large confection). This larger dessert must fit a new theme presented (usually in the same vein as the pre-heat theme). The winner of the \\\"Main Heat\\\" advances to the next episode. One baker is eliminated every episode except for the last one. In the finale it's down to the final three or four contestants competing in a winner-take-all final round. The winner gets $25,000 and a spot In Food Network Magazine in season 4–5. Host & Judges Unlike its sister show, Holiday Baking Championship, the panel of judges has changed consistently throughout the series (with the exception of Carla Hall). The first season was hosted by Richard Blais with chefs Carla Hall, Ron Ben-Israel, and Sherry Yard serving as judges. The second season saw Carla Hall as the only returning chef/judge. She was joined by Food Network personality Sandra Lee and Damiano Carrara to help judge, and comedian Jeff Dunham as the host. For seasons three through five, the show was hosted by John Henson. Lorraine Pascale and Zac Young joined Carla Hall as judges for the third and fourth seasons, while Katie Lee replaced Pascale for season five. For the sixth season Carla Hall returned not only as a judge but as the show's host, accompanied by Zac Young and Stephanie Boswell as judges. John Henson later returned to serve as host in 2021 for seasons seven, eight and nine. Series overview References External links LEG 2010s American cooking television series 2020s American cooking television series 2015 American television series debuts American television spin-offs American English-language television shows Food Network original programming Reality television spin-offs Television series by Levity Live Reality cooking competition television series\",\n \"title\": \"Halloween Baking Championship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69103907\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 5 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 3, broadcast as the fifth season of the series on PBS in the United States The Great British Bake Off series 5, broadcast as the first season of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 4\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 5\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68474738\",\n \"text\": \"Bake Off Uruguay: El gran pastelero (English: Bake Off Uruguay: The Great Baker) is a Uruguayan reality television broadcast on Channel 4 and produced by Metrópolis Films based on the British television baking competition The Great British Bake Off. Premiered on August 26, 2021, the show follows a group of amateur bakers to compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills. Production The Uruguayan version of the talent show was announced in May 2021, while the host and judges, in June. Online registrations were made between the months of May and June of the same year, and the face-to-face auditions were attended by about 2,000 people, of which only 14 were chosen for the first season of the contest. The program is filmed in a large tent, located in Jacksonville, Montevideo. In early February 2022 it was reported that Jean Paul Bondoux would not return for the second season, he stated that \\\"he was fired\\\". On the 16th, chef and presenter Hugo Soca was announced as his replacement. On the 17th, Facello announced that she would not host the second season in order to \\\"dedicate herself\\\" to other projects. A day later, the production of the program announced that Jimena Sabaris would replace her. On February 24, Stephanie Rauhut announced that she would also not be returning as a judge in order to \\\"spend time with her family\\\"; she was replaced by chef and author Rose Galfione. Cast First season (2021) Contestants References External links 2021 Uruguayan television series debuts Uruguayan reality television series International versions of The Great British Bake Off Canal 4 (Uruguayan TV channel) original programming\",\n \"title\": \"Bake Off Uruguay\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74634608\",\n \"text\": \"Cherish Finden (born 20 December 1967) a Singaporean-born pastry chef. Born in Singapore, she trained to become a pastry chef and after moving to the United Kingdom, has worked as an executive chef at various hotels and restaurants and has won a plethora of awards for her work. Since 2016, she has served as a judge on Bake Off: The Professionals. Life and career Early life and culinary career Finden was born on 20 December 1967 in Singapore. The youngest of her siblings, she began cooking for them when she was eight years old after her father became sick and her mother had to work. At the age of 14, she began working as waitress and later asked if she could volunteer in the kitchen, thus inspiring her love of cuisine. When Finden was 16, she joined Shatec Institutes where enrolled on a course in pastry making, and later began working as a chocolatier before becoming a pastry chef, at Raffles Hotel and Pan Pacific Singapore Hotel. In 2000, Finden led a team of pastry chefs to win the IKA Culinary Olympics. Finden is married to a financial director and they have a daughter together; they moved to London in 2001. Between 2009 and 2017, she worked as an executive pastry chef at the Langham Hotel, a role which has earned her numerous awards. During her first year, she won \\\"Dessert of the Year\\\" and in 2010, under Finden's leadership, The Langham's Palm Court won Tea Guild's \\\"Top London Afternoon Tea\\\" award. She was also awarded \\\"Pastry Chef of the Year\\\" by the Craft Guild of Chefs in 2012 and in 2015, Finden was awarded The Macallan Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Gourmet Summit. In 2018, Finden was appointed creative development chef at luxury chocolatier Godiva and the following year created the world's most expensive easter egg, made entirely of Belgian chocolate that cost £10,000. In 2020, Finden became the executive pastry chef at the Pan Pacific London, which opened in September 2021. Whilst there, she opened her own pâtisserie Shiok! which launched in May 2022. She left her role at Pan Pacific in April 2023. Television In 2010, Finden appeared as a guest chef on MasterChef Australia and MasterChef: The Professionals. In 2016, Finden became a judge on the BBC baking competition Bake Off: Crème de la Crème, a spin-off of The Great British Bake Off. After two series on the BBC, the show moved to Channel 4 in 2018 and was renamed Bake Off: The Professionals, and Finden has remained with show since. In 2017, Finden appeared as a mentor on Celebrity MasterChef, during an episode in which she led a team of contestants who had to re-create her pastry dishes. In 2020, Finden appeared as a celebrity expert on an episode of the BBC game show The Wheel. She has also made appearances on Heston's Great British Food, Junior Bake Off, The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice and Saturday Kitchen. Filmography References External links\",\n \"title\": \"Cherish Finden\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58862077\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox television | image = | alt = | genre = Baking Reality | creator = | developer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = Hayley SproullPax AssadiMadeleine Sami (former) | judges = Peter GordonJordan RondelDean Brettschneider (former)Sue Fleischl (former) | theme_music_composer = Tom Howe | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country = New Zealand | language = English | num_seasons = 6 | num_episodes = 30 | executive_producer = Emma WhiteGreg Heathcote | producer = | location = The Kelliher Estate, Puketutu Island, Auckland (2018–2019)Parihoa Farm, Muriwai, Auckland (2021–present) | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 60–90 minutes | company = Warner Bros. International Television Production | first_aired = | last_aired = present | related = The Great British Bake Off | channel = TVNZ 2 (2018–2019)TVNZ 1 (2021–) }}The Great Kiwi Bake Off is a New Zealand television baking competition based on The Great British Bake Off in which 12 amateur bakers compete in a series of baking challenges. The show's first episode was aired on 16 October 2018 on TVNZ 2. The show is hosted by Hayley Sproull and Madeleine Sami, with judges Dean Brettschneider and Sue Fleischl. The show, like other spinoffs of The Great British Bake Off, uses a similar style, format, and opening theme song to the British series. Like the British series, the show is followed by a recap special called An Extra Slice, hosted by Chris Parker, discussing the episode of the week and interviewing contestants who have been eliminated. Format The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-round baker from the contestants who are all amateurs, where in each episode the bakers are tasked with different challenges: a signature bake, a technical bake, and a showstopper. The first season only included two of the three challenges with the exception of the finale. All three challenges were included during the second season. The bakes are critically examined by the judges who will then choose a \\\"Star Baker\\\" and a baker that is eliminated from the competition. Signature Challenge: This challenge allows the amateur bakers to show off their tried-and-tested recipes. Technical Challenge: This challenge shows who can follow minimal instructions and who also has the technical knowledge and experience to produce a finished product. The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told the challenge beforehand. The finished product is ranked from worst to best with the judges not knowing who produced which bake. Showstopper Challenge: This challenge allows the bakers to show off their skills and talent with the judges looking for a bake with both a professional appearance and great taste. Season overview Season 1 (2018) This season premiered on 16 October 2018 and featured four bakers in the finale instead of the typical three. The season was won by Annabel Coulter from Timaru. Runners-up were Stacey Johnsen, Jeff Poole and Hannah Ward. Season 2 (2019) This season premiered on 3 November 2019.\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Kiwi Bake Off\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1894662\",\n \"text\": \"Mel Giedroyc (born 5 June 1968) and Sue Perkins (born 22 September 1969), known collectively as Mel and Sue, are an English comedy double act. They are known for hosting the BAFTA Award-winning BBC One cookery series The Great British Bake Off. Previously, they hosted the lunchtime chat shows Light Lunch and Late Lunch on Channel 4. Early career Mel and Sue met at a comedy gig in 1988 while both students at the University of Cambridge in England (Giedroyc at Trinity College and Perkins at New Hall) where both were members of the Footlights. They made their debut in 1993 with The Naked Lunch, after which they took their show Kittens Go Grrrrr to the Edinburgh Festival. Giedroyc recalls of their early partnership: \\\"We got on extremely well. We did some very lame gigs performing sketches with two guys, and Sue would compete. But because she was a year younger than me we never knew each other well until after college. We both got very shit degrees, and I failed to get into every drama school, so I gave her a ring and said, 'Do you want to write stuff for Week Ending? Television 1990s The pair's television breakthrough came on the French & Saunders sketch show, where they appeared together in several episodes. Mel and Sue gained widespread popularity in March 1997 when they launched a lunchtime chat show on Channel 4, Light Lunch, where celebrity chefs cooked lunch for the duo's celebrity guests. The show returned for a second series in 1998. 1998-1999 The duo moved to a more prime-time evening slot and the show was renamed Late Lunch. In 1999, Mel and Sue were signed by ITV and hosted a comedy panel game for the network called Casting Couch, in a prime late evening slot, but it fared poorly in the ratings and was not recommissioned after its initial 6-episode run. ITV created Casting Couch as a vehicle to showcase Mel and Sue's comedic talents as a duo. In each episode, the pair form two teams under the guidance of team captains Chris Moyles and Tamara Beckwith, with regular guest celebrities Marcus Brigstocke and Kevin Day, and two guest celebrities. 2000s Mel and Sue were announced as new co-presenters on Channel 4's RI:SE breakfast TV show in January 2003. The pair appeared together again with Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders in a French & Saunders Mamma Mia comedy sketch for Comic Relief in 2009. The double-act was less active in this period, while Mel had children. 2010s Perkins confirmed on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that the duo would be working together on something new in 2010. Their new show, a baking competition series, The Great British Bake Off, ran for six years on the BBC. It began on BBC Two in August 2010, and after four series it was moved to BBC One for its fifth series in 2014 and a sixth in 2015. On Richard Herring's Leicester Square Theatre Podcast in 2015, Perkins said\",\n \"title\": \"Mel and Sue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38832903\",\n \"text\": \"The American Baking Competition is a reality competition television series that aired on CBS from May 29 to July 10, 2013. It was an adaptation of The Great British Bake Off (which aired in the United States under the title The Great British Baking Show). The series aimed to find the best amateur baker in the United States. The series was hosted by Jeff Foxworthy and judged by Marcela Valladolid and Paul Hollywood. The competition was won by Brian Emmett. Format The show aimed to find among its contestants the best amateur baker in the US. Ten contestants were chosen for the first season. In each episode, the amateur bakers were given three challenges: a signature, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper. The three challenges took place over two days, and the dishes made by the contestants were assessed by the judges after each challenge. At the end of the three challenges, the judges chose a Star Baker for the week, and a contestant was also eliminated. In the finale three bakers were left and a winner was chosen from the three. Signature – a dish using their own tried and tested recipe that the amateur bakers make for their family and friends. Technical - a dessert using the same ingredients and recipe provided by the judges. The recipe given however has missing instructions and is designed to test the knowledge and skill of the bakers. The bakers are not told beforehand what the challenge might be, and the judges do not observe the bakers at work and judge the resulting dish without knowing who made them. This round is the only one where how each contestant performed is directly revealed. The contestants are given a ranking, but that ranking is not their total score for the episode. Show-stopper - a recipe designed to impress the judges. The competition was held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the show were short videos on the background of the contestants, as well as information on the history of baking and visiting various locations. The entire season series was shot over a one-month period. The winner of the competition received a $250,000 grand prize and a publishing contract with Simon & Schuster. Production On October 17, 2012, CBS ordered the series under the original title Bake-Off. Since Pillsbury Company held the trademark to the name (using it for its Pillsbury Bake-Off), the show was later renamed The American Baking Competition. CBS placed casting calls for participants on November 14, 2012. Auditions were held between December 1 and December 15, 2012. The competition took place at the Gibbs Gardens in Ball Ground, Georgia in March 2013. Broadcast The first season of The American Baking Competition premiered on May 29, 2013. It aired four episodes in the Wednesdays at 8 p.m. Eastern/9 p.m. Central timeslot. On June 26, 2013, it moved to 9 p.m. Eastern/8 p.m. Central, to make way for Big Brother, and aired its three remaining episodes in that\",\n \"title\": \"The American Baking Competition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49683168\",\n \"text\": \"Kiran Jethwa born August 22, 1976, in Nairobi, is a Kenyan-born celebrity chef, restaurateur, and entrepreneur. He is the host and presenter of the TV show, Tales From The Bush Larder which focuses on the culinary culture of Africa. Since 2016, Jethwa has co-presented Food Unwrapped on Channel 4. Early life Jethwa's father, Batuk, is of Hindu Indian (Gujarati) ethnic origin, while his mother, Clare, has British ancestry. Having lived most of his life in Kenya, he completed his education in Manchester, United Kingdom in the arena of hospitality management. Following the completion of his education, he travelled globally in Europe, the USA, Africa, Southeast Asia, South & Central America, and Australia for further experience. Career Jethwa's cooking influences include African, European, and Indian, and has been described as Afro-Mediterranean fusion with an Indian influence. Jethwa is the producer, presenter, and host of the award-winning cooking series, Tales from the Bush Larder, and also started a new show Fearless Chef. Since 2011, Jethwa has also been the chef and owner of Seven Restaurants, a premier Nairobi restaurant company. Since 2016, he has co-presented Food Unwrapped on Channel 4 alongside Jimmy Doherty, Kate Quilton, and Matt Tebbutt. Jethwa is one of the judges on The Great Kenyan Bake Off, the Kenyan version of The Great British Bake Off on KTN Home. The first season was broadcast weekly from 7 October 2019 onwards; it was then renewed for a second season that will be airing from 12 October 2020 onwards. Since 2022, Jethwa has been the host of Chefs vs. Wild on Hulu. Awards Tales from the Bush Larder, series 2 received the \\\"Best T.V Show\\\" award at the 2014 Kenyan Kalasha Awards. Other awards: 2012: Finalist for Taste Chef of The Year 2013: Finalist Taste Chef of the Year 2013: Winner Taste Industry Champion 2013: Chefs Delight: Most Innovative Chef References 1976 births Kenyan chefs Living people Restaurateurs\",\n \"title\": \"Kiran Jethwa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47394310\",\n \"text\": \"BBQ Champ is a British reality television series that first aired on 31 July 2015 and ended on 28 August 2015 on ITV. The show was presented by Myleene Klass and starred judges Mark Blatchford and Adam Richman. Premise The aim of the programme was to find the best amateur barbecuer, with the help of the judges. The winner received a prize of £25,000. At the end of each episode, two contestants who had least impressed the judges enough had to face each other in a grill–off. The judges' favourite contestant in the grill–off advanced to the next episode, whilst the other was eliminated from the competition. Contestants Ratings Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. Reception Sam Wollaston writing for The Guardian described it as \\\"Basically the Great British BBQ-Off, with Klass playing the Mel & Sue role (fewer puns, posher frocks), Richman and Blathford as Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry, and the setting outdoors. In the meantime, Great British Bake Off starts next week. I don’t think it has much to worry about from this.\\\" Ben Travis for the Evening Standard made similar comments: \\\"The show might as well be called The Great British BBQ-Off for all that it poaches from the BBC’s winning culinary formula. There’s a reason that formula works though, and while BBQ Champ isn’t as unexpectedly gripping as the Beeb’s quaint baking contest, the first episode proves enjoyable viewing.\\\" In September 2015 ITV stated they had no future plans for a second series, after the programmes failed to come close to matching the viewing figures of the rival BBC programme, among the negative reviews received from the critics. References External links 2010s British reality television series 2015 British television series debuts 2015 British television series endings British cooking television shows British English-language television shows ITV reality television shows\",\n \"title\": \"BBQ Champ\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69103897\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Baking Show (season 2) may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 2 The Great British Bake Off series 4, which was broadcast as the second second of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 1 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 4 The Great British Baking Show season 5\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67169187\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Bake Off is a British television baking competition, produced by Love Productions. It premiered on BBC Two in 2010, then moved to BBC One in 2014, and then moved to Channel 4 in 2017. This list contains sections about annual winners and runners-up who appeared in the first seven series that aired on BBC. The information seen in tables, including age and occupation, are based on the time of filming. Series 1 (2010) No baker was awarded Star Baker this season. Edd Kimber (winner) Edd Kimber (born 7 March 1985 in Bradford), the winner of the first series in 2010, previously worked as a debt collector for a bank at the time of original airing. Since then, Kimber has written the following cookbooks: The Boy Who Bakes (2011; ), Say It with Cake (2012; ), Patisserie Made Simple (2014; ), One Tin Bakes (2020; ), One Tin Bakes Easy (2021; ), and Small Batch Bakes (2022; ). He was \\\"resident baker\\\" on The Alan Titchmarsh Show. He came out while attending a university and lives in Highbury, North London, with his male partner. Miranda Gore Browne Miranda Gore Browne, eliminated in the finals of the first series, was a buyer of Marks & Spencer at the time of original airing. As of 2017, she is a consultant for the National Trust and ambassador for Aga Rangemaster Group. She also hosts baking classes in West Sussex. She wrote her cookbooks Biscuit (2012; ) and Bake Me a Cake As Fast As You Can (2014; ). She also appeared in a video A Perfect Afternoon Tea (2014). Ruth Clemens Ruth Clemens, runner-up of the first series, established her blog The Pink Whisk, which Kate Watson-Smyth of The Independent ranked 49th out of fifty \\\"best food websites\\\" of 2011. Series 2 (2011) There was no Star Baker on the seventh week as Paul and Mary felt singling out one baker when the results were incredibly close would not be right. Jo Wheatley (winner) Joanne Wheatley (née Rutland; born 27 May 1969), the winner of the second series, has started her own cookery school and written two cookbooks A Passion For Baking (2013; ) and Home Baking (2014; ). She has appeared in The One Show, performed cooking demonstrations on The Alan Titchmarsh Show and written a column in the Sainsbury's magazine. She writes for The Sun and various food publications. Wheatley is married to Richard, who was sentenced on 20 April 2010 to seven years in prison for a £60-million money laundering scheme. They have three sons together. Holly Bell Holly Bell, one of runners-up of the second series, worked in an advertising industry at the time of original airing. She wrote her cookbook Recipes from a Normal Mum (2014; ) Mary-Anne Boermans Mary-Anne Boermans (born 1964/65), one of runners-up of the second series, had been a housewife at the time of original airing and previously played women's rugby for Wales. She wrote her cookbook Great British Bakes (2013; )\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Great British Bake Off finalists (series 1–7)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65854790\",\n \"text\": \"Series 3 of The Great Irish Bake Off aired on TV3 in Ireland and saw twelve home bakers take part in a bake-off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Irish Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week saw keen bakers put through two challenges in a particular discipline. The series aired from 25 October 2015 till 13 December 2015. This season was presented by Anna Nolan and judged by Paul Kelly and Lilly Higgins. The Bakers Results summary Ailish left the show in episode 2 due to illness. Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Desserts Episode 2: Cakes NOTE: Ailish felt ill during the Technical and didn't finish the challenge. Before the Showstopper, Anna announced that she would not be continuing in the competition. No one was eliminated after the Showstopper. Episode 3: Bread Episode 4: Chocolate Episode 5: International Week Episode 6: Party Week Episode 7: Semi-Final Episode 8: Final Christmas Special 2015 A special edition of the show for Christmas in which four celebrities bid for the title of Star Baker in the face of a seasonal challenge set by Paul Kelly and Lilly Higgins. It aired on December 20, 2015. References 2015 Irish television seasons 2\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Irish Bake Off series 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55644396\",\n \"text\": \"The third season of The Great American Baking Show aired on December 7, 2017 with a two-hour premiere on ABC. The first two episodes aired back-to-back as part of ABC's 25 Days of Christmas lineup before being pulled by ABC on December 13, 2017 following sexual misconduct allegations against judge Johnny Iuzzini. This is the first season for new hosts Ayesha Curry and Anthony \\\"Spice\\\" Adams along with The Great British Bake Off judge, Paul Hollywood, who joined judge Johnny Iuzzini. Season two baker, Antoinette Love, who withdrew from the competition following her father's death, returned to the competition. The show was filmed in Iver Heath, UK over a three-week time period. The shooting sequence was two days of filming followed by one day break during those three weeks. On December 21, 2017, the day in which the finale was originally to air, ABC announced that Vallery Lomas won the competition, beating out runners-up Cindy Maliniak and Molly Brodak in the final week. Lomas' winning dish was a three pastry/dessert tower. Bakers Results summary Color key: The Star Baker and elimination results for episodes 3, 4 and 5 were released on the show's official Facebook page and ABC's YouTube. ABC announced the winner and runners-up in a season recap posted the day the finale was to be broadcast. Episodes Episode 1: Cake For the first signature bake, the bakers were given two hours to bake a \\\"naked\\\" cake, a cake that is not entirely covered in icing. The technical bake, assigned by Paul Hollywood, required the bakers to create nine identical lamingtons covered with a white chocolate coating and coconut flakes. In the showstopper, bakers had two hours and thirty minutes to bake a decorative holiday Swiss roll with an evenly distributed spiral filling. Color key: Episode 2: Morning Treats In the show's first morning treats week, the bakers had two hours and thirty minutes to either bake or fry one dozen yeasted donuts complete with a filling of their choice. For the technical, bakers created eight identical savory breakfast hand pies with distinct flaky layers and an even filling. The showstopper of the week required bakers to make a centerpiece sweet loaf with a distinct spiral on the inside. Unaired episodes Highlights from the unaired desserts week and cookies week were released on the show's official Facebook page and ABC's YouTube channel on December 29, 2017. French week and finals week followed on January 2, 2018. Dessert Cookies French (Semi-Finals) Final Ratings References External links 3 2017 American television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"The Great American Baking Show season 3\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59203417\",\n \"text\": \"The fourth season of The Great American Baking Show, titled The Great American Baking Show: Holiday Edition, premiered December 6, 2018 on the ABC network as part of the year's 25 Days of Christmas lineup. This is the first season hosted by Spice Girls member Emma Bunton. Returning for their second seasons are Anthony \\\"Spice\\\" Adams and Paul Hollywood. Joining the judging panel is three-time James Beard Award recipient and pastry chef Sherry Yard. This is the first season without original judge Johnny Iuzzini. Iuzzini was dismissed from the ABC network following sexual harassment allegations, days after the season three premiere and, prematurely, pulled the season off the air. The competition concluded after six weeks, in which Tina Zaccardi was crowned the season winner. Amanda Nguyen and Andrea Maranville finished the competition as runners-up. Bakers Results summary Color key: Episodes Episode 1: Cake Color key: During the showstopper bake, Tina scrapped her original recipe for pumpkin spice cake when it did not rise. She substituted a chocolate cake recipe she knew well, and presented her showstoppers as \\\"Autumn Harvest Cakes\\\". Episode 2: Pastry Episode 3: Cookies Episode 4: Bread Episode 5: Semi-Final Episode 6: Final Ratings References 4 2018 American television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"The Great American Baking Show season 4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68519932\",\n \"text\": \"The British Academy Television Audience Award was awarded annually as part of the British Academy Television Awards. The category was created in 2000 and was last awarded in 2016, before being replaced by the British Academy Television Award for Virgin TV's Must-See Moment. It was the only award voted by the public. Winners and nominees 2000s 2010s Shows with multiple wins and nominations Multiple wins The following shows have been awarded the British Academy Television Award for Actor multiple times: 2 wins Doctor Who Multiple nominations The following shows have been nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Actor multiple times: 5 nominations The Great British Bake Off 4 nominations Strictly Come Dancing 3 nominations The Apprentice Sherlock The Vicar of Dibley The X Factor 2 nominations A Touch of Frost Doctor Who Educating... Game of Thrones References Audience Awards established in 2000 Awards disestablished in 2016 Audience awards\",\n \"title\": \"British Academy Television Audience Award\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43956432\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Bake Off is a British television baking competition to find Britain's best amateur baker. The show premiered in 2010, and is airing its thirteenth series in 2022. From series two onwards, Judges Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry (through 2016) or Prue Leith (since 2017) have awarded \\\"Star Baker\\\" to the contestant deemed to have most excelled that particular week. Numerous bakers have received the accolade on more than one occasion. For example, Ruby Tandoh in series four won the Star Baker title three times. Richard Burr currently holds the title record, winning five times (of a possible nine). Each series winner has usually received the Star Baker award at some point, but the accolade holds no influence on the outcome. List of bakers Notes Richard Burr, Ian Cummings, Steph Blackwell and Syabira Yusoff of series 5, 6, 10 and 13 respectively have the longest collective run of Star Baker wins, each winning the accolade three weeks consecutively in their series. Burr also has the largest number of star baker wins, with five. In series 6, contestant Paul Jagger was awarded a \\\"special commendation\\\" for his bread sculpture. Series 10 winner David Atherton is the only winner to have never won star baker. See also List of The Great British Bake Off contestants List of The Great British Bake Off finalists References British television-related lists Lists of reality show participants\",\n \"title\": \"List of The Great British Bake Off Star Bakers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44541145\",\n \"text\": \"Next Great Baker: Latin America (also known as El desafío de Buddy: Latinoamérica) was a Latin American television series that airs on Discovery Home & Health: Latin America, hosted by Buddy Valastro, the star of his own reality series, Cake Boss. In the show, eight contestants participated in challenges that tested their baking and decorating skills. Each week, a contestant was eliminated; the last contestant standing won a grand prize prize of US$50,000. Other prizes for winning a challenge or the week's competition are also offered during the series. In each of the six episodes, the participants faced two challenges, a pastry challenge and an elimination challenge. After each challenge, celebrity judges decided on the best creation, the panel including Mexican chef and presenter Alfredo Oropeza, French baker Franck Dauffouis, Mexican pastry chef María Teresa Ramírez Degollado, the Mexican chef Sergio Ibarra Garibay, and Argentine pastry chef Eduardo Ruiz among others. Ultimately, Buddy Valastro decided on the winner. Next Great Baker: Latin America was produced by Endemol Argentina for Discovery Networks International. The show ran for one season in 2014. Countries Progress Argentina - Winner - Episode 6 Colombia - Runner-Up - Episode 6 Mexico - Third - Episode 5 Celebs Contestant Eliminated Contestant Progress (WINNER) This baker won the competition. (RUNNER-UP) This baker was the runner-up of the competition. (THIRD) This baker place third overall in the competition. (WIN) The baker(s) won the challenge. (HIGH) The baker(s) had one of the best cakes for that challenge, but did not win. (IN) The baker(s) advanced to the next week. (LOW) The baker(s) was/were a part of the team who lost, but was not the last to move on. (LOW) The baker(s) had the worst cake of those who advanced, and was/were the last to move on. (OUT) The baker(s) was/were eliminated. (WD) The baker(s) voluntarily withdrew from the competition. Notes Episodes Episode 1: 20 years Of Career Ana María Orozco () Episode 2: 25 years Of Music With Aleks Syntek () Episode 3: Birthday Cake () Episode 4: Day Of The Dead () Episode 5: Cake Of Real Size () Episode 6: Final () Episode Special: Special Mary Christmas () References 2014 Argentine television seasons 2015 Argentine television seasons Television series by Endemol\",\n \"title\": \"Next Great Baker: Latin America\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56532653\",\n \"text\": \"The first season of The Great Canadian Baking Show premiered on CBC Television on November 1, 2017. Ten amateur bakers competed over eight weeks of challenges throughout the competition for the title. This season was hosted by Canadian actor and television personality Dan Levy and British actress Julia Chan. The judging panel consisted of French chef Bruno Feldeisen, a multiple James Beard Award nominee and the former executive pastry chef for Four Seasons Hotels in New York and Vancouver, and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis, the European-trained creator of an eponymous high tea salon and confectionery brand in Australia. After eight weeks of competition, Sabrina Degni was crowned the winner with Vandana Jain and Linda Longson as runners-up. Bakers Results summary Episodes Episode 1: Cake For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make 24 cupcakes with two different types of flavours. The technical challenge was to create a cherry and pistachio Battenberg cake – a recipe handpicked by Rochelle – with the marzipan, fondant, and jam provided to them. The bakers had an hour and 45 minutes to complete the cake, making sure to expose the ends of the cake as traditionally presented. For the showstopper, the bakers had four hours to make a chocolate layer cake with at least two layers and at least two different kinds of chocolate. Episode 2: Bread For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours and 30 minutes to make a flavourful focaccia in whatever shape they chose. The technical challenge was to bake one dozen Montreal bagels: six with poppy seeds and six with sesame seeds. The bakers had two hours and 10 minutes to complete the bagels, ensuring they were properly poached in honey water to achieve subtle sweetness and the balance of a crispy crust and chewy centre. For the showstopper, the bakers had four hours to make a bread-based centrepiece with one or more sweet fillings. Episode 3: Dessert For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make a sweet pie or tart. The technical challenge was to bake one dozen Fondant Fancies, small sponge cake squares glazed with butter cream and then drizzled in fondant. The bakers had two hours to complete the fancies, ensuring they were all equally square and properly coated in fondant. For the showstopper, the bakers had three hours to make a pavlova. Episode 4: Canadian For the signature challenge, the bakers were given two hours to bake a tourtière. They were allowed to fill the pie with whatever they wanted, but had to also make a condiment to complement the pie. In the technical, the bakers were given one hour and forty-five minutes to make sixteen maple leaf cream cookies. The showstopper challenge was to make twelve doughnuts – six in one flavour and six in another – in three hours. Episode 5: Best of Britain For the Best of Britain Signature challenge, the bakers had 2 hours to create a trifle, making sure that\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Canadian Baking Show season 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55537161\",\n \"text\": \"The first season of The Great American Baking Show, released under the title The Great Holiday Baking Show, premiered on ABC on November 30, 2015 as part of ABC's holiday programming schedule. Six amateur bakers competed in twelve challenges throughout the competition for the title of America's best holiday baker. This season was hosted by husband and wife duo Nia Vardalos and Ian Gomez. The judging panel consisted of original The Great British Bake Off judge Mary Berry and American pastry chef Johnny Iuzzini. As with the British series, this season was filmed in Welford Park with slight holiday decorative modifications made in the set known as \\\"The Tent\\\". After four weeks of competition, Lauren Katz was crowned the winner with Nicole Silva and Tim Samson as runners-up. Bakers Results summary Color Key: Episodes Episode 1: Cookies For the first signature bake, the bakers were given two hours to make two unique batches of ten cookies, with one batch having icing. Later in the technical bake, bakers only had one hour to bake sixteen brandy snaps according to Mary Berry's recipe. The final bake of the week called the showstopper required bakers to bake a structured gingerbread with decorative designs and cookies around it within five hours. Color key: Episode 2: Cake Festive holiday bakes continued in the tent as bakers had two hours to create a yule log sponge cake with a sweet filling of their choice. The technical bake was based on the recipe of Johnny Iuzzini's tiramisu cake with ladyfinger crisps. For the final showstopper bake, the bakers created a \\\"Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" fruitcake that revolved around one of the verses from the traditional Christmas carol. Episode 3: Pastry In the semifinals, the bakers created two batches of breakfast pastries with any holiday flavor of their choosing. The technical tested the skills of the remaining bakers in Mary Berry's Christmas fruit tart. For the final pastry bake, the bakers created a centerpiece made from cream puffs and pastry pieces for a spot in the final three. Episode 4: Final The final three begun with the signature bake, a holiday pie, to be baked under two-and-a-half hours. The pie also had to be accompanied with a delectable sauce on the side. In the technical, the bakers baked a candy cane-shaped bread with delicate icing and fruit. The final showstopper of the season lasted five hours, as bakers built up to make a three-dimensional presents cake. Ratings References 1 2015 American television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"The Great American Baking Show season 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57026086\",\n \"text\": \"The fifth season of MasterChef Canada originally aired on April 3, 2018, on CTV and concluded on June 19. Filming began in September 2017 and ended in November 2017. Sherwood Park resident Beccy Stables (originally from Grimsby, England) won the trophy, title, and $100,000 prize money. At the age of 19, Stables became the youngest champion in the history of MasterChef Canada, a title she currently holds, and tied the record for being the youngest contestant to appear and compete on the show. Following her victory, Stables moved to Kelowna, British Columbia, and currently runs a baking website called dessertclub. Stables also guest starred in an episode of the sixth season. This season aired on June 26, 2018, on TLC in India. Runner-up Andrew \\\"Andy\\\" Hay, who finished second, Marissa Leon-John, who finished seventh and Jennifer \\\"Jen\\\" Jenkins, who finished eighth, all returned to MasterChef Canada: Back to Win. Jen placed tenth, Marissa placed eighth, and Andy placed the same placement from season 5. Top 12 Elimination table (WINNER) This cook won the competition. (RUNNER-UP) This cook finished in second place. (WIN) The cook won the individual challenge (Mystery Box Challenge or Elimination Test). (WIN) The cook was on the winning team in the Team Challenge and was directly advanced to the next round. (HIGH) The cook was one of the top entries in the Mystery Box Challenge, but did not win, or received considerable praise during an Elimination Test. (PT) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge or did not win the individual challenge, but won the Pressure Test. (IN) The cook was not selected as a top entry or bottom entry in an individual challenge. (IN) The cook was not selected as a top entry or bottom entry in a team challenge. (IMM) The cook did not have to compete in that round of the competition and was safe from elimination. (IMM) The cook was selected by Mystery Box Challenge winner and did not have to compete in the Elimination Test. (PT) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge, competed in the Pressure Test, and advanced. (NPT) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge, but was exempted from the Pressure Test (RET) The cook was eliminated but returned to the competition. (LOW) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual elimination challenge or pressure test and advanced. (LOW) The cook was one of the bottom entries in the Team Challenge, and advanced. (ELIM) The cook was eliminated from MasterChef. Episodes References MasterChef Canada 2018 Canadian television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"MasterChef Canada season 5\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73008128\",\n \"text\": \"All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star is a BBC reality show that began airing on BBC Two on 13 April 2021. In the show, jewellers compete to be named \\\"Britain's Next Jewellery Star\\\". A spin-off of the format of The Great British Bake Off, the programme is presented by Katherine Ryan, with judges Shaun Leane and Solange Azagury-Partridge (series 1) and Dinny Hall (series 2). The second series began airing on BBC Two in August 2022. It was confirmed in April 2023, that a third season would not be commissioned and the series was axed by the BBC. Series format The show format is similar to The Great British Bake Off in that each episode features challenges which to be completed within a certain time period. The series starts with eight jewellers, with one being eliminated each episode. In the Best Seller challenge, the judges ask the jewellers to create specific jewellery, meeting certain criteria, with a view towards marketability. In the Bespoke Brief, the jewellers are given a request from a member of the public to design and create a specific item, with that person then making a selection from the various items made. Series overview Series 1 (2021) The first series of All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star started on 13 April 2021 and aired for six episodes, concluding on 18 May. The series was hosted by Katherine Ryan and the judges were Shaun Leane and Solange Azagury-Partridge. The final was won by Hugo Johnson, with Dan Musselwhite and Tamara Gomez as runners up. Series 2 (2022) A second series of All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star began airing on 25 August 2022 on BBC Two. The second episode was delayed by five days to accommodate coverage of the death of Queen Elizabeth II. The series was again hosted by Katherine Ryan, Shaun Leane returned as judge, alongside new judge Dinny Hall, who replaced Solange Azagury-Partridge. The final was won by Piers Carpenter, with Emma White and Jack Mitchell as runners up. International broadcasts Broadcast New Zealand - broadcast since 2022 on Eden See also Handmade: Britain's Best Woodworker The Great British Bake Off The Great British Sewing Bee The Great Pottery Throw Down References External links All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star 2021 British television series debuts 2022 British television series endings 2020s British reality television series BBC reality television shows BBC television game shows British television spin-offs British English-language television shows Reality television spin-offs Jewellery Reality competition television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios\",\n \"title\": \"All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71414945\",\n \"text\": \"Briony May Williams (born ) is a British celebrity chef and presenter. She appeared on series 9 of The Great British Bake Off in 2018, finishing fourth. She presents the cooking show Food Unwrapped and the reality housing show Escape to the Country, and writes recipe columns for BristolLife and the supermarket Asda's Good Living. Personal life Williams is from Bristol, England. She was born with a physical birth defect in her left hand, which stops at her wrist—she calls it her \\\"little hand\\\". Williams said that her family did not use the word disability due to stigma around the term. She had some specialised equipment, such as a recorder provided by the disability charity Reach that could be played one-handed, but learned to complete tasks like tying her shoelaces unaided. Williams attended an all-girls secondary school. Since her early 20s, she has experienced depression. After studying Spanish and French at Durham University, she became a secondary school teacher in the same subjects, qualifying with a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) from the University of Bristol. She met her husband Steve, a software engineer, online around 2010. Williams baked with her mother and grandmother as a child, but began taking it seriously in 2013, after she was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and had to take time off work. She used YouTube tutorials, such as the ones by Cupcake Jemma, to gain baking knowledge. During this period, she also took up running. She had a daughter a couple of years later, and baked with her as a young child. In 2017, she joined a local running community, This Mum Runs, and ran the Great Bristol Half Marathon that year. The Great British Bake Off In 2018, Williams was a contestant on the ninth series of The Great British Bake Off, a television baking competition. She earned the weekly Star Baker accolade in Pastry Week after baking a pie themed around Alice in Wonderland. Eliminated in the semi-final, she finished fourth of 12. In 2019, she appeared on the Christmas special The Great Christmas Bake Off, winning the episode. Williams told Bake Off producers that she did not want different accommodations due to her limb difference; after appearing on the show, she became more comfortable using the term disabled. At her request, her disability was not mentioned on the show. She later told Disability Horizons that it should \\\"just be natural\\\" to see disabled actors and presenters and that they should not be limited to disability-related topics. She found the production process—with filming at the weekend and practicing bakes during the week—very intense, and credited exercise with giving her the energy to progress far through the series. She said she \\\"had no energy left\\\" after the semi-final and suffered a chest infection that weekend. Post-Bake Off career Williams is a presenter of Food Unwrapped for Channel 4. The series sees her travelling to research food and drink. She secured the role after being approached by producers, as the show was\",\n \"title\": \"Briony May Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40211950\",\n \"text\": \"The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme, and 100 were selected for screen test, with the best 60 advancing to a three-day audition. From these, 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted. The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn. The fourth series was broadcast as the second season on PBS in the United States. Bakers Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes The bakers were given 2 hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge. For their first technical challenge, the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry's recipe in 21⁄2 hours. For the showstopper, the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake. They were given 4 hours for this bake. Episode 2: Bread The bakers were asked to make, in 2 hours, 36 breadsticks, all made using yeast, of at least 25 cm (10 inches) in length, and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap. For the technical challenge, the bakers have to make 8 English muffins using Paul's recipe in 2¾ hours. For the final bake, an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in 4 hours. Episode 3: Desserts For their signature challenge, the bakers were asked to make a trifle of their own choice, using ladyfingers, sponge or biscuit for the base and either jam or custard for the middle layer, to be done in 3 hours. For their technical challenge, the bakers were required to prepare, in 11⁄2 hours, 6 floating islands using Mary Berry's recipe. For the show-stopper, the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours, 12 biscuit based, 12 sponge based, to be finished in 3 hours. In this challenge, Deborah accidentally used Howard's custard. As a result, Howard used Deborah's custard in his trifle. This switch was revealed to Paul and Mary, who appropriately judged their custards separately in their respective trifles. The incident was dubbed Custardgate by the press. Episode 4: Pies and Tarts For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a double-crusted fruit pie with a filling of their choice to be done in 2 hours. For their fourth technical challenge, the bakers were required to bake a tart that has almost a 700-year history; the egg custard tart, that needs to be done in 2 hours. For the showstopper, the challenge was to make a filo pie centerpiece using the filo pastry that they had made from scratch to be done in 4 hours. Episode 5: Biscuits\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Bake Off series 4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58333183\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of The Great Canadian Baking Show premiered on CBC Television on September 19, 2018. Ten amateur bakers competed over eight weeks of challenges throughout the competition for the title. Canadian actor and television personality Dan Levy and Canadian-British actress Julia Chan returned as hosts, with French-born Canadian chef Bruno Feldeisen and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis also returning as judges. For the second season, producer Marike Emery stated that the audition process prioritized \\\"skill over personality\\\" and that the tasks would be more challenging than the first season. After eight weeks of competition, Andrei Godoroja was crowned the winner with Sachin Seth and Megan Stasiewich as runners-up. This was also the last season for hosts Dan Levy and Julia Chan, as well as judge Rochelle Adonis. Bakers Results summary Episodes Episode 1: Cake The inaugural Signature Challenge had the bakers make an upside-down fruit cake with any ingredients of their choosing to put \\\"on top,\\\" with two hours to create it. The Technical Challenge involved the bakers creating an orange chiffon cake - along with an orange glaze and candied orange toppings - in two hours. The Showstopper Challenge featured the bakers creating a birthday cake - with at least three layers and two different flavours - for anyone of their choosing, all within four hours. Episode 2: Biscuits and Bars For the Signature challenge, the bakers had to make 24 dessert bars with at least 3 distinct layers in two hours. For the Technical Challenge, bakers had to make 18 digestive biscuits topped with tempered chocolate in 1 hour 30 minutes. In the Showstopper Challenge, the bakers had 4 and a half hours to bake 36 identical cookies to be placed inside an edible and elaborate biscuit box. Episode 3: Bread For the Signature Challenge, the bakers had to produce two loaves (or 12 pieces) of a quick bread (a bread which does not use yeast) along with a homemade spread in one and a half hours. The Technical Challenge required to the bakers to create 20 uniform hot cross buns, including an apricot glaze, in two and a half hours. In the Showstopper Challenge, bakers had four and a half hours to create a sandwich cake, including decorations and a proper balance of bread and filling. Episode 4: International For the Signature challenge, the bakers were given 2 hours to craft 24 hand pies. They could fashion and flavour the hand pies any way they wished, but they also had to accompany the pies with a complementary dipping sauce. In the Technical challenge, the bakers had 2 hours to craft 12 daifuku mochi, a traditional Japanese dessert consisting a glutinous rice cake stuffed with a strawberry encased in a sweetened red bean paste. For the Showstopper challenge, bakers had four hours to create a sculpture or diorama of at least two types of Italian cookies. Episode 5: Pastry For the Signature Challenge, the bakers were asked to make a fruit-filled slab pie: a shallow pie\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Canadian Baking Show season 2\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9695567\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Paul Allen (born ) is an English comedian, actor, writer and presenter. In 2005, he won the So You Think You're Funny contest at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Early life and education Allen attended Coopers School in Chislehurst. He trained with the National Youth Theatre, performing with the company in London and Manchester, in addition to working on outreach projects, films and also forming part of their Company Management Team. Career Comedian In 2005, at the age of 22, Allen won the UK comedy newcomer award, So You Think You're Funny. The same year, he won the BBC New Comedy Award. In 2016, he supported Sarah Millican on her sold-out tour of Australia, New Zealand and the UK. He has also supported Josh Widdicombe, Romesh Ranganathan and Michael McIntyre. After a sell-out run of his show Indeed at the Edinburgh Festival in 2016, he returned to The Pleasance in Edinburgh the following year with his show Absolutely. Allen subsequently embarked on his first solo tour around the UK in September 2017, and extended the tour into 2018, including two London runs at the Soho Theatre. Film Allen's film work includes Colour Me Kubrick with John Malkovich, Starter for Ten with James McAvoy and Mark Gatiss and Tamara Drewe. Television For the BBC, he has appeared in the series Sensitive Skin and The Cut, as well as biopics of Fanny Cradock (Fear of Fanny) and Frankie Howerd (Rather You Than Me). In 2008, Allen made his own documentary about identity for E4, titled Who Is Tom Allen?. In 2009, Allen appeared on Channel 4's weekly TNT Show, writing and presenting Dictionary Corner. He also appeared on Law of the Playground for the same broadcaster. In August 2015 and March 2016, Allen appeared on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown as a Dictionary Corner guest. In October 2016, he appeared as a guest on BBC2's The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, and in January 2017, he made his debut on Live at the Apollo in an episode hosted by Sarah Millican. The following month, he appeared as a panellist on the CBBC show The Dog Ate My Homework. In July 2017, he appeared on a celebrity special version of gameshow The Crystal Maze and – an hour later the same night – on Mock the Week. He has also appeared on Big Brother's Big Mouth and Big Brother's Little Brother. In 2018, Allen appeared on the BBC One comedy quiz show Ready or Not. He hosted Bake Off: The Professionals with former contestant from The Great British Bake Off Liam Charles, but left before season 5 where he was replaced by Stacey Solomon. He joined the 2018 series of The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice as a regular contributor. In 2019, it was announced that he would become the new host from Series 15 of The Apprentice: You're Fired!, taking over from Rhod Gilbert. Allen also appeared in an episode of Josh Widdicombe's show Hypothetical. 2020\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Allen (comedian)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44409144\",\n \"text\": \"Ruby Alice Tandoh (born 1992) is a British baker, columnist, author, and former model. She was runner-up on series four of BBC's The Great British Bake Off in 2013 and has written four cookbooks. Her 2021 Cook as You Are was named to several best-of lists. Her online debates with many in the UK food world have also drawn attention. Early life Tandoh grew up in Southend-on-Sea, as the eldest of four siblings. Her father worked for the Royal Mail and her mother was a school administrator. Her paternal grandfather came from Ghana. To save money feeding a large family, they usually cooked from the vegetarian Moosewood Cookbook. Tandoh had an eating disorder as a teenager, which she describes as \\\"akin to bulimia, with some binge-eating and anorexia on the side\\\". For a while she was vegan – though she emphasizes that being vegan is not an eating disorder for everyone, she says that for her it was. Three years of this disorder led to a suicide attempt at the age of eighteen. She was admitted to a mental health ward but released after one day because she had good grades and \\\"beautiful hair\\\". The eating disorder continued for a total of six years, including throughout her university studies, and her Great British Bake Off appearance. Tandoh studied philosophy and history of art at University College London, but left after four years without a degree. The Great British Bake Off Tandoh competed in the fourth series (2013) of The Great British Bake Off (GBBO) at age twenty, making her the youngest competitor in the series at the time. She reached the all-women final, with Kimberley Wilson and Frances Quinn. Before the final episode, Tandoh was considered the favourite to win by London bookmakers. However she attracted noticeable antipathy among some viewers, especially online. These critics claimed that she got into the final by crying; or that she and judge Paul Hollywood were personally attracted to each other (enough that Hollywood had to make a statement that he thought Wilson prettier); or that she was too self-deprecating; or even that she hit back at her critics (calling one Twitter poster a \\\"bitter old witch\\\"). Sarah Ditum addressed most of these accusations in a defence of Tandoh in The Guardian. Tandoh became one of runners-up to Quinn, who made a three-tier wedding cake inspired by A Midsummer Night's Dream which the judges said \\\"beat the other two guys hands down\\\". After the conclusion, Tandoh published a much-cited editorial in The Guardian in which she hit back at the criticism that she encountered during the airing of the show, which she said was surprising, personal, and misogynist. For the fifth series (2014) of GBBO, which included the youngest-ever contestant, seventeen-year-old Martha Collison, the BBC specifically warned contestants how to ignore online trolls in response to the unprecedented abuse that Tandoh received. By 2021, Tandoh said that she could no longer watch the series, despite still appreciating it, and that the theme song made\",\n \"title\": \"Ruby Tandoh\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56009698\",\n \"text\": \"The fourth season of The Great Australian Bake Off premiered on 18 January 2018, and saw 12 home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Australian Bake Off's best amateur baker. Unlike the third season, season 4 moved from LifeStyle Food to the main LifeStyle channel. The season consisted of 10 episodes. Each episode saw bakers put through three challenges, with each episode having its own theme or discipline. The season aired from 18 January 2018 until 22 March 2018, and saw Claudia Anton win. The season was hosted by Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle, and was judged by Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. The Bakers The following is the list of the bakers that competed this season: {| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\" |- ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Baker ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Age ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Occupation ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Hometown ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Competition Status |- ! Claudia Anton | 48 || Psychiatrist || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:Gold;\\\"| |- ! Barbara \\\"Barb\\\" Dunn | 37 || Finance manager || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:LimeGreen;\\\"| |- ! Dave Yan | 35 || Chartered Accountant || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:LimeGreen;\\\"| |- ! Christopher \\\"Chris\\\" Asquith | 32 || System administrator || Newcastle, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Raeesa Khatree | 37 || Health store worker || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Robert Harwood | 34 || I.T. administrator || Perth, Western Australia || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Marcus Matear | 27 || Dentist || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Michelle Trevorrow | 64 || Retiree || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Emma Sievwright | 23 || Science graduate || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Max Fetiveau | 28 || Plasterer || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Alexander \\\"Alex\\\" Papadopoulos | 47 || Building material importer || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Jessica Osborne | 28 || Sales co-ordinator || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- |} Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes Episode 2: Bread Episode 3: Biscuits Episode 4: Family Favourites Episode 5: Pastry Episode 6: Batter Episode 7: Desserts Episode 8: British Episode 9: Celebrations Episode 10: Finale Ratings References 4 2018 Australian television seasons\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Australian Bake Off season 4\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69103892\",\n \"text\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 1 may refer to: The Great British Bake Off series 1 The Great British Bake Off series 5, broadcast as the first season of the series on PBS in the United States See also The Great British Baking Show season 2 The Great British Baking Show season 3 The Great British Baking Show season 4 The Great British Baking Show season 5\",\n \"title\": \"The Great British Baking Show season 1\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46662651\",\n \"text\": \"The second season of The Great Australian Bake Off premiered on 13 October 2015 and saw 12 home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Australian Bake Off's best amateur baker. Unlike the first season, season two aired on pay television channel LifeStyle Food and was produced by FremantleMedia Australia. The season consisted of 10 episodes. Each episode saw bakers put through three challenges, with each episode having its own theme or discipline. The season aired from 13 October 2015 until 15 December 2015, and saw Sian Redgrave win. The season was hosted by Claire Hooper and Mel Buttle, and was judged by Maggie Beer and Matt Moran. The season consisted of 10 episodes. In a slight change to the first season and the British edition of the show, this season took place in the Bake-Off Shed as opposed to a tent or marquee. The Bakers The following is the list of the bakers that competed this season: {| class=\\\"wikitable sortable\\\" style=\\\"text-align:center\\\" |- ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Baker ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Age ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Occupation ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Hometown ! style=\\\"background:SkyBlue;\\\" \\\"color:Black;\\\"| Competition Status |- ! Sian Redgrave | 23 || Fashion boutique stylist || Perth, Western Australia || style=\\\"background:Gold;\\\"| |- ! Jasmin Hartley | 27 || Barista || Mackay, Queensland || style=\\\"background:LimeGreen;\\\"| |- ! Suzy Stefanidis | 45 || Stay at home mum || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:LimeGreen;\\\"| |- ! Angela Fleay | 47 || Truck driver || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! James Dunsmore | 31 || Food historian || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Nathan Taylor | 19 || Student || Perth, WA || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Benjamin \\\"Ben\\\" Brown | 37 || Mining inventory planner || Emerald, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Brendan Eilola | 43 || IT specialist || Brisbane, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Janice Tan | 34 || Management consultant || Sydney, New South Wales || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Meghan \\\"Meg\\\" Moorcroft | 20 || Student || Adelaide, South Australia || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Mariana Gates | 55 || Volunteer worker || Gold Coast, Queensland || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- ! Dr. Peter \\\"Pete\\\" Rankin | 58 || Doctor || Melbourne, Victoria || style=\\\"background:OrangeRed;\\\"| |- |} Results summary Colour key: Episodes Episode 1: Cakes For the bakers' first challenge, a family-sized signature cake was set. This was set to be done in two hours, and should show the baker's style. For the technical challenge, Maggie's recipe for her constitution cake. It combined indigenous Australian fruits and icing to make three cakes. It was to be done in two and a half hours. A hidden design cake was set as the showstopper challenge. In five hours, the bakers must create a cake that shows a pattern or design once cut into. Episode 2: Biscuits Episode 3: Choux Episode 4: Pies Episode 5: Chocolate Episode 6: Bread Episode 7: Dessert Episode 8: Pastry Episode 9: Classics Episode 10: Finale Ratings References\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Australian Bake Off season 2\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Nancy Birtwhistle"],"string":"[\n \"Nancy Birtwhistle\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":66,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31343"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the canadian charter of rights and freedoms written"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"8490658","text":"Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the last section of Canada's Charter of Rights, which is entrenched in the Constitution Act, 1982. Section 34 provides guidance for the legal citation of the Charter. The section has been interpreted by Canadian writers, who have analyzed both its intention and its meaning. Because the section affirms the name of the Charter and thus entrenches it in the Constitution Act, it came into focus in 1994 when a Member of Parliament (MP) proposed to change the name of the Charter. Text Under the heading \"Citation,\" the section reads: Function Section 34, as part of the Constitution Act, 1982, came into force on April 17, 1982. According to the government of Canada, section 34's function \"simply\" relates to citation. The section clarifies that the first 34 sections of the Constitution Act, 1982 may be collectively called the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,\" which is an \"official name.\" This would be the name of the English version. The French version of section 34 states \"Titre de la présente partie: Charte canadienne des droits et libertés.\" In 1982, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg suggested that the section also clarifies the size and scope of the Charter. Only section 34 and the sections that come before it compose the Charter. The next sections of the Constitution Act, 1982, including section 35 (which affirms Aboriginal rights) and section 36 (which affirms equalization payments), are thus not Charter rights. This is significant, since section 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 allows for limits on Charter rights, so it cannot apply to sections 35 or 36. However, this also means that a \"judicial remedy\" under section 24 of the Act is not available for sections 35 or 36, since section 24 refers only to the Charter. Discussion Canadian poet George Elliott Clarke once analyzed section 34, calling it \"bland legalese.\" He wrote it was \"reassuring\" because it was dull, signalling neither fear nor excitement. Thus, it seemed to imply the Charter of Rights was not a radical constitutional change, despite the fact that it was potentially revolutionary for a constitutional monarchy. In considering the name Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Clarke felt the first word, \"Canadian,\" hinted at Canadian nationalism. He then compared this to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the United States Bill of Rights, saying that those documents were written by men who had just emerged from conflict and still remembered it, and thus Canada could be duller. However, he noted there was some drama in the Charter in that it was written when there was a threat of Quebec separatism, and section 27 (multiculturalism), section 25 (Aboriginal rights), and section 15(2) (affirmative action) of the Charter could change the country. In 1994, the House of Commons of Canada debated changing the name of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the Canadian Charter of Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities. As Parliamentary Secretary Russell","title":"Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"1806711","text":"Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (\"Charter\") is the section of the Constitution of Canada that lists what the Charter calls \"fundamental freedoms\" theoretically applying to everyone in Canada, regardless of whether they are a Canadian citizen, or an individual or corporation. These freedoms can be held against actions of all levels of government and are enforceable by the courts. The fundamental freedoms are freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association. Section 1 of the Charter permits Parliament or the provincial legislatures to enact laws that place certain kinds of limited restrictions on the freedoms listed under section 2. Additionally, these freedoms can be temporarily invalidated by section 33, the \"notwithstanding clause\", of the Charter. As a part of the Charter and of the larger Constitution Act, 1982, section 2 took legal effect on April 17, 1982. However, many of its rights have roots in Canada in the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights (although this law was of limited effectiveness), and in traditions under a theorized Implied Bill of Rights. Many of these exemptions, such as freedom of expression, have also been at the centre of federalistic disputes. Text Under the heading of \"Fundamental Freedoms\" the section states: Freedom of religion Background According to Beverley McLachlin, freedom of religion in Canada may have originated as early as 1759, when French Canadian Roman Catholics were allowed rights of worship by their British conquerors; this was later reconfirmed in 1774 in the Quebec Act. Later the Constitution Act, 1867 provided for denominational school rights (these are reaffirmed by section 29 of the Charter). Discussions of church-state relations also took place in the Guibord case of 1874. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled in Chaput v Romain, regarding Jehovah's Witnesses, that different religion have rights, based upon tradition and the rule of law (at the time no statutes formed the basis for this argument). Religious freedom was later included in the Canadian Bill of Rights. However, its effectiveness was limited. When Sunday closing laws compelling respect for the Christian Sabbath were challenged in R v Robertson and Rosetanni, Justice Ritchie of the Supreme Court found that non-Christians merely lost money when denied rights to work on Sunday and were otherwise free to believe in and observe their religions. Definition Freedom of religion under section 2(a) of the Charter was first seriously considered by the Supreme Court in R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd. In that case, Chief Justice Brian Dickson wrote that this freedom at least includes freedom of religious speech, including \"the right to entertain such religious beliefs as a person chooses, the right to declare religious beliefs openly and without fear of hindrance or reprisal, and the right to manifest religious belief by worship and practice or by teaching and dissemination.\" Freedom of religion would also prohibit imposing religious requirements. The immediate consequence of section 2, in this case, was the abolishment of","title":"Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"3105963","text":"Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Constitution of Canada that guarantees minority language educational rights to French-speaking communities outside Quebec, and, to a lesser extent, English-speaking minorities in Quebec. The section may be particularly notable, in that some scholars believe that section 23 \"was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned.\" Trudeau was the prime minister who fought for the inclusion of the Charter of Rights in the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Section 23(1)(b), or section 23 as a whole, are also known as the \"Canada clause.\" Text Under the heading \"Minority Language Educational Rights,\" the section reads, Section 23 must be read in conjunction with Section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982: History As a strong federalist, Trudeau had fought to ensure linguistic rights in the constitution to promote national unity. Section 23 (1)(b) had its origins in a unanimous agreement between the provincial leaders and Trudeau reached in 1978 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, in which children of citizens could receive schooling in their language. When this idea was brought to the Charter in the 1980s, Trudeau also successfully secured agreement from provincial leaders that section 23 could not be nullified by the section 33 notwithstanding clause. When the government of Quebec had passed the Charter of the French Language in 1977, only parents who had gone to English schools in Quebec could have their children educated in English. Concerns for the erosion of the educational rights of English-speaking Quebeckers thus led to section 23(1)(b) being written so that that part of the Quebec law would become unconstitutional. This portion of the Charter of the French Language was indeed struck down by the courts in Attorney General of Quebec v. Quebec Protestant School Boards (1984). The verdict prompted the passing of Bill 86 in 1993 which amended the Charter of the French Language, stating that any child of a Canadian citizen whose parent or sibling had received English-medium education in Canada (rather than Quebec specifically) could attend English-medium schools. While there was decreased minority language education in Quebec at the time when the Charter was adopted, several other provinces (where English Canadians were the majority) had no French language schools at all. In contrast, in 2005, all provinces had minority language education schools. In 1986, 152,225 French Canadian students outside of Quebec were going to French-language schools in accordance with section 23, and in 2001 the number was 149,042. There have been some roadblocks to minority-language education since the Charter came into effect, such as a need for more French-speaking teachers and decreased enrolment in English-language education in rural Quebec, as well as challenges from both francophone and anglophone minority parents that education of equal quality is not being provided by their provincial government. The relative lack of French-language post secondary education opportunities (colleges and universities) outside of Quebec influences the choice of some French Canadian students to switch to English language","title":"Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"221724","text":"In Canadian and New Zealand law, fundamental justice is the fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation. The principles of fundamental justice are specific legal principles that command \"significant societal consensus\" as \"fundamental to the way in which the legal system ought fairly to operate\", per R v Malmo-Levine. These principles may stipulate basic procedural rights afforded to anyone facing an adjudicative process or procedure that affects fundamental rights and freedoms, and certain substantive standards related to the rule of law that regulate the actions of the state (e.g., the rule against unclear or vague laws). The degree of protection dictated by these standards and procedural rights vary in accordance with the precise context, involving a contextual analysis of the affected person's interests. In other words, the more a person's rights or interests are adversely affected, the more procedural or substantive protections must be afforded to that person in order to respect the principles of fundamental justice. A legislative or administrative framework that respects the principles of fundamental justice, as such, must be fundamentally fair to the person affected, but does not necessarily have to strike the \"right balance\" between individual and societal interests in general. The term is used in the Canadian Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and also the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Fundamental justice, although closely associated with, is not to be confused with the concepts of due process, natural justice, and Wednesbury unreasonableness. Canadian Bill of Rights In written law, the term fundamental justice can be traced back at least to 1960, when the Canadian Bill of Rights was brought into force by the Diefenbaker government. Specifically, section 2(e) of the Canadian Bill of Rights stated that everyone has \"the right to a fair hearing in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations.\" According to the legal scholar Walter Tarnopolsky, the wording of the clause sparked some controversy among those drafting the Bill. Some wanted the words \"natural justice\" in the place of \"fundamental justice,\" as \"natural justice\" was indeed a more common phrase with judges and authors. \"Fundamental justice\" was a more obscure alternative with these figures (other such alternatives include \"universal justice\"). Still, \"fundamental justice\" was chosen, and in the case Duke v. The Queen (1972), it was ruled that fundamental justice was, for the purposes of this case, merely equivalent to natural justice. The author, Chief Justice Fauteux, did say that he was not trying \"to formulate any final definition.\" Unlike the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was added to the Constitution of Canada in 1982, the Bill of Rights is not a constitutional instrument but rather an ordinary statute. Still, the Canadian Bill of Rights remains in effect, and its guarantee of the \"determination\" of one's \"rights and obligations\" through fundamental justice is not precisely duplicated in the Charter. While the term \"fundamental justice\" does appear in section 7 of the","title":"Fundamental justice"},{"docid":"123500","text":"Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. It is commonly known as the notwithstanding clause ( or ), sometimes referred to as the override power, and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to temporarily override sections 2 and 7–15 of the Charter. Text The section states: Function The Parliament of Canada, a provincial legislature or a territorial legislature may declare that one of its laws or part of a law applies temporarily (\"notwithstanding\") countermanding sections of the Charter, thereby nullifying any judicial review by overriding the Charter protections for a limited period of time. This is done by including a section in the law clearly specifying which rights have been overridden. A simple majority vote in any of Canada's 14 jurisdictions may suspend the core rights of the Charter. However, the rights to be overridden must be either a \"fundamental right\" guaranteed by Section 2 (such as freedom of expression, religion, and association), a \"legal right\" guaranteed by Sections 7–14 (such as rights to liberty and freedom from search and seizures and cruel and unusual punishment) or a Section 15 \"equality right\". Other rights such as section 6 mobility rights, democratic rights, and language rights are inviolable. Such a declaration ends after five years or a lesser time specified in the clause, although the legislature may re-enact the clause any number of times. The rationale behind having a five-year expiry date is that it is also the maximum amount of time the Parliament or legislature may sit before an election must be called. Therefore, if the people so desire, they have the right to elect new representatives who could choose to repeal the law or let the declaration expire. (The provisions of the Charter that deal with elections and democratic representation (§§3–5) are not among those that can be overridden with the notwithstanding clause (§§2,7–15).) The notwithstanding clause reflects the hybrid character of Canadian political institutions. In effect, it protects the British tradition of parliamentary supremacy under the American-style system of written constitutional rights and strong courts introduced in 1982. Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien also described it as a tool that could guard against a Supreme Court ruling legalizing hate speech and child pornography as freedom of expression. History The idea for the clause was proposed by Peter Lougheed as suggested by Merv Leitch. The clause was a compromise reached during the debate over the new constitution in the early 1980s. Among the provinces' major complaints about the Charter was that it shifted power from elected officers to the judiciary, giving the courts the final word. Section 33, along with the limitations clause, in section 1, was intended to give provincial legislators more leverage to pass law. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau at first strongly objected to the clause, but eventually consented to its inclusion under pressure from the provincial premiers. The clause was included as part of what is known as \"The Kitchen Accord\". At the end of a","title":"Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"5724247","text":"Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta) [1987] 1 S.C.R. 313, commonly referred to as the Alberta Reference, was a leading opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada on the right to freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that section 2(d) did not include the right to strike. In 2015, Alberta Reference was overruled, with the Court recognizing a right to strike in the Charter. Background Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms entered into force in 1982. The Alberta Reference provided the Supreme Court of Canada with an opportunity to interpret the scope of protection afforded to collective bargaining and strikes under the Charter. The province of Alberta referred a reference question to the Alberta Court of Appeal, which was decided in favour of the Government of Alberta. The reference questions concerned Alberta labour relations legislation affecting public service employees, firefighters, hospital employees, and police officers. The laws restricted the right to strike: any impasse in collective bargaining had to be referred to compulsory arbitration. As well, the laws designated certain factors that had to be considered in said arbitration, and limited the scope of issues that were arbitrable. The appellants, various public sector labour unions, were granted leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. Opinion of the Court Justice McIntyre argued that freedom of association is an individual right, intended to protect collective activities that are already protected by other constitutional rights. Thus, activities that are prohibited individually are also forbidden collectively. As such, a trade union does not have a Charter right to strike incident to collective bargaining. The plurality opinion (written by Justice Le Dain) spanned only three paragraphs, and agreed with Justice McIntyre's disposition. The plurality referred to the many types of associations that the Charter is intended to protect, and the importance of freedom of association, but also emphasized the importance of judicial restraint. Chief Justice Dickson, in dissent, also agreed with the characterization of the freedom, but argued that the right is not associated with particular activities but rather is \"a freedom of persons to join and act with others in common pursuits\". This case involved a \"double-swing decision\" where Chief Justice Dickson was assigned the reasons for the Court at conference but lost the signatures to Justice McIntyre, who then lost them to Justice Le Dain. Subsequent developments In 2001, the Supreme Court decided Dunmore v Ontario (Attorney General), which rejected a strictly individualized approach to section 2(d) reflected in the majority reasons of the Alberta Reference. The SCC in Dunmore acknowledged that section 2(d) reflects collective, not just individual, rights, and found that substantial interference with the ability of workers to engage in \"collective action\" would infringe section 2(d). The Alberta Reference was explicitly overturned in Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan, with a majority of the SCC recognizing a constitutionally-protected right to strike under section 2(d) of the Charter. The majority decision in","title":"Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta)"},{"docid":"5835088","text":"Canada v Schmidt, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 500, is a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on the applicability of fundamental justice under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on extradition. While fundamental justice in Canada included a variety of legal protections, the Court found that in considering the punishments one might face when extradited to another country, only those that \"shock the conscience\" would breach fundamental justice. Background The defendant was a Canadian citizen, Helen Susan Schmidt, who, along with her son Charles Gress and his friend Paul Hildebrand, had kidnapped a young girl in Cleveland, Ohio. Schmidt claimed to believe that the girl was her granddaughter and that the girl's biological mother kept her in a home ill-suited for a child. Helen Schmidt then lived with the girl for two years in New York City before her arrest in 1982. She was charged with kidnapping, a federal offence in the United States, and with child-stealing, a state offence in Ohio. The same year she was acquitted of kidnapping, but she had fled to Canada before her state trial commenced. She was captured in Ontario and was prepared to be extradited. Being charged for child-stealing after having been acquitted of kidnapping would not violate the double jeopardy clause in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as the states offences are considered separately from federal offences by the US Supreme Court, Schmidt fought the extradition as a violation of double jeopardy rights under section 11(h) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Decision The majority decision was written by Justice Gerard La Forest. After the Supreme Court found that it had jurisdiction to review the case, it considered whether extradition law aside from Charter law was violated. Under extradition law, a hearing in Canada would ascertain if there was sufficient evidence of a crime that could be criminal in Canada as well as in the other nation. It was argued that the extradition hearing should guard against double jeopardy since that was an essential right in Canadian law. However, the hearing is not a trial, and the Supreme Court decided that arguments about double jeopardy are a defence that would be more suited for a trial. The case Re Burley (1865) was cited to demonstrate that Canada should trust the receiving country to carry out the trial. Moving on to consider section 11(h) of the Charter, the Court considered the argument that the crimes of kidnapping and child-stealing were too similar. The Court noted that while the Canadian government's decisions in extradition are bound by the Charter under section 32, the actions of a foreign government are not, which was relevant to section 11(h) since its rights are held against trials and the Canadian government would not be conducting the trial. The Court went on to argue that many other rights under section 11 would also be irrelevant to extradition. For example, section 11 guarantees the presumption of innocence, but in practice, Canada already extradites persons","title":"Canada v Schmidt"},{"docid":"3662856","text":"The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and Constitution Act, 1982. In full, it reads, \"Whereas Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law\". Interpretation Writing in 1982, when the Charter came into force, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg noted that these words, being a preamble are limited in some direct applications of the law but can help to determine how other sections of the Charter should be read and applied. In this particular case, however, Hogg expressed concern as to how much help this preamble could be, noting the term \"rule of law\" is \"notoriously vague\" and that the mention of the \"supremacy of God\" can be considered in some contexts as contrary to section 2 of the Charter, which protects freedom of conscience, which Hogg felt would include a right to atheism. In R v Morgentaler (1988), Justice Bertha Wilson defined freedom of conscience as protecting \"conscientious beliefs which are not religiously motivated\", and balanced the preamble out with the statement that \"the values entrenched in the Charter are those which characterize a free and democratic society\". In considering the legal implications of the preamble in the 1999 case R v Sharpe, the British Columbia Court of Appeal referred to it as a \"dead letter\" which the BC justices had \"no authority to breathe life\" into. The Supreme Court did consider the preamble's mention of the rule of law in Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights (1985), noting that striking down most of Manitoba's laws as unconstitutional (because they were not enacted in both languages as required by the Manitoba Act) might be a threat to the rule of law. This would render Manitoba nearly lawless, and the principle of the rule of law was defined as meaning no one is above the law and that laws must exist, as they uphold society's values. The court therefore confirmed the Charter preamble's importance by stating, \"The constitutional status of the rule of law is beyond question.\" Consequently, some time was given before the unconstitutional laws would expire. In Re BC Motor Vehicle Act (1985), the Supreme Court also linked the rule of law to the principles of fundamental justice, as illustrated by sections 8 to 14 of the Charter. The court noted the importance of these rights to the justice system, stating that sections 8 to 14 \"have been recognized as essential elements of a system for the administration of justice which is founded upon a belief in 'the dignity and worth of the human person' (preamble to the Canadian Bill of Rights, R.S.C. 1970, App. III) and on \"the rule of law\" (preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms).\" Alternate interpretations Some theologians and philosophers have questioned whether the preamble refers to a specific God (the Christian God or Jewish God) or to a more abstract concept that promotes civic virtue (i.e., civil religion). For","title":"Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"18639717","text":"Canadian privacy law is derived from the common law, statutes of the Parliament of Canada and the various provincial legislatures, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Perhaps ironically, Canada's legal conceptualization of privacy, along with most modern legal Western conceptions of privacy, can be traced back to Warren and Brandeis’s \"The Right to Privacy\" published in the Harvard Law Review in 1890, Holvast states \"Almost all authors on privacy start the discussion with the famous article 'The Right to Privacy' of Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis\". Evolution of Canadian privacy statutes Canadian privacy law has evolved over time into what it is today. The first instance of a formal law came when, in 1977, the Canadian government introduced data protection provisions into the Canadian Human Rights Act. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlined that everyone has \"the right to life, liberty and security of the person\" and \"the right to be free from unreasonable search or seizure\", but did not directly mention the concept of privacy. In 1983, the federal Privacy Act regulated how federal government collects, uses and discloses personal information. Canadians' constitutional right to privacy was further confirmed in the 1984 Supreme Court case, Hunter v. Southam. In this case, Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) was found \"to protect individuals from unjustified state intrusions upon their privacy\" and the court stated such Charter rights should be interpreted broadly. Later, in a 1988 Supreme Court case, the right to privacy was established as \"an essential component of individual freedom\". The court report from R. v. Dyment states, \"From the earliest stage of Charter interpretation, this Court has made it clear that the rights it guarantees [including privacy rights] must be interpreted generously, and not in a narrow or legalistic fashion\". Throughout the late 1990s and 2000s, privacy legislation placed restrictions on the collection, use and disclosure of information by provincial and territorial governments and by companies and institutions in the private sector. Governing relations with public sector institutions Privacy Act The Privacy Act, passed in 1983 by the Parliament of Canada, regulates how federal government institutions collect, use and disclose personal information. It also provides individuals with a right of access to information held about them by the federal government, and a right to request correction of any erroneous information. The Act established the office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, who is an Officer of Parliament. The responsibilities of the Privacy Commissioner includes supervising the application of the Act itself. Under the Act, the Privacy Commissioner has powers to audit federal government institutions to ensure their compliance with the act, and is obliged to investigate complaints by individuals about breaches of the act. The Act and its equivalent legislation in most provinces are the expression of internationally accepted principles known as \"fair information practices.\" As a last resort, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada does have the \"power of embarrassment\", which can be used in the hopes","title":"Canadian privacy law"},{"docid":"3201114","text":"Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a section of the Charter that, as part of a range of provisions within the section 25 to section 31 bloc, helps determine how rights in other sections of the Charter should be interpreted and applied by the courts. Section 27 officially recognized multiculturalism as a Canadian value. Text Section 27 provides: Background and drafting In Canada, multicultural policy had been adopted in 1971 following the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, a government body set up in response to the grievances of Canada's French-speaking minority (concentrated in the province of Quebec). The report of the Commission advocated that the Canadian government should recognize Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society and adopt policies to preserve this character. Bicultural was opposed by non-French ethnic minorities communities, particularly the large Ukrainian Canadian and other European communities. In 1973 the government formed the Canadian Consultative Council on Multiculturalism (CCCM) to consult with ethnocultural community leaders. The communities themselves organized an umbrella group in 1980 to lobby the government called the Canadian Ethnocultural Council, spearheaded by Dr. Leonardo Leone of the National Congress of Italian Canadians. These groups lobbied during the constitutional debates for the inclusion of what eventually became Section 27. Lawyer and future mayor of Edmonton and leader of the Alberta Liberal Party Laurence Decore was the head of the CCCM from 1980 to 1983 and is sometimes credited as principal drafter of Section 27. Purpose and application When the Charter was enacted in 1982, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg observed that this section did not actually contain a right; namely, it did not say that Canadians have a right to multiculturalism. The section was instead meant to guide the interpretation of the Charter to respect Canada's multiculturalism. Hogg also remarked that it was difficult to see how this could have a large impact on the reading of the Charter, and thus section 27 could be \"more of a rhetorical flourish than an operative provision.\" Section 27 can be seen as a declaration of a national value of multiculturalism. In 2002, polls found 86% of Canadians approved of this section. Impact Freedom of religion Section 27 has been referred to by the courts. The Court of Appeal for Ontario in Videoflicks Ltd. et al. v. R. (1984) argued that section 27 should receive \"significance\" from the courts, and that the section could reinforce freedom of religion (section 2). As this court put it, if a law limits the free exercise of religion, then the law is also of no use in promoting multiculturalism, since it affects a \"part of one's culture which is religiously based.\" Hence, section 27 demands that governments must respect and tolerate various religions, even if this means that some cultural groups may be exempted from certain things the government compels the people to do, even if this proves to place \"inconveniences\" on the government. This line of thinking was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada in","title":"Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"41967489","text":"Women currently make up 14.8% of the Canadian Armed Forces, and are eligible to serve in all occupational specialties. The last occupational ban for females in the military was in 2001. In February 2018 the total representation of women who served in combat arms (crewman, artillery, artilleryman, infantryman, infantry, engineer, combat engineer, and armoured) was reported as 4.3%. No women currently serve in combat specialties within special operations forces. Females who obtain officer status are mainly concentrated in the personnel and nursing fields. Historical overview of women in the Canadian Armed Forces Women have played a role in the Canadian Forces for over 100 years. During World War II, women were restricted to non-combative positions such as nursing, cooking, communication, logistics, and administration. In 1971, following the recommendations from the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, the Canadian Armed Forces sought to expand the range of positions women could fill. Due to this expansion, women became employable as vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. When the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1985, the Canadian Armed Forces’ policies were amended to allow women to serve at sea, in army service battalions, field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons. By 1987, women were permitted to occupy direct combat posts on the ground and at sea. While equality legislation was being passed, the defence minister conducted many trials on Service Women in Non- Traditional Environments and Roles, known as the SWINTER Trials. The minister sought to examine women's performance at positions typically reserved for males, as well as how the mixed gender group performed as a whole, in order to ascertain whether operative efficiency was undermined. Efforts towards equality Achieving equal opportunity through legislation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1982. There have been no challenges to the equality rights guarantees of Section 15 of the Charter or commenced an action against the Canadian Armed Forces on gender discrimination charges. The Canadian Human Rights Act The Canadian Human Rights Act is considered quasi-constitutional legislation, and applies to federal government agencies and Crown corporations including the Canadian Armed Forces. It acts to prohibit discrimination on specified grounds, such as race, sex, age, religion, and in the context of employment and publicly available services. Achieving Equal Opportunity Through Litigation In Gauthier v. Canadian Armed Forces, three women brought claims before a Canadian Human Rights Tribunal alleging that the Canadian Armed Forces had refused them employment on the basis of their gender, and that this was inconsistent with the Human Rights Act. The Canadian Armed Forces conceded that their policies were discriminatory, but relied on section 15(1)(a) to argue that they should be granted an exception based on a bona fide occupational requirement. They claimed that including women in certain specialized roles could undermine “operational effectiveness” and pose too much risk. Isabelle Gauthier, a claimant working","title":"Gender discrimination in the Canadian Military"},{"docid":"5400536","text":"Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the last section under the \"Legal rights\" heading in the Charter. It provides anyone in a court the right to an interpreter if the person does not speak the language being used or is deaf. Text The section states: Before the Charter was enacted in 1982, the right to an interpreter in a trial existed under the common law, because it was believed to be necessary for natural justice. The right was incorporated into the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960. Section 2(g) of this Act read that a person has a right to \"the assistance of an interpreter in any proceedings in which he is involved or in which he is a party or a witness, before a court, commission, board or other tribunal, if he does not understand or speak the language in which such proceedings are conducted.\" Unlike the Charter, the Bill of Rights was a statute and not part of the Constitution of Canada. The Bill of Rights also did not guarantee this right to the deaf community. The language right was included in an early draft of the Charter, and the rights belonging to the deaf later appeared in April 1981. The Supreme Court of Canada has said the right also has a basis in Canada's multiculturalism. Canadians' \"multicultural heritage\" is recognized in section 27 of the Charter. Interpretation The rights implied by section 14 were defined by the Supreme Court in the case R. v. Tran (1994), which involved an interpreter for a defendant who spoke Vietnamese in an English language trial. The Supreme Court found that section 14 requires the translation to be of consistent quality (\"continuity\") and unbiased accuracy. However, not everything in the trial must be translated if it is not truly important to the defendant's rights. The finding on the required quality came from the purpose of the right, which, based in natural justice and multiculturalism, emphasized that a defendant must fully understand the trial. Natural justice means a defendant can respond to accusations. The Court also stated that the quality of the translation must not be so high that the defendant is actually more informed than those who speak the court's language. People asking for an interpreter must demonstrate an inability to understand the language of the court and ask for section 14 rights to be fulfilled. However, Tran established that this burden \"will not normally be an onerous step,\" and some courts with a high volume of cases involving multicultural parties will routinely provide interpreters upon request without much if any inquiry as to need. The court itself is also responsible for satisfying the right, and sometimes a section 14 request does not have to be made by a defendant in order for an interpreter to be provided under section 14. Notes External links Canlii.org section 14 digest Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter","title":"Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"299360","text":"The Constitution Act, 1982 () is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of patriating the constitution, introducing several amendments to the British North America Act, 1867, including re-naming it the Constitution Act, 1867. In addition to patriating the Constitution, the Constitution Act, 1982 enacted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; guaranteed rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada; entrenched provincial jurisdiction over natural resources; provided for future constitutional conferences; and set out the procedures for amending the Constitution in the future. This process was necessary because, after the Statute of Westminster, 1931, Canada allowed the British Parliament to retain the power to amend Canada's constitution, until Canadian governments could agree on an all-in-Canada amending formula. In 1981, following substantial agreement on a new amending formula, the Parliament of Canada requested that the Parliament of the United Kingdom give up its power to amend the Constitution of Canada. The enactment of the Canada Act 1982 by the British Parliament in March 1982 confirmed the Patriation of the Constitution and transferred to Canada the power of amending its own Constitution. On April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, as well as the Minister of Justice, Jean Chrétien, and André Ouellet, the Registrar General, signed the Proclamation which brought the Constitution Act, 1982 into force. The proclamation confirmed that Canada had formally assumed authority over its constitution, the final step to full sovereignty. , the Government of Quebec has never formally approved of the enactment of the act, though the Supreme Court concluded that Quebec's formal consent was never necessary and 15 years after ratification the government of Quebec \"passed a resolution authorizing an amendment.\" Nonetheless, the lack of formal approval has remained a persistent political issue in Quebec. The Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords were designed to secure approval from Quebec, but both efforts failed to do so. Part I: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the part I of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter is a bill of rights to protect certain political rights, legal rights and human rights of people in Canada from the policies and actions of all levels of government. An additional goal of the Charter is to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was created by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights was only a federal statute and was limited in its effectiveness because it is not directly applicable to provincial laws. This motivated some within government to establish unambiguously-constitutional-level bill of rights for all Canadians. The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Charter was drafted by the federal government with consultations with the provincial governments in the years leading","title":"Constitution Act, 1982"},{"docid":"5360904","text":"Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is one of the provisions of the Constitution that addresses rights relating to Canada's two official languages, English and French. Like section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, section 18 requires that all statutes and other records made by the Parliament of Canada must be available in both official languages. Section 133 places a similar obligation on the legislature of Quebec, and this is reaffirmed by section 21 of the Charter. Section 18 of the Charter places a similar obligation on the legislature of New Brunswick. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province under section 16 of the Charter. Text Section 18 reads, Application Justice Michel Bastarache and fellow-authors wrote of section 18 that it repeats section 133 in necessitating Parliament's statutes being kept in both official languages, and that section 18 \"adds that both versions are equally authoritative.\" They compared this clause to sections 56 and 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982, which state that English and French versions of the Constitution are equal. Earlier, however, court decisions suggested the equal status of English and French versions was implicit in section 133. Bastarache and his fellow-authors also argued that section 18 implies bilingualism is to be used in the making of the law, and state that failure to satisfy section 18 means any laws are unconstitutional. Challenges Section 18 causes a number of challenges in law making. Someone translating a law from one official language to another will have to ensure that the two versions do not contradict one another. Hence, the federal government has tried to ensure laws are written in both English and French to begin with, as opposed to the usual method in which laws written in English would then be translated to French. If the two versions of a law contradict each other anyway, the equality under section 18 causes courts to interpret them by means of \"cross-interpretation,\" which means the courts interpret both while referencing the other. An interpretation that most plausibly could apply to both of the two contradictory versions will be adopted. Additionally, the purpose of the law may be considered, so that the version most geared toward the purpose will be applied. In some cases, one version of a law that is more explicit than the other will receive priority. Interpretation In the 1986 Supreme Court case Société des Acadiens v. Association of Parents, Justice Jean Beetz commented on section 18. He called it one of the few language rights in the Charter, along with section 20, that is meant to promote discussion that everyone is able to understand. Section 20 addresses public services, while Beetz noted section 18 \"provides for bilingualism at the legislative level.\" The New Brunswick Court of Appeal considered subsection 18(2), which requires bilingual statutes and records to be kept by the provincial legislature, for the first time in the 2001 case Charlebois v. Mowat. The court extended subsection 18(2)'s requirement to municipal laws, with reference","title":"Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"4708216","text":"Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms specifically addresses rights regarding denominational schools and separate schools. Section 29 is not the source of these rights but instead reaffirms the pre-existing special rights belonging to Roman Catholics and Protestants, despite freedom of religion and religious equality under sections 2 and 15 of the Charter. Such rights may include financial support from the provincial governments. In the case Mahe v. Alberta (1990), the Supreme Court of Canada also had to reconcile denominational school rights with minority language educational rights under section 23 of the Charter. Text The section reads: Purpose The Constitution of Canada contains a number of denominational school rights. They usually belong to Catholics and Protestants wherever they form the minority population of the relevant province. The former Chief Justice of Canada Beverley McLachlin once referred to this as an early form of freedom of religion in Canada. Section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 awards jurisdiction over education to the provincial governments, with a few exceptions. Catholics have denominational school rights in Ontario. Both Catholics and Protestants had these rights in Quebec, until abrogated by the Constitution Amendment, 1997 (Québec). Quebec was and is predominantly Catholic (though the effects this has had on the province's politics have changed over the years; see Quiet Revolution). Section 17 of the Alberta Act, 1905 also guarantees denominational school rights for Catholics in Alberta. While the rights for Catholics and Protestants seem to contradict Charter values of equality, section 29 clarifies the privileges cannot be challenged on Charter grounds. It was inserted because the authors of the Constitution Act, 1982 did not want to be held responsible for challenging the old system. As noted in the Supreme Court case Reference re Bill 30, An Act to Amend the Education Act (Ont.) [1987] 1 SCR 1148 (SCC), this clarification is really the only function of section 29. Section 29 does not itself shield the rights of denominational schools from the Charter, since the rights are themselves a part of the Constitution and thus cannot be unconstitutional or subject to Charter review. This line of thinking was confirmed by the Supreme Court in Gosselin (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General) (2005). Interpretation In the case Adler v. Ontario (1996) religious freedoms under sections 2 and 15 of the Charter were used to argue that lack of government funding for Jewish Canadian schools and certain Christian schools in Ontario was unconstitutional, since by contrast Catholic schools received government money. The majority of the Supreme Court, however, dismissed the argument, noting section 93's importance as an agreement made between the founders of the nation to make Confederation possible. Since it was a political deal and not based upon the principle of freedom, section 2 of the Charter could not extend section 93 rights to other religions. Moreover, to find that section 2 could extend denominational school rights would contradict the specificity of section 93, and section 29 indicates such a contradiction cannot exist and","title":"Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"2966495","text":"Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a section that, like other provisions within the section 25 to section 31 block, provides a guide as to how Charter rights should be interpreted and applied by Canadian courts. It addresses how the Charter applies in the territories of Canada. In 1982, when it became law, these were the Northwest Territories and the Yukon Territory. The Yukon Territory is now called Yukon, and Nunavut was created from the eastern Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory in 1999. Text The section reads, Function As the government of Canada puts it on one of its websites, this means that \"[t]he Charter applies to the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in exactly the same way as it does to the provinces.\" Hence, section 30 is particularly important in regard to section 3, 4, 5, 6 and 23 rights. Since section 6 refers to rights to \"move to and take up residence in any province\" and to \"pursue the gaining of a livelihood in any province,\" section 30 is applied so that section 6 also guarantees rights to move to and pursue work in the territories of Canada. Likewise, section 30 extends section 23's guarantee of minority language educational rights for minority language groups in the provinces to minority language groups in the territories. Section 30 also guarantees that territorial governments are bound by sections 3 to 5, which themselves only explicitly refer to provincial governments. Hence, those in the territories will have the right to vote or run in territorial elections (section 3), territorial governments cannot operate for longer than 5 years without an election (section 4), and territorial governments must sit at least once a year (section 5). The other rights in the other sections of the Charter are also valid and enforceable in the territories. The authority of the territorial governments is derived from the Parliament of Canada. Paragraph 32(1)(a) provides that the Charter applies \"to the Parliament and government of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories\". Read together, section 30 and paragraph 32(1)(b) provide that the Charter applies \"to the legislature and government of each province [and territory] in respect of all matters within the authority of the legislature of each province [and territory]\". The content of section 30 dates back to the original draft of the Charter, which was published in October 1980. Judicial interpretation In the case Fédération Franco-ténoise v. Canada (C.A.) (2001), the Federal Court of Appeal discussed section 30 when it rejected the government of the Northwest Territories' claim that the territory now had legal power and independence similar to those of the provinces. (The purpose of this claim was to avoid the obligations of providing official language rights under the Charter, which the federal government has to do but no provinces besides New Brunswick have to do). The territorial government based its theory in Parliament's","title":"Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"224445","text":"The implied bill of rights () is a theory in Canadian jurisprudence which proposed that as a consequence of the British North America Act, certain important civil liberties could not be abrogated by the government. The theory was never adopted in a majority decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, and was rejected by the court in 1978. The enactment and interpretation of the statutory Bill of Rights, and later the constitutional Charter of Rights and Freedoms, provided alternative formulations of the limits applicable to civil liberties. Theory The concept of an implied bill of rights develops out of Canadian federalism. When provincial legislation intrudes deeply into fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, association or assembly, the provincial legislature is creating criminal legislation, which under the distribution of powers is reserved exclusively to the Parliament of Canada by section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Provinces cannot intrude in this area; if they do, such legislation is void and has no effect. Since provincial prohibitions touching on the fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, assembly and association were declared unconstitutional by the courts, and in light of the expansive obiters in the leading cases, the writers were able to claim that there was a bill of rights implicit in the Constitution. Some constitutional scholars focus on the Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 as providing the underlying reasons for an implied bill of rights. The relevant part of the preamble reads: Some authors have taken the view that the words \"similar in principle\" means that in Canada there must be a parliamentary system of government, acting under the influence of public opinion, of a free press, with free speech. Thus, legislation which destroyed the citizen's ability to debate, to assemble or to associate freely would be contrary to Canada's democratic parliamentary system of government. This provides an additional underpinning for the claim of an implied bill of rights in Canada's Constitution. Invoked more often before the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was enacted, it is nonetheless important when questions of parliamentary supremacy and the override power come into play. History Jurisprudence before 1982 The principal cases describing the extent of the rights are considered to include: Reference Re Alberta Statutes Boucher v the King Winner v SMT (Eastern) Ltd Saumur v Quebec Chaput v Romain Switzman v Elbling Roncarelli v Duplessis In Alberta Statutes, Duff CJ held that: Cannon J agreed, and also stated: While Duff's and Cannon's dicta focused on the competence of the provincial legislatures, Abbott J later stated in Switzman that the same restrictions applied to the Parliament of Canada as well, declaring that \"Parliament itself could not abrogate this right of discussion and debate.\" The concept was expanded in Winner, which held that citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to. Roncarelli later held that public officials were subject to the rule of law, and therefore could neither suspend nor dispense it arbitrarily, but must act within their official powers. Post-Charter","title":"Implied bill of rights"},{"docid":"2455283","text":"Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Canadian Constitution that protects the mobility rights of Canadian citizens, and to a lesser extent that of permanent residents. By mobility rights, the section refers to the individual practice of entering and exiting Canada, and moving within its boundaries. The section is subject to the section 1 Oakes test, but cannot be nullified by the notwithstanding clause. Along with the language rights in the Charter (sections 16–23), section 6 was meant to protect Canadian unity. Text Under the heading \"Mobility Rights\", the section reads, Background Before the adoption of the Charter in 1982, mobility rights had existed by virtue of section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which gave the federal government full jurisdiction over citizenship. Citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to. Only the federal government could limit this right. This implied right was recognized by the Supreme Court in Winner v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Limited, where Rand J. observed: Aside from this, section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867 allows for goods to be freely moved from province to province. Before the patriation of the Constitution in 1982 the governments considered extending this section to allow mobility rights for individuals. However, today the two sections are considered to be geared toward separate purposes. Section 121 remains concerned with keeping Canada economically united, and section 6 is primarily concerned with an individual's freedom of movement. The Supreme Court has compared section 6 to section 2(a) of the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights, which bars \"the arbitrary detention, imprisonment or exile of any person.\" However, section 6 expands on this right to also protect rights to leave and move within Canada. Purpose Along with the language rights in the Charter (sections 16–23), section 6 was meant to protect Canadian unity. French Canadians, who have been at the centre of unity debates, are able to travel throughout all Canada and receive government and educational services in their own language. Hence, they are not confined to Quebec (the only province where they form the majority and where most of their population is based), which would polarize the country along regional lines. According to the Supreme Court in Canadian Egg Marketing Agency v. Richardson (1998), section 6 is also \"rooted in a concern with human rights.\" It allows for individual independence and thus dignity. This contrasts with implied mobility rights under the Constitution Act, 1867. Section 6 also grants Canadians economic rights, but only insofar as one has equal rights to pursue work. The safeguards against discrimination in subsection 6(3) shows mobility rights are \"largely predicated on the right to equal treatment.\" This was connected with mobility rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which, under article 2, are guaranteed \"without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.\" Dissenting in Canadian Egg Marketing Agency","title":"Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"31212388","text":"The passage of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 allowed for the provision of challenging the constitutionality of laws governing prostitution law in Canada in addition to interpretative case law. Other legal proceedings have dealt with ultra vires issues (whether a jurisdiction, such as a Provincial Government or municipality, has the powers to legislate on the matter). In 2013, three provisions of the current law were overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada, with a twelve-month stay of effect. In June 2014, the Government introduced amending legislation in response. Constitutional law 20th century Sections 193, 195 (213) The new formulations of section 213 found themselves under challenge in the lower courts within a year, with conflicting results (; ). Nova Scotia's Appeal Court ruled the legislation violated the guarantee of freedom of expression in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, by constraining communication in relation to legal activity (R. v. Skinner (1987), 35 C.C.C. (3d) 203). The Alberta Court of Appeal disagreed, holding that infringement of freedom of expression was a justifiable limitation as no “clear and convincing” alternative was available for dealing with the nuisance of street prostitution (R. v. Jahelka (1987), 79 A.R. 44). The Manitoba Court of Appeal upheld section 195.1(1)(c) on the grounds that there was no prima facie case of freedom of expression (Reference Re Sections 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code, [1987] 6 W.W.R. 289). When referred to the Supreme Court, it upheld the sections (Reference Re Sections 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1123])Chief Justice Dickson for the majority (Madam Justice Wilson and Madam Justice L'Heureux‑Dubé dissenting), agreed that freedom of expression was restricted by what was now 213(1)(c) it did not infringe or deny the freedom of association guaranteed by section 2(d) of the Charter. He also held that it did not infringe the right to be treated fairly when life, liberty and security are affected by governmental action, as guaranteed by section 7 of the Charter. The reference to the court also included the bawdy house provisions which were held to not infringe the guarantee of freedom of expression provided for by section 2(b) of the Charter. Finally the impugned infringement of the freedom of expression guaranteed by section 2(b) of the Charter was justifiable under section 1 of the Charter as being a reasonable limit on a protected right. The justification was set out in three stages: The court must first characterize the objective of the law (a remedy for solicitation in public places and the eradication of social nuisance from the public display of the sale of sex). This was constructed as restricted to taking prostitution off the streets and out of public view. In this respect, Dickson disagreed with the opinion of another justice that the legislative objective addressed the broader questions of the exploitation, degradation and subordination of women. The court must assess the proportionality of the legislation to the objectives; in particular any infringement of rights must be","title":"Prostitution law in Canada"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"8490658\",\n \"text\": \"Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the last section of Canada's Charter of Rights, which is entrenched in the Constitution Act, 1982. Section 34 provides guidance for the legal citation of the Charter. The section has been interpreted by Canadian writers, who have analyzed both its intention and its meaning. Because the section affirms the name of the Charter and thus entrenches it in the Constitution Act, it came into focus in 1994 when a Member of Parliament (MP) proposed to change the name of the Charter. Text Under the heading \\\"Citation,\\\" the section reads: Function Section 34, as part of the Constitution Act, 1982, came into force on April 17, 1982. According to the government of Canada, section 34's function \\\"simply\\\" relates to citation. The section clarifies that the first 34 sections of the Constitution Act, 1982 may be collectively called the \\\"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,\\\" which is an \\\"official name.\\\" This would be the name of the English version. The French version of section 34 states \\\"Titre de la présente partie: Charte canadienne des droits et libertés.\\\" In 1982, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg suggested that the section also clarifies the size and scope of the Charter. Only section 34 and the sections that come before it compose the Charter. The next sections of the Constitution Act, 1982, including section 35 (which affirms Aboriginal rights) and section 36 (which affirms equalization payments), are thus not Charter rights. This is significant, since section 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 allows for limits on Charter rights, so it cannot apply to sections 35 or 36. However, this also means that a \\\"judicial remedy\\\" under section 24 of the Act is not available for sections 35 or 36, since section 24 refers only to the Charter. Discussion Canadian poet George Elliott Clarke once analyzed section 34, calling it \\\"bland legalese.\\\" He wrote it was \\\"reassuring\\\" because it was dull, signalling neither fear nor excitement. Thus, it seemed to imply the Charter of Rights was not a radical constitutional change, despite the fact that it was potentially revolutionary for a constitutional monarchy. In considering the name Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Clarke felt the first word, \\\"Canadian,\\\" hinted at Canadian nationalism. He then compared this to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the United States Bill of Rights, saying that those documents were written by men who had just emerged from conflict and still remembered it, and thus Canada could be duller. However, he noted there was some drama in the Charter in that it was written when there was a threat of Quebec separatism, and section 27 (multiculturalism), section 25 (Aboriginal rights), and section 15(2) (affirmative action) of the Charter could change the country. In 1994, the House of Commons of Canada debated changing the name of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the Canadian Charter of Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities. As Parliamentary Secretary Russell\",\n \"title\": \"Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1806711\",\n \"text\": \"Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (\\\"Charter\\\") is the section of the Constitution of Canada that lists what the Charter calls \\\"fundamental freedoms\\\" theoretically applying to everyone in Canada, regardless of whether they are a Canadian citizen, or an individual or corporation. These freedoms can be held against actions of all levels of government and are enforceable by the courts. The fundamental freedoms are freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association. Section 1 of the Charter permits Parliament or the provincial legislatures to enact laws that place certain kinds of limited restrictions on the freedoms listed under section 2. Additionally, these freedoms can be temporarily invalidated by section 33, the \\\"notwithstanding clause\\\", of the Charter. As a part of the Charter and of the larger Constitution Act, 1982, section 2 took legal effect on April 17, 1982. However, many of its rights have roots in Canada in the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights (although this law was of limited effectiveness), and in traditions under a theorized Implied Bill of Rights. Many of these exemptions, such as freedom of expression, have also been at the centre of federalistic disputes. Text Under the heading of \\\"Fundamental Freedoms\\\" the section states: Freedom of religion Background According to Beverley McLachlin, freedom of religion in Canada may have originated as early as 1759, when French Canadian Roman Catholics were allowed rights of worship by their British conquerors; this was later reconfirmed in 1774 in the Quebec Act. Later the Constitution Act, 1867 provided for denominational school rights (these are reaffirmed by section 29 of the Charter). Discussions of church-state relations also took place in the Guibord case of 1874. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled in Chaput v Romain, regarding Jehovah's Witnesses, that different religion have rights, based upon tradition and the rule of law (at the time no statutes formed the basis for this argument). Religious freedom was later included in the Canadian Bill of Rights. However, its effectiveness was limited. When Sunday closing laws compelling respect for the Christian Sabbath were challenged in R v Robertson and Rosetanni, Justice Ritchie of the Supreme Court found that non-Christians merely lost money when denied rights to work on Sunday and were otherwise free to believe in and observe their religions. Definition Freedom of religion under section 2(a) of the Charter was first seriously considered by the Supreme Court in R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd. In that case, Chief Justice Brian Dickson wrote that this freedom at least includes freedom of religious speech, including \\\"the right to entertain such religious beliefs as a person chooses, the right to declare religious beliefs openly and without fear of hindrance or reprisal, and the right to manifest religious belief by worship and practice or by teaching and dissemination.\\\" Freedom of religion would also prohibit imposing religious requirements. The immediate consequence of section 2, in this case, was the abolishment of\",\n \"title\": \"Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3105963\",\n \"text\": \"Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Constitution of Canada that guarantees minority language educational rights to French-speaking communities outside Quebec, and, to a lesser extent, English-speaking minorities in Quebec. The section may be particularly notable, in that some scholars believe that section 23 \\\"was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned.\\\" Trudeau was the prime minister who fought for the inclusion of the Charter of Rights in the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Section 23(1)(b), or section 23 as a whole, are also known as the \\\"Canada clause.\\\" Text Under the heading \\\"Minority Language Educational Rights,\\\" the section reads, Section 23 must be read in conjunction with Section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982: History As a strong federalist, Trudeau had fought to ensure linguistic rights in the constitution to promote national unity. Section 23 (1)(b) had its origins in a unanimous agreement between the provincial leaders and Trudeau reached in 1978 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, in which children of citizens could receive schooling in their language. When this idea was brought to the Charter in the 1980s, Trudeau also successfully secured agreement from provincial leaders that section 23 could not be nullified by the section 33 notwithstanding clause. When the government of Quebec had passed the Charter of the French Language in 1977, only parents who had gone to English schools in Quebec could have their children educated in English. Concerns for the erosion of the educational rights of English-speaking Quebeckers thus led to section 23(1)(b) being written so that that part of the Quebec law would become unconstitutional. This portion of the Charter of the French Language was indeed struck down by the courts in Attorney General of Quebec v. Quebec Protestant School Boards (1984). The verdict prompted the passing of Bill 86 in 1993 which amended the Charter of the French Language, stating that any child of a Canadian citizen whose parent or sibling had received English-medium education in Canada (rather than Quebec specifically) could attend English-medium schools. While there was decreased minority language education in Quebec at the time when the Charter was adopted, several other provinces (where English Canadians were the majority) had no French language schools at all. In contrast, in 2005, all provinces had minority language education schools. In 1986, 152,225 French Canadian students outside of Quebec were going to French-language schools in accordance with section 23, and in 2001 the number was 149,042. There have been some roadblocks to minority-language education since the Charter came into effect, such as a need for more French-speaking teachers and decreased enrolment in English-language education in rural Quebec, as well as challenges from both francophone and anglophone minority parents that education of equal quality is not being provided by their provincial government. The relative lack of French-language post secondary education opportunities (colleges and universities) outside of Quebec influences the choice of some French Canadian students to switch to English language\",\n \"title\": \"Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"221724\",\n \"text\": \"In Canadian and New Zealand law, fundamental justice is the fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation. The principles of fundamental justice are specific legal principles that command \\\"significant societal consensus\\\" as \\\"fundamental to the way in which the legal system ought fairly to operate\\\", per R v Malmo-Levine. These principles may stipulate basic procedural rights afforded to anyone facing an adjudicative process or procedure that affects fundamental rights and freedoms, and certain substantive standards related to the rule of law that regulate the actions of the state (e.g., the rule against unclear or vague laws). The degree of protection dictated by these standards and procedural rights vary in accordance with the precise context, involving a contextual analysis of the affected person's interests. In other words, the more a person's rights or interests are adversely affected, the more procedural or substantive protections must be afforded to that person in order to respect the principles of fundamental justice. A legislative or administrative framework that respects the principles of fundamental justice, as such, must be fundamentally fair to the person affected, but does not necessarily have to strike the \\\"right balance\\\" between individual and societal interests in general. The term is used in the Canadian Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and also the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Fundamental justice, although closely associated with, is not to be confused with the concepts of due process, natural justice, and Wednesbury unreasonableness. Canadian Bill of Rights In written law, the term fundamental justice can be traced back at least to 1960, when the Canadian Bill of Rights was brought into force by the Diefenbaker government. Specifically, section 2(e) of the Canadian Bill of Rights stated that everyone has \\\"the right to a fair hearing in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations.\\\" According to the legal scholar Walter Tarnopolsky, the wording of the clause sparked some controversy among those drafting the Bill. Some wanted the words \\\"natural justice\\\" in the place of \\\"fundamental justice,\\\" as \\\"natural justice\\\" was indeed a more common phrase with judges and authors. \\\"Fundamental justice\\\" was a more obscure alternative with these figures (other such alternatives include \\\"universal justice\\\"). Still, \\\"fundamental justice\\\" was chosen, and in the case Duke v. The Queen (1972), it was ruled that fundamental justice was, for the purposes of this case, merely equivalent to natural justice. The author, Chief Justice Fauteux, did say that he was not trying \\\"to formulate any final definition.\\\" Unlike the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was added to the Constitution of Canada in 1982, the Bill of Rights is not a constitutional instrument but rather an ordinary statute. Still, the Canadian Bill of Rights remains in effect, and its guarantee of the \\\"determination\\\" of one's \\\"rights and obligations\\\" through fundamental justice is not precisely duplicated in the Charter. While the term \\\"fundamental justice\\\" does appear in section 7 of the\",\n \"title\": \"Fundamental justice\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"123500\",\n \"text\": \"Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. It is commonly known as the notwithstanding clause ( or ), sometimes referred to as the override power, and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to temporarily override sections 2 and 7–15 of the Charter. Text The section states: Function The Parliament of Canada, a provincial legislature or a territorial legislature may declare that one of its laws or part of a law applies temporarily (\\\"notwithstanding\\\") countermanding sections of the Charter, thereby nullifying any judicial review by overriding the Charter protections for a limited period of time. This is done by including a section in the law clearly specifying which rights have been overridden. A simple majority vote in any of Canada's 14 jurisdictions may suspend the core rights of the Charter. However, the rights to be overridden must be either a \\\"fundamental right\\\" guaranteed by Section 2 (such as freedom of expression, religion, and association), a \\\"legal right\\\" guaranteed by Sections 7–14 (such as rights to liberty and freedom from search and seizures and cruel and unusual punishment) or a Section 15 \\\"equality right\\\". Other rights such as section 6 mobility rights, democratic rights, and language rights are inviolable. Such a declaration ends after five years or a lesser time specified in the clause, although the legislature may re-enact the clause any number of times. The rationale behind having a five-year expiry date is that it is also the maximum amount of time the Parliament or legislature may sit before an election must be called. Therefore, if the people so desire, they have the right to elect new representatives who could choose to repeal the law or let the declaration expire. (The provisions of the Charter that deal with elections and democratic representation (§§3–5) are not among those that can be overridden with the notwithstanding clause (§§2,7–15).) The notwithstanding clause reflects the hybrid character of Canadian political institutions. In effect, it protects the British tradition of parliamentary supremacy under the American-style system of written constitutional rights and strong courts introduced in 1982. Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien also described it as a tool that could guard against a Supreme Court ruling legalizing hate speech and child pornography as freedom of expression. History The idea for the clause was proposed by Peter Lougheed as suggested by Merv Leitch. The clause was a compromise reached during the debate over the new constitution in the early 1980s. Among the provinces' major complaints about the Charter was that it shifted power from elected officers to the judiciary, giving the courts the final word. Section 33, along with the limitations clause, in section 1, was intended to give provincial legislators more leverage to pass law. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau at first strongly objected to the clause, but eventually consented to its inclusion under pressure from the provincial premiers. The clause was included as part of what is known as \\\"The Kitchen Accord\\\". At the end of a\",\n \"title\": \"Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5724247\",\n \"text\": \"Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta) [1987] 1 S.C.R. 313, commonly referred to as the Alberta Reference, was a leading opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada on the right to freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that section 2(d) did not include the right to strike. In 2015, Alberta Reference was overruled, with the Court recognizing a right to strike in the Charter. Background Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms entered into force in 1982. The Alberta Reference provided the Supreme Court of Canada with an opportunity to interpret the scope of protection afforded to collective bargaining and strikes under the Charter. The province of Alberta referred a reference question to the Alberta Court of Appeal, which was decided in favour of the Government of Alberta. The reference questions concerned Alberta labour relations legislation affecting public service employees, firefighters, hospital employees, and police officers. The laws restricted the right to strike: any impasse in collective bargaining had to be referred to compulsory arbitration. As well, the laws designated certain factors that had to be considered in said arbitration, and limited the scope of issues that were arbitrable. The appellants, various public sector labour unions, were granted leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada. Opinion of the Court Justice McIntyre argued that freedom of association is an individual right, intended to protect collective activities that are already protected by other constitutional rights. Thus, activities that are prohibited individually are also forbidden collectively. As such, a trade union does not have a Charter right to strike incident to collective bargaining. The plurality opinion (written by Justice Le Dain) spanned only three paragraphs, and agreed with Justice McIntyre's disposition. The plurality referred to the many types of associations that the Charter is intended to protect, and the importance of freedom of association, but also emphasized the importance of judicial restraint. Chief Justice Dickson, in dissent, also agreed with the characterization of the freedom, but argued that the right is not associated with particular activities but rather is \\\"a freedom of persons to join and act with others in common pursuits\\\". This case involved a \\\"double-swing decision\\\" where Chief Justice Dickson was assigned the reasons for the Court at conference but lost the signatures to Justice McIntyre, who then lost them to Justice Le Dain. Subsequent developments In 2001, the Supreme Court decided Dunmore v Ontario (Attorney General), which rejected a strictly individualized approach to section 2(d) reflected in the majority reasons of the Alberta Reference. The SCC in Dunmore acknowledged that section 2(d) reflects collective, not just individual, rights, and found that substantial interference with the ability of workers to engage in \\\"collective action\\\" would infringe section 2(d). The Alberta Reference was explicitly overturned in Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan, with a majority of the SCC recognizing a constitutionally-protected right to strike under section 2(d) of the Charter. The majority decision in\",\n \"title\": \"Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5835088\",\n \"text\": \"Canada v Schmidt, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 500, is a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on the applicability of fundamental justice under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on extradition. While fundamental justice in Canada included a variety of legal protections, the Court found that in considering the punishments one might face when extradited to another country, only those that \\\"shock the conscience\\\" would breach fundamental justice. Background The defendant was a Canadian citizen, Helen Susan Schmidt, who, along with her son Charles Gress and his friend Paul Hildebrand, had kidnapped a young girl in Cleveland, Ohio. Schmidt claimed to believe that the girl was her granddaughter and that the girl's biological mother kept her in a home ill-suited for a child. Helen Schmidt then lived with the girl for two years in New York City before her arrest in 1982. She was charged with kidnapping, a federal offence in the United States, and with child-stealing, a state offence in Ohio. The same year she was acquitted of kidnapping, but she had fled to Canada before her state trial commenced. She was captured in Ontario and was prepared to be extradited. Being charged for child-stealing after having been acquitted of kidnapping would not violate the double jeopardy clause in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as the states offences are considered separately from federal offences by the US Supreme Court, Schmidt fought the extradition as a violation of double jeopardy rights under section 11(h) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Decision The majority decision was written by Justice Gerard La Forest. After the Supreme Court found that it had jurisdiction to review the case, it considered whether extradition law aside from Charter law was violated. Under extradition law, a hearing in Canada would ascertain if there was sufficient evidence of a crime that could be criminal in Canada as well as in the other nation. It was argued that the extradition hearing should guard against double jeopardy since that was an essential right in Canadian law. However, the hearing is not a trial, and the Supreme Court decided that arguments about double jeopardy are a defence that would be more suited for a trial. The case Re Burley (1865) was cited to demonstrate that Canada should trust the receiving country to carry out the trial. Moving on to consider section 11(h) of the Charter, the Court considered the argument that the crimes of kidnapping and child-stealing were too similar. The Court noted that while the Canadian government's decisions in extradition are bound by the Charter under section 32, the actions of a foreign government are not, which was relevant to section 11(h) since its rights are held against trials and the Canadian government would not be conducting the trial. The Court went on to argue that many other rights under section 11 would also be irrelevant to extradition. For example, section 11 guarantees the presumption of innocence, but in practice, Canada already extradites persons\",\n \"title\": \"Canada v Schmidt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3662856\",\n \"text\": \"The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and Constitution Act, 1982. In full, it reads, \\\"Whereas Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law\\\". Interpretation Writing in 1982, when the Charter came into force, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg noted that these words, being a preamble are limited in some direct applications of the law but can help to determine how other sections of the Charter should be read and applied. In this particular case, however, Hogg expressed concern as to how much help this preamble could be, noting the term \\\"rule of law\\\" is \\\"notoriously vague\\\" and that the mention of the \\\"supremacy of God\\\" can be considered in some contexts as contrary to section 2 of the Charter, which protects freedom of conscience, which Hogg felt would include a right to atheism. In R v Morgentaler (1988), Justice Bertha Wilson defined freedom of conscience as protecting \\\"conscientious beliefs which are not religiously motivated\\\", and balanced the preamble out with the statement that \\\"the values entrenched in the Charter are those which characterize a free and democratic society\\\". In considering the legal implications of the preamble in the 1999 case R v Sharpe, the British Columbia Court of Appeal referred to it as a \\\"dead letter\\\" which the BC justices had \\\"no authority to breathe life\\\" into. The Supreme Court did consider the preamble's mention of the rule of law in Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights (1985), noting that striking down most of Manitoba's laws as unconstitutional (because they were not enacted in both languages as required by the Manitoba Act) might be a threat to the rule of law. This would render Manitoba nearly lawless, and the principle of the rule of law was defined as meaning no one is above the law and that laws must exist, as they uphold society's values. The court therefore confirmed the Charter preamble's importance by stating, \\\"The constitutional status of the rule of law is beyond question.\\\" Consequently, some time was given before the unconstitutional laws would expire. In Re BC Motor Vehicle Act (1985), the Supreme Court also linked the rule of law to the principles of fundamental justice, as illustrated by sections 8 to 14 of the Charter. The court noted the importance of these rights to the justice system, stating that sections 8 to 14 \\\"have been recognized as essential elements of a system for the administration of justice which is founded upon a belief in 'the dignity and worth of the human person' (preamble to the Canadian Bill of Rights, R.S.C. 1970, App. III) and on \\\"the rule of law\\\" (preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms).\\\" Alternate interpretations Some theologians and philosophers have questioned whether the preamble refers to a specific God (the Christian God or Jewish God) or to a more abstract concept that promotes civic virtue (i.e., civil religion). For\",\n \"title\": \"Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18639717\",\n \"text\": \"Canadian privacy law is derived from the common law, statutes of the Parliament of Canada and the various provincial legislatures, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Perhaps ironically, Canada's legal conceptualization of privacy, along with most modern legal Western conceptions of privacy, can be traced back to Warren and Brandeis’s \\\"The Right to Privacy\\\" published in the Harvard Law Review in 1890, Holvast states \\\"Almost all authors on privacy start the discussion with the famous article 'The Right to Privacy' of Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis\\\". Evolution of Canadian privacy statutes Canadian privacy law has evolved over time into what it is today. The first instance of a formal law came when, in 1977, the Canadian government introduced data protection provisions into the Canadian Human Rights Act. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlined that everyone has \\\"the right to life, liberty and security of the person\\\" and \\\"the right to be free from unreasonable search or seizure\\\", but did not directly mention the concept of privacy. In 1983, the federal Privacy Act regulated how federal government collects, uses and discloses personal information. Canadians' constitutional right to privacy was further confirmed in the 1984 Supreme Court case, Hunter v. Southam. In this case, Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) was found \\\"to protect individuals from unjustified state intrusions upon their privacy\\\" and the court stated such Charter rights should be interpreted broadly. Later, in a 1988 Supreme Court case, the right to privacy was established as \\\"an essential component of individual freedom\\\". The court report from R. v. Dyment states, \\\"From the earliest stage of Charter interpretation, this Court has made it clear that the rights it guarantees [including privacy rights] must be interpreted generously, and not in a narrow or legalistic fashion\\\". Throughout the late 1990s and 2000s, privacy legislation placed restrictions on the collection, use and disclosure of information by provincial and territorial governments and by companies and institutions in the private sector. Governing relations with public sector institutions Privacy Act The Privacy Act, passed in 1983 by the Parliament of Canada, regulates how federal government institutions collect, use and disclose personal information. It also provides individuals with a right of access to information held about them by the federal government, and a right to request correction of any erroneous information. The Act established the office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, who is an Officer of Parliament. The responsibilities of the Privacy Commissioner includes supervising the application of the Act itself. Under the Act, the Privacy Commissioner has powers to audit federal government institutions to ensure their compliance with the act, and is obliged to investigate complaints by individuals about breaches of the act. The Act and its equivalent legislation in most provinces are the expression of internationally accepted principles known as \\\"fair information practices.\\\" As a last resort, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada does have the \\\"power of embarrassment\\\", which can be used in the hopes\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian privacy law\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3201114\",\n \"text\": \"Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a section of the Charter that, as part of a range of provisions within the section 25 to section 31 bloc, helps determine how rights in other sections of the Charter should be interpreted and applied by the courts. Section 27 officially recognized multiculturalism as a Canadian value. Text Section 27 provides: Background and drafting In Canada, multicultural policy had been adopted in 1971 following the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, a government body set up in response to the grievances of Canada's French-speaking minority (concentrated in the province of Quebec). The report of the Commission advocated that the Canadian government should recognize Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society and adopt policies to preserve this character. Bicultural was opposed by non-French ethnic minorities communities, particularly the large Ukrainian Canadian and other European communities. In 1973 the government formed the Canadian Consultative Council on Multiculturalism (CCCM) to consult with ethnocultural community leaders. The communities themselves organized an umbrella group in 1980 to lobby the government called the Canadian Ethnocultural Council, spearheaded by Dr. Leonardo Leone of the National Congress of Italian Canadians. These groups lobbied during the constitutional debates for the inclusion of what eventually became Section 27. Lawyer and future mayor of Edmonton and leader of the Alberta Liberal Party Laurence Decore was the head of the CCCM from 1980 to 1983 and is sometimes credited as principal drafter of Section 27. Purpose and application When the Charter was enacted in 1982, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg observed that this section did not actually contain a right; namely, it did not say that Canadians have a right to multiculturalism. The section was instead meant to guide the interpretation of the Charter to respect Canada's multiculturalism. Hogg also remarked that it was difficult to see how this could have a large impact on the reading of the Charter, and thus section 27 could be \\\"more of a rhetorical flourish than an operative provision.\\\" Section 27 can be seen as a declaration of a national value of multiculturalism. In 2002, polls found 86% of Canadians approved of this section. Impact Freedom of religion Section 27 has been referred to by the courts. The Court of Appeal for Ontario in Videoflicks Ltd. et al. v. R. (1984) argued that section 27 should receive \\\"significance\\\" from the courts, and that the section could reinforce freedom of religion (section 2). As this court put it, if a law limits the free exercise of religion, then the law is also of no use in promoting multiculturalism, since it affects a \\\"part of one's culture which is religiously based.\\\" Hence, section 27 demands that governments must respect and tolerate various religions, even if this means that some cultural groups may be exempted from certain things the government compels the people to do, even if this proves to place \\\"inconveniences\\\" on the government. This line of thinking was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada in\",\n \"title\": \"Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41967489\",\n \"text\": \"Women currently make up 14.8% of the Canadian Armed Forces, and are eligible to serve in all occupational specialties. The last occupational ban for females in the military was in 2001. In February 2018 the total representation of women who served in combat arms (crewman, artillery, artilleryman, infantryman, infantry, engineer, combat engineer, and armoured) was reported as 4.3%. No women currently serve in combat specialties within special operations forces. Females who obtain officer status are mainly concentrated in the personnel and nursing fields. Historical overview of women in the Canadian Armed Forces Women have played a role in the Canadian Forces for over 100 years. During World War II, women were restricted to non-combative positions such as nursing, cooking, communication, logistics, and administration. In 1971, following the recommendations from the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, the Canadian Armed Forces sought to expand the range of positions women could fill. Due to this expansion, women became employable as vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. When the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1985, the Canadian Armed Forces’ policies were amended to allow women to serve at sea, in army service battalions, field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons. By 1987, women were permitted to occupy direct combat posts on the ground and at sea. While equality legislation was being passed, the defence minister conducted many trials on Service Women in Non- Traditional Environments and Roles, known as the SWINTER Trials. The minister sought to examine women's performance at positions typically reserved for males, as well as how the mixed gender group performed as a whole, in order to ascertain whether operative efficiency was undermined. Efforts towards equality Achieving equal opportunity through legislation Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1982. There have been no challenges to the equality rights guarantees of Section 15 of the Charter or commenced an action against the Canadian Armed Forces on gender discrimination charges. The Canadian Human Rights Act The Canadian Human Rights Act is considered quasi-constitutional legislation, and applies to federal government agencies and Crown corporations including the Canadian Armed Forces. It acts to prohibit discrimination on specified grounds, such as race, sex, age, religion, and in the context of employment and publicly available services. Achieving Equal Opportunity Through Litigation In Gauthier v. Canadian Armed Forces, three women brought claims before a Canadian Human Rights Tribunal alleging that the Canadian Armed Forces had refused them employment on the basis of their gender, and that this was inconsistent with the Human Rights Act. The Canadian Armed Forces conceded that their policies were discriminatory, but relied on section 15(1)(a) to argue that they should be granted an exception based on a bona fide occupational requirement. They claimed that including women in certain specialized roles could undermine “operational effectiveness” and pose too much risk. Isabelle Gauthier, a claimant working\",\n \"title\": \"Gender discrimination in the Canadian Military\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5400536\",\n \"text\": \"Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the last section under the \\\"Legal rights\\\" heading in the Charter. It provides anyone in a court the right to an interpreter if the person does not speak the language being used or is deaf. Text The section states: Before the Charter was enacted in 1982, the right to an interpreter in a trial existed under the common law, because it was believed to be necessary for natural justice. The right was incorporated into the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960. Section 2(g) of this Act read that a person has a right to \\\"the assistance of an interpreter in any proceedings in which he is involved or in which he is a party or a witness, before a court, commission, board or other tribunal, if he does not understand or speak the language in which such proceedings are conducted.\\\" Unlike the Charter, the Bill of Rights was a statute and not part of the Constitution of Canada. The Bill of Rights also did not guarantee this right to the deaf community. The language right was included in an early draft of the Charter, and the rights belonging to the deaf later appeared in April 1981. The Supreme Court of Canada has said the right also has a basis in Canada's multiculturalism. Canadians' \\\"multicultural heritage\\\" is recognized in section 27 of the Charter. Interpretation The rights implied by section 14 were defined by the Supreme Court in the case R. v. Tran (1994), which involved an interpreter for a defendant who spoke Vietnamese in an English language trial. The Supreme Court found that section 14 requires the translation to be of consistent quality (\\\"continuity\\\") and unbiased accuracy. However, not everything in the trial must be translated if it is not truly important to the defendant's rights. The finding on the required quality came from the purpose of the right, which, based in natural justice and multiculturalism, emphasized that a defendant must fully understand the trial. Natural justice means a defendant can respond to accusations. The Court also stated that the quality of the translation must not be so high that the defendant is actually more informed than those who speak the court's language. People asking for an interpreter must demonstrate an inability to understand the language of the court and ask for section 14 rights to be fulfilled. However, Tran established that this burden \\\"will not normally be an onerous step,\\\" and some courts with a high volume of cases involving multicultural parties will routinely provide interpreters upon request without much if any inquiry as to need. The court itself is also responsible for satisfying the right, and sometimes a section 14 request does not have to be made by a defendant in order for an interpreter to be provided under section 14. Notes External links Canlii.org section 14 digest Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter\",\n \"title\": \"Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"299360\",\n \"text\": \"The Constitution Act, 1982 () is a part of the Constitution of Canada. The Act was introduced as part of Canada's process of patriating the constitution, introducing several amendments to the British North America Act, 1867, including re-naming it the Constitution Act, 1867. In addition to patriating the Constitution, the Constitution Act, 1982 enacted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; guaranteed rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada; entrenched provincial jurisdiction over natural resources; provided for future constitutional conferences; and set out the procedures for amending the Constitution in the future. This process was necessary because, after the Statute of Westminster, 1931, Canada allowed the British Parliament to retain the power to amend Canada's constitution, until Canadian governments could agree on an all-in-Canada amending formula. In 1981, following substantial agreement on a new amending formula, the Parliament of Canada requested that the Parliament of the United Kingdom give up its power to amend the Constitution of Canada. The enactment of the Canada Act 1982 by the British Parliament in March 1982 confirmed the Patriation of the Constitution and transferred to Canada the power of amending its own Constitution. On April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, as well as the Minister of Justice, Jean Chrétien, and André Ouellet, the Registrar General, signed the Proclamation which brought the Constitution Act, 1982 into force. The proclamation confirmed that Canada had formally assumed authority over its constitution, the final step to full sovereignty. , the Government of Quebec has never formally approved of the enactment of the act, though the Supreme Court concluded that Quebec's formal consent was never necessary and 15 years after ratification the government of Quebec \\\"passed a resolution authorizing an amendment.\\\" Nonetheless, the lack of formal approval has remained a persistent political issue in Quebec. The Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords were designed to secure approval from Quebec, but both efforts failed to do so. Part I: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the part I of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter is a bill of rights to protect certain political rights, legal rights and human rights of people in Canada from the policies and actions of all levels of government. An additional goal of the Charter is to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was created by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights was only a federal statute and was limited in its effectiveness because it is not directly applicable to provincial laws. This motivated some within government to establish unambiguously-constitutional-level bill of rights for all Canadians. The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Charter was drafted by the federal government with consultations with the provincial governments in the years leading\",\n \"title\": \"Constitution Act, 1982\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5360904\",\n \"text\": \"Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is one of the provisions of the Constitution that addresses rights relating to Canada's two official languages, English and French. Like section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, section 18 requires that all statutes and other records made by the Parliament of Canada must be available in both official languages. Section 133 places a similar obligation on the legislature of Quebec, and this is reaffirmed by section 21 of the Charter. Section 18 of the Charter places a similar obligation on the legislature of New Brunswick. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province under section 16 of the Charter. Text Section 18 reads, Application Justice Michel Bastarache and fellow-authors wrote of section 18 that it repeats section 133 in necessitating Parliament's statutes being kept in both official languages, and that section 18 \\\"adds that both versions are equally authoritative.\\\" They compared this clause to sections 56 and 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982, which state that English and French versions of the Constitution are equal. Earlier, however, court decisions suggested the equal status of English and French versions was implicit in section 133. Bastarache and his fellow-authors also argued that section 18 implies bilingualism is to be used in the making of the law, and state that failure to satisfy section 18 means any laws are unconstitutional. Challenges Section 18 causes a number of challenges in law making. Someone translating a law from one official language to another will have to ensure that the two versions do not contradict one another. Hence, the federal government has tried to ensure laws are written in both English and French to begin with, as opposed to the usual method in which laws written in English would then be translated to French. If the two versions of a law contradict each other anyway, the equality under section 18 causes courts to interpret them by means of \\\"cross-interpretation,\\\" which means the courts interpret both while referencing the other. An interpretation that most plausibly could apply to both of the two contradictory versions will be adopted. Additionally, the purpose of the law may be considered, so that the version most geared toward the purpose will be applied. In some cases, one version of a law that is more explicit than the other will receive priority. Interpretation In the 1986 Supreme Court case Société des Acadiens v. Association of Parents, Justice Jean Beetz commented on section 18. He called it one of the few language rights in the Charter, along with section 20, that is meant to promote discussion that everyone is able to understand. Section 20 addresses public services, while Beetz noted section 18 \\\"provides for bilingualism at the legislative level.\\\" The New Brunswick Court of Appeal considered subsection 18(2), which requires bilingual statutes and records to be kept by the provincial legislature, for the first time in the 2001 case Charlebois v. Mowat. The court extended subsection 18(2)'s requirement to municipal laws, with reference\",\n \"title\": \"Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4708216\",\n \"text\": \"Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms specifically addresses rights regarding denominational schools and separate schools. Section 29 is not the source of these rights but instead reaffirms the pre-existing special rights belonging to Roman Catholics and Protestants, despite freedom of religion and religious equality under sections 2 and 15 of the Charter. Such rights may include financial support from the provincial governments. In the case Mahe v. Alberta (1990), the Supreme Court of Canada also had to reconcile denominational school rights with minority language educational rights under section 23 of the Charter. Text The section reads: Purpose The Constitution of Canada contains a number of denominational school rights. They usually belong to Catholics and Protestants wherever they form the minority population of the relevant province. The former Chief Justice of Canada Beverley McLachlin once referred to this as an early form of freedom of religion in Canada. Section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 awards jurisdiction over education to the provincial governments, with a few exceptions. Catholics have denominational school rights in Ontario. Both Catholics and Protestants had these rights in Quebec, until abrogated by the Constitution Amendment, 1997 (Québec). Quebec was and is predominantly Catholic (though the effects this has had on the province's politics have changed over the years; see Quiet Revolution). Section 17 of the Alberta Act, 1905 also guarantees denominational school rights for Catholics in Alberta. While the rights for Catholics and Protestants seem to contradict Charter values of equality, section 29 clarifies the privileges cannot be challenged on Charter grounds. It was inserted because the authors of the Constitution Act, 1982 did not want to be held responsible for challenging the old system. As noted in the Supreme Court case Reference re Bill 30, An Act to Amend the Education Act (Ont.) [1987] 1 SCR 1148 (SCC), this clarification is really the only function of section 29. Section 29 does not itself shield the rights of denominational schools from the Charter, since the rights are themselves a part of the Constitution and thus cannot be unconstitutional or subject to Charter review. This line of thinking was confirmed by the Supreme Court in Gosselin (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General) (2005). Interpretation In the case Adler v. Ontario (1996) religious freedoms under sections 2 and 15 of the Charter were used to argue that lack of government funding for Jewish Canadian schools and certain Christian schools in Ontario was unconstitutional, since by contrast Catholic schools received government money. The majority of the Supreme Court, however, dismissed the argument, noting section 93's importance as an agreement made between the founders of the nation to make Confederation possible. Since it was a political deal and not based upon the principle of freedom, section 2 of the Charter could not extend section 93 rights to other religions. Moreover, to find that section 2 could extend denominational school rights would contradict the specificity of section 93, and section 29 indicates such a contradiction cannot exist and\",\n \"title\": \"Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2966495\",\n \"text\": \"Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a section that, like other provisions within the section 25 to section 31 block, provides a guide as to how Charter rights should be interpreted and applied by Canadian courts. It addresses how the Charter applies in the territories of Canada. In 1982, when it became law, these were the Northwest Territories and the Yukon Territory. The Yukon Territory is now called Yukon, and Nunavut was created from the eastern Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory in 1999. Text The section reads, Function As the government of Canada puts it on one of its websites, this means that \\\"[t]he Charter applies to the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in exactly the same way as it does to the provinces.\\\" Hence, section 30 is particularly important in regard to section 3, 4, 5, 6 and 23 rights. Since section 6 refers to rights to \\\"move to and take up residence in any province\\\" and to \\\"pursue the gaining of a livelihood in any province,\\\" section 30 is applied so that section 6 also guarantees rights to move to and pursue work in the territories of Canada. Likewise, section 30 extends section 23's guarantee of minority language educational rights for minority language groups in the provinces to minority language groups in the territories. Section 30 also guarantees that territorial governments are bound by sections 3 to 5, which themselves only explicitly refer to provincial governments. Hence, those in the territories will have the right to vote or run in territorial elections (section 3), territorial governments cannot operate for longer than 5 years without an election (section 4), and territorial governments must sit at least once a year (section 5). The other rights in the other sections of the Charter are also valid and enforceable in the territories. The authority of the territorial governments is derived from the Parliament of Canada. Paragraph 32(1)(a) provides that the Charter applies \\\"to the Parliament and government of Canada in respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament including all matters relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories\\\". Read together, section 30 and paragraph 32(1)(b) provide that the Charter applies \\\"to the legislature and government of each province [and territory] in respect of all matters within the authority of the legislature of each province [and territory]\\\". The content of section 30 dates back to the original draft of the Charter, which was published in October 1980. Judicial interpretation In the case Fédération Franco-ténoise v. Canada (C.A.) (2001), the Federal Court of Appeal discussed section 30 when it rejected the government of the Northwest Territories' claim that the territory now had legal power and independence similar to those of the provinces. (The purpose of this claim was to avoid the obligations of providing official language rights under the Charter, which the federal government has to do but no provinces besides New Brunswick have to do). The territorial government based its theory in Parliament's\",\n \"title\": \"Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"224445\",\n \"text\": \"The implied bill of rights () is a theory in Canadian jurisprudence which proposed that as a consequence of the British North America Act, certain important civil liberties could not be abrogated by the government. The theory was never adopted in a majority decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, and was rejected by the court in 1978. The enactment and interpretation of the statutory Bill of Rights, and later the constitutional Charter of Rights and Freedoms, provided alternative formulations of the limits applicable to civil liberties. Theory The concept of an implied bill of rights develops out of Canadian federalism. When provincial legislation intrudes deeply into fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, association or assembly, the provincial legislature is creating criminal legislation, which under the distribution of powers is reserved exclusively to the Parliament of Canada by section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Provinces cannot intrude in this area; if they do, such legislation is void and has no effect. Since provincial prohibitions touching on the fundamental freedoms of speech, religion, assembly and association were declared unconstitutional by the courts, and in light of the expansive obiters in the leading cases, the writers were able to claim that there was a bill of rights implicit in the Constitution. Some constitutional scholars focus on the Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 as providing the underlying reasons for an implied bill of rights. The relevant part of the preamble reads: Some authors have taken the view that the words \\\"similar in principle\\\" means that in Canada there must be a parliamentary system of government, acting under the influence of public opinion, of a free press, with free speech. Thus, legislation which destroyed the citizen's ability to debate, to assemble or to associate freely would be contrary to Canada's democratic parliamentary system of government. This provides an additional underpinning for the claim of an implied bill of rights in Canada's Constitution. Invoked more often before the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was enacted, it is nonetheless important when questions of parliamentary supremacy and the override power come into play. History Jurisprudence before 1982 The principal cases describing the extent of the rights are considered to include: Reference Re Alberta Statutes Boucher v the King Winner v SMT (Eastern) Ltd Saumur v Quebec Chaput v Romain Switzman v Elbling Roncarelli v Duplessis In Alberta Statutes, Duff CJ held that: Cannon J agreed, and also stated: While Duff's and Cannon's dicta focused on the competence of the provincial legislatures, Abbott J later stated in Switzman that the same restrictions applied to the Parliament of Canada as well, declaring that \\\"Parliament itself could not abrogate this right of discussion and debate.\\\" The concept was expanded in Winner, which held that citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to. Roncarelli later held that public officials were subject to the rule of law, and therefore could neither suspend nor dispense it arbitrarily, but must act within their official powers. Post-Charter\",\n \"title\": \"Implied bill of rights\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2455283\",\n \"text\": \"Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Canadian Constitution that protects the mobility rights of Canadian citizens, and to a lesser extent that of permanent residents. By mobility rights, the section refers to the individual practice of entering and exiting Canada, and moving within its boundaries. The section is subject to the section 1 Oakes test, but cannot be nullified by the notwithstanding clause. Along with the language rights in the Charter (sections 16–23), section 6 was meant to protect Canadian unity. Text Under the heading \\\"Mobility Rights\\\", the section reads, Background Before the adoption of the Charter in 1982, mobility rights had existed by virtue of section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which gave the federal government full jurisdiction over citizenship. Citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to. Only the federal government could limit this right. This implied right was recognized by the Supreme Court in Winner v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Limited, where Rand J. observed: Aside from this, section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867 allows for goods to be freely moved from province to province. Before the patriation of the Constitution in 1982 the governments considered extending this section to allow mobility rights for individuals. However, today the two sections are considered to be geared toward separate purposes. Section 121 remains concerned with keeping Canada economically united, and section 6 is primarily concerned with an individual's freedom of movement. The Supreme Court has compared section 6 to section 2(a) of the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights, which bars \\\"the arbitrary detention, imprisonment or exile of any person.\\\" However, section 6 expands on this right to also protect rights to leave and move within Canada. Purpose Along with the language rights in the Charter (sections 16–23), section 6 was meant to protect Canadian unity. French Canadians, who have been at the centre of unity debates, are able to travel throughout all Canada and receive government and educational services in their own language. Hence, they are not confined to Quebec (the only province where they form the majority and where most of their population is based), which would polarize the country along regional lines. According to the Supreme Court in Canadian Egg Marketing Agency v. Richardson (1998), section 6 is also \\\"rooted in a concern with human rights.\\\" It allows for individual independence and thus dignity. This contrasts with implied mobility rights under the Constitution Act, 1867. Section 6 also grants Canadians economic rights, but only insofar as one has equal rights to pursue work. The safeguards against discrimination in subsection 6(3) shows mobility rights are \\\"largely predicated on the right to equal treatment.\\\" This was connected with mobility rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which, under article 2, are guaranteed \\\"without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.\\\" Dissenting in Canadian Egg Marketing Agency\",\n \"title\": \"Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31212388\",\n \"text\": \"The passage of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 allowed for the provision of challenging the constitutionality of laws governing prostitution law in Canada in addition to interpretative case law. Other legal proceedings have dealt with ultra vires issues (whether a jurisdiction, such as a Provincial Government or municipality, has the powers to legislate on the matter). In 2013, three provisions of the current law were overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada, with a twelve-month stay of effect. In June 2014, the Government introduced amending legislation in response. Constitutional law 20th century Sections 193, 195 (213) The new formulations of section 213 found themselves under challenge in the lower courts within a year, with conflicting results (; ). Nova Scotia's Appeal Court ruled the legislation violated the guarantee of freedom of expression in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, by constraining communication in relation to legal activity (R. v. Skinner (1987), 35 C.C.C. (3d) 203). The Alberta Court of Appeal disagreed, holding that infringement of freedom of expression was a justifiable limitation as no “clear and convincing” alternative was available for dealing with the nuisance of street prostitution (R. v. Jahelka (1987), 79 A.R. 44). The Manitoba Court of Appeal upheld section 195.1(1)(c) on the grounds that there was no prima facie case of freedom of expression (Reference Re Sections 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code, [1987] 6 W.W.R. 289). When referred to the Supreme Court, it upheld the sections (Reference Re Sections 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1123])Chief Justice Dickson for the majority (Madam Justice Wilson and Madam Justice L'Heureux‑Dubé dissenting), agreed that freedom of expression was restricted by what was now 213(1)(c) it did not infringe or deny the freedom of association guaranteed by section 2(d) of the Charter. He also held that it did not infringe the right to be treated fairly when life, liberty and security are affected by governmental action, as guaranteed by section 7 of the Charter. The reference to the court also included the bawdy house provisions which were held to not infringe the guarantee of freedom of expression provided for by section 2(b) of the Charter. Finally the impugned infringement of the freedom of expression guaranteed by section 2(b) of the Charter was justifiable under section 1 of the Charter as being a reasonable limit on a protected right. The justification was set out in three stages: The court must first characterize the objective of the law (a remedy for solicitation in public places and the eradication of social nuisance from the public display of the sale of sex). This was constructed as restricted to taking prostitution off the streets and out of public view. In this respect, Dickson disagreed with the opinion of another justice that the legislative objective addressed the broader questions of the exploitation, degradation and subordination of women. The court must assess the proportionality of the legislation to the objectives; in particular any infringement of rights must be\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution law in Canada\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4303730","text":"Société des Acadiens v Association of Parents is a Supreme Court of Canada decision on minority language rights under section 19(2) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The majority of the Court held that in civil cases in the New Brunswick courts, the parties have the right to use either French or English in all submissions and pleadings. However, they do not have a right to have the matter heard by a judge who understands them in the language they choose to speak. It is sufficient if there is simultaneous translation. In addition to the majority decision, two other justices of the Court held that the parties did have the right to be heard and understood by the judge in the language of their choice, but on the facts of the case, that standard was met. Decision Justice Beetz, writing for the majority, held that the language rights of section 19(2) were different from most other rights in the Charter as they were the result of a political compromise and so must be read restrictively. The right to be tried in court in French does not even imply a right to an interpreter. The only right to be understood would be provided by fundamental justice and sections 7 and 14 of the Charter rather than language rights. Aftermath The decision inspired criticism. Professors Leslie Green and Denise Réaume call it \"troubling,\" noting the division of the Charter between rights to be read conservatively and liberally was not specific and so other rights besides the language rights were at risk of being conservatively read. Moreover, they questioned the meaning of conservative readings and said that even with supposed generous readings of the Charter, it is expected that courts are not making law. Green also argued that when it comes to diminishing rights due to compromise and politics, This decision was eventually reconsidered in R v Beaulac, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 768 where the Court rejected the Beetz interpretation in favour of the case's minority decision of Dickson and Wilson. References External links full text from LexUM case summary at mapleleafweb.com Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Bilingualism in Canada 1986 in Canadian case law Language case law","title":"Société des Acadiens v Association of Parents"},{"docid":"3997774","text":"Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is one of several sections of the Charter relating to the official languages of Canada. The official languages, under section 16 of the Charter, are English and French. Sections 16 to 20 guarantee a number of rights in regard to the use of these languages in the federal and New Brunswick courts and other government institutions. Thus, section 21 clarifies that language rights regarding English and French in the Constitution of Canada, outside the Charter, remain valid and are not limited by the language rights within the Charter. Text In full, it reads, Function Section 21 thus reaffirms language rights in the Constitution in respect to the provinces of Quebec and Manitoba. Although neither of these provinces are officially bilingual, there are constitutional rights regarding the use of English and French in those provinces that are not duplicated in the Charter. Specifically, section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 guarantees that anyone in the Quebec legislature (now known as the National Assembly of Quebec) may speak in either language, and that the records of the National Assembly must be kept in both languages. Furthermore, bilingualism is allowed in Quebec courts. The same rights are guaranteed in respect to the federal government under section 133, but these are repeated in section 17, section 18 and section 19 of the Charter. The Manitoba Act, which created the province of Manitoba in 1870 and is considered part of the Constitution of Canada, contains similar language rights. Section 23 of that Act states that everyone may speak in English or French in the legislature and in Manitoba courts, and that the records of the legislature must be kept in both languages. These rights, too, are not duplicated by the Charter but are reaffirmed by section 21 of the Charter. Comparisons to other Charter sections Whereas section 16 can be used to guarantee rights to those working in government offices to use either French or English, it has been noted that the rights referred to in section 21 do not. Section 21 can be better compared to some of the sections under the heading \"General\" (sections 25–31). This is because it is \"negative in form,\" not guaranteeing rights but protecting pre-existing ones. Like section 21, section 29 protects rights (in this case denominational school rights) that appear elsewhere in the Constitution. Section 25 refers to Aboriginal rights and section 26 refers to other rights not in the Charter, although unlike section 21 these sections recognize rights outside the Constitution. References Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Bilingualism in Canada Language policy in Canada Language legislation","title":"Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"4503327","text":"Montréal (City of) v 2952-1366 Québec Inc, [2005] 3 S.C.R. 141, 2005 SCC 62 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that a strip club has no constitutional right to broadcast music into public streets in order to attract customers. The decision stated that location of the expression was a factor in considering if there was a violation. Background In 1996, the owner of a Montreal strip club on Ste‑Catherine Street was charged for violating a Montreal by-law which prohibited \"noise produced by sound equipment\". The owner challenged the charge on the grounds that the municipal law was a violation of his freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. Both the Quebec Superior Court and the Quebec Court of Appeal agreed that the law violated the freedom of expression and could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. The following issues were put to the Supreme Court: Does the municipality have the power to enact the law? Does the by-law Infringe Section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter? In a six to one decision the Court found that the by-law was valid, that it violated the freedom of expression, but was saved under section 1. Opinion of the Court Chief Justice McLachlin and Justice Deschamps wrote the decision for the majority. In their decision they examined the scope of the freedom of expression and added that the location of the expression was relevant to a finding of a violation. In the current situation, there was a violation. The violation was found to be justified under section 1. They held that the purpose of controlling noise pollution was a sufficiently important purpose and the means available were reasonable. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) External links Text of the Court of Appeal decision Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian freedom of expression case law 2005 in Canadian case law 2005 in the environment History of Montreal","title":"Montréal (City of) v 2952-1366 Québec Inc"},{"docid":"4529532","text":"Gosselin (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG), 2005 SCC 15, [2005] 1 SCR 238 is a leading case of the Supreme Court of Canada on the constitutional protection of minority language rights under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The case was part of a trilogy of minority language rights cases including Solski (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG), 2005 SCC 14 and Okwuobi v Lester B Pearson School Board; Casimir v Quebec (AG); Zorrilla v Quebec (AG), 2005 SCC 16. A number of French-speaking families who wanted their children educated in English but did not qualify under the Charter of the French Language for English schooling challenged the French Charter as a violation of their equality rights under sections 10 and 12 of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Court rejected the claim. It held that the parents were not protected under the minority language rights provision in section 23 of the Canadian Charter. The Court also found that the equality right cannot be used to invalidate other rights under the Constitution; consequently there was no violation. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) External links MathTowne Tutoring Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Minority schools Bilingualism in Canada 2005 in Canadian case law Quebec language policy Language case law","title":"Gosselin (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG)"},{"docid":"36616789","text":"R v Cook, [1998] 2 SCR 597, is a leading Charter decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court held that Canadian police located in the United States were still subject to the Charter when interrogating a suspect for a murder in Canada. Background Deltonia Cook was arrested by US police in Louisiana at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Initially upon arrest he was read his Miranda rights by the US police officers. He requested access to a lawyer but the police never followed through with the request. When the Canadian police arrived they questioned him but it was not until 20 minutes into the interrogation that they informed him of his right to retain and instruct counsel under section 10(b) of the Charter. At trial the Crown sought to admit as evidence parts of the statements Cook made in the interrogation. Cook challenged the evidence as a violation of his rights under section 10(b). Reasons of the Court The court held that acts of any Canadian police force performing duties outside of Canada are subject to the Charter. In this particular case, the court found that there was a violation of the accused's right to counsel and right to silence. These violations were flagrant and the evidence would not have been otherwise been discovered thus rendering the trial unfair. Consequently, the evidence of Mr. Cook's statement was excluded. Justices L'Heureux-Dubé and McLachlin dissented, stating that the Charter did not apply, and that the police were working as part of an American investigation and were acting under their authority. External links CanLII decision Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1998 in Canadian case law Canadian criminal case law","title":"R v Cook"},{"docid":"4428802","text":"Devine v Quebec (AG), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the constitutional protection of minority language rights. Background Allan Singer was a Montreal printer who mostly served anglophone clientele. For over 30 years, his store front had a sign advertising his store that was written in English only. He was charged under the Charter of the French Language for having an English sign. Singer and several others brought an action to strike down provisions of the French Language Charter and the Regulation respecting the language of commerce and business, which required commercial signs to be in French only, as being laws that were ultra vires the province, and in violation of his freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter and section 3 of the Quebec Charter, right to equality under 15(1) of the Canadian Charter, and his right against discrimination under section 10 of the Quebec Charter. Issues The issues before the Supreme Court were: whether the Language Charter was valid provincial law whether the provisions prohibiting English signs violated the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter and if so, could it be saved under section 1 of the Canadian Charter. Judgment of the Court In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court held that the Language Charter concerned a valid provincial matter but it violated Singer's freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter as it prohibited the use of English. The Court rejected Singer's argument that the law restricted mobility as protected under the Charter. The law only established conditions for doing business but did not restrict anyone's comings or goings. On the federalism issue, the Court rejected Singer's argument that the law constituted Criminal law under the Constitution Act, 1867. Though there was a prohibition and a penalty, the Act as a whole it constituted a regulatory scheme directed as the linguistic mode of certain commercial activities, and did not resemble any traditional criminal matters based on morality or public order. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) Notes sometimes called Allan Singer Ltd. v. Quebec Attorney General External links Article critical of the decision \"The implications of accommodation\", Policy Options, May 1990 Canadian freedom of expression case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Bilingualism in Canada 1988 in Canadian case law Quebec language policy Language case law Language conflict in Canada","title":"Devine v Quebec (AG)"},{"docid":"2039116","text":"Chaoulli v Quebec (AG) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791, , was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada of which the Court ruled that the Quebec Health Insurance Act and the Hospital Insurance Act prohibiting private medical insurance in the face of long wait times, up to 9 months, violated the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. In a 4 to 3 decision, the Court found the Acts violated Quebecers' right to life and security of person under the Quebec Charter. The ruling is binding only in Quebec. Three of the seven judges also found that the laws violated section seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. One judge did not rule on the Canadian Charter. The result was a 3–3 tie on the question of the Canadian Charter, so Chaoulli decision does not apply to any other province. Background Having suffered in the past from numerous health problems including a hip replacement, 73-year-old salesman George Zeliotis became an advocate for reducing waiting times for patients in Quebec hospitals. Jacques Chaoulli is a doctor who provided home appointments to patients. He attempted to get a licence to offer his services as an independent private hospital but was rejected due to provincial legislation prohibiting private health insurance. Together, the two men sought a declaratory judgment to contest the prohibition. Court's opinions Three separate opinions were written. The first is by Deschamps who found a violation of the Quebec Charter, but stated there was no necessity for her to rule on the Canadian Charter. A second opinion was written by McLachlin C.J. and Major J., with Bastarache J. concurring, on the violation of section seven. A dissenting opinion was given by Binnie and LeBel JJ. with Fish J. concurring in dissent. . The appeal court's characterization of the issue as an infringement of an economic right is rejected by Deschamps. She goes on to note that the long waits at hospitals can result in deaths and that private health care prohibited by the Quebec Acts would likely have saved those lives. The wait lists, she claims, are an implicit form of rationing, and it is the government's rationing policy that is being challenged here as a violation of the right to \"security of person\" (per Canadian Charter) and \"personal inviolability\" (per Quebec Charter). Deschamps sides with the trial judge, who found a violation of section 7 of the Canadian Charter, but she interprets it as being more of a violation of the similar section 1 of the Quebec Charter. She adopts a broad interpretation, citing R. v. Morgentaler among others as examples of delay in medical treatment as a violation of security of person. She further rejects the dissenters' suggestion that a patient could seek medical treatment outside of the province as too extreme and case-specific. Turning to the requisite analysis to justify the violation, Deschamps points to the \"minimal impairment\" expectation to be the one of the most interest. Expert and witness testimony was examined of which she","title":"Chaoulli v Quebec (AG)"},{"docid":"1602437","text":"Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section that confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed. The section is also known as the reasonable limits clause or limitations clause, as it legally allows the government to limit an individual's Charter rights. This limitation on rights has been used in the last twenty years to prevent a variety of objectionable conduct such as child pornography (e.g., in R v Sharpe), hate speech (e.g., in R v Keegstra), and obscenity (e.g., in R v Butler). When the government has limited an individual's right, there is an onus upon the Crown to show, on the balance of probabilities, firstly, that the limitation was prescribed by law namely, that the law is attuned to the values of accessibility and intelligibility; and secondly, that it is justified in a free and democratic society, which means that it must have a justifiable purpose and must be proportional. Text Under the heading of \"Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms\", the section states: Prescribed by law The inquiry into whether the limitation was \"prescribed by law\" concerns the situation where the limitation was the result of some conduct of a government or its agents and whether the conduct was authorized by accessible and intelligible law. The Court articulated when the authorization would fail for being too vague as \"where there is no intelligible standard and where the legislature has given a plenary discretion to do whatever seems best in a wide set of circumstances\". Where there is no lawful basis for the conduct the limitation will certainly fail. In Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada, the Supreme Court found that the conduct of a border official in singling out homosexual from heterosexual reading materials was not authorized by any law. Likewise, police conduct that was not exercised under lawful authority will fail at this stage. Oakes test The primary test to determine if the purpose is demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society is known as the Oakes test, which takes its name from the essential case R v Oakes [1986] 1 S.C.R. 103 which was written by Chief Justice Dickson. The test is applied once the claimant has proven that one of the provisions of the Charter has been violated. The onus is on the Crown to pass the Oakes test. In R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1985), Dickson asserted that limitations on rights must be motivated by an objective of sufficient importance. Moreover, the limit must be as small as possible. In Oakes (1986), Dickson elaborated on the standard when one David Oakes was accused of selling narcotics. Dickson for a unanimous Court found that David Oakes' rights had been violated because he had been presumed guilty. This violation was not justified under the second step of the two step process: There must be a pressing and substantial objective The means must be proportional The means must be rationally connected to the objective There","title":"Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"23697811","text":"Hate speech laws in Canada include provisions in the federal Criminal Code, as well as statutory provisions relating to hate publications in three provinces and one territory. The Criminal Code creates criminal offences with respect to different aspects of hate propaganda, although without defining the term \"hatred\". Those offences are decided in the criminal courts and carry penal sanctions, such as fines, probation orders and imprisonment. Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories have created civil sanctions for hate speech and hate publications in their human rights legislation. Those claims are resolved through administrative tribunals or the civil courts, and can involve civil remedies such as damages or injunctive relief. The Supreme Court of Canada has rejected constitutional challenges to the hate propaganda offences in the Criminal Code, and has also rejected challenges to the hate publication provisions in human rights legislation. The Court has ruled that while the provisions restrict freedom of expression, the restrictions are justifiable under section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Meaning of \"hatred\" The various laws that refer to \"hatred\" do not define it. The Supreme Court has explained the meaning of the term in various cases that have come before the Court. For example, in R v Keegstra, decided in 1990, Chief Justice Dickson for the majority explained the meaning of \"hatred\" in the context of the Criminal Code: In 2013, Justice Rothstein, speaking for the unanimous court, explained the meaning of \"hatred\" in similar terms, in relation to the Saskatchewan Human Rights Code: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Laws dealing with hatred have to be measured against the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is part of the Constitution of Canada. Section 2 of the Charter protects freedom of expression, including freedom of the press, and also freedom of religion. Section 1 of the Charter guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in the Charter, but also recognizes that the rights and freedoms are subject to reasonable limits, provided the limits are prescribed by law and \"can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.\" Hatred offences of the Criminal Code Origin of the provisions In the early 1960s, concerns were raised by various public groups (such as the Canadian Jewish Congress), by some media outlets, and by some politicians (such as John Diefenbaker, then Leader of the Opposition) about the rise of hate publications in Canada. The federal government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson responded by appointing a committee in January 1965 to study the issue and make recommendations about legislation: the Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada, commonly referred to as the \"Cohen Committee\" after its chair, Maxwell Cohen. The Minister of Justice, Guy Favreau appointed the seven members of the committee: Maxwell Cohen, Dean of Law at McGill University; Dr. James A. Corry, Principal of Queen's University; Father Gérard Dion, professor of industrial relations at Université Laval; Saul Hayes, QC, executive vice-president of the Canadian Jewish Congress; Mark MacGuigan, then a","title":"Hate speech laws in Canada"},{"docid":"2940493","text":"Tremblay v Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530, was a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in which it was found that a fetus has no legal status in Canada as a person, either in Canadian common law or in Quebec civil law. This, in turn, meant that men, while stating they are protecting fetal rights, cannot acquire injunctions to stop their partners from obtaining abortions in Canada. Background By the time the legal controversy began, Canadian abortion law had already been mostly invalidated, as the Therapeutic Abortion Committees were found unconstitutional under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in R v Morgentaler (1988). That case, however, while finding the committees were unfair to women requiring therapeutic abortions, had not resolved the issue of the status of fetal rights. Tremblay v Daigle thus began with two Quebec individuals named Chantale Daigle and Jean-Guy Tremblay, who were involved in a sexual relationship in 1988 and 1989, with Daigle becoming pregnant in 1989. Tremblay beat Daigle, despite being aware of her pregnancy, and afterwards the relationship came to an end and Daigle developed an interest in obtaining an abortion. Among other things, Daigle cited a desire to raise children in peaceful and stable circumstances, an interest in never seeing Tremblay again, and concern for her own psychological health. In response, Tremblay sought an injunction to halt the abortion, arguing he was protecting the fetus's right to life. Tremblay defended the existence of this fetal right by saying that the fetus is indeed a person. When the case reached the Supreme Court, Daigle left the province for the United States to terminate the pregnancy. Nevertheless, the issue was considered important enough that the Supreme Court declined to set aside the case for mootness. They went on to give a decision, which was unanimous and which vindicated Daigle. Ruling The Court ruled that it was not necessary to deal with the issues of Canadian federalism raised by the appeal; the issue of fetal rights would suffice to solve this particular dispute and prevent similar legal incidents in the future. The fetal rights were said to be anchored in the rights to life in the Canadian Charter, the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, and the Civil Code of Quebec. Moreover, it was argued Tremblay had a right to protect his \"potential progeny.\" The Supreme Court considered and rejected all these arguments. As the Court noted, its role was to consider the fetus's legal status; it would not rule on its biological status, nor would it enter \"philosophical and theological debates.\" As far as the Court could tell, there was no legal precedent for fetal rights under the Quebec Charter, and this Charter is written in \"very general terms\" and does not specify whether the rights within it were available to fetuses. Although the Charter does say its rights belong to humans, whether the fetus is a human is a merely \"linguistic\" question that would not solve the issue of","title":"Tremblay v Daigle"},{"docid":"3671389","text":"RJR-MacDonald Inc v Canada (AG), [1995] 3 S.C.R. 199 is a leading Canadian constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada what upheld the federal Tobacco Products Control Act but struck out the provisions that prevented tobacco advertising and unattributed health warnings. Background RJR MacDonald Inc. and Imperial Tobacco challenged the Act as being ultra vires the federal government's criminal law power and peace, order and good government power, and as being in violation of the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Reasons of the court The Court upheld the Act as valid under the criminal law power but found that sections 4, 8, and 9 of the Act violated freedom of expression and could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. There were four separate opinions given. Division of powers The Court found the Act was not colourable. The evil that the law is addressing does not have to be approached directly, and in those circumstances, it would not be practical. Even though the subject was not one that was commonly recognized as being criminal, that does not necessarily invalidate it. Charter issues The majority held that the impugned sections violated the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to say nothing. The mandatory use of unattributed labels was a form of forced expression and so invoked section 2(b). The majority held that the violation was not upheld under section 1 of the Charter. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court) External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian federalism case law Canadian freedom of expression case law 1995 in Canadian case law Smoking in Canada Tobacco case law R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Imperial Brands Medical lawsuits","title":"RJR-MacDonald Inc v Canada (AG)"},{"docid":"4440899","text":"R v Skinner, [1990] 1 SCR 1235, is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (\"Charter\"). Background Dorman Skinner was arrested while trying to proposition an undercover police officer. He was charged with \"communicating in a public place for the purpose of obtaining the sexual services of a prostitute\" contrary to section 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code. He was convicted at trial. On appeal, Skinner argued the provision of the Criminal Code violated his right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. The Court of Appeal agreed and found a violation that could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. It was also suggested the provision may also violate the right to freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Charter. The issues before the Supreme Court was whether section 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code violated sections 2(b) and 2(d) of the Charter, and if so, whether the provision was justifiable under section 1 of the Charter. In a 4–2 decision, the Court overturned the ruling of the Court of Appeal. It held that the provision violated section 2(b) but was saved under section 1, and did not violate section 2(d). Opinion of the Court The majority opinion was written by Chief Justice Brian Dickson. He first found that section 195.1(1)(c) did not violate freedom of association. He stated that the law targets expressive content alone and does not relate to association. The provision does not depend on whether there was an agreement for exchange between consenting individual. Though the law may prevent communication for certain commercial activities it is not sufficient to invoke the freedom of association. In considering the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter, Dickson applies the same reasoning from the earlier Reference Re ss 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Man), which found that section 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code violated the freedom of expression but was saved under section 1. Dissent Justice Bertha Wilson, supported by Claire L'Heureux-Dubé, dissented. She, unlike Dickson, pointed to the Criminal Code reference decision. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1990 in Canadian case law","title":"R v Skinner"},{"docid":"5861954","text":"{| cellpadding=\"2\" cellspacing=\"0\" border=\"1\" align=\"right\" style=\"margin-left: 0.5em\" width=300px ! bgcolor=\"6699FF\" | United States v Cotroni |- | align=\"center\" | Supreme Court of Canada |- ! bgcolor=\"6699FF\" | Argued February 22–23, 1989 Decided June 8, 1989 |- | {| align=\"center\" |- | valign=\"top\"|Full case name: | valign=\"top\"|<small>United States of America v. Frank Santo Cotroni and between United States of America v. Samir El Zein</small> |- | valign=\"top\"| Citations: | valign=\"top\"| [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1469; 1989 CanLII 106 (S.C.C.); (1989), 48 C.C.C. (3d) 193; (1989), [1990] 42 C.R.R. 101 |- | valign=\"top\"| Prior history: | valign=\"top\"|Judgment for the defendants in the Quebec Court of Appeal. |} |- ! bgcolor=\"6699FF\" | Holding |- | Extradition of the respondents is justified; extradition is a minor issue regarding mobility rights. |- ! bgcolor=\"6699FF\" | Court membership |- | |- ! bgcolor=\"6699FF\" | Case opinions |- | |}United States v Cotroni [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1469 was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on extradition and freedom of movement under section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court found that extradition violates section 6 but is a justified infringement under section 1 of the Charter. The case was decided with United States v El Zein. Background The case involved Frank Santo Cotroni, a Canadian citizen who was accused of planning to sell heroin in the United States. He was arrested in Canada and plans were made to extradite him. Cotroni resisted the extradition on the grounds that it was in violation of section 6(1) of the Charter, which grants Canadian citizens the right to stay in Canada. He won his case in the Quebec Court of Appeal, who argued that it was possible to try Cotroni in Canada, where the crime was centred. The second respondent in the case was Samir El Zein, also a Canadian citizen, who gave heroin to two people in Canada who were then caught trying to cross the border with it. El Zein was arrested and the United States requested his e extradition. El Zein also won his case in the Court of Appeal. Decision When the case reached the Supreme Court, the appellants argued that section 6(1) should be interpreted in the way it was meant, to guard against arbitrary exile and not extradition, which may not be a permanent removal and does not terminate Canadian citizenship. Hansard from 1981, just before the implementation of the Charter, was cited to reinforce that point. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court majority decision, written by Gerard La Forest, cited Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act (1985) to say the framers' intent was not binding in Charter case law. Rights can be given generous and liberal interpretations, and the right considered in this case was deemed to be important enough that limits would have to be justified. It was noted the wording of section 6(1) was vague and, if given a straightforward reading, could be interpreted to provide rights against extradition, not just arbitrary banishment. Indeed, the Canadian Bill of Rights","title":"United States v Cotroni"},{"docid":"75074338","text":"Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. v British Columbia [2007] 2 SCR 391 is a landmark Canadian labour law case concerning freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A majority of the Supreme Court of Canada determined that the Charter protects a meaningful process of collective bargaining. Background In 1987, the Supreme Court of Canada decided the Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta.), [1987] 1 SCR 313. The majority opinion in the Alberta Reference indicated that collective bargaining was not protected by s. 2 of the Charter. Facts At issue was the constitutionality of Part 2 of the Health and Social Services Delivery Improvement Act, SBC 2002, c 2, enacted by the government of British Columbia. The Act purported to modify existing collective agreements: as described by the majority of the Supreme Court of Canada, \"Part 2 gave health care employers greater flexibility to organize their relations with their employees as they see fit, and in some cases, to do so in ways that would not have been permissible under existing collective agreements and without adhering to requirements of consultation and notice that would otherwise obtain. It invalidated important provisions of collective agreements then in force, and effectively precluded meaningful collective bargaining on a number of specific issues.\" Judgment The majority concluded that sections 6(2), 6(4) and 9 of the British Columbia Act infringe section 2(d) of the Charter in a manner that could not be justified under section 1. The majority held that \"the concept of freedom of association under s. 2(d) of the Charter includes [the] notion of a procedural right to collective bargaining.\" While this right does not \"ensure a particular outcome in a labour dispute, or guarantee access to any particular statutory regime\", the Court affirmed \"the right of employees to associate in a process of collective action to achieve workplace goals.\" Government action that \"substantially interferes\" with this right violates section 2(d) of the Charter and requires justification under section 1. The majority also made use of international law as an interpretive aid. Specifically, the majority relied on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Labour Organization's Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention. At paragraph 69, the Court stated that \"Canada’s international obligations can assist courts charged with interpreting the Charter’s guarantees\". Subsequent developments In Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan, the Supreme Court of Canada overruled the Alberta Reference. In Saskatchewan Federation, the Court expanded on its holding in BC Health Services, holding that the Charter protects not only the right to bargain collectively, but also the right to strike. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) Canadian labour law Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan References External links Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decision available at CanLII and LexUM Labour disputes in Canada Canadian trade union case","title":"Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. v British Columbia"},{"docid":"5943800","text":"R v Finta, [1994] 1 SCR 701 is a case decided by the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court found that a 45-year delay before charging an individual under the crimes against humanity provisions of the Criminal Code does not fall within the meaning of \"unreasonable delay\" under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The period for \"unreasonable delay\" begins from the point that charges are laid. Background Imre Finta was a commander of the Gendarmerie in Szeged, Hungary, during World War II. After the war, he immigrated to Canada and became a citizen in 1956. Evidence was discovered which suggested he may have participated in the deportation of Jews from Hungary during the war. In 1988, he was charged with unlawful confinement, robbery, kidnapping and manslaughter under the war crimes provisions in the Criminal Code. During the pre-trial, Finta's lawyers, Doug Christie and Barbara Kulaszka, challenged the constitutionality of the criminal charges as a violation of section 11(b) of the Charter. The judge rejected this claim. However, at trial, the jury acquitted him on all counts. On the appeal by the Crown, the trial judgment was upheld including the dismissal of the Charter claim. The Crown appealed the decision to the Supreme Court which upheld the decision in 1994. In the earlier decision of R v Finta, [1993] 1 SCR 1138 the Supreme Court granted standing to intervene to the Human Rights League of B'nai B'rith Canada, the Canadian Jewish Congress and InterAmicus. Opinion of the Court The majority, written by Cory J, found that the delay did not engage section 11(b) of the Charter as the period of \"unreasonable delay\" begins at the time the charge is laid. A delay of 45 years, in fact, favours the accused as the memory of witnesses will be limited. Reasonableness depends, in part, on the amount of investigative work that it involved. Here, where investigation will easily stretch into years, a length of time amounting to 45 years is not beyond reason. Cory also found that the provisions did not violate section seven of the Charter as the delay was not contrary to any principles of fundamental justice. Nor was there a violation of sections 11(a), 11(d), 11(g), 12 or 15. Section 11(g) was particularly notable as it allowed Canadian courts to apply Canadian criminal law for acts that occurred outside of the country, but only where the acts were considered war crimes. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases Deschênes Commission External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1994 in Canadian case law Canadian criminal procedure case law","title":"R v Finta"},{"docid":"4276757","text":"Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 256, 2006 SCC 6 is a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada in which the Court struck down an order of a Quebec school authority, that prohibited a Sikh child from wearing a kirpan to school, as a violation of freedom of religion under section 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This order could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. The case involved a 13-year-old Sikh named Gurbaj Singh, who in November 2001 dropped a metal kirpan at his school, École Sainte Catherine Labouré. This prompted the school board to request certain limits on the wearing of the kirpan, including that it be covered at all times. The Sikh family accepted this request. However, another board, in February 2002, overrode the school board, deciding that the kirpan was a weapon and thus was not allowed under the code of conduct. The council of commissioners agreed with the latter decision, although they suggested a non-metal kirpan could be used. The Quebec Court of Appeal found in favour of the council of commissioners. Decision First, the majority of the Court, whose opinion was authored by Justice Louise Charron, denied that the case should be decided under the rules of administrative law, which required simple reasonableness. The majority believed this would limit the rights under the Charter. As Charron wrote, \"The rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Canadian Charter establish a minimum constitutional protection that must be taken into account by the legislature and by every person or body subject to the Canadian Charter.\" The rule against weapons under administrative law was not the subject of this case. The real focus was how in practise the law banned the kirpan. The Court went on to note that the council of commissioners, which had banned the kirpan, was bound by the Charter. This was because the council was created by a statute and thus received its powers from a legislature. While the concurring justices Deschamps and Abella believed section 1 of the Charter could only be used on unconstitutional written laws, Charron wrote that section 1 can also be applied to delegated power. If the power is used according to the law, it is \"prescribed by law\" as required by section 1; Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice) (2000) was an example of a case in which delegated power was not prescribed by law. Since the council acted according to the law, the Court could now look at the freedom of religion issue. Freedom of religion This raised the question of whether freedom of religion was an \"absolute right\" or had \"internal limits\" aside from the limits under section 1. Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers (2001) was cited to suggest freedom of religion is limited by other values aside from under section 1, in this case the goals of order and security. The Supreme Court noted that since R. v.","title":"Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys"},{"docid":"2374511","text":"Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing believers the freedom to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. According to the 2021 census, Christianity is the largest religion in Canada, with 53.3% of the population (more than half of these are Roman Catholic); one third of Canadians stated that they were irreligious or had no religion. In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom; it was noted that in 2019, a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols. Legal framework Constitutional rights The \"Fundamental Freedoms\" section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: 2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) freedom of association. Canadians are therefore free to have their own beliefs and opinions, are free to practise religion or refrain, and are free to establish media organizations with or without religious content. Canadian religious institutions generally benefit from charitable organization status, which allows supporters to benefit from tax credits or deductions for their financial contributions. According to the Charter's preamble, Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God. This portion of the preamble has not been accorded legal effect in Charter jurisprudence. The constitutional recognition of God has been criticized as conflicting in principle with the fundamental freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed in section 2, as it would disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including atheism and Buddhism. As well, the Charter's preamble recognizes the rule of law, a principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by decisions of individual government officials. Human rights codes While religious freedoms are protected from state interference by the Charter, the actions of private individuals are largely governed by the provincial human rights codes. These codes prohibit discrimination in the marketplace, accommodation, and employment on the grounds of a variety of personal characteristics, including religion. There is also a federal statute, the Canadian Human Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination in workplaces and businesses under federal jurisdiction, such as banks and airlines. The Act prohibits religious discrimination. Case law In 1955, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Chaput v. Romain, regarding Jehovah's Witnesses, that all religions have equal rights, based upon tradition and the rule of law. At the time, no statutes formed the basis for this argument. In the Guibord case in 1874, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, at that time the court of last resort for Canada within the British Empire, ruled that the civil courts of Canada have the jurisdiction to resolve disputes between members of a church and the church organization. The basis for the ruling was that churches are required to comply with their own internal rules and","title":"Freedom of religion in Canada"},{"docid":"3310252","text":"Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (Minister of Justice) [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1120, 2000 SCC 69 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on freedom of expression and equality rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It was held that the Customs Act, which gave broad powers to customs inspectors to exclude \"obscene\" materials, violated the right to freedom of expression under section 2 but was justifiable under section 1. Background Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium is a bookstore in Vancouver, British Columbia, that sells gay and lesbian-related literature. It imports most of its material from the United States, which often caused trouble at the border when material was classified as obscene by Canada Customs and was thus refused entry. The bookstore challenged the provision of the Customs Act prohibiting the importation of obscene material as well as a section of the Act that put the onus on the importer to disprove obscenity. The courts below At trial, the court found that the customs has targeted shipments to the bookstore and attempted to prevent their entry into Canada. Consequently, the government was found to have violated section 2 of the Charter. However, the violation was justified under section 1. Judgment of the Supreme Court In a 6–3 decision, the Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the trial judge and found that though the law violated section 2, it was justified under section 1. The law was thus saved. However, they found that the way the law was implemented by customs officials was discriminatory and should be remedied, an opinion they suggested would avail the bookstore in any further legal battles. They also struck down part of the law that put the onus on an importer to prove material was not obscene. The ruling, therefore, upheld Canada Customs' right to prevent the importation of material that had already been banned as obscene by the courts, but curtailed the agency's right to preemptively or punitively detain material that had not been so adjudicated. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) Censorship in Canada Further reading References External links Summary of case from mapleleafweb.com Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian LGBT rights case law 2000 in LGBT history 2000 in Canadian case law Bookselling","title":"Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada"},{"docid":"3202682","text":"R v Sharpe, 2001 SCC 2 is a constitutional rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The court balanced the societal interest to regulate child pornography against the right to freedom of expression possessed by the defendants under section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; holding, that while general prohibition of child pornography was constitutional, there were some limits imposed by the Charter. The decision overturned a ruling by the British Columbia Court of Appeal. Background After police seized 517 photographs mostly of young boys, as well as sexually explicit stories; John Robin Sharpe was charged on two counts of possession of child pornography, and on another two counts of possession with intent to distribute. Sharpe argued that the relevant provision of the criminal code placed an unreasonable limitation on his freedom of expression, and in a ruling the British Columbia Court of Appeal concurred; Justice Duncan Shaw ruled that the law was a \"profound invasion\" of the freedom of expression and right to privacy found in the Charter. Before its eventual reexamination by the Supreme Court, the decision invited protest, with more than half of the Members of Parliament petitioning the Prime Minister to intervene. Holding In its ruling the Supreme Court emphasized the interest of the government to prevent the proliferation of child pornography and upheld its prohibition (reversing the decision to strike down the statute at-large), while also recognizing the importance of \"adolescent self-fulfillment, self-actualization and sexual exploration and identity.\" -(Paragraph 109) and that also commentated \"To ban the possession of our own private musings thus falls perilously close to criminalizing the mere articulation of thought. \" -(Paragraph 108). Ultimately the court carved out two exceptions to the power, and law: \"1. Self-created expressive material: i.e., any written material or visual representation created by the accused alone, and held by the accused alone, exclusively for his or her own personal use; and 2. Private recordings of lawful sexual activity: i.e., any visual recording, created by or depicting the accused, provided it does not depict unlawful sexual activity and is held by the accused exclusively for private use.\" -(Paragraph 115). Aftermath Ultimately, after the case was remitted, Sharpe received a four-month conditional house arrest sentence, in issuing the sentence Shaw noted \"In the eyes of many he has become a pariah, endured six years of this court case and has no criminal record\". References External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Child pornography law Sex case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 2001 in Canadian case law Canadian criminal case law Section Two Charter case law","title":"R v Sharpe"},{"docid":"220469","text":"Ford v Quebec (AG), [1988] 2 SCR 712 is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision in which the Court struck down part of the Charter of the French Language, commonly known as \"Bill 101\". This law had prohibited the use of commercial signs written in languages other than French and required businesses to use only the French versions of their names. The court ruled that Bill 101 violated the freedom of expression as guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background The appeal, launched by the government of Quebec, consolidated many cases initiated by Montreal-area merchants such as Montreal florist Hyman Singer and West Island wool shop owner Valerie Ford. Following complaints, the Office québécois de la langue française had instructed them to inform and serve their customers in French and replace their bilingual French and English signs with unilingual French ones. They had been fined for violation of the Charter of the French Language and decided to fight the case in court with the backing of Alliance Quebec. The Supreme Court of Canada upheld the decisions of the Quebec Superior Court and the Quebec Court of Appeal. Aftermath In late 1989, shortly after the Supreme Court's decision, Premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa's Liberal Party of Quebec government passed Bill 178, making minor amendments to the Charter of the French Language. Recognizing that the amendments did not follow the Supreme Court's ruling, the provincial legislature invoked section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as the notwithstanding clause) to shield Bill 178 from review by courts for five years. This move was politically controversial, both among Quebec nationalists, who were unhappy with the changes to the Charter of the French Language; and among English-speaking Quebecers, who opposed the use of the notwithstanding clause. Tension over this issue was a contributing factor to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, among other political repercussions. The law was challenged under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Human Rights Committee found a violation of article 19 which guarantees right to opinion and freedom of expression. The State was ordered to remedy the violation by an amendment to the law. In 1993, the Charter of the French Language was amended in the manner suggested by the Supreme Court of Canada. Bill 86 was enacted by the Bourassa government to amend the Charter. It now states that French must be predominant on commercial signs, but a language other than French may also be used. Accordingly, the law no longer invokes the notwithstanding clause. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) Demolinguistics of Quebec References External links Charter of the French language Article critical of the decision \"The implications of accommodation\", Policy Options, May 1990 Canadian freedom of expression case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Bilingualism in Canada 1988 in Canadian case law Quebec language policy Language case law Language conflict in Canada","title":"Ford v Quebec (AG)"},{"docid":"3673396","text":"Dagenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corp, [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835 is the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on publication bans and their relation to the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It was held that judges have a common law discretionary authority to impose publication bans on information revealed in a criminal trial. The judge, however, must weigh competing rights, such as freedom of expression and right to a fair trial, to mizzen the violation of rights. It was further held that the media has a right to appeal a decision of a publication ban. Background Four former and present members of the Christian Brothers, a Catholic order, were charged with sexual abuse of young boys while they were teachers at an Ontario Catholic school. During their trial the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation produced a dramatic mini-series, based on another sexual abuse scandal at Mount Cashel Orphanage, named The Boys of St. Vincent, and it was scheduled to be broadcast nationwide in the first week of December, 1992. The defence brought an application requesting the jury be charged before the airing of the show or else sequestered over the weekend of the show's airing. The judge declined and instead merely directed the jury to avoid watching the show. The day before the airing the defence applied for an injunction to restrain the CBC from broadcasting the show and from publishing any information relating to the show until the last of the four trials were over. The injunction was granted. On appeal, the Court of Appeal for Ontario upheld the injunction but limited it only to Ontario and Montreal, and overturned the ban on any publicity of the show. The CBC and the National Film Board of Canada appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada. Opinion of the Court The majority of the Court held that the publication ban was in violation of the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. Aftermath The Court set out a test for a publication ban to be granted, and this has since become known as the Dagenais/Mentuck test: Smith J stated in a 2014 judgment that: See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court) External links References Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1994 in Canadian case law Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Publication bans in Canadian case law","title":"Dagenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corp"},{"docid":"4667726","text":"British Columbia Government Employees' Union v British Columbia (AG), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 214 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the right to picket as a freedom of expression under section 2(b) of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background In November 1983, the British Columbia Government and Service Employees' Union (BCGEU), of which the employees of the superior courts were members, went on strike. The staff of the British Columbia Supreme Court picketed outside of the court house and only let in a minimum number of people needed for urgent cases. When Chief Justice Allan McEachern arrived in the morning to see the staff picketing he went to his office and issued an order on his own motion prohibiting picket lines outside of courthouses in British Columbia. The issues before the Supreme Court of Canada were: whether the judge could constitutionally enjoin picketing of court-houses by a union representing court employees engaged in a lawful strike; whether an enactment by a provincial legislature or by Parliament could validly deprive a judge of a Supreme Court of his inherent authority to protect the functions and processes of his and other courts without an amendment to the Constitution of Canada; whether the order restraining picketing and other activities within the precincts of all court-houses in British Columbia infringed or denied the rights and freedoms guaranteed by ss. 2(b), (c), 7, 11(a), (c) and (d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and if so, whether the order was justified by s. 1 of the Charter. The majority held that the judge could enjoin the picketers and that his order violated the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter, but was saved under section 1. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) External links Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Labour relations in Canada 1988 in Canadian case law Section Two Charter case law Labour relations in British Columbia","title":"British Columbia Government Employees' Union v British Columbia (AG)"},{"docid":"3491987","text":"Harper v Canada (AG), [2004] 1 S.C.R. 827, 2004 SCC 33, is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada wherein the Court ruled that Canada Elections Act's spending limits on third party election advertising did violate section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms but was justified under Section One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background The 1974 Election Expenses Act prohibited third party interest groups, defined as any individual or group other than a candidate or a registered political party, from spending money in promoting or opposing candidates and parties. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled in Libman v. Attorney General of Quebec that restricting third party spending has a valid object \"to permit an informed choice to be made by ensuring that some positions are not buried by others.\" The Liberal Party of Canada's government introduced Bill C-2 which became the new Canada Elections Act in 2002. Bill C-2 limited third party election advertising maximum spending to $150,000 nationwide, of which a maximum of $3,000 can be spent on a given electoral district. Stephen Harper, then president of the National Citizens Coalition (he became Prime Minister in 2006), launched a constitutional challenge in June 2000 to Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in Edmonton. The court held that sections 350 and 351 of the Canada Elections Act were unconstitutional. The Alberta Court of Appeal, in a 2-1 decision, ruled on December 16, 2002, that all provisions on third party activities, except for section 358, violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Ruling The majority was written by Justice Bastarache with Justices Iacobucci, Arbour, LeBel, Deschamps and Fish concurring. The court found that, though the spending limits infringe upon section 2b of the Charter, the law is reasonable and is justified in light of section 1. The majority concluded that the objective of the spending limits is electoral fairness. The law has an effect in creating \"a level playing field for those who wish to engage in the electoral discourse, enabling voters to be better informed\". In addition, section 3 of the Charter is not infringed because the right of meaningful participation in electoral process includes the right to participate in an informed manner. Without spending limits, individuals or groups can dominate the discussion and prevent opposing views from being heard. Dissent Chief Justice McLachlin and Justice Major wrote for the dissent (in parts), with Justice Binnie concurring. The dissenting justices argued that the spending limit set out in section 350 of the Canada Elections Act is inconsistent with section 2b of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as the third party limits were too restrictive. The limit of $3000 was insufficient to purchase a full-page advertisement in a major Canadian newspaper or to initiate a bulk-mailing campaign within a single riding with Canada Post. Thus, radio and television communication becomes the \"exclusive right of registered political parties and their candidates\". Section 351 should also be invalidated because \"it is keyed exclusively","title":"Harper v Canada (AG)"},{"docid":"5280464","text":"Godbout v Longueuil (City of), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 844 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court found that the city of Longueuil' requirement that all permanent employees of the city must reside within the municipality was in violation of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Background Michèle Godbout was hired as a dispatcher for the Longueuil police force. As part of her employment she was required to sign a declaration that she would reside within the city and if she were to move outside of the city her employment would be terminated without notice. Initially she had lived within the city but soon bought a house in the nearby town of Chambly. When she refused to move back in she was fired. Before the Superior Court of Quebec, the parties argued primarily as to whether the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applied in this case. Judge Turmel ruled that because the employment contract constituted a matter of private law between an employer (here the city of Longueuil) and an employee, neither charters applied, in so far as such rights as granted by the charters can, under civil law be willingly waived by contract. Reasons of the court Justice La Forest, writing for the Court in a plurality opinion, held that the restriction on residency was unconstitutional. La Forest found that the selection of a place of residence was within the meaning of \"private life\" which is protected under section 5 of the Quebec Charter. He held that the city could not justify the infringement under section 9.1 of the Charter, which allows for limitations on the scope of rights. La Forest also considered the question of whether the Canadian Charter applied to municipalities. He found that it did as they were government entities. He noted that municipalities were run by elected officials and were accountable to the public, they had the power to collect taxes, and they had the power to make laws which they derived from the provincial government. In addressing the municipality's argument that the residency requirement was merely a private employment contract and not a governmental function, La Forest J. found that once a body is labelled governmental, that body cannot use colourable devices or organize activities to avoid Charter responsibility. La Forest further considered the validity of the law under section 7 of the Canadian Charter. He identified section 7 as protecting personal autonomy which includes the choice of selecting one's home. At no time did Godbout waive that right, even in signing the employment contract that contained the residency restriction. He further found that the restriction did not conform to the principles of fundamental justice as there was no compelling reason to have such a restriction. Justice La Forest's decision on the Canadian Charter (joined by L’Heureux-Dubé and McLachlin JJ.) does not have legal force, as the six other justices declined to consider the s.7 claim, after likewise finding","title":"Godbout v Longueuil (City of)"},{"docid":"6360738","text":"Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem [2004] 2 S.C.R. 551 was a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that attempted to define freedom of religion under the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the Supreme Court split on their definition, the majority advocated tolerating a practice where the individual sincerely feels it is connected to religion, regardless of whether the practice is required by a religious authority. Background The case arose after Moïse Amselem, his youngest son David, and René Elhadad, in Montreal erected sukkahs on their balconies in a residential building which they owned. Sukkahs are small dwellings in which Jews live during Sukkot, a Jewish holiday, in accordance with the Hebrew Bible. However, those who managed the buildings, Syndicat Northcrest, claimed the sukkahs violated by-laws forbidding structures to be built on the balconies. The Orthodox Jews had not seen this requirement as applying to religious requirements because Christmas decorations and the like were allowed. Syndicat Northcrest denied all requests that sukkahs be built, except one to be shared but this did not however meet minimal Jewish Halachic requirements. Consequently, an injunction by Syndicat Northcrest was filed against further sukkahs. While there was no government action responsible for violating a right, the Quebec Charter is of relevance to personal disputes. As Justice Michel Bastarache wrote, \"the first paragraph of s. 9.1 [of the Quebec Charter], insofar as it does not require that the infringement of a right or freedom result from the application of the law, applies only to private law relationships, that is, to infringements of the rights and freedoms of private individuals by other private individuals.\" Bastarache noted this is what occurred in a previous case, Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc (1998). Decision The majority decision was written by Justice Frank Iacobucci. He examined whether the by-laws violated the freedom of religion of the Orthodox Jews, and whether Syndicat Northcrest's opposition to the sukkahs was protected by rights to enjoy property under the Quebec Charter. Iacobucci first attempted to define freedom of religion, and started by giving a legal definition for religion. He decided that religion is a thorough set of beliefs regarding a higher power, tied with a person's view of him or herself and his/her needs to realize spiritual completeness. Iacobucci went on to note that in past freedom of religion cases, such as R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1985), the Supreme Court has advocated giving freedom of religion a large and liberal definition emphasizing individual rights. In Big M, it was noted there should be respect for religious diversity and no coercion to do something in violation of one's religion. A journal article was then cited to establish this precedent favoured an individual's view of religion to an organized church's. Thus, anyone who claims rights to freedom of religion does not need to demonstrate that they were denied rights to worship in accordance with the manner required by a religious","title":"Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem"},{"docid":"3260680","text":"New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly) is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision wherein the court has ruled that parliamentary privilege is a part of the unwritten convention in the Constitution of Canada. Therefore, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms do not apply to members of Nova Scotia House of Assembly when they exercise their inherent privileges of refusing strangers from entering the House. Background New Brunswick Broadcasting Company, carrying on business under the name of MITV, had made a request to film the proceedings of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly with its own camera or one provided by the speaker. However, the Speaker refused television cameras in the House citing parliamentary privilege. New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. commenced a proceeding in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, Trial Division against the appellant seeking an order \"allowing MITV to film the proceedings of the House of Assembly with its own cameras or by the Speaker providing full television coverage to all members of the television media, or otherwise\". The Speaker joined issue. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation was joined as a plaintiff at the corporation's request and MITV subsequently withdrew from the proceedings. The courts below Nathanson J of the Trial Division granted the plaintiff's claim, and ordered: the plaintiffs had a right of access pursuant to s. 2(b) of the Charter such right of access is limited by the privileges of the House of Assembly, reflected in rules which shall infringe freedom of expression as little as possible the House of Assembly or the Speaker on its behalf shall develop such rules the court will retain jurisdiction to judge the timeliness of the actions of any of the parties and the reasonableness of the rules adopted. the Court reserves the matter of costs The Speaker appealed to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, Appeal Division. In a 3-2 decision, the appeal was dismissed, but the last four paragraphs of the order were struck out. On appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, in July 1991 Gonthier J certified the following constitutional questions to be addressed: Does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms apply to the members of the House of Assembly when exercising their privileges as members? If the answer to question 1 is yes, does exercising a privilege so as to refuse access to the media to the public gallery to record and relay to the public proceedings of the House of Assembly by means of their cameras contravene s. 2(b) of the Charter? If the answer to question 2 is yes, is such a refusal a reasonable limit prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society, pursuant to s. 1 of the Charter? At the Supreme Court In a 6-2 decision, it was held that the answer to Question 1 was No, and it was unnecessary to answer the other two questions. McLachlin J (as she then was) found that, although the","title":"New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)"},{"docid":"2409477","text":"Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like other provisions within the section 25 to 31 bloc, provides a guide in interpreting how the Charter should affect Canadian society. The section's particular role is to address rights not covered by or mentioned in the Charter. The section reads: Purpose As constitutional scholar Peter Hogg notes, this section is analogous to the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads, In other words, section 26 confirms that rights not within the Charter are nevertheless as real as they would be had the Charter never been enacted. According to Hogg, the purpose of this \"cautionary provision\" was to confirm pre-Charter rights will persist. Some rights that predate the Charter but cannot be found within it are anchored in the Canadian Bill of Rights and its provincial counterparts, as well as in the common law. The rights to \"enjoyment of property\" and to have one's rights and obligations determined through a fair hearing and through fundamental justice, are found in the Canadian Bill of Rights but are not duplicated in the Charter, and thus fall under the category of rights referred to in section 26. A notable case in which section 26 and the Bill of Rights were discussed is Singh v. Minister of Employment and Immigration (1985). On one of its websites, the government of Canada claims there was also a more forward-looking purpose for section 26, namely to allow non-Charter rights to continue being created. Rights not included in the Charter but established in the future by Parliament, a provincial legislature, or in international law, will be valid. What rights are not afforded any recognition by section 26 has also been discussed. In 1986, author Dale Gibson argued that the rights referred to in section 26 are positive rights belonging to private individuals, as opposed to politicians and bureaucrats acting on behalf of the government. The reason for this was that politicians and bureaucrats acting on behalf of the government could claim that their \"freedom to discriminate\" could be a freedom protected by section 26. This would, in turn, lead to limits on the Charter rights of private individuals being discriminated against, which would render these Charter rights \"meaningless.\" Still, section 26 is not a means to ensure that all rights forgotten or neglected by the drafters of the Charter are automatically endowed with the same status as rights specifically named in the Charter. This was heavily indicated in 1985, by both a Federal Court and a Prince Edward Island court. In the case Le Groupe des Eleveurs de Volailles et al. v. Canadian Chicken Marketing Agency, the Federal Court ruled that non-Charter rights are not enhanced by section 26, and in R. v. MacAusland, the Prince Edward Island court ruled that non-Charter rights are not constitutionally guaranteed, although they are not limited by the Charter either. Hence, while the Charter in and of itself does not repeal rights, legislatures still can. Thus s. 26 is a","title":"Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"373335","text":"The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (), also known as the \"Quebec Charter\", is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. It received Royal Assent from Lieutenant Governor Hugues Lapointe, coming into effect on June 28, 1976. Introduced by the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa, the Charter followed extensive preparatory work that began under the Union Nationale government of Daniel Johnson. The Charter recognizes that every person on the territory of Quebec is equal in value and in dignity. Since the Charter aims to guarantee human rights and to harmonize the relations between citizens, and between citizens and institutions, the Charter binds the state (legislature, executive, administrative) and applies to private law relations (between persons). The Charter also establishes the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission, also known by its acronym \"CDPDJ\"), charged to promote and apply the Charter, and the Human Rights Tribunal of Québec (French: Tribunal des droits de la personne). The Charter ranks among other quasi-constitutional Quebec laws, such as the Charter of the French Language and the Act respecting Access to documents held by public bodies and the Protection of personal information. Having precedence over all provincial legislation (including the latter), the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms stands at the pinnacle of Quebec's legal system. Only the Constitution of Canada, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, enjoys priority over the Quebec charter. Other Canadian provinces and territories have adopted similar laws. Provisions The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms consists of seven parts: Part I defines fundamental human rights. Its six chapters enunciate fundamental freedoms and rights, equality rights, political rights, judicial rights, economic and social rights, and interpretative provisions. Part II establishes the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse. The commission is responsible for promoting and upholding the principles of the charter by any appropriate measures, including investigating possible cases of discrimination and the instigation of litigation. Members of the commission are appointed by the National Assembly. The commission's staff members do not belong to the Civil Service, in order to safeguard their independence. Part III provides for affirmative action programs. Part IV guarantees rights to privacy. Part V gives the government regulatory powers. Part VI establishes the Human Rights Tribunal of Quebec, whose members that hold the decision-making power are chosen from among the judiciary. Part VII provides the final dispositions of the Charter, as well as some punitive sanctions. Comparison with other human rights instruments The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is unique among Canadian (and North American) human rights documents in that it covers not only the fundamental (civil and political) human rights but also a number of important social and economic rights. The protections contained in the Charter are inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights","title":"Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms"},{"docid":"4468049","text":"Reference re ss. 193 & 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Man.) [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1123, commonly known as the Prostitution Reference, is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and on prostitution in Canada. Manitoba's Appeal Court had ruled the legislation violated the guarantee of freedom of expression in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, by constraining communication in relation to legal activity (R. v. Skinner (1987), 35 C.C.C. (3d) 203). The case was referred to the Supreme court. The Supreme Court held that the criminal code provision that prohibited communication for the purpose of engaging in prostitution was in violation of the right to freedom of expression; however, it could be justified under section 1 of the Charter and so it was upheld. The majority, with both women dissenting, found that the purpose of eliminating prostitution was a valid goal and that the provision was rationally connected and proportional to that goal. Accordingly, the provision was upheld. The justification was set out in three stages: The court must first characterize the objective of the law (a remedy for solicitation in public places and the eradication of social nuisance from the public display of the sale of sex). This was constructed as restricted to taking prostitution off the streets and out of public view. In this respect, Dickson disagreed with the opinion of another justice that the legislative objective addressed the broader questions of the exploitation, degradation and subordination of women. The court must assess the proportionality of the legislation to the objectives; in particular any infringement of rights must be the minimum to achieve this. It was held the provisions were not unduly intrusive. The court must determine if the effects of the law so infringe a protected right that it outweighs the objective. It was held that the curtailment of street solicitation was in keeping with the interests of society, for its nuisance‑related aspects. The decision was later upheld in Canada (AG) v Bedford. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) Prostitution law in Canada References Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Prostitution law in Canada 1990 in Canadian case law Supreme Court of Canada reference question cases","title":"Prostitution Reference"},{"docid":"2932362","text":"Hunter v Southam Inc [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145 is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada privacy rights case and as well is the first Supreme Court decision to consider section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background An investigation was begun by the government under the authority of the Combines Investigation Act into Southam Newspaper. The investigators entered Southam's offices in Edmonton and elsewhere to examine documents. The search was authorized prior to the enactment of the Charter but the search did not commence until afterwards. The challenge was allowed. At the Alberta Court of Appeal, the judge found that part of the Act was inconsistent with the Charter and therefore of no force or effect. The Supreme Court considered section 8 for the first time and upheld the ruling of the Court of Appeal. Reasons of the court Justice Dickson (as he then was), writing for a unanimous Court, held that the Combines Investigation Act violated the Charter as it did not provide an appropriate standard for administering warrants. The Court held that the purpose of section 8 is to protect an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy, and to limit government action that will encroach on that expectation. Furthermore, to assess the extent of those rights the right to privacy must be balanced against the government's duty to enforce the law. In reaffirming the doctrine of purposive interpretation when reading the Constitution, Dickson goes on to make a fundamental and often quoted statement of the purpose of the Constitution and how it should be interpreted, stating: External links Section Eight Charter case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1984 in Canadian case law","title":"Hunter v Southam Inc"},{"docid":"2128284","text":"Gosselin v Quebec (AG) [2002] 4 SCR 429, 2002 SCC 84, is the first claim under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to a right to an adequate level of social assistance. The Supreme Court of Canada rejected the Charter challenge against a Quebec law excluding citizens under age 30 from receiving full social security benefits. Background Between 1984 and 1989, a period of alarming and growing unemployment among young adults, under section 29(a) of the Social Aid Regulation (Règlement sur l’aide sociale), the Quebec government provided those who were single, unemployed and under 30 years old with $170 per month in social assistance, which amounted to only a third of the regular benefits. Full benefits were only available if the individuals would participate in one of three employability programs: On-the-job Training, Community Work or Remedial Education. The objective behind it was to encourage youth to find work or go to school. According to the Supreme Court of Canada, the new scheme was based on the philosophy that the most effective way to encourage and enable young people to join the workforce was to make increased benefits conditional on participating in one of three of the workfare programs. Louise Gosselin was under age 30 during the period from 1984 to 1989. She struggled with psychological problems and drug and alcohol addictions and attempted to work as a cook, waitress, seller and nurses' assistant, among many other jobs. She was homeless periodically, lived in an unheated apartment for one winter, and when she rented a room at a boarding house, she was left with no money for food. Gosselin brought a class action on behalf of 75,000 individuals against the Quebec government for violation of her section 15 equality rights and Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms right to life, liberty and security of the person. As well, she claimed that her social rights in section 45 of the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms were violated. The Québec Court of Appeal was divided but ruled that the regulation did not violate the Canadian or Quebec Charter. Two judges found a violation of section 15 of the Canadian Charter, but only one found that it could not be saved by section 1. Another dissenting judge found a violation of section 45 of the Quebec Charter. Supreme Court's opinion The Supreme Court decided by 5–4 that there was no violation of section 15; by 7–2 that there was no violation of section 7; and by 6–1 that there was no violation of section 45 of the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms (two justices ruled that section 45 was unenforceable in this situation). The majority opinion was written by McLachlin CJ. Section 15 McLachlin, with Gonthier, Iacobucci, Major, and Binnie JJ concurring, found there was not violation of section 15. In applying the analytical framework for section 15 from Law v Canada, McLachlin identified the government purpose was to promote short-terms autonomy among youth.","title":"Gosselin v Quebec (AG)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4303730\",\n \"text\": \"Société des Acadiens v Association of Parents is a Supreme Court of Canada decision on minority language rights under section 19(2) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The majority of the Court held that in civil cases in the New Brunswick courts, the parties have the right to use either French or English in all submissions and pleadings. However, they do not have a right to have the matter heard by a judge who understands them in the language they choose to speak. It is sufficient if there is simultaneous translation. In addition to the majority decision, two other justices of the Court held that the parties did have the right to be heard and understood by the judge in the language of their choice, but on the facts of the case, that standard was met. Decision Justice Beetz, writing for the majority, held that the language rights of section 19(2) were different from most other rights in the Charter as they were the result of a political compromise and so must be read restrictively. The right to be tried in court in French does not even imply a right to an interpreter. The only right to be understood would be provided by fundamental justice and sections 7 and 14 of the Charter rather than language rights. Aftermath The decision inspired criticism. Professors Leslie Green and Denise Réaume call it \\\"troubling,\\\" noting the division of the Charter between rights to be read conservatively and liberally was not specific and so other rights besides the language rights were at risk of being conservatively read. Moreover, they questioned the meaning of conservative readings and said that even with supposed generous readings of the Charter, it is expected that courts are not making law. Green also argued that when it comes to diminishing rights due to compromise and politics, This decision was eventually reconsidered in R v Beaulac, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 768 where the Court rejected the Beetz interpretation in favour of the case's minority decision of Dickson and Wilson. References External links full text from LexUM case summary at mapleleafweb.com Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Bilingualism in Canada 1986 in Canadian case law Language case law\",\n \"title\": \"Société des Acadiens v Association of Parents\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3997774\",\n \"text\": \"Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is one of several sections of the Charter relating to the official languages of Canada. The official languages, under section 16 of the Charter, are English and French. Sections 16 to 20 guarantee a number of rights in regard to the use of these languages in the federal and New Brunswick courts and other government institutions. Thus, section 21 clarifies that language rights regarding English and French in the Constitution of Canada, outside the Charter, remain valid and are not limited by the language rights within the Charter. Text In full, it reads, Function Section 21 thus reaffirms language rights in the Constitution in respect to the provinces of Quebec and Manitoba. Although neither of these provinces are officially bilingual, there are constitutional rights regarding the use of English and French in those provinces that are not duplicated in the Charter. Specifically, section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 guarantees that anyone in the Quebec legislature (now known as the National Assembly of Quebec) may speak in either language, and that the records of the National Assembly must be kept in both languages. Furthermore, bilingualism is allowed in Quebec courts. The same rights are guaranteed in respect to the federal government under section 133, but these are repeated in section 17, section 18 and section 19 of the Charter. The Manitoba Act, which created the province of Manitoba in 1870 and is considered part of the Constitution of Canada, contains similar language rights. Section 23 of that Act states that everyone may speak in English or French in the legislature and in Manitoba courts, and that the records of the legislature must be kept in both languages. These rights, too, are not duplicated by the Charter but are reaffirmed by section 21 of the Charter. Comparisons to other Charter sections Whereas section 16 can be used to guarantee rights to those working in government offices to use either French or English, it has been noted that the rights referred to in section 21 do not. Section 21 can be better compared to some of the sections under the heading \\\"General\\\" (sections 25–31). This is because it is \\\"negative in form,\\\" not guaranteeing rights but protecting pre-existing ones. Like section 21, section 29 protects rights (in this case denominational school rights) that appear elsewhere in the Constitution. Section 25 refers to Aboriginal rights and section 26 refers to other rights not in the Charter, although unlike section 21 these sections recognize rights outside the Constitution. References Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Bilingualism in Canada Language policy in Canada Language legislation\",\n \"title\": \"Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4503327\",\n \"text\": \"Montréal (City of) v 2952-1366 Québec Inc, [2005] 3 S.C.R. 141, 2005 SCC 62 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that a strip club has no constitutional right to broadcast music into public streets in order to attract customers. The decision stated that location of the expression was a factor in considering if there was a violation. Background In 1996, the owner of a Montreal strip club on Ste‑Catherine Street was charged for violating a Montreal by-law which prohibited \\\"noise produced by sound equipment\\\". The owner challenged the charge on the grounds that the municipal law was a violation of his freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. Both the Quebec Superior Court and the Quebec Court of Appeal agreed that the law violated the freedom of expression and could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. The following issues were put to the Supreme Court: Does the municipality have the power to enact the law? Does the by-law Infringe Section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter? In a six to one decision the Court found that the by-law was valid, that it violated the freedom of expression, but was saved under section 1. Opinion of the Court Chief Justice McLachlin and Justice Deschamps wrote the decision for the majority. In their decision they examined the scope of the freedom of expression and added that the location of the expression was relevant to a finding of a violation. In the current situation, there was a violation. The violation was found to be justified under section 1. They held that the purpose of controlling noise pollution was a sufficiently important purpose and the means available were reasonable. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) External links Text of the Court of Appeal decision Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian freedom of expression case law 2005 in Canadian case law 2005 in the environment History of Montreal\",\n \"title\": \"Montréal (City of) v 2952-1366 Québec Inc\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4529532\",\n \"text\": \"Gosselin (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG), 2005 SCC 15, [2005] 1 SCR 238 is a leading case of the Supreme Court of Canada on the constitutional protection of minority language rights under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The case was part of a trilogy of minority language rights cases including Solski (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG), 2005 SCC 14 and Okwuobi v Lester B Pearson School Board; Casimir v Quebec (AG); Zorrilla v Quebec (AG), 2005 SCC 16. A number of French-speaking families who wanted their children educated in English but did not qualify under the Charter of the French Language for English schooling challenged the French Charter as a violation of their equality rights under sections 10 and 12 of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Court rejected the claim. It held that the parents were not protected under the minority language rights provision in section 23 of the Canadian Charter. The Court also found that the equality right cannot be used to invalidate other rights under the Constitution; consequently there was no violation. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) External links MathTowne Tutoring Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Minority schools Bilingualism in Canada 2005 in Canadian case law Quebec language policy Language case law\",\n \"title\": \"Gosselin (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36616789\",\n \"text\": \"R v Cook, [1998] 2 SCR 597, is a leading Charter decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court held that Canadian police located in the United States were still subject to the Charter when interrogating a suspect for a murder in Canada. Background Deltonia Cook was arrested by US police in Louisiana at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Initially upon arrest he was read his Miranda rights by the US police officers. He requested access to a lawyer but the police never followed through with the request. When the Canadian police arrived they questioned him but it was not until 20 minutes into the interrogation that they informed him of his right to retain and instruct counsel under section 10(b) of the Charter. At trial the Crown sought to admit as evidence parts of the statements Cook made in the interrogation. Cook challenged the evidence as a violation of his rights under section 10(b). Reasons of the Court The court held that acts of any Canadian police force performing duties outside of Canada are subject to the Charter. In this particular case, the court found that there was a violation of the accused's right to counsel and right to silence. These violations were flagrant and the evidence would not have been otherwise been discovered thus rendering the trial unfair. Consequently, the evidence of Mr. Cook's statement was excluded. Justices L'Heureux-Dubé and McLachlin dissented, stating that the Charter did not apply, and that the police were working as part of an American investigation and were acting under their authority. External links CanLII decision Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1998 in Canadian case law Canadian criminal case law\",\n \"title\": \"R v Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4428802\",\n \"text\": \"Devine v Quebec (AG), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the constitutional protection of minority language rights. Background Allan Singer was a Montreal printer who mostly served anglophone clientele. For over 30 years, his store front had a sign advertising his store that was written in English only. He was charged under the Charter of the French Language for having an English sign. Singer and several others brought an action to strike down provisions of the French Language Charter and the Regulation respecting the language of commerce and business, which required commercial signs to be in French only, as being laws that were ultra vires the province, and in violation of his freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter and section 3 of the Quebec Charter, right to equality under 15(1) of the Canadian Charter, and his right against discrimination under section 10 of the Quebec Charter. Issues The issues before the Supreme Court were: whether the Language Charter was valid provincial law whether the provisions prohibiting English signs violated the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter and if so, could it be saved under section 1 of the Canadian Charter. Judgment of the Court In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court held that the Language Charter concerned a valid provincial matter but it violated Singer's freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter as it prohibited the use of English. The Court rejected Singer's argument that the law restricted mobility as protected under the Charter. The law only established conditions for doing business but did not restrict anyone's comings or goings. On the federalism issue, the Court rejected Singer's argument that the law constituted Criminal law under the Constitution Act, 1867. Though there was a prohibition and a penalty, the Act as a whole it constituted a regulatory scheme directed as the linguistic mode of certain commercial activities, and did not resemble any traditional criminal matters based on morality or public order. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) Notes sometimes called Allan Singer Ltd. v. Quebec Attorney General External links Article critical of the decision \\\"The implications of accommodation\\\", Policy Options, May 1990 Canadian freedom of expression case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Bilingualism in Canada 1988 in Canadian case law Quebec language policy Language case law Language conflict in Canada\",\n \"title\": \"Devine v Quebec (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2039116\",\n \"text\": \"Chaoulli v Quebec (AG) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791, , was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada of which the Court ruled that the Quebec Health Insurance Act and the Hospital Insurance Act prohibiting private medical insurance in the face of long wait times, up to 9 months, violated the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. In a 4 to 3 decision, the Court found the Acts violated Quebecers' right to life and security of person under the Quebec Charter. The ruling is binding only in Quebec. Three of the seven judges also found that the laws violated section seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. One judge did not rule on the Canadian Charter. The result was a 3–3 tie on the question of the Canadian Charter, so Chaoulli decision does not apply to any other province. Background Having suffered in the past from numerous health problems including a hip replacement, 73-year-old salesman George Zeliotis became an advocate for reducing waiting times for patients in Quebec hospitals. Jacques Chaoulli is a doctor who provided home appointments to patients. He attempted to get a licence to offer his services as an independent private hospital but was rejected due to provincial legislation prohibiting private health insurance. Together, the two men sought a declaratory judgment to contest the prohibition. Court's opinions Three separate opinions were written. The first is by Deschamps who found a violation of the Quebec Charter, but stated there was no necessity for her to rule on the Canadian Charter. A second opinion was written by McLachlin C.J. and Major J., with Bastarache J. concurring, on the violation of section seven. A dissenting opinion was given by Binnie and LeBel JJ. with Fish J. concurring in dissent. . The appeal court's characterization of the issue as an infringement of an economic right is rejected by Deschamps. She goes on to note that the long waits at hospitals can result in deaths and that private health care prohibited by the Quebec Acts would likely have saved those lives. The wait lists, she claims, are an implicit form of rationing, and it is the government's rationing policy that is being challenged here as a violation of the right to \\\"security of person\\\" (per Canadian Charter) and \\\"personal inviolability\\\" (per Quebec Charter). Deschamps sides with the trial judge, who found a violation of section 7 of the Canadian Charter, but she interprets it as being more of a violation of the similar section 1 of the Quebec Charter. She adopts a broad interpretation, citing R. v. Morgentaler among others as examples of delay in medical treatment as a violation of security of person. She further rejects the dissenters' suggestion that a patient could seek medical treatment outside of the province as too extreme and case-specific. Turning to the requisite analysis to justify the violation, Deschamps points to the \\\"minimal impairment\\\" expectation to be the one of the most interest. Expert and witness testimony was examined of which she\",\n \"title\": \"Chaoulli v Quebec (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1602437\",\n \"text\": \"Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section that confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed. The section is also known as the reasonable limits clause or limitations clause, as it legally allows the government to limit an individual's Charter rights. This limitation on rights has been used in the last twenty years to prevent a variety of objectionable conduct such as child pornography (e.g., in R v Sharpe), hate speech (e.g., in R v Keegstra), and obscenity (e.g., in R v Butler). When the government has limited an individual's right, there is an onus upon the Crown to show, on the balance of probabilities, firstly, that the limitation was prescribed by law namely, that the law is attuned to the values of accessibility and intelligibility; and secondly, that it is justified in a free and democratic society, which means that it must have a justifiable purpose and must be proportional. Text Under the heading of \\\"Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms\\\", the section states: Prescribed by law The inquiry into whether the limitation was \\\"prescribed by law\\\" concerns the situation where the limitation was the result of some conduct of a government or its agents and whether the conduct was authorized by accessible and intelligible law. The Court articulated when the authorization would fail for being too vague as \\\"where there is no intelligible standard and where the legislature has given a plenary discretion to do whatever seems best in a wide set of circumstances\\\". Where there is no lawful basis for the conduct the limitation will certainly fail. In Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada, the Supreme Court found that the conduct of a border official in singling out homosexual from heterosexual reading materials was not authorized by any law. Likewise, police conduct that was not exercised under lawful authority will fail at this stage. Oakes test The primary test to determine if the purpose is demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society is known as the Oakes test, which takes its name from the essential case R v Oakes [1986] 1 S.C.R. 103 which was written by Chief Justice Dickson. The test is applied once the claimant has proven that one of the provisions of the Charter has been violated. The onus is on the Crown to pass the Oakes test. In R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1985), Dickson asserted that limitations on rights must be motivated by an objective of sufficient importance. Moreover, the limit must be as small as possible. In Oakes (1986), Dickson elaborated on the standard when one David Oakes was accused of selling narcotics. Dickson for a unanimous Court found that David Oakes' rights had been violated because he had been presumed guilty. This violation was not justified under the second step of the two step process: There must be a pressing and substantial objective The means must be proportional The means must be rationally connected to the objective There\",\n \"title\": \"Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23697811\",\n \"text\": \"Hate speech laws in Canada include provisions in the federal Criminal Code, as well as statutory provisions relating to hate publications in three provinces and one territory. The Criminal Code creates criminal offences with respect to different aspects of hate propaganda, although without defining the term \\\"hatred\\\". Those offences are decided in the criminal courts and carry penal sanctions, such as fines, probation orders and imprisonment. Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories have created civil sanctions for hate speech and hate publications in their human rights legislation. Those claims are resolved through administrative tribunals or the civil courts, and can involve civil remedies such as damages or injunctive relief. The Supreme Court of Canada has rejected constitutional challenges to the hate propaganda offences in the Criminal Code, and has also rejected challenges to the hate publication provisions in human rights legislation. The Court has ruled that while the provisions restrict freedom of expression, the restrictions are justifiable under section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Meaning of \\\"hatred\\\" The various laws that refer to \\\"hatred\\\" do not define it. The Supreme Court has explained the meaning of the term in various cases that have come before the Court. For example, in R v Keegstra, decided in 1990, Chief Justice Dickson for the majority explained the meaning of \\\"hatred\\\" in the context of the Criminal Code: In 2013, Justice Rothstein, speaking for the unanimous court, explained the meaning of \\\"hatred\\\" in similar terms, in relation to the Saskatchewan Human Rights Code: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Laws dealing with hatred have to be measured against the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is part of the Constitution of Canada. Section 2 of the Charter protects freedom of expression, including freedom of the press, and also freedom of religion. Section 1 of the Charter guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in the Charter, but also recognizes that the rights and freedoms are subject to reasonable limits, provided the limits are prescribed by law and \\\"can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.\\\" Hatred offences of the Criminal Code Origin of the provisions In the early 1960s, concerns were raised by various public groups (such as the Canadian Jewish Congress), by some media outlets, and by some politicians (such as John Diefenbaker, then Leader of the Opposition) about the rise of hate publications in Canada. The federal government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson responded by appointing a committee in January 1965 to study the issue and make recommendations about legislation: the Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada, commonly referred to as the \\\"Cohen Committee\\\" after its chair, Maxwell Cohen. The Minister of Justice, Guy Favreau appointed the seven members of the committee: Maxwell Cohen, Dean of Law at McGill University; Dr. James A. Corry, Principal of Queen's University; Father Gérard Dion, professor of industrial relations at Université Laval; Saul Hayes, QC, executive vice-president of the Canadian Jewish Congress; Mark MacGuigan, then a\",\n \"title\": \"Hate speech laws in Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2940493\",\n \"text\": \"Tremblay v Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530, was a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in which it was found that a fetus has no legal status in Canada as a person, either in Canadian common law or in Quebec civil law. This, in turn, meant that men, while stating they are protecting fetal rights, cannot acquire injunctions to stop their partners from obtaining abortions in Canada. Background By the time the legal controversy began, Canadian abortion law had already been mostly invalidated, as the Therapeutic Abortion Committees were found unconstitutional under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in R v Morgentaler (1988). That case, however, while finding the committees were unfair to women requiring therapeutic abortions, had not resolved the issue of the status of fetal rights. Tremblay v Daigle thus began with two Quebec individuals named Chantale Daigle and Jean-Guy Tremblay, who were involved in a sexual relationship in 1988 and 1989, with Daigle becoming pregnant in 1989. Tremblay beat Daigle, despite being aware of her pregnancy, and afterwards the relationship came to an end and Daigle developed an interest in obtaining an abortion. Among other things, Daigle cited a desire to raise children in peaceful and stable circumstances, an interest in never seeing Tremblay again, and concern for her own psychological health. In response, Tremblay sought an injunction to halt the abortion, arguing he was protecting the fetus's right to life. Tremblay defended the existence of this fetal right by saying that the fetus is indeed a person. When the case reached the Supreme Court, Daigle left the province for the United States to terminate the pregnancy. Nevertheless, the issue was considered important enough that the Supreme Court declined to set aside the case for mootness. They went on to give a decision, which was unanimous and which vindicated Daigle. Ruling The Court ruled that it was not necessary to deal with the issues of Canadian federalism raised by the appeal; the issue of fetal rights would suffice to solve this particular dispute and prevent similar legal incidents in the future. The fetal rights were said to be anchored in the rights to life in the Canadian Charter, the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, and the Civil Code of Quebec. Moreover, it was argued Tremblay had a right to protect his \\\"potential progeny.\\\" The Supreme Court considered and rejected all these arguments. As the Court noted, its role was to consider the fetus's legal status; it would not rule on its biological status, nor would it enter \\\"philosophical and theological debates.\\\" As far as the Court could tell, there was no legal precedent for fetal rights under the Quebec Charter, and this Charter is written in \\\"very general terms\\\" and does not specify whether the rights within it were available to fetuses. Although the Charter does say its rights belong to humans, whether the fetus is a human is a merely \\\"linguistic\\\" question that would not solve the issue of\",\n \"title\": \"Tremblay v Daigle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3671389\",\n \"text\": \"RJR-MacDonald Inc v Canada (AG), [1995] 3 S.C.R. 199 is a leading Canadian constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada what upheld the federal Tobacco Products Control Act but struck out the provisions that prevented tobacco advertising and unattributed health warnings. Background RJR MacDonald Inc. and Imperial Tobacco challenged the Act as being ultra vires the federal government's criminal law power and peace, order and good government power, and as being in violation of the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Reasons of the court The Court upheld the Act as valid under the criminal law power but found that sections 4, 8, and 9 of the Act violated freedom of expression and could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. There were four separate opinions given. Division of powers The Court found the Act was not colourable. The evil that the law is addressing does not have to be approached directly, and in those circumstances, it would not be practical. Even though the subject was not one that was commonly recognized as being criminal, that does not necessarily invalidate it. Charter issues The majority held that the impugned sections violated the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to say nothing. The mandatory use of unattributed labels was a form of forced expression and so invoked section 2(b). The majority held that the violation was not upheld under section 1 of the Charter. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court) External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian federalism case law Canadian freedom of expression case law 1995 in Canadian case law Smoking in Canada Tobacco case law R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Imperial Brands Medical lawsuits\",\n \"title\": \"RJR-MacDonald Inc v Canada (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4440899\",\n \"text\": \"R v Skinner, [1990] 1 SCR 1235, is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (\\\"Charter\\\"). Background Dorman Skinner was arrested while trying to proposition an undercover police officer. He was charged with \\\"communicating in a public place for the purpose of obtaining the sexual services of a prostitute\\\" contrary to section 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code. He was convicted at trial. On appeal, Skinner argued the provision of the Criminal Code violated his right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. The Court of Appeal agreed and found a violation that could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. It was also suggested the provision may also violate the right to freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Charter. The issues before the Supreme Court was whether section 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code violated sections 2(b) and 2(d) of the Charter, and if so, whether the provision was justifiable under section 1 of the Charter. In a 4–2 decision, the Court overturned the ruling of the Court of Appeal. It held that the provision violated section 2(b) but was saved under section 1, and did not violate section 2(d). Opinion of the Court The majority opinion was written by Chief Justice Brian Dickson. He first found that section 195.1(1)(c) did not violate freedom of association. He stated that the law targets expressive content alone and does not relate to association. The provision does not depend on whether there was an agreement for exchange between consenting individual. Though the law may prevent communication for certain commercial activities it is not sufficient to invoke the freedom of association. In considering the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter, Dickson applies the same reasoning from the earlier Reference Re ss 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Man), which found that section 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code violated the freedom of expression but was saved under section 1. Dissent Justice Bertha Wilson, supported by Claire L'Heureux-Dubé, dissented. She, unlike Dickson, pointed to the Criminal Code reference decision. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1990 in Canadian case law\",\n \"title\": \"R v Skinner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5861954\",\n \"text\": \"{| cellpadding=\\\"2\\\" cellspacing=\\\"0\\\" border=\\\"1\\\" align=\\\"right\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 0.5em\\\" width=300px ! bgcolor=\\\"6699FF\\\" | United States v Cotroni |- | align=\\\"center\\\" | Supreme Court of Canada |- ! bgcolor=\\\"6699FF\\\" | Argued February 22–23, 1989 Decided June 8, 1989 |- | {| align=\\\"center\\\" |- | valign=\\\"top\\\"|Full case name: | valign=\\\"top\\\"|<small>United States of America v. Frank Santo Cotroni and between United States of America v. Samir El Zein</small> |- | valign=\\\"top\\\"| Citations: | valign=\\\"top\\\"| [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1469; 1989 CanLII 106 (S.C.C.); (1989), 48 C.C.C. (3d) 193; (1989), [1990] 42 C.R.R. 101 |- | valign=\\\"top\\\"| Prior history: | valign=\\\"top\\\"|Judgment for the defendants in the Quebec Court of Appeal. |} |- ! bgcolor=\\\"6699FF\\\" | Holding |- | Extradition of the respondents is justified; extradition is a minor issue regarding mobility rights. |- ! bgcolor=\\\"6699FF\\\" | Court membership |- | |- ! bgcolor=\\\"6699FF\\\" | Case opinions |- | |}United States v Cotroni [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1469 was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on extradition and freedom of movement under section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court found that extradition violates section 6 but is a justified infringement under section 1 of the Charter. The case was decided with United States v El Zein. Background The case involved Frank Santo Cotroni, a Canadian citizen who was accused of planning to sell heroin in the United States. He was arrested in Canada and plans were made to extradite him. Cotroni resisted the extradition on the grounds that it was in violation of section 6(1) of the Charter, which grants Canadian citizens the right to stay in Canada. He won his case in the Quebec Court of Appeal, who argued that it was possible to try Cotroni in Canada, where the crime was centred. The second respondent in the case was Samir El Zein, also a Canadian citizen, who gave heroin to two people in Canada who were then caught trying to cross the border with it. El Zein was arrested and the United States requested his e extradition. El Zein also won his case in the Court of Appeal. Decision When the case reached the Supreme Court, the appellants argued that section 6(1) should be interpreted in the way it was meant, to guard against arbitrary exile and not extradition, which may not be a permanent removal and does not terminate Canadian citizenship. Hansard from 1981, just before the implementation of the Charter, was cited to reinforce that point. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court majority decision, written by Gerard La Forest, cited Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act (1985) to say the framers' intent was not binding in Charter case law. Rights can be given generous and liberal interpretations, and the right considered in this case was deemed to be important enough that limits would have to be justified. It was noted the wording of section 6(1) was vague and, if given a straightforward reading, could be interpreted to provide rights against extradition, not just arbitrary banishment. Indeed, the Canadian Bill of Rights\",\n \"title\": \"United States v Cotroni\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75074338\",\n \"text\": \"Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. v British Columbia [2007] 2 SCR 391 is a landmark Canadian labour law case concerning freedom of association under section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A majority of the Supreme Court of Canada determined that the Charter protects a meaningful process of collective bargaining. Background In 1987, the Supreme Court of Canada decided the Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta.), [1987] 1 SCR 313. The majority opinion in the Alberta Reference indicated that collective bargaining was not protected by s. 2 of the Charter. Facts At issue was the constitutionality of Part 2 of the Health and Social Services Delivery Improvement Act, SBC 2002, c 2, enacted by the government of British Columbia. The Act purported to modify existing collective agreements: as described by the majority of the Supreme Court of Canada, \\\"Part 2 gave health care employers greater flexibility to organize their relations with their employees as they see fit, and in some cases, to do so in ways that would not have been permissible under existing collective agreements and without adhering to requirements of consultation and notice that would otherwise obtain. It invalidated important provisions of collective agreements then in force, and effectively precluded meaningful collective bargaining on a number of specific issues.\\\" Judgment The majority concluded that sections 6(2), 6(4) and 9 of the British Columbia Act infringe section 2(d) of the Charter in a manner that could not be justified under section 1. The majority held that \\\"the concept of freedom of association under s. 2(d) of the Charter includes [the] notion of a procedural right to collective bargaining.\\\" While this right does not \\\"ensure a particular outcome in a labour dispute, or guarantee access to any particular statutory regime\\\", the Court affirmed \\\"the right of employees to associate in a process of collective action to achieve workplace goals.\\\" Government action that \\\"substantially interferes\\\" with this right violates section 2(d) of the Charter and requires justification under section 1. The majority also made use of international law as an interpretive aid. Specifically, the majority relied on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Labour Organization's Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention. At paragraph 69, the Court stated that \\\"Canada’s international obligations can assist courts charged with interpreting the Charter’s guarantees\\\". Subsequent developments In Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan, the Supreme Court of Canada overruled the Alberta Reference. In Saskatchewan Federation, the Court expanded on its holding in BC Health Services, holding that the Charter protects not only the right to bargain collectively, but also the right to strike. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) Canadian labour law Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan References External links Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decision available at CanLII and LexUM Labour disputes in Canada Canadian trade union case\",\n \"title\": \"Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. v British Columbia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5943800\",\n \"text\": \"R v Finta, [1994] 1 SCR 701 is a case decided by the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court found that a 45-year delay before charging an individual under the crimes against humanity provisions of the Criminal Code does not fall within the meaning of \\\"unreasonable delay\\\" under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The period for \\\"unreasonable delay\\\" begins from the point that charges are laid. Background Imre Finta was a commander of the Gendarmerie in Szeged, Hungary, during World War II. After the war, he immigrated to Canada and became a citizen in 1956. Evidence was discovered which suggested he may have participated in the deportation of Jews from Hungary during the war. In 1988, he was charged with unlawful confinement, robbery, kidnapping and manslaughter under the war crimes provisions in the Criminal Code. During the pre-trial, Finta's lawyers, Doug Christie and Barbara Kulaszka, challenged the constitutionality of the criminal charges as a violation of section 11(b) of the Charter. The judge rejected this claim. However, at trial, the jury acquitted him on all counts. On the appeal by the Crown, the trial judgment was upheld including the dismissal of the Charter claim. The Crown appealed the decision to the Supreme Court which upheld the decision in 1994. In the earlier decision of R v Finta, [1993] 1 SCR 1138 the Supreme Court granted standing to intervene to the Human Rights League of B'nai B'rith Canada, the Canadian Jewish Congress and InterAmicus. Opinion of the Court The majority, written by Cory J, found that the delay did not engage section 11(b) of the Charter as the period of \\\"unreasonable delay\\\" begins at the time the charge is laid. A delay of 45 years, in fact, favours the accused as the memory of witnesses will be limited. Reasonableness depends, in part, on the amount of investigative work that it involved. Here, where investigation will easily stretch into years, a length of time amounting to 45 years is not beyond reason. Cory also found that the provisions did not violate section seven of the Charter as the delay was not contrary to any principles of fundamental justice. Nor was there a violation of sections 11(a), 11(d), 11(g), 12 or 15. Section 11(g) was particularly notable as it allowed Canadian courts to apply Canadian criminal law for acts that occurred outside of the country, but only where the acts were considered war crimes. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases Deschênes Commission External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1994 in Canadian case law Canadian criminal procedure case law\",\n \"title\": \"R v Finta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4276757\",\n \"text\": \"Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 256, 2006 SCC 6 is a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada in which the Court struck down an order of a Quebec school authority, that prohibited a Sikh child from wearing a kirpan to school, as a violation of freedom of religion under section 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This order could not be saved under section 1 of the Charter. The case involved a 13-year-old Sikh named Gurbaj Singh, who in November 2001 dropped a metal kirpan at his school, École Sainte Catherine Labouré. This prompted the school board to request certain limits on the wearing of the kirpan, including that it be covered at all times. The Sikh family accepted this request. However, another board, in February 2002, overrode the school board, deciding that the kirpan was a weapon and thus was not allowed under the code of conduct. The council of commissioners agreed with the latter decision, although they suggested a non-metal kirpan could be used. The Quebec Court of Appeal found in favour of the council of commissioners. Decision First, the majority of the Court, whose opinion was authored by Justice Louise Charron, denied that the case should be decided under the rules of administrative law, which required simple reasonableness. The majority believed this would limit the rights under the Charter. As Charron wrote, \\\"The rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Canadian Charter establish a minimum constitutional protection that must be taken into account by the legislature and by every person or body subject to the Canadian Charter.\\\" The rule against weapons under administrative law was not the subject of this case. The real focus was how in practise the law banned the kirpan. The Court went on to note that the council of commissioners, which had banned the kirpan, was bound by the Charter. This was because the council was created by a statute and thus received its powers from a legislature. While the concurring justices Deschamps and Abella believed section 1 of the Charter could only be used on unconstitutional written laws, Charron wrote that section 1 can also be applied to delegated power. If the power is used according to the law, it is \\\"prescribed by law\\\" as required by section 1; Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice) (2000) was an example of a case in which delegated power was not prescribed by law. Since the council acted according to the law, the Court could now look at the freedom of religion issue. Freedom of religion This raised the question of whether freedom of religion was an \\\"absolute right\\\" or had \\\"internal limits\\\" aside from the limits under section 1. Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers (2001) was cited to suggest freedom of religion is limited by other values aside from under section 1, in this case the goals of order and security. The Supreme Court noted that since R. v.\",\n \"title\": \"Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2374511\",\n \"text\": \"Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing believers the freedom to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. According to the 2021 census, Christianity is the largest religion in Canada, with 53.3% of the population (more than half of these are Roman Catholic); one third of Canadians stated that they were irreligious or had no religion. In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom; it was noted that in 2019, a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols. Legal framework Constitutional rights The \\\"Fundamental Freedoms\\\" section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: 2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) freedom of association. Canadians are therefore free to have their own beliefs and opinions, are free to practise religion or refrain, and are free to establish media organizations with or without religious content. Canadian religious institutions generally benefit from charitable organization status, which allows supporters to benefit from tax credits or deductions for their financial contributions. According to the Charter's preamble, Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God. This portion of the preamble has not been accorded legal effect in Charter jurisprudence. The constitutional recognition of God has been criticized as conflicting in principle with the fundamental freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed in section 2, as it would disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including atheism and Buddhism. As well, the Charter's preamble recognizes the rule of law, a principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by decisions of individual government officials. Human rights codes While religious freedoms are protected from state interference by the Charter, the actions of private individuals are largely governed by the provincial human rights codes. These codes prohibit discrimination in the marketplace, accommodation, and employment on the grounds of a variety of personal characteristics, including religion. There is also a federal statute, the Canadian Human Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination in workplaces and businesses under federal jurisdiction, such as banks and airlines. The Act prohibits religious discrimination. Case law In 1955, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Chaput v. Romain, regarding Jehovah's Witnesses, that all religions have equal rights, based upon tradition and the rule of law. At the time, no statutes formed the basis for this argument. In the Guibord case in 1874, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, at that time the court of last resort for Canada within the British Empire, ruled that the civil courts of Canada have the jurisdiction to resolve disputes between members of a church and the church organization. The basis for the ruling was that churches are required to comply with their own internal rules and\",\n \"title\": \"Freedom of religion in Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3310252\",\n \"text\": \"Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (Minister of Justice) [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1120, 2000 SCC 69 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on freedom of expression and equality rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It was held that the Customs Act, which gave broad powers to customs inspectors to exclude \\\"obscene\\\" materials, violated the right to freedom of expression under section 2 but was justifiable under section 1. Background Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium is a bookstore in Vancouver, British Columbia, that sells gay and lesbian-related literature. It imports most of its material from the United States, which often caused trouble at the border when material was classified as obscene by Canada Customs and was thus refused entry. The bookstore challenged the provision of the Customs Act prohibiting the importation of obscene material as well as a section of the Act that put the onus on the importer to disprove obscenity. The courts below At trial, the court found that the customs has targeted shipments to the bookstore and attempted to prevent their entry into Canada. Consequently, the government was found to have violated section 2 of the Charter. However, the violation was justified under section 1. Judgment of the Supreme Court In a 6–3 decision, the Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the trial judge and found that though the law violated section 2, it was justified under section 1. The law was thus saved. However, they found that the way the law was implemented by customs officials was discriminatory and should be remedied, an opinion they suggested would avail the bookstore in any further legal battles. They also struck down part of the law that put the onus on an importer to prove material was not obscene. The ruling, therefore, upheld Canada Customs' right to prevent the importation of material that had already been banned as obscene by the courts, but curtailed the agency's right to preemptively or punitively detain material that had not been so adjudicated. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court) Censorship in Canada Further reading References External links Summary of case from mapleleafweb.com Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian LGBT rights case law 2000 in LGBT history 2000 in Canadian case law Bookselling\",\n \"title\": \"Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3202682\",\n \"text\": \"R v Sharpe, 2001 SCC 2 is a constitutional rights decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The court balanced the societal interest to regulate child pornography against the right to freedom of expression possessed by the defendants under section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; holding, that while general prohibition of child pornography was constitutional, there were some limits imposed by the Charter. The decision overturned a ruling by the British Columbia Court of Appeal. Background After police seized 517 photographs mostly of young boys, as well as sexually explicit stories; John Robin Sharpe was charged on two counts of possession of child pornography, and on another two counts of possession with intent to distribute. Sharpe argued that the relevant provision of the criminal code placed an unreasonable limitation on his freedom of expression, and in a ruling the British Columbia Court of Appeal concurred; Justice Duncan Shaw ruled that the law was a \\\"profound invasion\\\" of the freedom of expression and right to privacy found in the Charter. Before its eventual reexamination by the Supreme Court, the decision invited protest, with more than half of the Members of Parliament petitioning the Prime Minister to intervene. Holding In its ruling the Supreme Court emphasized the interest of the government to prevent the proliferation of child pornography and upheld its prohibition (reversing the decision to strike down the statute at-large), while also recognizing the importance of \\\"adolescent self-fulfillment, self-actualization and sexual exploration and identity.\\\" -(Paragraph 109) and that also commentated \\\"To ban the possession of our own private musings thus falls perilously close to criminalizing the mere articulation of thought. \\\" -(Paragraph 108). Ultimately the court carved out two exceptions to the power, and law: \\\"1. Self-created expressive material: i.e., any written material or visual representation created by the accused alone, and held by the accused alone, exclusively for his or her own personal use; and 2. Private recordings of lawful sexual activity: i.e., any visual recording, created by or depicting the accused, provided it does not depict unlawful sexual activity and is held by the accused exclusively for private use.\\\" -(Paragraph 115). Aftermath Ultimately, after the case was remitted, Sharpe received a four-month conditional house arrest sentence, in issuing the sentence Shaw noted \\\"In the eyes of many he has become a pariah, endured six years of this court case and has no criminal record\\\". References External links Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Child pornography law Sex case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 2001 in Canadian case law Canadian criminal case law Section Two Charter case law\",\n \"title\": \"R v Sharpe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"220469\",\n \"text\": \"Ford v Quebec (AG), [1988] 2 SCR 712 is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision in which the Court struck down part of the Charter of the French Language, commonly known as \\\"Bill 101\\\". This law had prohibited the use of commercial signs written in languages other than French and required businesses to use only the French versions of their names. The court ruled that Bill 101 violated the freedom of expression as guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background The appeal, launched by the government of Quebec, consolidated many cases initiated by Montreal-area merchants such as Montreal florist Hyman Singer and West Island wool shop owner Valerie Ford. Following complaints, the Office québécois de la langue française had instructed them to inform and serve their customers in French and replace their bilingual French and English signs with unilingual French ones. They had been fined for violation of the Charter of the French Language and decided to fight the case in court with the backing of Alliance Quebec. The Supreme Court of Canada upheld the decisions of the Quebec Superior Court and the Quebec Court of Appeal. Aftermath In late 1989, shortly after the Supreme Court's decision, Premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa's Liberal Party of Quebec government passed Bill 178, making minor amendments to the Charter of the French Language. Recognizing that the amendments did not follow the Supreme Court's ruling, the provincial legislature invoked section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as the notwithstanding clause) to shield Bill 178 from review by courts for five years. This move was politically controversial, both among Quebec nationalists, who were unhappy with the changes to the Charter of the French Language; and among English-speaking Quebecers, who opposed the use of the notwithstanding clause. Tension over this issue was a contributing factor to the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, among other political repercussions. The law was challenged under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Human Rights Committee found a violation of article 19 which guarantees right to opinion and freedom of expression. The State was ordered to remedy the violation by an amendment to the law. In 1993, the Charter of the French Language was amended in the manner suggested by the Supreme Court of Canada. Bill 86 was enacted by the Bourassa government to amend the Charter. It now states that French must be predominant on commercial signs, but a language other than French may also be used. Accordingly, the law no longer invokes the notwithstanding clause. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) Demolinguistics of Quebec References External links Charter of the French language Article critical of the decision \\\"The implications of accommodation\\\", Policy Options, May 1990 Canadian freedom of expression case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Bilingualism in Canada 1988 in Canadian case law Quebec language policy Language case law Language conflict in Canada\",\n \"title\": \"Ford v Quebec (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3673396\",\n \"text\": \"Dagenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corp, [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835 is the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on publication bans and their relation to the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It was held that judges have a common law discretionary authority to impose publication bans on information revealed in a criminal trial. The judge, however, must weigh competing rights, such as freedom of expression and right to a fair trial, to mizzen the violation of rights. It was further held that the media has a right to appeal a decision of a publication ban. Background Four former and present members of the Christian Brothers, a Catholic order, were charged with sexual abuse of young boys while they were teachers at an Ontario Catholic school. During their trial the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation produced a dramatic mini-series, based on another sexual abuse scandal at Mount Cashel Orphanage, named The Boys of St. Vincent, and it was scheduled to be broadcast nationwide in the first week of December, 1992. The defence brought an application requesting the jury be charged before the airing of the show or else sequestered over the weekend of the show's airing. The judge declined and instead merely directed the jury to avoid watching the show. The day before the airing the defence applied for an injunction to restrain the CBC from broadcasting the show and from publishing any information relating to the show until the last of the four trials were over. The injunction was granted. On appeal, the Court of Appeal for Ontario upheld the injunction but limited it only to Ontario and Montreal, and overturned the ban on any publicity of the show. The CBC and the National Film Board of Canada appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada. Opinion of the Court The majority of the Court held that the publication ban was in violation of the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter. Aftermath The Court set out a test for a publication ban to be granted, and this has since become known as the Dagenais/Mentuck test: Smith J stated in a 2014 judgment that: See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court) External links References Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1994 in Canadian case law Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Publication bans in Canadian case law\",\n \"title\": \"Dagenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4667726\",\n \"text\": \"British Columbia Government Employees' Union v British Columbia (AG), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 214 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the right to picket as a freedom of expression under section 2(b) of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background In November 1983, the British Columbia Government and Service Employees' Union (BCGEU), of which the employees of the superior courts were members, went on strike. The staff of the British Columbia Supreme Court picketed outside of the court house and only let in a minimum number of people needed for urgent cases. When Chief Justice Allan McEachern arrived in the morning to see the staff picketing he went to his office and issued an order on his own motion prohibiting picket lines outside of courthouses in British Columbia. The issues before the Supreme Court of Canada were: whether the judge could constitutionally enjoin picketing of court-houses by a union representing court employees engaged in a lawful strike; whether an enactment by a provincial legislature or by Parliament could validly deprive a judge of a Supreme Court of his inherent authority to protect the functions and processes of his and other courts without an amendment to the Constitution of Canada; whether the order restraining picketing and other activities within the precincts of all court-houses in British Columbia infringed or denied the rights and freedoms guaranteed by ss. 2(b), (c), 7, 11(a), (c) and (d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and if so, whether the order was justified by s. 1 of the Charter. The majority held that the judge could enjoin the picketers and that his order violated the freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Charter, but was saved under section 1. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) External links Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Labour relations in Canada 1988 in Canadian case law Section Two Charter case law Labour relations in British Columbia\",\n \"title\": \"British Columbia Government Employees' Union v British Columbia (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3491987\",\n \"text\": \"Harper v Canada (AG), [2004] 1 S.C.R. 827, 2004 SCC 33, is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada wherein the Court ruled that Canada Elections Act's spending limits on third party election advertising did violate section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms but was justified under Section One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background The 1974 Election Expenses Act prohibited third party interest groups, defined as any individual or group other than a candidate or a registered political party, from spending money in promoting or opposing candidates and parties. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled in Libman v. Attorney General of Quebec that restricting third party spending has a valid object \\\"to permit an informed choice to be made by ensuring that some positions are not buried by others.\\\" The Liberal Party of Canada's government introduced Bill C-2 which became the new Canada Elections Act in 2002. Bill C-2 limited third party election advertising maximum spending to $150,000 nationwide, of which a maximum of $3,000 can be spent on a given electoral district. Stephen Harper, then president of the National Citizens Coalition (he became Prime Minister in 2006), launched a constitutional challenge in June 2000 to Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in Edmonton. The court held that sections 350 and 351 of the Canada Elections Act were unconstitutional. The Alberta Court of Appeal, in a 2-1 decision, ruled on December 16, 2002, that all provisions on third party activities, except for section 358, violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Ruling The majority was written by Justice Bastarache with Justices Iacobucci, Arbour, LeBel, Deschamps and Fish concurring. The court found that, though the spending limits infringe upon section 2b of the Charter, the law is reasonable and is justified in light of section 1. The majority concluded that the objective of the spending limits is electoral fairness. The law has an effect in creating \\\"a level playing field for those who wish to engage in the electoral discourse, enabling voters to be better informed\\\". In addition, section 3 of the Charter is not infringed because the right of meaningful participation in electoral process includes the right to participate in an informed manner. Without spending limits, individuals or groups can dominate the discussion and prevent opposing views from being heard. Dissent Chief Justice McLachlin and Justice Major wrote for the dissent (in parts), with Justice Binnie concurring. The dissenting justices argued that the spending limit set out in section 350 of the Canada Elections Act is inconsistent with section 2b of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as the third party limits were too restrictive. The limit of $3000 was insufficient to purchase a full-page advertisement in a major Canadian newspaper or to initiate a bulk-mailing campaign within a single riding with Canada Post. Thus, radio and television communication becomes the \\\"exclusive right of registered political parties and their candidates\\\". Section 351 should also be invalidated because \\\"it is keyed exclusively\",\n \"title\": \"Harper v Canada (AG)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5280464\",\n \"text\": \"Godbout v Longueuil (City of), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 844 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court found that the city of Longueuil' requirement that all permanent employees of the city must reside within the municipality was in violation of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Background Michèle Godbout was hired as a dispatcher for the Longueuil police force. As part of her employment she was required to sign a declaration that she would reside within the city and if she were to move outside of the city her employment would be terminated without notice. Initially she had lived within the city but soon bought a house in the nearby town of Chambly. When she refused to move back in she was fired. Before the Superior Court of Quebec, the parties argued primarily as to whether the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applied in this case. Judge Turmel ruled that because the employment contract constituted a matter of private law between an employer (here the city of Longueuil) and an employee, neither charters applied, in so far as such rights as granted by the charters can, under civil law be willingly waived by contract. Reasons of the court Justice La Forest, writing for the Court in a plurality opinion, held that the restriction on residency was unconstitutional. La Forest found that the selection of a place of residence was within the meaning of \\\"private life\\\" which is protected under section 5 of the Quebec Charter. He held that the city could not justify the infringement under section 9.1 of the Charter, which allows for limitations on the scope of rights. La Forest also considered the question of whether the Canadian Charter applied to municipalities. He found that it did as they were government entities. He noted that municipalities were run by elected officials and were accountable to the public, they had the power to collect taxes, and they had the power to make laws which they derived from the provincial government. In addressing the municipality's argument that the residency requirement was merely a private employment contract and not a governmental function, La Forest J. found that once a body is labelled governmental, that body cannot use colourable devices or organize activities to avoid Charter responsibility. La Forest further considered the validity of the law under section 7 of the Canadian Charter. He identified section 7 as protecting personal autonomy which includes the choice of selecting one's home. At no time did Godbout waive that right, even in signing the employment contract that contained the residency restriction. He further found that the restriction did not conform to the principles of fundamental justice as there was no compelling reason to have such a restriction. Justice La Forest's decision on the Canadian Charter (joined by L’Heureux-Dubé and McLachlin JJ.) does not have legal force, as the six other justices declined to consider the s.7 claim, after likewise finding\",\n \"title\": \"Godbout v Longueuil (City of)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6360738\",\n \"text\": \"Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem [2004] 2 S.C.R. 551 was a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that attempted to define freedom of religion under the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the Supreme Court split on their definition, the majority advocated tolerating a practice where the individual sincerely feels it is connected to religion, regardless of whether the practice is required by a religious authority. Background The case arose after Moïse Amselem, his youngest son David, and René Elhadad, in Montreal erected sukkahs on their balconies in a residential building which they owned. Sukkahs are small dwellings in which Jews live during Sukkot, a Jewish holiday, in accordance with the Hebrew Bible. However, those who managed the buildings, Syndicat Northcrest, claimed the sukkahs violated by-laws forbidding structures to be built on the balconies. The Orthodox Jews had not seen this requirement as applying to religious requirements because Christmas decorations and the like were allowed. Syndicat Northcrest denied all requests that sukkahs be built, except one to be shared but this did not however meet minimal Jewish Halachic requirements. Consequently, an injunction by Syndicat Northcrest was filed against further sukkahs. While there was no government action responsible for violating a right, the Quebec Charter is of relevance to personal disputes. As Justice Michel Bastarache wrote, \\\"the first paragraph of s. 9.1 [of the Quebec Charter], insofar as it does not require that the infringement of a right or freedom result from the application of the law, applies only to private law relationships, that is, to infringements of the rights and freedoms of private individuals by other private individuals.\\\" Bastarache noted this is what occurred in a previous case, Aubry v Éditions Vice-Versa Inc (1998). Decision The majority decision was written by Justice Frank Iacobucci. He examined whether the by-laws violated the freedom of religion of the Orthodox Jews, and whether Syndicat Northcrest's opposition to the sukkahs was protected by rights to enjoy property under the Quebec Charter. Iacobucci first attempted to define freedom of religion, and started by giving a legal definition for religion. He decided that religion is a thorough set of beliefs regarding a higher power, tied with a person's view of him or herself and his/her needs to realize spiritual completeness. Iacobucci went on to note that in past freedom of religion cases, such as R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1985), the Supreme Court has advocated giving freedom of religion a large and liberal definition emphasizing individual rights. In Big M, it was noted there should be respect for religious diversity and no coercion to do something in violation of one's religion. A journal article was then cited to establish this precedent favoured an individual's view of religion to an organized church's. Thus, anyone who claims rights to freedom of religion does not need to demonstrate that they were denied rights to worship in accordance with the manner required by a religious\",\n \"title\": \"Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3260680\",\n \"text\": \"New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly) is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision wherein the court has ruled that parliamentary privilege is a part of the unwritten convention in the Constitution of Canada. Therefore, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms do not apply to members of Nova Scotia House of Assembly when they exercise their inherent privileges of refusing strangers from entering the House. Background New Brunswick Broadcasting Company, carrying on business under the name of MITV, had made a request to film the proceedings of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly with its own camera or one provided by the speaker. However, the Speaker refused television cameras in the House citing parliamentary privilege. New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. commenced a proceeding in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, Trial Division against the appellant seeking an order \\\"allowing MITV to film the proceedings of the House of Assembly with its own cameras or by the Speaker providing full television coverage to all members of the television media, or otherwise\\\". The Speaker joined issue. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation was joined as a plaintiff at the corporation's request and MITV subsequently withdrew from the proceedings. The courts below Nathanson J of the Trial Division granted the plaintiff's claim, and ordered: the plaintiffs had a right of access pursuant to s. 2(b) of the Charter such right of access is limited by the privileges of the House of Assembly, reflected in rules which shall infringe freedom of expression as little as possible the House of Assembly or the Speaker on its behalf shall develop such rules the court will retain jurisdiction to judge the timeliness of the actions of any of the parties and the reasonableness of the rules adopted. the Court reserves the matter of costs The Speaker appealed to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, Appeal Division. In a 3-2 decision, the appeal was dismissed, but the last four paragraphs of the order were struck out. On appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, in July 1991 Gonthier J certified the following constitutional questions to be addressed: Does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms apply to the members of the House of Assembly when exercising their privileges as members? If the answer to question 1 is yes, does exercising a privilege so as to refuse access to the media to the public gallery to record and relay to the public proceedings of the House of Assembly by means of their cameras contravene s. 2(b) of the Charter? If the answer to question 2 is yes, is such a refusal a reasonable limit prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society, pursuant to s. 1 of the Charter? At the Supreme Court In a 6-2 decision, it was held that the answer to Question 1 was No, and it was unnecessary to answer the other two questions. McLachlin J (as she then was) found that, although the\",\n \"title\": \"New Brunswick Broadcasting Co v Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2409477\",\n \"text\": \"Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like other provisions within the section 25 to 31 bloc, provides a guide in interpreting how the Charter should affect Canadian society. The section's particular role is to address rights not covered by or mentioned in the Charter. The section reads: Purpose As constitutional scholar Peter Hogg notes, this section is analogous to the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads, In other words, section 26 confirms that rights not within the Charter are nevertheless as real as they would be had the Charter never been enacted. According to Hogg, the purpose of this \\\"cautionary provision\\\" was to confirm pre-Charter rights will persist. Some rights that predate the Charter but cannot be found within it are anchored in the Canadian Bill of Rights and its provincial counterparts, as well as in the common law. The rights to \\\"enjoyment of property\\\" and to have one's rights and obligations determined through a fair hearing and through fundamental justice, are found in the Canadian Bill of Rights but are not duplicated in the Charter, and thus fall under the category of rights referred to in section 26. A notable case in which section 26 and the Bill of Rights were discussed is Singh v. Minister of Employment and Immigration (1985). On one of its websites, the government of Canada claims there was also a more forward-looking purpose for section 26, namely to allow non-Charter rights to continue being created. Rights not included in the Charter but established in the future by Parliament, a provincial legislature, or in international law, will be valid. What rights are not afforded any recognition by section 26 has also been discussed. In 1986, author Dale Gibson argued that the rights referred to in section 26 are positive rights belonging to private individuals, as opposed to politicians and bureaucrats acting on behalf of the government. The reason for this was that politicians and bureaucrats acting on behalf of the government could claim that their \\\"freedom to discriminate\\\" could be a freedom protected by section 26. This would, in turn, lead to limits on the Charter rights of private individuals being discriminated against, which would render these Charter rights \\\"meaningless.\\\" Still, section 26 is not a means to ensure that all rights forgotten or neglected by the drafters of the Charter are automatically endowed with the same status as rights specifically named in the Charter. This was heavily indicated in 1985, by both a Federal Court and a Prince Edward Island court. In the case Le Groupe des Eleveurs de Volailles et al. v. Canadian Chicken Marketing Agency, the Federal Court ruled that non-Charter rights are not enhanced by section 26, and in R. v. MacAusland, the Prince Edward Island court ruled that non-Charter rights are not constitutionally guaranteed, although they are not limited by the Charter either. Hence, while the Charter in and of itself does not repeal rights, legislatures still can. Thus s. 26 is a\",\n \"title\": \"Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"373335\",\n \"text\": \"The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (), also known as the \\\"Quebec Charter\\\", is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. It received Royal Assent from Lieutenant Governor Hugues Lapointe, coming into effect on June 28, 1976. Introduced by the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa, the Charter followed extensive preparatory work that began under the Union Nationale government of Daniel Johnson. The Charter recognizes that every person on the territory of Quebec is equal in value and in dignity. Since the Charter aims to guarantee human rights and to harmonize the relations between citizens, and between citizens and institutions, the Charter binds the state (legislature, executive, administrative) and applies to private law relations (between persons). The Charter also establishes the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission, also known by its acronym \\\"CDPDJ\\\"), charged to promote and apply the Charter, and the Human Rights Tribunal of Québec (French: Tribunal des droits de la personne). The Charter ranks among other quasi-constitutional Quebec laws, such as the Charter of the French Language and the Act respecting Access to documents held by public bodies and the Protection of personal information. Having precedence over all provincial legislation (including the latter), the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms stands at the pinnacle of Quebec's legal system. Only the Constitution of Canada, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, enjoys priority over the Quebec charter. Other Canadian provinces and territories have adopted similar laws. Provisions The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms consists of seven parts: Part I defines fundamental human rights. Its six chapters enunciate fundamental freedoms and rights, equality rights, political rights, judicial rights, economic and social rights, and interpretative provisions. Part II establishes the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse. The commission is responsible for promoting and upholding the principles of the charter by any appropriate measures, including investigating possible cases of discrimination and the instigation of litigation. Members of the commission are appointed by the National Assembly. The commission's staff members do not belong to the Civil Service, in order to safeguard their independence. Part III provides for affirmative action programs. Part IV guarantees rights to privacy. Part V gives the government regulatory powers. Part VI establishes the Human Rights Tribunal of Quebec, whose members that hold the decision-making power are chosen from among the judiciary. Part VII provides the final dispositions of the Charter, as well as some punitive sanctions. Comparison with other human rights instruments The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is unique among Canadian (and North American) human rights documents in that it covers not only the fundamental (civil and political) human rights but also a number of important social and economic rights. The protections contained in the Charter are inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights\",\n \"title\": \"Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4468049\",\n \"text\": \"Reference re ss. 193 & 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Man.) [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1123, commonly known as the Prostitution Reference, is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the right to freedom of expression under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and on prostitution in Canada. Manitoba's Appeal Court had ruled the legislation violated the guarantee of freedom of expression in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, by constraining communication in relation to legal activity (R. v. Skinner (1987), 35 C.C.C. (3d) 203). The case was referred to the Supreme court. The Supreme Court held that the criminal code provision that prohibited communication for the purpose of engaging in prostitution was in violation of the right to freedom of expression; however, it could be justified under section 1 of the Charter and so it was upheld. The majority, with both women dissenting, found that the purpose of eliminating prostitution was a valid goal and that the provision was rationally connected and proportional to that goal. Accordingly, the provision was upheld. The justification was set out in three stages: The court must first characterize the objective of the law (a remedy for solicitation in public places and the eradication of social nuisance from the public display of the sale of sex). This was constructed as restricted to taking prostitution off the streets and out of public view. In this respect, Dickson disagreed with the opinion of another justice that the legislative objective addressed the broader questions of the exploitation, degradation and subordination of women. The court must assess the proportionality of the legislation to the objectives; in particular any infringement of rights must be the minimum to achieve this. It was held the provisions were not unduly intrusive. The court must determine if the effects of the law so infringe a protected right that it outweighs the objective. It was held that the curtailment of street solicitation was in keeping with the interests of society, for its nuisance‑related aspects. The decision was later upheld in Canada (AG) v Bedford. See also List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court) Prostitution law in Canada References Canadian freedom of expression case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Prostitution law in Canada 1990 in Canadian case law Supreme Court of Canada reference question cases\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution Reference\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2932362\",\n \"text\": \"Hunter v Southam Inc [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145 is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada privacy rights case and as well is the first Supreme Court decision to consider section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Background An investigation was begun by the government under the authority of the Combines Investigation Act into Southam Newspaper. The investigators entered Southam's offices in Edmonton and elsewhere to examine documents. The search was authorized prior to the enactment of the Charter but the search did not commence until afterwards. The challenge was allowed. At the Alberta Court of Appeal, the judge found that part of the Act was inconsistent with the Charter and therefore of no force or effect. The Supreme Court considered section 8 for the first time and upheld the ruling of the Court of Appeal. Reasons of the court Justice Dickson (as he then was), writing for a unanimous Court, held that the Combines Investigation Act violated the Charter as it did not provide an appropriate standard for administering warrants. The Court held that the purpose of section 8 is to protect an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy, and to limit government action that will encroach on that expectation. Furthermore, to assess the extent of those rights the right to privacy must be balanced against the government's duty to enforce the law. In reaffirming the doctrine of purposive interpretation when reading the Constitution, Dickson goes on to make a fundamental and often quoted statement of the purpose of the Constitution and how it should be interpreted, stating: External links Section Eight Charter case law Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law Supreme Court of Canada cases 1984 in Canadian case law\",\n \"title\": \"Hunter v Southam Inc\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2128284\",\n \"text\": \"Gosselin v Quebec (AG) [2002] 4 SCR 429, 2002 SCC 84, is the first claim under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to a right to an adequate level of social assistance. The Supreme Court of Canada rejected the Charter challenge against a Quebec law excluding citizens under age 30 from receiving full social security benefits. Background Between 1984 and 1989, a period of alarming and growing unemployment among young adults, under section 29(a) of the Social Aid Regulation (Règlement sur l’aide sociale), the Quebec government provided those who were single, unemployed and under 30 years old with $170 per month in social assistance, which amounted to only a third of the regular benefits. Full benefits were only available if the individuals would participate in one of three employability programs: On-the-job Training, Community Work or Remedial Education. The objective behind it was to encourage youth to find work or go to school. According to the Supreme Court of Canada, the new scheme was based on the philosophy that the most effective way to encourage and enable young people to join the workforce was to make increased benefits conditional on participating in one of three of the workfare programs. Louise Gosselin was under age 30 during the period from 1984 to 1989. She struggled with psychological problems and drug and alcohol addictions and attempted to work as a cook, waitress, seller and nurses' assistant, among many other jobs. She was homeless periodically, lived in an unheated apartment for one winter, and when she rented a room at a boarding house, she was left with no money for food. Gosselin brought a class action on behalf of 75,000 individuals against the Quebec government for violation of her section 15 equality rights and Section Seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms right to life, liberty and security of the person. As well, she claimed that her social rights in section 45 of the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms were violated. The Québec Court of Appeal was divided but ruled that the regulation did not violate the Canadian or Quebec Charter. Two judges found a violation of section 15 of the Canadian Charter, but only one found that it could not be saved by section 1. Another dissenting judge found a violation of section 45 of the Quebec Charter. Supreme Court's opinion The Supreme Court decided by 5–4 that there was no violation of section 15; by 7–2 that there was no violation of section 7; and by 6–1 that there was no violation of section 45 of the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms (two justices ruled that section 45 was unenforceable in this situation). The majority opinion was written by McLachlin CJ. Section 15 McLachlin, with Gonthier, Iacobucci, Major, and Binnie JJ concurring, found there was not violation of section 15. In applying the analytical framework for section 15 from Law v Canada, McLachlin identified the government purpose was to promote short-terms autonomy among youth.\",\n \"title\": \"Gosselin v Quebec (AG)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1982"],"string":"[\n \"1982\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":67,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31340"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who is the girl singing in lean on major lazer"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"45657074","text":"\"Lean On\" is a song by Jamaican-American electronic dance music group Major Lazer and French record producer DJ Snake featuring Danish singer MØ. It was released on March 3, 2015, as the lead single from Major Lazer's third studio album, Peace Is the Mission (2015). It was written by MØ, Diplo, DJ Snake, Tchami, and Jr Blender, and produced by Major Lazer and DJ Snake. It is an EDM, electronic and moombahton song. \"Lean On\" was a critical and commercial success, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in several other countries including Argentina, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Mexico, and Switzerland; as well as the top 10 in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Israel, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, and Sweden. In November 2015, \"Lean On\" was named by Spotify as the most streamed song of all time, and has over 1 billion streams globally as of June 2017; however, in 2016, it was later overtaken by Drake's \"One Dance\" (which was overtaken again by Ed Sheeran's Shape of You that was overtaken by The Weeknd's Blinding Lights.). The accompanying music video for \"Lean On\" was filmed in ND Studios, Karjat, Kaul Heritage City, in Vasai in Maharashtra, India and in the Golden Hall at Stockholm City Hall. The video premiered on March 23, 2015, and has over 3.27 billion views on YouTube as of October 2022. According to IFPI, \"Lean On\" was the fifth best-selling song of 2015 worldwide, and one of the best-selling singles of all time, with global sales of 13.1 million. Background and composition Regarding the creative process behind \"Lean On\", producer Diplo of Major Lazer said, \"We wrote this song with MØ very early from an instrumental Jr Blender created in some sessions in Trinidad. It was a strong hook. Very big to me but the production was lacking an attitude we needed. A year later I remixed the song at a completely different tempo and asked DJ Snake for a signature post chorus. After he did his thing, me, MØ and Blender rewrote the song at the new tempo in Las Vegas and made something very unique that became our album's lead-off single. We're super proud of this song.\" Diplo offered a slower reggae arrangement of the song to Rihanna, who rejected it. He also offered said arrangement of the song to Nicki Minaj, who turned it down as well. Diplo called this turn of events \"a blessing in disguise,\" and that \"MØ sounds better than anybody was going to sound on that record.\" Critical reception The song has received critical acclaim. Brennan Carley of Spin wrote, \"It's as if No Doubt met the C+C Music Factory\". Consequence of Sounds Michelle Geslani called the song a \"bouncy banger\" and complimented MØ's \"siren-like\" vocals. David Jeffries from AllMusic praised MØ and DJ Snake for helping the track \"deliver the sentimental lyrics and sensual house music at an","title":"Lean On"},{"docid":"63485639","text":"\"Lay Your Head on Me\" is a song by American music project Major Lazer, featuring vocals from British musician and lead singer of the band Mumford & Sons, Marcus Mumford. It was released as the fifth single from Major Lazer's fourth studio album, Music Is the Weapon, on March 26, 2020. The song was written by Henry Agincourt Allen, Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen, Jasper Helderman, Mumford, Thomas Pentz and Bas van Daalen. Background According to a press release, the collaboration came about after Marcus Mumford and Diplo became friends and started experimenting in the studio together. Danish pop star MØ, who has previously worked with Major Lazer on \"Lean On\", \"Lost\" and \"Cold Water\", also co-wrote the song. Chart performance The single became Major Lazer’s third number one, as well as Mumford’s first, to reach Billboard’s Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart in its August 22, 2020 issue. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history References 2020 singles 2020 songs Major Lazer songs Marcus Mumford songs Song recordings produced by Diplo Songs written by Diplo Songs written by King Henry (producer) Songs written by Marcus Mumford Songs written by MØ Songs written by Will Grands","title":"Lay Your Head on Me"},{"docid":"49336781","text":"Leighton Paul Walsh (born May 3, 1976), better known by his stage name Walshy Fire, is a Jamaican American DJ, MC and record producer. He is part of the dancehall reggae-influenced group Major Lazer alongside fellow DJs Diplo and Ape Drums. Walshy Fire toured with the Black Chiney sound system beginning in 2004. Black Chiney is cited as a significant influence on the evolution of Major Lazer with its mashups that blend hip hop or R&B rhythms with reggae & R&B artist vocal tracks and its representation of the Jamaican sound system. The subsequent mix tapes that the Black Chiney collective of DJs, engineers and MCs would develop were the training ground for Walshy to become a remix producer. Early life Walsh was born and raised in Carol City, Florida in a Jamaican family of partial Chinese descent. He attended North Miami Beach High School. He attended Clark Atlanta University for undergraduate studies and Florida A&M University for graduate school where he completed a master's degree in journalism. His brother is former West Indian fast bowler and captain Courtney Walsh. Musical influences Walshy Fire has been influenced by reggae and dancehall traditions. In 2013, he said: \"my sole purpose with this Major Lazer thing is to bring back some glory and international exposure [for] reggae and dancehall.\" His favorite reggae riddim is \"The Answer\" by the iconic producer Coxsone Dodd. Career Major Lazer Since 2012, Walshy Fire has presided as master of ceremonies for Major Lazer. In 2013, he described his role as follows:Basically, Diplo is the selector and I'm the MC. He's the one that picks the records and mixes the records and I'm the one that's out front and presents the records to people, makes speeches that makes the records make sense, and pulls up the records. I give the crowd humor when it's time to give them humor, emotion when it's time to give them emotion, and just keep the whole vibe intense throughout the whole set. He has contributed to production on the Major Lazer releases Apocalypse Soon and Peace is the Mission. In the latter album, he cowrote the Chronixx song \"Blaze Up The Fire\" and lent his vocals to \"Too Original\". Walshy Fire contributed to production on the Know No Better EP with Major Lazer. Walshy Fire along with Diplo & Jillionaire host the Major Lazer Lazer Sound program on Apple Music's Beats 1. With Major Lazer Walshy Fire has collaborated with artists from a variety of genres maintaining a commitment to cultural authenticity and in particular with regard to Caribbean music subgenres. On March 6, 2016, Major Lazer made the first appearance by a major American pop group in Cuba since the reinstatement of diplomatic relations. One year after the release of Peace is the Mission, Major Lazer announced the planned release of a new song with Justin Bieber and MØ entitled \"Cold Water\", which will be the lead track to the next Major Lazer album. This is a follow-up to \"Lean On\"","title":"Walshy Fire"},{"docid":"46198872","text":"Peace Is the Mission is the third studio album by American electronic dance music project Major Lazer. It was released on June 1, 2015. The album was preceded by the international hit single \"Lean On\" featuring DJ Snake and MØ. The single reached number one in Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands and peaked within the top ten in an additional fourteen countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. Singles The lead single from the album, \"Lean On\", a collaboration with DJ Snake and Danish singer MØ, was released on March 2, 2015. The track received universally positive reviews and became a massive hit, reaching the top ten in nineteen international charts and topping many others, giving Major Lazer their most internationally successful single to date. The second single from the album, \"Powerful\", featuring Ellie Goulding and Tarrus Riley was released simultaneously with the album on June 1, 2015. A preview of the single was revealed on April 23, 2015, whilst the whole song was unveiled on May 28, 2015. The song was added to BBC Radio 1's playlist on 21 June 2015. It reached top 10 in Australia and Poland. The remix of \"Light It Up\" featuring Nyla & Fuse ODG was released as the third single on the album in 5 November 2015 and became a top 10 hit in UK, Ireland, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, therefore becoming one of the highest charting Major Lazer singles to date. Promotional singles and other songs Four promotional singles were released; \"Roll the Bass\" on March 23, 2015, \"Night Riders\", a collaboration with Travi$ Scott, 2 Chainz, Pusha T and Mad Cobra, released on April 20, 2015, and \"Too Original\", a collaboration with Elliphant and Jovi Rockwell, released on May 11, 2015. On 2 June 2015, a lyric video was released for \"Be Together\", a collaboration with Wild Belle, making it the fourth promotional single. On 4 June 2015, a lyric video was released for \"Blaze Up the Fire\", a collaboration with Chronixx, making it the fifth promotional single. \"All My Love\" featuring Ariana Grande was featured on The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1 – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack prior to the remix that is featured on Peace Is the Mission. On April 27, 2015, Diplo revealed in an interview with Belgian radio station Studio Brussel that they have been working on a track with Belgian singer Selah Sue. He added that it might appear on their next album. Selah Sue herself confirmed this during an interview with Studio Brussels on May 4, 2015. In May 2015, Major Lazer revealed their fourth album would be called Music Is the Weapon. Commercial performance The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200, selling 16,000 copies. It also debuted at number five on the Canadian Albums Chart with 3,500 copies sold. In its second week of sales, the album dropped to number 26 on the US chart, selling 4,000 copies, bringing total","title":"Peace Is the Mission"},{"docid":"44396555","text":"\"All My Love\" is a song by American electronic music project Major Lazer featuring vocals from American singer Ariana Grande. It was released on 13 November 2014 as the fifth song from the soundtrack for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014). The song was written by Grande, Lorde, and MØ with production handled by Boaz van de Beatz, Jr Blender and Diplo. It is an electropop and dance-pop song with elements of dancehall. \"All My Love\" received positive reviews from music critics who complimented the track's production. Commercially, the track performed modestly in Belgium and charted in France and the United Kingdom. A remix of the song featuring vocals from Grande and Trinidadian singer Machel Montano was released on 21 January 2015 and appears as the final track on Major Lazer's third studio album Peace Is the Mission (2015). It features an interpolation of Aqua's 1997 song \"Lollipop (Candyman)\". This version performed modestly in Belgium and charted in Canada. Grande performed the original version on select dates on The Honeymoon Tour (2015). Background and release \"All My Love\" was written by Lorde (credited under her birth-name Ella Yelich-O'Connor), Ariana Grande and MØ (credited under her birth-name Karen Ørsted), while production of the song was handled by Boaz van de Beatz, Jr Blender and Diplo, a member of Major Lazer. Lorde's desire to include \"All My Love\" on the film's soundtrack led Diplo to rush the production process of the song. In an annotation posted to Genius that Diplo wrote, he mentioned that he was on vacation in London at the same time Grande was there. He managed to communicate with her and go \"back and forth with certain mixes.\" Diplo said that he was willing to \"screw around\" and surprise people with \"this kind of collaboration.\" Leaked on 13 November 2014 before the official release date, \"All My Love\" was included as the fifth track for the soundtrack of the 2014 film The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. Diplo first mentioned the track on 16 October 2014 via Twitter. However, he deleted the tweet afterwards. When the album's official track list was announced on 21 October 2014, the song was listed as \"Track 5\". Lorde, who curated the film's soundtrack, said on Twitter that the song was not excluded for \"secrecy's sake\" but because it was \"not quite finished\". A week later, Grande revealed in a livestream that she was included in the film's soundtrack. She described the song as \"very interesting\" and \"very different.\" Lorde announced the track's title via Twitter on 3 November 2014. Composition and reception \"All My Love\" is an electropop and dance-pop song, with elements of dancehall. Stereogums Tom Breihan compared it to Grande's 2014 single, \"Break Free\", featuring Russian-German DJ Zedd. Bradley Stern from Idolator described its production as having \"rich, tribal\" sounds and \"'90's-leaning dance floor pulsations\". Exclaim writer Alex Hudson called the track an \"electronic banger with in-your-face beats and a manic breakdown.\" Similarly, Complex writer Edwin Ortiz called","title":"All My Love (Major Lazer song)"},{"docid":"39036773","text":"Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen (; born 13 August 1988), known professionally as MØ (), is a Danish singer and songwriter. She began her career in the mid-2000s as a member of the punk duo MOR and released a handful of side projects. After MOR disbanded in 2012, MØ signed a recording contract with Sony Music Entertainment, releasing her debut extended play, Bikini Daze (2013), and her debut studio album, No Mythologies to Follow (2014). In 2014, MØ collaborated with Australian rapper Iggy Azalea on the single \"Beg for It\", which peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard Hot 100, earning MØ her first entry on the chart. The following year, she co-wrote and provided vocals for the Major Lazer and DJ Snake collaboration \"Lean On\", which became an international success, charting at number one in several countries, number two in the United Kingdom, and number four in the United States. In 2016, MØ was featured on Snakehips's single \"Don't Leave\", and another Major Lazer single \"Cold Water\" with Canadian singer Justin Bieber, which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100. MØ earned her first commercially successful solo single with 2016's \"Final Song\", which reached the top 10 in Denmark and Norway and the top 15 in Australia and the United Kingdom. In 2017, she released her second extended play, When I Was Young, followed by her second studio album, Forever Neverland, in 2018. In 2022, MØ released her third studio album, Motordrome, which was followed by a repackaging titled Dødsdrom. Life and career Early life Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen was born in Ubberud, near Odense, and she grew up in Ejlstrup on the island of Funen, Denmark. Her father, Frans Ørsted, is a psychologist, and her mother, Mette Ørsted, is a teacher. She has an older brother, Kasper, who is a doctor. MØ was seven when she became interested in music thanks to the Spice Girls. As a teenager, she became interested in punk music and anti-fascist movements, listening to Black Flag, Nirvana, Smashing Pumpkins, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and especially Sonic Youth, saying she looked up to Kim Gordon as a \"big hero and role model\". 2006–2012: Side projects and MOR In 2006, MØ released a side project titled The Edmunds, which included tracks such as \"Garbage King\" and \"Polly Get Your Gun\". MØ also released several other side projects during 2008–10 including titles such as \"A Piece of Music to F*ck to\" and \"The Rarities\". The side-projects included songs that have been previously taken down due to an unknown reason, but has been re-released by a fan on YouTube. MØ and her friend Josefine Struckmann Pedersen formed duo MOR in 2007, and released two EPs, Fisse I Dit Fjæs (\"Pussy in Your Face\") and Vanvidstimer (\"Madness Hours\"), in 2009 and 2011, respectively. MOR disbanded on 7 September 2012, due to personal reasons. 2012–2015: No Mythologies to Follow and collaborations In 2012, MØ began creating a","title":"MØ"},{"docid":"51063283","text":"\"Cold Water\" is a song by American electronic dance music production group Major Lazer, featuring vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber and Danish singer MØ. The song was released on July 22, 2016, as the lead single from their debut greatest hits album, Major Lazer Essentials. It became Major Lazer's third collaboration with MØ after \"Lean On\" and \"Lost\". \"Cold Water\" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song also reached number one in Australia, Austria, Belgium (Wallonia), Brazil, Canada, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland; as well as the top 10 in Belgium (Flanders), Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Israel, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Scotland, South Africa and Spain. Background and release The day before Diplo arrived in New York City in May 2016, he was \"more than a little surprised\" when Justin Bieber sent a message on Twitter about the track, \"Cold Water\", asking when it would be coming out. \"That was not planned at all,\" Diplo said. According to Diplo, the song wasn't really done, when Bieber already expressed his excitement. \"It's actually very real. Twitter is the only reason I know he's excited about the song. I don't have his number, so he Twitters at me,\" Diplo added. On May 30, Diplo announced Major Lazer's collaboration with Bieber and MØ. At the time, he did not give a specific release date, only mentioning it would be released \"in a couple of weeks\" and that it would premiere through Beats 1. The song initially started a project, which eventually built to Major Lazer's fourth studio album's January 2017 release. \"It's complicated because we just want to do it indie,\" described Diplo of \"Cold Water.\" \"And convincing Bieber's marketing crew to do that is hard. We don't need to have some guy tell us, 'Oh, this is what the market research says.' I'm on the ground. I see it.\" On July 1, 2016, Bieber began releasing teasers of the song, and added the song would come out later that month. On July 13, he wrote the release date was set for July 22. A low-quality version of the track leaked on Chinese radio station in July 2016, four days prior to its official release. After the latter incident, \"Cold Water\" was officially released on July 22, 2016. Moreover, it was sent to US Top 40 radio on July 26, 2016. Remix The official remix of \"Cold Water\" features a newly additional verse and replaces Bieber's second verse and the first half of Bieber's second pre-chorus by rapper Gucci Mane. It was first mentioned by both Bieber and Mane through social media. Diplo premiered the remix during Brunch Bounce at Elvis Guesthouse in New York City on July 22, 2016, the same day the original version was released. It was later released online on August 12, 2016. Mane's verse replaces Bieber's second verse and the first half of Bieber's second pre-chorus, while","title":"Cold Water (song)"},{"docid":"49238783","text":"Timothy Frey Trond Erem, better known as Tim Erem, (born October 29, 1990) is a Swedish director from Lidingö, Stockholm. He is best known for directing and writing music videos for artists such as Rihanna, Drake, Tove Lo, Elliphant, Katy Perry, MØ and Major Lazer. Works Erem's music video for \"Lean On\", by Major Lazer and MØ, is the eighth most viewed video on YouTube. Erem is a part of the production company Diktator, which includes other reputable directors such as Andy Milonakis. He has directed the short film Fairy Dust where Swedish artist Tove Lo masturbates. The video he directed for \"Work\" by Rihanna and Drake was nominated for Best Female Video at the MTV Video Music Awards. References 1990 births Living people People from Lidingö Municipality Swedish music video directors","title":"Tim Erem"},{"docid":"51226140","text":"This is a list of the best selling singles, albums and as according to IRMA. Further listings can be found here. Top-selling singles \"Uptown Funk!\" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars \"Cheerleader\" – OMI \"Lean On\" – Major Lazer featuring DJ Snake & MØ \"Thinking Out Loud\" – Ed Sheeran \"See You Again\" – Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth \"Love Me like You Do\" – Ellie Goulding \"Hello\" – Adele \"Shut Up and Dance\" – Walk the Moon \"What Do You Mean?\" – Justin Bieber \"Firestone\" – Kygo featuring Conrad Sewell Top-selling albums* 25 – Adele X – Ed Sheeran Hozier – Hozier Purpose – Justin Bieber In the Lonely Hour – Sam Smith 1989 – Taylor Swift Coming Up for Air – Kodaline Beautiful Life At Christmas – Nathan Carter Made in the A.M. – One Direction If I Can Dream – Elvis Presley Notes: *Compilation albums are not included. References 2015 in Irish music 2015","title":"List of best-selling singles and albums of 2015 in Ireland"},{"docid":"73611022","text":"Teen Spirit (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album accompanying the film of the same name released on April 5, 2019 by Interscope Records. The album featured 14-tracks with most of them were performed by the lead actress Elle Fanning, while also had music from Major Lazer, Grimes, Orbital, MØ and DJ Snake amongst others. Background The musical selections were picked by the composer Marius de Vries, who was also the music supervisor. Max Minghella intended that \"he did not want it to be schizophrenic, like it was a jukebox musical bouncing around to random hits\". But wanted it to feel tonally cohesive where each song drives the film forward. On selecting the track \"Dancing on My Own\" he felt that the song which immediately set a tone about the music that Fanning's character would be performing. Minghella worked with Jack Antonoff for the soundtrack, who revealed that \"[he] had seen the movie somehow and really liked it. He wanted to meet for a drink, and he was really enthusiastic about the movie. I asked him if he wanted to do a song, and he showed me something that he and Carly Rae [Jepsen] had worked on. It was such a quick yes. I think even Jack was like, “I don’t know if this is the right song.” I was like, “No, this is literally what I’ve been looking for the entire time.” It’s a song that you’ll know how to sing the chorus within a minute and a half.\" Singles The track list of the album was announced on March 13, 2019. At the same date, the cover of Robyn's 2010 single \"Dancing On My Own\" performed by Elle Fanning (as showcased in the film's trailer) was released in digital platforms. Though Fanning's performance was not released, a three-minute video that accompanied the film's stills were released on Interscope Records' YouTube channel. On March 29, 2019, Carly Rae Jespen's unreleased track \"Wildflowers\" was unveiled as a single, which was performed by Fanning. A music video featuring Fanning was released on April 5 to promote the soundtrack. On April 18, another music video on Fanning's performance of \"Little Bird\" was released through YouTube. It was directed by filmmaker Gia Coppola. Release history The 14-song soundtrack for Teen Spirit was released by Interscope Records, a week ahead of the film's release on April 5. A vinyl edition of the film's soundtrack was distributed by Mondo which released the album on August 9, 2019. Track listing Reception While the film received mixed reviews, the soundtrack was well received by audiences. \"Minghella does a nice job staging the competition and making each one feel like a music video. He has a strong sense of visuals, and it helps that the film features the recognizable music of Katy Perry, Ariana Grande, Ellie Goulding, Annie Lennox, Tegan & Sara, Major Lazer and many more popular artists, which should up the buzz factor just a bit. Music supervisor Steven Gizicki deserves credit for curating the","title":"Teen Spirit (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"58039483","text":"Philip Meckseper, known professionally as Jr Blender (sometimes stylised as Jr. Blender or Junior Blender), is a German record producer and songwriter from Hamburg. He is notable for his collaborations with American dance music group Major Lazer. His credits include the singles Lean On (with DJ Snake and MØ), Cold Water (with Justin Bieber and MØ), Run Up (with Nicki Minaj and PartyNextDoor), Light It Up (with Nyla and Fuse ODG) and All My Love (with Ariana Grande and Machel Montano). Meckseper started his career as a member of the German sound clash group Supersonic. He came to the attention of Diplo during this time, thanks to remixes of tracks by Rihanna and Bruno Mars. In addition to his pop music credentials, Meckseper has a history of collaborating with reggae and dancehall artists; acting either as a writer or producer, or both. To date, his reggae and dancehall credits include songs by Damian Marley, Sean Paul, Protoje, Chronixx, Gyptian, Lutan Fyah, Romain Virgo, Stylo G, Burro Banton, Exco Levi, Christopher Martin, Jah Vinci, Perfect Giddimani, Tony Rebel, Beenie Man and Luciano. Songwriting and production credits References External links BBC Music: Jr Blender German record producers German male songwriters Living people Reggae record producers Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Jr Blender"},{"docid":"53258173","text":"The WDM Radio Awards is an award ceremony created in 2017 by Los 40 under their World Dance Music brand, billed as \"the first radio awards to electronic music\". It is meant to be a global event, promoted by the twelve Los 40 stations in Spain and Latin America. Editions 1st edition (2017) The first edition was held on March 29, 2017 at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, Mexico. Awards and nominations Winners indicated in bold. Best DJ The Chainsmokers DJ Snake David Guetta Martin Garrix Diplo Best Electro House DJ Axwell Λ Ingrosso Galantis Don Diablo David Guetta Zedd Best Party DJ Steve Aoki Nervo Martin Garrix Skrillex Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike King of Social Media Diplo Skrillex Steve Aoki Calvin Harris Martin Garrix Best Global Track The Chainsmokers feat. Halsey - Closer Major Lazer feat. Justin Bieber & MØ - Cold Water Calvin Harris feat. Rihanna - This Is What You Came For David Guetta feat. Zara Larsson - This One's for You Martin Garrix & Bebe Rexha - In the Name of Love Best Documentary EDM Hardwell - I Am Hardwell - Living the Dream Steve Aoki - I'll Sleep When I'm Dead Zedd - True Colors Tomorrowland - This Was Tomorrow Space Ibiza - 27 Years of Clubbing History Best Trending Track Flume feat. Kai - Never be Like You The Chainsmokers feat. Daya - Don't Let Me Down Skrillex & Diplo feat. Kai - Mind Marshmello - Alone DJ Snake feat. Bipolar Sunshine - Middle Best New Talent Kungs Kygo Lost Frequencies Marshmello Alan Walker Best Remix Seeb - I Took a Pill in Ibiza by Mike Posner Don Diablo - Keeping Your Head Up by Birdy Tiësto - Dancing on My Own by Calum Scott Robin Schulz - I Was Wrong by Arizona Filatov & Karas - Don't Be So Shy by Imany Best Electronic Vocalist Vassy Daya Jake Reese MØ Conrad Sewell Best Dancefloor Track Deorro feat. Elvis Crespo - Bailar Galantis - No Money Major Lazer feat. Nyla & Fuse ODG - Light It Up Kungs vs Cookin' on 3 Burners - This Girl Tujamo - Drop That Low Performers David Guetta Steve Aoki Martin Garrix Alan Walker Cedric Gervais Nervo Vassy 2nd edition (2018) The WDM Radio Awards are slated to return to Estadio Azteca for their second edition on March 21, 2018. Awards and nominations Winners indicated in bold. Best DJ Martin Garrix Steve Aoki Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike Hardwell The Chainsmokers Armin van Buuren Best Electro House DJ Axwell Λ Ingrosso Don Diablo Tiësto DJ Snake Galantis R3hab Best Party DJ Steve Aoki Afrojack Galantis The Chainsmokers Martin Garrix Nervo King of Social Media Martin Garrix Avicii Calvin Harris Skrillex Tiësto David Guetta Major Lazer Best Global Track Jonas Blue - Mama Clean Bandit feat. Sean Paul and Anne-Marie - Rockabye The Chainsmokers & Coldplay - Something Just like This Robin Schulz feat. James Blunt - OK Kygo & Selena Gomez - It Ain't Me Burak Yeter","title":"WDM Radio Awards"},{"docid":"42157075","text":"Ellinor Miranda Salome Olovsdotter (born 8 October 1985), known professionally as Elliphant, is a Swedish singer, rapper and songwriter. Her sound was initially created together with the Swedish production duo Jungle, which consists of Tim Denéve and Ted Krotkiewski. The music they created together caught the attention of TEN Music Group, to which Elliphant signed in 2011. Elliphant also supported Major Lazer, the side project of American producer and DJ Diplo, on their 2015 European tour. Life and career Early life and career beginnings Elliphant was born Ellinor Miranda Salome Olovsdotter in Stockholm to an Icelandic family. In 2011, Elliphant was at a party in Paris when she met producer Tim Denéve, who needed someone that could sing and help him with his demos. Six months later, she signed to TEN Music Group. 2012–2013: Elliphant and A Good Idea Elliphant released her debut single \"Tekkno Scene\" in 2012. The track, which features rapper Adam Kanyama, was positively received and was featured in the video game FIFA 13. The song earned comparisons to M.I.A. and Diplo. In October 2012, Elliphant released her eponymous debut extended play on A Bigger Splash Records, including the singles \"Tekkno Scene\" and \"Down on Life\". Following the release of her first EP, Elliphant stated in an interview with Idolator in July 2013 that she had signed to Dr. Luke's label Kemosabe Records and that her Swedish debut studio album would be titled A Good Idea. The album was released in her native Sweden on 9 October 2013, and features a number of artists and producers, including Swedish duo Niki and the Dove, who are featured on the track \"More Fire\". 2014–present: Look Like You Love It, One More and Living Life Golden Elliphant released her second EP, titled Look Like You Love It, in April 2014 via Kemosabe Records and Mad Decent, featuring production from Dr. Luke, Diplo, Skrillex and Dave Sitek. It was followed by yet another EP, One More, in October, whose title track features Danish singer MØ. Elliphant was one of the opening acts on Charli XCX's Girl Power North America Tour in September and October 2014. In early July 2015, it was announced that Elliphant's second studio album and North American debut album, Living Life Golden, would be released on 25 September by Kemosabe Records. However, it was reported in late August 2015 that the album's release had been pushed back to an unspecified date. In December 2015, it was announced that the album would be released on 25 March 2016. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017 the Song of the Year category was won by \"Stranger\" featuring Elliphant. As one of the track's songwriters, Elliphant also won Dance Work of the Year and Most Played Australian Work at the APRA Music Awards of 2018. In 2018, the song \"Everybody\" was featured at the end of the film The Spy Who Dumped Me. Later in 2018, a new Elliphant song \"To the End\" was featured in the film Spider-Man: Into the","title":"Elliphant"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"45657074\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lean On\\\" is a song by Jamaican-American electronic dance music group Major Lazer and French record producer DJ Snake featuring Danish singer MØ. It was released on March 3, 2015, as the lead single from Major Lazer's third studio album, Peace Is the Mission (2015). It was written by MØ, Diplo, DJ Snake, Tchami, and Jr Blender, and produced by Major Lazer and DJ Snake. It is an EDM, electronic and moombahton song. \\\"Lean On\\\" was a critical and commercial success, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in several other countries including Argentina, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Mexico, and Switzerland; as well as the top 10 in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, France, Israel, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, and Sweden. In November 2015, \\\"Lean On\\\" was named by Spotify as the most streamed song of all time, and has over 1 billion streams globally as of June 2017; however, in 2016, it was later overtaken by Drake's \\\"One Dance\\\" (which was overtaken again by Ed Sheeran's Shape of You that was overtaken by The Weeknd's Blinding Lights.). The accompanying music video for \\\"Lean On\\\" was filmed in ND Studios, Karjat, Kaul Heritage City, in Vasai in Maharashtra, India and in the Golden Hall at Stockholm City Hall. The video premiered on March 23, 2015, and has over 3.27 billion views on YouTube as of October 2022. According to IFPI, \\\"Lean On\\\" was the fifth best-selling song of 2015 worldwide, and one of the best-selling singles of all time, with global sales of 13.1 million. Background and composition Regarding the creative process behind \\\"Lean On\\\", producer Diplo of Major Lazer said, \\\"We wrote this song with MØ very early from an instrumental Jr Blender created in some sessions in Trinidad. It was a strong hook. Very big to me but the production was lacking an attitude we needed. A year later I remixed the song at a completely different tempo and asked DJ Snake for a signature post chorus. After he did his thing, me, MØ and Blender rewrote the song at the new tempo in Las Vegas and made something very unique that became our album's lead-off single. We're super proud of this song.\\\" Diplo offered a slower reggae arrangement of the song to Rihanna, who rejected it. He also offered said arrangement of the song to Nicki Minaj, who turned it down as well. Diplo called this turn of events \\\"a blessing in disguise,\\\" and that \\\"MØ sounds better than anybody was going to sound on that record.\\\" Critical reception The song has received critical acclaim. Brennan Carley of Spin wrote, \\\"It's as if No Doubt met the C+C Music Factory\\\". Consequence of Sounds Michelle Geslani called the song a \\\"bouncy banger\\\" and complimented MØ's \\\"siren-like\\\" vocals. David Jeffries from AllMusic praised MØ and DJ Snake for helping the track \\\"deliver the sentimental lyrics and sensual house music at an\",\n \"title\": \"Lean On\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63485639\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lay Your Head on Me\\\" is a song by American music project Major Lazer, featuring vocals from British musician and lead singer of the band Mumford & Sons, Marcus Mumford. It was released as the fifth single from Major Lazer's fourth studio album, Music Is the Weapon, on March 26, 2020. The song was written by Henry Agincourt Allen, Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen, Jasper Helderman, Mumford, Thomas Pentz and Bas van Daalen. Background According to a press release, the collaboration came about after Marcus Mumford and Diplo became friends and started experimenting in the studio together. Danish pop star MØ, who has previously worked with Major Lazer on \\\"Lean On\\\", \\\"Lost\\\" and \\\"Cold Water\\\", also co-wrote the song. Chart performance The single became Major Lazer’s third number one, as well as Mumford’s first, to reach Billboard’s Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart in its August 22, 2020 issue. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history References 2020 singles 2020 songs Major Lazer songs Marcus Mumford songs Song recordings produced by Diplo Songs written by Diplo Songs written by King Henry (producer) Songs written by Marcus Mumford Songs written by MØ Songs written by Will Grands\",\n \"title\": \"Lay Your Head on Me\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49336781\",\n \"text\": \"Leighton Paul Walsh (born May 3, 1976), better known by his stage name Walshy Fire, is a Jamaican American DJ, MC and record producer. He is part of the dancehall reggae-influenced group Major Lazer alongside fellow DJs Diplo and Ape Drums. Walshy Fire toured with the Black Chiney sound system beginning in 2004. Black Chiney is cited as a significant influence on the evolution of Major Lazer with its mashups that blend hip hop or R&B rhythms with reggae & R&B artist vocal tracks and its representation of the Jamaican sound system. The subsequent mix tapes that the Black Chiney collective of DJs, engineers and MCs would develop were the training ground for Walshy to become a remix producer. Early life Walsh was born and raised in Carol City, Florida in a Jamaican family of partial Chinese descent. He attended North Miami Beach High School. He attended Clark Atlanta University for undergraduate studies and Florida A&M University for graduate school where he completed a master's degree in journalism. His brother is former West Indian fast bowler and captain Courtney Walsh. Musical influences Walshy Fire has been influenced by reggae and dancehall traditions. In 2013, he said: \\\"my sole purpose with this Major Lazer thing is to bring back some glory and international exposure [for] reggae and dancehall.\\\" His favorite reggae riddim is \\\"The Answer\\\" by the iconic producer Coxsone Dodd. Career Major Lazer Since 2012, Walshy Fire has presided as master of ceremonies for Major Lazer. In 2013, he described his role as follows:Basically, Diplo is the selector and I'm the MC. He's the one that picks the records and mixes the records and I'm the one that's out front and presents the records to people, makes speeches that makes the records make sense, and pulls up the records. I give the crowd humor when it's time to give them humor, emotion when it's time to give them emotion, and just keep the whole vibe intense throughout the whole set. He has contributed to production on the Major Lazer releases Apocalypse Soon and Peace is the Mission. In the latter album, he cowrote the Chronixx song \\\"Blaze Up The Fire\\\" and lent his vocals to \\\"Too Original\\\". Walshy Fire contributed to production on the Know No Better EP with Major Lazer. Walshy Fire along with Diplo & Jillionaire host the Major Lazer Lazer Sound program on Apple Music's Beats 1. With Major Lazer Walshy Fire has collaborated with artists from a variety of genres maintaining a commitment to cultural authenticity and in particular with regard to Caribbean music subgenres. On March 6, 2016, Major Lazer made the first appearance by a major American pop group in Cuba since the reinstatement of diplomatic relations. One year after the release of Peace is the Mission, Major Lazer announced the planned release of a new song with Justin Bieber and MØ entitled \\\"Cold Water\\\", which will be the lead track to the next Major Lazer album. This is a follow-up to \\\"Lean On\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Walshy Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46198872\",\n \"text\": \"Peace Is the Mission is the third studio album by American electronic dance music project Major Lazer. It was released on June 1, 2015. The album was preceded by the international hit single \\\"Lean On\\\" featuring DJ Snake and MØ. The single reached number one in Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands and peaked within the top ten in an additional fourteen countries including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. Singles The lead single from the album, \\\"Lean On\\\", a collaboration with DJ Snake and Danish singer MØ, was released on March 2, 2015. The track received universally positive reviews and became a massive hit, reaching the top ten in nineteen international charts and topping many others, giving Major Lazer their most internationally successful single to date. The second single from the album, \\\"Powerful\\\", featuring Ellie Goulding and Tarrus Riley was released simultaneously with the album on June 1, 2015. A preview of the single was revealed on April 23, 2015, whilst the whole song was unveiled on May 28, 2015. The song was added to BBC Radio 1's playlist on 21 June 2015. It reached top 10 in Australia and Poland. The remix of \\\"Light It Up\\\" featuring Nyla & Fuse ODG was released as the third single on the album in 5 November 2015 and became a top 10 hit in UK, Ireland, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, therefore becoming one of the highest charting Major Lazer singles to date. Promotional singles and other songs Four promotional singles were released; \\\"Roll the Bass\\\" on March 23, 2015, \\\"Night Riders\\\", a collaboration with Travi$ Scott, 2 Chainz, Pusha T and Mad Cobra, released on April 20, 2015, and \\\"Too Original\\\", a collaboration with Elliphant and Jovi Rockwell, released on May 11, 2015. On 2 June 2015, a lyric video was released for \\\"Be Together\\\", a collaboration with Wild Belle, making it the fourth promotional single. On 4 June 2015, a lyric video was released for \\\"Blaze Up the Fire\\\", a collaboration with Chronixx, making it the fifth promotional single. \\\"All My Love\\\" featuring Ariana Grande was featured on The Hunger Games: Mockingjay, Part 1 – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack prior to the remix that is featured on Peace Is the Mission. On April 27, 2015, Diplo revealed in an interview with Belgian radio station Studio Brussel that they have been working on a track with Belgian singer Selah Sue. He added that it might appear on their next album. Selah Sue herself confirmed this during an interview with Studio Brussels on May 4, 2015. In May 2015, Major Lazer revealed their fourth album would be called Music Is the Weapon. Commercial performance The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200, selling 16,000 copies. It also debuted at number five on the Canadian Albums Chart with 3,500 copies sold. In its second week of sales, the album dropped to number 26 on the US chart, selling 4,000 copies, bringing total\",\n \"title\": \"Peace Is the Mission\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44396555\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"All My Love\\\" is a song by American electronic music project Major Lazer featuring vocals from American singer Ariana Grande. It was released on 13 November 2014 as the fifth song from the soundtrack for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014). The song was written by Grande, Lorde, and MØ with production handled by Boaz van de Beatz, Jr Blender and Diplo. It is an electropop and dance-pop song with elements of dancehall. \\\"All My Love\\\" received positive reviews from music critics who complimented the track's production. Commercially, the track performed modestly in Belgium and charted in France and the United Kingdom. A remix of the song featuring vocals from Grande and Trinidadian singer Machel Montano was released on 21 January 2015 and appears as the final track on Major Lazer's third studio album Peace Is the Mission (2015). It features an interpolation of Aqua's 1997 song \\\"Lollipop (Candyman)\\\". This version performed modestly in Belgium and charted in Canada. Grande performed the original version on select dates on The Honeymoon Tour (2015). Background and release \\\"All My Love\\\" was written by Lorde (credited under her birth-name Ella Yelich-O'Connor), Ariana Grande and MØ (credited under her birth-name Karen Ørsted), while production of the song was handled by Boaz van de Beatz, Jr Blender and Diplo, a member of Major Lazer. Lorde's desire to include \\\"All My Love\\\" on the film's soundtrack led Diplo to rush the production process of the song. In an annotation posted to Genius that Diplo wrote, he mentioned that he was on vacation in London at the same time Grande was there. He managed to communicate with her and go \\\"back and forth with certain mixes.\\\" Diplo said that he was willing to \\\"screw around\\\" and surprise people with \\\"this kind of collaboration.\\\" Leaked on 13 November 2014 before the official release date, \\\"All My Love\\\" was included as the fifth track for the soundtrack of the 2014 film The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1. Diplo first mentioned the track on 16 October 2014 via Twitter. However, he deleted the tweet afterwards. When the album's official track list was announced on 21 October 2014, the song was listed as \\\"Track 5\\\". Lorde, who curated the film's soundtrack, said on Twitter that the song was not excluded for \\\"secrecy's sake\\\" but because it was \\\"not quite finished\\\". A week later, Grande revealed in a livestream that she was included in the film's soundtrack. She described the song as \\\"very interesting\\\" and \\\"very different.\\\" Lorde announced the track's title via Twitter on 3 November 2014. Composition and reception \\\"All My Love\\\" is an electropop and dance-pop song, with elements of dancehall. Stereogums Tom Breihan compared it to Grande's 2014 single, \\\"Break Free\\\", featuring Russian-German DJ Zedd. Bradley Stern from Idolator described its production as having \\\"rich, tribal\\\" sounds and \\\"'90's-leaning dance floor pulsations\\\". Exclaim writer Alex Hudson called the track an \\\"electronic banger with in-your-face beats and a manic breakdown.\\\" Similarly, Complex writer Edwin Ortiz called\",\n \"title\": \"All My Love (Major Lazer song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39036773\",\n \"text\": \"Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen (; born 13 August 1988), known professionally as MØ (), is a Danish singer and songwriter. She began her career in the mid-2000s as a member of the punk duo MOR and released a handful of side projects. After MOR disbanded in 2012, MØ signed a recording contract with Sony Music Entertainment, releasing her debut extended play, Bikini Daze (2013), and her debut studio album, No Mythologies to Follow (2014). In 2014, MØ collaborated with Australian rapper Iggy Azalea on the single \\\"Beg for It\\\", which peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard Hot 100, earning MØ her first entry on the chart. The following year, she co-wrote and provided vocals for the Major Lazer and DJ Snake collaboration \\\"Lean On\\\", which became an international success, charting at number one in several countries, number two in the United Kingdom, and number four in the United States. In 2016, MØ was featured on Snakehips's single \\\"Don't Leave\\\", and another Major Lazer single \\\"Cold Water\\\" with Canadian singer Justin Bieber, which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100. MØ earned her first commercially successful solo single with 2016's \\\"Final Song\\\", which reached the top 10 in Denmark and Norway and the top 15 in Australia and the United Kingdom. In 2017, she released her second extended play, When I Was Young, followed by her second studio album, Forever Neverland, in 2018. In 2022, MØ released her third studio album, Motordrome, which was followed by a repackaging titled Dødsdrom. Life and career Early life Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen was born in Ubberud, near Odense, and she grew up in Ejlstrup on the island of Funen, Denmark. Her father, Frans Ørsted, is a psychologist, and her mother, Mette Ørsted, is a teacher. She has an older brother, Kasper, who is a doctor. MØ was seven when she became interested in music thanks to the Spice Girls. As a teenager, she became interested in punk music and anti-fascist movements, listening to Black Flag, Nirvana, Smashing Pumpkins, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and especially Sonic Youth, saying she looked up to Kim Gordon as a \\\"big hero and role model\\\". 2006–2012: Side projects and MOR In 2006, MØ released a side project titled The Edmunds, which included tracks such as \\\"Garbage King\\\" and \\\"Polly Get Your Gun\\\". MØ also released several other side projects during 2008–10 including titles such as \\\"A Piece of Music to F*ck to\\\" and \\\"The Rarities\\\". The side-projects included songs that have been previously taken down due to an unknown reason, but has been re-released by a fan on YouTube. MØ and her friend Josefine Struckmann Pedersen formed duo MOR in 2007, and released two EPs, Fisse I Dit Fjæs (\\\"Pussy in Your Face\\\") and Vanvidstimer (\\\"Madness Hours\\\"), in 2009 and 2011, respectively. MOR disbanded on 7 September 2012, due to personal reasons. 2012–2015: No Mythologies to Follow and collaborations In 2012, MØ began creating a\",\n \"title\": \"MØ\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51063283\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Cold Water\\\" is a song by American electronic dance music production group Major Lazer, featuring vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber and Danish singer MØ. The song was released on July 22, 2016, as the lead single from their debut greatest hits album, Major Lazer Essentials. It became Major Lazer's third collaboration with MØ after \\\"Lean On\\\" and \\\"Lost\\\". \\\"Cold Water\\\" peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song also reached number one in Australia, Austria, Belgium (Wallonia), Brazil, Canada, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland; as well as the top 10 in Belgium (Flanders), Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Israel, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Scotland, South Africa and Spain. Background and release The day before Diplo arrived in New York City in May 2016, he was \\\"more than a little surprised\\\" when Justin Bieber sent a message on Twitter about the track, \\\"Cold Water\\\", asking when it would be coming out. \\\"That was not planned at all,\\\" Diplo said. According to Diplo, the song wasn't really done, when Bieber already expressed his excitement. \\\"It's actually very real. Twitter is the only reason I know he's excited about the song. I don't have his number, so he Twitters at me,\\\" Diplo added. On May 30, Diplo announced Major Lazer's collaboration with Bieber and MØ. At the time, he did not give a specific release date, only mentioning it would be released \\\"in a couple of weeks\\\" and that it would premiere through Beats 1. The song initially started a project, which eventually built to Major Lazer's fourth studio album's January 2017 release. \\\"It's complicated because we just want to do it indie,\\\" described Diplo of \\\"Cold Water.\\\" \\\"And convincing Bieber's marketing crew to do that is hard. We don't need to have some guy tell us, 'Oh, this is what the market research says.' I'm on the ground. I see it.\\\" On July 1, 2016, Bieber began releasing teasers of the song, and added the song would come out later that month. On July 13, he wrote the release date was set for July 22. A low-quality version of the track leaked on Chinese radio station in July 2016, four days prior to its official release. After the latter incident, \\\"Cold Water\\\" was officially released on July 22, 2016. Moreover, it was sent to US Top 40 radio on July 26, 2016. Remix The official remix of \\\"Cold Water\\\" features a newly additional verse and replaces Bieber's second verse and the first half of Bieber's second pre-chorus by rapper Gucci Mane. It was first mentioned by both Bieber and Mane through social media. Diplo premiered the remix during Brunch Bounce at Elvis Guesthouse in New York City on July 22, 2016, the same day the original version was released. It was later released online on August 12, 2016. Mane's verse replaces Bieber's second verse and the first half of Bieber's second pre-chorus, while\",\n \"title\": \"Cold Water (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49238783\",\n \"text\": \"Timothy Frey Trond Erem, better known as Tim Erem, (born October 29, 1990) is a Swedish director from Lidingö, Stockholm. He is best known for directing and writing music videos for artists such as Rihanna, Drake, Tove Lo, Elliphant, Katy Perry, MØ and Major Lazer. Works Erem's music video for \\\"Lean On\\\", by Major Lazer and MØ, is the eighth most viewed video on YouTube. Erem is a part of the production company Diktator, which includes other reputable directors such as Andy Milonakis. He has directed the short film Fairy Dust where Swedish artist Tove Lo masturbates. The video he directed for \\\"Work\\\" by Rihanna and Drake was nominated for Best Female Video at the MTV Video Music Awards. References 1990 births Living people People from Lidingö Municipality Swedish music video directors\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Erem\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51226140\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of the best selling singles, albums and as according to IRMA. Further listings can be found here. Top-selling singles \\\"Uptown Funk!\\\" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars \\\"Cheerleader\\\" – OMI \\\"Lean On\\\" – Major Lazer featuring DJ Snake & MØ \\\"Thinking Out Loud\\\" – Ed Sheeran \\\"See You Again\\\" – Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth \\\"Love Me like You Do\\\" – Ellie Goulding \\\"Hello\\\" – Adele \\\"Shut Up and Dance\\\" – Walk the Moon \\\"What Do You Mean?\\\" – Justin Bieber \\\"Firestone\\\" – Kygo featuring Conrad Sewell Top-selling albums* 25 – Adele X – Ed Sheeran Hozier – Hozier Purpose – Justin Bieber In the Lonely Hour – Sam Smith 1989 – Taylor Swift Coming Up for Air – Kodaline Beautiful Life At Christmas – Nathan Carter Made in the A.M. – One Direction If I Can Dream – Elvis Presley Notes: *Compilation albums are not included. References 2015 in Irish music 2015\",\n \"title\": \"List of best-selling singles and albums of 2015 in Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73611022\",\n \"text\": \"Teen Spirit (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album accompanying the film of the same name released on April 5, 2019 by Interscope Records. The album featured 14-tracks with most of them were performed by the lead actress Elle Fanning, while also had music from Major Lazer, Grimes, Orbital, MØ and DJ Snake amongst others. Background The musical selections were picked by the composer Marius de Vries, who was also the music supervisor. Max Minghella intended that \\\"he did not want it to be schizophrenic, like it was a jukebox musical bouncing around to random hits\\\". But wanted it to feel tonally cohesive where each song drives the film forward. On selecting the track \\\"Dancing on My Own\\\" he felt that the song which immediately set a tone about the music that Fanning's character would be performing. Minghella worked with Jack Antonoff for the soundtrack, who revealed that \\\"[he] had seen the movie somehow and really liked it. He wanted to meet for a drink, and he was really enthusiastic about the movie. I asked him if he wanted to do a song, and he showed me something that he and Carly Rae [Jepsen] had worked on. It was such a quick yes. I think even Jack was like, “I don’t know if this is the right song.” I was like, “No, this is literally what I’ve been looking for the entire time.” It’s a song that you’ll know how to sing the chorus within a minute and a half.\\\" Singles The track list of the album was announced on March 13, 2019. At the same date, the cover of Robyn's 2010 single \\\"Dancing On My Own\\\" performed by Elle Fanning (as showcased in the film's trailer) was released in digital platforms. Though Fanning's performance was not released, a three-minute video that accompanied the film's stills were released on Interscope Records' YouTube channel. On March 29, 2019, Carly Rae Jespen's unreleased track \\\"Wildflowers\\\" was unveiled as a single, which was performed by Fanning. A music video featuring Fanning was released on April 5 to promote the soundtrack. On April 18, another music video on Fanning's performance of \\\"Little Bird\\\" was released through YouTube. It was directed by filmmaker Gia Coppola. Release history The 14-song soundtrack for Teen Spirit was released by Interscope Records, a week ahead of the film's release on April 5. A vinyl edition of the film's soundtrack was distributed by Mondo which released the album on August 9, 2019. Track listing Reception While the film received mixed reviews, the soundtrack was well received by audiences. \\\"Minghella does a nice job staging the competition and making each one feel like a music video. He has a strong sense of visuals, and it helps that the film features the recognizable music of Katy Perry, Ariana Grande, Ellie Goulding, Annie Lennox, Tegan & Sara, Major Lazer and many more popular artists, which should up the buzz factor just a bit. Music supervisor Steven Gizicki deserves credit for curating the\",\n \"title\": \"Teen Spirit (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58039483\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Meckseper, known professionally as Jr Blender (sometimes stylised as Jr. Blender or Junior Blender), is a German record producer and songwriter from Hamburg. He is notable for his collaborations with American dance music group Major Lazer. His credits include the singles Lean On (with DJ Snake and MØ), Cold Water (with Justin Bieber and MØ), Run Up (with Nicki Minaj and PartyNextDoor), Light It Up (with Nyla and Fuse ODG) and All My Love (with Ariana Grande and Machel Montano). Meckseper started his career as a member of the German sound clash group Supersonic. He came to the attention of Diplo during this time, thanks to remixes of tracks by Rihanna and Bruno Mars. In addition to his pop music credentials, Meckseper has a history of collaborating with reggae and dancehall artists; acting either as a writer or producer, or both. To date, his reggae and dancehall credits include songs by Damian Marley, Sean Paul, Protoje, Chronixx, Gyptian, Lutan Fyah, Romain Virgo, Stylo G, Burro Banton, Exco Levi, Christopher Martin, Jah Vinci, Perfect Giddimani, Tony Rebel, Beenie Man and Luciano. Songwriting and production credits References External links BBC Music: Jr Blender German record producers German male songwriters Living people Reggae record producers Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Jr Blender\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53258173\",\n \"text\": \"The WDM Radio Awards is an award ceremony created in 2017 by Los 40 under their World Dance Music brand, billed as \\\"the first radio awards to electronic music\\\". It is meant to be a global event, promoted by the twelve Los 40 stations in Spain and Latin America. Editions 1st edition (2017) The first edition was held on March 29, 2017 at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, Mexico. Awards and nominations Winners indicated in bold. Best DJ The Chainsmokers DJ Snake David Guetta Martin Garrix Diplo Best Electro House DJ Axwell Λ Ingrosso Galantis Don Diablo David Guetta Zedd Best Party DJ Steve Aoki Nervo Martin Garrix Skrillex Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike King of Social Media Diplo Skrillex Steve Aoki Calvin Harris Martin Garrix Best Global Track The Chainsmokers feat. Halsey - Closer Major Lazer feat. Justin Bieber & MØ - Cold Water Calvin Harris feat. Rihanna - This Is What You Came For David Guetta feat. Zara Larsson - This One's for You Martin Garrix & Bebe Rexha - In the Name of Love Best Documentary EDM Hardwell - I Am Hardwell - Living the Dream Steve Aoki - I'll Sleep When I'm Dead Zedd - True Colors Tomorrowland - This Was Tomorrow Space Ibiza - 27 Years of Clubbing History Best Trending Track Flume feat. Kai - Never be Like You The Chainsmokers feat. Daya - Don't Let Me Down Skrillex & Diplo feat. Kai - Mind Marshmello - Alone DJ Snake feat. Bipolar Sunshine - Middle Best New Talent Kungs Kygo Lost Frequencies Marshmello Alan Walker Best Remix Seeb - I Took a Pill in Ibiza by Mike Posner Don Diablo - Keeping Your Head Up by Birdy Tiësto - Dancing on My Own by Calum Scott Robin Schulz - I Was Wrong by Arizona Filatov & Karas - Don't Be So Shy by Imany Best Electronic Vocalist Vassy Daya Jake Reese MØ Conrad Sewell Best Dancefloor Track Deorro feat. Elvis Crespo - Bailar Galantis - No Money Major Lazer feat. Nyla & Fuse ODG - Light It Up Kungs vs Cookin' on 3 Burners - This Girl Tujamo - Drop That Low Performers David Guetta Steve Aoki Martin Garrix Alan Walker Cedric Gervais Nervo Vassy 2nd edition (2018) The WDM Radio Awards are slated to return to Estadio Azteca for their second edition on March 21, 2018. Awards and nominations Winners indicated in bold. Best DJ Martin Garrix Steve Aoki Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike Hardwell The Chainsmokers Armin van Buuren Best Electro House DJ Axwell Λ Ingrosso Don Diablo Tiësto DJ Snake Galantis R3hab Best Party DJ Steve Aoki Afrojack Galantis The Chainsmokers Martin Garrix Nervo King of Social Media Martin Garrix Avicii Calvin Harris Skrillex Tiësto David Guetta Major Lazer Best Global Track Jonas Blue - Mama Clean Bandit feat. Sean Paul and Anne-Marie - Rockabye The Chainsmokers & Coldplay - Something Just like This Robin Schulz feat. James Blunt - OK Kygo & Selena Gomez - It Ain't Me Burak Yeter\",\n \"title\": \"WDM Radio Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42157075\",\n \"text\": \"Ellinor Miranda Salome Olovsdotter (born 8 October 1985), known professionally as Elliphant, is a Swedish singer, rapper and songwriter. Her sound was initially created together with the Swedish production duo Jungle, which consists of Tim Denéve and Ted Krotkiewski. The music they created together caught the attention of TEN Music Group, to which Elliphant signed in 2011. Elliphant also supported Major Lazer, the side project of American producer and DJ Diplo, on their 2015 European tour. Life and career Early life and career beginnings Elliphant was born Ellinor Miranda Salome Olovsdotter in Stockholm to an Icelandic family. In 2011, Elliphant was at a party in Paris when she met producer Tim Denéve, who needed someone that could sing and help him with his demos. Six months later, she signed to TEN Music Group. 2012–2013: Elliphant and A Good Idea Elliphant released her debut single \\\"Tekkno Scene\\\" in 2012. The track, which features rapper Adam Kanyama, was positively received and was featured in the video game FIFA 13. The song earned comparisons to M.I.A. and Diplo. In October 2012, Elliphant released her eponymous debut extended play on A Bigger Splash Records, including the singles \\\"Tekkno Scene\\\" and \\\"Down on Life\\\". Following the release of her first EP, Elliphant stated in an interview with Idolator in July 2013 that she had signed to Dr. Luke's label Kemosabe Records and that her Swedish debut studio album would be titled A Good Idea. The album was released in her native Sweden on 9 October 2013, and features a number of artists and producers, including Swedish duo Niki and the Dove, who are featured on the track \\\"More Fire\\\". 2014–present: Look Like You Love It, One More and Living Life Golden Elliphant released her second EP, titled Look Like You Love It, in April 2014 via Kemosabe Records and Mad Decent, featuring production from Dr. Luke, Diplo, Skrillex and Dave Sitek. It was followed by yet another EP, One More, in October, whose title track features Danish singer MØ. Elliphant was one of the opening acts on Charli XCX's Girl Power North America Tour in September and October 2014. In early July 2015, it was announced that Elliphant's second studio album and North American debut album, Living Life Golden, would be released on 25 September by Kemosabe Records. However, it was reported in late August 2015 that the album's release had been pushed back to an unspecified date. In December 2015, it was announced that the album would be released on 25 March 2016. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017 the Song of the Year category was won by \\\"Stranger\\\" featuring Elliphant. As one of the track's songwriters, Elliphant also won Dance Work of the Year and Most Played Australian Work at the APRA Music Awards of 2018. In 2018, the song \\\"Everybody\\\" was featured at the end of the film The Spy Who Dumped Me. Later in 2018, a new Elliphant song \\\"To the End\\\" was featured in the film Spider-Man: Into the\",\n \"title\": \"Elliphant\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1955154","text":"The Los Angeles Lazers were an indoor soccer team that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) from 1982 to 1989. History Jerry Buss, the owner of California Sports, the parent company of the Los Angeles Lakers, Kings and Strings of TeamTennis and The Forum, the home arena of all three teams, was always looking for innovative ways to add additional creative programming to the Forum. He called upon his oldest son Johnny Buss and long-time California Sports executive Ron Weinstein to bring indoor soccer to Los Angeles. In 1981, Buss was awarded an expansion franchise at the same August league meeting where the MISL granted a one-year leave of absence to the Philadelphia Fever. Buss and Weinstein named the team the Los Angeles Lazers, and the team began play in the fall of 1982. The team's name stemmed from the up-and-coming laser light show industry, which management believed would depict a perfect synergy of the lightning fast pace of indoor soccer. It became a pre-game ritual for every Lazers game to have a laser show displayed on the walls of the Forum, which even intrigued Neil Diamond enough to visit the Lazer offices in order to investigate and ultimately incorporate this new laser technology into his own onstage live performances. Following in the footsteps of the \"Showtime\" Los Angeles Lakers, the Lazers drew many celebrities to their games including Cher, James Caan, Ricky Schroder and Diamond. The \"Laker Girls\" performed double duty from 1982 to 1989, performing as the \"Lazer Girls\" at all home games. This opportunity played an integral part in the career of Paula Abdul, who was the lead dancer and choreographer of the team. Johnny Buss was president of the Lazers from 1982 to 1985 when he went on to pursue other endeavors. His younger brother, Jim Buss, took over as president for the 1985–86 season. In 1986, Jerry Buss attended his first MISL Board of Governors meeting. He strongly suggested to the board that they begin to reduce player salaries and gradually move the league into the summer months. Dr. Buss continued to play for three more seasons, and, after recognizing the MISL was not moving in the proper direction in the summer of 1989, he shared with Lazers executive vice president Ron Weinstein that he was closing the doors on the Lazers. He told Weinstein that if he ever wanted to start a professional indoor soccer league that played in the summer months with a fiscally responsible budget, then he would mentor him while tying the new league into the NBA and NHL. Thus, the seed was planted in Weinstein for the founding of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL). Arena The Lazers played their home games in The Forum in Inglewood, California. Coaches Peter Wall 1982–1987 Keith Tozer 1987–1989 Year-by-year Honors Coach of the Year 1984–1985 Peter Wall Rookie of the Year 1982–83 Kirk Shermer Television and radio coverage In their inaugural season, the Lazers games were broadcast on Cable Radio Network.","title":"Los Angeles Lazers"},{"docid":"45269620","text":"The ARIA Dance Chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing dance singles of Australia. It is published by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), an organisation who collect music data for the weekly ARIA Charts. To be eligible to appear on the chart, the recording must be a single, and be \"predominantly of a dance nature, or with a featured track of a dance nature, or included in the ARIA Club Chart or a comparable overseas chart\". In 2015, eleven singles have topped the chart. \"Lean On\" by Major Lazer is the longest-running chart-topping dance single of 2015. Chart history Number-one artists See also 2015 in music List of number-one singles of 2015 (Australia) List of number-one club tracks of 2015 (Australia) References Australia Dance Dance 2001 Number-one dance singles","title":"List of number-one dance singles of 2015 (Australia)"},{"docid":"50018447","text":"\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\" is the debut single by American country music artist Loretta Lynn, released in March 1960. The song was among the first to not only be recorded by Lynn, but also to be penned by her. She composed the song while living in Washington State, maintaining her role as a housewife and occasional member of a local country music band. The composition was later recorded in California after Lynn was given money by a local businessman, who was impressed by her singing. \"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\" was then issued as a single under the newly founded and independent Zero Records label in March 1960. \"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\" was self-promoted by Lynn and her husband, driving from one radio station to another. The effort paid off by that summer when it peaked at #14 on the Billboard country songs chart. The story behind the song's promotion became one of the trademarks of Lynn's career. Its story was profiled in the 1980 film about her life Coal Miner's Daughter and has been covered by other artists. \"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\" has since received positive praise from music critics and writers alike, who have credited the song as being one of her signature tunes. Background and composition Lynn was inspired to compose \"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\" from a woman she met while performing in a club in Washington state. As the woman became more intoxicated, she would tell Lynn more details of her story and would cry uncontrollably. The woman told Lynn of how her husband had left her for another woman. The pair developed a friendship that would last for several years. Lynn then wrote the song while leaning up against her home's bathroom toilet seat in twenty minutes, using a seventeen dollar guitar that her husband bought her as an anniversary present. She recounted the song's composition in 2010, \"I just sat down with my guitar...I was outside and leaning up against the toilet in Washington State. And I sat there and wrote 'Honky Tonk Girl' and 'Whispering Sea.'\" \"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\" was recorded in the style of the Bakersfield Sound and had a \"west coast shuffle\". Named after the California town of the same name, the Bakersfield Sound was a unique style of country music that was characterized by electric guitars that created a \"clear\" and \"ringing\" quality. The song has a basic chord progression of G–D–A–D but is in the key of C#. She later explained why the song was written in this key, \"They told me in Nashville they couldn't believe it, what you're writing! All your keys are funny. ‘Cause they wrote D, G and A, you know. I was going out on a limb a little bit, but I didn't realize that. I started playing rhythm guitar with my brother and a steel player when I first started singing. And I played barre chord rhythm. I had all sorts of notes on the guitar at","title":"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl"},{"docid":"49617851","text":"\"BonBon\" () is a song by Kosovo-Albanian singer and songwriter Era Istrefi. The song was written by Istrefi and Ergen Berisha, while produced by Big Bang, Cricket and Toton. released it as a single for digital download and streaming in the United States on 30 December 2015. A dance-pop, dancehall, EDM and R&B song, its Albanian-language lyrics imply a message of empowerment and self-love. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics, several of whom praised the music and lyrics as well as Istrefi's appearance. Some praised Istrefi's vocal delivery, likening it to Rihanna or Sia. The song became Istrefi's breakthrough single, topping the charts in Albania and reaching the top 10 in four other countries. It was awarded gold certifications in various countries alongside a platinum certification in France by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). For promotion, an accompanying music video was uploaded to 's YouTube channel on 30 December 2015, before it was transferred to the channel of Ultra Music on 7 March 2016. Filmed in the mountainous region of Brezovicë, Kosovo, the video depicts Istrefi walking across a snow-covered road. The singer performed the song at several occasions throughout 2016, including in Albania, Germany, France and Romania. Background and composition Born into an Albanian musical family, Istrefi began pursuing a professional music career in 2013 and rose to widespread attention in the Albanian-speaking territories at a relatively early stage. She made her international breakthrough in early 2016, after the release of \", which secured her a recording contract with Ultra Music. With a length of two minutes and 47 seconds, released it as a single for digital download and streaming in the United States on 30 December 2015. It was written by Istrefi and Ergen Berisha, with the production handled by Big Bang, Cricket and Toton. Johnny Horesco and Miles Walker mastered and mixed the song, respectively. Musically, \"\" is as a dance-pop, EDM, R&B and dancehall-leaning song. During the song's Albanian-language and occasional English lyrics, Istrefi implies an empowerment message, singing about self-love and how she does not need anyone to make her feel happy. Reception Upon its release, \"\" was met with widespread acclaim from music critics. Many critics praised Istrefi's appearance and vocal delivery, constantly comparing it to that of Barbadian artist Rihanna and Australian musician Sia. David Rishty from Billboard also responded positively towards the song and linked her aesthetic to that of American disc jockey-trio Major Lazer. Ultra Music's executive Patrick complimented the song for its \"oriental\" appeal and found the lyrical alternation between Albanian and English as \"seamless\" and \"special\". Tanja Hill of The Source wrote that Istrefi portrays a \"smooth\" and \"sexy\" sound with an \"irresistible\" beat. The staff of BigFM expected a chart success in Germany and wrote that \"\", including its \"smooth, sexy-smoky-sounding tones\" fusing pop, reggae and dubstep, was destined for a chill evening. Fans of \"\" included Bebe Rexha, Imany, Jelena Karleuša, Jesse Saint John, Katy Perry, Kim Kardashian and P. Diddy. \"\" won","title":"BonBon"},{"docid":"49505303","text":"\"Hundred Miles\" is a 2015 tropical house song by Barcelona-based DJ collective Yall featuring Gabriela Richardson. The song was written by David Borras Paronella, Joan Sala Gasol and Gabriela Richardson Torres. The song gained more fame after it was used in a 2015 advertisement for the Spanish casual clothing brand Desigual. Music video The music video was released on 9 December 2015 on Vevo. The tennis-themed video shows five young girls dancing on a tennis court as Gabriela performs in solo. At the end, she is joined on the public seats with the three members of Yall. As of February 2020, the video has received about 50 million views. In popular culture The song was used on 28 January 2016 during the French TV entertainment program Touche Pas à Mon Poste (Touche Pas à Mon Prime réalise vos vœux) presented by Cyril Hanouna where Erika Moulet dances completely nude to the tune as a tribute on the birthday of Bertrand Chameroy. \"Hundred Miles\" was also used in a Netflix TV show Elite (season 1, episode 2). The song was featured in the spring 2015 playlist of Hollister Co. stores worldwide. Plagiarism accusations The song received heavy comparisons to Major Lazer's song \"Lean On\", some publications accusing the song of plagiarism. Yall's Joan Sala, responded to the accusations saying: \"is cool to get compared to Major Lazer in a song like this. We love Major Lazer! But as a composer, i have to say that only the first chord sounds the same. Then, the rest of the song is totally different.\" Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2015 singles 2015 songs Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles","title":"Hundred Miles"},{"docid":"47303923","text":"\"Be Together\" is a song recorded by American music group Major Lazer featuring fellow American music group Wild Belle, as the opening track of the former's third studio album, Peace Is the Mission (2015). It is also Major Lazer's fourth promotional single. The song may have risen to prominence when trap artist Vanic released a remix of a song to his SoundCloud account, and has since been featured on numerous EDM records and channels. On November 20, 2015, Major Lazer released the Australazer EP, which features six remixes of \"Be Together\" by various Australian EDM artists. The official music video was published on January 19, 2016, through Major Lazer's official YouTube channel. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2015 songs Major Lazer songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Djemba Djemba","title":"Be Together (Major Lazer song)"},{"docid":"26666721","text":"Dr. Estelle Lazer is an independent archaeologist who has worked on sites in the Middle East, Italy, Cyprus, the UK, Antarctica and Australia. She teaches at the University of Sydney and the University of NSW. Her PhD thesis was based on the human skeletal remains discovered at Pompeii, where she spent over 7 field seasons. Pompeii skeletons Estelle Lazer, Australian archaeologist and physical anthropologist from Sydney University, has studied the human remains from Pompeii and has reached some interesting conclusions. From her study of their bones, Lazer has challenged the conventional interpretation that the people who were left behind to die in Pompeii were the very old, the very young, women and those too sick or weak to escape. She believes that the victims were a good representative sample of the population, a balance of male and female, young and old. There may have been more children among the victims than the skeletons suggest, because not all children's bones would have survived. The bones show that the people of Pompeii were well-nourished and healthy and similar in size to the people who live in Naples today, 154 cm for females and 167 cm for male. About 10 percent of the skeletons show signs of arthritis, some having a form of arthritis usually associated with old age. Many of the skulls examined by Lazer have teeth which show considerable wear compared to teeth today. Some are worn down to the gumline, exposing the nerve, which must have been a very painful condition. The wearing down of teeth was probably caused by traces of grit and stone in the bread which came from the millstone used to grind the wheat into flour. Some teeth have cavities and others have a heavy build-up of plaque which would have caused bad breath. There are signs of gum disease and abscesses related to decayed teeth. There is no sign of dental intervention such as extractions, fillings, crowns, or false teeth. A body cast was brought to Australia in 1994 as part of the Australian Museum's exhibition on Pompeii. With the Archaeological Superintendent of Pompeii's permission, the body was x-rayed in a Sydney clinic. The results, and the cast itself, were analysed by Estelle Lazer and the team of medical specialists. It was the first high-tech examination of a Pompeian. The study concluded that the Lady of Oplontis was aged between 30 and 40, and was in good health apart from dental work. She was 1.5 metres tall, wore clothes and a gold bracelet, and was clutching a money purse when she died. The cast shows the 'pugilist pose' characteristic of bodies exposed to extreme temperature at the time of death. Lazer concluded from her studies of the skeletal remains that there were three main causes of death at Pompeii: asphyxiation, which she concludes was a major cause of death. thermal shock, which is evident in the pugilistic poses of the bodies, caused by sudden contraction of the muscles. concussion, from falling bits of debris and","title":"Estelle Lazer"},{"docid":"10790406","text":"Earl Harvin is an American drummer, percussionist and multi-instrumentalist who has lived in Dallas, Texas and Los Angeles and is now residing in Berlin, Germany. Harvin studied at the University of North Texas College of Music where he was a member of the One O'Clock Lab Band for one year, beginning 1989. Throughout most of the 1990s, he led the jazz band Earl Harvin Trio (including Fred Hamilton and Dave Palmer) and led the rock band rubberbullet. Earl Harvin Trio won the Dallas Observer category of \"Jazz\" in 2003. Harvin also performed or recorded with various Texas-based artists including James Clay, Chao, Ten Hands and Billy Goat. He has since performed, or recorded with MC 900 Foot Jesus, Seal, Joe Henry, The The, The Psychedelic Furs, Trevor Horn, Pet Shop Boys, Art of Noise, The Frames, Richard Thompson, Jeff Beck, Damien Rice, Glen Hansard, Hikaru Utada, and many others. Harvin's contribution to Seal's Human Being includes drums, bass and guitar as well as co-writing on \"Latest Craze\". Harvin has toured extensively with the French duo Air. Recently he has performed and recorded with Berlin- and London-based Warren Suicide. As of 2010 he has recorded and toured as a member of the English band Tindersticks. Ari Hoenig has cited him as a major influence. In 2009, Harvin released a CD solo project Oracles on which he played all instruments and vocals. Discography Oracles (2009; independent) Earl Harvin Trio Trio/Quartet (1996; Leaning House) Strange Happy [as Earl Harvin/Dave Palmer] (1997; Leaning House) At The Gypsy Tea Room (1999; Leaning House) Unincorporated (2001; Two Ohm Hop) The Jam (DVD - 2005; Mel Bay) Rubberbullet Grinning Bitches/Entangled 7\" (1994; Last Beat Records) rubberbullet (1995; Last Beat Records) Open (1996; Last Beat Record]) The Kissing Song/King Of The Damned Lazer Gag 7\" [split w/ Baboon] (1997; Last Beat Records) With others Ten Hands, Kung Fu... That's What I Like (1988) Ten Hands, The Big One Is Coming (live) (1989) Billy Goat, Bush Roaming Mammals (1992) Seal, Human Being (1998), \"IV\" (2003) The The, Naked Self (2000) Black Frames, Solarallergy (2002) The Richard Thompson Band Live Ducknapped! (2003) Malachy Papers, with Earl Harvin (2005) My Brightest Diamond, Bring Me the Workhorse (2006) Warren Suicide, Requiem for a Missing Link (2008) My Brightest Diamond, A Thousand Shark's Teeth (2008) Robbie Williams, Reality Killed the Video Star (2009) Jeff Beck, Emotion & Commotion (2010) Tindersticks, Falling Down a Mountain (2010) My Brightest Diamond, This Is My Hand (2014) My Brightest Diamond, A Million and One (2018) Scrote & Earl Harvin, scr011 (album) (2020) References External links Earl Harvin's MySpace Masshoffs Roundtable - Workshop Earl Harvin Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Musicians from New York (state) American rock drummers University of North Texas College of Music alumni The The members My Brightest Diamond members","title":"Earl Harvin"},{"docid":"54427912","text":"Havana Maestros – AmeriCuba is a collaborative album by Havana Maestros, which fuses a cast of Cuban musicians including Barbarito Torres and Amadito Valdes of the Buena Vista Social Club, with tracks from American artists such as Missy Elliott, Janelle Monáe, Jason Derulo, Ben E. King, Fun., Otis Redding, Chic, Dionne Warwick, B.o.B. and others. With Major Lazer they recorded a bonus track, a Cuban version of the song \"Lean On\", which is only available as an online download. The album was produced by the Berman Brothers. Track listing \"Good Times\" – Chic \"Whatcha Say\" – Jason Derulo \"Stand By Me\" – Ben E. King \"Get Ur Freak On\" – Missy Elliott \"We Are Young\" – Fun \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" – Otis Redding \"Ritmo Cubano\" – Havana Maestros \"I Say a Little Prayer\" – Dionne Warwick \"Airplanes\" – B.o.B and Hayley Williams \"Tightrope\" – Janelle Monáe \"Fly\" – Sugar Ray \"Ven\" – Havana Maestros \"A Mi Manera\" – Havana Maestros Online bonus track \"Lean On\" – Major Lazer References Further reading Billboard review of Havana Maestros – AmeriCuba Billboard review of Havana Maestros feat. Major Lazor – Lean On External links Official website Havana Maestros on Facebook Covers albums Dance music albums by Cuban artists Buena Vista Social Club Salsa compilation albums 2017 compilation albums Universal Music Group compilation albums Son cubano compilation albums Bolero compilation albums Albums produced by the Berman Brothers (producers) Spanish-language compilation albums Mambo compilation albums Compilation albums by Cuban artists","title":"AmeriCuba"},{"docid":"49953870","text":"\"Who Am I\" is a song recorded by English singer Katy B for her third studio album, Honey (2016). It is a collaboration with American electronic music band Major Lazer and English singer Craig David. The song was written by Brien, David, Phillip Meckseper, Thomas Pentz and produced by Geneeus, Jr. Blender and Diplo. It was released on 5 February 2016 as the lead single from the album. The song received generally favourable reviews from music critics. On 12 February 2016, the single peaked at number 89 on the UK Singles Chart. Composition \"Who Am I\" was written and produced by Katy herself, Craig David, Jr. Blender, Diplo and produced by Geneeus, Blender and Diplo. It's a midtempo R&B song, with smooth vocals delivered by Brien and David. Katy later admitted: \"[This song] was about my first boyfriend. I used to be in a band with him and when we broke up... I realized everyone I knew in London was in the band. I felt like I'd have to give up my band, my friends, my whole identity, start again from scratch. You don't just lose a person in a break-up. Others might lose their home, even their child and family, I think of people going through divorces when I sing it, too. It was originally a solo song, and I still don't really see it as me singing to Craig, we're the same person singing the same song.\" Critical reception \"Who Am I\" has received generally positive reviews from music critics and fans alike. Chantelle Fiddy of Mixmag gave the song 8 points out of 10, and commented: \"Getting emotional with Craig David (who comes on here like Usher), this is a clever, Major Lazer-style take on the classic r’n’b duet\". James Rettig of Stereogum described song as a \"soulful jam\" and Robin Murray of Clash described single as a \"superstar clash\" and praised Brien emotive vocals. Music video The music video for the song was shot in early February 2016 in Miami. It premiered on 23 February 2016. The clip shows Katy B and David performing the track amongst Miami's nighttime lights. Live performances Katy and David performed track live for the first time on BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge on 14 March 2016 and later have done multiple gigs. Charts References 2016 singles 2015 songs Katy B songs Major Lazer songs Craig David songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Katy B Songs written by Craig David Virgin EMI Records singles Songs written by Jr Blender","title":"Who Am I (Katy B song)"},{"docid":"23250217","text":"Mavka is a Ukrainian band combining ethnic and folk themes with downtempo, electronica and ambient music. The band was formed in 2013 by a theater actress Iryna Lazer (lead-singer, composer, performer) and Oleksiy Mikriukov (composer) under the initial name Crossworlds. Collaborating exclusively on-line they managed to release the first mini-album Ivana Kupala Night in 2014. The full-length Day and Night album was released a year later in 2015. Since then Iryna Lazer began performing live using loop-station, vocal pedals and synthesizers creating polyphonic compositions in Ukrainian and her own invented 'Mermaid' language. In 2015 another musician joined the band due to the growing amount of live performances and the band's name was changed to Mavka. In 2016 Mavka appeared on a number of festivals including GogolFest and The Day of Street Music. The band also played on Hi5 studio and performed for the plays in Zoloti Vorota Theater. In 2017 members of Mavka wrote soundtrack and acted in the movie 'The Tale of Money'. Later the band released music video of the official soundtrack 'Night Shadow'. In 2018 the band started collaborating with the сhildren's сhoir Dyvo (conductor Tetiana Nadolinska). The band and the choir produced ethnic-electronica compositions and some interpretations of the Ukrainian folk songs. Together they gave the concert 'Horovod under the stars' on May 27 on the stage of Kyiv Planetarium. In 2018 band's leader Iryna Lazer recorded vocals for the vinyl LP album Femininho by King Imagine. On December 25, 2018, the band presented an exclusive Christmas concert \"Carols with the looper\" in the cultural center Master Class. The main idea of the concert was for the vocalist to create and perform live the polyphonic carols by herself using only the loop-station. In 2019 the band created an original version of the song 'Hej Sokoly' for a documentary movie 'The Borderline. Hrubieszów operation' which premiered on May, 28, at the Kyiv International Film Festival \"Molodist\". In June 2019 the band started collaborating with the German dancer Véronique Langlott and created the music for her choreography research Folkstrance. The artists presented the performance on July 1 at the cultural platform Izolyatsia. In August 2019 the band re-released the album Day and Night with the \"Mavka\" band's name. The band's music is used as a background in plays 'Sasha, throw out the trash' of Kyiv Academic Young Theatre and in \"The People Are Singing\" of Royal Exchange Theatre. Name The band is named after a Ukrainian mythological female long-haired figure, mavka, that was believed to live in forests, lakes or rivers and appeared only on special holidays during the year. Mavkas could entice or seduce young men to later tickle their victims to death. Style and languages The majority of songs is written and performed in the Ukrainian language. They are whether interpretations of Ukrainian traditional compositions or original contemporary pieces. The band is also working on an album with the songs written in 'mermaid' glossolalia as the lead-singer calls it. Discography Mavka 2019: Day and Night (LP)","title":"Mavka (band)"},{"docid":"44334742","text":"Major Lazer is an American adult animated television series based on the electronic music group of the same name, created by DJ and record producer Diplo with Ferry Gouw and Kevin Kusatsu. It premiered on FXX on April 16, 2015, as part of their Animation Domination High-Def (ADHD) block. After Stone Quackers, Major Lazer is the second ADHD original series to be aired on the channel after FOX had stopped its broadcast of the block itself. The show was renewed for a second season, but was later canceled. On September 3, 2016, it was announced that John Boyega had left the series to focus on the new Star Wars films prior to its cancellation. The show is available to stream on the Major Lazer YouTube channel. Plot Set in the future, Major Lazer is a Jamaican superhero with a laser gun for a right hand who fights against the dystopian forces led by Jamaica's leader President Whitewall and his servant General Rubbish. Major Lazer is assisted in his fight by President Whitewall's daughter Penny Whitewall and hacker Blkmrkt. Production Major Lazer had been in production for nearly five years before its premiere. It was originally considered for Adult Swim through a pilot episode produced in 2011 by Williams Street and Titmouse, Inc., which was never broadcast. The musical group Major Lazer, on which the show is based, previously starred animated characters, including the character of Major Lazer. Ferry Gouw, along with John Pham, served as art director for this incarnation. Other musicians such as Jay Z, and the Odd Future collective, had signed on for television shows on the network during the year; Odd Future's came out as Loiter Squad the next year. Billboard announced Major Lazer would premiere on Fox in 2014. Cat Power and Riff Raff were said to have collaborated on the soundtrack for the show. In 2015, Billboard announced the show would premiere on FXX. Diplo called the long wait of the production \"worth it to have such a succinct TV show for our music fans and cartoon fans alike\". He said that it would appeal to \"any fans of hip-hop [and] electronic music or '80s cartoons, and the culture that gave birth to [Major Lazer's] musical landscape\". Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, who voices the eponymous character, described the feeling of the show as \"like being high\". J. K. Simmons voices President Whitewall, while Aziz Ansari, Ezra Koenig, Riff Raff, Andy Samberg, and Charli XCX make guest voice performances. Voice cast Principal cast Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje – Major Lazer, Evil Lazer (ep. 10) James Adomian – General Rubbish John Boyega – Blkmrkt Ashante \"Taranchyla\" Reid – Old Rasta, PG Tipps, Weed Man (Episode 1) J. K. Simmons – President Whitewall Angela Trimbur – Penny Whitewall Guest Stars & Additional voices Trinidad James – Mr. Mary James (episode 1), Goldie (episode 9) Tiësto – DJ God (episode 2) Jonathan Banks – The Law (episode 2) Andy Samberg – Dr. Nerd/Dr. Bass Drop (episodes 2–3) Riff Raff – Double Cup (episode","title":"Major Lazer (TV series)"},{"docid":"51106657","text":"Ephwurd is an American electronic music project. Ephwurd is best known for tracks such as \"Rock the Party\" (with Jauz), \"Vibrations\", \"Wildchild\" (with the Bloody Beetroots) and \"Just Us\" (featuring Liinks). In addition, Ephwurd has remixed some of the biggest names in dance music including the Chainsmokers, Major Lazer, DJ Snake and Oliver Heldens. Ephwurd has toured worldwide playing festivals such as Lollapalooza, Electric Daisy Carnival and Veld, among many others. History Ephwurd went public with a remix of Major Lazer & DJ Snake's \"Lean On\", before revealing who was behind the duo in July 2015 as they released the single \"Rock the Party\" on the Spinnin' Records label. The collaborative effort between Ephwurd and Jauz would often get played by DJs such as Tiësto, Axwell Λ Ingrosso, and Skrillex. The music style would later be known as \"bass house\", which has been described as \"having a lot of classic house drums and percussion to it but it has the wobbles of dubstep at the same time\". Ephwurd later released a slew of singles on labels such as Spinnin Records and its sub label affiliates. On March 16, 2018, Bais Haus announced that \"Ephwurd will now operate without Datsik.\", due in part to the controversy surrounding Datsik. Since moving on as a solo act Ephwurd has released many singles and collaborations such as \"Accelerator\" and \"Wildchild\" (with the Bloody Beetroots). In February 2019, Ephwurd has developed his Eph'd Up Records label releasing emerging artists in the \"bass house\" genre. Music style Ephwurd was one of the first acts to popularize the \"bass house\" genre of music to a wider audience. Bass house has been described as an \" all-encompassing melting pot is so broad it’s impossible to define what it is\". The origins of bass house has been traced back to the mid to late-1990s with the work of the group Basement Jaxx that was melded into UK garage over time. One reviewer labelled Ephwurd as a \"high-flying collaboration of epic proportions\", describing the music as \"an exciting blend of dubstep and house music that has packed out venues around the world.\" Ashley Marro of \"Stoney Road\" magazine described Ephwurd's Bring It Back as being an \"old school combining a heavy dose of bass with elements of classic house music\". References American club DJs Musical groups established in 2015 American remixers 2015 establishments in the United States American electronic dance music DJs","title":"Ephwurd"},{"docid":"58443958","text":"\"We Make It Bounce\" is a song by American electronic music producer Dillon Francis and American EDM trio Major Lazer, featuring guest vocals from English-Jamaican reggae singer Stylo G. The song was written by Dillon Francis and Stylo G, with production handled by Dillon Francis and Major Lazer. The song was released as a digital download by Mad Decent and Columbia Records on 16 September 2014, and is the fourth single of Dillon Francis debut album Money Sucks, Friends Rule. The song is written by Dillon Francis and Stylo G, with production handled by Dillon Francis and Major Lazer. Background Dillon Francis announced that he was working with electronic music trio Major Lazer and reggae singer Stylo G, for Dillon Francis debut album's fourth single \"We Make It Bounce\". Francis already released the song on 16 September 2014, on digital stores and streaming services like Spotify, Deezer, iTunes, Google Play and Amazon . The song also marks the second collaboration between American DJs Dillon Francis and Diplo. On 15 March 2011, Francis released an EP named \"Westside EP\", and it consists of five tracks. For the third track of the EP, Dillon Francis worked with DJ Diplo and American singer Maluca to the release of the song, and it's named \"Que Que\". That marks the first time that Dillon Francis worked with Diplo. When Diplo announced that the Major Lazer trio will collaborate with Francis to a new song, he also announced that he is working for a Major Lazer third studio album Peace is the Mission. He said that he has been working with a lot of people the last couple of years, and he was pulling all the favors for that record for sure. Chart performance Weekly charts Release history References 2014 songs Electronic songs","title":"We Make It Bounce"},{"docid":"52667844","text":"Reggae Gold 2013 is a compilation reggae album from VP Records. It was released on July 23, 2013 and Reggae Gold is an annual series from VP Records beginning in 1992. The set begins with rap-star-turned-Rastafarian Snoop Lion's reggae-influenced sound on \"Lighter's Up\" featuring vocals from Kingston's Mavado and rising star Popcaan and then Major Lazer's \"Jah No Partial\" with Jamaican vocalist Johnny Osbourne. Reggae Gold 2013 features the talents of Beres Hammond & Shaggy, Gyptian, Konshens, Major Lazer featuring Johnny Osbourne and Snoop Lion featuring Mavado & Popcaan among others. The first disc featured the recent hits, including Shaggy featuring Beres Hammond’ “Fight This Feeling”, Major Lazer’s “Jah No Partial”, Busy Signal’s “You and Me”, Gyptian’s “Wine Slow”, Sean Paul’s “Body”, Konshens “Bad Girl”, Snoop Lion’s “Lighters Up”, I-Octane’s “Gal Gimmie Bun”, Angela Hunte’s “One Shot” and more. The second disc is a selection of classic hits from the past years. Disc 2 featured artists are: Ini Kamoze, Half Pint, Yellowman, Shabba Ranks, Red Rat, General Degree, Barrington Levy, Desmond Dekker, Bounty Killer and more. Reggae Gold 2013 landed second place on the Billboard Reggae Album chart Track listing Disc 1 Disc 2 References 2013 compilation albums Reggae compilation albums","title":"Reggae Gold 2013"},{"docid":"48322871","text":"The 2015 BBC Music Awards was the second music award show, created out of the BBC's strategy for music, BBC Music, in 2015. The awards were held on 10 December 2015 at the new location of the Genting Arena in Birmingham following the closure on 13 December 2014 of the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London, which held the inaugural event. Once again, the awards recognise the biggest and most exciting artists from the previous 12 months, as well as looking forward to new talent in 2016. A panel of judges decides the winners of each category, except 'Song of the Year', which is decided by the public. The show was hosted by English television and radio hosts Chris Evans and Fearne Cotton. It was a rainy night and many fans lined up along the red carpet to take photos with the artists arriving. Adele, Ed Sheeran, Hozier, Major Lazer and The Weeknd all had two nominations apiece, with Adele winning two awards and Hozier winning 'Song of the Year'. Performances BBC asked popular bands and solo artists to sing in front of the live audience on the night of the award show. The famous performers were shown at various parts of the evening in the audience, on the red carpet with fans and interviewers, and as they were preparing for their performance. One Direction opened the show with their top charting single, \"Drag Me Down\". Their performance included the use of pyrotechnics as flames would rise up throughout their song. This performance was done without former band member, Zayn Malik (who now performs as Zayn), and was one of the final performances from the band before their hiatus (beginning in 2016). Ellie Goulding sang her hit song, \"Love Me Like You Do\" from the Universal Pictures movie, Fifty Shades of Grey, that was released in February 2015. Accompanying her in the performance was the BBC Concert Orchestra in an orchestral rendition of the tune. Another well received performance was done by pop girl group, Little Mix as they sang their popular song, \"Black Magic\". To perform, \"The Austerity of Love\", \"Nashville Grey Skies\", and \"Leaving on a Jet Plane\" former South stars, Paul Heaton and Jacqui Abbot joined The Shires on stage. Ending the show with \"Please\" and \"Sailing\" was rock singer Rod Stewart. Several performances can be found on YouTube along with highlights, news discussions, and speeches from the winners of the evening. Nominations and winners Several artists were unable to make the award show the evening of the event. When Adele had won Performance of the Year and British Artist of the Year, she was on a prerecorded video call to accept the awards. At the time she was in the United States of America and could not be there in person. These awards were given to her after her recent single \"Hello\" released and helped her maintain her status as a popular artist. American singer, Taylor Swift won the International Artist of the Year award but","title":"2015 BBC Music Awards"},{"docid":"39786616","text":"\"Show das Poderosas\" () is a single by the Brazilian singer Anitta released on April 16, 2013. The song served as the third single from her self-titled debut album (2013). The song has sold 50,000 paid downloads on Brazilian iTunes, and almost 85,000 worldwide. The song's music video has been viewed over 148 million times on YouTube. Upon its release, \"Show das Poderosas\" was met with favorable reception from music critics, many of whom praised it for being different from the other songs released at that time. Commercially, \"Show das Poderosas\" performed well on record charts. Background and release By posting a video singing \"Soltinha\", by singer Priscila Nocetti, student Larissa de Macedo Machado was discovered by disc jockey (DJ) Renato Azevedo, known as Batutinha. The DJ invited her to a test, in order to know if she really sang well and had a stage presence. Azevedo \"was impressed by the singer's and girlfriends' ability to stiletto – a high-heeled dance mode, popularized by the American star Beyoncé\", described Silvio Essinger, from O Globo. With that, he decided to work with her. One of the artist's complaints was her name, which she considered very common; Her suggestion was \"Anita\", in reference to the main character of the miniseries Presença de Anita: \"Anita had a mystery that aroused the curiosity of men, women, everyone. It was just a girl, but at the same time I was fond of this joke. Batutinha gave the idea of \"Anitta\" with two T's, and the singer agreed. Anitta was hired by the Rio de Janeiro funk shows producer Furacão 2000, and through it she released four tracks: \"Menina Má\", \"Proposta\", \"Fica Só Olhando\" and \"Eu Vou Ficar\". In June 2012, manager Kamilla Fialho, paid R$260,000 to the company, so that the artist could be managed by her. Fialho set up a show with musicians and dancers, invested in the image of Anitta, and presented her to producers Umberto Tavares and Mãozinha. Anitta was coveted by major record labels; She was \"rolling up\" two of them until she decided on Warner Music, with whom she signed in January 2013, and on February 6, her first single \"Meiga e Abusada\" was released through the label. Critical reception Alex Alves from Popline website commented, \"Grab a funk singer who was a MC from Furacão 2000, add an avalanche of references in Beyoncé and finish with a dipping attitude inspired by The Pussycat Dolls. The result will be Anitta, one of the greatest promises of national pop music in 2013\". Some elements of the instrumental were compared to those of Major Lazer's \"Pon de Floor\", sampled in Beyoncé's single \"Run the World (Girls)\". The female empowerment message of the song was also compared that of \"Run the World (Girls)\". Music video Directed by Thiago Calviño, filming took place in a theater in Barra da Tijuca neighborhood, in Rio de Janeiro. The video is all in black and white and featured a ballet body made up of 30 dancers who","title":"Show das Poderosas"},{"docid":"57674173","text":"\"Let Me Live\" is a song by English drum and bass band Rudimental and American DJ trio Major Lazer, featuring guest vocals from English singer Anne-Marie and Nigerian singer Mr Eazi. The song was released as a digital download on 15 June 2018, as the third single from Rudimental's third studio album, Toast to Our Differences (2019). The song was written by Thomas Pentz, Philip Meckseper, Jasper Helderman, Kesi Dryden, Piers Aggett, Amir Amor, Leon Rolle, Cesar Ovalle Jr., Bas van Daalen, Oluwatosin Oluwole Ajibade and Anne-Marie. Background \"We started this song when Mr Eazi came through London and did a session with us,\" the group told Clash Music. \"We ended up changing the key and got Anne-Marie to the studio, which took the song to a whole new level. We then ended up sending it to our friends Major Lazer who flew to London to work with us on it. After that, we heard Ladysmith Black Mambazo were in town and they ended up recording the BVs in the middle eight. Again this track sums up the theme of the album - we have West African, South African, British and American influences on it. It's so much fun to play this one live!\" Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2018 singles 2018 songs Anne-Marie songs Major Lazer songs Rudimental songs Song recordings produced by Rudimental Songs written by Amir Amor Songs written by Anne-Marie Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Jr Blender Songs written by Will Grands","title":"Let Me Live (Rudimental and Major Lazer song)"},{"docid":"51753997","text":"\"Believer\" is a song recorded by electronic music group Major Lazer, alongside Dutch production duo Showtek. It was released to digital download on September 30, 2016, through record labels Mad Decent and Skink. The song also samples vocals from Caribbean band Freetown Collective on their song \"Good Swimma\", who collaborated with record producer Q Major in that track. Inspired by the story of Prahlada who was a firm believer and worshiper of Lord Vishnu. He was thrown from the valley into a river and then was thrown into fire. Nothing could kill him because Lord Vishnu always saved him. Background Major Lazer and Showtek premiered the song in their set list under the name of \"I'm a Believer\" in April 2016. It was announced on September 26 that the song would be released as \"Believer\" on September 30. Music video A video was directed by Christopher Louie, director of the EDM film XOXO and uploaded on January 3, 2017. Louie stated the video was inspired by the images of Omran Daqneesh, the Syrian boy whose home was bombed at night. \"Like everyone in the world I was heartbroken by that image, but I also saw a glimmer of hope,” Louie said in a press release -- “As dark as the subject matter is, the point of our 'Believer' video was to capture the resilience of youth and the hope displayed by communities coming together to save victims from the rubble.” The video has been tied to the Save the Children organization with a link to donate in the description box. Charts Certifications Release history References 2016 songs 2016 singles Major Lazer songs Showtek songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Jr Blender","title":"Believer (Major Lazer and Showtek song)"},{"docid":"43723605","text":"ND Studios is a film and television production studio located in Karjat, Maharashtra a north suburb of Mumbai. Established in 2005, it is owned by Nitin Chandrakant Desai . Apart from films, it is also the location reality TV series, Bigg Boss hosted by Salman Khan. Over the years, it has also become a popular tourist destination, as it is a 90-minute drive from Mumbai, Maharashtra. History The Studio is spread over 52 acres (210,000 m2) and was opened in 2005 and offers indoor as well as outdoor shooting options. The Studio is privately owned by production designer Nitin Chandrakant Desai . In 2008, US-based movie studio 20th Century Fox signed a 10-year deal to hire four floors at ND Studios. Location used for Films Kick (Film) Jodhaa Akbar (film) Jodha Akbar (TV Series) Bigg Boss (Reality Show) Raja Shivchhatrapati (Marathi)(TV Series) Balgandharva (Marathi)(Movie) Marathi Paul Padte Pudhe (Marathi) (Talent Show) Amol Gupte's \"Sapno Ko Ginte Ginte\" Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur (2009) (TV Series) Taj Mahal (TV Series) Bajirao Mastani (Film) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015) Pyaar Kii Yeh Ek Kahaani Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat Music videos \"Lean On\" by Major Lazer Photo gallery References External links Hindi cinema Film studios in Mumbai Television studios Companies based in Maharashtra Raigad district Reliance Group Entertainment companies established in 2005 2005 establishments in Maharashtra","title":"ND Studios"},{"docid":"42836617","text":"Pemberton Music Festival was an annual four-day music festival that took place near Mount Currie in Pemberton, British Columbia. Produced by Huka Entertainment, the 2016 event took place on July 14–17. The festival features multiple stages of live entertainment, including rock, indie rock, hip hop, electronic, heavy metal, and comedy. On April 28, 2017, HUKA Entertainment announced the 2017 lineup. It was to include Chance The Rapper, Muse, A Tribe Called Quest, Major Lazer, Run the Jewels, HAIM, Big Sean and others. On May 18, 2017, it was announced the festival was cancelled and it had filed for bankruptcy. Ernst & Young were appointed as the 'Trustee in Bankruptcy'. Rising costs from the lower Canadian dollar and ticket sales were factors in the decision to file. Ticket holders and creditors were not expected to get a full refund or payment. They will be creditors in the bankruptcy. 2014 lineup Nine Inch Nails Outkast Deadmau5 Soundgarden Frank Ocean Kendrick Lamar Metric Modest Mouse Snoop Dogg Chance the Rapper Above & Beyond Empire of the Sun Grimes The Flaming Lips Blondie Cage the Elephant Girl Talk TV on the Radio Young the Giant Baauer Randy Newman Matthew Good Schoolboy Q St. Vincent Tyler, The Creator Violent Femmes Earl Sweatshirt Gord Downie, the Sadies The New Pornographers Sloan Stars Best Coast Big Gigantic Clockwork Flying Lotus Hayden Matt Mays RL Grime Shlohmo Delta Rae Dinosaur Jr. Fucked up Griz Hey Rosetta! Kaytranada Cashmere Cat Purity Ring (Dj Set) XXYYXX Dan Deacon Lettuce Metz Rich Aucoin Wild Belle ZZ Ward Aer The Boom Booms Gold & Youth Flash Lightnin’ The Tontons Tory Lanez Yukon Blonde Hallelujah Train Feat. Daniel Lanois, Pastor Brady Blade, Brian Blade, Brady Blade Jr., Anders Osborne, Will Sexton, Chris Thomas, Malcolm Burn with Gospel Choir Trailer Park Boys Bob Saget Lisa Lampanelli Nick Swardson Norm Macdonald Doug Benson Hannibal Buress Tom Green Brian Posehn Jim Breuer Natasha Leggero Brian Scolaro Kyle Dunnigan Justice (band) 2015 lineup Kendrick Lamar The Black Keys J. Cole Tiësto Hozier Kid Cudi Missy Elliott Weezer Jane's Addiction The String Cheese Incident Bassnectar Passion Pit Billy Talent Chromeo Dada Life Sam Roberts Band The Decemberists The War on Drugs Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros Portugal. the Man PARTYNEXTDOOR Chvrches Chet Faker Beirut RL Grime Banks De La Soul STS9 Duke Dumont Matt and Kim Earl Sweatshirt Flux Pavilion Dan Mangan + Blacksmith Father John Misty Galactic featuring Macy Gray Run the Jewels Paul Oakenfold Courtney Barnett Cut Copy Bleachers Ryn Weaver Logic Tobias Jesso Jr. Real Estate Preservation Hall Jazz Band Flatbush Zombies Yung Lean Givers Moon Taxi Ryan Hemsworth July Talk BADBADNOTGOOD Charles Bradley & his Extraordinaires Judah & the Lion Gay Nineties What So Not Beats Antique Kali Uchis Spooky Black (Corbin) The Suffers Giraffage DJ Dodger Stadium Bas Sango JackLNDN PPL MVR Boyfriend (rapper) Maggie Koerner Full Flex Express featuring Jack U Skrillex + Diplo, Zeds Dead, A$AP Ferg, Tycho, Hundred Waters, & Anna Lunoe B2B MIJA Tim & Eric Reggie Watts","title":"Pemberton Music Festival"},{"docid":"42549896","text":"D.A.I.S.Y. Rage is the second extended play by American recording artist Kitty. It was released on January 30, 2013. Background and release About the release of the EP, Kitty said: \"I exist in the real world now. It's going to be nice because people won't be able to just say that I'm a meme anymore.\" The title of the EP is a reference to the song \"\"D.A.I.S.Y. Age\" from the De La Soul album 3 Feet High and Rising (1989). Composition D.A.I.S.Y. Rage is a cloud rap EP. The EP's lyrical themes have been described as \"teenage girl problems\". \"Dead Island\" uses the dancehall beat from \"Pon De Floor\" by Major Lazer. Critical reception D.A.I.S.Y. Rage received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on five reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". Jon Hadusek of Consequence of Sound described Kitty's rhyme schemes as \"bizarre\", and the beats as \"simple and unobtrusive.\" In his opinion, the three last tracks of the extended play (\"Scout Finch Bitch\", \"R.R.E.A.M.\", and \"Hittin Lixxx\") were weaker than the other tracks because Kitty seemed to be \"playing it safe\", writing them. Richard Petty of No Ripcord described the opening track of the extended play as \"Balam Acab-like aqueous soundscapes\", combined with \"whimsical Disney reminiscent samples\". Petty called \"Dead Island\" the highlight of the EP, complimenting the \"blissful and hazy production, backed by the propulsive dancehall beats of Major Lazer’s Pon De Floor\". He criticized Antwon's guest appearance, saying \"his relatively gruff voice [contrasts] harshly with Kitty’s hushed vocals and [provides] something of a shock to the system over sliced up DSOTM-era Pink Floyd samples\". Petty called \"R.R.E.A.M.\", \"a pastiche of the Wu Tang classic\", the hardest song to listen to because of the \"glitchy synths\" which \"[seemed] to [be recreating] motion sickness\" but complimented Kitty's \"[clever] mining [of] her innocent and relatively youthful age for comedic effect\", singing about antihistamines for their intended use instead of recreational use with codeine. Carrie Battan of Pitchfork noted that D.A.I.S.Y. Rage \"[feeds] on warm, sparkly beats and topical rap nerdery asserted with a defiantly Disney Channel attitude\", just like Kitty's previous EP, Haha, I'm Sorry (2012). Battan compared Kitty's attitude in the song \"$krillionaire\" to that of Holden Caulfield from J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye (1951), citing the line \"I hate everyone that wants to be a millionaire / So freakin' bad / So freakin' bad\" as an example. She also pointed out that the song \"No Offense!!!!!\" might be about Kitty's friend, Danny Brown\", citing the line \"You're about as fraudulent as a mirage out in the desert / Blue peacock / You're puffing out your feathers / To bring a bunch of bitches backstage into your dressing room / So you could treat it like a petting zoo\" as support of that suggestion. Battan also described Kitty's voice as \"still","title":"D.A.I.S.Y. Rage"},{"docid":"32237879","text":"\"Pon de Floor\" is a song by Major Lazer, a collaborative musical project consisting of the American DJ Diplo and the British DJ Switch. The single was released in 2009 by Mad Decent and Downtown Records as the second single from Major Lazer's first studio album, Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do. The duo wrote the song and produced it with Afrojack , Nebat Drums and vocals by Vybz Kartel. \"Pon de Floor\" is a dancehall and baile funk song and was positively received by music critics. It appeared on the charts in the United Kingdom in 2010, where it reached number 125. Eric Wareheim directed the music video for \"Pon de Floor\", which shows people dry humping, and incorporates daggering choreography. The song has been heavily sampled in Chiddy Bang's \"Shooter\" and Beyoncé's \"Run the World (Girls)\". Composition \"Pon de Floor\" was written and produced by Major Lazer – whose members at the time were Diplo and Switch. It features vocals from Vybz Kartel, and Afrojack provided additional production and mixed the song. \"Pon de Floor\" is a dancehall and baile funk song. The song uses a rapid marching snare drums beat and synth riffs. Its hook is a chopped-up vocal line, and according to Josh Heller of Drowned in Sound Kartel's input is \"laughing and occasionally shouting 'Major Lazer!'\". Reception John Bush of Allmusic lauded the production of \"Pon de Floor\" and named it a tour de force. NME Pete Cashmore called the song \"shitfacedly loopy\", while Andy Freivogel from Dusted Magazine noted it as one of the best tracks from Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do. \"Pon de Floor\" is used during the video game DJ Hero 2. \"Pon de Floor\" entered the UK Singles Chart of 17 April 2010 at number 187. It later peaked at number 125. Music video and live performance The music video for \"Pon de Floor\" was directed by Eric Wareheim, and shows people daggering against a cartoon background depicting suburbia. It incorporates daggering choreography. Ted Maider from Consequence of Sound wrote \"This song is already fucking whacked, but the video takes it to a whole other level ... 'Pon de Floor' seems equally as offensive as watching porn on hallucinogenic substances.\" Major Lazer performed \"Pon de Floor\" at the Go! music festival at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore in September 2010. Samples and cover versions \"Pon de Floor\" was sampled in Chiddy Bang's \"Shooter\", a song on his mini-mixtape, Air Swell (2010). In 2011, Beyoncé released \"Run the World (Girls)\", which heavily samples \"Pon de Floor\". \"Run the World\" was produced by Switch and The-Dream, and co-produced by Knowles and Shea Taylor. Track listing 12-inch single \"Pon de Floor\" – 3:33 \"Pon de Floor\" (Drop the Lime Remix) – 4:06 \"Pon de Floor\" (Ninjasonik Remix) \"Pon de Floor\" (Blue Bear Remix) – 4:15 Digital download – EP 1 \"Pon de Floor\" (radio edit) – 3:05 \"Pon de Floor\" (The Streets Remix) – 3:07 \"Pon de Floor\" (Drop the Lime Remix) – 4:06","title":"Pon de Floor"},{"docid":"5450296","text":"The Southern California Lazers were an American soccer club based in Torrance, California that was a member of the American Soccer League. History The Lazers were formed in 1978 as an ASL expansion franchise in suburban Los Angeles and owned by real estate developer Jack Young, who formerly owned local rival Los Angeles Skyhawks. The club hired veteran English defender Laurie Calloway as head coach - the first opportunity of a coaching career that would include stints in the North American Soccer League and Major League Soccer. Arguably the biggest name on the roster was Rildo, the former Brazilian international defender who teamed with Pele on Brazil's national team, Santos FC, and the New York Cosmos. With 14 goals, forward Sid Wallace led the Lazers in scoring. Goalkeeper John Granville led the league with a 0.99 goals against average and posted seven clean sheets. Four Lazers players (Rildo, Wallace, Granville, and defender Paul Cahill) were voted by the league's coaches to the ASL All Star team at season's end. The Lazers enjoyed a successful regular season at 15-8-1 to place third in the Western Division and received a postseason berth. However, they fell in the first round of the ASL playoffs to the California Sunshine by a score of 2–1. Despite having the second highest attendance of all ASL clubs in 1978, the club folded after their debut season. Coach Laurie Calloway Jimmy Melia Assistant Coach 1978 Roster Sid Wallace Rildo John Granville Paul Cahill Paul Johnson Keith Walley Charlie Kadupski Bernie Fagan Jack Howarth John McGeady Ignacio Salcedo Frank Towers Year-by-year References Soccer clubs in Greater Los Angeles Defunct soccer clubs in California American Soccer League (1933–1983) teams Torrance, California Soccer clubs in California 1978 establishments in California 1978 disestablishments in California Association football clubs established in 1978 Association football clubs disestablished in 1978","title":"Southern California Lazers"},{"docid":"53449008","text":"Bad Royale is an American DJ/production group consisting of Maor Levi, Bruce Karlsson, Kevin Wild and Elias Ghosn. Karlsson was also a member of the electronic duo Norin & Rad. Career Bad Royale was formed on the summit of a mountain in Southern California. They noted that Major Lazer inspired them to start the project. Known for collaborating with Diplo, Steve Aoki and Skrillex, Bad Royale have performed at notable dance music festivals such as Ultra, Electric Zoo, Tomorrowland and Life In Color. They started a record label named Rude Mood. In 2015, Bad Royale and Diplo remixed \"Look At My Dab\", a song by hip-hop group Migos. On May 6, 2016, Bad Royale's EP Immutable Timeline, which features the single \"Bun It Up\", was released. In December 2016, they collaborated with Major Lazer to release the single \"My Number\". Their remix of VICE's song \"Steady 1234\" which features singer Jasmine Thompson and rapper Skizzy Mars, released via Atlantic Records. On January 20, 2017, Anjunabeats partnered with Mad Decent to release three of Bad Royale's covers of Above & Beyond's songs such as \"We're All We Need\" and \"Fly Me to New York\", as singles. In May 2017, they signed with Polydor Records. On May 5, 2017, their single \"All I Can Do\", a collaboration with Silver which was written by Jamie Hartman, was released via Polydor Records. Former member of the group Maor Levi left to pursue his own solo endeavors in 2017, leaving the group as a trio. Discography Extended plays Singles As lead artist Promotional singles As featured artist Remixes Major Lazer featuring Elephant Man and Opal – \"Wind Up\" (Bad Royale Bootleg) Major Lazer featuring Ms. Thing – \"When You Hear The Bassline\" (Bad Royale Remix) Silento – \"Watch Me\" (Bad Royale Remix) Wale – \"The Girls On Drugs\" (Bad Royale Remix) Snails featuring Big Ali – \"King is Back\" (Bad Royale Remix) Galantis – \"Gold Dust\" (Bad Royale Remix) Alison Wonderland – \"Run\" (Bad Royale Remix) TWRK – \"Helicopter\" (Bad Royale Remix) Future Fambo – \"Bloodclaute Song\" (Bad Royale Remix) Steve Aoki, NERVO and Tony Junior – \"Lightning Strikes\" (Bad Royale Remix) WE CHIEF – \"Fresh Lemonade\" (Bad Royale Remix) Migos – \"Look At My Dab\" (Diplo and Bad Royale Remix) Shaggy featuring Pitbull and Gene Noble – \"Only Love\" (Bad Royale Remix) Major Lazer featuring Ellie Goulding and Tarrus Riley – \"Powerful\" (Bad Royale Remix) Hailee Steinfeld – \"Love Myself\" (Bad Royale Remix) Travis Scott – \"Antidote\" (Bad Royale Remix) DJ Mustard featuring Travis Scott – \"Whole Lotta Lovin'\" (Bad Royale Remix) Rihanna featuring Drake – \"Work\" (Bad Royale Remix) The Chainsmokers – \"Inside Out\" (Bad Royale Remix) Lizzo – \"Good As Hell\" (Bad Royale Remix) Steve Aoki and BOEHM featuring WALK THE MOON – \"Back 2 U\" (Steve Aoki and Bad Royale Remix) Gente de Zona – \"Algo Contigo\" (Bad Royale Remix) VICE – \"Steady 1234\" (Bad Royale Remix) DJ Snake featuring Yellow Claw – \"Ocho Cinco\" (Bad Royale Remix) Marvay – \"Know","title":"Bad Royale"},{"docid":"61763015","text":"\"Que Calor\" () is a song recorded by American electronic dance music trio Major Lazer featuring Colombian singer J Balvin and Dominican rapper El Alfa. It was released on September 11, 2019, through Diplo's label Mad Decent. It is the second single from Major Lazer's fourth studio album Music Is the Weapon, which was released in 2020. This also marks the second collaboration between Major Lazer and J Balvin, after \"Buscando Huellas\" in 2017. The artists also released a lyric translation of the track in English. Background One week before, Major Lazer announced the date of the release and posted a snippet of the track on social networks. They also said to Billboard, \"J Balvin and El Alfa both are two of the most exciting artists currently working to us, and artists that we have longstanding relationships with. We've collaborated with Latin artists from the very beginning of Major Lazer -- I think many Americans forget how much of the Caribbean is Spanish-speaking, and that's a huge part of our influences. There's so much energy in Latin music right now and we love helping bring it back home.\" Diplo said too, \"Sorry I was late on the song of the summer.\" The song is part of the FIFA 20 and FIFA 23 game soundtrack and in the FIFA 20 \"Volta Football\" new mode. The official soundtrack of FIFA 20 was also released via Spotify, Apple, and Deezer on September 13. Indian rapper Badshah released an official remix of the song on November 15, 2019. On this occasion, he said, \"It is a huge pleasure for me to be on the 'Que calor' India Remix. I loved the track the moment I heard it. Major Lazer are dance music legends, I have worked with them in the past and I truly believe they have a major role in shaping the current global sound. J Balvin is a rockstar whom I really look up to and I think El Alfa has done an extraordinary job. It gives me honour and pleasure to be collaborating with these stars and bring Que calor to India.\" Major Lazer added, \"We just dropped an official remix of Que Calor with Badshah, who brings serious heat. India holds a special place in our hearts and our Indian fans have given so much love back to us to our songs, so it was time for us to give something special to them.\" A week later, on November 22, 2019, the track was also remixed by California rapper Saweetie. Critical reception Kat Bein from Billboard described the song as \"a steamy banger for peak club hours\". Writing for Dancing Astronaut, Farrell Sweeney called it a feel-good song. According to him, it's the perfect trigger to get the listener dancing. In parallel, Brian Bonavoglia from DJ Times noted the track as a robust dancefloor anthem with summertime vibes alive. Katie Stone from EDM.com said that \"Que Calor\" is a vibrant track and a melding of cultures with a dancehall-dembow rhythm","title":"Que Calor"},{"docid":"54109600","text":"\"Know No Better\" is a song by DJ trio Major Lazer featuring Cuban-American singer-songwriter Camila Cabello and American rappers Travis Scott and Quavo. It was released on June 1, 2017, as the lead single of the former's EP of the same name. The song was written by the featured artists alongside Starrah, Major Lazer member Diplo, and King Henry, the latter two producing it with Jr Blender. Composition \"Know No Better\" comprises grand piano chords, dancehall rhythms and pitch-shifted vocal samples. Critical reception \"Know No Better\" received positive reviews from music critics. Jake Woolf of Pitchfork wrote that \"Know No Better is a fine 2017 summer dance song. It’s guaranteed to be a hit, and it shows that Major Lazer can indeed make lightning strike twice,\" He added, \"Using the same general song structure as 'Cold Water,' 'Know No Better' doesn’t feature a traditional chorus but a dance break led by a bubbly, buzzing synth. The bouncy piano-driven verses and the almost vocal-less chorus make for a sound that seems built for Ibiza vacations, rooftop raves, and 4AM DJ sets in the Hamptons—in other words, the places you’re likely to find Diplo and his fans all summer. Travis Scott, who has in the past year pivoted to become one of hip-hop’s best sing-first rappers, has never sounded more pop, using his signature ad-libs more sparingly than ever. He also swaps out traditional hip-hop bravado for boilerplate party lyrics (“Takin’ shots, pourin’ bottle after bottle after bottle/Yeah, hell nah, we ain’t sippin’ that, yah”)\". Jonah Bromwich of Pitchfork also gave the song a positive review, stating that: \"And as fun as it is at times, 'Know No Better' doubles as a testament to the result of spreading a handful of good ideas too thin.\" Accolades Track listing Music video The official lyric video for \"Know No Better\" was uploaded to Major Lazer's YouTube channel on June 1, 2017. The song's music video premiered on July 11. The clip follows a young aspiring dancer who is going through an awkward adolescent phase, morning routines and bullying at school, but dreams of being one of Major Lazer's back-up dancers. It features cameos by Cabello, Scott and Major Lazer members. Daydreaming works as his escape, since the one constant between both worlds is his love of dance, as noted by writer Ryan Reed of Rolling Stone. An interactive version of this video, directed by Philip Andelman, was released on July 28 and hosted by interactive-video people Eko, where users (just like the boy does in the original) can switch between the \"dream\" and \"reality\" storylines. Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Know No Better.<ref name=\"notes\"></ref> Publishing Published by I Like Turtles / SONGS Music Publishing (ASCAP), Songs Music Publishing LLC o/b/o Duke City Music / Songs Music Publishing (SESAC), People Over Planes/These Are Songs of Pulse (ASCAP), Huncho YRN Music (ASCAP) / Quality Control QC Pro (ASCAP) Universal Music Corp. (ASCAP), Maidmetal Limited / Milamoon Songs – Administered by Sony/ATV","title":"Know No Better (song)"},{"docid":"36602167","text":"Reincarnated is the twelfth studio album by American musician Snoop Dogg, his sole release using the reggae persona Snoop Lion. Berhane Sound System and RCA Records released the album April 23, 2013. The album features guest appearances from Busta Rhymes, Akon, Chris Brown, Mavado, Popcaan, Mr. Vegas, Collie Buddz, Miley Cyrus, Rita Ora, and Drake among others. The album's production was handled by Major Lazer, Ariel Rechtshaid, 6Blocc, Dre Skull, Supa Dups and Diplo, who also served as executive producer. It is a companion project to the documentary film Reincarnated. Reincarnated was nominated for Best Reggae Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Background Snoop Lion has traveled to Jamaica and studied in the Nyabinghi branch of the Rastafari movement. He has cited reggae musicians such as Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Gregory Isaacs and Jimmy Cliff as influences for the album. Snoop has said, in regards to his new musical direction, \"I feel like I've always been Rastafari, I just didn't have my third eye open.\" Diplo, Major Lazer, Ariel Rechtshaid and Dre Skull are the album's main producers, with Diplo serving as executive producer as well. Other producers, including 6Blocc and Supa Dups, among others. Singles The first promotional single was \"La La La\", a track produced by Major Lazer, was released on July 20, 2012. The music video, directed by filmmaker Eli Roth, was released on October 31, 2012. The first single, \"Here Comes the King\", which is also a Major Lazer produced track with Ariel Rechtshaid and 6Blocc, features singer-songwriter Angela Hunte, who is best known for writing Jay-Z and Alicia Keys successful 2009 hit \"Empire State of Mind\". It was released on December 3, 2012, with its music video, directed by Andy Capper, being released on February 7, 2013. The second single, \"Lighters Up\", produced by Dre Skull and Major Lazer, featuring Jamaican musicians Mavado and Popcaan, with an uncredited Jahdan Blakkamoore on chorus. It was released to iTunes on December 18, 2012, and its music video directed by Andy Capper was released exclusively to VEVO on February 2, 2013. \"Lighters Up\" was official sent to Italian radio stations on February 8, 2013. The album's third single was \"No Guns Allowed\" which features Snoop Lion's daughter Cori B and Canadian rapper Drake. It was premiered and performed live on Conan on March 12, 2013. The song was released for retail on April 2, 2013, along with the pre-order of the album. On April 2, 2013, the music video was released for \"No Guns Allowed\" featuring Cori B and Drake. \"No Guns Allowed\" was official serviced to Italian radio stations on April 5, 2013. On April 4, 2013, \"Ashtrays and Heartbreaks\" featuring Miley Cyrus – produced by Major Lazer, Ariel Rechtshaid and Dre Skull – was made available for purchase via digital download as the lead single from the album. It officially impacted U.S. Rhythmic contemporary radio on April 29, 2013 and then U.S Top 40/Mainstream radio on May 28, 2013. On May 30, 2013,","title":"Reincarnated (album)"},{"docid":"31775073","text":"\"Beat of My Drum\" is a song by British recording artist Nicola Roberts. It was released on 2 June 2011, by Polydor Records, as the lead single from Roberts' debut solo album, Cinderella's Eyes (2011). The song was simultaneously released with the on air on sale method, receiving no prior promotion. \"Beat of My Drum\" was written by Roberts, Dimitri Tikovoï, Maya von Doll and Diplo, and was initially produced by Roberts and Tikovoï. Written to feel British and fun, Roberts intended \"Beat of My Drum\" to be a song which people could sing and dance. \"Beat of My Drum\" is a dance-pop song which incorporates elements of indie pop, and has been compared to the work of artists including M.I.A. and Major Lazer. Lyrically, the song discusses Roberts' time in the girl band she was a part of, Girls Aloud; while part of the group, she felt undervalued in comparison to other members. \"Beat of My Drum\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics, with some describing it as more original than solo releases by other members of Girls Aloud; it was also compared to the work of artists such as Kelis and Robyn. Commercially, \"Beat of My Drum\" failed to make a large impact. In the United Kingdom, it charted at number 27, and number 26 in Scotland. In Ireland, the song peaked at number 37. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Wendy Morgan. It displayed Roberts performing in a hall with dancers. Roberts performed the song for the first time at the 2011 T4 on the Beach, as well as various other chat shows. Background and development Before embarking her solo career, Roberts was one fifth of British girl band Girls Aloud. Roberts claimed that she found the experience of going solo troubling. She revealed that she struggled to cope with life in the public eye and the constant media attention. In particular, she received negative attention concerning her image. The experience led her to start to develop her debut album, which, lyrically, reflected the difficult times she experienced in Girls Aloud. On \"Beat of My Drum\", Roberts describes herself as a \"baby in the corner\" - the song's original title. Roberts helped to write all of the tracks on Cinderella's Eyes, with the lyrics telling stories of things that happened in her life. \"Beat of My Drum\" was co-written with Maya von Doll, Diplo and Dimitri Tikovoï. She stated that she had always wanted \"Beat of My Drum\" to be something different from the music that other pop singers were presenting in the charts. Roberts stated that \"Beat of My Drum\" is \"a song everyone can sing and dance to\". Roberts stated that she felt the song had a \"fun concept\" with a British influence. The song was originally recorded by Roberts and Tikovoï. However, Roberts decided to contact producer Diplo to work on the record. Discussing her choice in an interview for The Guardian, Roberts said that she only had one chance to get","title":"Beat of My Drum"},{"docid":"32769630","text":"Bobby Bruch is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the Western Soccer Alliance, Major Indoor Soccer League and American Professional Soccer League. He has coached at the youth, college and professional levels. Youth Bruch graduated from Newport High School where he was a member of the 1982 Washington State High School soccer championship team. He attended Seattle Pacific University, playing on the men's soccer team from . In 1985 and 1986, the Falcons won the NCAA Men's Division II Soccer Championship. Bruch graduated with a bachelor's degree in business management. Professional In 1986, Bruch signed with the F.C. Seattle Storm of the Western Soccer Alliance. He played three seasons with Seattle, winning the 1988 WSA championship. In the fall of 1988, he joined the Los Angeles Lazers for the 1988-1989 Major Indoor Soccer League season. In 1989, he played for the California Kickers of the WSA. In 1990, he moved to the Los Angeles Heat of the American Professional Soccer League. In 1994, Bruch joined the Anaheim Splash of the Continental Indoor Soccer League. His first game with the Splash came in the Western Conference final series where he scored the winning goal. Coach In 1992, Bruch became the head coach of the Marina High School girls' soccer team, a position he held for four years. He left the team at the end of the 1995 season to coach the Mission Viejo Shamrocks, a girls' youth club. On October 17, 2000, Seattle Pacific University hired Bruch as the school's first women's soccer coach. He was the 2002 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Coach of the Year. In 2002, he resigned at the end of the season having compiled a two-season record of 21-14-3. In January 2002, he was also hired to coach the Seattle Sounders Women of the W-League. References External links MISL: Bobby Bruch Living people 1966 births American soccer coaches American men's soccer players American Professional Soccer League players Anaheim Splash players California Kickers players Continental Indoor Soccer League players Los Angeles Heat players Los Angeles Lazers players Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players Seattle Pacific Falcons men's soccer players Seattle Storm (soccer) players USL W-League (1995–2015) coaches Western Soccer Alliance players Soccer players from Washington (state) Men's association football forwards Men's association football midfielders","title":"Bobby Bruch"},{"docid":"31474319","text":"\"Run the World (Girls)\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé, from her fourth studio album 4 (2011), released as the lead single from the album on April 21, 2011. It was written and produced by Beyoncé, The-Dream and Switch with additional production by Shea Taylor, while heavily sampling \"Pon de Floor\" by Major Lazer written by Nick \"Afrojack\" van de Wall, Wesley \"Diplo\" Pentz and Adidja \"Vybz Kartel\" Palmer. The song's development was motivated by Beyoncé wanting to do something different: a mixture of different cultures and eras, a new sound, and a message which would give women strength. An unedited demo of the song, then thought to be titled \"Girls (Who Run the World)\", was leaked on the internet on April 18, 2011. \"Run the World\" premiered on US radio on April 21, 2011, and was digitally released the same day. \"Run the World\" is an electropop and R&B song that heavily samples \"Pon de Floor\" by Major Lazer. The song's title and lyrics comprise an unapologetically aggressive message promoting female empowerment. \"Run the World\" initially divided critics; some complimented the song's sample, its musical direction, and Beyoncé's aggressiveness, while others criticized the continuation of past themes and stated that they wanted to see Beyoncé covering new topics. Several critics compared \"Run the World\" to Beyoncé's other singles with similar themes such as \"Independent Women\" (2000) – with Destiny's Child, and \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" (2008) among others, stating that \"Run the World\" takes a more direct and assertive approach towards female empowerment. In the United States, the single peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It fared better internationally, reaching the top ten in Australia, Belgium, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Scotland. It was also a top 20 hit in Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was filmed in California over a three-day span. The video won Best Choreography at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Dance Performance at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards. Beyoncé promoted \"Run the World\" with high-profile live performances, notably at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards and on the French X Factor. Although her performance at the Billboard Music Awards was well received by critics, it ignited controversy surrounding the production due to visual similarities to a performance by Italian entertainer Lorella Cuccarini in February 2010 at the 60th Sanremo Music Festival in Italy. \"Run the World\" was used to awaken the crew of the final mission of the US Space Shuttle Atlantis and was dedicated to Mission Specialist Sandra Magnus. Heather Morris covered \"Run the World\" for \"Asian F\", an episode of the American television show Glee. Background and development In an interview with The Capital FM Network in early March 2011, Shea Taylor confirmed that 4 lead single would premiere at the end of April. \"Run the World\" was written by Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash, Beyoncé,","title":"Run the World (Girls)"},{"docid":"23143686","text":"Major Lazer is a Jamaican-American electronic dance music and DJ trio, which includes record producer Diplo, and DJs Walshy Fire and Ape Drums. They originate from Kingston, Jamaica, founded in 2008 by Diplo and Switch, with Switch leaving after three years in 2011. He was then replaced by both Jillionaire and Walshy Fire. In June 2019, Jillionaire left the group and was replaced by Ape Drums. Its music spans numerous genres, mixing reggae with dancehall, reggaeton, soca, house and moombahton. Major Lazer has released four full-length albums: Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do in 2009, Free the Universe in 2013, Peace Is the Mission in 2015, and Music Is the Weapon in 2020. They have also released six EPs, including Apocalypse Soon in March 2014, which featured vocal contributions from Pharrell Williams and Sean Paul, and Know No Better in 2017, which featured appearances from Camila Cabello, Quavo, Travis Scott, and J Balvin, among others. Major Lazer has also notably produced Reincarnated, the debut reggae album by Snoop Dogg under his \"Snoop Lion\" persona. In March 2018, Billboard ranked Major Lazer at number five on their 2018 Billboard Dance 100 ranking of dance musicians. History 2009–11: Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do and Lazers Never Die EP Originally made up of DJs Diplo and Switch, the two were introduced while working with M.I.A. The duo's first album Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do was released on June 16, 2009, on Downtown Records. It was recorded in Jamaica at Tuff Gong Studios. Vocalists such as Santigold, Vybz Kartel, Ward 21, Busy Signal, Nina Sky, Amanda Blank, Mr. Vegas, Turbulence, Mapei, T.O.K, Prince Zimboo, Leftside and others contribute guest vocals to the album, as well as additional production from Afrojack, Nebat Drums and Crookers. This is the first release to come out of the label partnership between Downtown Records and Diplo's label Mad Decent. Major Lazer ended a US tour summer of 2009. The album's first single was \"Hold the Line\", the video for which, directed by Eric Wareheim, was nominated for a MTV Video Award in the Breakthrough Video category. It was also featured in the video game FIFA 10. The track \"Zumbie\" has a music video that features comedian Andy Milonakis. Music videos for the songs \"Pon de Floor\", \"Keep It Going Louder\", and \"Bubble Butt\" were directed by Eric Wareheim. In June 2009, Major Lazer were featured for the first time on the cover of the publication The Fader, in its 62nd issue. Major Lazer performed at the Falls Music & Arts Festival (Lorne, Victoria, Australia) on December 30, 2009, and the Coachella Music Festival in April 2010. They also performed at the Pitchfork Music Festival in July 2010 and the Sasquatch Music Festival on Monday May 30, 2011. Live visuals were created by Pomp&Clout. Major Lazer performed at the 2011 Outside Lands festival in San Francisco. A mixtape with La Roux titled \"Lazerproof\" was made available for free download on May 26. Diplo posted cover art on his","title":"Major Lazer"},{"docid":"48546451","text":"American band No Doubt has recorded over 100 songs for six studio albums, various compilations and soundtracks, and has been featured on songs on other artists' albums. After forming in 1986, the band released a series of demo tapes at their concerts and live shows. Several of the songs on these tapes (\"Ache\", \"Let's Get Back\", \"Move On\", \"Paulina\", and \"Sometimes\") later appeared on their 1992 debut album, No Doubt. In response to the commercial disappointment of their debut and being dropped from Interscope Records, the group produced The Beacon Street Collection (1995) by themselves. The album took influence from punk music, which differentiated it from the new wave and synth influences of their debut. Their third studio album, Tragic Kingdom (1995), incorporated punk, pop, and ska; the album spawned seven singles, including the commercially successful hits \"Just a Girl\", \"Spiderwebs\", and \"Don't Speak\". The majority of the album's songs were written by Gwen Stefani, whereas her brother Eric Stefani had written the bulk of No Doubt and The Beacon Street Collection. Tragic Kingdom has sold 16 million copies worldwide as of 2015, and is one of the best-selling albums of all time in the United States. In 2000, No Doubt released their fourth studio album, Return of Saturn. Four singles were released: \"New\", \"Ex-Girlfriend\", \"Simple Kind of Life\", and \"Bathwater\". Lyrically, the songs featured on Return of Saturn are complex and have Stefani singing about her personal romances. No Doubt's fifth album – Rock Steady (2001) – features contributions from a wide variety of high-profile musicians, including William Orbit, Prince, David Stewart, and Pharrell Williams. It features \"mainstream pop\" and reggae music and was released following the commercial success of two of Gwen Stefani's solo singles: \"South Side\" (2000) and \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\" (2001). In 2003, the group's first compilation album The Singles 1992–2003 was released and included a cover of \"It's My Life\", originally recorded by Talk Talk. After 2004, the group took a brief hiatus before reuniting in 2009 for work on a new album. Push and Shove (2012) serves as No Doubt's comeback record and spawned two singles (\"Settle Down\" and \"Looking Hot\") and two promotional singles (\"Stand and Deliver\" and \"Push and Shove\"). They also collaborated with Jamaican rapper Busy Signal and American trio Major Lazer for the title track. Push and Shove explores more modern sounds and expands on their exploration with dancehall and reggae music. The group also has writing credits on several other albums. They collaborated with Elvis Costello on \"I Throw My Toys Around\" for the soundtrack to The Rugrats Movie (1998) and recorded a cover of Donna Summer's \"Love to Love You Baby\" for the 2001 soundtrack to Zoolander. Songs All songs recorded by No Doubt, except where noted. This is not a complete list. References External links No Doubt songs at AllMusic No Doubt","title":"List of songs recorded by No Doubt"},{"docid":"39776017","text":"\"Jah No Partial\" is a song by musical project Major Lazer from their second studio album Free the Universe. The song was published worldwide on October 22, 2012, and released digitally in 2013. The song features English dubstep producer and DJ Flux Pavilion. \"Jah No Partial\" contains excerpts of the Johnny Osbourne song \"Mr. Marshall\" (from his 1980s reggae album Folly Ranking), which the song is based on. It also contains a drum sample from James Brown's live cover of the Archie Bell & the Drells song \"Tighten Up\". Music video The music video was uploaded to Major Lazer's Vevo channel on March 11, 2013. It was filmed by Shane McCauley and Aymen Ahmed, edited by Kyle DePinna, and was shot on location at the Pukkelpop Festival in Hasselt, Belgium, the Notting Hill Carnival in London, UK, and the Mad Decent Block Party in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Johnny Osbourne, whose vocals are sampled in the track, appears in the video's introduction while the members of Major Lazer (Diplo, Jillionaire and Walshy Fire) are seen arriving at the festival and performing. It features Diplo zorbing on the crowd and crowd surfing. British singer Rita Ora also appears in the video standing behind the decks. Track listing UK promotional CD single \"Jah No Partial\" – 4:13 Chart performance The song reached number 59 on the Flanders Ultratip chart and number 39 on Belgium Dance chart. Release history References External links Major Lazer: Making of Jah No Partial - YouTube Major Lazer ft Flux Pavilion \"Jah No Partial\" - OFFICIAL HQ LYRIC VIDEO - YouTube 2012 songs 2013 singles Major Lazer songs Songs written by Flux Pavilion Songs written by Diplo Song recordings produced by Flux Pavilion V2 Records singles","title":"Jah No Partial"},{"docid":"39660483","text":"\"Bubble Butt\" is a song by American electronic dance music trio Major Lazer featuring American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars and American rappers Tyga and Mystic from the trio's second studio album, Free the Universe (2013). It was written by Major Lazer members Diplo and Switch alongside the featured artists. The production was handled by Major Lazer and Valentino Khan. The remix was released as the album's fourth single on May 24, 2013, for digital download and appears on the album's extended version. The remix version also features verses from American rapper 2 Chainz. Musically, it is an electronic dance, hip hop, and dancehall track with lyrics implying that girls twerk and show off their giant buttocks. \"Bubble Butt\" received mixed reviews from most critics. Some complimented its engaging sound and high energy, while others criticized its lyrical content and repetitious nature. \"Bubble Butt\" was Major Lazer's first commercial single to enter the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 56 and reached number eight on the Dance Club Songs chart. It has topped the charts in Lebanon and South Korea, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Eric Wareheim directed the song's music video. It depicts three young women in an apartment listening to seapunk music and taking pictures on their phones when a flying giant lands next to their apartment and inflates their buttocks. The girls start to dance with their new butts after the walls of the apartment fall off and reveal a dancefloor. Major Lazer played the song several times in their shows and in music festivals; they performed with 2 Chainz at Coachella, at Rock Werchter in 2013, and at the Roskilde Festival in 2014. The song was included in Major Lazer Essentials (2018), their first greatest hits compilation. Background and production In an interview with Rolling Stone, Diplo explained \"Bubble Butt\" first began taking shape while he and Bruno Mars were working on material for No Doubt's last album. The producer \"put a beat on\" and Mars decided to rap. In another interview with Billboard, Ron Perry, President of Songs Publishing, explained that he wanted Diplo to sign with his company, and in order for this to happen, Diplo had requested that Perry get a \"couple rappers\" on the track. Perry enlisted 2 Chainz and Tyga on the recording in a matter of weeks. The original version was leaked on April 11, 2013. \"Bubble Butt\" was initially written by Thomas Pentz, David Taylor, Mars, Michael Stevenson and Mystic. Production was handled by Major Lazer and Valentino Khan, while Chris Carmouche was in charge of mixing. Tyga recorded his verses at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. Dan Gerbarg and Howie Weinberg mastered the song at Howie Weinberg Mastering in Los Angeles. The single version features verses written and performed by 2 Chainz. Release and live performances The single version was first made available by Because Music and Alternative Distribution Alliance via digital download on May 24, 29 and 31, 2013, in","title":"Bubble Butt"},{"docid":"58759730","text":"\"Blow That Smoke\" is a song by American electronic music group Major Lazer featuring Swedish singer Tove Lo, released on October 17, 2018 as the seventh and final single from Major Lazer Essentials, released two days later. It was premiered on Zane Lowe's show on Beats 1. It marks the first collaboration between the group and Lo. Composition \"Blow That Smoke\" is a tropical dance and electropop song rooted in Afropop with elements of dancehall and reggaeton. Tove Lo said she and the group \"had a few sessions and tried to find more days together, but we're never in the same place long enough to actually make it work\", so she sent Diplo her vocals for a song, which he liked and put to a track. Lo told Zane Lowe that she later heard the finished version of the song, which had been sped up about 10 BPM from what was a \"very slow, moody song to begin with\". Critical reception Billboards Marina Pedrosa called the song a \"tropical dance anthem\" as well as an \"electropop tune\" containing a \"sultry beat with a dash of reggaeton\" that Lo's \"angelic voice\" sings lyrics like \"I got the keys to heaven now/Babes all around and they got my mind spinning\" over. Mike Wass of Idolator positively contrasted the song with Lo's solo material, noting that on \"Blow That Smoke\" it sounds like she is having fun. Wass also stated that the song \"sounds like a hit\" and said Lo \"coos over a mellow, island-inspired beat\". Writing for Dancing Astronaut, Chris Stack named it a continuation of Major Lazer's recent output \"celebrating their Afrobeat roots\" and also judged it had a \"sultry island beat\". Patrick Doyle of Rolling Stone felt that the song had \"Afropop roots\" as well as being a \"bouncey stomper with a West African guitar riff and heavy groove\". Winston Cook-Wilson of Spin named it a \"Caribbean-flavored track that fits with Major Lazer's usual stylistic M.O. more closely than Tove Lo's usual, more acerbic sensibility\". Jael Goldfine of Stereogum said it \"might just be the lowest-key song either artist has ever made\". Promotion Both Lo and Major Lazer announced on social media that they would be releasing a collaboration in the same week, with Lo calling it a \"sweet surprise\" and sharing a snippet of the track. Charts Certifications References 2018 singles 2018 songs Major Lazer songs Tove Lo songs Song recordings produced by Diplo Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Ludvig Söderberg Songs written by Tove Lo Songs written by Jr Blender Songs written by Jakob Jerlström Songs written by Sibel Redžep","title":"Blow That Smoke"},{"docid":"47352996","text":"\"Powerful\" is a song recorded by American electronic music project Major Lazer. It's the second official single off their third studio album, Peace Is the Mission (2015), featuring guest vocals from English singer Ellie Goulding and Jamaican singer Tarrus Riley. The song was initially planned to be the lead single from the album but was scrapped in favor of Lean On. Composition The song is described as an \"EDM power ballad\" and its soul, pop and R&B nature led the critics to label it as one of the most accessible and radio friendly songs in the album. It was written by Thomas Pentz, Maxime Picard, Clement Picard, Ilsey Juber, Fran Hall and reggae musician Tarrus Riley; the latter is also featured on the track along singer Ellie Goulding. The song is a musical departure from Major Lazer's dancehall-inspired signature sound, having this song dubbed as a ballad by many reporters. Lyrically, the song talks about the protagonist's significant other having 'power' on them, such when they touch there is electricity. It also hints at sex. The chorus of the song was first used in the Major Lazer TV series on FXX a month before the full song was released in the episode \"Vampire Weekend\". Music video The music video was released on July 23, 2015. It features both Goulding and Riley performing their parts using telekinetic powers and ruining a small diner. The clip's theme is labeled as \"supernatural\" and was directed by James Slater. Use in media In 2017, the song was used in an advertisement for Emporio Armani's Stronger With You and Because It's You perfumes., and in the 2017 advertising campaign for Unilever's Close-Up toothpaste. On the November 4, 2019, episode of the reality television singing competition show The Voice, Team Gwen (Stefani) member Jacob \"Jake\" HaldenVang performed a rock arrangement of the song in a Knockout round, opposing fellow Team Gwen member Royce Lovett, who performed Avicii's \"Wake Me Up.\" Coaches Kelly Clarkson, John Legend, and Blake Shelton all preferred HaldenVang's performance, and Stefani agreed, naming him the winner of the Knockout and advancing him to the Live Playoffs. Meanwhile, Lovett was eliminated when Shelton opted not to steal him onto his team (as Clarkson and Legend had already used their steals by that time). Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history References External links 2010s ballads 2015 singles 2015 songs Major Lazer songs Ellie Goulding songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Ilsey Juber Torch songs Songs written by Fransisca Hall","title":"Powerful (song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1955154\",\n \"text\": \"The Los Angeles Lazers were an indoor soccer team that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) from 1982 to 1989. History Jerry Buss, the owner of California Sports, the parent company of the Los Angeles Lakers, Kings and Strings of TeamTennis and The Forum, the home arena of all three teams, was always looking for innovative ways to add additional creative programming to the Forum. He called upon his oldest son Johnny Buss and long-time California Sports executive Ron Weinstein to bring indoor soccer to Los Angeles. In 1981, Buss was awarded an expansion franchise at the same August league meeting where the MISL granted a one-year leave of absence to the Philadelphia Fever. Buss and Weinstein named the team the Los Angeles Lazers, and the team began play in the fall of 1982. The team's name stemmed from the up-and-coming laser light show industry, which management believed would depict a perfect synergy of the lightning fast pace of indoor soccer. It became a pre-game ritual for every Lazers game to have a laser show displayed on the walls of the Forum, which even intrigued Neil Diamond enough to visit the Lazer offices in order to investigate and ultimately incorporate this new laser technology into his own onstage live performances. Following in the footsteps of the \\\"Showtime\\\" Los Angeles Lakers, the Lazers drew many celebrities to their games including Cher, James Caan, Ricky Schroder and Diamond. The \\\"Laker Girls\\\" performed double duty from 1982 to 1989, performing as the \\\"Lazer Girls\\\" at all home games. This opportunity played an integral part in the career of Paula Abdul, who was the lead dancer and choreographer of the team. Johnny Buss was president of the Lazers from 1982 to 1985 when he went on to pursue other endeavors. His younger brother, Jim Buss, took over as president for the 1985–86 season. In 1986, Jerry Buss attended his first MISL Board of Governors meeting. He strongly suggested to the board that they begin to reduce player salaries and gradually move the league into the summer months. Dr. Buss continued to play for three more seasons, and, after recognizing the MISL was not moving in the proper direction in the summer of 1989, he shared with Lazers executive vice president Ron Weinstein that he was closing the doors on the Lazers. He told Weinstein that if he ever wanted to start a professional indoor soccer league that played in the summer months with a fiscally responsible budget, then he would mentor him while tying the new league into the NBA and NHL. Thus, the seed was planted in Weinstein for the founding of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL). Arena The Lazers played their home games in The Forum in Inglewood, California. Coaches Peter Wall 1982–1987 Keith Tozer 1987–1989 Year-by-year Honors Coach of the Year 1984–1985 Peter Wall Rookie of the Year 1982–83 Kirk Shermer Television and radio coverage In their inaugural season, the Lazers games were broadcast on Cable Radio Network.\",\n \"title\": \"Los Angeles Lazers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45269620\",\n \"text\": \"The ARIA Dance Chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing dance singles of Australia. It is published by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), an organisation who collect music data for the weekly ARIA Charts. To be eligible to appear on the chart, the recording must be a single, and be \\\"predominantly of a dance nature, or with a featured track of a dance nature, or included in the ARIA Club Chart or a comparable overseas chart\\\". In 2015, eleven singles have topped the chart. \\\"Lean On\\\" by Major Lazer is the longest-running chart-topping dance single of 2015. Chart history Number-one artists See also 2015 in music List of number-one singles of 2015 (Australia) List of number-one club tracks of 2015 (Australia) References Australia Dance Dance 2001 Number-one dance singles\",\n \"title\": \"List of number-one dance singles of 2015 (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50018447\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\\\" is the debut single by American country music artist Loretta Lynn, released in March 1960. The song was among the first to not only be recorded by Lynn, but also to be penned by her. She composed the song while living in Washington State, maintaining her role as a housewife and occasional member of a local country music band. The composition was later recorded in California after Lynn was given money by a local businessman, who was impressed by her singing. \\\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\\\" was then issued as a single under the newly founded and independent Zero Records label in March 1960. \\\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\\\" was self-promoted by Lynn and her husband, driving from one radio station to another. The effort paid off by that summer when it peaked at #14 on the Billboard country songs chart. The story behind the song's promotion became one of the trademarks of Lynn's career. Its story was profiled in the 1980 film about her life Coal Miner's Daughter and has been covered by other artists. \\\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\\\" has since received positive praise from music critics and writers alike, who have credited the song as being one of her signature tunes. Background and composition Lynn was inspired to compose \\\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\\\" from a woman she met while performing in a club in Washington state. As the woman became more intoxicated, she would tell Lynn more details of her story and would cry uncontrollably. The woman told Lynn of how her husband had left her for another woman. The pair developed a friendship that would last for several years. Lynn then wrote the song while leaning up against her home's bathroom toilet seat in twenty minutes, using a seventeen dollar guitar that her husband bought her as an anniversary present. She recounted the song's composition in 2010, \\\"I just sat down with my guitar...I was outside and leaning up against the toilet in Washington State. And I sat there and wrote 'Honky Tonk Girl' and 'Whispering Sea.'\\\" \\\"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\\\" was recorded in the style of the Bakersfield Sound and had a \\\"west coast shuffle\\\". Named after the California town of the same name, the Bakersfield Sound was a unique style of country music that was characterized by electric guitars that created a \\\"clear\\\" and \\\"ringing\\\" quality. The song has a basic chord progression of G–D–A–D but is in the key of C#. She later explained why the song was written in this key, \\\"They told me in Nashville they couldn't believe it, what you're writing! All your keys are funny. ‘Cause they wrote D, G and A, you know. I was going out on a limb a little bit, but I didn't realize that. I started playing rhythm guitar with my brother and a steel player when I first started singing. And I played barre chord rhythm. I had all sorts of notes on the guitar at\",\n \"title\": \"I'm a Honky Tonk Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49617851\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"BonBon\\\" () is a song by Kosovo-Albanian singer and songwriter Era Istrefi. The song was written by Istrefi and Ergen Berisha, while produced by Big Bang, Cricket and Toton. released it as a single for digital download and streaming in the United States on 30 December 2015. A dance-pop, dancehall, EDM and R&B song, its Albanian-language lyrics imply a message of empowerment and self-love. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics, several of whom praised the music and lyrics as well as Istrefi's appearance. Some praised Istrefi's vocal delivery, likening it to Rihanna or Sia. The song became Istrefi's breakthrough single, topping the charts in Albania and reaching the top 10 in four other countries. It was awarded gold certifications in various countries alongside a platinum certification in France by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). For promotion, an accompanying music video was uploaded to 's YouTube channel on 30 December 2015, before it was transferred to the channel of Ultra Music on 7 March 2016. Filmed in the mountainous region of Brezovicë, Kosovo, the video depicts Istrefi walking across a snow-covered road. The singer performed the song at several occasions throughout 2016, including in Albania, Germany, France and Romania. Background and composition Born into an Albanian musical family, Istrefi began pursuing a professional music career in 2013 and rose to widespread attention in the Albanian-speaking territories at a relatively early stage. She made her international breakthrough in early 2016, after the release of \\\", which secured her a recording contract with Ultra Music. With a length of two minutes and 47 seconds, released it as a single for digital download and streaming in the United States on 30 December 2015. It was written by Istrefi and Ergen Berisha, with the production handled by Big Bang, Cricket and Toton. Johnny Horesco and Miles Walker mastered and mixed the song, respectively. Musically, \\\"\\\" is as a dance-pop, EDM, R&B and dancehall-leaning song. During the song's Albanian-language and occasional English lyrics, Istrefi implies an empowerment message, singing about self-love and how she does not need anyone to make her feel happy. Reception Upon its release, \\\"\\\" was met with widespread acclaim from music critics. Many critics praised Istrefi's appearance and vocal delivery, constantly comparing it to that of Barbadian artist Rihanna and Australian musician Sia. David Rishty from Billboard also responded positively towards the song and linked her aesthetic to that of American disc jockey-trio Major Lazer. Ultra Music's executive Patrick complimented the song for its \\\"oriental\\\" appeal and found the lyrical alternation between Albanian and English as \\\"seamless\\\" and \\\"special\\\". Tanja Hill of The Source wrote that Istrefi portrays a \\\"smooth\\\" and \\\"sexy\\\" sound with an \\\"irresistible\\\" beat. The staff of BigFM expected a chart success in Germany and wrote that \\\"\\\", including its \\\"smooth, sexy-smoky-sounding tones\\\" fusing pop, reggae and dubstep, was destined for a chill evening. Fans of \\\"\\\" included Bebe Rexha, Imany, Jelena Karleuša, Jesse Saint John, Katy Perry, Kim Kardashian and P. Diddy. \\\"\\\" won\",\n \"title\": \"BonBon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49505303\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hundred Miles\\\" is a 2015 tropical house song by Barcelona-based DJ collective Yall featuring Gabriela Richardson. The song was written by David Borras Paronella, Joan Sala Gasol and Gabriela Richardson Torres. The song gained more fame after it was used in a 2015 advertisement for the Spanish casual clothing brand Desigual. Music video The music video was released on 9 December 2015 on Vevo. The tennis-themed video shows five young girls dancing on a tennis court as Gabriela performs in solo. At the end, she is joined on the public seats with the three members of Yall. As of February 2020, the video has received about 50 million views. In popular culture The song was used on 28 January 2016 during the French TV entertainment program Touche Pas à Mon Poste (Touche Pas à Mon Prime réalise vos vœux) presented by Cyril Hanouna where Erika Moulet dances completely nude to the tune as a tribute on the birthday of Bertrand Chameroy. \\\"Hundred Miles\\\" was also used in a Netflix TV show Elite (season 1, episode 2). The song was featured in the spring 2015 playlist of Hollister Co. stores worldwide. Plagiarism accusations The song received heavy comparisons to Major Lazer's song \\\"Lean On\\\", some publications accusing the song of plagiarism. Yall's Joan Sala, responded to the accusations saying: \\\"is cool to get compared to Major Lazer in a song like this. We love Major Lazer! But as a composer, i have to say that only the first chord sounds the same. Then, the rest of the song is totally different.\\\" Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2015 singles 2015 songs Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles\",\n \"title\": \"Hundred Miles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47303923\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Be Together\\\" is a song recorded by American music group Major Lazer featuring fellow American music group Wild Belle, as the opening track of the former's third studio album, Peace Is the Mission (2015). It is also Major Lazer's fourth promotional single. The song may have risen to prominence when trap artist Vanic released a remix of a song to his SoundCloud account, and has since been featured on numerous EDM records and channels. On November 20, 2015, Major Lazer released the Australazer EP, which features six remixes of \\\"Be Together\\\" by various Australian EDM artists. The official music video was published on January 19, 2016, through Major Lazer's official YouTube channel. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References 2015 songs Major Lazer songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Djemba Djemba\",\n \"title\": \"Be Together (Major Lazer song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26666721\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Estelle Lazer is an independent archaeologist who has worked on sites in the Middle East, Italy, Cyprus, the UK, Antarctica and Australia. She teaches at the University of Sydney and the University of NSW. Her PhD thesis was based on the human skeletal remains discovered at Pompeii, where she spent over 7 field seasons. Pompeii skeletons Estelle Lazer, Australian archaeologist and physical anthropologist from Sydney University, has studied the human remains from Pompeii and has reached some interesting conclusions. From her study of their bones, Lazer has challenged the conventional interpretation that the people who were left behind to die in Pompeii were the very old, the very young, women and those too sick or weak to escape. She believes that the victims were a good representative sample of the population, a balance of male and female, young and old. There may have been more children among the victims than the skeletons suggest, because not all children's bones would have survived. The bones show that the people of Pompeii were well-nourished and healthy and similar in size to the people who live in Naples today, 154 cm for females and 167 cm for male. About 10 percent of the skeletons show signs of arthritis, some having a form of arthritis usually associated with old age. Many of the skulls examined by Lazer have teeth which show considerable wear compared to teeth today. Some are worn down to the gumline, exposing the nerve, which must have been a very painful condition. The wearing down of teeth was probably caused by traces of grit and stone in the bread which came from the millstone used to grind the wheat into flour. Some teeth have cavities and others have a heavy build-up of plaque which would have caused bad breath. There are signs of gum disease and abscesses related to decayed teeth. There is no sign of dental intervention such as extractions, fillings, crowns, or false teeth. A body cast was brought to Australia in 1994 as part of the Australian Museum's exhibition on Pompeii. With the Archaeological Superintendent of Pompeii's permission, the body was x-rayed in a Sydney clinic. The results, and the cast itself, were analysed by Estelle Lazer and the team of medical specialists. It was the first high-tech examination of a Pompeian. The study concluded that the Lady of Oplontis was aged between 30 and 40, and was in good health apart from dental work. She was 1.5 metres tall, wore clothes and a gold bracelet, and was clutching a money purse when she died. The cast shows the 'pugilist pose' characteristic of bodies exposed to extreme temperature at the time of death. Lazer concluded from her studies of the skeletal remains that there were three main causes of death at Pompeii: asphyxiation, which she concludes was a major cause of death. thermal shock, which is evident in the pugilistic poses of the bodies, caused by sudden contraction of the muscles. concussion, from falling bits of debris and\",\n \"title\": \"Estelle Lazer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10790406\",\n \"text\": \"Earl Harvin is an American drummer, percussionist and multi-instrumentalist who has lived in Dallas, Texas and Los Angeles and is now residing in Berlin, Germany. Harvin studied at the University of North Texas College of Music where he was a member of the One O'Clock Lab Band for one year, beginning 1989. Throughout most of the 1990s, he led the jazz band Earl Harvin Trio (including Fred Hamilton and Dave Palmer) and led the rock band rubberbullet. Earl Harvin Trio won the Dallas Observer category of \\\"Jazz\\\" in 2003. Harvin also performed or recorded with various Texas-based artists including James Clay, Chao, Ten Hands and Billy Goat. He has since performed, or recorded with MC 900 Foot Jesus, Seal, Joe Henry, The The, The Psychedelic Furs, Trevor Horn, Pet Shop Boys, Art of Noise, The Frames, Richard Thompson, Jeff Beck, Damien Rice, Glen Hansard, Hikaru Utada, and many others. Harvin's contribution to Seal's Human Being includes drums, bass and guitar as well as co-writing on \\\"Latest Craze\\\". Harvin has toured extensively with the French duo Air. Recently he has performed and recorded with Berlin- and London-based Warren Suicide. As of 2010 he has recorded and toured as a member of the English band Tindersticks. Ari Hoenig has cited him as a major influence. In 2009, Harvin released a CD solo project Oracles on which he played all instruments and vocals. Discography Oracles (2009; independent) Earl Harvin Trio Trio/Quartet (1996; Leaning House) Strange Happy [as Earl Harvin/Dave Palmer] (1997; Leaning House) At The Gypsy Tea Room (1999; Leaning House) Unincorporated (2001; Two Ohm Hop) The Jam (DVD - 2005; Mel Bay) Rubberbullet Grinning Bitches/Entangled 7\\\" (1994; Last Beat Records) rubberbullet (1995; Last Beat Records) Open (1996; Last Beat Record]) The Kissing Song/King Of The Damned Lazer Gag 7\\\" [split w/ Baboon] (1997; Last Beat Records) With others Ten Hands, Kung Fu... That's What I Like (1988) Ten Hands, The Big One Is Coming (live) (1989) Billy Goat, Bush Roaming Mammals (1992) Seal, Human Being (1998), \\\"IV\\\" (2003) The The, Naked Self (2000) Black Frames, Solarallergy (2002) The Richard Thompson Band Live Ducknapped! (2003) Malachy Papers, with Earl Harvin (2005) My Brightest Diamond, Bring Me the Workhorse (2006) Warren Suicide, Requiem for a Missing Link (2008) My Brightest Diamond, A Thousand Shark's Teeth (2008) Robbie Williams, Reality Killed the Video Star (2009) Jeff Beck, Emotion & Commotion (2010) Tindersticks, Falling Down a Mountain (2010) My Brightest Diamond, This Is My Hand (2014) My Brightest Diamond, A Million and One (2018) Scrote & Earl Harvin, scr011 (album) (2020) References External links Earl Harvin's MySpace Masshoffs Roundtable - Workshop Earl Harvin Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Musicians from New York (state) American rock drummers University of North Texas College of Music alumni The The members My Brightest Diamond members\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Harvin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54427912\",\n \"text\": \"Havana Maestros – AmeriCuba is a collaborative album by Havana Maestros, which fuses a cast of Cuban musicians including Barbarito Torres and Amadito Valdes of the Buena Vista Social Club, with tracks from American artists such as Missy Elliott, Janelle Monáe, Jason Derulo, Ben E. King, Fun., Otis Redding, Chic, Dionne Warwick, B.o.B. and others. With Major Lazer they recorded a bonus track, a Cuban version of the song \\\"Lean On\\\", which is only available as an online download. The album was produced by the Berman Brothers. Track listing \\\"Good Times\\\" – Chic \\\"Whatcha Say\\\" – Jason Derulo \\\"Stand By Me\\\" – Ben E. King \\\"Get Ur Freak On\\\" – Missy Elliott \\\"We Are Young\\\" – Fun \\\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\\\" – Otis Redding \\\"Ritmo Cubano\\\" – Havana Maestros \\\"I Say a Little Prayer\\\" – Dionne Warwick \\\"Airplanes\\\" – B.o.B and Hayley Williams \\\"Tightrope\\\" – Janelle Monáe \\\"Fly\\\" – Sugar Ray \\\"Ven\\\" – Havana Maestros \\\"A Mi Manera\\\" – Havana Maestros Online bonus track \\\"Lean On\\\" – Major Lazer References Further reading Billboard review of Havana Maestros – AmeriCuba Billboard review of Havana Maestros feat. Major Lazor – Lean On External links Official website Havana Maestros on Facebook Covers albums Dance music albums by Cuban artists Buena Vista Social Club Salsa compilation albums 2017 compilation albums Universal Music Group compilation albums Son cubano compilation albums Bolero compilation albums Albums produced by the Berman Brothers (producers) Spanish-language compilation albums Mambo compilation albums Compilation albums by Cuban artists\",\n \"title\": \"AmeriCuba\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49953870\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Who Am I\\\" is a song recorded by English singer Katy B for her third studio album, Honey (2016). It is a collaboration with American electronic music band Major Lazer and English singer Craig David. The song was written by Brien, David, Phillip Meckseper, Thomas Pentz and produced by Geneeus, Jr. Blender and Diplo. It was released on 5 February 2016 as the lead single from the album. The song received generally favourable reviews from music critics. On 12 February 2016, the single peaked at number 89 on the UK Singles Chart. Composition \\\"Who Am I\\\" was written and produced by Katy herself, Craig David, Jr. Blender, Diplo and produced by Geneeus, Blender and Diplo. It's a midtempo R&B song, with smooth vocals delivered by Brien and David. Katy later admitted: \\\"[This song] was about my first boyfriend. I used to be in a band with him and when we broke up... I realized everyone I knew in London was in the band. I felt like I'd have to give up my band, my friends, my whole identity, start again from scratch. You don't just lose a person in a break-up. Others might lose their home, even their child and family, I think of people going through divorces when I sing it, too. It was originally a solo song, and I still don't really see it as me singing to Craig, we're the same person singing the same song.\\\" Critical reception \\\"Who Am I\\\" has received generally positive reviews from music critics and fans alike. Chantelle Fiddy of Mixmag gave the song 8 points out of 10, and commented: \\\"Getting emotional with Craig David (who comes on here like Usher), this is a clever, Major Lazer-style take on the classic r’n’b duet\\\". James Rettig of Stereogum described song as a \\\"soulful jam\\\" and Robin Murray of Clash described single as a \\\"superstar clash\\\" and praised Brien emotive vocals. Music video The music video for the song was shot in early February 2016 in Miami. It premiered on 23 February 2016. The clip shows Katy B and David performing the track amongst Miami's nighttime lights. Live performances Katy and David performed track live for the first time on BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge on 14 March 2016 and later have done multiple gigs. Charts References 2016 singles 2015 songs Katy B songs Major Lazer songs Craig David songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Katy B Songs written by Craig David Virgin EMI Records singles Songs written by Jr Blender\",\n \"title\": \"Who Am I (Katy B song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23250217\",\n \"text\": \"Mavka is a Ukrainian band combining ethnic and folk themes with downtempo, electronica and ambient music. The band was formed in 2013 by a theater actress Iryna Lazer (lead-singer, composer, performer) and Oleksiy Mikriukov (composer) under the initial name Crossworlds. Collaborating exclusively on-line they managed to release the first mini-album Ivana Kupala Night in 2014. The full-length Day and Night album was released a year later in 2015. Since then Iryna Lazer began performing live using loop-station, vocal pedals and synthesizers creating polyphonic compositions in Ukrainian and her own invented 'Mermaid' language. In 2015 another musician joined the band due to the growing amount of live performances and the band's name was changed to Mavka. In 2016 Mavka appeared on a number of festivals including GogolFest and The Day of Street Music. The band also played on Hi5 studio and performed for the plays in Zoloti Vorota Theater. In 2017 members of Mavka wrote soundtrack and acted in the movie 'The Tale of Money'. Later the band released music video of the official soundtrack 'Night Shadow'. In 2018 the band started collaborating with the сhildren's сhoir Dyvo (conductor Tetiana Nadolinska). The band and the choir produced ethnic-electronica compositions and some interpretations of the Ukrainian folk songs. Together they gave the concert 'Horovod under the stars' on May 27 on the stage of Kyiv Planetarium. In 2018 band's leader Iryna Lazer recorded vocals for the vinyl LP album Femininho by King Imagine. On December 25, 2018, the band presented an exclusive Christmas concert \\\"Carols with the looper\\\" in the cultural center Master Class. The main idea of the concert was for the vocalist to create and perform live the polyphonic carols by herself using only the loop-station. In 2019 the band created an original version of the song 'Hej Sokoly' for a documentary movie 'The Borderline. Hrubieszów operation' which premiered on May, 28, at the Kyiv International Film Festival \\\"Molodist\\\". In June 2019 the band started collaborating with the German dancer Véronique Langlott and created the music for her choreography research Folkstrance. The artists presented the performance on July 1 at the cultural platform Izolyatsia. In August 2019 the band re-released the album Day and Night with the \\\"Mavka\\\" band's name. The band's music is used as a background in plays 'Sasha, throw out the trash' of Kyiv Academic Young Theatre and in \\\"The People Are Singing\\\" of Royal Exchange Theatre. Name The band is named after a Ukrainian mythological female long-haired figure, mavka, that was believed to live in forests, lakes or rivers and appeared only on special holidays during the year. Mavkas could entice or seduce young men to later tickle their victims to death. Style and languages The majority of songs is written and performed in the Ukrainian language. They are whether interpretations of Ukrainian traditional compositions or original contemporary pieces. The band is also working on an album with the songs written in 'mermaid' glossolalia as the lead-singer calls it. Discography Mavka 2019: Day and Night (LP)\",\n \"title\": \"Mavka (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44334742\",\n \"text\": \"Major Lazer is an American adult animated television series based on the electronic music group of the same name, created by DJ and record producer Diplo with Ferry Gouw and Kevin Kusatsu. It premiered on FXX on April 16, 2015, as part of their Animation Domination High-Def (ADHD) block. After Stone Quackers, Major Lazer is the second ADHD original series to be aired on the channel after FOX had stopped its broadcast of the block itself. The show was renewed for a second season, but was later canceled. On September 3, 2016, it was announced that John Boyega had left the series to focus on the new Star Wars films prior to its cancellation. The show is available to stream on the Major Lazer YouTube channel. Plot Set in the future, Major Lazer is a Jamaican superhero with a laser gun for a right hand who fights against the dystopian forces led by Jamaica's leader President Whitewall and his servant General Rubbish. Major Lazer is assisted in his fight by President Whitewall's daughter Penny Whitewall and hacker Blkmrkt. Production Major Lazer had been in production for nearly five years before its premiere. It was originally considered for Adult Swim through a pilot episode produced in 2011 by Williams Street and Titmouse, Inc., which was never broadcast. The musical group Major Lazer, on which the show is based, previously starred animated characters, including the character of Major Lazer. Ferry Gouw, along with John Pham, served as art director for this incarnation. Other musicians such as Jay Z, and the Odd Future collective, had signed on for television shows on the network during the year; Odd Future's came out as Loiter Squad the next year. Billboard announced Major Lazer would premiere on Fox in 2014. Cat Power and Riff Raff were said to have collaborated on the soundtrack for the show. In 2015, Billboard announced the show would premiere on FXX. Diplo called the long wait of the production \\\"worth it to have such a succinct TV show for our music fans and cartoon fans alike\\\". He said that it would appeal to \\\"any fans of hip-hop [and] electronic music or '80s cartoons, and the culture that gave birth to [Major Lazer's] musical landscape\\\". Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, who voices the eponymous character, described the feeling of the show as \\\"like being high\\\". J. K. Simmons voices President Whitewall, while Aziz Ansari, Ezra Koenig, Riff Raff, Andy Samberg, and Charli XCX make guest voice performances. Voice cast Principal cast Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje – Major Lazer, Evil Lazer (ep. 10) James Adomian – General Rubbish John Boyega – Blkmrkt Ashante \\\"Taranchyla\\\" Reid – Old Rasta, PG Tipps, Weed Man (Episode 1) J. K. Simmons – President Whitewall Angela Trimbur – Penny Whitewall Guest Stars & Additional voices Trinidad James – Mr. Mary James (episode 1), Goldie (episode 9) Tiësto – DJ God (episode 2) Jonathan Banks – The Law (episode 2) Andy Samberg – Dr. Nerd/Dr. Bass Drop (episodes 2–3) Riff Raff – Double Cup (episode\",\n \"title\": \"Major Lazer (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51106657\",\n \"text\": \"Ephwurd is an American electronic music project. Ephwurd is best known for tracks such as \\\"Rock the Party\\\" (with Jauz), \\\"Vibrations\\\", \\\"Wildchild\\\" (with the Bloody Beetroots) and \\\"Just Us\\\" (featuring Liinks). In addition, Ephwurd has remixed some of the biggest names in dance music including the Chainsmokers, Major Lazer, DJ Snake and Oliver Heldens. Ephwurd has toured worldwide playing festivals such as Lollapalooza, Electric Daisy Carnival and Veld, among many others. History Ephwurd went public with a remix of Major Lazer & DJ Snake's \\\"Lean On\\\", before revealing who was behind the duo in July 2015 as they released the single \\\"Rock the Party\\\" on the Spinnin' Records label. The collaborative effort between Ephwurd and Jauz would often get played by DJs such as Tiësto, Axwell Λ Ingrosso, and Skrillex. The music style would later be known as \\\"bass house\\\", which has been described as \\\"having a lot of classic house drums and percussion to it but it has the wobbles of dubstep at the same time\\\". Ephwurd later released a slew of singles on labels such as Spinnin Records and its sub label affiliates. On March 16, 2018, Bais Haus announced that \\\"Ephwurd will now operate without Datsik.\\\", due in part to the controversy surrounding Datsik. Since moving on as a solo act Ephwurd has released many singles and collaborations such as \\\"Accelerator\\\" and \\\"Wildchild\\\" (with the Bloody Beetroots). In February 2019, Ephwurd has developed his Eph'd Up Records label releasing emerging artists in the \\\"bass house\\\" genre. Music style Ephwurd was one of the first acts to popularize the \\\"bass house\\\" genre of music to a wider audience. Bass house has been described as an \\\" all-encompassing melting pot is so broad it’s impossible to define what it is\\\". The origins of bass house has been traced back to the mid to late-1990s with the work of the group Basement Jaxx that was melded into UK garage over time. One reviewer labelled Ephwurd as a \\\"high-flying collaboration of epic proportions\\\", describing the music as \\\"an exciting blend of dubstep and house music that has packed out venues around the world.\\\" Ashley Marro of \\\"Stoney Road\\\" magazine described Ephwurd's Bring It Back as being an \\\"old school combining a heavy dose of bass with elements of classic house music\\\". References American club DJs Musical groups established in 2015 American remixers 2015 establishments in the United States American electronic dance music DJs\",\n \"title\": \"Ephwurd\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58443958\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"We Make It Bounce\\\" is a song by American electronic music producer Dillon Francis and American EDM trio Major Lazer, featuring guest vocals from English-Jamaican reggae singer Stylo G. The song was written by Dillon Francis and Stylo G, with production handled by Dillon Francis and Major Lazer. The song was released as a digital download by Mad Decent and Columbia Records on 16 September 2014, and is the fourth single of Dillon Francis debut album Money Sucks, Friends Rule. The song is written by Dillon Francis and Stylo G, with production handled by Dillon Francis and Major Lazer. Background Dillon Francis announced that he was working with electronic music trio Major Lazer and reggae singer Stylo G, for Dillon Francis debut album's fourth single \\\"We Make It Bounce\\\". Francis already released the song on 16 September 2014, on digital stores and streaming services like Spotify, Deezer, iTunes, Google Play and Amazon . The song also marks the second collaboration between American DJs Dillon Francis and Diplo. On 15 March 2011, Francis released an EP named \\\"Westside EP\\\", and it consists of five tracks. For the third track of the EP, Dillon Francis worked with DJ Diplo and American singer Maluca to the release of the song, and it's named \\\"Que Que\\\". That marks the first time that Dillon Francis worked with Diplo. When Diplo announced that the Major Lazer trio will collaborate with Francis to a new song, he also announced that he is working for a Major Lazer third studio album Peace is the Mission. He said that he has been working with a lot of people the last couple of years, and he was pulling all the favors for that record for sure. Chart performance Weekly charts Release history References 2014 songs Electronic songs\",\n \"title\": \"We Make It Bounce\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52667844\",\n \"text\": \"Reggae Gold 2013 is a compilation reggae album from VP Records. It was released on July 23, 2013 and Reggae Gold is an annual series from VP Records beginning in 1992. The set begins with rap-star-turned-Rastafarian Snoop Lion's reggae-influenced sound on \\\"Lighter's Up\\\" featuring vocals from Kingston's Mavado and rising star Popcaan and then Major Lazer's \\\"Jah No Partial\\\" with Jamaican vocalist Johnny Osbourne. Reggae Gold 2013 features the talents of Beres Hammond & Shaggy, Gyptian, Konshens, Major Lazer featuring Johnny Osbourne and Snoop Lion featuring Mavado & Popcaan among others. The first disc featured the recent hits, including Shaggy featuring Beres Hammond’ “Fight This Feeling”, Major Lazer’s “Jah No Partial”, Busy Signal’s “You and Me”, Gyptian’s “Wine Slow”, Sean Paul’s “Body”, Konshens “Bad Girl”, Snoop Lion’s “Lighters Up”, I-Octane’s “Gal Gimmie Bun”, Angela Hunte’s “One Shot” and more. The second disc is a selection of classic hits from the past years. Disc 2 featured artists are: Ini Kamoze, Half Pint, Yellowman, Shabba Ranks, Red Rat, General Degree, Barrington Levy, Desmond Dekker, Bounty Killer and more. Reggae Gold 2013 landed second place on the Billboard Reggae Album chart Track listing Disc 1 Disc 2 References 2013 compilation albums Reggae compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Reggae Gold 2013\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48322871\",\n \"text\": \"The 2015 BBC Music Awards was the second music award show, created out of the BBC's strategy for music, BBC Music, in 2015. The awards were held on 10 December 2015 at the new location of the Genting Arena in Birmingham following the closure on 13 December 2014 of the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London, which held the inaugural event. Once again, the awards recognise the biggest and most exciting artists from the previous 12 months, as well as looking forward to new talent in 2016. A panel of judges decides the winners of each category, except 'Song of the Year', which is decided by the public. The show was hosted by English television and radio hosts Chris Evans and Fearne Cotton. It was a rainy night and many fans lined up along the red carpet to take photos with the artists arriving. Adele, Ed Sheeran, Hozier, Major Lazer and The Weeknd all had two nominations apiece, with Adele winning two awards and Hozier winning 'Song of the Year'. Performances BBC asked popular bands and solo artists to sing in front of the live audience on the night of the award show. The famous performers were shown at various parts of the evening in the audience, on the red carpet with fans and interviewers, and as they were preparing for their performance. One Direction opened the show with their top charting single, \\\"Drag Me Down\\\". Their performance included the use of pyrotechnics as flames would rise up throughout their song. This performance was done without former band member, Zayn Malik (who now performs as Zayn), and was one of the final performances from the band before their hiatus (beginning in 2016). Ellie Goulding sang her hit song, \\\"Love Me Like You Do\\\" from the Universal Pictures movie, Fifty Shades of Grey, that was released in February 2015. Accompanying her in the performance was the BBC Concert Orchestra in an orchestral rendition of the tune. Another well received performance was done by pop girl group, Little Mix as they sang their popular song, \\\"Black Magic\\\". To perform, \\\"The Austerity of Love\\\", \\\"Nashville Grey Skies\\\", and \\\"Leaving on a Jet Plane\\\" former South stars, Paul Heaton and Jacqui Abbot joined The Shires on stage. Ending the show with \\\"Please\\\" and \\\"Sailing\\\" was rock singer Rod Stewart. Several performances can be found on YouTube along with highlights, news discussions, and speeches from the winners of the evening. Nominations and winners Several artists were unable to make the award show the evening of the event. When Adele had won Performance of the Year and British Artist of the Year, she was on a prerecorded video call to accept the awards. At the time she was in the United States of America and could not be there in person. These awards were given to her after her recent single \\\"Hello\\\" released and helped her maintain her status as a popular artist. American singer, Taylor Swift won the International Artist of the Year award but\",\n \"title\": \"2015 BBC Music Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39786616\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Show das Poderosas\\\" () is a single by the Brazilian singer Anitta released on April 16, 2013. The song served as the third single from her self-titled debut album (2013). The song has sold 50,000 paid downloads on Brazilian iTunes, and almost 85,000 worldwide. The song's music video has been viewed over 148 million times on YouTube. Upon its release, \\\"Show das Poderosas\\\" was met with favorable reception from music critics, many of whom praised it for being different from the other songs released at that time. Commercially, \\\"Show das Poderosas\\\" performed well on record charts. Background and release By posting a video singing \\\"Soltinha\\\", by singer Priscila Nocetti, student Larissa de Macedo Machado was discovered by disc jockey (DJ) Renato Azevedo, known as Batutinha. The DJ invited her to a test, in order to know if she really sang well and had a stage presence. Azevedo \\\"was impressed by the singer's and girlfriends' ability to stiletto – a high-heeled dance mode, popularized by the American star Beyoncé\\\", described Silvio Essinger, from O Globo. With that, he decided to work with her. One of the artist's complaints was her name, which she considered very common; Her suggestion was \\\"Anita\\\", in reference to the main character of the miniseries Presença de Anita: \\\"Anita had a mystery that aroused the curiosity of men, women, everyone. It was just a girl, but at the same time I was fond of this joke. Batutinha gave the idea of \\\"Anitta\\\" with two T's, and the singer agreed. Anitta was hired by the Rio de Janeiro funk shows producer Furacão 2000, and through it she released four tracks: \\\"Menina Má\\\", \\\"Proposta\\\", \\\"Fica Só Olhando\\\" and \\\"Eu Vou Ficar\\\". In June 2012, manager Kamilla Fialho, paid R$260,000 to the company, so that the artist could be managed by her. Fialho set up a show with musicians and dancers, invested in the image of Anitta, and presented her to producers Umberto Tavares and Mãozinha. Anitta was coveted by major record labels; She was \\\"rolling up\\\" two of them until she decided on Warner Music, with whom she signed in January 2013, and on February 6, her first single \\\"Meiga e Abusada\\\" was released through the label. Critical reception Alex Alves from Popline website commented, \\\"Grab a funk singer who was a MC from Furacão 2000, add an avalanche of references in Beyoncé and finish with a dipping attitude inspired by The Pussycat Dolls. The result will be Anitta, one of the greatest promises of national pop music in 2013\\\". Some elements of the instrumental were compared to those of Major Lazer's \\\"Pon de Floor\\\", sampled in Beyoncé's single \\\"Run the World (Girls)\\\". The female empowerment message of the song was also compared that of \\\"Run the World (Girls)\\\". Music video Directed by Thiago Calviño, filming took place in a theater in Barra da Tijuca neighborhood, in Rio de Janeiro. The video is all in black and white and featured a ballet body made up of 30 dancers who\",\n \"title\": \"Show das Poderosas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57674173\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Let Me Live\\\" is a song by English drum and bass band Rudimental and American DJ trio Major Lazer, featuring guest vocals from English singer Anne-Marie and Nigerian singer Mr Eazi. The song was released as a digital download on 15 June 2018, as the third single from Rudimental's third studio album, Toast to Our Differences (2019). The song was written by Thomas Pentz, Philip Meckseper, Jasper Helderman, Kesi Dryden, Piers Aggett, Amir Amor, Leon Rolle, Cesar Ovalle Jr., Bas van Daalen, Oluwatosin Oluwole Ajibade and Anne-Marie. Background \\\"We started this song when Mr Eazi came through London and did a session with us,\\\" the group told Clash Music. \\\"We ended up changing the key and got Anne-Marie to the studio, which took the song to a whole new level. We then ended up sending it to our friends Major Lazer who flew to London to work with us on it. After that, we heard Ladysmith Black Mambazo were in town and they ended up recording the BVs in the middle eight. Again this track sums up the theme of the album - we have West African, South African, British and American influences on it. It's so much fun to play this one live!\\\" Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 2018 singles 2018 songs Anne-Marie songs Major Lazer songs Rudimental songs Song recordings produced by Rudimental Songs written by Amir Amor Songs written by Anne-Marie Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Jr Blender Songs written by Will Grands\",\n \"title\": \"Let Me Live (Rudimental and Major Lazer song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51753997\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Believer\\\" is a song recorded by electronic music group Major Lazer, alongside Dutch production duo Showtek. It was released to digital download on September 30, 2016, through record labels Mad Decent and Skink. The song also samples vocals from Caribbean band Freetown Collective on their song \\\"Good Swimma\\\", who collaborated with record producer Q Major in that track. Inspired by the story of Prahlada who was a firm believer and worshiper of Lord Vishnu. He was thrown from the valley into a river and then was thrown into fire. Nothing could kill him because Lord Vishnu always saved him. Background Major Lazer and Showtek premiered the song in their set list under the name of \\\"I'm a Believer\\\" in April 2016. It was announced on September 26 that the song would be released as \\\"Believer\\\" on September 30. Music video A video was directed by Christopher Louie, director of the EDM film XOXO and uploaded on January 3, 2017. Louie stated the video was inspired by the images of Omran Daqneesh, the Syrian boy whose home was bombed at night. \\\"Like everyone in the world I was heartbroken by that image, but I also saw a glimmer of hope,” Louie said in a press release -- “As dark as the subject matter is, the point of our 'Believer' video was to capture the resilience of youth and the hope displayed by communities coming together to save victims from the rubble.” The video has been tied to the Save the Children organization with a link to donate in the description box. Charts Certifications Release history References 2016 songs 2016 singles Major Lazer songs Showtek songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Jr Blender\",\n \"title\": \"Believer (Major Lazer and Showtek song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43723605\",\n \"text\": \"ND Studios is a film and television production studio located in Karjat, Maharashtra a north suburb of Mumbai. Established in 2005, it is owned by Nitin Chandrakant Desai . Apart from films, it is also the location reality TV series, Bigg Boss hosted by Salman Khan. Over the years, it has also become a popular tourist destination, as it is a 90-minute drive from Mumbai, Maharashtra. History The Studio is spread over 52 acres (210,000 m2) and was opened in 2005 and offers indoor as well as outdoor shooting options. The Studio is privately owned by production designer Nitin Chandrakant Desai . In 2008, US-based movie studio 20th Century Fox signed a 10-year deal to hire four floors at ND Studios. Location used for Films Kick (Film) Jodhaa Akbar (film) Jodha Akbar (TV Series) Bigg Boss (Reality Show) Raja Shivchhatrapati (Marathi)(TV Series) Balgandharva (Marathi)(Movie) Marathi Paul Padte Pudhe (Marathi) (Talent Show) Amol Gupte's \\\"Sapno Ko Ginte Ginte\\\" Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur (2009) (TV Series) Taj Mahal (TV Series) Bajirao Mastani (Film) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015) Pyaar Kii Yeh Ek Kahaani Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat Music videos \\\"Lean On\\\" by Major Lazer Photo gallery References External links Hindi cinema Film studios in Mumbai Television studios Companies based in Maharashtra Raigad district Reliance Group Entertainment companies established in 2005 2005 establishments in Maharashtra\",\n \"title\": \"ND Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42836617\",\n \"text\": \"Pemberton Music Festival was an annual four-day music festival that took place near Mount Currie in Pemberton, British Columbia. Produced by Huka Entertainment, the 2016 event took place on July 14–17. The festival features multiple stages of live entertainment, including rock, indie rock, hip hop, electronic, heavy metal, and comedy. On April 28, 2017, HUKA Entertainment announced the 2017 lineup. It was to include Chance The Rapper, Muse, A Tribe Called Quest, Major Lazer, Run the Jewels, HAIM, Big Sean and others. On May 18, 2017, it was announced the festival was cancelled and it had filed for bankruptcy. Ernst & Young were appointed as the 'Trustee in Bankruptcy'. Rising costs from the lower Canadian dollar and ticket sales were factors in the decision to file. Ticket holders and creditors were not expected to get a full refund or payment. They will be creditors in the bankruptcy. 2014 lineup Nine Inch Nails Outkast Deadmau5 Soundgarden Frank Ocean Kendrick Lamar Metric Modest Mouse Snoop Dogg Chance the Rapper Above & Beyond Empire of the Sun Grimes The Flaming Lips Blondie Cage the Elephant Girl Talk TV on the Radio Young the Giant Baauer Randy Newman Matthew Good Schoolboy Q St. Vincent Tyler, The Creator Violent Femmes Earl Sweatshirt Gord Downie, the Sadies The New Pornographers Sloan Stars Best Coast Big Gigantic Clockwork Flying Lotus Hayden Matt Mays RL Grime Shlohmo Delta Rae Dinosaur Jr. Fucked up Griz Hey Rosetta! Kaytranada Cashmere Cat Purity Ring (Dj Set) XXYYXX Dan Deacon Lettuce Metz Rich Aucoin Wild Belle ZZ Ward Aer The Boom Booms Gold & Youth Flash Lightnin’ The Tontons Tory Lanez Yukon Blonde Hallelujah Train Feat. Daniel Lanois, Pastor Brady Blade, Brian Blade, Brady Blade Jr., Anders Osborne, Will Sexton, Chris Thomas, Malcolm Burn with Gospel Choir Trailer Park Boys Bob Saget Lisa Lampanelli Nick Swardson Norm Macdonald Doug Benson Hannibal Buress Tom Green Brian Posehn Jim Breuer Natasha Leggero Brian Scolaro Kyle Dunnigan Justice (band) 2015 lineup Kendrick Lamar The Black Keys J. Cole Tiësto Hozier Kid Cudi Missy Elliott Weezer Jane's Addiction The String Cheese Incident Bassnectar Passion Pit Billy Talent Chromeo Dada Life Sam Roberts Band The Decemberists The War on Drugs Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros Portugal. the Man PARTYNEXTDOOR Chvrches Chet Faker Beirut RL Grime Banks De La Soul STS9 Duke Dumont Matt and Kim Earl Sweatshirt Flux Pavilion Dan Mangan + Blacksmith Father John Misty Galactic featuring Macy Gray Run the Jewels Paul Oakenfold Courtney Barnett Cut Copy Bleachers Ryn Weaver Logic Tobias Jesso Jr. Real Estate Preservation Hall Jazz Band Flatbush Zombies Yung Lean Givers Moon Taxi Ryan Hemsworth July Talk BADBADNOTGOOD Charles Bradley & his Extraordinaires Judah & the Lion Gay Nineties What So Not Beats Antique Kali Uchis Spooky Black (Corbin) The Suffers Giraffage DJ Dodger Stadium Bas Sango JackLNDN PPL MVR Boyfriend (rapper) Maggie Koerner Full Flex Express featuring Jack U Skrillex + Diplo, Zeds Dead, A$AP Ferg, Tycho, Hundred Waters, & Anna Lunoe B2B MIJA Tim & Eric Reggie Watts\",\n \"title\": \"Pemberton Music Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42549896\",\n \"text\": \"D.A.I.S.Y. Rage is the second extended play by American recording artist Kitty. It was released on January 30, 2013. Background and release About the release of the EP, Kitty said: \\\"I exist in the real world now. It's going to be nice because people won't be able to just say that I'm a meme anymore.\\\" The title of the EP is a reference to the song \\\"\\\"D.A.I.S.Y. Age\\\" from the De La Soul album 3 Feet High and Rising (1989). Composition D.A.I.S.Y. Rage is a cloud rap EP. The EP's lyrical themes have been described as \\\"teenage girl problems\\\". \\\"Dead Island\\\" uses the dancehall beat from \\\"Pon De Floor\\\" by Major Lazer. Critical reception D.A.I.S.Y. Rage received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on five reviews, which indicates \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". Jon Hadusek of Consequence of Sound described Kitty's rhyme schemes as \\\"bizarre\\\", and the beats as \\\"simple and unobtrusive.\\\" In his opinion, the three last tracks of the extended play (\\\"Scout Finch Bitch\\\", \\\"R.R.E.A.M.\\\", and \\\"Hittin Lixxx\\\") were weaker than the other tracks because Kitty seemed to be \\\"playing it safe\\\", writing them. Richard Petty of No Ripcord described the opening track of the extended play as \\\"Balam Acab-like aqueous soundscapes\\\", combined with \\\"whimsical Disney reminiscent samples\\\". Petty called \\\"Dead Island\\\" the highlight of the EP, complimenting the \\\"blissful and hazy production, backed by the propulsive dancehall beats of Major Lazer’s Pon De Floor\\\". He criticized Antwon's guest appearance, saying \\\"his relatively gruff voice [contrasts] harshly with Kitty’s hushed vocals and [provides] something of a shock to the system over sliced up DSOTM-era Pink Floyd samples\\\". Petty called \\\"R.R.E.A.M.\\\", \\\"a pastiche of the Wu Tang classic\\\", the hardest song to listen to because of the \\\"glitchy synths\\\" which \\\"[seemed] to [be recreating] motion sickness\\\" but complimented Kitty's \\\"[clever] mining [of] her innocent and relatively youthful age for comedic effect\\\", singing about antihistamines for their intended use instead of recreational use with codeine. Carrie Battan of Pitchfork noted that D.A.I.S.Y. Rage \\\"[feeds] on warm, sparkly beats and topical rap nerdery asserted with a defiantly Disney Channel attitude\\\", just like Kitty's previous EP, Haha, I'm Sorry (2012). Battan compared Kitty's attitude in the song \\\"$krillionaire\\\" to that of Holden Caulfield from J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye (1951), citing the line \\\"I hate everyone that wants to be a millionaire / So freakin' bad / So freakin' bad\\\" as an example. She also pointed out that the song \\\"No Offense!!!!!\\\" might be about Kitty's friend, Danny Brown\\\", citing the line \\\"You're about as fraudulent as a mirage out in the desert / Blue peacock / You're puffing out your feathers / To bring a bunch of bitches backstage into your dressing room / So you could treat it like a petting zoo\\\" as support of that suggestion. Battan also described Kitty's voice as \\\"still\",\n \"title\": \"D.A.I.S.Y. Rage\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32237879\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Pon de Floor\\\" is a song by Major Lazer, a collaborative musical project consisting of the American DJ Diplo and the British DJ Switch. The single was released in 2009 by Mad Decent and Downtown Records as the second single from Major Lazer's first studio album, Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do. The duo wrote the song and produced it with Afrojack , Nebat Drums and vocals by Vybz Kartel. \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" is a dancehall and baile funk song and was positively received by music critics. It appeared on the charts in the United Kingdom in 2010, where it reached number 125. Eric Wareheim directed the music video for \\\"Pon de Floor\\\", which shows people dry humping, and incorporates daggering choreography. The song has been heavily sampled in Chiddy Bang's \\\"Shooter\\\" and Beyoncé's \\\"Run the World (Girls)\\\". Composition \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" was written and produced by Major Lazer – whose members at the time were Diplo and Switch. It features vocals from Vybz Kartel, and Afrojack provided additional production and mixed the song. \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" is a dancehall and baile funk song. The song uses a rapid marching snare drums beat and synth riffs. Its hook is a chopped-up vocal line, and according to Josh Heller of Drowned in Sound Kartel's input is \\\"laughing and occasionally shouting 'Major Lazer!'\\\". Reception John Bush of Allmusic lauded the production of \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" and named it a tour de force. NME Pete Cashmore called the song \\\"shitfacedly loopy\\\", while Andy Freivogel from Dusted Magazine noted it as one of the best tracks from Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do. \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" is used during the video game DJ Hero 2. \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" entered the UK Singles Chart of 17 April 2010 at number 187. It later peaked at number 125. Music video and live performance The music video for \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" was directed by Eric Wareheim, and shows people daggering against a cartoon background depicting suburbia. It incorporates daggering choreography. Ted Maider from Consequence of Sound wrote \\\"This song is already fucking whacked, but the video takes it to a whole other level ... 'Pon de Floor' seems equally as offensive as watching porn on hallucinogenic substances.\\\" Major Lazer performed \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" at the Go! music festival at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore in September 2010. Samples and cover versions \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" was sampled in Chiddy Bang's \\\"Shooter\\\", a song on his mini-mixtape, Air Swell (2010). In 2011, Beyoncé released \\\"Run the World (Girls)\\\", which heavily samples \\\"Pon de Floor\\\". \\\"Run the World\\\" was produced by Switch and The-Dream, and co-produced by Knowles and Shea Taylor. Track listing 12-inch single \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" – 3:33 \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" (Drop the Lime Remix) – 4:06 \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" (Ninjasonik Remix) \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" (Blue Bear Remix) – 4:15 Digital download – EP 1 \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" (radio edit) – 3:05 \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" (The Streets Remix) – 3:07 \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" (Drop the Lime Remix) – 4:06\",\n \"title\": \"Pon de Floor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5450296\",\n \"text\": \"The Southern California Lazers were an American soccer club based in Torrance, California that was a member of the American Soccer League. History The Lazers were formed in 1978 as an ASL expansion franchise in suburban Los Angeles and owned by real estate developer Jack Young, who formerly owned local rival Los Angeles Skyhawks. The club hired veteran English defender Laurie Calloway as head coach - the first opportunity of a coaching career that would include stints in the North American Soccer League and Major League Soccer. Arguably the biggest name on the roster was Rildo, the former Brazilian international defender who teamed with Pele on Brazil's national team, Santos FC, and the New York Cosmos. With 14 goals, forward Sid Wallace led the Lazers in scoring. Goalkeeper John Granville led the league with a 0.99 goals against average and posted seven clean sheets. Four Lazers players (Rildo, Wallace, Granville, and defender Paul Cahill) were voted by the league's coaches to the ASL All Star team at season's end. The Lazers enjoyed a successful regular season at 15-8-1 to place third in the Western Division and received a postseason berth. However, they fell in the first round of the ASL playoffs to the California Sunshine by a score of 2–1. Despite having the second highest attendance of all ASL clubs in 1978, the club folded after their debut season. Coach Laurie Calloway Jimmy Melia Assistant Coach 1978 Roster Sid Wallace Rildo John Granville Paul Cahill Paul Johnson Keith Walley Charlie Kadupski Bernie Fagan Jack Howarth John McGeady Ignacio Salcedo Frank Towers Year-by-year References Soccer clubs in Greater Los Angeles Defunct soccer clubs in California American Soccer League (1933–1983) teams Torrance, California Soccer clubs in California 1978 establishments in California 1978 disestablishments in California Association football clubs established in 1978 Association football clubs disestablished in 1978\",\n \"title\": \"Southern California Lazers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53449008\",\n \"text\": \"Bad Royale is an American DJ/production group consisting of Maor Levi, Bruce Karlsson, Kevin Wild and Elias Ghosn. Karlsson was also a member of the electronic duo Norin & Rad. Career Bad Royale was formed on the summit of a mountain in Southern California. They noted that Major Lazer inspired them to start the project. Known for collaborating with Diplo, Steve Aoki and Skrillex, Bad Royale have performed at notable dance music festivals such as Ultra, Electric Zoo, Tomorrowland and Life In Color. They started a record label named Rude Mood. In 2015, Bad Royale and Diplo remixed \\\"Look At My Dab\\\", a song by hip-hop group Migos. On May 6, 2016, Bad Royale's EP Immutable Timeline, which features the single \\\"Bun It Up\\\", was released. In December 2016, they collaborated with Major Lazer to release the single \\\"My Number\\\". Their remix of VICE's song \\\"Steady 1234\\\" which features singer Jasmine Thompson and rapper Skizzy Mars, released via Atlantic Records. On January 20, 2017, Anjunabeats partnered with Mad Decent to release three of Bad Royale's covers of Above & Beyond's songs such as \\\"We're All We Need\\\" and \\\"Fly Me to New York\\\", as singles. In May 2017, they signed with Polydor Records. On May 5, 2017, their single \\\"All I Can Do\\\", a collaboration with Silver which was written by Jamie Hartman, was released via Polydor Records. Former member of the group Maor Levi left to pursue his own solo endeavors in 2017, leaving the group as a trio. Discography Extended plays Singles As lead artist Promotional singles As featured artist Remixes Major Lazer featuring Elephant Man and Opal – \\\"Wind Up\\\" (Bad Royale Bootleg) Major Lazer featuring Ms. Thing – \\\"When You Hear The Bassline\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Silento – \\\"Watch Me\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Wale – \\\"The Girls On Drugs\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Snails featuring Big Ali – \\\"King is Back\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Galantis – \\\"Gold Dust\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Alison Wonderland – \\\"Run\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) TWRK – \\\"Helicopter\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Future Fambo – \\\"Bloodclaute Song\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Steve Aoki, NERVO and Tony Junior – \\\"Lightning Strikes\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) WE CHIEF – \\\"Fresh Lemonade\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Migos – \\\"Look At My Dab\\\" (Diplo and Bad Royale Remix) Shaggy featuring Pitbull and Gene Noble – \\\"Only Love\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Major Lazer featuring Ellie Goulding and Tarrus Riley – \\\"Powerful\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Hailee Steinfeld – \\\"Love Myself\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Travis Scott – \\\"Antidote\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) DJ Mustard featuring Travis Scott – \\\"Whole Lotta Lovin'\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Rihanna featuring Drake – \\\"Work\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) The Chainsmokers – \\\"Inside Out\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Lizzo – \\\"Good As Hell\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Steve Aoki and BOEHM featuring WALK THE MOON – \\\"Back 2 U\\\" (Steve Aoki and Bad Royale Remix) Gente de Zona – \\\"Algo Contigo\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) VICE – \\\"Steady 1234\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) DJ Snake featuring Yellow Claw – \\\"Ocho Cinco\\\" (Bad Royale Remix) Marvay – \\\"Know\",\n \"title\": \"Bad Royale\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61763015\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Que Calor\\\" () is a song recorded by American electronic dance music trio Major Lazer featuring Colombian singer J Balvin and Dominican rapper El Alfa. It was released on September 11, 2019, through Diplo's label Mad Decent. It is the second single from Major Lazer's fourth studio album Music Is the Weapon, which was released in 2020. This also marks the second collaboration between Major Lazer and J Balvin, after \\\"Buscando Huellas\\\" in 2017. The artists also released a lyric translation of the track in English. Background One week before, Major Lazer announced the date of the release and posted a snippet of the track on social networks. They also said to Billboard, \\\"J Balvin and El Alfa both are two of the most exciting artists currently working to us, and artists that we have longstanding relationships with. We've collaborated with Latin artists from the very beginning of Major Lazer -- I think many Americans forget how much of the Caribbean is Spanish-speaking, and that's a huge part of our influences. There's so much energy in Latin music right now and we love helping bring it back home.\\\" Diplo said too, \\\"Sorry I was late on the song of the summer.\\\" The song is part of the FIFA 20 and FIFA 23 game soundtrack and in the FIFA 20 \\\"Volta Football\\\" new mode. The official soundtrack of FIFA 20 was also released via Spotify, Apple, and Deezer on September 13. Indian rapper Badshah released an official remix of the song on November 15, 2019. On this occasion, he said, \\\"It is a huge pleasure for me to be on the 'Que calor' India Remix. I loved the track the moment I heard it. Major Lazer are dance music legends, I have worked with them in the past and I truly believe they have a major role in shaping the current global sound. J Balvin is a rockstar whom I really look up to and I think El Alfa has done an extraordinary job. It gives me honour and pleasure to be collaborating with these stars and bring Que calor to India.\\\" Major Lazer added, \\\"We just dropped an official remix of Que Calor with Badshah, who brings serious heat. India holds a special place in our hearts and our Indian fans have given so much love back to us to our songs, so it was time for us to give something special to them.\\\" A week later, on November 22, 2019, the track was also remixed by California rapper Saweetie. Critical reception Kat Bein from Billboard described the song as \\\"a steamy banger for peak club hours\\\". Writing for Dancing Astronaut, Farrell Sweeney called it a feel-good song. According to him, it's the perfect trigger to get the listener dancing. In parallel, Brian Bonavoglia from DJ Times noted the track as a robust dancefloor anthem with summertime vibes alive. Katie Stone from EDM.com said that \\\"Que Calor\\\" is a vibrant track and a melding of cultures with a dancehall-dembow rhythm\",\n \"title\": \"Que Calor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54109600\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Know No Better\\\" is a song by DJ trio Major Lazer featuring Cuban-American singer-songwriter Camila Cabello and American rappers Travis Scott and Quavo. It was released on June 1, 2017, as the lead single of the former's EP of the same name. The song was written by the featured artists alongside Starrah, Major Lazer member Diplo, and King Henry, the latter two producing it with Jr Blender. Composition \\\"Know No Better\\\" comprises grand piano chords, dancehall rhythms and pitch-shifted vocal samples. Critical reception \\\"Know No Better\\\" received positive reviews from music critics. Jake Woolf of Pitchfork wrote that \\\"Know No Better is a fine 2017 summer dance song. It’s guaranteed to be a hit, and it shows that Major Lazer can indeed make lightning strike twice,\\\" He added, \\\"Using the same general song structure as 'Cold Water,' 'Know No Better' doesn’t feature a traditional chorus but a dance break led by a bubbly, buzzing synth. The bouncy piano-driven verses and the almost vocal-less chorus make for a sound that seems built for Ibiza vacations, rooftop raves, and 4AM DJ sets in the Hamptons—in other words, the places you’re likely to find Diplo and his fans all summer. Travis Scott, who has in the past year pivoted to become one of hip-hop’s best sing-first rappers, has never sounded more pop, using his signature ad-libs more sparingly than ever. He also swaps out traditional hip-hop bravado for boilerplate party lyrics (“Takin’ shots, pourin’ bottle after bottle after bottle/Yeah, hell nah, we ain’t sippin’ that, yah”)\\\". Jonah Bromwich of Pitchfork also gave the song a positive review, stating that: \\\"And as fun as it is at times, 'Know No Better' doubles as a testament to the result of spreading a handful of good ideas too thin.\\\" Accolades Track listing Music video The official lyric video for \\\"Know No Better\\\" was uploaded to Major Lazer's YouTube channel on June 1, 2017. The song's music video premiered on July 11. The clip follows a young aspiring dancer who is going through an awkward adolescent phase, morning routines and bullying at school, but dreams of being one of Major Lazer's back-up dancers. It features cameos by Cabello, Scott and Major Lazer members. Daydreaming works as his escape, since the one constant between both worlds is his love of dance, as noted by writer Ryan Reed of Rolling Stone. An interactive version of this video, directed by Philip Andelman, was released on July 28 and hosted by interactive-video people Eko, where users (just like the boy does in the original) can switch between the \\\"dream\\\" and \\\"reality\\\" storylines. Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Know No Better.<ref name=\\\"notes\\\"></ref> Publishing Published by I Like Turtles / SONGS Music Publishing (ASCAP), Songs Music Publishing LLC o/b/o Duke City Music / Songs Music Publishing (SESAC), People Over Planes/These Are Songs of Pulse (ASCAP), Huncho YRN Music (ASCAP) / Quality Control QC Pro (ASCAP) Universal Music Corp. (ASCAP), Maidmetal Limited / Milamoon Songs – Administered by Sony/ATV\",\n \"title\": \"Know No Better (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36602167\",\n \"text\": \"Reincarnated is the twelfth studio album by American musician Snoop Dogg, his sole release using the reggae persona Snoop Lion. Berhane Sound System and RCA Records released the album April 23, 2013. The album features guest appearances from Busta Rhymes, Akon, Chris Brown, Mavado, Popcaan, Mr. Vegas, Collie Buddz, Miley Cyrus, Rita Ora, and Drake among others. The album's production was handled by Major Lazer, Ariel Rechtshaid, 6Blocc, Dre Skull, Supa Dups and Diplo, who also served as executive producer. It is a companion project to the documentary film Reincarnated. Reincarnated was nominated for Best Reggae Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Background Snoop Lion has traveled to Jamaica and studied in the Nyabinghi branch of the Rastafari movement. He has cited reggae musicians such as Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Gregory Isaacs and Jimmy Cliff as influences for the album. Snoop has said, in regards to his new musical direction, \\\"I feel like I've always been Rastafari, I just didn't have my third eye open.\\\" Diplo, Major Lazer, Ariel Rechtshaid and Dre Skull are the album's main producers, with Diplo serving as executive producer as well. Other producers, including 6Blocc and Supa Dups, among others. Singles The first promotional single was \\\"La La La\\\", a track produced by Major Lazer, was released on July 20, 2012. The music video, directed by filmmaker Eli Roth, was released on October 31, 2012. The first single, \\\"Here Comes the King\\\", which is also a Major Lazer produced track with Ariel Rechtshaid and 6Blocc, features singer-songwriter Angela Hunte, who is best known for writing Jay-Z and Alicia Keys successful 2009 hit \\\"Empire State of Mind\\\". It was released on December 3, 2012, with its music video, directed by Andy Capper, being released on February 7, 2013. The second single, \\\"Lighters Up\\\", produced by Dre Skull and Major Lazer, featuring Jamaican musicians Mavado and Popcaan, with an uncredited Jahdan Blakkamoore on chorus. It was released to iTunes on December 18, 2012, and its music video directed by Andy Capper was released exclusively to VEVO on February 2, 2013. \\\"Lighters Up\\\" was official sent to Italian radio stations on February 8, 2013. The album's third single was \\\"No Guns Allowed\\\" which features Snoop Lion's daughter Cori B and Canadian rapper Drake. It was premiered and performed live on Conan on March 12, 2013. The song was released for retail on April 2, 2013, along with the pre-order of the album. On April 2, 2013, the music video was released for \\\"No Guns Allowed\\\" featuring Cori B and Drake. \\\"No Guns Allowed\\\" was official serviced to Italian radio stations on April 5, 2013. On April 4, 2013, \\\"Ashtrays and Heartbreaks\\\" featuring Miley Cyrus – produced by Major Lazer, Ariel Rechtshaid and Dre Skull – was made available for purchase via digital download as the lead single from the album. It officially impacted U.S. Rhythmic contemporary radio on April 29, 2013 and then U.S Top 40/Mainstream radio on May 28, 2013. On May 30, 2013,\",\n \"title\": \"Reincarnated (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31775073\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" is a song by British recording artist Nicola Roberts. It was released on 2 June 2011, by Polydor Records, as the lead single from Roberts' debut solo album, Cinderella's Eyes (2011). The song was simultaneously released with the on air on sale method, receiving no prior promotion. \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" was written by Roberts, Dimitri Tikovoï, Maya von Doll and Diplo, and was initially produced by Roberts and Tikovoï. Written to feel British and fun, Roberts intended \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" to be a song which people could sing and dance. \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" is a dance-pop song which incorporates elements of indie pop, and has been compared to the work of artists including M.I.A. and Major Lazer. Lyrically, the song discusses Roberts' time in the girl band she was a part of, Girls Aloud; while part of the group, she felt undervalued in comparison to other members. \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics, with some describing it as more original than solo releases by other members of Girls Aloud; it was also compared to the work of artists such as Kelis and Robyn. Commercially, \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" failed to make a large impact. In the United Kingdom, it charted at number 27, and number 26 in Scotland. In Ireland, the song peaked at number 37. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Wendy Morgan. It displayed Roberts performing in a hall with dancers. Roberts performed the song for the first time at the 2011 T4 on the Beach, as well as various other chat shows. Background and development Before embarking her solo career, Roberts was one fifth of British girl band Girls Aloud. Roberts claimed that she found the experience of going solo troubling. She revealed that she struggled to cope with life in the public eye and the constant media attention. In particular, she received negative attention concerning her image. The experience led her to start to develop her debut album, which, lyrically, reflected the difficult times she experienced in Girls Aloud. On \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\", Roberts describes herself as a \\\"baby in the corner\\\" - the song's original title. Roberts helped to write all of the tracks on Cinderella's Eyes, with the lyrics telling stories of things that happened in her life. \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" was co-written with Maya von Doll, Diplo and Dimitri Tikovoï. She stated that she had always wanted \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" to be something different from the music that other pop singers were presenting in the charts. Roberts stated that \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" is \\\"a song everyone can sing and dance to\\\". Roberts stated that she felt the song had a \\\"fun concept\\\" with a British influence. The song was originally recorded by Roberts and Tikovoï. However, Roberts decided to contact producer Diplo to work on the record. Discussing her choice in an interview for The Guardian, Roberts said that she only had one chance to get\",\n \"title\": \"Beat of My Drum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32769630\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Bruch is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the Western Soccer Alliance, Major Indoor Soccer League and American Professional Soccer League. He has coached at the youth, college and professional levels. Youth Bruch graduated from Newport High School where he was a member of the 1982 Washington State High School soccer championship team. He attended Seattle Pacific University, playing on the men's soccer team from . In 1985 and 1986, the Falcons won the NCAA Men's Division II Soccer Championship. Bruch graduated with a bachelor's degree in business management. Professional In 1986, Bruch signed with the F.C. Seattle Storm of the Western Soccer Alliance. He played three seasons with Seattle, winning the 1988 WSA championship. In the fall of 1988, he joined the Los Angeles Lazers for the 1988-1989 Major Indoor Soccer League season. In 1989, he played for the California Kickers of the WSA. In 1990, he moved to the Los Angeles Heat of the American Professional Soccer League. In 1994, Bruch joined the Anaheim Splash of the Continental Indoor Soccer League. His first game with the Splash came in the Western Conference final series where he scored the winning goal. Coach In 1992, Bruch became the head coach of the Marina High School girls' soccer team, a position he held for four years. He left the team at the end of the 1995 season to coach the Mission Viejo Shamrocks, a girls' youth club. On October 17, 2000, Seattle Pacific University hired Bruch as the school's first women's soccer coach. He was the 2002 Great Northwest Athletic Conference Coach of the Year. In 2002, he resigned at the end of the season having compiled a two-season record of 21-14-3. In January 2002, he was also hired to coach the Seattle Sounders Women of the W-League. References External links MISL: Bobby Bruch Living people 1966 births American soccer coaches American men's soccer players American Professional Soccer League players Anaheim Splash players California Kickers players Continental Indoor Soccer League players Los Angeles Heat players Los Angeles Lazers players Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players Seattle Pacific Falcons men's soccer players Seattle Storm (soccer) players USL W-League (1995–2015) coaches Western Soccer Alliance players Soccer players from Washington (state) Men's association football forwards Men's association football midfielders\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Bruch\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31474319\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Run the World (Girls)\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé, from her fourth studio album 4 (2011), released as the lead single from the album on April 21, 2011. It was written and produced by Beyoncé, The-Dream and Switch with additional production by Shea Taylor, while heavily sampling \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" by Major Lazer written by Nick \\\"Afrojack\\\" van de Wall, Wesley \\\"Diplo\\\" Pentz and Adidja \\\"Vybz Kartel\\\" Palmer. The song's development was motivated by Beyoncé wanting to do something different: a mixture of different cultures and eras, a new sound, and a message which would give women strength. An unedited demo of the song, then thought to be titled \\\"Girls (Who Run the World)\\\", was leaked on the internet on April 18, 2011. \\\"Run the World\\\" premiered on US radio on April 21, 2011, and was digitally released the same day. \\\"Run the World\\\" is an electropop and R&B song that heavily samples \\\"Pon de Floor\\\" by Major Lazer. The song's title and lyrics comprise an unapologetically aggressive message promoting female empowerment. \\\"Run the World\\\" initially divided critics; some complimented the song's sample, its musical direction, and Beyoncé's aggressiveness, while others criticized the continuation of past themes and stated that they wanted to see Beyoncé covering new topics. Several critics compared \\\"Run the World\\\" to Beyoncé's other singles with similar themes such as \\\"Independent Women\\\" (2000) – with Destiny's Child, and \\\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\\\" (2008) among others, stating that \\\"Run the World\\\" takes a more direct and assertive approach towards female empowerment. In the United States, the single peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It fared better internationally, reaching the top ten in Australia, Belgium, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Scotland. It was also a top 20 hit in Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was filmed in California over a three-day span. The video won Best Choreography at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Dance Performance at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards. Beyoncé promoted \\\"Run the World\\\" with high-profile live performances, notably at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards and on the French X Factor. Although her performance at the Billboard Music Awards was well received by critics, it ignited controversy surrounding the production due to visual similarities to a performance by Italian entertainer Lorella Cuccarini in February 2010 at the 60th Sanremo Music Festival in Italy. \\\"Run the World\\\" was used to awaken the crew of the final mission of the US Space Shuttle Atlantis and was dedicated to Mission Specialist Sandra Magnus. Heather Morris covered \\\"Run the World\\\" for \\\"Asian F\\\", an episode of the American television show Glee. Background and development In an interview with The Capital FM Network in early March 2011, Shea Taylor confirmed that 4 lead single would premiere at the end of April. \\\"Run the World\\\" was written by Terius \\\"The-Dream\\\" Nash, Beyoncé,\",\n \"title\": \"Run the World (Girls)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23143686\",\n \"text\": \"Major Lazer is a Jamaican-American electronic dance music and DJ trio, which includes record producer Diplo, and DJs Walshy Fire and Ape Drums. They originate from Kingston, Jamaica, founded in 2008 by Diplo and Switch, with Switch leaving after three years in 2011. He was then replaced by both Jillionaire and Walshy Fire. In June 2019, Jillionaire left the group and was replaced by Ape Drums. Its music spans numerous genres, mixing reggae with dancehall, reggaeton, soca, house and moombahton. Major Lazer has released four full-length albums: Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do in 2009, Free the Universe in 2013, Peace Is the Mission in 2015, and Music Is the Weapon in 2020. They have also released six EPs, including Apocalypse Soon in March 2014, which featured vocal contributions from Pharrell Williams and Sean Paul, and Know No Better in 2017, which featured appearances from Camila Cabello, Quavo, Travis Scott, and J Balvin, among others. Major Lazer has also notably produced Reincarnated, the debut reggae album by Snoop Dogg under his \\\"Snoop Lion\\\" persona. In March 2018, Billboard ranked Major Lazer at number five on their 2018 Billboard Dance 100 ranking of dance musicians. History 2009–11: Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do and Lazers Never Die EP Originally made up of DJs Diplo and Switch, the two were introduced while working with M.I.A. The duo's first album Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do was released on June 16, 2009, on Downtown Records. It was recorded in Jamaica at Tuff Gong Studios. Vocalists such as Santigold, Vybz Kartel, Ward 21, Busy Signal, Nina Sky, Amanda Blank, Mr. Vegas, Turbulence, Mapei, T.O.K, Prince Zimboo, Leftside and others contribute guest vocals to the album, as well as additional production from Afrojack, Nebat Drums and Crookers. This is the first release to come out of the label partnership between Downtown Records and Diplo's label Mad Decent. Major Lazer ended a US tour summer of 2009. The album's first single was \\\"Hold the Line\\\", the video for which, directed by Eric Wareheim, was nominated for a MTV Video Award in the Breakthrough Video category. It was also featured in the video game FIFA 10. The track \\\"Zumbie\\\" has a music video that features comedian Andy Milonakis. Music videos for the songs \\\"Pon de Floor\\\", \\\"Keep It Going Louder\\\", and \\\"Bubble Butt\\\" were directed by Eric Wareheim. In June 2009, Major Lazer were featured for the first time on the cover of the publication The Fader, in its 62nd issue. Major Lazer performed at the Falls Music & Arts Festival (Lorne, Victoria, Australia) on December 30, 2009, and the Coachella Music Festival in April 2010. They also performed at the Pitchfork Music Festival in July 2010 and the Sasquatch Music Festival on Monday May 30, 2011. Live visuals were created by Pomp&Clout. Major Lazer performed at the 2011 Outside Lands festival in San Francisco. A mixtape with La Roux titled \\\"Lazerproof\\\" was made available for free download on May 26. Diplo posted cover art on his\",\n \"title\": \"Major Lazer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48546451\",\n \"text\": \"American band No Doubt has recorded over 100 songs for six studio albums, various compilations and soundtracks, and has been featured on songs on other artists' albums. After forming in 1986, the band released a series of demo tapes at their concerts and live shows. Several of the songs on these tapes (\\\"Ache\\\", \\\"Let's Get Back\\\", \\\"Move On\\\", \\\"Paulina\\\", and \\\"Sometimes\\\") later appeared on their 1992 debut album, No Doubt. In response to the commercial disappointment of their debut and being dropped from Interscope Records, the group produced The Beacon Street Collection (1995) by themselves. The album took influence from punk music, which differentiated it from the new wave and synth influences of their debut. Their third studio album, Tragic Kingdom (1995), incorporated punk, pop, and ska; the album spawned seven singles, including the commercially successful hits \\\"Just a Girl\\\", \\\"Spiderwebs\\\", and \\\"Don't Speak\\\". The majority of the album's songs were written by Gwen Stefani, whereas her brother Eric Stefani had written the bulk of No Doubt and The Beacon Street Collection. Tragic Kingdom has sold 16 million copies worldwide as of 2015, and is one of the best-selling albums of all time in the United States. In 2000, No Doubt released their fourth studio album, Return of Saturn. Four singles were released: \\\"New\\\", \\\"Ex-Girlfriend\\\", \\\"Simple Kind of Life\\\", and \\\"Bathwater\\\". Lyrically, the songs featured on Return of Saturn are complex and have Stefani singing about her personal romances. No Doubt's fifth album – Rock Steady (2001) – features contributions from a wide variety of high-profile musicians, including William Orbit, Prince, David Stewart, and Pharrell Williams. It features \\\"mainstream pop\\\" and reggae music and was released following the commercial success of two of Gwen Stefani's solo singles: \\\"South Side\\\" (2000) and \\\"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\\\" (2001). In 2003, the group's first compilation album The Singles 1992–2003 was released and included a cover of \\\"It's My Life\\\", originally recorded by Talk Talk. After 2004, the group took a brief hiatus before reuniting in 2009 for work on a new album. Push and Shove (2012) serves as No Doubt's comeback record and spawned two singles (\\\"Settle Down\\\" and \\\"Looking Hot\\\") and two promotional singles (\\\"Stand and Deliver\\\" and \\\"Push and Shove\\\"). They also collaborated with Jamaican rapper Busy Signal and American trio Major Lazer for the title track. Push and Shove explores more modern sounds and expands on their exploration with dancehall and reggae music. The group also has writing credits on several other albums. They collaborated with Elvis Costello on \\\"I Throw My Toys Around\\\" for the soundtrack to The Rugrats Movie (1998) and recorded a cover of Donna Summer's \\\"Love to Love You Baby\\\" for the 2001 soundtrack to Zoolander. Songs All songs recorded by No Doubt, except where noted. This is not a complete list. References External links No Doubt songs at AllMusic No Doubt\",\n \"title\": \"List of songs recorded by No Doubt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39776017\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Jah No Partial\\\" is a song by musical project Major Lazer from their second studio album Free the Universe. The song was published worldwide on October 22, 2012, and released digitally in 2013. The song features English dubstep producer and DJ Flux Pavilion. \\\"Jah No Partial\\\" contains excerpts of the Johnny Osbourne song \\\"Mr. Marshall\\\" (from his 1980s reggae album Folly Ranking), which the song is based on. It also contains a drum sample from James Brown's live cover of the Archie Bell & the Drells song \\\"Tighten Up\\\". Music video The music video was uploaded to Major Lazer's Vevo channel on March 11, 2013. It was filmed by Shane McCauley and Aymen Ahmed, edited by Kyle DePinna, and was shot on location at the Pukkelpop Festival in Hasselt, Belgium, the Notting Hill Carnival in London, UK, and the Mad Decent Block Party in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Johnny Osbourne, whose vocals are sampled in the track, appears in the video's introduction while the members of Major Lazer (Diplo, Jillionaire and Walshy Fire) are seen arriving at the festival and performing. It features Diplo zorbing on the crowd and crowd surfing. British singer Rita Ora also appears in the video standing behind the decks. Track listing UK promotional CD single \\\"Jah No Partial\\\" – 4:13 Chart performance The song reached number 59 on the Flanders Ultratip chart and number 39 on Belgium Dance chart. Release history References External links Major Lazer: Making of Jah No Partial - YouTube Major Lazer ft Flux Pavilion \\\"Jah No Partial\\\" - OFFICIAL HQ LYRIC VIDEO - YouTube 2012 songs 2013 singles Major Lazer songs Songs written by Flux Pavilion Songs written by Diplo Song recordings produced by Flux Pavilion V2 Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"Jah No Partial\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39660483\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bubble Butt\\\" is a song by American electronic dance music trio Major Lazer featuring American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars and American rappers Tyga and Mystic from the trio's second studio album, Free the Universe (2013). It was written by Major Lazer members Diplo and Switch alongside the featured artists. The production was handled by Major Lazer and Valentino Khan. The remix was released as the album's fourth single on May 24, 2013, for digital download and appears on the album's extended version. The remix version also features verses from American rapper 2 Chainz. Musically, it is an electronic dance, hip hop, and dancehall track with lyrics implying that girls twerk and show off their giant buttocks. \\\"Bubble Butt\\\" received mixed reviews from most critics. Some complimented its engaging sound and high energy, while others criticized its lyrical content and repetitious nature. \\\"Bubble Butt\\\" was Major Lazer's first commercial single to enter the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 56 and reached number eight on the Dance Club Songs chart. It has topped the charts in Lebanon and South Korea, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Eric Wareheim directed the song's music video. It depicts three young women in an apartment listening to seapunk music and taking pictures on their phones when a flying giant lands next to their apartment and inflates their buttocks. The girls start to dance with their new butts after the walls of the apartment fall off and reveal a dancefloor. Major Lazer played the song several times in their shows and in music festivals; they performed with 2 Chainz at Coachella, at Rock Werchter in 2013, and at the Roskilde Festival in 2014. The song was included in Major Lazer Essentials (2018), their first greatest hits compilation. Background and production In an interview with Rolling Stone, Diplo explained \\\"Bubble Butt\\\" first began taking shape while he and Bruno Mars were working on material for No Doubt's last album. The producer \\\"put a beat on\\\" and Mars decided to rap. In another interview with Billboard, Ron Perry, President of Songs Publishing, explained that he wanted Diplo to sign with his company, and in order for this to happen, Diplo had requested that Perry get a \\\"couple rappers\\\" on the track. Perry enlisted 2 Chainz and Tyga on the recording in a matter of weeks. The original version was leaked on April 11, 2013. \\\"Bubble Butt\\\" was initially written by Thomas Pentz, David Taylor, Mars, Michael Stevenson and Mystic. Production was handled by Major Lazer and Valentino Khan, while Chris Carmouche was in charge of mixing. Tyga recorded his verses at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. Dan Gerbarg and Howie Weinberg mastered the song at Howie Weinberg Mastering in Los Angeles. The single version features verses written and performed by 2 Chainz. Release and live performances The single version was first made available by Because Music and Alternative Distribution Alliance via digital download on May 24, 29 and 31, 2013, in\",\n \"title\": \"Bubble Butt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58759730\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Blow That Smoke\\\" is a song by American electronic music group Major Lazer featuring Swedish singer Tove Lo, released on October 17, 2018 as the seventh and final single from Major Lazer Essentials, released two days later. It was premiered on Zane Lowe's show on Beats 1. It marks the first collaboration between the group and Lo. Composition \\\"Blow That Smoke\\\" is a tropical dance and electropop song rooted in Afropop with elements of dancehall and reggaeton. Tove Lo said she and the group \\\"had a few sessions and tried to find more days together, but we're never in the same place long enough to actually make it work\\\", so she sent Diplo her vocals for a song, which he liked and put to a track. Lo told Zane Lowe that she later heard the finished version of the song, which had been sped up about 10 BPM from what was a \\\"very slow, moody song to begin with\\\". Critical reception Billboards Marina Pedrosa called the song a \\\"tropical dance anthem\\\" as well as an \\\"electropop tune\\\" containing a \\\"sultry beat with a dash of reggaeton\\\" that Lo's \\\"angelic voice\\\" sings lyrics like \\\"I got the keys to heaven now/Babes all around and they got my mind spinning\\\" over. Mike Wass of Idolator positively contrasted the song with Lo's solo material, noting that on \\\"Blow That Smoke\\\" it sounds like she is having fun. Wass also stated that the song \\\"sounds like a hit\\\" and said Lo \\\"coos over a mellow, island-inspired beat\\\". Writing for Dancing Astronaut, Chris Stack named it a continuation of Major Lazer's recent output \\\"celebrating their Afrobeat roots\\\" and also judged it had a \\\"sultry island beat\\\". Patrick Doyle of Rolling Stone felt that the song had \\\"Afropop roots\\\" as well as being a \\\"bouncey stomper with a West African guitar riff and heavy groove\\\". Winston Cook-Wilson of Spin named it a \\\"Caribbean-flavored track that fits with Major Lazer's usual stylistic M.O. more closely than Tove Lo's usual, more acerbic sensibility\\\". Jael Goldfine of Stereogum said it \\\"might just be the lowest-key song either artist has ever made\\\". Promotion Both Lo and Major Lazer announced on social media that they would be releasing a collaboration in the same week, with Lo calling it a \\\"sweet surprise\\\" and sharing a snippet of the track. Charts Certifications References 2018 singles 2018 songs Major Lazer songs Tove Lo songs Song recordings produced by Diplo Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Ludvig Söderberg Songs written by Tove Lo Songs written by Jr Blender Songs written by Jakob Jerlström Songs written by Sibel Redžep\",\n \"title\": \"Blow That Smoke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47352996\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Powerful\\\" is a song recorded by American electronic music project Major Lazer. It's the second official single off their third studio album, Peace Is the Mission (2015), featuring guest vocals from English singer Ellie Goulding and Jamaican singer Tarrus Riley. The song was initially planned to be the lead single from the album but was scrapped in favor of Lean On. Composition The song is described as an \\\"EDM power ballad\\\" and its soul, pop and R&B nature led the critics to label it as one of the most accessible and radio friendly songs in the album. It was written by Thomas Pentz, Maxime Picard, Clement Picard, Ilsey Juber, Fran Hall and reggae musician Tarrus Riley; the latter is also featured on the track along singer Ellie Goulding. The song is a musical departure from Major Lazer's dancehall-inspired signature sound, having this song dubbed as a ballad by many reporters. Lyrically, the song talks about the protagonist's significant other having 'power' on them, such when they touch there is electricity. It also hints at sex. The chorus of the song was first used in the Major Lazer TV series on FXX a month before the full song was released in the episode \\\"Vampire Weekend\\\". Music video The music video was released on July 23, 2015. It features both Goulding and Riley performing their parts using telekinetic powers and ruining a small diner. The clip's theme is labeled as \\\"supernatural\\\" and was directed by James Slater. Use in media In 2017, the song was used in an advertisement for Emporio Armani's Stronger With You and Because It's You perfumes., and in the 2017 advertising campaign for Unilever's Close-Up toothpaste. On the November 4, 2019, episode of the reality television singing competition show The Voice, Team Gwen (Stefani) member Jacob \\\"Jake\\\" HaldenVang performed a rock arrangement of the song in a Knockout round, opposing fellow Team Gwen member Royce Lovett, who performed Avicii's \\\"Wake Me Up.\\\" Coaches Kelly Clarkson, John Legend, and Blake Shelton all preferred HaldenVang's performance, and Stefani agreed, naming him the winner of the Knockout and advancing him to the Live Playoffs. Meanwhile, Lovett was eliminated when Shelton opted not to steal him onto his team (as Clarkson and Legend had already used their steals by that time). Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history References External links 2010s ballads 2015 singles 2015 songs Major Lazer songs Ellie Goulding songs Songs written by Diplo Songs written by Ilsey Juber Torch songs Songs written by Fransisca Hall\",\n \"title\": \"Powerful (song)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["MØ"],"string":"[\n \"MØ\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":68,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31341"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote conjunction junction what 's your function"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"7213085","text":"Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks is a tribute album based on the American animated TV series, Schoolhouse Rock! It was released by Atlantic/Lava Records in 1996 and contains 15 tracks, the original \"Schoolhouse Rocky\" theme and covers of 14 songs from the series performed by popular music artists. There was also a promo-only 7\" single distributed to promote this album featuring the Man or Astro-man? track and the Pavement track. This single was pressed on yellow vinyl. \"Three Is a Magic Number\" was one of the last recordings made by Blind Melon's Shannon Hoon, who died of a drug overdose in October 1995. A portion of the sales of the album went to the Children's Defense Fund. Reception Reception to Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks was generally very positive, with Entertainment Weekly rating it a B+ and commenting on the surprising charm and high-quality contributions by the popular young artists. Track listing \"Schoolhouse Rocky\" by Bob Dorough and Friends – 0:13 \"I'm Just a Bill\" by Deluxx Folk Implosion – 3:26 \"Three Is a Magic Number\" by Blind Melon – 3:14 \"Conjunction Junction\" by Better Than Ezra – 3:44 \"Electricity, Electricity!\" by Goodness – 3:21 \"No More Kings\" by Pavement – 4:22 \"The Shot Heard 'Round the World\" by Ween – 3:09 \"My Hero, Zero\" by The Lemonheads – 3:06 \"The Energy Blues\" by Biz Markie – 3:10 \"Little Twelvetoes\" by Chavez – 3:56 \"Verb: That's What's Happening\" by Moby – 4:29 \"Interplanet Janet\" by Man or Astro-man? – 2:46 \"Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here\" by Buffalo Tom – 2:13 \"Unpack Your Adjectives\" by Daniel Johnston – 3:05 \"The Tale of Mr. Morton\" by Skee-Lo – 4:05 Single tracks Side A \"No More Kings\" by Pavement – 4:22 Side B \"Interplanet Janet\" by Man or Astro-man? – 2:46 Chart performance The album charted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 in 1996. References Television animation soundtracks Tribute albums 1996 compilation albums 1996 EPs Atlantic Records compilation albums Atlantic Records EPs Alternative rock compilation albums Alternative rock EPs Schoolhouse Rock!","title":"Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks"},{"docid":"70421888","text":"Who's on First? is a live 2000 vocal album by the songwriters Bob Dorough and Dave Frishberg. It was recorded at the Jazz Bakery in Los Angeles. Dorough and Frishberg had been friends for several decades prior to this recording and had written the song \"I'm Hip\" together in 1965. The pair were persuaded to perform as a duo by the owner of the Jazz Bakery club, Ruth Price, and this live album was made of their collaboration. The opening song and title track, \"Who's on First?\" is about the problem of deciding which of the pair should perform first in the show. The pair performed using two grand pianos that faced each other on the stage. Each performed four solo songs with the rest recorded in duet. Reception Scott Yanow reviewed the album for Allmusic and wrote that Dorough and Frishberg \" ... have a lot in common. Both are swinging pianists, likable vocalists that do not have conventional voices, and superb lyricists with very original wits\" and that the album was \"a fun CD that lives up to its potential\". Jim Santella reviewed the album for All About Jazz, writing of Dorough and Frishberg, \"What individuals! As songwriters, both have come up with memorable keepers\" and that the album was \" ... an overview from both of these not-to-be-missed songsters, herald[ing] the work of two very different jazz singers. Both Dorough and Frishberg represent tongue-in-cheek hipster humor while maintaining excellent musical standards throughout\". Track listing \"Who's on First\" (Dave Frishberg) – 3:43 \"Lookin' Good\" (Frishberg) – 3:04 \"Too Long in L.A.\" (Frishberg) – 4:22 \"You Are There\" (Frishberg, Johnny Mandel) – 2:42 Intro: The Underdog – 1:23 \"The Underdog\" (Frishberg) – 3:45 Intro: Where You At? – 0:27 \"Where You At?\" (George Handy, Jack Segal) – 3:46 \"Health Food Nut\" (Bob Dorough, Don Nelson) – 4:12 \"Devil May Care\" (Dorough) – 3:28 \"Nothing Like You\" (Dorough, Fran Landesman) – 4:57 \"Hong Kong Blues\" (Hoagy Carmichael) – 3:20 Intro: I'm Hip – 1:29 \"I'm Hip\" (Dorough, Frishberg) – 3:59 \"At the Saturday Dance\" (Dorough, Frishberg) – 5:00 \"Conjunction Junction\" (Dorough) – 4:13 \"Rockin' in Rhythm\" (Harry Carney, Duke Ellington, Irving Mills) – 2:53 Personnel Bob Dorough and Dave Frishberg – piano, vocals Bob Blumenthal – liner notes Ruth Price – announcer Burton Yount – art direction, design Gordon H. Jee – creative director Kent Heckman – editing, mixing Kurt Lundvall – mastering Cynthia Levine – photography Mantis Evar – product manager Bill Goodwin – production References 2000 live albums Blue Note Records live albums Vocal jazz albums Vocal duet albums","title":"Who's on First? (album)"},{"docid":"65982944","text":"Schoolhouse Rock Live! is a musical with music and lyrics by various artists and a book by George Keating, Scott Ferguson, and Kyle Hall. It is based on the animated musical educational series of short videos titled Schoolhouse Rock! created by David McCall. The plot follows a teacher, Tom, who is nervous for his first day of teaching. When he turns on Schoolhouse Rock!, the characters come alive and help him prepare for his lesson. It features popular songs including \"I'm Just a Bill,\" \"Lolly, Lolly, Lolly,\" \"Do The Circulation,\" \"Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla,\" \"Conjunction Junction,\" and \"The Great American Melting Pot.\" It premiered at Chicago's Cabaret Voltaire in 1993, directed by Scott Ferguson in a partnership with Theatrebam Chicago. It moved off-Broadway in 1995. Since then, it has been performed by various schools and community theaters. The show is a jukebox musical of sorts because it re-uses songs originally written for Schoolhouse Rock! Songs are composed by Bob Dorough, Dave Frishberg, George Newall, Lynn Ahrens, Kathy Mandry, and Tom Yohe. Productions Original Chicago production Schoolhouse Rock Live! opened at the Cabaret Voltaire in Chicago on August 26, 1993. The production was directed by Scott Ferguson, who also co-wrote the book with Kyle Hall and George Keating and produced by Nina Lynn and assistant produced by Hilerre Kirsch. The choreography was by Kate Swan, Karyn Harrelson and Scott Ferguson. The set design was done by Michael Lapthorn, the costume design by Jennifer Smith, the lighting design by Kenneth Moore, and musical direction by Linda Madonia. It starred Joseph Beal, Dina Joy Byrd, Shulie Cowen, Dori Goldman, George Keating and Thomas Mizer. It ran for a record-breaking eight months. The production transferred to the Body Politic Theater in 1994. It won two After Dark Awards for Outstanding Production and Outstanding Ensemble. After its off-Broadway run ended in 1996, the show moved back to Chicago and performed at the Victory Gardens Theatre and then at The Theatre Building. It finished its run on March 2, 1997. Since then, the show has continued day-time performances at schools and youth organizations in Chicago. Off-Broadway production In June 1995, the production moved to the off-Broadway Atlantic Theatre, and later Lamb's Theatre. It starred Thomas Mizer as Tom and featured George Keating, Dori Goldman, Joseph Beal, Melissa Hartman, Dina Joy Bird, and Amy L. Hansted. The production closed in 1996 after an eleven-month run. National tours After a successful production in Toronto, the show launched a national tour in Indianapolis in September 1997. Troupe America produced two more tours opening in 1999 and 2000. Plot Tom, a young teacher, is preparing for his first day of teaching. As he nervously rehearses what he's going to say, he turns on Schoolhouse Rock! Soon, personifications of his emotions appear. There's George – the romantic facet, Dori – the goofy facet, Shulie – the sweet aspect, Joe – the cool facet, and Dina – the mature facet. They intend to teach him so he's ready for his job. In their","title":"Schoolhouse Rock Live!"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"7213085\",\n \"text\": \"Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks is a tribute album based on the American animated TV series, Schoolhouse Rock! It was released by Atlantic/Lava Records in 1996 and contains 15 tracks, the original \\\"Schoolhouse Rocky\\\" theme and covers of 14 songs from the series performed by popular music artists. There was also a promo-only 7\\\" single distributed to promote this album featuring the Man or Astro-man? track and the Pavement track. This single was pressed on yellow vinyl. \\\"Three Is a Magic Number\\\" was one of the last recordings made by Blind Melon's Shannon Hoon, who died of a drug overdose in October 1995. A portion of the sales of the album went to the Children's Defense Fund. Reception Reception to Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks was generally very positive, with Entertainment Weekly rating it a B+ and commenting on the surprising charm and high-quality contributions by the popular young artists. Track listing \\\"Schoolhouse Rocky\\\" by Bob Dorough and Friends – 0:13 \\\"I'm Just a Bill\\\" by Deluxx Folk Implosion – 3:26 \\\"Three Is a Magic Number\\\" by Blind Melon – 3:14 \\\"Conjunction Junction\\\" by Better Than Ezra – 3:44 \\\"Electricity, Electricity!\\\" by Goodness – 3:21 \\\"No More Kings\\\" by Pavement – 4:22 \\\"The Shot Heard 'Round the World\\\" by Ween – 3:09 \\\"My Hero, Zero\\\" by The Lemonheads – 3:06 \\\"The Energy Blues\\\" by Biz Markie – 3:10 \\\"Little Twelvetoes\\\" by Chavez – 3:56 \\\"Verb: That's What's Happening\\\" by Moby – 4:29 \\\"Interplanet Janet\\\" by Man or Astro-man? – 2:46 \\\"Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here\\\" by Buffalo Tom – 2:13 \\\"Unpack Your Adjectives\\\" by Daniel Johnston – 3:05 \\\"The Tale of Mr. Morton\\\" by Skee-Lo – 4:05 Single tracks Side A \\\"No More Kings\\\" by Pavement – 4:22 Side B \\\"Interplanet Janet\\\" by Man or Astro-man? – 2:46 Chart performance The album charted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 in 1996. References Television animation soundtracks Tribute albums 1996 compilation albums 1996 EPs Atlantic Records compilation albums Atlantic Records EPs Alternative rock compilation albums Alternative rock EPs Schoolhouse Rock!\",\n \"title\": \"Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70421888\",\n \"text\": \"Who's on First? is a live 2000 vocal album by the songwriters Bob Dorough and Dave Frishberg. It was recorded at the Jazz Bakery in Los Angeles. Dorough and Frishberg had been friends for several decades prior to this recording and had written the song \\\"I'm Hip\\\" together in 1965. The pair were persuaded to perform as a duo by the owner of the Jazz Bakery club, Ruth Price, and this live album was made of their collaboration. The opening song and title track, \\\"Who's on First?\\\" is about the problem of deciding which of the pair should perform first in the show. The pair performed using two grand pianos that faced each other on the stage. Each performed four solo songs with the rest recorded in duet. Reception Scott Yanow reviewed the album for Allmusic and wrote that Dorough and Frishberg \\\" ... have a lot in common. Both are swinging pianists, likable vocalists that do not have conventional voices, and superb lyricists with very original wits\\\" and that the album was \\\"a fun CD that lives up to its potential\\\". Jim Santella reviewed the album for All About Jazz, writing of Dorough and Frishberg, \\\"What individuals! As songwriters, both have come up with memorable keepers\\\" and that the album was \\\" ... an overview from both of these not-to-be-missed songsters, herald[ing] the work of two very different jazz singers. Both Dorough and Frishberg represent tongue-in-cheek hipster humor while maintaining excellent musical standards throughout\\\". Track listing \\\"Who's on First\\\" (Dave Frishberg) – 3:43 \\\"Lookin' Good\\\" (Frishberg) – 3:04 \\\"Too Long in L.A.\\\" (Frishberg) – 4:22 \\\"You Are There\\\" (Frishberg, Johnny Mandel) – 2:42 Intro: The Underdog – 1:23 \\\"The Underdog\\\" (Frishberg) – 3:45 Intro: Where You At? – 0:27 \\\"Where You At?\\\" (George Handy, Jack Segal) – 3:46 \\\"Health Food Nut\\\" (Bob Dorough, Don Nelson) – 4:12 \\\"Devil May Care\\\" (Dorough) – 3:28 \\\"Nothing Like You\\\" (Dorough, Fran Landesman) – 4:57 \\\"Hong Kong Blues\\\" (Hoagy Carmichael) – 3:20 Intro: I'm Hip – 1:29 \\\"I'm Hip\\\" (Dorough, Frishberg) – 3:59 \\\"At the Saturday Dance\\\" (Dorough, Frishberg) – 5:00 \\\"Conjunction Junction\\\" (Dorough) – 4:13 \\\"Rockin' in Rhythm\\\" (Harry Carney, Duke Ellington, Irving Mills) – 2:53 Personnel Bob Dorough and Dave Frishberg – piano, vocals Bob Blumenthal – liner notes Ruth Price – announcer Burton Yount – art direction, design Gordon H. Jee – creative director Kent Heckman – editing, mixing Kurt Lundvall – mastering Cynthia Levine – photography Mantis Evar – product manager Bill Goodwin – production References 2000 live albums Blue Note Records live albums Vocal jazz albums Vocal duet albums\",\n \"title\": \"Who's on First? (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65982944\",\n \"text\": \"Schoolhouse Rock Live! is a musical with music and lyrics by various artists and a book by George Keating, Scott Ferguson, and Kyle Hall. It is based on the animated musical educational series of short videos titled Schoolhouse Rock! created by David McCall. The plot follows a teacher, Tom, who is nervous for his first day of teaching. When he turns on Schoolhouse Rock!, the characters come alive and help him prepare for his lesson. It features popular songs including \\\"I'm Just a Bill,\\\" \\\"Lolly, Lolly, Lolly,\\\" \\\"Do The Circulation,\\\" \\\"Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla,\\\" \\\"Conjunction Junction,\\\" and \\\"The Great American Melting Pot.\\\" It premiered at Chicago's Cabaret Voltaire in 1993, directed by Scott Ferguson in a partnership with Theatrebam Chicago. It moved off-Broadway in 1995. Since then, it has been performed by various schools and community theaters. The show is a jukebox musical of sorts because it re-uses songs originally written for Schoolhouse Rock! Songs are composed by Bob Dorough, Dave Frishberg, George Newall, Lynn Ahrens, Kathy Mandry, and Tom Yohe. Productions Original Chicago production Schoolhouse Rock Live! opened at the Cabaret Voltaire in Chicago on August 26, 1993. The production was directed by Scott Ferguson, who also co-wrote the book with Kyle Hall and George Keating and produced by Nina Lynn and assistant produced by Hilerre Kirsch. The choreography was by Kate Swan, Karyn Harrelson and Scott Ferguson. The set design was done by Michael Lapthorn, the costume design by Jennifer Smith, the lighting design by Kenneth Moore, and musical direction by Linda Madonia. It starred Joseph Beal, Dina Joy Byrd, Shulie Cowen, Dori Goldman, George Keating and Thomas Mizer. It ran for a record-breaking eight months. The production transferred to the Body Politic Theater in 1994. It won two After Dark Awards for Outstanding Production and Outstanding Ensemble. After its off-Broadway run ended in 1996, the show moved back to Chicago and performed at the Victory Gardens Theatre and then at The Theatre Building. It finished its run on March 2, 1997. Since then, the show has continued day-time performances at schools and youth organizations in Chicago. Off-Broadway production In June 1995, the production moved to the off-Broadway Atlantic Theatre, and later Lamb's Theatre. It starred Thomas Mizer as Tom and featured George Keating, Dori Goldman, Joseph Beal, Melissa Hartman, Dina Joy Bird, and Amy L. Hansted. The production closed in 1996 after an eleven-month run. National tours After a successful production in Toronto, the show launched a national tour in Indianapolis in September 1997. Troupe America produced two more tours opening in 1999 and 2000. Plot Tom, a young teacher, is preparing for his first day of teaching. As he nervously rehearses what he's going to say, he turns on Schoolhouse Rock! Soon, personifications of his emotions appear. There's George – the romantic facet, Dori – the goofy facet, Shulie – the sweet aspect, Joe – the cool facet, and Dina – the mature facet. They intend to teach him so he's ready for his job. In their\",\n \"title\": \"Schoolhouse Rock Live!\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"72325316","text":"The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (Original Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the Marvel Studios television special The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, featuring the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy based on Marvel Comics. It was released by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music on November 23, 2022. The album featured the original score composed by John Murphy, while also includes songs from the Old 97's who also play the fictional alien band in the special. Background John Murphy wrote the score for the special simultaneously while working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. As like previous Guardians of the Galaxy films, Gunn had chosen music for the special \"very early\". He wrote the lyrics to the opening song \"I Don't Know What Christmas Is (But Christmastime Is Here)\" and had approached Rhett Miller of the Old 97's to help him compose it, as Gunn has been a fan of the band, since the 1990s. \"Here It Is Christmastime\", an existing song of the Old 97's, was also used and re-recorded with Kevin Bacon providing vocals for the end of the special. Bacon said \"[James] has got such a great ear for needle drops [...] I love this song, it's really hard to write a fresh Christmas song at this point. I started playing it, and I really was having a good time playing it and singing it.\" Track listing Additional music The track list was revealed by Gunn on November 22, that features the following songs apart from the other original tracks, written for the special. These include: \"Fairytale of New York\" by the Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl, \"Dead by X-Mas\" by Hanoi Rocks, \"Christmas Treat\" by Julian Casablancas, \"Is This Christmas?\" by the Wombats, \"Just Like Christmas\" by Low, \"I Want an Alien for Christmas\" by Fountains of Wayne, \"Christmastime\" by the Smashing Pumpkins, \"Christmas Wrapping\" by the Waitresses, and \"Mrs. Claus\" by Little Jackie. Unlike the previous Guardians of the Galaxy films, the selected songs were not released as an album. Gunn released a Spotify playlist that consisted all the songs featured in the special and songs from the previous films. Reception The music has been reviewed and analysed by the critics as one of the \"positive aspects of the special\". Praising the musical tracks picked for the special, Joe George of Den of Geek said \"the soundtrack is exactly what you'd expect if you asked your cooler older sibling to make a playlist for your Christmas party. It's a pleasing mix of familiar tracks and deep cuts, effectively balancing downbeat numbers with upbeat songs to make for a good party.\" \"the special's soundtrack is on-brand, forgoing the usual standards for a playlist\". Reviewing the score, Shubham Kulkarni of Koimoi wrote \"The music by John Murphy combined with the vibrant visuals appropriate for Christmas celebration is such a vibe that you will immediately surrender to it.\" Commercial performance The Old 97's single \"I Don't Know What Christmas Is (But Christmastime Is Here)\" debuted at","title":"The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"39457694","text":"Vector logic is an algebraic model of elementary logic based on matrix algebra. Vector logic assumes that the truth values map on vectors, and that the monadic and dyadic operations are executed by matrix operators. \"Vector logic\" has also been used to refer to the representation of classical propositional logic as a vector space, in which the unit vectors are propositional variables. Predicate logic can be represented as a vector space of the same type in which the axes represent the predicate letters and . In the vector space for propositional logic the origin represents the false, F, and the infinite periphery represents the true, T, whereas in the space for predicate logic the origin represents \"nothing\" and the periphery represents the flight from nothing, or \"something\". Overview Classic binary logic is represented by a small set of mathematical functions depending on one (monadic) or two (dyadic) variables. In the binary set, the value 1 corresponds to true and the value 0 to false. A two-valued vector logic requires a correspondence between the truth-values true (t) and false (f), and two q-dimensional normalized real-valued column vectors s and n, hence: and (where is an arbitrary natural number, and \"normalized\" means that the length of the vector is 1; usually s and n are orthogonal vectors). This correspondence generates a space of vector truth-values: V2 = {s,n}. The basic logical operations defined using this set of vectors lead to matrix operators. The operations of vector logic are based on the scalar product between q-dimensional column vectors: : the orthonormality between vectors s and n implies that if , and if , where . Monadic operators The monadic operators result from the application , and the associated matrices have q rows and q columns. The two basic monadic operators for this two-valued vector logic are the identity and the negation: Identity: A logical identity ID(p) is represented by matrix . This matrix operates as follows: Ip = p, p ∈ V2; due to the orthogonality of s with respect to n, we have , and similarly . It is important to note that this vector logic identity matrix is not generally an identity matrix in the sense of matrix algebra. Negation: A logical negation ¬p is represented by matrix Consequently, Ns = n and Nn = s. The involutory behavior of the logical negation, namely that ¬(¬p) equals p, corresponds with the fact that N2 = I. Dyadic operators The 16 two-valued dyadic operators correspond to functions of the type ; the dyadic matrices have q2 rows and q columns. The matrices that execute these dyadic operations are based on the properties of the Kronecker product. Two properties of this product are essential for the formalism of vector logic: Using these properties, expressions for dyadic logic functions can be obtained: Conjunction. The conjunction (p∧q) is executed by a matrix that acts on two vector truth-values: .This matrix reproduces the features of the classical conjunction truth-table in its formulation: and verifies and Disjunction.","title":"Vector logic"},{"docid":"21117123","text":"The letters of last resort are four identically worded handwritten letters from the prime minister of the United Kingdom to the commanding officers of the four British ballistic missile submarines. They contain orders on what action to take if an enemy nuclear strike has both destroyed the British government and has also killed or otherwise incapacitated both the prime minister and their designated \"second person\" of responsibility, typically a high-ranking member of the Cabinet such as the deputy prime minister or the first secretary of state. If the orders are carried out, the action taken could be the last official act of His Majesty's Government. If the letters are not used during the term of the prime minister who wrote them, they are destroyed unopened after that person leaves office, so that their content remains unknown to anyone except the issuer. Process A new prime minister writes a set of letters immediately after taking office and being told by the Chief of the Defence Staff \"precisely what damage a Trident missile could cause\". The documents are then delivered to the submarines in sealed envelopes, and the previous prime minister's letters are destroyed without being opened. In the event of the deaths of both the prime minister and the designated alternative decision-maker as a result of a nuclear strike, the commander(s) of any nuclear submarine(s) on patrol at the time would use a series of checks to ascertain whether the letters of last resort must be opened. According to Peter Hennessy's book The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War, the process by which a commander would determine if the British government continues to function includes, amongst other checks, establishing whether BBC Radio 4 continues broadcasting. In 1983, the procedure for Polaris submarines was to open the envelopes if there was an evident nuclear attack, or if all UK naval broadcasts had ceased for four hours. Options While the contents of these letters are secret, according to the December 2008 BBC Radio 4 documentary The Human Button, there were four known options given to the prime minister to include in the letters. The prime minister might instruct the submarine commander to: retaliate with nuclear weapons; not retaliate; use their own judgement; or, place the submarine under an allied country's command, if possible. The documentary mentions Australia and the United States. The Guardian reported in 2016 that the options are said to include: \"Put yourself under the command of the United States, if it is still there\", \"Go to Australia\", \"Retaliate\", or \"Use your own judgement\". The actual option chosen remains known only to the writer of the letter. Fiction David Greig's 2012 play The Letter of Last Resort deals with the consequences and paradoxes of the letters. The play was first staged in February 2012 as a part of a cycle of plays on \"The Bomb\" at the Tricycle Theatre in London, directed by Nicolas Kent, with Belinda Lang playing the role of the incoming prime minister and Simon Chandler, her","title":"Letters of last resort"},{"docid":"60968714","text":"The blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a semipermeable anatomical interface that consists of the specialized small blood vessels that surround the spinal cord. While similar to the blood–brain barrier in function and morphology, it is physiologically independent and has several distinct characteristics. The BSCB is involved in many disorders affecting the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases, pain disorders, and traumatic spinal cord injury. In conjunction with the blood–brain barrier, the BSCB contributes to the difficulty in delivering drugs to the central nervous system, which makes drug targeting of the BSCB an important goal in pharmaceutical research. Anatomy and physiology The primary function of the BSCB is to protect the spinal cord from potentially toxic substances within the blood while still delivering necessary molecules to maintain spinal cord activities. The BSCB consists of endothelial cells, a basal membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic endfeet. The endothelial cells have highly exclusionary tight junctions that prohibit most molecules from passing between cells and form specialized capillaries that, unlike capillaries in the periphery, lack fenestrations, have more mitochondria, and contain limited endocytic vesicles. The lack of fenestrations and endocytic vesicles reflects the restricted transcellular flow, while the increased number of mitochondria contributes to a high metabolic rate in these endothelial cells. Surrounding the BSCB capillaries is a basal membrane (also called the basal lamina) that contains pericytes. The basal membrane is formed and maintained by all cell types in the BSCB and contributes to the cytoskeletal morphology of the endothelial cells, which affects the integrity of tight junctions and, by extension, the BSCB. Pericytes are microcirculatory cells that, in the BSCB, regulate the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells. Finally, astrocytes within spinal cord tissue extend endfoot processes that surround the outer surface of the capillaries. Astrocytes are critically important for developing and maintaining the neuroprotective mechanisms of BSCB endothelial cells. They release secretory compounds that influence the phenotype of endothelial cells and express aquaporin and potassium channels that help regulate ion concentration and fluid volume within the spinal cord. The anatomy of the BSCB is very similar to the anatomy of the blood–brain barrier (BBB); however many key differences exist between the two that affect both the maintenance of healthy tissue and development of pathophysiology within the central nervous system (CNS). In general, the BSCB is more permeable than the BBB, largely due to the relatively low expression of tight junction proteins like ZO-1 and occludin. For example, mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, crosses BSCB endothelium more readily than it does BBB endothelium. Cytokines are also able to pass through the BSCB with more ease, making it more vulnerable to disruption and inflammation relative to the BBB. This vulnerability to disruption leaves the spinal cord susceptible to toxins that can inflict tissue damage. Susceptibility to toxins is already increased in BSCB endothelium through the relative downregulation of the critical efflux protein p-glycoprotein, thus slowing elimination of the toxins that penetrate the barrier. Overall, the differences between the BSCB and the BBB result in vulnerability","title":"Blood–spinal cord barrier"},{"docid":"89486","text":"In mathematics, an inequation is a statement that an inequality holds between two values. It is usually written in the form of a pair of expressions denoting the values in question, with a relational sign between them indicating the specific inequality relation. Some examples of inequations are: In some cases, the term \"inequation\" can be considered synonymous to the term \"inequality\", while in other cases, an inequation is reserved only for statements whose inequality relation is \"not equal to\" (≠). Chains of inequations A shorthand notation is used for the conjunction of several inequations involving common expressions, by chaining them together. For example, the chain is shorthand for which also implies that and . In rare cases, chains without such implications about distant terms are used. For example is shorthand for , which does not imply Similarly, is shorthand for , which does not imply any order of and . Solving inequations Similar to equation solving, inequation solving means finding what values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) fulfill a condition stated in the form of an inequation or a conjunction of several inequations. These expressions contain one or more unknowns, which are free variables for which values are sought that cause the condition to be fulfilled. To be precise, what is sought are often not necessarily actual values, but, more in general, expressions. A solution of the inequation is an assignment of expressions to the unknowns that satisfies the inequation(s); in other words, expressions such that, when they are substituted for the unknowns, make the inequations true propositions. Often, an additional objective expression (i.e., an optimization equation) is given, that is to be minimized or maximized by an optimal solution. For example, is a conjunction of inequations, partly written as chains (where can be read as \"and\"); the set of its solutions is shown in blue in the picture (the red, green, and orange line corresponding to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd conjunct, respectively). For a larger example. see Linear programming#Example. Computer support in solving inequations is described in constraint programming; in particular, the simplex algorithm finds optimal solutions of linear inequations. The programming language Prolog III also supports solving algorithms for particular classes of inequalities (and other relations) as a basic language feature. For more, see constraint logic programming. Combinations of meanings Usually because of the properties of certain functions (like square roots), some inequations are equivalent to a combination of multiple others. For example, the inequation is logically equivalent to the following three inequations combined: See also Apartness relation — a form of inequality in constructive mathematics Equation Equals sign Inequality (mathematics) Relational operator References Elementary algebra Mathematical terminology","title":"Inequation"},{"docid":"6120013","text":"\"Hands\" is a song by American singer Jewel, released as the first single from her second studio album, Spirit (1998). Jewel wrote the song following an incident in which she considered stealing a sundress after getting fired from various jobs due to kidney troubles, and she decided that her hands were better suited to writing songs than stealing clothes. Written as one of the last songs for the album, the lyrics express how the smallest decisions have the power to make change. A piano-driven ballad, the song was serviced to American radio stations on October 7, 1998, ahead of its planned release date in mid-October due to a radio leak in Dallas, Texas. No commercial single was issued in the United States, and the singles that were issued internationally received the album version. The radio edit can be found only on promos for the single. Even without a physical US release, the song reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and the video peaked atop VH1's Top 20 Countdown. \"Hands\" also reached number one in Canada for one week and peaked within the top 30 in Australia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. A \"Christmas\" version of the song appears on Joy: A Holiday Collection. Background In 2002, Jewel elaborated on the song's origin. Before she wrote \"Hands\", she experienced kidney troubles that prevented her from working, and as a result, she was fired from several successive jobs, sending her into poverty. She began to shoplift food but worried she would begin to steal more expensive items. One day, she noticed a sundress in a shop window and went inside to try it on, planning to steal it. However, when she noticed the price tag, she decided against it. She explained: Jewel quickly left the store, leaving the dress behind, and began to write \"Hands\" soon afterwards, referring to her own hands that would function better writing songs than stealing dresses. It was one of the final tracks written and recorded for Spirit. The central lyrics that developed into the complete song were, \"If you watch what your hands are doing, you can see where your life is going to go.\" Composition and lyrics Ilana Kaplan of The New York Times has described \"Hands\" as a ballad. The album version is three minutes and fifty-four seconds long while the radio edit is three minutes and forty-seven seconds. According to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes, the song is written in cut time () in the key of F minor with a moderate tempo of 68 beats per minute. The lyrics of \"Hands\" say that all people have the power to make their own decisions and change their lives for the better as long as they keep watch on what their hands are doing. It is also about how the smallest actions can cause a difference. Jewel explained, \"I knew if I could tell the world, my hands are so little, how can they have impact on the world?","title":"Hands (Jewel song)"},{"docid":"29388","text":"In Boolean functions and propositional calculus, the Sheffer stroke denotes a logical operation that is equivalent to the negation of the conjunction operation, expressed in ordinary language as \"not both\". It is also called non-conjunction, or alternative denial (since it says in effect that at least one of its operands is false), or NAND (\"not and\"). In digital electronics, it corresponds to the NAND gate. It is named after Henry Maurice Sheffer and written as or as or as or as in Polish notation by Łukasiewicz (but not as ||, often used to represent disjunction). Its dual is the NOR operator (also known as the Peirce arrow, Quine dagger or Webb operator). Like its dual, NAND can be used by itself, without any other logical operator, to constitute a logical formal system (making NAND functionally complete). This property makes the NAND gate crucial to modern digital electronics, including its use in computer processor design. Definition The non-conjunction is a logical operation on two logical values. It produces a value of true, if — and only if — at least one of the propositions is false. Truth table The truth table of is as follows. Logical equivalences The Sheffer stroke of and is the negation of their conjunction By De Morgan's laws, this is also equivalent to the disjunction of the negations of and Alternative notations and names Peirce was the first to show the functional completeness of non-conjunction (representing this as ) but didn't publish his result. Peirce's editor added ) for non-disjunction. In 1911, was the first to publish a proof of the completeness of non-conjunction, representing this with (the Stamm hook) and non-disjunction in print at the first time and showed their functional completeness. In 1913, Sheffer described non-disjunction using and showed its functional completeness. Sheffer also used for non-disjunction. Many people, beginning with Nicod in 1917, and followed by Whitehead, Russell and many others, mistakenly thought Sheffer has described non-conjunction using , naming this the Sheffer Stroke. In 1928, Hilbert and Ackermann described non-conjunction with the operator . In 1929, Łukasiewicz used in for non-conjunction in his Polish notation. An alternative notation for non-conjunction is . It is not clear who first introduced this notation, although the corresponding for non-disjunction was used by Quine in 1940,. History The stroke is named after Henry Maurice Sheffer, who in 1913 published a paper in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society providing an axiomatization of Boolean algebras using the stroke, and proved its equivalence to a standard formulation thereof by Huntington employing the familiar operators of propositional logic (AND, OR, NOT). Because of self-duality of Boolean algebras, Sheffer's axioms are equally valid for either of the NAND or NOR operations in place of the stroke. Sheffer interpreted the stroke as a sign for nondisjunction (NOR) in his paper, mentioning non-conjunction only in a footnote and without a special sign for it. It was Jean Nicod who first used the stroke as a sign for non-conjunction (NAND) in a paper","title":"Sheffer stroke"},{"docid":"1827209","text":"In linguistics, the term conjunct has three distinct uses: A conjunct is an adverbial that adds information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse. Rare as it may be, conjuncts may also connect to the following parts of the discourse. It was raining. Therefore, we didn’t go swimming. It was sunny. However, we stayed inside. You are such a dork. Still, I love you from the bottom of my heart. A conjunct is one of the terms that are conjoined in a conjoining construction. Conjuncts are conjoined by means of a conjunction, which can be coordinating, subordinating or correlative. Conjuncts can be words, phrases, clauses, or full sentences. [Gretchen and her daughter] bought [motor oil, spark plugs, and dynamite]. Take two of these and call me in the morning. A verb form, for example the conjunct verb endings of Old Irish or the conjunct mood (sometimes called the subjunctive mood) of Algonquian languages. This article discusses the first kind of conjunct. Semantic functions English conjuncts often have the following functions Listing (indicating that what follows is a list of propositions) To begin with, I have to tell you that I'm most displeased with your performance in the show. I also think you did a bad job painting the house. You're a lousy cook. You smell. Your hat is ... etc. Enumerative (indicating items on a list of propositions) First, we have to buy bread. Second, we need to take the car to the garage. Third, we have to call your dentist and make an appointment. Additive (indicating that the content of the sentence is in addition to the preceding one) He has no money. In addition, he has no means of getting any. Summative (summing up, or concluding, on the preceding sentence(s)) A is B. A is C. To sum up, A is several things. Appositive (rephrasing the preceding sentence) The French love music. In other words, music is appreciated in France. Resultative/inferential (indicating that the content of the sentence is a result of the events expressed in the preceding sentence) Miss Gold lost her job. She, therefore, had no money. Antithetic (indicating that the content of the sentence is in contrast to the content of the preceding sentence) It is said that water flows up hill. On the contrary, it flows downhill Concessive (indicating that the content of the sentence \"exists\" despite the content in the preceding sentence) It is very cold. I went for my morning walk, however. Temporal (indicating temporal relation between the content of the sentence and the preceding sentence) I had lunch. Meanwhile, my wife had her hair cut. See also Disjunct Syntactic entities","title":"Conjunct"},{"docid":"41306226","text":"IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is a set of specifications to offer multimedia services through IP protocol. This makes it possible to incorporate all kinds of services, such as voice, multimedia and data, on an accessible platform through any Internet connection (fixed or mobile). IMS's origin Initially defined by 4G.IP (a set of companies belonging the telecommunications sector), it was 4G (3rd Generation Partnership Project) who definitively adopted the definition of IMS as a part of the standardization 4G system in networks UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), specified in Release 5 and 6. Architecture It can be divided into three layers: Application Where there are AS (Application Servers), the MRF (Media Resource Function) and a HSS (Home Subscriber Server). The AS used the SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) for the signaling, used in establishing multimedia sessions, such as audio and video calls over Internet. The services offered by the telephony operators are hosted and run on AS. A HSS is similar devices to the HLR of GSM technology, where the user´s credentials are stored. Control Formed by different subsystems among which is IMS core. Other important devices in this layer are the CSCF (Call Session Control Function), which includes three subsystems: P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF), S-CSCF (Serving CSCF) and I-CSCF (Interrogating CSCF). These subsystems are the responsible, basically, of: processing and routing the signaling; to control the resources of the transport subsystem, to register and authenticate users; provisioning IMS services by diverting signaling application servers in question and to generate billing records. The MRF (Media Resources Function) provides functions related to media, such as the manipulation of the media and the reproduction of tones and announcements. Each MRF divides into a MRFC (Media Resources Function Controller) and a MRFP (Media Resources Function Processor). The MRFC is a signaling plane node that interprets the information coming from an AS and S-CSCF to control the MRFP. The MRFP is a node of the plane of the media, is used to mix the source or process media streams. Transport Composed by the UE (User Equipment), the access network, the NASS (Network Attachment Subsystem) and the RACS (Resource Admission Control Subsystem). The transport of network is performed using either IPv6 or IPv4, allowing QoS's implementation, integrated security, autoconfiguration… Security Having seen a little of what is IMS and the devices that act, we enter IMS specifications relating to security. From the point of view of the standardization, only exists a mechanism of authentication and access control, specified in the TS 33.203 of 3GPP (Access Security for IP-Based Services) and commonly called AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement). However, there are many other mechanisms for authentication and access control, defined to meet the needs of inherited terminals and to enable faster deployment. The most common are: Early IMS 3GPP for mobile access. They are those that IMS deployments in advance for your time are not entirely compatible with the specifications so that the security mechanisms are not applicable. Examples include IPv4 based implementations as 2G devices. Digest authentication of TISPAN","title":"IMS security"},{"docid":"42139954","text":"A ureteric balloon catheter is a balloon catheter intended for treating strictures of the ureter. In fact it is a double J stent on which a balloon is mounted. It is connected to a delivery device (pusher) to introduce it from the bladder into the ureter. The system comprises a non-return valve device, and a pusher with a stylet and two ports. The side port is for injecting contrast agent to inflate the balloon, while the straight port is for the guidewire. The catheter has a relatively large-diameter central lumen and a shaft of 2 mm (6 Fr.). The balloon is in two sections: a long narrow section or shaft and a larger cranial bulb. The larger cranial bulb prevents distal migration, while the longer narrow section maintains the increased diameter of a predilated stricture in the ureter section. Stent placement and removal A guide wire has to be placed in the ureter. After dilatation of the ureteric stricture with a high pressure dilatation balloon the guidewire remains in place to bring in the ureteric balloon catheter. The balloon is inflated by an injection of contrast medium via side port of the pusher and remains in situ while the expanded urothelium heals. The stylet is used to detach the balloon catheter from the pusher. During the healing process urine drains through the wide central lumen while the balloon remains inflated. The ureteric balloon catheter may be used in conjunction with a double J stent for additional drainage. To remove the catheter after several weeks the balloon is deflated by snipping the distal end of the catheter. The catheter can then safely be pulled out. Indications The ureteric balloon catheter is intended to cure two major types of diseases: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (also called UPJ obstruction or Pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction PUJO) caused by intrinsic wall factors as fibrosis and / or hypertrophic wall problems. and Brickers bladder (also called Ileal conduit) problems. Up to 10% of patients who undergo ileal conduit urinary diversion may go on to develop ureteroileal anastomotic stenosis. This can lead to obstructive symptoms as side pain, infection and finally deterioration in renal function which can be relieved by the treatment with this balloon catheter. An intervention according to this Overtoom procedure is significantly less invasive than the alternative treatments. The balloon is not intended to be used in case of obstructions by stones or malignancies. References Further reading Having a Ureteric Stent - What to Expect and How to Manage. Authors: Mr. H. B. Joshi (Specialist Registrar in Urology, Cambridge. Formerly Research Registrar at Bristol Urological Institute), N. Newns (Staff Nurse), Mr. F. X. Keeley Jr. (Consultant Urologist), Mr. A. G. Timoney (Consultant Urologist), Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol BS10 5NB More information on ureteric balloon catheters. Catheters Urology Urologic surgery Urologic procedures","title":"Ureteric balloon catheter"},{"docid":"3026039","text":"B. B. & Q. Band (which stands for the Brooklyn, Bronx, and Queens Band), was an Italian-American post-disco band, which formed in 1979 and disbanded in 1987. Overview The background The B. B. & Q. Band was a studio concept created in 1979 by the businessman Jacques Fred Petrus. After the success with Change in 1980, and also with Macho and the Peter Jacques band in the late 1970s, Petrus and his close co-worker Italian Mauro Malavasi decided to launch a new project, named after the three boroughs in New York City that the band members came from. Fred Petrus pulled several musicians together of which New York session bassist Paris Ford (credited as Peewee Ford) and his musicians became the band. The successful debut The self-titled debut album on Capitol provided several melodies of which Malavasi wrote all except one. The biggest hit single was \"On the Beat\", which reached No. 8 on the US Billboard Black Singles chart. Also \"Time for Love\" (#72 on the same chart) mixed a melody with vocals by the lead singer, Ike Floyd. After the debut, Petrus invited guitarist Kevin Robinson, a former member of the band Kinky Fox that he had met already in 1980, to lead the band. The new line-up included Chielli Minucci, Kevin Nance, and Tony Bridges and for the first time B. B. & Q. band had a more defined role as a band. Second and third albums The second album release was 1982's All Night Long (#32 on Billboard 's Black Albums chart), which included \"All Night Long (She's Got the Moves I Like)\" (#32 on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play list), \"Imagination\" (#21 on Billboard 's Black Singles list) and \"Children of the Night\" (uncharted). In 1983 Six Million Times hit the market with influences from The Time and Prince. Petrus faced serious economical problems in 1983, and Six Million Times was produced with a tiny budget during five weeks in Bologna. The album did not become a commercial success and Capitol dropped the band. Finale By 1985 Petrus had fixed a contract with Elektra Records, and B. B. & Q. Band was back on track with their last album Genie, including minor hits like the title track \"Genie\" and \"Dreamer\". Kae Williams, a former Breakwater member hired by Petrus, wrote all tracks and co-produced the LP in conjunction with Petrus. The album also showed early examples of Curtis Hairston's voice when Petrus invited him to be the new lead singer. The album sold rather well, especially in Europe, but in 1987 the B. B. & Q. Band ended when Petrus was murdered. \"Genie\" was released on different labels. In the U.S. \"Dreamer\" was released as a B-side (with \"On the Shelf\" as A-side\") on the label in Your Face, which was a sublabel of Pretty Pearl Records. Meanwhile, the album \"Genie\" and accompanying singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Genie\" were all released on Pretty Pearl Records/Elektra Records. Both Pretty Pearl Records and Elektra Records logos were","title":"B. B. & Q. Band"},{"docid":"44035611","text":"Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, etc. Speech Juxtaposition in literary terms is the showing contrast by concepts placed side by side. An example of juxtaposition are the quotes \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country\", and \"Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate\", both by John F. Kennedy, who particularly liked juxtaposition as a rhetorical device. Jean Piaget specifically contrasts juxtaposition in various fields from syncretism, arguing that \"juxtaposition and syncretism are in antithesis, syncretism being the predominance of the whole over the details, juxtaposition that of the details over the whole\". Piaget writes: In grammar, juxtaposition refers to the absence of linking elements in a group of words that are listed together. Thus, where English uses the conjunction and (e.g. mother and father), many languages use simple juxtaposition (\"mother father\"). In logic, juxtaposition is a logical fallacy on the part of the observer, where two items placed next to each other imply a correlation, when none is actually claimed. For example, an illustration of a politician and Adolf Hitler on the same page would imply that the politician had a common ideology with Hitler. Similarly, saying \"Hitler was in favor of gun control, and so are you\" would have the same effect. This particular rhetorical device is common enough to have its own name, Reductio ad Hitlerum. Mathematics In algebra, multiplication involving variables is often written as a juxtaposition (e.g., for times or for five times ), also called implied multiplication. The notation can also be used for quantities that are surrounded by parentheses (e.g., or for five times two). This implicit usage of multiplication can cause ambiguity when the concatenated variables happen to match the name of another variable, when a variable name in front of a parenthesis can be confused with a function name, or in the correct determination of the order of operations. In mathematics, juxtaposition of symbols is the adjacency of factors with the absence of an explicit operator in an expression, especially for commonly used for multiplication: denotes the product of with , or times . It is also used for scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, function composition, and logical and. In numeral systems, juxtaposition of digits has a specific meaning. In geometry, juxtaposition of names of points represents lines or line segments. In lambda calculus, juxtaposition denotes function application. In physics, juxtaposition is also used for \"multiplication\" of a numerical value and a physical quantity, and of two physical quantities, for example, three times would be written as and \"area equals length times width\" as . Arts Throughout the arts, juxtaposition of elements is used to elicit a response within the audience's mind, such as creating meaning from the contrast. In music, it is an abrupt change of elements, and is","title":"Juxtaposition"},{"docid":"64492351","text":"The Lomography Lomo'Instant Square Glass is an Instax analog camera made by Lomography. It uses Instax Square and Mini instant film. When introduced in January 2018, it was \"the first analog camera to shoot square Instax film.\" Details The Lomography Lomo'Instant Square Glass has an automatic shutter speed / aperture mode, and a bulb mode. Automatic mode adjusts shutter speed, aperture and flash output to suit its surroundings. Automatic mode will use an aperture range of to ; and a shutter speed ranging from as fast as 1/250 s to as slow as 8 s. Bulb mode allows the shutter to be manually held open for up to 30 s. Focusing is manual, with three zone focus ranges able to be selected: 0.8 m, 1–2.5 m, and infinity. The switch is reset to the 1–2.5 m range each time the camera is opened. The camera has a built-in 95 mm (45 mm equivalent) prime lens, with a closest focusing distance of 0.8 m. \"The lens is glass, a step up from the plastic lenses you get with all Fujifilm and some Lomography instant cameras.\" The following lens attachments can be screwed onto the front of the camera: Wide-Angle Glass Lens Attachment – works in conjunction with the camera's built-in lens to give ? mm (21 mm equivalent) with a 91.5° converted angle of view and a closest focusing distance of 0.5 m Portrait Glass Lens Attachment / Self-Portrait Glass Lens Attachment – lens attachment for shortening the closest focusing distance to 0.5 m. It has a flash which is on by default, but can be switched off. The flash has a guide number of 9 (metres). The viewfinder is offset from the picture taking lens, thus parallax must be taken into account. The viewfinder has a semi-opaque mask covering a portion of it, intended to help framing when the subject is at the camera's closest focus range. Reception Reviewers have criticised the camera's viewfinder. Jack Rear, reviewing the camera in The Daily Telegraph, wrote \"I found close-ups hard to get right, because the viewfinder isn’t good enough to make a good distinction between where something is and where it looks like it is.\" Dan Bracaglia, reviewing the camera for Digital Photography Review, wrote that \"the viewfinder is small, imprecise and confusingly masked, making accurate compositions a lottery in the 0.8 - 2 m (2 - 6.6 ft) focus range.\" A review in Wired commented that \"the Lomo'Instant Square has an off-center viewfinder that's far, far away from the long lens. It's tricky to frame shots up just right, and you'll need to mentally compensate for parallax to make sure your subject is where you want it.\" See also Instant camera List of Instax cameras and printers Notes References External links Products introduced in 2018 Instant cameras","title":"Lomography Lomo'Instant Square Glass"},{"docid":"57562153","text":"How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence is a 2018 book by Michael Pollan. It became a No. 1 New York Times best-seller. How to Change Your Mind chronicles the long and storied history of psychedelic drugs, from their turbulent 1960s heyday to the resulting counter culture movement and backlash. Through his coverage of the recent resurgence in this field of research, as well as his own personal use of psychedelics via a \"mental travelogue\", Pollan seeks to illuminate not only the mechanics of the drugs themselves, but also the inner workings of the human mind and consciousness. The book received many positive reviews, and Netflix released a documentary based upon it in 2022. Structure The book is organized into six chapters with an epilogue: A Renaissance Natural History: Bemushroomed History: The First Wave Travelogue: Journeying Underground The Neuroscience: Your Brain on Psychedelics The Trip Treatment: Psychedelics in Psychotherapy Promotion Pollan has been interviewed concerning the book on popular podcasts such as The Tim Ferriss Show, The Kevin Rose Show and The Joe Rogan Experience. Reception How to Change Your Mind received many positive reviews. The New York Times Book Review named How to Change Your Mind one of the best books of 2018. Kevin Canfield of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: \"In 'How to Change Your Mind', Pollan explores the circuitous history of these often-misunderstood substances, and reports on the clinical trials that suggest psychedelics can help with depression, addiction and the angst that accompanies terminal illnesses. He does so in the breezy prose that has turned his previous booksthese include The Omnivore's Dilemma and Cooked, the inspiration for his winning Netflix documentaries of the same nameinto bestsellers.\" Jacob Sullum of the libertarian magazine Reason gave the book a generally positive review, but faulted Pollan for criticizing Timothy Leary's self-promotion without allocating blame to the politicians and journalists who shut down the promising scientific study of psychedelics. Writing in New York magazine, conservative journalist Andrew Sullivan praised How to Change Your Mind as \"astounding.\" How to Change Your Mind received two positive reviews from Vox. Ezra Klein described it as \"one of the most mind-expanding books I have read this year.\" Sean Illing said that Pollan \"describe[s] what it's like to take psychedelics. But beyond that, he also walks the reader through the history of these drugs and surveys the latest research into their therapeutic potential. It's a sprawling book that is likely to change how you think not just about psychedelic drugs but also about the human mind.\" Mark Rozzo reviewed How to Change Your Mind in Columbia magazine. He wrote that the book \"offers a convincingly grown-up case for the potential of drugs that, having survived decades of vilification, now seem poised to revolutionize several fields, from mental health to neuroscience.\" Oliver Burkeman wrote of the book in The Guardian: \"How to Change Your Mind is Pollan's sweeping and often thrilling chronicle of the","title":"How to Change Your Mind"},{"docid":"64177269","text":"\"No justice, no peace\" is a political slogan which originated during protests against acts of ethnic violence against African Americans. Its precise meaning is contested. The slogan was used as early as 1986, following the killing of Michael Griffith by a mob of youths. History Linguist Ben Zimmer writes that use of the slogan \"No justice, no peace\" during protests goes back as far as the 1986 killing of Michael Griffith. Griffith, a Trinidadian immigrant, and three friends, all black, were assaulted by a mob of white youths in the Howard Beach, Queens, New York City. Griffith fled the attackers onto a nearby highway, where he was fatally struck by a passing car. In 2014, civil-rights activist Al Sharpton recounted: \"In the midst of the protest, someone yelled the slogan, 'No justice, no peace'. Others began doing the same, and from then on I adopted it as a rallying cry each and every time a grave miscarriage of justice has befallen the disenfranchised.\" Other sources suggest that the phrase was actually popularized by activist Robert \"Sonny\" Carson, who is quoted on February 12, 1987 as stating, \"'No justice! No peace!' [...] 'No peace for all of you who dare kill our children if they come into your neighborhood...We are going to make one long, hot summer out here...get ready for a new black in this city!,\" while the New York Times reported on July 6, 1987: \"'No justice, no peace,' said Mr. Carson repeatedly in what he said he hopes will emerge as the rallying cry for his cause.\" Carson appears to have used the phrase conditionally . The phrase appears even earlier on a painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat, Created Equal, in 1984.. The 1992 Los Angeles riots are remembered for the use of the slogan, which expressed collective frustration with the existing political order. The slogan is paraphrased in the song Baltimore by Prince. Conditional or conjunctive The meaning of \"no justice, no peace\" may change between conditional and conjunctive depending on the speaker. In the conditional interpretation, the slogan is rendered as an \"if-then\" statement, which implies that peaceful action is impossible without justice, and which urges citizens to demonstrate against injustice even if doing so results in violence. Ben Zimmer writes that during the 1980s and '90s, No justice, no peace' was unequivocally understood as conditional, not conjunctive\", such as in a 1988 statement by lawyer Ron Kuby before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Criminal Justice: After the 2014 shooting of Tamir Rice, journalist Glen Ford wrote: By contrast, in the conjunctive interpretation, one is stating that neither peace or justice can exist without the other. After the acquittal in the Trayvon Martin murder case, the chaplain of the University of Pennsylvania said, \"A lack of justice has resulted in a lack of peace\", \"Heavy hearts now lack peace because of the lack of justice in our nation\", and \"No peace because of no justice.\" Sharpton writes, No justice, no peace' [...] is a way","title":"No justice, no peace"},{"docid":"49599256","text":"Sandra Blakeslee (born 1943) is an American science correspondent of over four decades for The New York Times and science writer, specializing in neuroscience. Together with neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran, she authored the 1998 popular science book Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind. Biography Blakeslee is the third member of her family to specialize in science writing; her grandfather Howard W. Blakeslee wrote for the Associated Press, and was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Reporting in 1937, and her father, Alton L. Blakeslee, also wrote for the AP. Sandra Blakeslee was raised in Port Washington, New York. She attended Northwestern University for two years, before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley, where she majored in political science, graduating in 1965. She then joined the Peace Corps, serving in Sarawak, Borneo, where she taught elementary school. Blakeslee started at the New York Times United Nations bureau and city desk in 1967, before moving to the science desk in 1968. She later began writing for the Times on contract. In the 1980s, she began to specialize in neuroscience. She co-authored a series of books on marriage and divorce with psychologist Judith Wallerstein. Starting in 1995, Blakeslee began hosting a writing workshop with fellow Times writer George Johnson at the Santa Fe Institute, which awarded her a journalism fellowship in 2013. Blakeslee lives in Santa Fe. She has two children and five grandchildren. Her son, Matt Blakeslee, is also a science writer, and her co-author on the 2007 book The Body Has a Mind of Its Own: How Body Maps in Your Brain Help You Do (Almost) Everything Better. Her daughter, Abi Blakeslee Kelleher, is a clinical psychologist. Books You Don't Have to Live with Cystitis! How to Avoid It—And What to Do About It (1986) with Larry Gillespie Second Chances: Men, Women and Children a Decade After Divorce (1989) with Judith Wallerstein The Good Marriage: How and Why Love Lasts (1995) with Judith S. Wallerstein Helping Your Kids Cope with Divorce the Sandcastles Way (1998) with Patricia Romanowski Bashe and Judith S. Wallerstein Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (1998) with V. S. Ramachandran The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: The 25 Year Landmark Study (2001) with Judith Wallerstein and Julia M. Lewis What About the Kids?: Raising Your Children Before, During and After Divorce (2003) On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines (2004) with Jeff Hawkins The Body Has a Mind of Its Own: How Body Maps in Your Brain Help You Do (Almost) Everything Better (2007) with Matthew Blakeslee Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals about Our Everyday Deceptions (2010) with Stephen L. Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde References External links Archived stories at the New York Times Archived stories at Scientific American The New York Times journalists American science writers American psychology writers UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni Place of birth missing (living","title":"Sandra Blakeslee"},{"docid":"12134762","text":"\"Bless Your Heart\" is a song made famous by country music singer Freddie Hart, and was the title track to Hart's 1972 album. The song was his third No. 1 song on the country chart. Country music writer Tom Roland wrote that the homonymy of Hart's last name (\"Hart\" and \"heart\") and the use of a common phrase (\"bless your heart\") in the lyrics provided the basis for the song, which is about a man who - despite his failings and feelings of unworthiness - expresses deep gratitude that his wife still loves him. As the song grew in popularity, wrote Roland, Hart's fans \"began saying it more and more in conjunction with (Hart) on stage.\" Charts See also [ Allmusic — Bless Your Heart] References 1972 singles Freddie Hart songs Songs written by Freddie Hart Songs written by Jack Grayson","title":"Bless Your Heart (song)"},{"docid":"113500","text":"In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. That definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, and so what constitutes a \"conjunction\" must be defined for each language. In English, a given word may have several senses, and be either a preposition or a conjunction depending on the syntax of the sentence. For example, after is a preposition in \"he left after the fight\" but is a conjunction in \"he left after they fought\". In general, a conjunction is an invariable (non-inflected) grammatical particle that may or may not stand between the items conjoined. The definition of conjunction may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function, \"as well as\", \"provided that\". A simple literary example of a conjunction is \"the truth of nature, and the power of giving interest\" (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria). A conjunction may be placed at the beginning of a sentence: \"But some superstition about the practice persists.\" Separation of clauses Commas are often used to separate clauses. In English, a comma is used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first: After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. (Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat.) A relative clause takes commas if it is non-restrictive, as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. (Without the comma, this would mean that only the trees more than six feet tall were cut down.) Some style guides prescribe that two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction. In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home. Designer clothes are silly, and I can't afford them anyway. Don't push that button, or twelve tons of high explosives will go off right under our feet! In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is not an independent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: Mary walked to the party but was unable to walk home. I think designer clothes are silly and can't afford them anyway. However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an imperative, as in: Sit down and shut up. The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long coordinate clauses are nonetheless usually separated by commas: She had very little to live on, but she would never have dreamed of taking what was not hers. A comma between clauses may","title":"Conjunction (grammar)"},{"docid":"4266275","text":"Israel Horovitz (March 31, 1939 – November 9, 2020) was an American playwright, director, actor and co-founder of the Gloucester Stage Company in 1979. He served as artistic director until 2006 and later served on the board, ex officio and as artistic director emeritus until his resignation in November 2017 after The New York Times reported allegations of sexual misconduct. Horovitz wrote more than 70 plays, many of which were translated and performed in various languages. He was the founder of the New York Playwrights Lab, and his best-known plays include Line, Park Your Car in Harvard Yard, and The Indian Wants the Bronx. Horovitz also had a film career, with notable works including the 1982 film Author! Author! and the 2014 film My Old Lady. Throughout his career, he received numerous awards and recognitions for his work in theatre and film. However, he faced multiple sexual assault and harassment accusations from women associated with his theatre companies. Early life and career Horovitz was born to a Jewish family in Wakefield, Massachusetts, the son of Hazel Rose (née Solberg) and Julius Charles Horovitz, a lawyer. At age 13, he wrote his first novel, which was rejected by Simon & Schuster but complimented for its \"wonderful, childlike qualities.\" At age 17, he wrote his first play, entitled The Comeback, which was performed at nearby Suffolk University. He worked as a taxi driver, a stagehand and an advertising executive before having his first success in the theatre with his play The Indian Wants the Bronx, which featured two yet-undiscovered future film stars: John Cazale and Al Pacino. The play premiered in 1966 at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. Pacino and Cazale starred; it was the first of six collaborations between them. The play was then staged in conjunction with the playwright's It's Called the Sugar Plum and directed by James Hammerstein as the opening production of the new off-Broadway Astor Place Theatre, where it opened on January 17, 1968 and ran for 177 performances. Following his debut, about which The New York Posts Jerry Tallmer wrote \"Welcome, Mr. Horovitz,\" Random House published a collection of four of his plays, entitled First Season (1968). Horovitz wrote two novels: Cappella (Harper and Row) and Guignol's Legacy (Three Rooms Press); a novella, Nobody Loves Me (Les Editions de Minuit); and a collection of poetry, Heaven and Others Poems (Three Rooms Press). His memoir, Un New-Yorkais a Paris (Grasset), was published in France in 2011. Theatre career Horovitz wrote more than 70 produced plays, many of which have been translated and performed in more than 30 languages worldwide. Among Horovitz's best-known plays are Line (a revival of which opened in 1974 and is NYC's longest-running play, closing in 2018 after 43 years of continuous performance at Off-Off-Broadway's 13th Street Repertory Theatre), Park Your Car in Harvard Yard, The Primary English Class, The Widow's Blind Date, What Strong Fences Make, and The Indian Wants the Bronx, for which he won the Obie Award for","title":"Israel Horovitz"},{"docid":"187013","text":"And/or is an English grammatical conjunction used to indicate that one or more (or even all) of the cases it connects may occur. It is used as an inclusive or (as in logic and mathematics), because saying \"or\" in spoken language (or writing \"or\") might be inclusive or exclusive. The construction has been used in official, legal and business documents since the mid-19th century, and evidence of broader use appears in the 20th century. It has been criticized as both ugly in style and ambiguous in legal documents. Many style guides recommend against it. Alternatives Two alternatives have been proposed. The first is to (for just two items) replace and/or with \"x or y or both.\" The second is to simply choose which of and or or to use. Mutual exclusivity The word or does not entail mutual exclusivity by itself. The word either can be used to convey mutual exclusivity. \"When using either as a conjunction, [it can be applied] to more than two elements in a series.\" Thus, appropriately indicates that the choices are mutually exclusive. If the function of or is clear from the context, it is not necessary to use either as a conjunction: Criticism References on English usage strongly criticize the phrase as \"ugly\" and \"Janus-faced\". William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White, in their classic The Elements of Style, say and/or is \"A device, or shortcut, that damages a sentence and often leads to confusion or ambiguity\". Roy H. Copperud, in A Dictionary of Usage and Style, says that the phrase is \"Objectionable to many, who regard it as a legalism\". Legal criticism The phrase has come under criticism in both American and British courts. Judges have called it a \"freakish fad\", an \"accuracy-destroying symbol\", and \"meaningless\". In a Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion from 1935, Justice Fowler referred to it as \"that befuddling, nameless thing, that Janus-faced verbal monstrosity, neither word nor phrase, the child of a brain of someone too lazy or too dull to know what he did mean\". The Kentucky Supreme Court has said it was a \"much-condemned conjunctive-disjunctive crutch of sloppy thinkers\". Finally, the Florida Supreme Court has denounced the use of \"and/or\", stating ...we take our position with that distinguished company of lawyers who have condemned its use. It is one of those inexcusable barbarisms which were sired by indolence and damned by indifference, and has no more place in legal terminology than the vernacular of Uncle Remus has in Holy Writ. I am unable to divine how such senseless jargon becomes current. The coiner of it certainly had no appreciation for terse and concise law English. Other authorities point out that it is usually quite unambiguous and can be the most efficient way to indicate the inclusive or in some contexts. Kenneth Adams, lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and Alan S. Kaye, professor of linguistics at California State University, write, \"It does, after all, have a specific meaning—X and/or Y means X or Y or both.\"","title":"And/or"},{"docid":"2474806","text":"Frederick Earl \"Shorty\" Long (May 20, 1940 – June 29, 1969) was an American soul singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer for Motown's Soul Records imprint. He was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame in 1980. Career Long was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and came to Motown in 1963 from the Tri-Phi/Harvey label, owned by Berry Gordy's sister, Gwen, and her husband, Harvey Fuqua. His first release, \"Devil with the Blue Dress On\" (1964), written with William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, was the first recording issued on Motown's Soul label, a subsidiary designed for more blues-based artists such as Long. While this song never charted nationally, the song was covered and made a hit in 1966 by Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels. Long's 1966 single \"Function at the Junction\" was his first popular hit, reaching No. 42 on the US Billboard R&B chart. Other single releases included \"It's a Crying Shame\" (1964), \"Chantilly Lace\" (1967), and \"Night Fo' Last\" (1968). Long's biggest hit was \"Here Comes the Judge\" which in July 1968 reached No. 4 on the R&B chart and No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was inspired by a comic act on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In about a judge by Pigmeat Markham, whose own \"Here Comes the Judge\" – a similar song with different lyrics – charted three weeks after Long's, also in July 1968, and reached No. 19 on Billboard. Long's 1969 singles included \"I Had a Dream\" and \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\". He released one album during his lifetime, Here Comes the Judge (1968). Long played many instruments, including piano, organ, drums, harmonica, and trumpet. He acted as an MC for many of the Motortown Revue shows and tours, and co-wrote several of his tunes (\"Devil with the Blue Dress On\", \"Function at the Junction\", and \"Here Comes the Judge\"). Long was the only Motown artist besides Smokey Robinson who was allowed to produce his own recordings in the 1960s. Marvin Gaye, in David Ritz's biography Divided Soul: The Life & Times of Marvin Gaye, described Shorty Long as \"this beautiful cat who had two hits, and then got ignored by Motown.\" Gaye claimed he \"fought for guys like Shorty\" while at Motown, since no one ever pushed for these artists. When Holland-Dozier-Holland came to Gaye with a tune, he stated, \"Why are you going to produce me? Why don't you produce Shorty Long?\" Death On June 29, 1969, Long and a friend drowned when their boat crashed on the Detroit River in Michigan. Stevie Wonder played the harmonica at his burial, and placed it on his casket afterwards. Writer Roger Green's epitaph stated: \"So there endeth the career of a man who sang what he wanted to sing – everything from the blues to romantic ballads, from wild and crazy numbers to a utopian vision of Heaven on Earth. Short in stature but big in talent, he entertained and amazed us, and finally he inspired us.\" Motown released Long's final album,","title":"Shorty Long"},{"docid":"7012676","text":"Hamley Bridge is a community in South Australia located at the junction of the Gilbert and Light rivers, as well as the site of a former railway junction. Named by the government of the day, in honour of the Acting Governor of South Australia Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Gilbert Hamley, whose wife, Lady Edith Hamley laid the foundation stone of the River Light Railway Bridge on 25 July 1868. This bridge carries the Peterborough railway line over the Light River. Other settlements in the area had commenced in the early 1860s, and it was not until 1868 that the junction of the two rivers came under notice as a possible site for a township. Railway The Peterborough railway line was built from a new junction at Roseworthy (north of Gawler on what was then the Morgan railway line) to Tarlee during 1868. A bridge was required over the River Light. The bridge was long and high, in two spans on stone abutments and a cast iron cylindrical pier in diameter. This bridge was replaced in 1925 in conjunction with the works to convert the narrow gauge line to broad gauge, despite this bridge already being broad gauge. Elevation is . Break of gauge difficulty The original railway through the town was . In 1880, a junction at Balaklava on the narrow gauge Port Wakefield railway line created the Balaklava railway line through Owen to meet the broad gauge line at Hamley Bridge. This was built to , so Hamley Bridge was a break of gauge station rather than a junction. A new railway station was established a few hundred metres north of the original in 1880 and was at first known as Alma Railway Station. The stone building, occupied as a private residence today, represents the fine architecture of the era and is heritage listed along with the signal box and water tanks, and two of the bridges over the River Light. As Hamley Bridge is only from the capital and major port, this break of gauge soon became a sore point, leading lobbying over decades to extend the narrow gauge all the way to the capital and that port. Trains reaching Hamley Bridge may have travelled from Oodnadatta, thus illustrating the poor design of this break of gauge. The break of gauge at Hamley Bridge was very cramped and poorly sited due to rivers, bridges, gradients and curves, which were difficult to improve upon. There were also shunting delays and a shortage of trucks. A counter proposal to ease congestion at the inadequate facilities at the Hamley Bridge break of gauge was to shift the break of gauge northwards to Balaklava, was strongly opposed. Alternately, the break of gauge may have been moved northwards to Owen Hamley Bridge ceased to be a break of gauge station in 1927 when narrow gauge lines as far north as Gladstone were converted to broad gauge, Gladstone becoming a break of gauge station in lieu. 24-hour per day operation was made possible by the installation","title":"Hamley Bridge, South Australia"},{"docid":"13663741","text":"\"Just Fine\" is a song by American singer Mary J. Blige. It was written by Blige, Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash, Jazze Pha and Tricky Stewart for her eighth studio album, Growing Pains (2007), while production was helmed by Pha and Stewart. It was released as the album's lead single on October 16, 2007. The song peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, while also topping the US Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song also appeared on the 2008 compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 27 Critically acclaimed, \"Just Fine\" was nominated in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, held February 2008, as well as the Grammy for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 51st Grammy Awards in February 2009. In addition, the song was ranked 41st on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007. Background \"Just Fine\" was written by Mary J. Blige along with The-Dream, Jazze Pha and Tricky Stewart, while production was helmed by Pha and Stewart, with Kuk Harrell serving as a vocal producer. Initially presented as an incomplete song to Blige, Nash, Pha, and Stewart finished much of the \"upbeat\" dance pop song within 24 hours. It became one of the first songs which Blige recorded for parent album Growing Pains and would set much of the tone for the remaining material. Blige commented on the sound of the song: \"When I heard the beat, I was like, 'OK, this is hot. This is making my body move, and I'm having fun.\" A cheerful, feel-good jam \"about uplifting yourself and having hope for your future, whatever your future is,\" Blige tried to \"make the song about how I appreciate the good days I do have and where I'm at right now, even though I still have challenges.\" In a 2007 interview with MTV News, she further elaborated: \"That song was written based on me having a good day. You know, I can have 20 bad days. I can have as many bad days as anyone. But I choose to say, \"I'm just fine.\" Right now. So it's OK to have those days. So instead of coming with something ungrateful to the universe, how about I come with something first that's says, 'You know what? It's OK. Enjoy this day if you're having a great day.\" Critical reception \"Just Fine\" earned generally positive reviews from music critics. Da'Shan Smith from uDiscoverMusic found that \"there can’t be a wedding, office party, cookout, or family reunion function without hearing this gem from Mary [...] Channeling the funk groove of Marvin Gaye and the disco beat of Michael Jackson circa Off the Wall, \"Just Fine\" is a quintessential throwback party anthem.\" Alexis Petridis from The Guardian wrote: \"Blige in gleeful party-starting mode, complete with opening get-on-the-dancefloor monologue. \"Just Fine\"s rhythm track was apparently inspired by Michael Jackson’s \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough.\" Its sparse-but-urgent sound and","title":"Just Fine"},{"docid":"753349","text":"In mathematics, a Boolean function is a function whose arguments and result assume values from a two-element set (usually {true, false}, {0,1} or {-1,1}). Alternative names are switching function, used especially in older computer science literature, and truth function (or logical function), used in logic. Boolean functions are the subject of Boolean algebra and switching theory. A Boolean function takes the form , where is known as the Boolean domain and is a non-negative integer called the arity of the function. In the case where , the function is a constant element of . A Boolean function with multiple outputs, with is a vectorial or vector-valued Boolean function (an S-box in symmetric cryptography). There are different Boolean functions with arguments; equal to the number of different truth tables with entries. Every -ary Boolean function can be expressed as a propositional formula in variables , and two propositional formulas are logically equivalent if and only if they express the same Boolean function. Examples The rudimentary symmetric Boolean functions (logical connectives or logic gates) are: NOT, negation or complement - which receives one input and returns true when that input is false (\"not\") AND or conjunction - true when all inputs are true (\"both\") OR or disjunction - true when any input is true (\"either\") XOR or exclusive disjunction - true when one of its inputs is true and the other is false (\"not equal\") NAND or Sheffer stroke - true when it is not the case that all inputs are true (\"not both\") NOR or logical nor - true when none of the inputs are true (\"neither\") XNOR or logical equality - true when both inputs are the same (\"equal\") An example of a more complicated function is the majority function (of an odd number of inputs). Representation A Boolean function may be specified in a variety of ways: Truth table: explicitly listing its value for all possible values of the arguments Marquand diagram: truth table values arranged in a two-dimensional grid (used in a Karnaugh map) Binary decision diagram, listing the truth table values at the bottom of a binary tree Venn diagram, depicting the truth table values as a colouring of regions of the plane Algebraically, as a propositional formula using rudimentary Boolean functions: Negation normal form, an arbitrary mix of AND and ORs of the arguments and their complements Disjunctive normal form, as an OR of ANDs of the arguments and their complements Conjunctive normal form, as an AND of ORs of the arguments and their complements Canonical normal form, a standardized formula which uniquely identifies the function: Algebraic normal form or Zhegalkin polynomial, as a XOR of ANDs of the arguments (no complements allowed) Full (canonical) disjunctive normal form, an OR of ANDs each containing every argument or complement (minterms) Full (canonical) conjunctive normal form, an AND of ORs each containing every argument or complement (maxterms) Blake canonical form, the OR of all the prime implicants of the function Boolean formulas can also be displayed as a","title":"Boolean function"},{"docid":"28238510","text":"Maryland Route 710 (MD 710) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ordnance Road, the state highway runs from MD 2 in Glen Burnie east to MD 173 in Brooklyn Park at the city limits of Baltimore. MD 710 provides access to the Defense Logistics Agency Curtis Bay Depot, a unit of the General Services Administration. The state highway is named for the federal site's prior use as a U.S. Army Depot. MD 710 was constructed in the early 1940s and relocated for most of its length concurrent with the construction of MD 10 in the early 1970s. Route description MD 710 begins at an intersection with MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway) surrounded by four shopping centers in Glen Burnie. The roadway continues west as county-maintained West Ordnance Road. MD 710 heads east as a four-lane divided highway and meets MD 10 (Arundel Expressway) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. Beyond MD 10, the state highway curves to the northeast, crosses a branch of Furnace Creek, and reduces to a two-lane undivided road. MD 710 passes the Anne Arundel County Correctional Center, a U.S. Army Reserve Center, and the Defense Logistics Agency Curtis Bay Depot. The state highway curves east and has a grade crossing of CSX's Curtis Bay Branch underneath Interstate 695 (I-695, Baltimore Beltway). MD 710's eastern terminus is at an intersection with MD 173 (Pennington Avenue/Hawkins Point Road) in Brooklyn Park at the city limits of Baltimore. History MD 710 was constructed as a concrete road in 1942 to connect the Curtis Bay Ordnance Depot with MD 173 and MD 2. The highway originally followed what is now MD 711 east from MD 2. Beyond MD 711, the highway headed east through the site of MD 10's interchange with I-695 to what is now the U.S. Army Reserve Center, then followed its present alignment to MD 173. MD 710 was relocated to its present course, including the divided highway segment, in 1972 in conjunction with the construction of MD 10. Junction list See also References External links MDRoads: MD 710 MD 710 at AARoads.com 710 Maryland Route 710","title":"Maryland Route 710"},{"docid":"623409","text":"David Adam Javerbaum (born 1971) is an American comedy writer and lyricist. Javerbaum has won 13 Emmy Awards in his career, 11 of them for his work on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. He runs the popular Twitter account @TheTweetOfGod, which at its peak had 6.2 million followers. The account was the basis for his play An Act of God, which opened on Broadway in the spring of 2015 starring Jim Parsons, and again in the spring of 2016 starring Sean Hayes. The play has gone on to receive over 100 productions in 20 countries and 11 languages. Work Javerbaum was hired as a staff writer with The Daily Show with Jon Stewart in 1999. He was promoted to head writer in 2002 and became an executive producer at the end of 2006. His work for the program won 11 Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, three Peabody Awards and Television Critics Association Awards for both Best Comedy and Best News Show. He was also one of the three principal authors of the show's textbook parody America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, which sold 2.6 million copies and won the 2005 Thurber Prize for American Humor. He became a consulting producer at the start of 2009 and spearheaded the writing of the book's 2010 sequel, Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race; his co-production of the audiobook earned the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Spoken-Word Album. He left the show in 2010. In 2013 he was hired by Fusion to create and executive-produce two news-parody shows, No, You Shut Up! and Good Morning Today, in conjunction with The Henson Company. In 2015 he worked as a producer for The Late Late Show with James Corden on CBS. In 2016 Javerbaum co-created the Netflix sitcom Disjointed with Chuck Lorre. He was also a consulting producer and one of three writers on Lorre's 2018 Netflix show The Kominsky Method. As of 2020 he is co-Executive Producer of the upcoming revival of Beavis and Butt-Head for Comedy Central. Javerbaum's other work includes serving as head writer and supervising producer for both Comedy Central's first-ever Comedy Awards and The Secret Policeman's Ball 2012, writing and producing the original musical-comedy pilot Browsers for Amazon in 2013, and writing three episodes for the 2011 relaunch of Beavis and Butt-Head. He wrote for the Late Show with David Letterman from 1998 to 1999. Books In addition to co-writing the two Daily Show books he is the sole author of three: the 2009 pregnancy satire What to Expect When You're Expected: A Fetus's Guide to the First Three Trimesters; 2011's The Last Testament: A Memoir by God, in conjunction with which he created @TheTweetOfGod; and, also as \"God\", The Book of Pslams: 97 Divine Diatribes on Humanity's Total Failure, which was published in April 2022 by Simon & Schuster. He also co-authored Neil Patrick Harris's 2014 memoir, The Choose Your Own Autobiography of Neil Patrick Harris. Javerbaum graduated from Harvard University. While","title":"David Javerbaum"},{"docid":"2607176","text":"Howard Harris (February 15, 1912 – March 22, 1986) was a comedy writer whose credits included Copacabana (1947) starring Groucho Marx and Carmen Miranda (), The Jackie Gleason Show, You Bet Your Life with Groucho Marx, Gilligan's Island, Petticoat Junction, and other popular television shows. Howard Harris was born in New York City, and attended Fordham University School of Law for two years which, according to his family, he hated. The summer before his third and final year he got a job writing humorous anecdotes about celebrities for a trade publication. After that experience he dropped out of law school and started writing comedy for radio for Joe Penner and Fred Allen, among others, according to one account from his family. Before the Second World War, Harris moved to Hollywood where he was considered one of the hottest comedy writers around, according to his wife Marion Harris Linden. In 1943 he was a screenwriter for Higher and Higher starring Frank Sinatra (see ). In 1947 he was a co-writer for Alfred E. Green's Copacabana. Also in 1947 Harris wrote the story for a comedy called Linda Be Good, according to the Internet Movie Database (). IMDb also reports that Harris was a writer for The Noose Hangs High (), which starred Abbott and Costello. Harris migrated to television and back to New York where he became a comedy writer in 1952 for The Jackie Gleason Show in which he helped to write a segment which featured Gleason as a loud-mouthed, Brooklyn bus driver known as Ralph Kramden. That segment later became the seed for the comedy series, The Honeymooners. In 1953 Harris wrote or co-wrote 14 episodes of \"The Honeymooners\" skits that aired within \"The Jackie Gleason Show.\" While in New York City in 1953, Harris appeared as a guest on What's My Line?, hosted by John Charles Daly and produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman. The celebrity panel failed to identify Harris as \"Jackie Gleason's Gag Writer.\" That episode is available for viewing at The Museum of Television & Radio () in New York City. Harris returned to Hollywood where he wrote a pilot episode for a half-hour show called Bozo the Clown, starring William Bendix (that episode also can be viewed at The Museum of Television & Radio ). In the early 1950s, Harris joined Groucho Marx again as a writer for the archetypal comedy game show, You Bet Your Life, produced by John Guedel. Harris, who joined the show in its second or third year, continued to write gags for Groucho for more than five years. Later in the mid-1960s Harris wrote for Gilligan's Island and Petticoat Junction. During his later years Harris continued to write gags but had trouble selling his work as younger comedy writers got television work, leaving older writers like Harris behind. On October 8, 1939, Harris married his first wife, Jeanne Nan Gidding, in New York. Their two children were Stephen Gidding Harris and Amy Lynn Harris. Amy Lynn Harris died","title":"Howard Harris (writer)"},{"docid":"531064","text":"Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. This process can occur either through direct contact between cell surfaces such as cell junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix, a gel-like structure containing molecules released by cells into spaces between them. Cells adhesion occurs from the interactions between cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), transmembrane proteins located on the cell surface. Cell adhesion links cells in different ways and can be involved in signal transduction for cells to detect and respond to changes in the surroundings. Other cellular processes regulated by cell adhesion include cell migration and tissue development in multicellular organisms. Alterations in cell adhesion can disrupt important cellular processes and lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer and arthritis. Cell adhesion is also essential for infectious organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, to cause diseases. General mechanism CAMs are classified into four major families: integrins, immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, cadherins, and selectins. Cadherins and IgSF are homophilic CAMs, as they directly bind to the same type of CAMs on another cell, while integrins and selectins are heterophilic CAMs that bind to different types of CAMs. Each of these adhesion molecules has a different function and recognizes different ligands. Defects in cell adhesion are usually attributable to defects in expression of CAMs. In multicellular organisms, bindings between CAMs allow cells to adhere to one another and creates structures called cell junctions. According to their functions, the cell junctions can be classified as: Anchoring junctions (adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes), which maintain cells together and strengthens contact between cells. Occluding junctions (tight junctions), which seal gaps between cells through cell–cell contact, making an impermeable barrier for diffusion Channel-forming junctions (gap junctions), which links cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing transport of molecules to occur between cells Signal-relaying junctions, which can be synapses in the nervous system Alternatively, cell junctions can be categorised into two main types according to what interacts with the cell: cell–cell junctions, mainly mediated by cadherins, and cell–matrix junctions, mainly mediated by integrins. Cell–cell junctions Cell–cell junctions can occur in different forms. In anchoring junctions between cells such as adherens junctions and desmosomes, the main CAMs present are the cadherins. This family of CAMs are membrane proteins that mediate cell–cell adhesion through its extracellular domains and require extracellular Ca2+ ions to function correctly. Cadherins forms homophilic attachment between themselves, which results in cells of a similar type sticking together and can lead to selective cell adhesion, allowing vertebrate cells to assemble into organised tissues. Cadherins are essential for cell–cell adhesion and cell signalling in multicellular animals and can be separated into two types: classical cadherins and non-classical cadherins. Adherens junctions Adherens junctions mainly function to maintain the shape of tissues and to hold cells together. In adherens junctions, cadherins between neighbouring cells interact through their extracellular domains, which share a conserved calcium-sensitive region in their extracellular domains. When this region comes into contact with","title":"Cell adhesion"},{"docid":"49936877","text":"Paranormality: Why we see what isn't there is a 2011 book about the paranormal by psychologist and magician Richard Wiseman. Wiseman argues that paranormal phenomena such as psychics, telepathy, ghosts, out-of-body experiences, prophesy and more do not exist, and explores why people continue to believe, and what that tells us about human behavior and the way the brain functions. Wiseman uses QR codes throughout the book, which link to YouTube videos as examples and as experiments the reader can participate in to further explain the phenomena. Because of a cautious American publishing market, it was only available in America through Kindle. Paranormality was awarded the Center for Inquiry's Robert P. Balles award for 2011. Contents Interviewed by Swoopy for the Skepticality podcast, Wiseman stated the book has a high impact on readers because it is interactive. Surveying paranormal books before writing Paranormality, Wiseman asked himself what about these books engages the readers. \"It's all about you, it's about your brain, it's about your behavior, it's about your beliefs\". ... \"getting people involved and finding out yourself\". One reason the title of the book does not instantly reveal if it is supportive or skeptical of the paranormal is that they wanted it to appeal to people interested in the paranormal. The goal was to be clear that believers are not stupid, that anyone can fall for this kind of stuff, and \"Hey here are some fun things you can try\". Wiseman felt there was no single volume of work that could be handed to someone who wanted to learn about skepticism so he wrote Paranormality. Interviewer Kylie Sturgess asked Wiseman if the book was something he had been meaning to write for some time, as there is \"so much in it\". Wiseman replied that it was something that he pitched over fifteen years prior but he could not find \"the right angle on it\". Finally, he decided that he could write it in a way that it was not a debunking book. He told Sturgess that researching the paranormal tells us a lot about the brain and how we can be deceived. For example, he talks about people who claim they are being attacked by a ghost or an entity when they are starting to wake up; this information tells us a lot about sleep. Suggestibility, he says, also plays an important role when studying the paranormal. The book has many tests the reader can take to discover how suggestible they are. The \"underlying theme of the book\" is how easily people are fooled when they don't have \"the scientific method at your fingertips.\" Wiseman says that the chapter in the book where he explains psychic tricks is the most controversial; psychics \"don’t want people to know that stuff.\" He stresses that it \"would be a huge shift\" if people contacted consumer affairs organizations asking for the evidence of these paranormal claims. Reception Astronomer and friend of Wiseman, Phil Plait reviewed the book on his Discover Magazine blog, and encouraged anyone","title":"Paranormality (book)"},{"docid":"7364669","text":"Innexins are transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions in invertebrates. Gap junctions are composed of membrane proteins that form a channel permeable to ions and small molecules connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Although gap junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, it was not known what proteins invertebrates used for this purpose until the late 1990s. While the connexin family of gap junction proteins was well-characterized in vertebrates, no homologues were found in non-chordates. Innexins or related proteins are widespread among Eumetazoa, with the exception of echinoderms. Discovery Gap junction proteins with no sequence homology to connexins were initially identified in fruit flies. It was suggested that these proteins are specific invertebrate gap junctions, and they were thus named \"innexins\" (invertebrate analog of connexins). They were later identified in diverse invertebrates. Invertebrate genomes may contain more than a dozen innexin genes. Once the human genome was sequenced, innexin homologues were identified in humans and then in other vertebrates, indicating their ubiquitous distribution in the animal kingdom. These homologues were called \"pannexins\" (from the Greek pan - all, throughout, and Latin nexus - connection, bond). However, increasing evidence suggests that pannexins do not form gap junctions unless overexpressed in tissue and thus, differ functionally from innexins. Structure Innexins have four transmembrane segments (TMSs) and, like the vertebrate connexin gap junction protein, innexin subunits together form a channel (an \"innexon\") in the plasma membrane of the cell. Two innexons in apposed plasma membranes can form a gap junction. Innexons are made from eight subunits, instead of the six subunits of connexons. Structurally, innexins and connexins are very similar, consisting of 4 transmembrane domains, 2 extracellular and 1 intracellular loop, along with intracellular N- and C-terminal tails. Despite this shared topology, the protein families do not share enough sequence similarity to confidently infer common ancestry. Pannexins are similar to innexins and are usually considered a sub-group, but they do not participate in the formation of gap junctions and the channels have seven subunits. Vinnexins, viral homologues of innexins, were identified in polydnaviruses that occur in obligate symbiotic associations with parasitoid wasps. It was suggested that vinnexins may function to alter gap junction proteins in infected host cells, possibly modifying cell-cell communication during encapsulation responses in parasitized insects. Function Innexins form gap junctions found in invertebrates. They also form non-junctional membrane channels with properties similar to those of pannexons. N-terminal- elongated innexins can act as a plug to manipulate hemichannel closure and provide a mechanism connecting the effect of hemichannel closure directly to apoptotic signal transduction from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. The vertebrate homolog pannexin do not form gap junctions. They only form the hemichannel \"pannexons\". These hemichannels can be present in plasma, ER and Golgi membranes. They transport Ca2+, ATP, inositol triphosphate and other small molecules and can form hemichannels with greater ease than connexin subunits. Transport reaction The transport reactions catalyzed by innexin gap junctions is: Small molecules (cell 1 cytoplasm) ⇌ small molecules (cell 2 cytoplasm) Or","title":"Innexin"},{"docid":"34651629","text":"LittleBigPlanet Karting is a kart racing video game developed by United Front Games and San Diego Studio, in conjunction with series creators Media Molecule for the PlayStation 3. It is the fifth game of the LittleBigPlanet franchise, and the third LittleBigPlanet game to be released on the console. The game was published by Sony Computer Entertainment and was released in November 2012. Gameplay LittleBigPlanet Karting is a racing game in which the players race against each other in a go-kart across a variety of themed tracks, with the primary purpose to come in first place. Throughout the course of the race, players can pick up weapons that have special abilities such as projectiles, heat-seeking projectiles, EMPs, and grenades. The player can use these weapons to attack and slow down competitors. Weapons can be fired both forwards and backwards and can even cancel out seeker missiles when fired in reverse. Players can also pick up boost items such as Autopilot and Fast Forward. Karting includes LittleBigPlanet 2'''s grappling hook mechanic during races. Players are required to grapple across large expanses, climbing through the environment to progress and occasionally even finding elevated shortcuts. Players have the ability to reach out and slap somebody, stunning racers who get too close.Karting has an emphasis on modes unlike traditional circuit racing, like Battle Mode, Waypoint Races, Treasure Hunts, Score Attacks and more. The Battle Mode, an eight player arena battle, whereby players fight it out in an arena style vehicular combat match, is where players can pick up weapons like seeker missiles in the arena and use them to hit other players and earn points. As with most other games in the LittleBigPlanet series, user-generated content plays a pivotal role in the game's gameplay style using the series' \"Play, Create, Share\" motto. Users can customize their Sackboy as well as their karts and create their own tracks, which may extend to having genres other than just racing. The track editor allows users to adjust and create their own game rules, weapons, and tracks, and subsequently share them online through the PlayStation Network for other users to download and play. If the default AI is bothersome, users are able to tweak that as well. All tracks and modes have asynchronous multiplayer, even those tracks made by users. Create modeLittleBigPlanet Karting features a level editor, similar to the ModNation Racers editor. LittleBigPlanet Karting's create mode uses the same concept of LittleBigPlanet, featuring a menu similar to LittleBigPlanet's popit menu to access objects and materials, plus other tools. It also features Play, Rewind, and Undo options to test your creations, undo an unwanted action, or redo something that you accidentally undid. You can choose \"Create Track and Arena\" from your popit menu to create an arena or track, and also specify what texture(s) you want the track to be made out of. Terrain allows you to create lakes, ditches, and landforms in complex shapes, plus change the terrain material. The Tools Bag contains themes, sound effects, music, and","title":"LittleBigPlanet Karting"},{"docid":"35302109","text":"The Rescue is the first studio album by contemporary Christian-rock musician Adam Cappa, released on March 13, 2012 by BEC. Critical reception CCM Magazine'''s Matt Conner said \"there's a tenderness and authenticity that accompanies Adam Cappa's label debut that prevents the adult contemporary pop sound from becoming too familiar. The sounds on The Rescue are nothing new but Cappa's heart for his maker and his message are impossible to resist.\" Christian Music Zine's Joshua Andre wrote the album \"it’s hard for new artists to release a debut album with ticks in all the right boxes; however Adam Cappa in my opinion is a lyricist and a singer for the ages. From the strengths of his debut, I am sure he will go far in the Christian music industry, and I’ll be eagerly anticipating his subsequent albums! Adam, your album is a gem. Well done Jeremy and Andy as well. ‘The Rescue’ is one to savour again and again!\" The \"favourite tracks\" according to Andre are the following: \"The Rescue\", \"All I Really Want\", \"Washed Over Me\", \"The Only One\", \"Only a Glimpse\". Cross Rhythms' Tony Cummings said \"these aren't simply songs that will sound great on the radio, they'll touch hearts.\" Indie Vision Music's Jonathan Andre said \"ss I listen to this collection of 10 emotive songs, I am convinced that Jesus is the answer. This is an album of clichés and other out-of-left-field moments, and will be an album to savour for the months and years to come.\" Jesus Freak Hideout's Alex \"Tincan\" Caldwell wrote about this effort that it is \"like the fresh-faced contestants on American Idol, who may sincerely sing pop songs sanded smooth for mass consumption, you can't help but root for Cappa to succeed.\" Louder Than The Music's Jono Davies said \"what else can I say apart from this album has ten good pop rock songs, sung by a great vocalist. It's a strong album that is well worth checking out. Don't just take my word for it, have a listen to a few of the stand out tracks and see what you think.\" Davies wrote that the standout tracks are \"All I Really Want\", \"Sail Away\", and \"Washed Over Me\". New Release Tuesday's Kevin Davis said the album \"bears comparison to Cappa’s mentor with its biblically insightful themes and emotionally stirring arrangements. It also brings to mind Passion worship leaders Matt Redman, Kristian Stanfill and Chris Tomlin through subtle European production values and a crystalline singing voice that engages both pop and praise listeners alike.\"Worship Leader'''s Jason Whitehorn wrote that there is \"not a single skippable track on the entire album.\" Whitehorn noted the \"standout gems such as 'The Rescue' and 'Only a Glimpse' that could be easily implemented into your modern worship service and songs like “How Worthy” that are perfect for congregational standards.\" Track listing Charts Album Singles References External links allmusic page 2012 albums BEC Recordings albums","title":"The Rescue (Adam Cappa album)"},{"docid":"25673787","text":"Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming () is a 2009 book by Peter Seibel comprising interviews with 15 highly accomplished programmers. The primary topics in these interviews include how the interviewees learned programming, how they debug code, their favorite languages and tools, their opinions on literate programming, proofs, code reading and so on. Interviewees Jamie Zawinski Brad Fitzpatrick For studying Perl he recommends Higher-Order Perl by Mark Jason Dominus. Douglas Crockford Brendan Eich Joshua Bloch Joe Armstrong Simon Peyton Jones Mentions David Turner's paper on S-K combinators (cf. SKI combinator calculus). The S-K combinators are a way of translating and then executing the lambda calculus. Turner showed in his paper how to translate lambda calculus into the three combinators S, K and I which are all just closed lambda terms and I = SKK. So in effect you take a lambda term and compile to just Ss and Ks. Recalls his first instance of learning functional programming when taking a course by Arthur Norman who showed how to build doubly linked lists without any side effects at all. Mentions the paper \"Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style\" by John Backus. Wants John Hughes to write a paper for the Journal of Functional Programming on why static typing is bad. Hughes has written a popular paper titled \"Why Functional Programming Matters\". Mentions a data structure called \"zipper\" that is a very useful functional data structure. Peyton Jones also mentions the 4-5 line program that Hughes wrote to calculate an arbitrary number of digits of e lazily. Mentions that the sequential implementation of a double-ended queue is a first year undergraduate programming problem. For a concurrent implementation with a lock per node, it's a research paper problem. With transactional memory, it's an undergraduate problem again. Favorite books/authors: Programming Pearls by Jon Bentley, a chapter titled \"Writing Programs for 'The Book'\" by Brian Hayes from the book Beautiful Code where he explores the problem of determining which side of the line a given point is, Art of Computer Programming by Don Knuth, Purely Functional Data Structures by Chris Okasaki exploring how to build data structures like queues and heaps without side effects and reasonable complexity bounds, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs by Abelson and Sussman, Compiling with Continuations by Andrew Appel, A Discipline of Programming by Dijkstra, Per Brinch Hansen's book about writing concurrent operating systems. Peyton Jones mentions Fred Brook's paper that he reread and liked \"The Computer Scientist as Toolsmith\". Peter Norvig In 1972/73 when Norvig was still in high school, he found the Knuth algorithm for shuffling cards. The first interesting program that Norvig wrote was Game of Life. Wrote an essay called \"Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years\". On practical applications of academic concepts, he mentions that part of the problem is that academics do not see the whole problem and another part is education. If you have a bunch of programmers who don't understand what a monad is and haven't taken","title":"Coders at Work"},{"docid":"19398961","text":"\"Live Your Life\" is a song by American rapper T.I., featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna, from T.I.'s sixth studio album, Paper Trail (2008). It was released as the seventh single from the album on September 8, 2008. The song's lyrics speak of T.I.'s rise to fame and optimism of the future. It also gives dedication to the American troops fighting in Iraq. The song both samples and interpolates the 2003 song \"Dragostea Din Tei\" by O-Zone. \"Live Your Life\" was a commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100, marking T.I.'s third number-one single, and Rihanna's fifth. The song also attained top ten placements in twelve other countries, reaching the top five in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, \"Live Your Life\" topped the US Mainstream Top 40 and Rap Songs charts and reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was T.I.'s highest charting and most successful single worldwide until \"Blurred Lines\" in 2013. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, depicts a story of T.I.'s rise to fame in a narrated form, featuring Rihanna performing in a dressing room and bar. The duo performed \"Live Your Life\" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. The song is featured in the 2009 film The Hangover as well as the trailer, and in the 2021 film The Mitchells vs. the Machines. Background and release \"Live Your Life\" includes a sample of the chorus of the O-Zone song \"Dragostea Din Tei\" at its beginning and ending, as well as an interpolation of the chorus, with English-language lyrics sung by Rihanna, at the beginning. The song was produced by Just Blaze and Makeba Riddick, and was written by T.I., Just Blaze (credited as Justin Smith) and Riddick. Moldovan singer-songwriter Dan Bălan, who wrote \"Dragostea Din Tei\", is also credited as a writer. Of Rihanna's involvement, T.I. later stated, \"It was a back and forth studio thing with Rihanna. I picked her. I was just able to 'hear' her voice on this record. I could hear her, so I reached out and she said, 'Yes,' thankfully.\" The first unfinished version of \"Live Your Life\" leaked onto the Internet on August 26, 2008. The official album version additionally contains Rihanna's own verse, and T.I.'s spoken-word introduction, in which he states, \"Ay... This a special what's happenin' to all my, all my soldiers over there in Iraq. Errbody right here, what you need to do is be thankful for the life you got you know what I'm sayin'? Stop lookin' at what you ain't got, start and be thankful for what you do got. Let's give it to 'em baby girl\". The radio edit lasts for a duration of 4:01, while the album version is 5:39 long, including extended verses from Rihanna. \"Live Your Life\" was released in the United States on September 23, 2008. A worldwide release of the song followed on September 26 as a digital download via","title":"Live Your Life (T.I. song)"},{"docid":"2891157","text":"Rob Schnapf is an American record producer and musician. He was the co-producer (along with Tom Rothrock) of Elliott Smith's albums Either/Or, XO (on which he also played guitar on the song \"Baby Britain\"), Figure 8 and From a Basement on the Hill, for which he was recruited by Smith's family to complete after Smith's death. Schnapf runs the Mant Sounds studio. Background Schnapf, along with Rothrock and partner Bradshaw Lambert, started Bong Load Custom Records in the early 1990s which is notable for releasing Beck's \"Loser\" single. Schnapf first heard Beck as he was playing on the street during the annual Sunset Junction Fair. A week later Rothrock saw Beck jump onstage to play in between bands during a show at Jabberjaw and approached him afterwards about recording his songs. Together Rothrock, Schnapf, Beck and Karl Stephenson recorded the bulk of what would become \"Loser\", and subsequently Mellow Gold, Beck's first major label album. Rothrock and Schnapf would continue to record with Beck working on material for what was intended to be his follow-up to Mellow Gold, a somber acoustic affair meant to silence detractors that claimed he was a one hit wonder joke act. Beck eventually had a change of heart and went on to record Odelay with The Dust Brothers only using one song from the Rothrock/Schnapf sessions, \"Ramshackle\", as the album closer. Rob and Tom produced the 1993 Dog Society album entitled Test Your Own Eyes. Schnapf later produced Guided By Voices' second of two TVT Records releases; Isolation Drills in 2001 and The Vines debut album Highly Evolved in 2002. In 2003, he produced Saves The Day's album, In Reverie. Also, in 2005, he produced Nine Black Alps' debut album Everything Is. Schnapf has also worked in conjunction with Australian band Powderfinger in the production of their sixth studio album Dream Days at the Hotel Existence. Schnapf produced Brooklyn based artist Kevin Devine's major label debut Put Your Ghost to Rest. Following the success of the partnership Schnapf was also recruited to produce Devine's \"Another Bag of Bones\" a single released prior to Devine's follow up album. This was followed by work with The Whigs on their debut Mission Control for ATO Records. Schnapf worked with Australian rock band Kisschasy on their third studio album, Seizures and Wild Light's debut for Startime International Records. Schnapf then worked with Booker T. Jones on his Grammy winning Potato Hole album featuring the Drive By Truckers and Neil Young. He also worked with Dr. Dog and Toadies 2010 release of Feeler. Schnapf produced Canadian indie-rock band Tokyo Police Club's 2010 second album Champ. Schnapf is also credited with the creation of the tambourine back beat, and the 3 against 2 vibraslap. He is currently in development of a 1-hour crime drama called the Pope and The Monkey. Production discography 1993: Test Your Own Eyes – Dog Society (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock) 1994: Mellow Gold – Beck (co-producer) 1995: Daredevil – Fu Manchu (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock and Fu","title":"Rob Schnapf"},{"docid":"5141594","text":"New York State Route 134 (NY 134) is a state highway in the western part of Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It begins at an intersection with NY 133 in the village of Ossining and heads northeast to the hamlet of Kitchawan, located adjacent to the New Croton Reservoir in the town of Yorktown. From here, the route turns southeast to reach its east end at a junction with NY 100. The highway passes the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, one of the main research headquarters for IBM, just east of an interchange with the Taconic State Parkway. Taken over by the state of New York between 1908 and 1926, NY 134 was assigned to its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. In 1960, in conjunction with construction of the Watson Research Center, an interchange was added to NY 134 for the Taconic. Route description NY 134 begins at an intersection with NY 133 (Croton Avenue) in the village of Ossining, just east of the latter's west end at U.S. Route 9 (North Highland Avenue). The route proceeds northeast as the two-lane Dale Avenue, passing through a residential section of the village and passing Dale Cemetery. Just past the cemetery, the highway changes names to Hawkes Avenue as it leaves the village for other parts of the town of Ossining. The route continues generally northeastward past homes to the vicinity of NY 9A (the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway), where NY 134 forks from Hawkes Avenue and begins to parallel NY 9A on Kitchawan State Road, a short connector to nearby Croton Dam Road. Upon intersecting Croton Dam Road, NY 134 turns northward and immediately intersects NY 9A at an at-grade intersection. Past NY 9A, NY 134 heads northeast across the northern fringe of Ossining, climbing uphill as it passes Purdy Pond and crossing into the town of New Castle. Here, the homes gradually diminish in number, with dense woods taking their place. This trend continues into the adjacent town of Yorktown, where NY 134 becomes Kitchawan Road. About from the town line, the highway entering an interchange with the Taconic State Parkway. For a short distance after the interchange, NY 134 becomes four lanes as the road serves IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. It narrows to two lanes past the facility, from where the highway takes a slightly more easterly track across Yorktown to reach the Kitchawan Preserve on the southern edge of the New Croton Reservoir. At this point, the road makes a turn to the southeast to enter the small hamlet of Kitchawan, located at NY 134's junction with Pines Bridge Road (unsigned County Route 1323 or CR 1323). Pines Bridge Road was once NY 135, and its junction with NY 134 in Kitchawan was NY 135's eastern terminus. From Pines Bridge Road, NY 134 bends southward to run alongside a reservoir inlet connecting to Cornell Brook. After about , the route makes a final turn to the","title":"New York State Route 134"},{"docid":"49152564","text":"Yeah Yeah Yeah is a compilation of garage rock recording from the 1960s issued by Arf! Arf! Records, and is available exclusively on compact disc. In keeping with the sub-heading that reads \"28 Mega-Manic & Elusive '60s Garage Punkers\", the set features mainly upbeat and hard-rocking examples of the genre, whereas Arf! Arf!'s previously released companion piece No No No, focuses instead on moody ballads and downcast songs of lament. In customary fashion, the rear sleeve includes a brash description of the contents contained within: Though large scale success eluded these prophetic '60s combos, consider them the foot soldiers in the Holy War against the establishment. No shit Sherlockthis is the real thing: raw, crude, brutally honest and never to be forgotten. Also included in the packaging is statement much in the same vein that reads \"Warning: this product may be addictive and lead to mental deterioration.\" As is usually the case with Arf! Arf!, the mastering and sound quality is high. Though the set has no liner notes, but it in the inner sleeve it displays a layout of photographs of the original record labels from the original 45s. The front cover features a picture of the Nightrockers who sing \"Junction No. 1\", which is included in this compilation. The set commences with \"I Know How\" by the Maniacs, followed by the psychedelic \"Down\" by the Rockin' Roadruners, which begins with cryptic space-like effects, then transitions into upbeat rock and roll, including a \"Paperback Writer\"-inspired melody and a bee-sting guitar solo. The Little Bits from Jennings, Louisiana are featured on \"Girl, Give Me Love\".\" The Barons from Orlando supply just enough fuzz to help drive the steam-driven pulse of \"Drawbridge. The Hallucinations play the most melodic cut on the set with \"You Say You Love Me.\" Using the motif of UFO's, Alabama's the K-pers use the motif of UFOs to lampoon the cold war in \"the Red Invaders,\" which is followed by a similar flying saucer \"caper\" done by Young Savages, \"The Invaders are Coming\"—but in this song the aliens are humans out to steal the first person-narrator's girlfriend. The Rocks perform \"Because We're Young, a slow blues protest against the older generation. \"Your Driving Me Insane\" features one of Lou Reed's earlier pre-Velevets' outings in the Roughnecks. The Friars of Youth appear in two cuts, beginning with 1965's \"All You Wanted was a Stand By\", followed by a frantic anthem about a go dancer, \"a Playboy picture from the pinup page\", \"Sparrley Manurpuss\". The set closes with the Batman riff of \"Comin' Down\" by the Boy Blues. Track listing The Maniacs: \"Now I Know\" (Gerry Grossman) The Rockin' Roadrunners: \"Down\" Little Bits: \"Girl Give Me Love\" The Contemporaries: \"Fool for Temptation\" (Doug Allen) Barons: \"Drawbridge\" Zone V: \"I Cannot Lie\" Colony: \"Pseudo Psycho Intuition\" The Shoremen \"She's Bad\" The Shades: \"With My Love\" The Mod IV: \"What Can I Do\" The Barracudas: \"It's High Time\" The Nightrockers: \"Junction No. 1\" The Id: \"Stop and Look\" The Hallucinations: \"You","title":"Yeah Yeah Yeah (compilation)"},{"docid":"30651523","text":"In linguistics, functional morphemes, also sometimes referred to as functors, are building blocks for language acquisition. A functional morpheme (as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning. Functional morpheme are generally considered a closed class, which means that new functional morphemes cannot normally be created. Functional morphemes can be bound, such as verbal inflectional morphology (e.g., progressive -ing, past tense -ed), or nominal inflectional morphology (e.g., plural -s), or free, such as conjunctions (e.g., and, or), prepositions (e.g., of, by, for, on), articles (e.g., a, the), and pronouns (e.g., she, him, it, you, mine). In English, functional morphemes typically consist of consonants that receive low stress such as /s,z,w,ð/. These phonemes are seen in conjunction with short vowels, usually schwa /ə/. Gerken (1994) points out that functional morphemes are indicators of phrases. So, if the word the appears, a noun phrase would be expected to follow. The same occurs with verb phrases and adjective phrases and their corresponding word endings. Functional morphemes tend to occur at the beginning or end of each phrase in a sentence. The previous example of beginning a noun phrase with the indicates a functional morpheme, as does ending a verb phrase with -ed. Early Language acquisition Children begin to use functional morphemes in their speech as early as two years old. Functional morphemes encode grammatical meaning within words, but children don't outwardly show their understanding of this. Recently, linguistics have begun to discover that children do recognize functional morphemes when it was previously thought otherwise. LouAnn Gerken at the University of Arizona has done extensive research on language development in children. She argues that even though children may not actually produce functional morphemes in speech, they do appear to understand their use within sentences. In English In order to determine if a child does indeed recognize functional morphemes, Gerken conducted an experiment. This experiment was conducted in English and focused on words that were not said, rather than words that were said. She came up with sentences in which weak syllables were used, as well as nonsense (or nonce) words. Variations of the verb pushes was used and then altered to make nonce words like bazes, pusho, and bazo. The second variation used was the noun phrase the dog which was changed to na dep, or some combination of the correct and incorrect words. Through this experiment, Gerken discovered that children tended to not say English function morphemes more than the nonsense words. This is because the actual functional morphemes contained less stress than the nonsense words. Due to the nonsense words containing more stress, children were able to say them more often even though they were not real words in English. One reason why this happens is because functors show an increase in the complexity of sentence structures. So, rather than saying the complex sentences with weakly stressed English words, children tend to say the nonsense sentences more frequently","title":"Functional morpheme"},{"docid":"1046770","text":"Asyndeton (, ; from the , \"unconnected\", sometimes called asyndetism) is a literary scheme in which one or several conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses. Examples include veni, vidi, vici and its English translation \"I came, I saw, I conquered\". Its use can have the effect of speeding up the rhythm of a passage and making a single idea more memorable. Asyndeton may be contrasted with syndeton (syndetic coordination) and polysyndeton, which describe the use of one or multiple coordinating conjunctions, respectively. More generally, in grammar, an asyndetic coordination is a type of coordination in which no coordinating conjunction is present between the conjuncts. Quickly, resolutely, he strode into the bank. No coordinator is present here, but the conjoins are still coordinated. Asyndetic coordination is the omission of conjunctions between words or phrases that would typically be connected by conjunctions such as \"and\" or \"or.\" In this sentence, there are no coordinating conjunctions that are omitted. \"Quickly\" and \"resolutely\" are simply two adverbs modifying the verb \"strode,\" but they are not being coordinated with each other. Therefore, there is no asyndetic coordination in this sentence. Examples Omission of conjunction \"and\" Aristotle wrote in his Rhetoric that this device was more effective in spoken oratory than in written prose: \"Thus strings of unconnected words, and constant repetitions of words and phrases, are very properly condemned in written speeches: but not in spoken speeches — speakers use them freely, for they have a dramatic effect. In this repetition there must be variety of tone, paving the way, as it were, to dramatic effect; e.g., 'This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely'\". Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III, Chapter 12 (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). Aristotle also believed that asyndeton can be used effectively in endings of works, and he himself employs the device in the final passage of the Rhetoric: \"For the conclusion, the disconnected style of language is appropriate, and will mark the difference between the oration and the peroration. 'I have done. You have heard me. The facts are before you. I ask for your judgement'\". Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III, Chapter 19 (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). Several notable examples can be found in American political speeches: \"...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth\". Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address \"...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.\" John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961. Another frequently used example is Winston Churchill's address, \"We shall fight on the beaches\": \"We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight","title":"Asyndeton"},{"docid":"19402494","text":"\"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\" is a Christmas song that originated with a poem by Emily Huntington Miller (1833–1913), published as \"Lilly's Secret\" in The Little Corporal Magazine in December 1865. The song's lyrics have also been attributed to Benjamin Hanby, who wrote a similar song in the 1860s, Up on the Housetop. However, the lyrics now in common use closely resemble Miller's 1865 poem. Some people have also attributed the lyrics to John Piersol McCaskeya song editor and publisher, among other things, at the time. His great-great grandson said McCaskey wrote the song in 1867, and that the \"Johnny\" mentioned in the song who wants a pair of skates was McCaskey's late son, John, who died as a child. However, there is no known evidence for this. McCaskey's own published 1881 book, Franklin Square Song Collection No. 1, a book in which proper attribution is given to songs' lyricists and composers, does not list himself as having had anything to do with the song. The music is generally believed to have been written by James R. Murray. The first publication of the music was in 1874 in School Chimes, A New School Music Book by S. Brainard's Sons, and attributes the music to him. The 1881 publication by McCaskey gives attribution to the S. Brainard's Sons publication, which would mean Murray. Notable recordings include those by Ray Smith in 1949, Chet Atkins in 1961, Eddy Arnold in 1962, Alvin and the Chipmunks in 1963, Andy Williams in 1995, Anne Murray in 2001, and Carole King in 2017. The Ray Smith 1949 version was revised and rearranged by, and had additional lyrics credited to, songwriter Vaughn Horton. This version was also used for a single release by the Ames Brothers in 1951 and by Wilf Carter for his 1965 Christmas in Canada album. Ray Conniff's version of the song, featured on his 1962 album We Wish You a Merry Christmas, helped propel the album to platinum status, one of two platinum albums in Conniff's career. Lyrics This is the original published song in 1881: Jolly old Saint Nicholas Lean your ear this way; Don't you tell a single soul What I'm going to say, Christmas Eve is coming soon; Now you dear old man, Whisper what you'll bring to me; Tell me if you can. When the clock is striking twelve, When I'm fast asleep, Down the chimney broad and black With your pack you'll creep; All the stockings you will find Hanging in a row; Mine will be the shortest one; You'll be sure to know. Johnny wants a pair of skates; Susy wants a dolly Nellie wants a story book, She thinks dolls are folly As for me, my little brain Isn't very bright; Choose for me, dear Santa Claus, What you think is right. In the Ray Conniff version as part of a medley with The Little Drummer Boy; the list of wishes is changed to \"Johnny wants a pair of skates, Susy wants a sled, Nellie wants","title":"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas"},{"docid":"179660","text":"In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Thus they form important elements in the structures of sentences. Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words, lexical words, or autosemantic words) and include nouns, most verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (like then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words but can describe only the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail but treat lexical words only in general terms. Since it was first proposed in 1952 by C. C. Fries, the distinguishing of function/structure words from content/lexical words has been highly influential in the grammar used in second-language acquisition and English-language teaching. Overview Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes. Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar because it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech. In the open class of words, i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, new words may be added readily, such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words. Each function word either: gives grammatical information about other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words; or gives information about the speaker's mental model as to what is being said. Grammatical words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language. For example, in some of the Khoisan languages, most content words begin with clicks, but very few function words do. In English, very few words other than function words begin with the voiced th . English function words may be spelled with fewer than three letters; e.g., 'I', 'an', 'in', while non-function words usually are spelled with three or more (e.g., 'eye', 'Ann', 'inn'). The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words with English examples. They are all uninflected in English unless marked otherwise: articles — the and a. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun. pronouns — he :: him, she :: her, etc. — inflected in English adpositions — in, under, towards, before, of, for, etc. conjunctions — and and but subordinating conjunctions — if, then, well, however, thus, etc. auxiliary verbs —","title":"Function word"},{"docid":"31203446","text":"Periannan Senapathy is a molecular biologist, geneticist, author and entrepreneur. He is the founder, president and chief scientific officer at Genome International Corporation, a biotechnology, bioinformatics, and information technology firm based in Madison, Wisconsin, which develops computational genomics applications of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) and clinical decision support systems for analyzing patient genome data that aids in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Dr. Senapathy is known for his contributions in genetics, genomics and clinical genomics, especially in the biology of RNA splicing and the split structure of eukaryotic genes. He developed the Shapiro & Senapathy algorithm (S&S) for predicting the splice sites, exons and genes of eukaryotes, which has become the primary methodology for discovering disease-causing mutations in splice junctions. The S&S has been implemented in many gene-finding and mutation detection tools that are used extensively in major clinical and research institutions around the world for uncovering mutations in thousands of patients with numerous diseases, including cancers and inherited disorders. It is increasingly used in the Next Generation Sequencing era, as it is widely realized that >50% of all diseases and adverse drug reactions in humans and other animals possibly occur within the splicing regions of genes. The S&S algorithm has been cited in ~4,000 publications on finding splicing mutations in thousands of cancer and inherited disorders. Dr. Senapathy offered a new hypothesis on the origin of introns, split genes and splice junctions in eukaryotic genes. As the split structure of genes is central to eukaryotic biology, their origin has been a major question in biology. Dr. Senapathy proposed the \"split gene theory,\" which states that the split structure arose due to the origin of split genes from random DNA sequences, and provided tangible evidence from genome sequences of several organisms. He also showed that the splice junctions of eukaryotic genes could have originated from the stop codon ends of the Open Reading Frames (ORFs) in random DNA sequences based on analysis of eukaryotic genomic DNA sequences. Dr. Marshall Nirenberg, the Nobel Laureate who had deciphered codons, communicated the papers to the PNAS. Senapathy has published his other scientific findings in journals including Science, Nucleic Acids Research, PNAS, Journal of Biological Chemistry, and Journal of Molecular Biology, and is the author of several patents in the genomics field. Biography Senapathy has a Ph.D. in molecular biology from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He spent twelve years in genome research for the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology (NIADDK) and the Laboratory of Statistical and Mathematical Methodology in the Division of Computer Research and Technology (DCRT) in Bethesda, Maryland (1980–87), and the Biotechnology Center and the Department of Genetics of the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1987–91). Dr. Senapathy founded Genome International in 1992 for developing computational biology research, products and services Notable research contributions Dr. Senapathy has provided major contributions in RNA splicing biology, impacting the understanding of the structure, function, and origin of the eukaryotic exons, introns, splice junctions, and split genes, and the","title":"Periannan Senapathy"},{"docid":"52293205","text":"Alene S. Ammond (April 6, 1933 – June 4, 2019) was an American politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from the 6th Legislative District from 1974 to 1978. Known as the \"Terror of Trenton,\" she campaigned on and remained committed to the promise to bring anything of public interest to the public's attention. Biography Ammond was born in 1933 in Jackson Heights, Queens. An attendee of Pace College and Hunter College, she worked as a ballet dancer in New York City while in college. She married Harold J. Ammond in 1957; they had two daughters and one son. Ammond's first foray into the political sphere was as New Jersey's first registered \"public interest lobbyist\" on behalf of her group dedicated to acting on behalf of Cherry Hill citizens, \"The Cherry Hill League\". In the beginning, the League made rising property taxes their primary focus. When the mayor made a passing remark that the tax increases should be blamed on \"the guys who don't pay up\", Ammond and the Cherry Hill League turned their attention to tax-delinquent individuals and corporations. Within one week of Ammond exposing a list of corporations behind in municipal taxes, two-thirds of the outstanding accounts - around $700,000 - were paid in full. She was an ardent proponent of civic activism, encouraging others to \"overcome the corruption that is paralyzing the proper functioning of government.\" In 1967, she ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Cherry Hill township council. However, she was part of a slate of the Camden County Democratic chair's 1973 primary ticket for the State Senate in the newly formed 6th district. She defeated her opponent in the June 1973 Democratic primary, John Jehr, by about 500 votes out of over 8,000 cast and then defeated incumbent Republican Senator John L. Miller 53%-47%. While in the Senate, she wrote a column for Family Circle Magazine based on her previous experience in public interest lobbying. Ammond was vocal in opposition to the machine politics of South Jersey and of the New Jersey Legislature in general. For example, she used senatorial courtesy to block the appointment of a new Camden County prosecutor and clash with Senate President Frank J. Dodd. In January 1975, she was evicted from the Senate Democratic caucus for sharing secret caucus deliberations and charging that certain legislators were acting in their own interests, rather than in the interest of their constituents. She went to Federal court, where Judge Mitchell H. Cohen upheld her charge that the ousting violated her First Amendment rights and ordered she be readmitted to the caucus. She returned to the caucus to her colleagues' dismay. When one senator publicly told her, \"You're not part of the team,\" she replied: \"I have no intention of being part of your team, Senator. I don't like what it stands for. Besides, I have another team outside.\" She was defeated in the 1977 Democratic primary election by party-backed former Cherry Hill councilman Victor Pachter (who would be defeated by Republican","title":"Alene S. Ammond"},{"docid":"14927396","text":"Caroline S. Asante (born December 1979) is a British-born broadcast journalist, editor and environmentalist of Guyanese and Ghanaian descent. Early life Asante was born in London to a Guyanese, South American mother and Ghanaian, West African father, who met as students at the University of Cambridge. She is a princess of the royal family of Oyemum in Ghana, via her grandmother who was Queen mother of Shama District (formerly known as the Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan District), in the Western Region of Ghana, with ancestral lineage from the Asante Akim North Region. She is both Fante and Ashanti. Asante spent her early and primary school years with her grandparents in both Demerara and Linden, Guyana before returning to the United Kingdom for secondary education in North London. Together with her mother she emigrated to Canada at where she later studied Humanities at the University of Alberta. Career Asante began working as a music and entertainment television presenter in Canada working for Citytv, MuchMusic, and Rogers Cable. During the late 1990s, she produced and presented various entertainment and music programmes including her own programme, World Music Express, at the time one of the youngest presenters of what was then the first dedicated world music show of its kind in North America. Africa's music icons Manu Dibango, Baaba Maal, Oumou Sangare, Angelique Kidjo and Femi Kuti among others appeared as guests on Asante's show, which earned her a Best Ethnic and Cultural Expression TV Series Award, in both 1998 and 1999, from the Cable Television Awards in New York. Asante returned to the United Kingdom in 2000, and became a presenter for BBC Radio 3's Late Junction from 2001 to 2007, during this time the show won a Sony gold award in 2003 for Music Programming. She then co-created and presented BBC's first online African show Africa on Your Street. dedicated to promoting African content and culture. Asante worked across the BBC networks as freelance presenter, producer and writer. In 2004, she wrote and presented radio documentaries including Somaliland and Goddess in Every Woman for BBC World Service. In London, Asante curated several high-profile exhibits for \"Africa 05\" to promote more positive images of Africa and Africans in the media. Asante said she was \"fed up of the negative images of Africa in the media. which negated positive and empowering stories and people\". In 2007, she created Ghana 50 and Forward Africa as two large-scale contemporary curatorial exhibitions, at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, the opening of which music producer Quincy Jones attended. She has also lectured on contemporary African art and society at the Hayward Gallery in London and continues to be a creative pioneer for contemporary African culture. In March 2007, Asante co-hosted Resistance and Remembrance, an event at the British Museum to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. An apparent decision by BBC Radio 3's Late Junction executive producer Andrew Kurowski to temporarily replace her on one of the Late Junction programmes,","title":"Shaheera Asante"},{"docid":"2218035","text":"LMS (long, medium, short), is a color space which represents the response of the three types of cones of the human eye, named for their responsivity (sensitivity) peaks at long, medium, and short wavelengths. The numerical range is generally not specified, except that the lower end is generally bounded by zero. It is common to use the LMS color space when performing chromatic adaptation (estimating the appearance of a sample under a different illuminant). It's also useful in the study of color blindness, when one or more cone types are defective. Definition The cone response functions are the color matching functions for the LMS color space. The chromaticity coordinates (L, M, S) for a spectral distribution are defined as: The cone response functions are normalized to have their maxima equal to unity. XYZ to LMS Typically, colors to be adapted chromatically will be specified in a color space other than LMS (e.g. sRGB). The chromatic adaptation matrix in the diagonal von Kries transform method, however, operates on tristimulus values in the LMS color space. Since colors in most colorspaces can be transformed to the XYZ color space, only one additional transformation matrix is required for any color space to be adapted chromatically: to transform colors from the XYZ color space to the LMS color space. In addition, many color adaption methods, or color appearance models (CAMs), run a von Kries-style diagonal matrix transform in a slightly modified, LMS-like, space instead. They may refer to it simply as LMS, as RGB, or as ργβ. The following text uses the \"RGB\" naming, but do note that the resulting space has nothing to do with the additive color model called RGB. The chromatic adaptation transform (CAT) matrices for some CAMs in terms of CIEXYZ coordinates are presented here. The matrices, in conjunction with the XYZ data defined for the standard observer, implicitly define a \"cone\" response for each cell type. Notes: All tristimulus values are normally calculated using the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric observer. Unless specified otherwise, the CAT matrices are normalized (the elements in a row add up to 1) so the tristimulus values for an equal-energy illuminant (X=Y=Z), like CIE Illuminant E, produce equal LMS values. Hunt, RLAB The Hunt and RLAB color appearance models use the Hunt-Pointer-Estevez transformation matrix (MHPE) for conversion from CIE XYZ to LMS. This is the transformation matrix which was originally used in conjunction with the von Kries transform method, and is therefore also called von Kries transformation matrix (MvonKries). Equal-energy illuminants: Normalized to D65: Bradford's spectrally sharpened matrix (LLAB, CIECAM97s) The original CIECAM97s color appearance model uses the Bradford transformation matrix (MBFD) (as does the LLAB color appearance model). This is a “spectrally sharpened” transformation matrix (i.e. the L and M cone response curves are narrower and more distinct from each other). The Bradford transformation matrix was supposed to work in conjunction with a modified von Kries transform method which introduced a small non-linearity in the S (blue) channel. However, outside of CIECAM97s and","title":"LMS color space"},{"docid":"58503454","text":"The Biggest Little Farm is a 2018 American documentary film, directed by John Chester. The film profiles the life of John Chester and his wife Molly as they acquire and establish themselves on Apricot Lane Farms in Moorpark, California. The film premiered on September 1, 2018, at the Telluride Film Festival. It had its second screening at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was named second runner-up for the People's Choice Award: Documentaries. It was selected as the Opening Night film at Doc NYC in November 2018. The film was screened as part of the Spotlight Section at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival. It also screened at the 29th New Orleans Film Festival on October 24, 2018. The film was acquired for theatrical distribution by the independent film company Neon, and was released on May 10, 2019 in Los Angeles and New York. The film expanded into Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Minneapolis, Nashville, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., on May 17 and additional markets throughout May and June. The film was acquired by The Exchange for international distribution. A sequel special, The Biggest Little Farm: The Return, was released in 2022 on Disney+. Synopsis In 2010, married couple Molly and John Chester decide to leave their old lives in Los Angeles behind and purchase a 234-acre farm near Moorpark in neighboring Ventura County, California. Rechristening it \"Apricot Lane Farms\", the couple spends the next seven years transforming the arid landscape into a fully functional farm and biodiverse habitat for neighboring flora and fauna. They face hardship as the difficulties of keeping a farm running mount up, often resulting in frustration and anger, but also happiness at their harmonious relationship with nature. Reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, \"Uplifting, educational, and entertaining, The Biggest Little Farm is an environmental advocacy documentary with a satisfying side dish of hope for the future.\" On Metacritic, it holds a 74 out of 100 score (indicating \"generally favorable reviews\") based on 25 critics. In his Variety review of the film, Peter DeBruge noted that it \"feel[s] like fresh air for the soul.\", and New York Times critic Glenn Kenny wrote \"it may also revive your wonder at the weird but ultimately awe-inspiring ways in which humans can help nature do its work\". Additionally, The Los Angeles Times's Robert Abele wrote that the film is a \"lush tour of transformed land and photogenic fauna, is so appealing as a chronicle of dedicated do-gooders who actually did good (and shot every frame of it). [...] Watching the Chesters fight past disillusionment to learn the real lessons of harvesting in communion with nature is what gives the movie its rousing, illuminating power.\" Several reviewers were critical of the film's lack of specifics on the initial investment and economics of the farm. On December 4, 2019, the film's","title":"The Biggest Little Farm"},{"docid":"14926151","text":"Refal (\"Recursive functions algorithmic language\"; ) \"is a functional programming language oriented toward symbolic computations\", including \"string processing, language translation, [and] artificial intelligence\". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived of in 1966 as a theoretical tool, with the first implementation appearing in 1968. Refal was intended to combine mathematical simplicity with practicality for writing large and sophisticated programs. One of the first functional programming languages to do so, and unlike Lisp of its time, Refal is based on pattern matching. Its pattern matching works in conjunction with term rewriting. The basic data structure of Lisp and Prolog is a linear list built by cons operation in a sequential manner, thus with O(n) access to list's nth element. Refal's lists are built and scanned from both ends, with pattern matching working for nested lists as well as the top-level one. In effect, the basic data structure of Refal is a tree rather than a list. This gives freedom and convenience in creating data structures while using only mathematically simple control mechanisms of pattern matching and substitution. Refal also includes a feature called the freezer to support efficient partial evaluation. Refal can be applied to the processing and transformation of tree structures, similarly to XSLT. Basics A Refal Hello World example is shown below. $ENTRY Go { = <Hello>;} Hello { = <Prout 'Hello world'>; } The program above includes two functions named Go and Hello. A function is written as the name of the function followed by the function body in curly braces. The Go function is marked as the entry point of the program using the $ENTRY directive. One could think of expressions in the function bodies as function \"calls\" in Lisp-like syntax. For example, the Hello function appears to call the built-in Prout function with the string 'Hello world' as the argument. The meaning and the mechanism of the call, however, is quite different. To illustrate the difference, consider the following function that determines whether a string is a palindrome. Pal { = True; s.1 = True; s.1 e.2 s.1 = <Pal e.2>; e.1 = False; } This example shows a function with a more complex body, consisting of four sentences (clauses). A sentence begins with a pattern followed by an equal sign followed by a general expression on the right hand side. A sentence is terminated with a semicolon. For example, the pattern of the second sentence of the function is \"s.1\" and the expression is \"True\". As the example shows, patterns include pattern variables that have the form of a character identifying the type of the variable (what the variable matches) followed by the variable identifier. The variables that begin with an \"s\" match a single symbol, those that begin with an \"e\" match an arbitrary expression. The variable identifier can be an arbitrary alphanumeric sequence optionally separated from the type identifier by a dot. A function executes by comparing its argument with the patterns of its sentences in the order","title":"Refal"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"72325316\",\n \"text\": \"The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (Original Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the Marvel Studios television special The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, featuring the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy based on Marvel Comics. It was released by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music on November 23, 2022. The album featured the original score composed by John Murphy, while also includes songs from the Old 97's who also play the fictional alien band in the special. Background John Murphy wrote the score for the special simultaneously while working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. As like previous Guardians of the Galaxy films, Gunn had chosen music for the special \\\"very early\\\". He wrote the lyrics to the opening song \\\"I Don't Know What Christmas Is (But Christmastime Is Here)\\\" and had approached Rhett Miller of the Old 97's to help him compose it, as Gunn has been a fan of the band, since the 1990s. \\\"Here It Is Christmastime\\\", an existing song of the Old 97's, was also used and re-recorded with Kevin Bacon providing vocals for the end of the special. Bacon said \\\"[James] has got such a great ear for needle drops [...] I love this song, it's really hard to write a fresh Christmas song at this point. I started playing it, and I really was having a good time playing it and singing it.\\\" Track listing Additional music The track list was revealed by Gunn on November 22, that features the following songs apart from the other original tracks, written for the special. These include: \\\"Fairytale of New York\\\" by the Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl, \\\"Dead by X-Mas\\\" by Hanoi Rocks, \\\"Christmas Treat\\\" by Julian Casablancas, \\\"Is This Christmas?\\\" by the Wombats, \\\"Just Like Christmas\\\" by Low, \\\"I Want an Alien for Christmas\\\" by Fountains of Wayne, \\\"Christmastime\\\" by the Smashing Pumpkins, \\\"Christmas Wrapping\\\" by the Waitresses, and \\\"Mrs. Claus\\\" by Little Jackie. Unlike the previous Guardians of the Galaxy films, the selected songs were not released as an album. Gunn released a Spotify playlist that consisted all the songs featured in the special and songs from the previous films. Reception The music has been reviewed and analysed by the critics as one of the \\\"positive aspects of the special\\\". Praising the musical tracks picked for the special, Joe George of Den of Geek said \\\"the soundtrack is exactly what you'd expect if you asked your cooler older sibling to make a playlist for your Christmas party. It's a pleasing mix of familiar tracks and deep cuts, effectively balancing downbeat numbers with upbeat songs to make for a good party.\\\" \\\"the special's soundtrack is on-brand, forgoing the usual standards for a playlist\\\". Reviewing the score, Shubham Kulkarni of Koimoi wrote \\\"The music by John Murphy combined with the vibrant visuals appropriate for Christmas celebration is such a vibe that you will immediately surrender to it.\\\" Commercial performance The Old 97's single \\\"I Don't Know What Christmas Is (But Christmastime Is Here)\\\" debuted at\",\n \"title\": \"The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39457694\",\n \"text\": \"Vector logic is an algebraic model of elementary logic based on matrix algebra. Vector logic assumes that the truth values map on vectors, and that the monadic and dyadic operations are executed by matrix operators. \\\"Vector logic\\\" has also been used to refer to the representation of classical propositional logic as a vector space, in which the unit vectors are propositional variables. Predicate logic can be represented as a vector space of the same type in which the axes represent the predicate letters and . In the vector space for propositional logic the origin represents the false, F, and the infinite periphery represents the true, T, whereas in the space for predicate logic the origin represents \\\"nothing\\\" and the periphery represents the flight from nothing, or \\\"something\\\". Overview Classic binary logic is represented by a small set of mathematical functions depending on one (monadic) or two (dyadic) variables. In the binary set, the value 1 corresponds to true and the value 0 to false. A two-valued vector logic requires a correspondence between the truth-values true (t) and false (f), and two q-dimensional normalized real-valued column vectors s and n, hence: and (where is an arbitrary natural number, and \\\"normalized\\\" means that the length of the vector is 1; usually s and n are orthogonal vectors). This correspondence generates a space of vector truth-values: V2 = {s,n}. The basic logical operations defined using this set of vectors lead to matrix operators. The operations of vector logic are based on the scalar product between q-dimensional column vectors: : the orthonormality between vectors s and n implies that if , and if , where . Monadic operators The monadic operators result from the application , and the associated matrices have q rows and q columns. The two basic monadic operators for this two-valued vector logic are the identity and the negation: Identity: A logical identity ID(p) is represented by matrix . This matrix operates as follows: Ip = p, p ∈ V2; due to the orthogonality of s with respect to n, we have , and similarly . It is important to note that this vector logic identity matrix is not generally an identity matrix in the sense of matrix algebra. Negation: A logical negation ¬p is represented by matrix Consequently, Ns = n and Nn = s. The involutory behavior of the logical negation, namely that ¬(¬p) equals p, corresponds with the fact that N2 = I. Dyadic operators The 16 two-valued dyadic operators correspond to functions of the type ; the dyadic matrices have q2 rows and q columns. The matrices that execute these dyadic operations are based on the properties of the Kronecker product. Two properties of this product are essential for the formalism of vector logic: Using these properties, expressions for dyadic logic functions can be obtained: Conjunction. The conjunction (p∧q) is executed by a matrix that acts on two vector truth-values: .This matrix reproduces the features of the classical conjunction truth-table in its formulation: and verifies and Disjunction.\",\n \"title\": \"Vector logic\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21117123\",\n \"text\": \"The letters of last resort are four identically worded handwritten letters from the prime minister of the United Kingdom to the commanding officers of the four British ballistic missile submarines. They contain orders on what action to take if an enemy nuclear strike has both destroyed the British government and has also killed or otherwise incapacitated both the prime minister and their designated \\\"second person\\\" of responsibility, typically a high-ranking member of the Cabinet such as the deputy prime minister or the first secretary of state. If the orders are carried out, the action taken could be the last official act of His Majesty's Government. If the letters are not used during the term of the prime minister who wrote them, they are destroyed unopened after that person leaves office, so that their content remains unknown to anyone except the issuer. Process A new prime minister writes a set of letters immediately after taking office and being told by the Chief of the Defence Staff \\\"precisely what damage a Trident missile could cause\\\". The documents are then delivered to the submarines in sealed envelopes, and the previous prime minister's letters are destroyed without being opened. In the event of the deaths of both the prime minister and the designated alternative decision-maker as a result of a nuclear strike, the commander(s) of any nuclear submarine(s) on patrol at the time would use a series of checks to ascertain whether the letters of last resort must be opened. According to Peter Hennessy's book The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War, the process by which a commander would determine if the British government continues to function includes, amongst other checks, establishing whether BBC Radio 4 continues broadcasting. In 1983, the procedure for Polaris submarines was to open the envelopes if there was an evident nuclear attack, or if all UK naval broadcasts had ceased for four hours. Options While the contents of these letters are secret, according to the December 2008 BBC Radio 4 documentary The Human Button, there were four known options given to the prime minister to include in the letters. The prime minister might instruct the submarine commander to: retaliate with nuclear weapons; not retaliate; use their own judgement; or, place the submarine under an allied country's command, if possible. The documentary mentions Australia and the United States. The Guardian reported in 2016 that the options are said to include: \\\"Put yourself under the command of the United States, if it is still there\\\", \\\"Go to Australia\\\", \\\"Retaliate\\\", or \\\"Use your own judgement\\\". The actual option chosen remains known only to the writer of the letter. Fiction David Greig's 2012 play The Letter of Last Resort deals with the consequences and paradoxes of the letters. The play was first staged in February 2012 as a part of a cycle of plays on \\\"The Bomb\\\" at the Tricycle Theatre in London, directed by Nicolas Kent, with Belinda Lang playing the role of the incoming prime minister and Simon Chandler, her\",\n \"title\": \"Letters of last resort\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60968714\",\n \"text\": \"The blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a semipermeable anatomical interface that consists of the specialized small blood vessels that surround the spinal cord. While similar to the blood–brain barrier in function and morphology, it is physiologically independent and has several distinct characteristics. The BSCB is involved in many disorders affecting the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases, pain disorders, and traumatic spinal cord injury. In conjunction with the blood–brain barrier, the BSCB contributes to the difficulty in delivering drugs to the central nervous system, which makes drug targeting of the BSCB an important goal in pharmaceutical research. Anatomy and physiology The primary function of the BSCB is to protect the spinal cord from potentially toxic substances within the blood while still delivering necessary molecules to maintain spinal cord activities. The BSCB consists of endothelial cells, a basal membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic endfeet. The endothelial cells have highly exclusionary tight junctions that prohibit most molecules from passing between cells and form specialized capillaries that, unlike capillaries in the periphery, lack fenestrations, have more mitochondria, and contain limited endocytic vesicles. The lack of fenestrations and endocytic vesicles reflects the restricted transcellular flow, while the increased number of mitochondria contributes to a high metabolic rate in these endothelial cells. Surrounding the BSCB capillaries is a basal membrane (also called the basal lamina) that contains pericytes. The basal membrane is formed and maintained by all cell types in the BSCB and contributes to the cytoskeletal morphology of the endothelial cells, which affects the integrity of tight junctions and, by extension, the BSCB. Pericytes are microcirculatory cells that, in the BSCB, regulate the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells. Finally, astrocytes within spinal cord tissue extend endfoot processes that surround the outer surface of the capillaries. Astrocytes are critically important for developing and maintaining the neuroprotective mechanisms of BSCB endothelial cells. They release secretory compounds that influence the phenotype of endothelial cells and express aquaporin and potassium channels that help regulate ion concentration and fluid volume within the spinal cord. The anatomy of the BSCB is very similar to the anatomy of the blood–brain barrier (BBB); however many key differences exist between the two that affect both the maintenance of healthy tissue and development of pathophysiology within the central nervous system (CNS). In general, the BSCB is more permeable than the BBB, largely due to the relatively low expression of tight junction proteins like ZO-1 and occludin. For example, mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, crosses BSCB endothelium more readily than it does BBB endothelium. Cytokines are also able to pass through the BSCB with more ease, making it more vulnerable to disruption and inflammation relative to the BBB. This vulnerability to disruption leaves the spinal cord susceptible to toxins that can inflict tissue damage. Susceptibility to toxins is already increased in BSCB endothelium through the relative downregulation of the critical efflux protein p-glycoprotein, thus slowing elimination of the toxins that penetrate the barrier. Overall, the differences between the BSCB and the BBB result in vulnerability\",\n \"title\": \"Blood–spinal cord barrier\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"89486\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, an inequation is a statement that an inequality holds between two values. It is usually written in the form of a pair of expressions denoting the values in question, with a relational sign between them indicating the specific inequality relation. Some examples of inequations are: In some cases, the term \\\"inequation\\\" can be considered synonymous to the term \\\"inequality\\\", while in other cases, an inequation is reserved only for statements whose inequality relation is \\\"not equal to\\\" (≠). Chains of inequations A shorthand notation is used for the conjunction of several inequations involving common expressions, by chaining them together. For example, the chain is shorthand for which also implies that and . In rare cases, chains without such implications about distant terms are used. For example is shorthand for , which does not imply Similarly, is shorthand for , which does not imply any order of and . Solving inequations Similar to equation solving, inequation solving means finding what values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) fulfill a condition stated in the form of an inequation or a conjunction of several inequations. These expressions contain one or more unknowns, which are free variables for which values are sought that cause the condition to be fulfilled. To be precise, what is sought are often not necessarily actual values, but, more in general, expressions. A solution of the inequation is an assignment of expressions to the unknowns that satisfies the inequation(s); in other words, expressions such that, when they are substituted for the unknowns, make the inequations true propositions. Often, an additional objective expression (i.e., an optimization equation) is given, that is to be minimized or maximized by an optimal solution. For example, is a conjunction of inequations, partly written as chains (where can be read as \\\"and\\\"); the set of its solutions is shown in blue in the picture (the red, green, and orange line corresponding to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd conjunct, respectively). For a larger example. see Linear programming#Example. Computer support in solving inequations is described in constraint programming; in particular, the simplex algorithm finds optimal solutions of linear inequations. The programming language Prolog III also supports solving algorithms for particular classes of inequalities (and other relations) as a basic language feature. For more, see constraint logic programming. Combinations of meanings Usually because of the properties of certain functions (like square roots), some inequations are equivalent to a combination of multiple others. For example, the inequation is logically equivalent to the following three inequations combined: See also Apartness relation — a form of inequality in constructive mathematics Equation Equals sign Inequality (mathematics) Relational operator References Elementary algebra Mathematical terminology\",\n \"title\": \"Inequation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6120013\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hands\\\" is a song by American singer Jewel, released as the first single from her second studio album, Spirit (1998). Jewel wrote the song following an incident in which she considered stealing a sundress after getting fired from various jobs due to kidney troubles, and she decided that her hands were better suited to writing songs than stealing clothes. Written as one of the last songs for the album, the lyrics express how the smallest decisions have the power to make change. A piano-driven ballad, the song was serviced to American radio stations on October 7, 1998, ahead of its planned release date in mid-October due to a radio leak in Dallas, Texas. No commercial single was issued in the United States, and the singles that were issued internationally received the album version. The radio edit can be found only on promos for the single. Even without a physical US release, the song reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and the video peaked atop VH1's Top 20 Countdown. \\\"Hands\\\" also reached number one in Canada for one week and peaked within the top 30 in Australia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. A \\\"Christmas\\\" version of the song appears on Joy: A Holiday Collection. Background In 2002, Jewel elaborated on the song's origin. Before she wrote \\\"Hands\\\", she experienced kidney troubles that prevented her from working, and as a result, she was fired from several successive jobs, sending her into poverty. She began to shoplift food but worried she would begin to steal more expensive items. One day, she noticed a sundress in a shop window and went inside to try it on, planning to steal it. However, when she noticed the price tag, she decided against it. She explained: Jewel quickly left the store, leaving the dress behind, and began to write \\\"Hands\\\" soon afterwards, referring to her own hands that would function better writing songs than stealing dresses. It was one of the final tracks written and recorded for Spirit. The central lyrics that developed into the complete song were, \\\"If you watch what your hands are doing, you can see where your life is going to go.\\\" Composition and lyrics Ilana Kaplan of The New York Times has described \\\"Hands\\\" as a ballad. The album version is three minutes and fifty-four seconds long while the radio edit is three minutes and forty-seven seconds. According to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes, the song is written in cut time () in the key of F minor with a moderate tempo of 68 beats per minute. The lyrics of \\\"Hands\\\" say that all people have the power to make their own decisions and change their lives for the better as long as they keep watch on what their hands are doing. It is also about how the smallest actions can cause a difference. Jewel explained, \\\"I knew if I could tell the world, my hands are so little, how can they have impact on the world?\",\n \"title\": \"Hands (Jewel song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29388\",\n \"text\": \"In Boolean functions and propositional calculus, the Sheffer stroke denotes a logical operation that is equivalent to the negation of the conjunction operation, expressed in ordinary language as \\\"not both\\\". It is also called non-conjunction, or alternative denial (since it says in effect that at least one of its operands is false), or NAND (\\\"not and\\\"). In digital electronics, it corresponds to the NAND gate. It is named after Henry Maurice Sheffer and written as or as or as or as in Polish notation by Łukasiewicz (but not as ||, often used to represent disjunction). Its dual is the NOR operator (also known as the Peirce arrow, Quine dagger or Webb operator). Like its dual, NAND can be used by itself, without any other logical operator, to constitute a logical formal system (making NAND functionally complete). This property makes the NAND gate crucial to modern digital electronics, including its use in computer processor design. Definition The non-conjunction is a logical operation on two logical values. It produces a value of true, if — and only if — at least one of the propositions is false. Truth table The truth table of is as follows. Logical equivalences The Sheffer stroke of and is the negation of their conjunction By De Morgan's laws, this is also equivalent to the disjunction of the negations of and Alternative notations and names Peirce was the first to show the functional completeness of non-conjunction (representing this as ) but didn't publish his result. Peirce's editor added ) for non-disjunction. In 1911, was the first to publish a proof of the completeness of non-conjunction, representing this with (the Stamm hook) and non-disjunction in print at the first time and showed their functional completeness. In 1913, Sheffer described non-disjunction using and showed its functional completeness. Sheffer also used for non-disjunction. Many people, beginning with Nicod in 1917, and followed by Whitehead, Russell and many others, mistakenly thought Sheffer has described non-conjunction using , naming this the Sheffer Stroke. In 1928, Hilbert and Ackermann described non-conjunction with the operator . In 1929, Łukasiewicz used in for non-conjunction in his Polish notation. An alternative notation for non-conjunction is . It is not clear who first introduced this notation, although the corresponding for non-disjunction was used by Quine in 1940,. History The stroke is named after Henry Maurice Sheffer, who in 1913 published a paper in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society providing an axiomatization of Boolean algebras using the stroke, and proved its equivalence to a standard formulation thereof by Huntington employing the familiar operators of propositional logic (AND, OR, NOT). Because of self-duality of Boolean algebras, Sheffer's axioms are equally valid for either of the NAND or NOR operations in place of the stroke. Sheffer interpreted the stroke as a sign for nondisjunction (NOR) in his paper, mentioning non-conjunction only in a footnote and without a special sign for it. It was Jean Nicod who first used the stroke as a sign for non-conjunction (NAND) in a paper\",\n \"title\": \"Sheffer stroke\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1827209\",\n \"text\": \"In linguistics, the term conjunct has three distinct uses: A conjunct is an adverbial that adds information to the sentence that is not considered part of the propositional content (or at least not essential) but which connects the sentence with previous parts of the discourse. Rare as it may be, conjuncts may also connect to the following parts of the discourse. It was raining. Therefore, we didn’t go swimming. It was sunny. However, we stayed inside. You are such a dork. Still, I love you from the bottom of my heart. A conjunct is one of the terms that are conjoined in a conjoining construction. Conjuncts are conjoined by means of a conjunction, which can be coordinating, subordinating or correlative. Conjuncts can be words, phrases, clauses, or full sentences. [Gretchen and her daughter] bought [motor oil, spark plugs, and dynamite]. Take two of these and call me in the morning. A verb form, for example the conjunct verb endings of Old Irish or the conjunct mood (sometimes called the subjunctive mood) of Algonquian languages. This article discusses the first kind of conjunct. Semantic functions English conjuncts often have the following functions Listing (indicating that what follows is a list of propositions) To begin with, I have to tell you that I'm most displeased with your performance in the show. I also think you did a bad job painting the house. You're a lousy cook. You smell. Your hat is ... etc. Enumerative (indicating items on a list of propositions) First, we have to buy bread. Second, we need to take the car to the garage. Third, we have to call your dentist and make an appointment. Additive (indicating that the content of the sentence is in addition to the preceding one) He has no money. In addition, he has no means of getting any. Summative (summing up, or concluding, on the preceding sentence(s)) A is B. A is C. To sum up, A is several things. Appositive (rephrasing the preceding sentence) The French love music. In other words, music is appreciated in France. Resultative/inferential (indicating that the content of the sentence is a result of the events expressed in the preceding sentence) Miss Gold lost her job. She, therefore, had no money. Antithetic (indicating that the content of the sentence is in contrast to the content of the preceding sentence) It is said that water flows up hill. On the contrary, it flows downhill Concessive (indicating that the content of the sentence \\\"exists\\\" despite the content in the preceding sentence) It is very cold. I went for my morning walk, however. Temporal (indicating temporal relation between the content of the sentence and the preceding sentence) I had lunch. Meanwhile, my wife had her hair cut. See also Disjunct Syntactic entities\",\n \"title\": \"Conjunct\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41306226\",\n \"text\": \"IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is a set of specifications to offer multimedia services through IP protocol. This makes it possible to incorporate all kinds of services, such as voice, multimedia and data, on an accessible platform through any Internet connection (fixed or mobile). IMS's origin Initially defined by 4G.IP (a set of companies belonging the telecommunications sector), it was 4G (3rd Generation Partnership Project) who definitively adopted the definition of IMS as a part of the standardization 4G system in networks UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), specified in Release 5 and 6. Architecture It can be divided into three layers: Application Where there are AS (Application Servers), the MRF (Media Resource Function) and a HSS (Home Subscriber Server). The AS used the SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) for the signaling, used in establishing multimedia sessions, such as audio and video calls over Internet. The services offered by the telephony operators are hosted and run on AS. A HSS is similar devices to the HLR of GSM technology, where the user´s credentials are stored. Control Formed by different subsystems among which is IMS core. Other important devices in this layer are the CSCF (Call Session Control Function), which includes three subsystems: P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF), S-CSCF (Serving CSCF) and I-CSCF (Interrogating CSCF). These subsystems are the responsible, basically, of: processing and routing the signaling; to control the resources of the transport subsystem, to register and authenticate users; provisioning IMS services by diverting signaling application servers in question and to generate billing records. The MRF (Media Resources Function) provides functions related to media, such as the manipulation of the media and the reproduction of tones and announcements. Each MRF divides into a MRFC (Media Resources Function Controller) and a MRFP (Media Resources Function Processor). The MRFC is a signaling plane node that interprets the information coming from an AS and S-CSCF to control the MRFP. The MRFP is a node of the plane of the media, is used to mix the source or process media streams. Transport Composed by the UE (User Equipment), the access network, the NASS (Network Attachment Subsystem) and the RACS (Resource Admission Control Subsystem). The transport of network is performed using either IPv6 or IPv4, allowing QoS's implementation, integrated security, autoconfiguration… Security Having seen a little of what is IMS and the devices that act, we enter IMS specifications relating to security. From the point of view of the standardization, only exists a mechanism of authentication and access control, specified in the TS 33.203 of 3GPP (Access Security for IP-Based Services) and commonly called AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement). However, there are many other mechanisms for authentication and access control, defined to meet the needs of inherited terminals and to enable faster deployment. The most common are: Early IMS 3GPP for mobile access. They are those that IMS deployments in advance for your time are not entirely compatible with the specifications so that the security mechanisms are not applicable. Examples include IPv4 based implementations as 2G devices. Digest authentication of TISPAN\",\n \"title\": \"IMS security\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42139954\",\n \"text\": \"A ureteric balloon catheter is a balloon catheter intended for treating strictures of the ureter. In fact it is a double J stent on which a balloon is mounted. It is connected to a delivery device (pusher) to introduce it from the bladder into the ureter. The system comprises a non-return valve device, and a pusher with a stylet and two ports. The side port is for injecting contrast agent to inflate the balloon, while the straight port is for the guidewire. The catheter has a relatively large-diameter central lumen and a shaft of 2 mm (6 Fr.). The balloon is in two sections: a long narrow section or shaft and a larger cranial bulb. The larger cranial bulb prevents distal migration, while the longer narrow section maintains the increased diameter of a predilated stricture in the ureter section. Stent placement and removal A guide wire has to be placed in the ureter. After dilatation of the ureteric stricture with a high pressure dilatation balloon the guidewire remains in place to bring in the ureteric balloon catheter. The balloon is inflated by an injection of contrast medium via side port of the pusher and remains in situ while the expanded urothelium heals. The stylet is used to detach the balloon catheter from the pusher. During the healing process urine drains through the wide central lumen while the balloon remains inflated. The ureteric balloon catheter may be used in conjunction with a double J stent for additional drainage. To remove the catheter after several weeks the balloon is deflated by snipping the distal end of the catheter. The catheter can then safely be pulled out. Indications The ureteric balloon catheter is intended to cure two major types of diseases: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (also called UPJ obstruction or Pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction PUJO) caused by intrinsic wall factors as fibrosis and / or hypertrophic wall problems. and Brickers bladder (also called Ileal conduit) problems. Up to 10% of patients who undergo ileal conduit urinary diversion may go on to develop ureteroileal anastomotic stenosis. This can lead to obstructive symptoms as side pain, infection and finally deterioration in renal function which can be relieved by the treatment with this balloon catheter. An intervention according to this Overtoom procedure is significantly less invasive than the alternative treatments. The balloon is not intended to be used in case of obstructions by stones or malignancies. References Further reading Having a Ureteric Stent - What to Expect and How to Manage. Authors: Mr. H. B. Joshi (Specialist Registrar in Urology, Cambridge. Formerly Research Registrar at Bristol Urological Institute), N. Newns (Staff Nurse), Mr. F. X. Keeley Jr. (Consultant Urologist), Mr. A. G. Timoney (Consultant Urologist), Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-trym, Bristol BS10 5NB More information on ureteric balloon catheters. Catheters Urology Urologic surgery Urologic procedures\",\n \"title\": \"Ureteric balloon catheter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3026039\",\n \"text\": \"B. B. & Q. Band (which stands for the Brooklyn, Bronx, and Queens Band), was an Italian-American post-disco band, which formed in 1979 and disbanded in 1987. Overview The background The B. B. & Q. Band was a studio concept created in 1979 by the businessman Jacques Fred Petrus. After the success with Change in 1980, and also with Macho and the Peter Jacques band in the late 1970s, Petrus and his close co-worker Italian Mauro Malavasi decided to launch a new project, named after the three boroughs in New York City that the band members came from. Fred Petrus pulled several musicians together of which New York session bassist Paris Ford (credited as Peewee Ford) and his musicians became the band. The successful debut The self-titled debut album on Capitol provided several melodies of which Malavasi wrote all except one. The biggest hit single was \\\"On the Beat\\\", which reached No. 8 on the US Billboard Black Singles chart. Also \\\"Time for Love\\\" (#72 on the same chart) mixed a melody with vocals by the lead singer, Ike Floyd. After the debut, Petrus invited guitarist Kevin Robinson, a former member of the band Kinky Fox that he had met already in 1980, to lead the band. The new line-up included Chielli Minucci, Kevin Nance, and Tony Bridges and for the first time B. B. & Q. band had a more defined role as a band. Second and third albums The second album release was 1982's All Night Long (#32 on Billboard 's Black Albums chart), which included \\\"All Night Long (She's Got the Moves I Like)\\\" (#32 on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play list), \\\"Imagination\\\" (#21 on Billboard 's Black Singles list) and \\\"Children of the Night\\\" (uncharted). In 1983 Six Million Times hit the market with influences from The Time and Prince. Petrus faced serious economical problems in 1983, and Six Million Times was produced with a tiny budget during five weeks in Bologna. The album did not become a commercial success and Capitol dropped the band. Finale By 1985 Petrus had fixed a contract with Elektra Records, and B. B. & Q. Band was back on track with their last album Genie, including minor hits like the title track \\\"Genie\\\" and \\\"Dreamer\\\". Kae Williams, a former Breakwater member hired by Petrus, wrote all tracks and co-produced the LP in conjunction with Petrus. The album also showed early examples of Curtis Hairston's voice when Petrus invited him to be the new lead singer. The album sold rather well, especially in Europe, but in 1987 the B. B. & Q. Band ended when Petrus was murdered. \\\"Genie\\\" was released on different labels. In the U.S. \\\"Dreamer\\\" was released as a B-side (with \\\"On the Shelf\\\" as A-side\\\") on the label in Your Face, which was a sublabel of Pretty Pearl Records. Meanwhile, the album \\\"Genie\\\" and accompanying singles \\\"Dreamer\\\" and \\\"Genie\\\" were all released on Pretty Pearl Records/Elektra Records. Both Pretty Pearl Records and Elektra Records logos were\",\n \"title\": \"B. B. & Q. Band\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44035611\",\n \"text\": \"Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, etc. Speech Juxtaposition in literary terms is the showing contrast by concepts placed side by side. An example of juxtaposition are the quotes \\\"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country\\\", and \\\"Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate\\\", both by John F. Kennedy, who particularly liked juxtaposition as a rhetorical device. Jean Piaget specifically contrasts juxtaposition in various fields from syncretism, arguing that \\\"juxtaposition and syncretism are in antithesis, syncretism being the predominance of the whole over the details, juxtaposition that of the details over the whole\\\". Piaget writes: In grammar, juxtaposition refers to the absence of linking elements in a group of words that are listed together. Thus, where English uses the conjunction and (e.g. mother and father), many languages use simple juxtaposition (\\\"mother father\\\"). In logic, juxtaposition is a logical fallacy on the part of the observer, where two items placed next to each other imply a correlation, when none is actually claimed. For example, an illustration of a politician and Adolf Hitler on the same page would imply that the politician had a common ideology with Hitler. Similarly, saying \\\"Hitler was in favor of gun control, and so are you\\\" would have the same effect. This particular rhetorical device is common enough to have its own name, Reductio ad Hitlerum. Mathematics In algebra, multiplication involving variables is often written as a juxtaposition (e.g., for times or for five times ), also called implied multiplication. The notation can also be used for quantities that are surrounded by parentheses (e.g., or for five times two). This implicit usage of multiplication can cause ambiguity when the concatenated variables happen to match the name of another variable, when a variable name in front of a parenthesis can be confused with a function name, or in the correct determination of the order of operations. In mathematics, juxtaposition of symbols is the adjacency of factors with the absence of an explicit operator in an expression, especially for commonly used for multiplication: denotes the product of with , or times . It is also used for scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, function composition, and logical and. In numeral systems, juxtaposition of digits has a specific meaning. In geometry, juxtaposition of names of points represents lines or line segments. In lambda calculus, juxtaposition denotes function application. In physics, juxtaposition is also used for \\\"multiplication\\\" of a numerical value and a physical quantity, and of two physical quantities, for example, three times would be written as and \\\"area equals length times width\\\" as . Arts Throughout the arts, juxtaposition of elements is used to elicit a response within the audience's mind, such as creating meaning from the contrast. In music, it is an abrupt change of elements, and is\",\n \"title\": \"Juxtaposition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64492351\",\n \"text\": \"The Lomography Lomo'Instant Square Glass is an Instax analog camera made by Lomography. It uses Instax Square and Mini instant film. When introduced in January 2018, it was \\\"the first analog camera to shoot square Instax film.\\\" Details The Lomography Lomo'Instant Square Glass has an automatic shutter speed / aperture mode, and a bulb mode. Automatic mode adjusts shutter speed, aperture and flash output to suit its surroundings. Automatic mode will use an aperture range of to ; and a shutter speed ranging from as fast as 1/250 s to as slow as 8 s. Bulb mode allows the shutter to be manually held open for up to 30 s. Focusing is manual, with three zone focus ranges able to be selected: 0.8 m, 1–2.5 m, and infinity. The switch is reset to the 1–2.5 m range each time the camera is opened. The camera has a built-in 95 mm (45 mm equivalent) prime lens, with a closest focusing distance of 0.8 m. \\\"The lens is glass, a step up from the plastic lenses you get with all Fujifilm and some Lomography instant cameras.\\\" The following lens attachments can be screwed onto the front of the camera: Wide-Angle Glass Lens Attachment – works in conjunction with the camera's built-in lens to give ? mm (21 mm equivalent) with a 91.5° converted angle of view and a closest focusing distance of 0.5 m Portrait Glass Lens Attachment / Self-Portrait Glass Lens Attachment – lens attachment for shortening the closest focusing distance to 0.5 m. It has a flash which is on by default, but can be switched off. The flash has a guide number of 9 (metres). The viewfinder is offset from the picture taking lens, thus parallax must be taken into account. The viewfinder has a semi-opaque mask covering a portion of it, intended to help framing when the subject is at the camera's closest focus range. Reception Reviewers have criticised the camera's viewfinder. Jack Rear, reviewing the camera in The Daily Telegraph, wrote \\\"I found close-ups hard to get right, because the viewfinder isn’t good enough to make a good distinction between where something is and where it looks like it is.\\\" Dan Bracaglia, reviewing the camera for Digital Photography Review, wrote that \\\"the viewfinder is small, imprecise and confusingly masked, making accurate compositions a lottery in the 0.8 - 2 m (2 - 6.6 ft) focus range.\\\" A review in Wired commented that \\\"the Lomo'Instant Square has an off-center viewfinder that's far, far away from the long lens. It's tricky to frame shots up just right, and you'll need to mentally compensate for parallax to make sure your subject is where you want it.\\\" See also Instant camera List of Instax cameras and printers Notes References External links Products introduced in 2018 Instant cameras\",\n \"title\": \"Lomography Lomo'Instant Square Glass\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57562153\",\n \"text\": \"How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence is a 2018 book by Michael Pollan. It became a No. 1 New York Times best-seller. How to Change Your Mind chronicles the long and storied history of psychedelic drugs, from their turbulent 1960s heyday to the resulting counter culture movement and backlash. Through his coverage of the recent resurgence in this field of research, as well as his own personal use of psychedelics via a \\\"mental travelogue\\\", Pollan seeks to illuminate not only the mechanics of the drugs themselves, but also the inner workings of the human mind and consciousness. The book received many positive reviews, and Netflix released a documentary based upon it in 2022. Structure The book is organized into six chapters with an epilogue: A Renaissance Natural History: Bemushroomed History: The First Wave Travelogue: Journeying Underground The Neuroscience: Your Brain on Psychedelics The Trip Treatment: Psychedelics in Psychotherapy Promotion Pollan has been interviewed concerning the book on popular podcasts such as The Tim Ferriss Show, The Kevin Rose Show and The Joe Rogan Experience. Reception How to Change Your Mind received many positive reviews. The New York Times Book Review named How to Change Your Mind one of the best books of 2018. Kevin Canfield of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: \\\"In 'How to Change Your Mind', Pollan explores the circuitous history of these often-misunderstood substances, and reports on the clinical trials that suggest psychedelics can help with depression, addiction and the angst that accompanies terminal illnesses. He does so in the breezy prose that has turned his previous booksthese include The Omnivore's Dilemma and Cooked, the inspiration for his winning Netflix documentaries of the same nameinto bestsellers.\\\" Jacob Sullum of the libertarian magazine Reason gave the book a generally positive review, but faulted Pollan for criticizing Timothy Leary's self-promotion without allocating blame to the politicians and journalists who shut down the promising scientific study of psychedelics. Writing in New York magazine, conservative journalist Andrew Sullivan praised How to Change Your Mind as \\\"astounding.\\\" How to Change Your Mind received two positive reviews from Vox. Ezra Klein described it as \\\"one of the most mind-expanding books I have read this year.\\\" Sean Illing said that Pollan \\\"describe[s] what it's like to take psychedelics. But beyond that, he also walks the reader through the history of these drugs and surveys the latest research into their therapeutic potential. It's a sprawling book that is likely to change how you think not just about psychedelic drugs but also about the human mind.\\\" Mark Rozzo reviewed How to Change Your Mind in Columbia magazine. He wrote that the book \\\"offers a convincingly grown-up case for the potential of drugs that, having survived decades of vilification, now seem poised to revolutionize several fields, from mental health to neuroscience.\\\" Oliver Burkeman wrote of the book in The Guardian: \\\"How to Change Your Mind is Pollan's sweeping and often thrilling chronicle of the\",\n \"title\": \"How to Change Your Mind\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64177269\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"No justice, no peace\\\" is a political slogan which originated during protests against acts of ethnic violence against African Americans. Its precise meaning is contested. The slogan was used as early as 1986, following the killing of Michael Griffith by a mob of youths. History Linguist Ben Zimmer writes that use of the slogan \\\"No justice, no peace\\\" during protests goes back as far as the 1986 killing of Michael Griffith. Griffith, a Trinidadian immigrant, and three friends, all black, were assaulted by a mob of white youths in the Howard Beach, Queens, New York City. Griffith fled the attackers onto a nearby highway, where he was fatally struck by a passing car. In 2014, civil-rights activist Al Sharpton recounted: \\\"In the midst of the protest, someone yelled the slogan, 'No justice, no peace'. Others began doing the same, and from then on I adopted it as a rallying cry each and every time a grave miscarriage of justice has befallen the disenfranchised.\\\" Other sources suggest that the phrase was actually popularized by activist Robert \\\"Sonny\\\" Carson, who is quoted on February 12, 1987 as stating, \\\"'No justice! No peace!' [...] 'No peace for all of you who dare kill our children if they come into your neighborhood...We are going to make one long, hot summer out here...get ready for a new black in this city!,\\\" while the New York Times reported on July 6, 1987: \\\"'No justice, no peace,' said Mr. Carson repeatedly in what he said he hopes will emerge as the rallying cry for his cause.\\\" Carson appears to have used the phrase conditionally . The phrase appears even earlier on a painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat, Created Equal, in 1984.. The 1992 Los Angeles riots are remembered for the use of the slogan, which expressed collective frustration with the existing political order. The slogan is paraphrased in the song Baltimore by Prince. Conditional or conjunctive The meaning of \\\"no justice, no peace\\\" may change between conditional and conjunctive depending on the speaker. In the conditional interpretation, the slogan is rendered as an \\\"if-then\\\" statement, which implies that peaceful action is impossible without justice, and which urges citizens to demonstrate against injustice even if doing so results in violence. Ben Zimmer writes that during the 1980s and '90s, No justice, no peace' was unequivocally understood as conditional, not conjunctive\\\", such as in a 1988 statement by lawyer Ron Kuby before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Criminal Justice: After the 2014 shooting of Tamir Rice, journalist Glen Ford wrote: By contrast, in the conjunctive interpretation, one is stating that neither peace or justice can exist without the other. After the acquittal in the Trayvon Martin murder case, the chaplain of the University of Pennsylvania said, \\\"A lack of justice has resulted in a lack of peace\\\", \\\"Heavy hearts now lack peace because of the lack of justice in our nation\\\", and \\\"No peace because of no justice.\\\" Sharpton writes, No justice, no peace' [...] is a way\",\n \"title\": \"No justice, no peace\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49599256\",\n \"text\": \"Sandra Blakeslee (born 1943) is an American science correspondent of over four decades for The New York Times and science writer, specializing in neuroscience. Together with neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran, she authored the 1998 popular science book Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind. Biography Blakeslee is the third member of her family to specialize in science writing; her grandfather Howard W. Blakeslee wrote for the Associated Press, and was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Reporting in 1937, and her father, Alton L. Blakeslee, also wrote for the AP. Sandra Blakeslee was raised in Port Washington, New York. She attended Northwestern University for two years, before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley, where she majored in political science, graduating in 1965. She then joined the Peace Corps, serving in Sarawak, Borneo, where she taught elementary school. Blakeslee started at the New York Times United Nations bureau and city desk in 1967, before moving to the science desk in 1968. She later began writing for the Times on contract. In the 1980s, she began to specialize in neuroscience. She co-authored a series of books on marriage and divorce with psychologist Judith Wallerstein. Starting in 1995, Blakeslee began hosting a writing workshop with fellow Times writer George Johnson at the Santa Fe Institute, which awarded her a journalism fellowship in 2013. Blakeslee lives in Santa Fe. She has two children and five grandchildren. Her son, Matt Blakeslee, is also a science writer, and her co-author on the 2007 book The Body Has a Mind of Its Own: How Body Maps in Your Brain Help You Do (Almost) Everything Better. Her daughter, Abi Blakeslee Kelleher, is a clinical psychologist. Books You Don't Have to Live with Cystitis! How to Avoid It—And What to Do About It (1986) with Larry Gillespie Second Chances: Men, Women and Children a Decade After Divorce (1989) with Judith Wallerstein The Good Marriage: How and Why Love Lasts (1995) with Judith S. Wallerstein Helping Your Kids Cope with Divorce the Sandcastles Way (1998) with Patricia Romanowski Bashe and Judith S. Wallerstein Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (1998) with V. S. Ramachandran The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: The 25 Year Landmark Study (2001) with Judith Wallerstein and Julia M. Lewis What About the Kids?: Raising Your Children Before, During and After Divorce (2003) On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines (2004) with Jeff Hawkins The Body Has a Mind of Its Own: How Body Maps in Your Brain Help You Do (Almost) Everything Better (2007) with Matthew Blakeslee Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals about Our Everyday Deceptions (2010) with Stephen L. Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde References External links Archived stories at the New York Times Archived stories at Scientific American The New York Times journalists American science writers American psychology writers UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni Place of birth missing (living\",\n \"title\": \"Sandra Blakeslee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12134762\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bless Your Heart\\\" is a song made famous by country music singer Freddie Hart, and was the title track to Hart's 1972 album. The song was his third No. 1 song on the country chart. Country music writer Tom Roland wrote that the homonymy of Hart's last name (\\\"Hart\\\" and \\\"heart\\\") and the use of a common phrase (\\\"bless your heart\\\") in the lyrics provided the basis for the song, which is about a man who - despite his failings and feelings of unworthiness - expresses deep gratitude that his wife still loves him. As the song grew in popularity, wrote Roland, Hart's fans \\\"began saying it more and more in conjunction with (Hart) on stage.\\\" Charts See also [ Allmusic — Bless Your Heart] References 1972 singles Freddie Hart songs Songs written by Freddie Hart Songs written by Jack Grayson\",\n \"title\": \"Bless Your Heart (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"113500\",\n \"text\": \"In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. That definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, and so what constitutes a \\\"conjunction\\\" must be defined for each language. In English, a given word may have several senses, and be either a preposition or a conjunction depending on the syntax of the sentence. For example, after is a preposition in \\\"he left after the fight\\\" but is a conjunction in \\\"he left after they fought\\\". In general, a conjunction is an invariable (non-inflected) grammatical particle that may or may not stand between the items conjoined. The definition of conjunction may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function, \\\"as well as\\\", \\\"provided that\\\". A simple literary example of a conjunction is \\\"the truth of nature, and the power of giving interest\\\" (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria). A conjunction may be placed at the beginning of a sentence: \\\"But some superstition about the practice persists.\\\" Separation of clauses Commas are often used to separate clauses. In English, a comma is used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first: After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. (Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat.) A relative clause takes commas if it is non-restrictive, as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. (Without the comma, this would mean that only the trees more than six feet tall were cut down.) Some style guides prescribe that two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction. In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home. Designer clothes are silly, and I can't afford them anyway. Don't push that button, or twelve tons of high explosives will go off right under our feet! In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is not an independent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: Mary walked to the party but was unable to walk home. I think designer clothes are silly and can't afford them anyway. However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an imperative, as in: Sit down and shut up. The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long coordinate clauses are nonetheless usually separated by commas: She had very little to live on, but she would never have dreamed of taking what was not hers. A comma between clauses may\",\n \"title\": \"Conjunction (grammar)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4266275\",\n \"text\": \"Israel Horovitz (March 31, 1939 – November 9, 2020) was an American playwright, director, actor and co-founder of the Gloucester Stage Company in 1979. He served as artistic director until 2006 and later served on the board, ex officio and as artistic director emeritus until his resignation in November 2017 after The New York Times reported allegations of sexual misconduct. Horovitz wrote more than 70 plays, many of which were translated and performed in various languages. He was the founder of the New York Playwrights Lab, and his best-known plays include Line, Park Your Car in Harvard Yard, and The Indian Wants the Bronx. Horovitz also had a film career, with notable works including the 1982 film Author! Author! and the 2014 film My Old Lady. Throughout his career, he received numerous awards and recognitions for his work in theatre and film. However, he faced multiple sexual assault and harassment accusations from women associated with his theatre companies. Early life and career Horovitz was born to a Jewish family in Wakefield, Massachusetts, the son of Hazel Rose (née Solberg) and Julius Charles Horovitz, a lawyer. At age 13, he wrote his first novel, which was rejected by Simon & Schuster but complimented for its \\\"wonderful, childlike qualities.\\\" At age 17, he wrote his first play, entitled The Comeback, which was performed at nearby Suffolk University. He worked as a taxi driver, a stagehand and an advertising executive before having his first success in the theatre with his play The Indian Wants the Bronx, which featured two yet-undiscovered future film stars: John Cazale and Al Pacino. The play premiered in 1966 at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. Pacino and Cazale starred; it was the first of six collaborations between them. The play was then staged in conjunction with the playwright's It's Called the Sugar Plum and directed by James Hammerstein as the opening production of the new off-Broadway Astor Place Theatre, where it opened on January 17, 1968 and ran for 177 performances. Following his debut, about which The New York Posts Jerry Tallmer wrote \\\"Welcome, Mr. Horovitz,\\\" Random House published a collection of four of his plays, entitled First Season (1968). Horovitz wrote two novels: Cappella (Harper and Row) and Guignol's Legacy (Three Rooms Press); a novella, Nobody Loves Me (Les Editions de Minuit); and a collection of poetry, Heaven and Others Poems (Three Rooms Press). His memoir, Un New-Yorkais a Paris (Grasset), was published in France in 2011. Theatre career Horovitz wrote more than 70 produced plays, many of which have been translated and performed in more than 30 languages worldwide. Among Horovitz's best-known plays are Line (a revival of which opened in 1974 and is NYC's longest-running play, closing in 2018 after 43 years of continuous performance at Off-Off-Broadway's 13th Street Repertory Theatre), Park Your Car in Harvard Yard, The Primary English Class, The Widow's Blind Date, What Strong Fences Make, and The Indian Wants the Bronx, for which he won the Obie Award for\",\n \"title\": \"Israel Horovitz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"187013\",\n \"text\": \"And/or is an English grammatical conjunction used to indicate that one or more (or even all) of the cases it connects may occur. It is used as an inclusive or (as in logic and mathematics), because saying \\\"or\\\" in spoken language (or writing \\\"or\\\") might be inclusive or exclusive. The construction has been used in official, legal and business documents since the mid-19th century, and evidence of broader use appears in the 20th century. It has been criticized as both ugly in style and ambiguous in legal documents. Many style guides recommend against it. Alternatives Two alternatives have been proposed. The first is to (for just two items) replace and/or with \\\"x or y or both.\\\" The second is to simply choose which of and or or to use. Mutual exclusivity The word or does not entail mutual exclusivity by itself. The word either can be used to convey mutual exclusivity. \\\"When using either as a conjunction, [it can be applied] to more than two elements in a series.\\\" Thus, appropriately indicates that the choices are mutually exclusive. If the function of or is clear from the context, it is not necessary to use either as a conjunction: Criticism References on English usage strongly criticize the phrase as \\\"ugly\\\" and \\\"Janus-faced\\\". William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White, in their classic The Elements of Style, say and/or is \\\"A device, or shortcut, that damages a sentence and often leads to confusion or ambiguity\\\". Roy H. Copperud, in A Dictionary of Usage and Style, says that the phrase is \\\"Objectionable to many, who regard it as a legalism\\\". Legal criticism The phrase has come under criticism in both American and British courts. Judges have called it a \\\"freakish fad\\\", an \\\"accuracy-destroying symbol\\\", and \\\"meaningless\\\". In a Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion from 1935, Justice Fowler referred to it as \\\"that befuddling, nameless thing, that Janus-faced verbal monstrosity, neither word nor phrase, the child of a brain of someone too lazy or too dull to know what he did mean\\\". The Kentucky Supreme Court has said it was a \\\"much-condemned conjunctive-disjunctive crutch of sloppy thinkers\\\". Finally, the Florida Supreme Court has denounced the use of \\\"and/or\\\", stating ...we take our position with that distinguished company of lawyers who have condemned its use. It is one of those inexcusable barbarisms which were sired by indolence and damned by indifference, and has no more place in legal terminology than the vernacular of Uncle Remus has in Holy Writ. I am unable to divine how such senseless jargon becomes current. The coiner of it certainly had no appreciation for terse and concise law English. Other authorities point out that it is usually quite unambiguous and can be the most efficient way to indicate the inclusive or in some contexts. Kenneth Adams, lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and Alan S. Kaye, professor of linguistics at California State University, write, \\\"It does, after all, have a specific meaning—X and/or Y means X or Y or both.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"And/or\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2474806\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick Earl \\\"Shorty\\\" Long (May 20, 1940 – June 29, 1969) was an American soul singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer for Motown's Soul Records imprint. He was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame in 1980. Career Long was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and came to Motown in 1963 from the Tri-Phi/Harvey label, owned by Berry Gordy's sister, Gwen, and her husband, Harvey Fuqua. His first release, \\\"Devil with the Blue Dress On\\\" (1964), written with William \\\"Mickey\\\" Stevenson, was the first recording issued on Motown's Soul label, a subsidiary designed for more blues-based artists such as Long. While this song never charted nationally, the song was covered and made a hit in 1966 by Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels. Long's 1966 single \\\"Function at the Junction\\\" was his first popular hit, reaching No. 42 on the US Billboard R&B chart. Other single releases included \\\"It's a Crying Shame\\\" (1964), \\\"Chantilly Lace\\\" (1967), and \\\"Night Fo' Last\\\" (1968). Long's biggest hit was \\\"Here Comes the Judge\\\" which in July 1968 reached No. 4 on the R&B chart and No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was inspired by a comic act on Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In about a judge by Pigmeat Markham, whose own \\\"Here Comes the Judge\\\" – a similar song with different lyrics – charted three weeks after Long's, also in July 1968, and reached No. 19 on Billboard. Long's 1969 singles included \\\"I Had a Dream\\\" and \\\"A Whiter Shade of Pale\\\". He released one album during his lifetime, Here Comes the Judge (1968). Long played many instruments, including piano, organ, drums, harmonica, and trumpet. He acted as an MC for many of the Motortown Revue shows and tours, and co-wrote several of his tunes (\\\"Devil with the Blue Dress On\\\", \\\"Function at the Junction\\\", and \\\"Here Comes the Judge\\\"). Long was the only Motown artist besides Smokey Robinson who was allowed to produce his own recordings in the 1960s. Marvin Gaye, in David Ritz's biography Divided Soul: The Life & Times of Marvin Gaye, described Shorty Long as \\\"this beautiful cat who had two hits, and then got ignored by Motown.\\\" Gaye claimed he \\\"fought for guys like Shorty\\\" while at Motown, since no one ever pushed for these artists. When Holland-Dozier-Holland came to Gaye with a tune, he stated, \\\"Why are you going to produce me? Why don't you produce Shorty Long?\\\" Death On June 29, 1969, Long and a friend drowned when their boat crashed on the Detroit River in Michigan. Stevie Wonder played the harmonica at his burial, and placed it on his casket afterwards. Writer Roger Green's epitaph stated: \\\"So there endeth the career of a man who sang what he wanted to sing – everything from the blues to romantic ballads, from wild and crazy numbers to a utopian vision of Heaven on Earth. Short in stature but big in talent, he entertained and amazed us, and finally he inspired us.\\\" Motown released Long's final album,\",\n \"title\": \"Shorty Long\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7012676\",\n \"text\": \"Hamley Bridge is a community in South Australia located at the junction of the Gilbert and Light rivers, as well as the site of a former railway junction. Named by the government of the day, in honour of the Acting Governor of South Australia Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Gilbert Hamley, whose wife, Lady Edith Hamley laid the foundation stone of the River Light Railway Bridge on 25 July 1868. This bridge carries the Peterborough railway line over the Light River. Other settlements in the area had commenced in the early 1860s, and it was not until 1868 that the junction of the two rivers came under notice as a possible site for a township. Railway The Peterborough railway line was built from a new junction at Roseworthy (north of Gawler on what was then the Morgan railway line) to Tarlee during 1868. A bridge was required over the River Light. The bridge was long and high, in two spans on stone abutments and a cast iron cylindrical pier in diameter. This bridge was replaced in 1925 in conjunction with the works to convert the narrow gauge line to broad gauge, despite this bridge already being broad gauge. Elevation is . Break of gauge difficulty The original railway through the town was . In 1880, a junction at Balaklava on the narrow gauge Port Wakefield railway line created the Balaklava railway line through Owen to meet the broad gauge line at Hamley Bridge. This was built to , so Hamley Bridge was a break of gauge station rather than a junction. A new railway station was established a few hundred metres north of the original in 1880 and was at first known as Alma Railway Station. The stone building, occupied as a private residence today, represents the fine architecture of the era and is heritage listed along with the signal box and water tanks, and two of the bridges over the River Light. As Hamley Bridge is only from the capital and major port, this break of gauge soon became a sore point, leading lobbying over decades to extend the narrow gauge all the way to the capital and that port. Trains reaching Hamley Bridge may have travelled from Oodnadatta, thus illustrating the poor design of this break of gauge. The break of gauge at Hamley Bridge was very cramped and poorly sited due to rivers, bridges, gradients and curves, which were difficult to improve upon. There were also shunting delays and a shortage of trucks. A counter proposal to ease congestion at the inadequate facilities at the Hamley Bridge break of gauge was to shift the break of gauge northwards to Balaklava, was strongly opposed. Alternately, the break of gauge may have been moved northwards to Owen Hamley Bridge ceased to be a break of gauge station in 1927 when narrow gauge lines as far north as Gladstone were converted to broad gauge, Gladstone becoming a break of gauge station in lieu. 24-hour per day operation was made possible by the installation\",\n \"title\": \"Hamley Bridge, South Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13663741\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Just Fine\\\" is a song by American singer Mary J. Blige. It was written by Blige, Terius \\\"The-Dream\\\" Nash, Jazze Pha and Tricky Stewart for her eighth studio album, Growing Pains (2007), while production was helmed by Pha and Stewart. It was released as the album's lead single on October 16, 2007. The song peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, while also topping the US Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song also appeared on the 2008 compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 27 Critically acclaimed, \\\"Just Fine\\\" was nominated in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, held February 2008, as well as the Grammy for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 51st Grammy Awards in February 2009. In addition, the song was ranked 41st on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007. Background \\\"Just Fine\\\" was written by Mary J. Blige along with The-Dream, Jazze Pha and Tricky Stewart, while production was helmed by Pha and Stewart, with Kuk Harrell serving as a vocal producer. Initially presented as an incomplete song to Blige, Nash, Pha, and Stewart finished much of the \\\"upbeat\\\" dance pop song within 24 hours. It became one of the first songs which Blige recorded for parent album Growing Pains and would set much of the tone for the remaining material. Blige commented on the sound of the song: \\\"When I heard the beat, I was like, 'OK, this is hot. This is making my body move, and I'm having fun.\\\" A cheerful, feel-good jam \\\"about uplifting yourself and having hope for your future, whatever your future is,\\\" Blige tried to \\\"make the song about how I appreciate the good days I do have and where I'm at right now, even though I still have challenges.\\\" In a 2007 interview with MTV News, she further elaborated: \\\"That song was written based on me having a good day. You know, I can have 20 bad days. I can have as many bad days as anyone. But I choose to say, \\\"I'm just fine.\\\" Right now. So it's OK to have those days. So instead of coming with something ungrateful to the universe, how about I come with something first that's says, 'You know what? It's OK. Enjoy this day if you're having a great day.\\\" Critical reception \\\"Just Fine\\\" earned generally positive reviews from music critics. Da'Shan Smith from uDiscoverMusic found that \\\"there can’t be a wedding, office party, cookout, or family reunion function without hearing this gem from Mary [...] Channeling the funk groove of Marvin Gaye and the disco beat of Michael Jackson circa Off the Wall, \\\"Just Fine\\\" is a quintessential throwback party anthem.\\\" Alexis Petridis from The Guardian wrote: \\\"Blige in gleeful party-starting mode, complete with opening get-on-the-dancefloor monologue. \\\"Just Fine\\\"s rhythm track was apparently inspired by Michael Jackson’s \\\"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough.\\\" Its sparse-but-urgent sound and\",\n \"title\": \"Just Fine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"753349\",\n \"text\": \"In mathematics, a Boolean function is a function whose arguments and result assume values from a two-element set (usually {true, false}, {0,1} or {-1,1}). Alternative names are switching function, used especially in older computer science literature, and truth function (or logical function), used in logic. Boolean functions are the subject of Boolean algebra and switching theory. A Boolean function takes the form , where is known as the Boolean domain and is a non-negative integer called the arity of the function. In the case where , the function is a constant element of . A Boolean function with multiple outputs, with is a vectorial or vector-valued Boolean function (an S-box in symmetric cryptography). There are different Boolean functions with arguments; equal to the number of different truth tables with entries. Every -ary Boolean function can be expressed as a propositional formula in variables , and two propositional formulas are logically equivalent if and only if they express the same Boolean function. Examples The rudimentary symmetric Boolean functions (logical connectives or logic gates) are: NOT, negation or complement - which receives one input and returns true when that input is false (\\\"not\\\") AND or conjunction - true when all inputs are true (\\\"both\\\") OR or disjunction - true when any input is true (\\\"either\\\") XOR or exclusive disjunction - true when one of its inputs is true and the other is false (\\\"not equal\\\") NAND or Sheffer stroke - true when it is not the case that all inputs are true (\\\"not both\\\") NOR or logical nor - true when none of the inputs are true (\\\"neither\\\") XNOR or logical equality - true when both inputs are the same (\\\"equal\\\") An example of a more complicated function is the majority function (of an odd number of inputs). Representation A Boolean function may be specified in a variety of ways: Truth table: explicitly listing its value for all possible values of the arguments Marquand diagram: truth table values arranged in a two-dimensional grid (used in a Karnaugh map) Binary decision diagram, listing the truth table values at the bottom of a binary tree Venn diagram, depicting the truth table values as a colouring of regions of the plane Algebraically, as a propositional formula using rudimentary Boolean functions: Negation normal form, an arbitrary mix of AND and ORs of the arguments and their complements Disjunctive normal form, as an OR of ANDs of the arguments and their complements Conjunctive normal form, as an AND of ORs of the arguments and their complements Canonical normal form, a standardized formula which uniquely identifies the function: Algebraic normal form or Zhegalkin polynomial, as a XOR of ANDs of the arguments (no complements allowed) Full (canonical) disjunctive normal form, an OR of ANDs each containing every argument or complement (minterms) Full (canonical) conjunctive normal form, an AND of ORs each containing every argument or complement (maxterms) Blake canonical form, the OR of all the prime implicants of the function Boolean formulas can also be displayed as a\",\n \"title\": \"Boolean function\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28238510\",\n \"text\": \"Maryland Route 710 (MD 710) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Ordnance Road, the state highway runs from MD 2 in Glen Burnie east to MD 173 in Brooklyn Park at the city limits of Baltimore. MD 710 provides access to the Defense Logistics Agency Curtis Bay Depot, a unit of the General Services Administration. The state highway is named for the federal site's prior use as a U.S. Army Depot. MD 710 was constructed in the early 1940s and relocated for most of its length concurrent with the construction of MD 10 in the early 1970s. Route description MD 710 begins at an intersection with MD 2 (Governor Ritchie Highway) surrounded by four shopping centers in Glen Burnie. The roadway continues west as county-maintained West Ordnance Road. MD 710 heads east as a four-lane divided highway and meets MD 10 (Arundel Expressway) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. Beyond MD 10, the state highway curves to the northeast, crosses a branch of Furnace Creek, and reduces to a two-lane undivided road. MD 710 passes the Anne Arundel County Correctional Center, a U.S. Army Reserve Center, and the Defense Logistics Agency Curtis Bay Depot. The state highway curves east and has a grade crossing of CSX's Curtis Bay Branch underneath Interstate 695 (I-695, Baltimore Beltway). MD 710's eastern terminus is at an intersection with MD 173 (Pennington Avenue/Hawkins Point Road) in Brooklyn Park at the city limits of Baltimore. History MD 710 was constructed as a concrete road in 1942 to connect the Curtis Bay Ordnance Depot with MD 173 and MD 2. The highway originally followed what is now MD 711 east from MD 2. Beyond MD 711, the highway headed east through the site of MD 10's interchange with I-695 to what is now the U.S. Army Reserve Center, then followed its present alignment to MD 173. MD 710 was relocated to its present course, including the divided highway segment, in 1972 in conjunction with the construction of MD 10. Junction list See also References External links MDRoads: MD 710 MD 710 at AARoads.com 710 Maryland Route 710\",\n \"title\": \"Maryland Route 710\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"623409\",\n \"text\": \"David Adam Javerbaum (born 1971) is an American comedy writer and lyricist. Javerbaum has won 13 Emmy Awards in his career, 11 of them for his work on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. He runs the popular Twitter account @TheTweetOfGod, which at its peak had 6.2 million followers. The account was the basis for his play An Act of God, which opened on Broadway in the spring of 2015 starring Jim Parsons, and again in the spring of 2016 starring Sean Hayes. The play has gone on to receive over 100 productions in 20 countries and 11 languages. Work Javerbaum was hired as a staff writer with The Daily Show with Jon Stewart in 1999. He was promoted to head writer in 2002 and became an executive producer at the end of 2006. His work for the program won 11 Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, three Peabody Awards and Television Critics Association Awards for both Best Comedy and Best News Show. He was also one of the three principal authors of the show's textbook parody America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, which sold 2.6 million copies and won the 2005 Thurber Prize for American Humor. He became a consulting producer at the start of 2009 and spearheaded the writing of the book's 2010 sequel, Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race; his co-production of the audiobook earned the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Spoken-Word Album. He left the show in 2010. In 2013 he was hired by Fusion to create and executive-produce two news-parody shows, No, You Shut Up! and Good Morning Today, in conjunction with The Henson Company. In 2015 he worked as a producer for The Late Late Show with James Corden on CBS. In 2016 Javerbaum co-created the Netflix sitcom Disjointed with Chuck Lorre. He was also a consulting producer and one of three writers on Lorre's 2018 Netflix show The Kominsky Method. As of 2020 he is co-Executive Producer of the upcoming revival of Beavis and Butt-Head for Comedy Central. Javerbaum's other work includes serving as head writer and supervising producer for both Comedy Central's first-ever Comedy Awards and The Secret Policeman's Ball 2012, writing and producing the original musical-comedy pilot Browsers for Amazon in 2013, and writing three episodes for the 2011 relaunch of Beavis and Butt-Head. He wrote for the Late Show with David Letterman from 1998 to 1999. Books In addition to co-writing the two Daily Show books he is the sole author of three: the 2009 pregnancy satire What to Expect When You're Expected: A Fetus's Guide to the First Three Trimesters; 2011's The Last Testament: A Memoir by God, in conjunction with which he created @TheTweetOfGod; and, also as \\\"God\\\", The Book of Pslams: 97 Divine Diatribes on Humanity's Total Failure, which was published in April 2022 by Simon & Schuster. He also co-authored Neil Patrick Harris's 2014 memoir, The Choose Your Own Autobiography of Neil Patrick Harris. Javerbaum graduated from Harvard University. While\",\n \"title\": \"David Javerbaum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2607176\",\n \"text\": \"Howard Harris (February 15, 1912 – March 22, 1986) was a comedy writer whose credits included Copacabana (1947) starring Groucho Marx and Carmen Miranda (), The Jackie Gleason Show, You Bet Your Life with Groucho Marx, Gilligan's Island, Petticoat Junction, and other popular television shows. Howard Harris was born in New York City, and attended Fordham University School of Law for two years which, according to his family, he hated. The summer before his third and final year he got a job writing humorous anecdotes about celebrities for a trade publication. After that experience he dropped out of law school and started writing comedy for radio for Joe Penner and Fred Allen, among others, according to one account from his family. Before the Second World War, Harris moved to Hollywood where he was considered one of the hottest comedy writers around, according to his wife Marion Harris Linden. In 1943 he was a screenwriter for Higher and Higher starring Frank Sinatra (see ). In 1947 he was a co-writer for Alfred E. Green's Copacabana. Also in 1947 Harris wrote the story for a comedy called Linda Be Good, according to the Internet Movie Database (). IMDb also reports that Harris was a writer for The Noose Hangs High (), which starred Abbott and Costello. Harris migrated to television and back to New York where he became a comedy writer in 1952 for The Jackie Gleason Show in which he helped to write a segment which featured Gleason as a loud-mouthed, Brooklyn bus driver known as Ralph Kramden. That segment later became the seed for the comedy series, The Honeymooners. In 1953 Harris wrote or co-wrote 14 episodes of \\\"The Honeymooners\\\" skits that aired within \\\"The Jackie Gleason Show.\\\" While in New York City in 1953, Harris appeared as a guest on What's My Line?, hosted by John Charles Daly and produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman. The celebrity panel failed to identify Harris as \\\"Jackie Gleason's Gag Writer.\\\" That episode is available for viewing at The Museum of Television & Radio () in New York City. Harris returned to Hollywood where he wrote a pilot episode for a half-hour show called Bozo the Clown, starring William Bendix (that episode also can be viewed at The Museum of Television & Radio ). In the early 1950s, Harris joined Groucho Marx again as a writer for the archetypal comedy game show, You Bet Your Life, produced by John Guedel. Harris, who joined the show in its second or third year, continued to write gags for Groucho for more than five years. Later in the mid-1960s Harris wrote for Gilligan's Island and Petticoat Junction. During his later years Harris continued to write gags but had trouble selling his work as younger comedy writers got television work, leaving older writers like Harris behind. On October 8, 1939, Harris married his first wife, Jeanne Nan Gidding, in New York. Their two children were Stephen Gidding Harris and Amy Lynn Harris. Amy Lynn Harris died\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Harris (writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"531064\",\n \"text\": \"Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. This process can occur either through direct contact between cell surfaces such as cell junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix, a gel-like structure containing molecules released by cells into spaces between them. Cells adhesion occurs from the interactions between cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs), transmembrane proteins located on the cell surface. Cell adhesion links cells in different ways and can be involved in signal transduction for cells to detect and respond to changes in the surroundings. Other cellular processes regulated by cell adhesion include cell migration and tissue development in multicellular organisms. Alterations in cell adhesion can disrupt important cellular processes and lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer and arthritis. Cell adhesion is also essential for infectious organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, to cause diseases. General mechanism CAMs are classified into four major families: integrins, immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, cadherins, and selectins. Cadherins and IgSF are homophilic CAMs, as they directly bind to the same type of CAMs on another cell, while integrins and selectins are heterophilic CAMs that bind to different types of CAMs. Each of these adhesion molecules has a different function and recognizes different ligands. Defects in cell adhesion are usually attributable to defects in expression of CAMs. In multicellular organisms, bindings between CAMs allow cells to adhere to one another and creates structures called cell junctions. According to their functions, the cell junctions can be classified as: Anchoring junctions (adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes), which maintain cells together and strengthens contact between cells. Occluding junctions (tight junctions), which seal gaps between cells through cell–cell contact, making an impermeable barrier for diffusion Channel-forming junctions (gap junctions), which links cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing transport of molecules to occur between cells Signal-relaying junctions, which can be synapses in the nervous system Alternatively, cell junctions can be categorised into two main types according to what interacts with the cell: cell–cell junctions, mainly mediated by cadherins, and cell–matrix junctions, mainly mediated by integrins. Cell–cell junctions Cell–cell junctions can occur in different forms. In anchoring junctions between cells such as adherens junctions and desmosomes, the main CAMs present are the cadherins. This family of CAMs are membrane proteins that mediate cell–cell adhesion through its extracellular domains and require extracellular Ca2+ ions to function correctly. Cadherins forms homophilic attachment between themselves, which results in cells of a similar type sticking together and can lead to selective cell adhesion, allowing vertebrate cells to assemble into organised tissues. Cadherins are essential for cell–cell adhesion and cell signalling in multicellular animals and can be separated into two types: classical cadherins and non-classical cadherins. Adherens junctions Adherens junctions mainly function to maintain the shape of tissues and to hold cells together. In adherens junctions, cadherins between neighbouring cells interact through their extracellular domains, which share a conserved calcium-sensitive region in their extracellular domains. When this region comes into contact with\",\n \"title\": \"Cell adhesion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49936877\",\n \"text\": \"Paranormality: Why we see what isn't there is a 2011 book about the paranormal by psychologist and magician Richard Wiseman. Wiseman argues that paranormal phenomena such as psychics, telepathy, ghosts, out-of-body experiences, prophesy and more do not exist, and explores why people continue to believe, and what that tells us about human behavior and the way the brain functions. Wiseman uses QR codes throughout the book, which link to YouTube videos as examples and as experiments the reader can participate in to further explain the phenomena. Because of a cautious American publishing market, it was only available in America through Kindle. Paranormality was awarded the Center for Inquiry's Robert P. Balles award for 2011. Contents Interviewed by Swoopy for the Skepticality podcast, Wiseman stated the book has a high impact on readers because it is interactive. Surveying paranormal books before writing Paranormality, Wiseman asked himself what about these books engages the readers. \\\"It's all about you, it's about your brain, it's about your behavior, it's about your beliefs\\\". ... \\\"getting people involved and finding out yourself\\\". One reason the title of the book does not instantly reveal if it is supportive or skeptical of the paranormal is that they wanted it to appeal to people interested in the paranormal. The goal was to be clear that believers are not stupid, that anyone can fall for this kind of stuff, and \\\"Hey here are some fun things you can try\\\". Wiseman felt there was no single volume of work that could be handed to someone who wanted to learn about skepticism so he wrote Paranormality. Interviewer Kylie Sturgess asked Wiseman if the book was something he had been meaning to write for some time, as there is \\\"so much in it\\\". Wiseman replied that it was something that he pitched over fifteen years prior but he could not find \\\"the right angle on it\\\". Finally, he decided that he could write it in a way that it was not a debunking book. He told Sturgess that researching the paranormal tells us a lot about the brain and how we can be deceived. For example, he talks about people who claim they are being attacked by a ghost or an entity when they are starting to wake up; this information tells us a lot about sleep. Suggestibility, he says, also plays an important role when studying the paranormal. The book has many tests the reader can take to discover how suggestible they are. The \\\"underlying theme of the book\\\" is how easily people are fooled when they don't have \\\"the scientific method at your fingertips.\\\" Wiseman says that the chapter in the book where he explains psychic tricks is the most controversial; psychics \\\"don’t want people to know that stuff.\\\" He stresses that it \\\"would be a huge shift\\\" if people contacted consumer affairs organizations asking for the evidence of these paranormal claims. Reception Astronomer and friend of Wiseman, Phil Plait reviewed the book on his Discover Magazine blog, and encouraged anyone\",\n \"title\": \"Paranormality (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7364669\",\n \"text\": \"Innexins are transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions in invertebrates. Gap junctions are composed of membrane proteins that form a channel permeable to ions and small molecules connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Although gap junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, it was not known what proteins invertebrates used for this purpose until the late 1990s. While the connexin family of gap junction proteins was well-characterized in vertebrates, no homologues were found in non-chordates. Innexins or related proteins are widespread among Eumetazoa, with the exception of echinoderms. Discovery Gap junction proteins with no sequence homology to connexins were initially identified in fruit flies. It was suggested that these proteins are specific invertebrate gap junctions, and they were thus named \\\"innexins\\\" (invertebrate analog of connexins). They were later identified in diverse invertebrates. Invertebrate genomes may contain more than a dozen innexin genes. Once the human genome was sequenced, innexin homologues were identified in humans and then in other vertebrates, indicating their ubiquitous distribution in the animal kingdom. These homologues were called \\\"pannexins\\\" (from the Greek pan - all, throughout, and Latin nexus - connection, bond). However, increasing evidence suggests that pannexins do not form gap junctions unless overexpressed in tissue and thus, differ functionally from innexins. Structure Innexins have four transmembrane segments (TMSs) and, like the vertebrate connexin gap junction protein, innexin subunits together form a channel (an \\\"innexon\\\") in the plasma membrane of the cell. Two innexons in apposed plasma membranes can form a gap junction. Innexons are made from eight subunits, instead of the six subunits of connexons. Structurally, innexins and connexins are very similar, consisting of 4 transmembrane domains, 2 extracellular and 1 intracellular loop, along with intracellular N- and C-terminal tails. Despite this shared topology, the protein families do not share enough sequence similarity to confidently infer common ancestry. Pannexins are similar to innexins and are usually considered a sub-group, but they do not participate in the formation of gap junctions and the channels have seven subunits. Vinnexins, viral homologues of innexins, were identified in polydnaviruses that occur in obligate symbiotic associations with parasitoid wasps. It was suggested that vinnexins may function to alter gap junction proteins in infected host cells, possibly modifying cell-cell communication during encapsulation responses in parasitized insects. Function Innexins form gap junctions found in invertebrates. They also form non-junctional membrane channels with properties similar to those of pannexons. N-terminal- elongated innexins can act as a plug to manipulate hemichannel closure and provide a mechanism connecting the effect of hemichannel closure directly to apoptotic signal transduction from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. The vertebrate homolog pannexin do not form gap junctions. They only form the hemichannel \\\"pannexons\\\". These hemichannels can be present in plasma, ER and Golgi membranes. They transport Ca2+, ATP, inositol triphosphate and other small molecules and can form hemichannels with greater ease than connexin subunits. Transport reaction The transport reactions catalyzed by innexin gap junctions is: Small molecules (cell 1 cytoplasm) ⇌ small molecules (cell 2 cytoplasm) Or\",\n \"title\": \"Innexin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34651629\",\n \"text\": \"LittleBigPlanet Karting is a kart racing video game developed by United Front Games and San Diego Studio, in conjunction with series creators Media Molecule for the PlayStation 3. It is the fifth game of the LittleBigPlanet franchise, and the third LittleBigPlanet game to be released on the console. The game was published by Sony Computer Entertainment and was released in November 2012. Gameplay LittleBigPlanet Karting is a racing game in which the players race against each other in a go-kart across a variety of themed tracks, with the primary purpose to come in first place. Throughout the course of the race, players can pick up weapons that have special abilities such as projectiles, heat-seeking projectiles, EMPs, and grenades. The player can use these weapons to attack and slow down competitors. Weapons can be fired both forwards and backwards and can even cancel out seeker missiles when fired in reverse. Players can also pick up boost items such as Autopilot and Fast Forward. Karting includes LittleBigPlanet 2'''s grappling hook mechanic during races. Players are required to grapple across large expanses, climbing through the environment to progress and occasionally even finding elevated shortcuts. Players have the ability to reach out and slap somebody, stunning racers who get too close.Karting has an emphasis on modes unlike traditional circuit racing, like Battle Mode, Waypoint Races, Treasure Hunts, Score Attacks and more. The Battle Mode, an eight player arena battle, whereby players fight it out in an arena style vehicular combat match, is where players can pick up weapons like seeker missiles in the arena and use them to hit other players and earn points. As with most other games in the LittleBigPlanet series, user-generated content plays a pivotal role in the game's gameplay style using the series' \\\"Play, Create, Share\\\" motto. Users can customize their Sackboy as well as their karts and create their own tracks, which may extend to having genres other than just racing. The track editor allows users to adjust and create their own game rules, weapons, and tracks, and subsequently share them online through the PlayStation Network for other users to download and play. If the default AI is bothersome, users are able to tweak that as well. All tracks and modes have asynchronous multiplayer, even those tracks made by users. Create modeLittleBigPlanet Karting features a level editor, similar to the ModNation Racers editor. LittleBigPlanet Karting's create mode uses the same concept of LittleBigPlanet, featuring a menu similar to LittleBigPlanet's popit menu to access objects and materials, plus other tools. It also features Play, Rewind, and Undo options to test your creations, undo an unwanted action, or redo something that you accidentally undid. You can choose \\\"Create Track and Arena\\\" from your popit menu to create an arena or track, and also specify what texture(s) you want the track to be made out of. Terrain allows you to create lakes, ditches, and landforms in complex shapes, plus change the terrain material. The Tools Bag contains themes, sound effects, music, and\",\n \"title\": \"LittleBigPlanet Karting\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35302109\",\n \"text\": \"The Rescue is the first studio album by contemporary Christian-rock musician Adam Cappa, released on March 13, 2012 by BEC. Critical reception CCM Magazine'''s Matt Conner said \\\"there's a tenderness and authenticity that accompanies Adam Cappa's label debut that prevents the adult contemporary pop sound from becoming too familiar. The sounds on The Rescue are nothing new but Cappa's heart for his maker and his message are impossible to resist.\\\" Christian Music Zine's Joshua Andre wrote the album \\\"it’s hard for new artists to release a debut album with ticks in all the right boxes; however Adam Cappa in my opinion is a lyricist and a singer for the ages. From the strengths of his debut, I am sure he will go far in the Christian music industry, and I’ll be eagerly anticipating his subsequent albums! Adam, your album is a gem. Well done Jeremy and Andy as well. ‘The Rescue’ is one to savour again and again!\\\" The \\\"favourite tracks\\\" according to Andre are the following: \\\"The Rescue\\\", \\\"All I Really Want\\\", \\\"Washed Over Me\\\", \\\"The Only One\\\", \\\"Only a Glimpse\\\". Cross Rhythms' Tony Cummings said \\\"these aren't simply songs that will sound great on the radio, they'll touch hearts.\\\" Indie Vision Music's Jonathan Andre said \\\"ss I listen to this collection of 10 emotive songs, I am convinced that Jesus is the answer. This is an album of clichés and other out-of-left-field moments, and will be an album to savour for the months and years to come.\\\" Jesus Freak Hideout's Alex \\\"Tincan\\\" Caldwell wrote about this effort that it is \\\"like the fresh-faced contestants on American Idol, who may sincerely sing pop songs sanded smooth for mass consumption, you can't help but root for Cappa to succeed.\\\" Louder Than The Music's Jono Davies said \\\"what else can I say apart from this album has ten good pop rock songs, sung by a great vocalist. It's a strong album that is well worth checking out. Don't just take my word for it, have a listen to a few of the stand out tracks and see what you think.\\\" Davies wrote that the standout tracks are \\\"All I Really Want\\\", \\\"Sail Away\\\", and \\\"Washed Over Me\\\". New Release Tuesday's Kevin Davis said the album \\\"bears comparison to Cappa’s mentor with its biblically insightful themes and emotionally stirring arrangements. It also brings to mind Passion worship leaders Matt Redman, Kristian Stanfill and Chris Tomlin through subtle European production values and a crystalline singing voice that engages both pop and praise listeners alike.\\\"Worship Leader'''s Jason Whitehorn wrote that there is \\\"not a single skippable track on the entire album.\\\" Whitehorn noted the \\\"standout gems such as 'The Rescue' and 'Only a Glimpse' that could be easily implemented into your modern worship service and songs like “How Worthy” that are perfect for congregational standards.\\\" Track listing Charts Album Singles References External links allmusic page 2012 albums BEC Recordings albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Rescue (Adam Cappa album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25673787\",\n \"text\": \"Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming () is a 2009 book by Peter Seibel comprising interviews with 15 highly accomplished programmers. The primary topics in these interviews include how the interviewees learned programming, how they debug code, their favorite languages and tools, their opinions on literate programming, proofs, code reading and so on. Interviewees Jamie Zawinski Brad Fitzpatrick For studying Perl he recommends Higher-Order Perl by Mark Jason Dominus. Douglas Crockford Brendan Eich Joshua Bloch Joe Armstrong Simon Peyton Jones Mentions David Turner's paper on S-K combinators (cf. SKI combinator calculus). The S-K combinators are a way of translating and then executing the lambda calculus. Turner showed in his paper how to translate lambda calculus into the three combinators S, K and I which are all just closed lambda terms and I = SKK. So in effect you take a lambda term and compile to just Ss and Ks. Recalls his first instance of learning functional programming when taking a course by Arthur Norman who showed how to build doubly linked lists without any side effects at all. Mentions the paper \\\"Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style\\\" by John Backus. Wants John Hughes to write a paper for the Journal of Functional Programming on why static typing is bad. Hughes has written a popular paper titled \\\"Why Functional Programming Matters\\\". Mentions a data structure called \\\"zipper\\\" that is a very useful functional data structure. Peyton Jones also mentions the 4-5 line program that Hughes wrote to calculate an arbitrary number of digits of e lazily. Mentions that the sequential implementation of a double-ended queue is a first year undergraduate programming problem. For a concurrent implementation with a lock per node, it's a research paper problem. With transactional memory, it's an undergraduate problem again. Favorite books/authors: Programming Pearls by Jon Bentley, a chapter titled \\\"Writing Programs for 'The Book'\\\" by Brian Hayes from the book Beautiful Code where he explores the problem of determining which side of the line a given point is, Art of Computer Programming by Don Knuth, Purely Functional Data Structures by Chris Okasaki exploring how to build data structures like queues and heaps without side effects and reasonable complexity bounds, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs by Abelson and Sussman, Compiling with Continuations by Andrew Appel, A Discipline of Programming by Dijkstra, Per Brinch Hansen's book about writing concurrent operating systems. Peyton Jones mentions Fred Brook's paper that he reread and liked \\\"The Computer Scientist as Toolsmith\\\". Peter Norvig In 1972/73 when Norvig was still in high school, he found the Knuth algorithm for shuffling cards. The first interesting program that Norvig wrote was Game of Life. Wrote an essay called \\\"Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years\\\". On practical applications of academic concepts, he mentions that part of the problem is that academics do not see the whole problem and another part is education. If you have a bunch of programmers who don't understand what a monad is and haven't taken\",\n \"title\": \"Coders at Work\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19398961\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Live Your Life\\\" is a song by American rapper T.I., featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna, from T.I.'s sixth studio album, Paper Trail (2008). It was released as the seventh single from the album on September 8, 2008. The song's lyrics speak of T.I.'s rise to fame and optimism of the future. It also gives dedication to the American troops fighting in Iraq. The song both samples and interpolates the 2003 song \\\"Dragostea Din Tei\\\" by O-Zone. \\\"Live Your Life\\\" was a commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100, marking T.I.'s third number-one single, and Rihanna's fifth. The song also attained top ten placements in twelve other countries, reaching the top five in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, \\\"Live Your Life\\\" topped the US Mainstream Top 40 and Rap Songs charts and reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was T.I.'s highest charting and most successful single worldwide until \\\"Blurred Lines\\\" in 2013. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, depicts a story of T.I.'s rise to fame in a narrated form, featuring Rihanna performing in a dressing room and bar. The duo performed \\\"Live Your Life\\\" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. The song is featured in the 2009 film The Hangover as well as the trailer, and in the 2021 film The Mitchells vs. the Machines. Background and release \\\"Live Your Life\\\" includes a sample of the chorus of the O-Zone song \\\"Dragostea Din Tei\\\" at its beginning and ending, as well as an interpolation of the chorus, with English-language lyrics sung by Rihanna, at the beginning. The song was produced by Just Blaze and Makeba Riddick, and was written by T.I., Just Blaze (credited as Justin Smith) and Riddick. Moldovan singer-songwriter Dan Bălan, who wrote \\\"Dragostea Din Tei\\\", is also credited as a writer. Of Rihanna's involvement, T.I. later stated, \\\"It was a back and forth studio thing with Rihanna. I picked her. I was just able to 'hear' her voice on this record. I could hear her, so I reached out and she said, 'Yes,' thankfully.\\\" The first unfinished version of \\\"Live Your Life\\\" leaked onto the Internet on August 26, 2008. The official album version additionally contains Rihanna's own verse, and T.I.'s spoken-word introduction, in which he states, \\\"Ay... This a special what's happenin' to all my, all my soldiers over there in Iraq. Errbody right here, what you need to do is be thankful for the life you got you know what I'm sayin'? Stop lookin' at what you ain't got, start and be thankful for what you do got. Let's give it to 'em baby girl\\\". The radio edit lasts for a duration of 4:01, while the album version is 5:39 long, including extended verses from Rihanna. \\\"Live Your Life\\\" was released in the United States on September 23, 2008. A worldwide release of the song followed on September 26 as a digital download via\",\n \"title\": \"Live Your Life (T.I. song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2891157\",\n \"text\": \"Rob Schnapf is an American record producer and musician. He was the co-producer (along with Tom Rothrock) of Elliott Smith's albums Either/Or, XO (on which he also played guitar on the song \\\"Baby Britain\\\"), Figure 8 and From a Basement on the Hill, for which he was recruited by Smith's family to complete after Smith's death. Schnapf runs the Mant Sounds studio. Background Schnapf, along with Rothrock and partner Bradshaw Lambert, started Bong Load Custom Records in the early 1990s which is notable for releasing Beck's \\\"Loser\\\" single. Schnapf first heard Beck as he was playing on the street during the annual Sunset Junction Fair. A week later Rothrock saw Beck jump onstage to play in between bands during a show at Jabberjaw and approached him afterwards about recording his songs. Together Rothrock, Schnapf, Beck and Karl Stephenson recorded the bulk of what would become \\\"Loser\\\", and subsequently Mellow Gold, Beck's first major label album. Rothrock and Schnapf would continue to record with Beck working on material for what was intended to be his follow-up to Mellow Gold, a somber acoustic affair meant to silence detractors that claimed he was a one hit wonder joke act. Beck eventually had a change of heart and went on to record Odelay with The Dust Brothers only using one song from the Rothrock/Schnapf sessions, \\\"Ramshackle\\\", as the album closer. Rob and Tom produced the 1993 Dog Society album entitled Test Your Own Eyes. Schnapf later produced Guided By Voices' second of two TVT Records releases; Isolation Drills in 2001 and The Vines debut album Highly Evolved in 2002. In 2003, he produced Saves The Day's album, In Reverie. Also, in 2005, he produced Nine Black Alps' debut album Everything Is. Schnapf has also worked in conjunction with Australian band Powderfinger in the production of their sixth studio album Dream Days at the Hotel Existence. Schnapf produced Brooklyn based artist Kevin Devine's major label debut Put Your Ghost to Rest. Following the success of the partnership Schnapf was also recruited to produce Devine's \\\"Another Bag of Bones\\\" a single released prior to Devine's follow up album. This was followed by work with The Whigs on their debut Mission Control for ATO Records. Schnapf worked with Australian rock band Kisschasy on their third studio album, Seizures and Wild Light's debut for Startime International Records. Schnapf then worked with Booker T. Jones on his Grammy winning Potato Hole album featuring the Drive By Truckers and Neil Young. He also worked with Dr. Dog and Toadies 2010 release of Feeler. Schnapf produced Canadian indie-rock band Tokyo Police Club's 2010 second album Champ. Schnapf is also credited with the creation of the tambourine back beat, and the 3 against 2 vibraslap. He is currently in development of a 1-hour crime drama called the Pope and The Monkey. Production discography 1993: Test Your Own Eyes – Dog Society (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock) 1994: Mellow Gold – Beck (co-producer) 1995: Daredevil – Fu Manchu (Co-producer w/ Tom Rothrock and Fu\",\n \"title\": \"Rob Schnapf\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5141594\",\n \"text\": \"New York State Route 134 (NY 134) is a state highway in the western part of Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It begins at an intersection with NY 133 in the village of Ossining and heads northeast to the hamlet of Kitchawan, located adjacent to the New Croton Reservoir in the town of Yorktown. From here, the route turns southeast to reach its east end at a junction with NY 100. The highway passes the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, one of the main research headquarters for IBM, just east of an interchange with the Taconic State Parkway. Taken over by the state of New York between 1908 and 1926, NY 134 was assigned to its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. In 1960, in conjunction with construction of the Watson Research Center, an interchange was added to NY 134 for the Taconic. Route description NY 134 begins at an intersection with NY 133 (Croton Avenue) in the village of Ossining, just east of the latter's west end at U.S. Route 9 (North Highland Avenue). The route proceeds northeast as the two-lane Dale Avenue, passing through a residential section of the village and passing Dale Cemetery. Just past the cemetery, the highway changes names to Hawkes Avenue as it leaves the village for other parts of the town of Ossining. The route continues generally northeastward past homes to the vicinity of NY 9A (the Briarcliff–Peekskill Parkway), where NY 134 forks from Hawkes Avenue and begins to parallel NY 9A on Kitchawan State Road, a short connector to nearby Croton Dam Road. Upon intersecting Croton Dam Road, NY 134 turns northward and immediately intersects NY 9A at an at-grade intersection. Past NY 9A, NY 134 heads northeast across the northern fringe of Ossining, climbing uphill as it passes Purdy Pond and crossing into the town of New Castle. Here, the homes gradually diminish in number, with dense woods taking their place. This trend continues into the adjacent town of Yorktown, where NY 134 becomes Kitchawan Road. About from the town line, the highway entering an interchange with the Taconic State Parkway. For a short distance after the interchange, NY 134 becomes four lanes as the road serves IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. It narrows to two lanes past the facility, from where the highway takes a slightly more easterly track across Yorktown to reach the Kitchawan Preserve on the southern edge of the New Croton Reservoir. At this point, the road makes a turn to the southeast to enter the small hamlet of Kitchawan, located at NY 134's junction with Pines Bridge Road (unsigned County Route 1323 or CR 1323). Pines Bridge Road was once NY 135, and its junction with NY 134 in Kitchawan was NY 135's eastern terminus. From Pines Bridge Road, NY 134 bends southward to run alongside a reservoir inlet connecting to Cornell Brook. After about , the route makes a final turn to the\",\n \"title\": \"New York State Route 134\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49152564\",\n \"text\": \"Yeah Yeah Yeah is a compilation of garage rock recording from the 1960s issued by Arf! Arf! Records, and is available exclusively on compact disc. In keeping with the sub-heading that reads \\\"28 Mega-Manic & Elusive '60s Garage Punkers\\\", the set features mainly upbeat and hard-rocking examples of the genre, whereas Arf! Arf!'s previously released companion piece No No No, focuses instead on moody ballads and downcast songs of lament. In customary fashion, the rear sleeve includes a brash description of the contents contained within: Though large scale success eluded these prophetic '60s combos, consider them the foot soldiers in the Holy War against the establishment. No shit Sherlockthis is the real thing: raw, crude, brutally honest and never to be forgotten. Also included in the packaging is statement much in the same vein that reads \\\"Warning: this product may be addictive and lead to mental deterioration.\\\" As is usually the case with Arf! Arf!, the mastering and sound quality is high. Though the set has no liner notes, but it in the inner sleeve it displays a layout of photographs of the original record labels from the original 45s. The front cover features a picture of the Nightrockers who sing \\\"Junction No. 1\\\", which is included in this compilation. The set commences with \\\"I Know How\\\" by the Maniacs, followed by the psychedelic \\\"Down\\\" by the Rockin' Roadruners, which begins with cryptic space-like effects, then transitions into upbeat rock and roll, including a \\\"Paperback Writer\\\"-inspired melody and a bee-sting guitar solo. The Little Bits from Jennings, Louisiana are featured on \\\"Girl, Give Me Love\\\".\\\" The Barons from Orlando supply just enough fuzz to help drive the steam-driven pulse of \\\"Drawbridge. The Hallucinations play the most melodic cut on the set with \\\"You Say You Love Me.\\\" Using the motif of UFO's, Alabama's the K-pers use the motif of UFOs to lampoon the cold war in \\\"the Red Invaders,\\\" which is followed by a similar flying saucer \\\"caper\\\" done by Young Savages, \\\"The Invaders are Coming\\\"—but in this song the aliens are humans out to steal the first person-narrator's girlfriend. The Rocks perform \\\"Because We're Young, a slow blues protest against the older generation. \\\"Your Driving Me Insane\\\" features one of Lou Reed's earlier pre-Velevets' outings in the Roughnecks. The Friars of Youth appear in two cuts, beginning with 1965's \\\"All You Wanted was a Stand By\\\", followed by a frantic anthem about a go dancer, \\\"a Playboy picture from the pinup page\\\", \\\"Sparrley Manurpuss\\\". The set closes with the Batman riff of \\\"Comin' Down\\\" by the Boy Blues. Track listing The Maniacs: \\\"Now I Know\\\" (Gerry Grossman) The Rockin' Roadrunners: \\\"Down\\\" Little Bits: \\\"Girl Give Me Love\\\" The Contemporaries: \\\"Fool for Temptation\\\" (Doug Allen) Barons: \\\"Drawbridge\\\" Zone V: \\\"I Cannot Lie\\\" Colony: \\\"Pseudo Psycho Intuition\\\" The Shoremen \\\"She's Bad\\\" The Shades: \\\"With My Love\\\" The Mod IV: \\\"What Can I Do\\\" The Barracudas: \\\"It's High Time\\\" The Nightrockers: \\\"Junction No. 1\\\" The Id: \\\"Stop and Look\\\" The Hallucinations: \\\"You\",\n \"title\": \"Yeah Yeah Yeah (compilation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30651523\",\n \"text\": \"In linguistics, functional morphemes, also sometimes referred to as functors, are building blocks for language acquisition. A functional morpheme (as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning. Functional morpheme are generally considered a closed class, which means that new functional morphemes cannot normally be created. Functional morphemes can be bound, such as verbal inflectional morphology (e.g., progressive -ing, past tense -ed), or nominal inflectional morphology (e.g., plural -s), or free, such as conjunctions (e.g., and, or), prepositions (e.g., of, by, for, on), articles (e.g., a, the), and pronouns (e.g., she, him, it, you, mine). In English, functional morphemes typically consist of consonants that receive low stress such as /s,z,w,ð/. These phonemes are seen in conjunction with short vowels, usually schwa /ə/. Gerken (1994) points out that functional morphemes are indicators of phrases. So, if the word the appears, a noun phrase would be expected to follow. The same occurs with verb phrases and adjective phrases and their corresponding word endings. Functional morphemes tend to occur at the beginning or end of each phrase in a sentence. The previous example of beginning a noun phrase with the indicates a functional morpheme, as does ending a verb phrase with -ed. Early Language acquisition Children begin to use functional morphemes in their speech as early as two years old. Functional morphemes encode grammatical meaning within words, but children don't outwardly show their understanding of this. Recently, linguistics have begun to discover that children do recognize functional morphemes when it was previously thought otherwise. LouAnn Gerken at the University of Arizona has done extensive research on language development in children. She argues that even though children may not actually produce functional morphemes in speech, they do appear to understand their use within sentences. In English In order to determine if a child does indeed recognize functional morphemes, Gerken conducted an experiment. This experiment was conducted in English and focused on words that were not said, rather than words that were said. She came up with sentences in which weak syllables were used, as well as nonsense (or nonce) words. Variations of the verb pushes was used and then altered to make nonce words like bazes, pusho, and bazo. The second variation used was the noun phrase the dog which was changed to na dep, or some combination of the correct and incorrect words. Through this experiment, Gerken discovered that children tended to not say English function morphemes more than the nonsense words. This is because the actual functional morphemes contained less stress than the nonsense words. Due to the nonsense words containing more stress, children were able to say them more often even though they were not real words in English. One reason why this happens is because functors show an increase in the complexity of sentence structures. So, rather than saying the complex sentences with weakly stressed English words, children tend to say the nonsense sentences more frequently\",\n \"title\": \"Functional morpheme\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1046770\",\n \"text\": \"Asyndeton (, ; from the , \\\"unconnected\\\", sometimes called asyndetism) is a literary scheme in which one or several conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses. Examples include veni, vidi, vici and its English translation \\\"I came, I saw, I conquered\\\". Its use can have the effect of speeding up the rhythm of a passage and making a single idea more memorable. Asyndeton may be contrasted with syndeton (syndetic coordination) and polysyndeton, which describe the use of one or multiple coordinating conjunctions, respectively. More generally, in grammar, an asyndetic coordination is a type of coordination in which no coordinating conjunction is present between the conjuncts. Quickly, resolutely, he strode into the bank. No coordinator is present here, but the conjoins are still coordinated. Asyndetic coordination is the omission of conjunctions between words or phrases that would typically be connected by conjunctions such as \\\"and\\\" or \\\"or.\\\" In this sentence, there are no coordinating conjunctions that are omitted. \\\"Quickly\\\" and \\\"resolutely\\\" are simply two adverbs modifying the verb \\\"strode,\\\" but they are not being coordinated with each other. Therefore, there is no asyndetic coordination in this sentence. Examples Omission of conjunction \\\"and\\\" Aristotle wrote in his Rhetoric that this device was more effective in spoken oratory than in written prose: \\\"Thus strings of unconnected words, and constant repetitions of words and phrases, are very properly condemned in written speeches: but not in spoken speeches — speakers use them freely, for they have a dramatic effect. In this repetition there must be variety of tone, paving the way, as it were, to dramatic effect; e.g., 'This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely'\\\". Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III, Chapter 12 (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). Aristotle also believed that asyndeton can be used effectively in endings of works, and he himself employs the device in the final passage of the Rhetoric: \\\"For the conclusion, the disconnected style of language is appropriate, and will mark the difference between the oration and the peroration. 'I have done. You have heard me. The facts are before you. I ask for your judgement'\\\". Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III, Chapter 19 (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). Several notable examples can be found in American political speeches: \\\"...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth\\\". Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address \\\"...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.\\\" John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961. Another frequently used example is Winston Churchill's address, \\\"We shall fight on the beaches\\\": \\\"We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight\",\n \"title\": \"Asyndeton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19402494\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\\\" is a Christmas song that originated with a poem by Emily Huntington Miller (1833–1913), published as \\\"Lilly's Secret\\\" in The Little Corporal Magazine in December 1865. The song's lyrics have also been attributed to Benjamin Hanby, who wrote a similar song in the 1860s, Up on the Housetop. However, the lyrics now in common use closely resemble Miller's 1865 poem. Some people have also attributed the lyrics to John Piersol McCaskeya song editor and publisher, among other things, at the time. His great-great grandson said McCaskey wrote the song in 1867, and that the \\\"Johnny\\\" mentioned in the song who wants a pair of skates was McCaskey's late son, John, who died as a child. However, there is no known evidence for this. McCaskey's own published 1881 book, Franklin Square Song Collection No. 1, a book in which proper attribution is given to songs' lyricists and composers, does not list himself as having had anything to do with the song. The music is generally believed to have been written by James R. Murray. The first publication of the music was in 1874 in School Chimes, A New School Music Book by S. Brainard's Sons, and attributes the music to him. The 1881 publication by McCaskey gives attribution to the S. Brainard's Sons publication, which would mean Murray. Notable recordings include those by Ray Smith in 1949, Chet Atkins in 1961, Eddy Arnold in 1962, Alvin and the Chipmunks in 1963, Andy Williams in 1995, Anne Murray in 2001, and Carole King in 2017. The Ray Smith 1949 version was revised and rearranged by, and had additional lyrics credited to, songwriter Vaughn Horton. This version was also used for a single release by the Ames Brothers in 1951 and by Wilf Carter for his 1965 Christmas in Canada album. Ray Conniff's version of the song, featured on his 1962 album We Wish You a Merry Christmas, helped propel the album to platinum status, one of two platinum albums in Conniff's career. Lyrics This is the original published song in 1881: Jolly old Saint Nicholas Lean your ear this way; Don't you tell a single soul What I'm going to say, Christmas Eve is coming soon; Now you dear old man, Whisper what you'll bring to me; Tell me if you can. When the clock is striking twelve, When I'm fast asleep, Down the chimney broad and black With your pack you'll creep; All the stockings you will find Hanging in a row; Mine will be the shortest one; You'll be sure to know. Johnny wants a pair of skates; Susy wants a dolly Nellie wants a story book, She thinks dolls are folly As for me, my little brain Isn't very bright; Choose for me, dear Santa Claus, What you think is right. In the Ray Conniff version as part of a medley with The Little Drummer Boy; the list of wishes is changed to \\\"Johnny wants a pair of skates, Susy wants a sled, Nellie wants\",\n \"title\": \"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"179660\",\n \"text\": \"In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the structural relationships that words have to one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Thus they form important elements in the structures of sentences. Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words, lexical words, or autosemantic words) and include nouns, most verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (like then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words but can describe only the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail but treat lexical words only in general terms. Since it was first proposed in 1952 by C. C. Fries, the distinguishing of function/structure words from content/lexical words has been highly influential in the grammar used in second-language acquisition and English-language teaching. Overview Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes. Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar because it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech. In the open class of words, i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, new words may be added readily, such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words. Each function word either: gives grammatical information about other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words; or gives information about the speaker's mental model as to what is being said. Grammatical words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language. For example, in some of the Khoisan languages, most content words begin with clicks, but very few function words do. In English, very few words other than function words begin with the voiced th . English function words may be spelled with fewer than three letters; e.g., 'I', 'an', 'in', while non-function words usually are spelled with three or more (e.g., 'eye', 'Ann', 'inn'). The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words with English examples. They are all uninflected in English unless marked otherwise: articles — the and a. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun. pronouns — he :: him, she :: her, etc. — inflected in English adpositions — in, under, towards, before, of, for, etc. conjunctions — and and but subordinating conjunctions — if, then, well, however, thus, etc. auxiliary verbs —\",\n \"title\": \"Function word\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31203446\",\n \"text\": \"Periannan Senapathy is a molecular biologist, geneticist, author and entrepreneur. He is the founder, president and chief scientific officer at Genome International Corporation, a biotechnology, bioinformatics, and information technology firm based in Madison, Wisconsin, which develops computational genomics applications of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) and clinical decision support systems for analyzing patient genome data that aids in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Dr. Senapathy is known for his contributions in genetics, genomics and clinical genomics, especially in the biology of RNA splicing and the split structure of eukaryotic genes. He developed the Shapiro & Senapathy algorithm (S&S) for predicting the splice sites, exons and genes of eukaryotes, which has become the primary methodology for discovering disease-causing mutations in splice junctions. The S&S has been implemented in many gene-finding and mutation detection tools that are used extensively in major clinical and research institutions around the world for uncovering mutations in thousands of patients with numerous diseases, including cancers and inherited disorders. It is increasingly used in the Next Generation Sequencing era, as it is widely realized that >50% of all diseases and adverse drug reactions in humans and other animals possibly occur within the splicing regions of genes. The S&S algorithm has been cited in ~4,000 publications on finding splicing mutations in thousands of cancer and inherited disorders. Dr. Senapathy offered a new hypothesis on the origin of introns, split genes and splice junctions in eukaryotic genes. As the split structure of genes is central to eukaryotic biology, their origin has been a major question in biology. Dr. Senapathy proposed the \\\"split gene theory,\\\" which states that the split structure arose due to the origin of split genes from random DNA sequences, and provided tangible evidence from genome sequences of several organisms. He also showed that the splice junctions of eukaryotic genes could have originated from the stop codon ends of the Open Reading Frames (ORFs) in random DNA sequences based on analysis of eukaryotic genomic DNA sequences. Dr. Marshall Nirenberg, the Nobel Laureate who had deciphered codons, communicated the papers to the PNAS. Senapathy has published his other scientific findings in journals including Science, Nucleic Acids Research, PNAS, Journal of Biological Chemistry, and Journal of Molecular Biology, and is the author of several patents in the genomics field. Biography Senapathy has a Ph.D. in molecular biology from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He spent twelve years in genome research for the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology (NIADDK) and the Laboratory of Statistical and Mathematical Methodology in the Division of Computer Research and Technology (DCRT) in Bethesda, Maryland (1980–87), and the Biotechnology Center and the Department of Genetics of the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1987–91). Dr. Senapathy founded Genome International in 1992 for developing computational biology research, products and services Notable research contributions Dr. Senapathy has provided major contributions in RNA splicing biology, impacting the understanding of the structure, function, and origin of the eukaryotic exons, introns, splice junctions, and split genes, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Periannan Senapathy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52293205\",\n \"text\": \"Alene S. Ammond (April 6, 1933 – June 4, 2019) was an American politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from the 6th Legislative District from 1974 to 1978. Known as the \\\"Terror of Trenton,\\\" she campaigned on and remained committed to the promise to bring anything of public interest to the public's attention. Biography Ammond was born in 1933 in Jackson Heights, Queens. An attendee of Pace College and Hunter College, she worked as a ballet dancer in New York City while in college. She married Harold J. Ammond in 1957; they had two daughters and one son. Ammond's first foray into the political sphere was as New Jersey's first registered \\\"public interest lobbyist\\\" on behalf of her group dedicated to acting on behalf of Cherry Hill citizens, \\\"The Cherry Hill League\\\". In the beginning, the League made rising property taxes their primary focus. When the mayor made a passing remark that the tax increases should be blamed on \\\"the guys who don't pay up\\\", Ammond and the Cherry Hill League turned their attention to tax-delinquent individuals and corporations. Within one week of Ammond exposing a list of corporations behind in municipal taxes, two-thirds of the outstanding accounts - around $700,000 - were paid in full. She was an ardent proponent of civic activism, encouraging others to \\\"overcome the corruption that is paralyzing the proper functioning of government.\\\" In 1967, she ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Cherry Hill township council. However, she was part of a slate of the Camden County Democratic chair's 1973 primary ticket for the State Senate in the newly formed 6th district. She defeated her opponent in the June 1973 Democratic primary, John Jehr, by about 500 votes out of over 8,000 cast and then defeated incumbent Republican Senator John L. Miller 53%-47%. While in the Senate, she wrote a column for Family Circle Magazine based on her previous experience in public interest lobbying. Ammond was vocal in opposition to the machine politics of South Jersey and of the New Jersey Legislature in general. For example, she used senatorial courtesy to block the appointment of a new Camden County prosecutor and clash with Senate President Frank J. Dodd. In January 1975, she was evicted from the Senate Democratic caucus for sharing secret caucus deliberations and charging that certain legislators were acting in their own interests, rather than in the interest of their constituents. She went to Federal court, where Judge Mitchell H. Cohen upheld her charge that the ousting violated her First Amendment rights and ordered she be readmitted to the caucus. She returned to the caucus to her colleagues' dismay. When one senator publicly told her, \\\"You're not part of the team,\\\" she replied: \\\"I have no intention of being part of your team, Senator. I don't like what it stands for. Besides, I have another team outside.\\\" She was defeated in the 1977 Democratic primary election by party-backed former Cherry Hill councilman Victor Pachter (who would be defeated by Republican\",\n \"title\": \"Alene S. Ammond\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14927396\",\n \"text\": \"Caroline S. Asante (born December 1979) is a British-born broadcast journalist, editor and environmentalist of Guyanese and Ghanaian descent. Early life Asante was born in London to a Guyanese, South American mother and Ghanaian, West African father, who met as students at the University of Cambridge. She is a princess of the royal family of Oyemum in Ghana, via her grandmother who was Queen mother of Shama District (formerly known as the Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan District), in the Western Region of Ghana, with ancestral lineage from the Asante Akim North Region. She is both Fante and Ashanti. Asante spent her early and primary school years with her grandparents in both Demerara and Linden, Guyana before returning to the United Kingdom for secondary education in North London. Together with her mother she emigrated to Canada at where she later studied Humanities at the University of Alberta. Career Asante began working as a music and entertainment television presenter in Canada working for Citytv, MuchMusic, and Rogers Cable. During the late 1990s, she produced and presented various entertainment and music programmes including her own programme, World Music Express, at the time one of the youngest presenters of what was then the first dedicated world music show of its kind in North America. Africa's music icons Manu Dibango, Baaba Maal, Oumou Sangare, Angelique Kidjo and Femi Kuti among others appeared as guests on Asante's show, which earned her a Best Ethnic and Cultural Expression TV Series Award, in both 1998 and 1999, from the Cable Television Awards in New York. Asante returned to the United Kingdom in 2000, and became a presenter for BBC Radio 3's Late Junction from 2001 to 2007, during this time the show won a Sony gold award in 2003 for Music Programming. She then co-created and presented BBC's first online African show Africa on Your Street. dedicated to promoting African content and culture. Asante worked across the BBC networks as freelance presenter, producer and writer. In 2004, she wrote and presented radio documentaries including Somaliland and Goddess in Every Woman for BBC World Service. In London, Asante curated several high-profile exhibits for \\\"Africa 05\\\" to promote more positive images of Africa and Africans in the media. Asante said she was \\\"fed up of the negative images of Africa in the media. which negated positive and empowering stories and people\\\". In 2007, she created Ghana 50 and Forward Africa as two large-scale contemporary curatorial exhibitions, at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, the opening of which music producer Quincy Jones attended. She has also lectured on contemporary African art and society at the Hayward Gallery in London and continues to be a creative pioneer for contemporary African culture. In March 2007, Asante co-hosted Resistance and Remembrance, an event at the British Museum to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. An apparent decision by BBC Radio 3's Late Junction executive producer Andrew Kurowski to temporarily replace her on one of the Late Junction programmes,\",\n \"title\": \"Shaheera Asante\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2218035\",\n \"text\": \"LMS (long, medium, short), is a color space which represents the response of the three types of cones of the human eye, named for their responsivity (sensitivity) peaks at long, medium, and short wavelengths. The numerical range is generally not specified, except that the lower end is generally bounded by zero. It is common to use the LMS color space when performing chromatic adaptation (estimating the appearance of a sample under a different illuminant). It's also useful in the study of color blindness, when one or more cone types are defective. Definition The cone response functions are the color matching functions for the LMS color space. The chromaticity coordinates (L, M, S) for a spectral distribution are defined as: The cone response functions are normalized to have their maxima equal to unity. XYZ to LMS Typically, colors to be adapted chromatically will be specified in a color space other than LMS (e.g. sRGB). The chromatic adaptation matrix in the diagonal von Kries transform method, however, operates on tristimulus values in the LMS color space. Since colors in most colorspaces can be transformed to the XYZ color space, only one additional transformation matrix is required for any color space to be adapted chromatically: to transform colors from the XYZ color space to the LMS color space. In addition, many color adaption methods, or color appearance models (CAMs), run a von Kries-style diagonal matrix transform in a slightly modified, LMS-like, space instead. They may refer to it simply as LMS, as RGB, or as ργβ. The following text uses the \\\"RGB\\\" naming, but do note that the resulting space has nothing to do with the additive color model called RGB. The chromatic adaptation transform (CAT) matrices for some CAMs in terms of CIEXYZ coordinates are presented here. The matrices, in conjunction with the XYZ data defined for the standard observer, implicitly define a \\\"cone\\\" response for each cell type. Notes: All tristimulus values are normally calculated using the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric observer. Unless specified otherwise, the CAT matrices are normalized (the elements in a row add up to 1) so the tristimulus values for an equal-energy illuminant (X=Y=Z), like CIE Illuminant E, produce equal LMS values. Hunt, RLAB The Hunt and RLAB color appearance models use the Hunt-Pointer-Estevez transformation matrix (MHPE) for conversion from CIE XYZ to LMS. This is the transformation matrix which was originally used in conjunction with the von Kries transform method, and is therefore also called von Kries transformation matrix (MvonKries). Equal-energy illuminants: Normalized to D65: Bradford's spectrally sharpened matrix (LLAB, CIECAM97s) The original CIECAM97s color appearance model uses the Bradford transformation matrix (MBFD) (as does the LLAB color appearance model). This is a “spectrally sharpened” transformation matrix (i.e. the L and M cone response curves are narrower and more distinct from each other). The Bradford transformation matrix was supposed to work in conjunction with a modified von Kries transform method which introduced a small non-linearity in the S (blue) channel. However, outside of CIECAM97s and\",\n \"title\": \"LMS color space\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58503454\",\n \"text\": \"The Biggest Little Farm is a 2018 American documentary film, directed by John Chester. The film profiles the life of John Chester and his wife Molly as they acquire and establish themselves on Apricot Lane Farms in Moorpark, California. The film premiered on September 1, 2018, at the Telluride Film Festival. It had its second screening at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was named second runner-up for the People's Choice Award: Documentaries. It was selected as the Opening Night film at Doc NYC in November 2018. The film was screened as part of the Spotlight Section at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival. It also screened at the 29th New Orleans Film Festival on October 24, 2018. The film was acquired for theatrical distribution by the independent film company Neon, and was released on May 10, 2019 in Los Angeles and New York. The film expanded into Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Minneapolis, Nashville, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., on May 17 and additional markets throughout May and June. The film was acquired by The Exchange for international distribution. A sequel special, The Biggest Little Farm: The Return, was released in 2022 on Disney+. Synopsis In 2010, married couple Molly and John Chester decide to leave their old lives in Los Angeles behind and purchase a 234-acre farm near Moorpark in neighboring Ventura County, California. Rechristening it \\\"Apricot Lane Farms\\\", the couple spends the next seven years transforming the arid landscape into a fully functional farm and biodiverse habitat for neighboring flora and fauna. They face hardship as the difficulties of keeping a farm running mount up, often resulting in frustration and anger, but also happiness at their harmonious relationship with nature. Reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, \\\"Uplifting, educational, and entertaining, The Biggest Little Farm is an environmental advocacy documentary with a satisfying side dish of hope for the future.\\\" On Metacritic, it holds a 74 out of 100 score (indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\") based on 25 critics. In his Variety review of the film, Peter DeBruge noted that it \\\"feel[s] like fresh air for the soul.\\\", and New York Times critic Glenn Kenny wrote \\\"it may also revive your wonder at the weird but ultimately awe-inspiring ways in which humans can help nature do its work\\\". Additionally, The Los Angeles Times's Robert Abele wrote that the film is a \\\"lush tour of transformed land and photogenic fauna, is so appealing as a chronicle of dedicated do-gooders who actually did good (and shot every frame of it). [...] Watching the Chesters fight past disillusionment to learn the real lessons of harvesting in communion with nature is what gives the movie its rousing, illuminating power.\\\" Several reviewers were critical of the film's lack of specifics on the initial investment and economics of the farm. On December 4, 2019, the film's\",\n \"title\": \"The Biggest Little Farm\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14926151\",\n \"text\": \"Refal (\\\"Recursive functions algorithmic language\\\"; ) \\\"is a functional programming language oriented toward symbolic computations\\\", including \\\"string processing, language translation, [and] artificial intelligence\\\". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived of in 1966 as a theoretical tool, with the first implementation appearing in 1968. Refal was intended to combine mathematical simplicity with practicality for writing large and sophisticated programs. One of the first functional programming languages to do so, and unlike Lisp of its time, Refal is based on pattern matching. Its pattern matching works in conjunction with term rewriting. The basic data structure of Lisp and Prolog is a linear list built by cons operation in a sequential manner, thus with O(n) access to list's nth element. Refal's lists are built and scanned from both ends, with pattern matching working for nested lists as well as the top-level one. In effect, the basic data structure of Refal is a tree rather than a list. This gives freedom and convenience in creating data structures while using only mathematically simple control mechanisms of pattern matching and substitution. Refal also includes a feature called the freezer to support efficient partial evaluation. Refal can be applied to the processing and transformation of tree structures, similarly to XSLT. Basics A Refal Hello World example is shown below. $ENTRY Go { = <Hello>;} Hello { = <Prout 'Hello world'>; } The program above includes two functions named Go and Hello. A function is written as the name of the function followed by the function body in curly braces. The Go function is marked as the entry point of the program using the $ENTRY directive. One could think of expressions in the function bodies as function \\\"calls\\\" in Lisp-like syntax. For example, the Hello function appears to call the built-in Prout function with the string 'Hello world' as the argument. The meaning and the mechanism of the call, however, is quite different. To illustrate the difference, consider the following function that determines whether a string is a palindrome. Pal { = True; s.1 = True; s.1 e.2 s.1 = <Pal e.2>; e.1 = False; } This example shows a function with a more complex body, consisting of four sentences (clauses). A sentence begins with a pattern followed by an equal sign followed by a general expression on the right hand side. A sentence is terminated with a semicolon. For example, the pattern of the second sentence of the function is \\\"s.1\\\" and the expression is \\\"True\\\". As the example shows, patterns include pattern variables that have the form of a character identifying the type of the variable (what the variable matches) followed by the variable identifier. The variables that begin with an \\\"s\\\" match a single symbol, those that begin with an \\\"e\\\" match an arbitrary expression. The variable identifier can be an arbitrary alphanumeric sequence optionally separated from the type identifier by a dot. A function executes by comparing its argument with the patterns of its sentences in the order\",\n \"title\": \"Refal\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bob Dorough"],"string":"[\n \"Bob Dorough\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":69,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45978"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where does the blood in the right atrium come from"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"21027398","text":"Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect of the pulmonary veins. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous return, is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect in which all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous circulation. (Normally, pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium where it can then be pumped to the rest of the body). A right-to-left shunt such as a patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus or an atrial septal defect must be present, or else the condition is fatal due to a lack of systemic blood flow. In some cases, it can be detected prenatally. There are four variants: Supracardiac (50%): blood drains to one of the innominate veins (brachiocephalic veins) or the superior vena cava; Cardiac (20%), where blood drains into coronary sinus or directly into right atrium; Infradiaphragmatic (20%), where blood drains into portal or hepatic veins; and a mixed (10%) variant. TAPVC can occur with obstruction, which occurs when the anomalous vein enters a vessel at an acute angle and can cause pulmonary venous hypertension and cyanosis because blood cannot enter the new vein as easily. Signs and symptoms right ventricular heave Loud S1 fixed split S2 S3 gallop systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border cardiomegaly right axis deviation on ECG Snowman sign or 'figure of 8 configuration' on chest radiograph right ventricular hypertrophy cyanosis, tachypnea, dyspnea since the overloaded pulmonary circuit can cause pulmonary edema Cottage-loaf sign, that is, chest X-ray appearance similar to a cottage loaf, also known as the 'snow man' sign or 'figure of 8' sign. Treatment In TAPVC without obstruction, surgical redirection can be performed within the first month of life. The operation is performed under general anesthesia. The four pulmonary veins are reconnected to the left atrium, and any associated heart defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and/or patent ductus arteriosus are surgically closed. With obstruction, surgery should be undertaken emergently. PGE1 should be given because a patent ductus arteriosus allows oxygenated blood to go from the circulation of the right heart to the systemic circulation. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection A Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect where the left atrium is the point of return for the blood from some (but not all) of the pulmonary veins. It is less severe than total anomalous pulmonary venous connection which is a life-threatening anomaly requiring emergent surgical correction, usually diagnosed in the first few days of life. Partial anomalous venous connection may be diagnosed at any time from birth to old age. The severity of symptoms, and thus the likelihood of diagnosis, varies significantly depending on the amount of blood flow through the anomalous connections. In less severe cases, with smaller amounts","title":"Anomalous pulmonary venous connection"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"21027398\",\n \"text\": \"Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect of the pulmonary veins. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous return, is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect in which all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous circulation. (Normally, pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium where it can then be pumped to the rest of the body). A right-to-left shunt such as a patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus or an atrial septal defect must be present, or else the condition is fatal due to a lack of systemic blood flow. In some cases, it can be detected prenatally. There are four variants: Supracardiac (50%): blood drains to one of the innominate veins (brachiocephalic veins) or the superior vena cava; Cardiac (20%), where blood drains into coronary sinus or directly into right atrium; Infradiaphragmatic (20%), where blood drains into portal or hepatic veins; and a mixed (10%) variant. TAPVC can occur with obstruction, which occurs when the anomalous vein enters a vessel at an acute angle and can cause pulmonary venous hypertension and cyanosis because blood cannot enter the new vein as easily. Signs and symptoms right ventricular heave Loud S1 fixed split S2 S3 gallop systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border cardiomegaly right axis deviation on ECG Snowman sign or 'figure of 8 configuration' on chest radiograph right ventricular hypertrophy cyanosis, tachypnea, dyspnea since the overloaded pulmonary circuit can cause pulmonary edema Cottage-loaf sign, that is, chest X-ray appearance similar to a cottage loaf, also known as the 'snow man' sign or 'figure of 8' sign. Treatment In TAPVC without obstruction, surgical redirection can be performed within the first month of life. The operation is performed under general anesthesia. The four pulmonary veins are reconnected to the left atrium, and any associated heart defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and/or patent ductus arteriosus are surgically closed. With obstruction, surgery should be undertaken emergently. PGE1 should be given because a patent ductus arteriosus allows oxygenated blood to go from the circulation of the right heart to the systemic circulation. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection A Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital defect where the left atrium is the point of return for the blood from some (but not all) of the pulmonary veins. It is less severe than total anomalous pulmonary venous connection which is a life-threatening anomaly requiring emergent surgical correction, usually diagnosed in the first few days of life. Partial anomalous venous connection may be diagnosed at any time from birth to old age. The severity of symptoms, and thus the likelihood of diagnosis, varies significantly depending on the amount of blood flow through the anomalous connections. In less severe cases, with smaller amounts\",\n \"title\": \"Anomalous pulmonary venous connection\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"237416","text":"The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, at the superior portion of the right ventricle. The function of the valve is to allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle during diastole, and to close to prevent backflow (regurgitation) from the right ventricle into the right atrium during right ventricular contraction (systole). Structure The tricuspid valve usually has three cusps or leaflets, named the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps. Each leaflet is connected via chordae tendineae to the anterior, posterior, and septal papillary muscles of the right ventricle, respectively. Tricuspid valves may also occur with two or four leaflets; the number may change over a lifetime. Function The tricuspid valve functions as a one-way valve that closes during ventricular systole to prevent regurgitation of blood from the right ventricle back into the right atrium. It opens during ventricular diastole, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The back flow of blood is also known as regression or tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid regurgitation can result in increased ventricular preload because the blood refluxed back into the atrium is added to the volume of blood that must be pumped back into the ventricle during the next cycle of ventricular diastole. Increased right ventricular preload over a prolonged period of time may lead to right ventricular enlargement (dilatation), which can progress to right heart failure if left uncorrected. Clinical significance Infected valves can result in endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Patients who inject narcotics or other drugs intravenously may introduce infection, which can travel to the right side of the heart, most often caused by the bacteria S. aureus. In patients without a history of intravenous exposure, endocarditis is more frequently left-sided. The tricuspid valve can be affected by rheumatic fever, which can cause tricuspid stenosis or tricuspid regurgitation. Some individuals are born with congenital abnormalities of the tricuspid valve. Congenital apical displacement of the tricuspid valve is called Ebstein's anomaly and typically causes significant tricuspid regurgitation. Certain carcinoid syndromes can affect the tricuspid valve by producing fibrosis due to serotonin production by those tumors. The first endovascular tricuspid valve implant was performed by surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic. Tricuspid regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation is common and is estimated to occur in 65–85% of the population. In the Framingham Heart Study presence of any severity of tricuspid regurgitation, ranging from trace to above moderate was in 82% of men and in 85.7% of women. Mild tricuspid regurgitation tends to be common, benign, and in structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus can be considered a normal variant. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually associated with tricuspid valve leaflet abnormalities and/or possibly annular dilation and is usually pathologic which can lead to irreversible damage of cardiac muscle and worse outcomes due to chronic prolonged right ventricular volume overload. Additional images See also Tricuspid atresia Cavo-tricuspid isthmus Lancisi's sign Right atrial enlargement References External links Photo of model: circulation/tricuspidvalve04","title":"Tricuspid valve"},{"docid":"4506646","text":"In anatomy, a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system. It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population, and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute. Presentation In persistent left superior vena cava, the left brachiocephalic vein does not develop fully and the left upper limb and head and neck drain into the right atrium via the coronary sinus. In isolation, the variation is considered benign, but is very frequently associated with cardiac abnormalities (e.g. ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect) that have a significant mortality and morbidity. It is more frequent in patients with congenital heart defects. The (right) superior vena cava is almost always unaffected by the presence of persistent left superior vena cava. Diagnosis If an anomaly is detected during a routine ultrasound, a fetal echocardiogram is performed to determine whether a fetus has the condition. Otherwise, it is often unnoticed unless an extenuating circumstance warrants further examination of the heart, usually much later in life. CT and MRI scans in a parasagittal section may show a \"pipe\" sign where the left superior vena cava occurs. Treatment If no other cardiac abnormalities are present, persistent left superior vena cava will not be treated, as it is usually asymptomatic and unharmful. If it drains into the left atrium, then deoxygenated blood enters the circulation to the body, and cyanosis may occur. References External links Congenital vascular defects","title":"Persistent left superior vena cava"},{"docid":"33719559","text":"In anatomy, the venae cavae (; : vena cava ; ) are two large veins (great vessels) that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. In humans they are the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, and both empty into the right atrium. They are located slightly off-center, toward the right side of the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood through coronary sinus and two large veins called venae cavae. The inferior vena cava (or caudal vena cava in some animals) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body. It is the largest vein in the human body. The superior vena cava (or cranial vena cava in animals) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, which contain blood from the head and the arms. References Veins","title":"Venae cavae"},{"docid":"6171862","text":"Regurgitation is blood flow in the opposite direction from normal, as the backward flowing of blood into the heart or between heart chambers. It is the circulatory equivalent of backflow in engineered systems. It is sometimes called reflux. Types of heart valve regurgitation The various types of heart valve regurgitation via insufficiency are as follows: Aortic regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle, owing to insufficiency of the aortic semilunar valve; it may be chronic or acute. Mitral regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, owing to insufficiency of the mitral valve; it may be acute or chronic, and is usually due to mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, or a complication of cardiac dilatation. See also Mitral regurgitation. Pulmonic regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, owing to insufficiency of the pulmonic semilunar valve. Tricuspid regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, owing to imperfect functioning (insufficiency) of the tricuspid valve. Regurgitation in or near the heart is often caused by valvular insufficiency (insufficient function, with incomplete closure, of the heart valves); for example, aortic valve insufficiency causes regurgitation through that valve, called aortic regurgitation, and the terms aortic insufficiency and aortic regurgitation are so closely linked as usually to be treated as metonymically interchangeable. Regurgitant fraction Regurgitant fraction is the percentage of blood that regurgitates back through the aortic valve to the left ventricle due to aortic insufficiency, or through the mitral valve to the atrium due to mitral insufficiency. It is measured as the amount of blood regurgitated into a cardiac chamber divided by the stroke volume. This fraction affords a quantitative measure of the severity of the valvular lesion. Normally, no blood regurgitates, so the regurgitant fraction is zero. In patients with severe valvular lesions, regurgitant fraction can approach 80%. Epidemiology Tricuspid and mitral regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation is common and is estimated to occur in 65–85% of the population. In The Framingham Heart Study presence of any severity of tricuspid regurgitation, ranging from trace to above moderate was in 82% of men and in 85.7% of women. Mild tricuspid regurgitation tend to be common and benign and in structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus can be considered a normal variant. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually associated with tricuspid valve leaflet abnormalities and/or possibly annular dilation and is usually pathologic which can lead to irreversible damage of cardiac muscle and worse outcomes due to chronic prolonged right ventricular volume overload. In a study of 595 male elite football players aged 18–38, and 47 sedentary non-athletes, it was found that 58% of the athletes had tricuspid regurgitation vs. 36% in non-athletes and mitral regurgitation was found in 20% football players and 15% in controls. Football players with tricuspid regurgitation had larger tricuspid annulus diameter, compared to athletes without tricuspid regurgitation. Athletes with tricuspid regurgitation also had enlarged right atrium diameter when compared to control","title":"Regurgitation (circulation)"},{"docid":"532546","text":"Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral blood vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery which is divided in two branches, left and right to the left and right lungs respectively. Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Venous blood is typically colder than arterial blood, and has a lower oxygen content and pH. It also has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products. The difference in the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood is known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference. Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gas tests. Venous blood is obtained for lab work by venipuncture (also called phlebotomy), or by finger prick for small quantities. Color The color of human blood ranges from bright red when oxygenated to a darker red when deoxygenated. It owes its color to hemoglobin, to which oxygen binds. Deoxygenated blood is darker due to the difference in shape of the red blood cell when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the blood cell (oxygenated) versus does not bind to it (deoxygenated). Though veins might make it appear as such, human blood is never naturally blue. The blue appearance of surface veins is caused mostly by the scattering of blue light away from the outside of venous tissue if the vein is at 0.5 mm deep or more. Veins and arteries appear similar when skin is removed and are seen directly. References Blood","title":"Venous blood"},{"docid":"667634","text":"Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart. Some flow is a normal condition both pre-birth and immediately post-birth via the foramen ovale; however, when this does not naturally close after birth it is referred to as a patent (open) foramen ovale (PFO). It is common in patients with a congenital atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). After PFO closure the atria normally are separated by a dividing wall, the interatrial septum. If this septum is defective or absent, then oxygen-rich blood can flow directly from the left side of the heart to mix with the oxygen-poor blood in the right side of the heart; or the opposite, depending on whether the left or right atrium has the higher blood pressure. In the absence of other heart defects, the left atrium has the higher pressure. This can lead to lower-than-normal oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the brain, organs, and tissues. However, an ASD may not produce noticeable signs or symptoms, especially if the defect is small. Also, in terms of health risks, people who have had a cryptogenic stroke are more likely to have a PFO than the general population. A cardiac shunt is the presence of a net flow of blood through a defect, either from left to right or right to left. The amount of shunting present, if any, determines the hemodynamic significance of the ASD. A right-to-left-shunt results in venous blood entering the left side of the heart and into the arterial circulation without passing through the pulmonary circulation to be oxygenated. This may result in the clinical finding of cyanosis, the presence of bluish-colored skin, especially of the lips and under the nails. During development of the baby, the interatrial septum develops to separate the left and right atria. However, a hole in the septum called the foramen ovale allows blood from the right atrium to enter the left atrium during fetal development. This opening allows blood to bypass the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta. A layer of tissue called the septum primum acts as a valve over the foramen ovale during fetal development. After birth, the pressure in the right side of the heart drops as the lungs open and begin working, causing the foramen ovale to close entirely. In about 25% of adults, the foramen ovale does not entirely seal. In these cases, any elevation of the pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system (due to pulmonary hypertension, temporarily while coughing, etc.) can cause the foramen ovale to remain open. Types The six types of atrial septal defects are differentiated from each other by whether they involve other structures of the heart and how they are formed during the developmental process during early fetal development. Ostium secundum The ostium secundum atrial septal defect is the most common type of atrial septal defect and comprises 6–10% of all congenital heart diseases. It involves a patent","title":"Atrial septal defect"},{"docid":"610617","text":"Diastole ( ) is the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood. The contrasting phase is systole when the heart chambers are contracting. Atrial diastole is the relaxing of the atria, and ventricular diastole the relaxing of the ventricles. The term originates from the Greek word (diastolē), meaning \"dilation\", from (diá, \"apart\") + (stéllein, \"to send\"). Role in cardiac cycle A typical heart rate is 75 beats per minute (bpm), which means that the cardiac cycle that produces one heartbeat, lasts for less than one second. The cycle requires 0.3 sec in ventricular systole (contraction)—pumping blood to all body systems from the two ventricles; and 0.5 sec in diastole (dilation), re-filling the four chambers of the heart, for a total of 0.8 sec to complete the cycle. Early ventricular diastole During early ventricular diastole, pressure in the two ventricles begins to drop from the peak reached during systole. When the pressure in the left ventricle falls below that in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens due to a negative pressure differential (suction) between the two chambers. The open mitral valve allows blood in the atrium (accumulated during atrial diastole) to flow into the ventricle (see graphic at top). Likewise, the same phenomenon runs simultaneously in the right ventricle and right atrium through the tricuspid valve. The ventricular filling flow (or flow from the atria into the ventricles) has an early (E) diastolic component caused by ventricular suction, and then a late one created by atrial systole (A). The E/A ratio is used as a diagnostic measure as its diminishment indicates probable diastolic dysfunction, though this should be used in conjunction with other clinical characteristics and not by itself. Late ventricular diastole Early diastole is a suction mechanism between the atrial and ventricular chambers. Then, in late ventricular diastole, the two atrial chambers contract (atrial systole), causing blood pressure in both atria to increase and forcing additional blood flow into the ventricles. This beginning of the atrial systole is known as the atrial kick—see Wiggers diagram. The atrial kick does not supply the larger amount of flow (during the cardiac cycle) as about 80 percent of the collected blood volume flows into the ventricles during the active suction period. Atrial diastole At the beginning of the cardiac cycle the atria, and the ventricles are synchronously approaching and retreating from relaxation and dilation, or diastole. The atria are filling with separate blood volumes returning to the right atrium (from the vena cavae), and to the left atrium (from the lungs). After chamber and back pressures equalize, the mitral and tricuspid valves open, and the returning blood flows through the atria into the ventricles. When the ventricles have completed most of their filling, the atria begin to contract (atrial systole), forcing blood under pressure into the ventricles. Now the ventricles start to contract, and as pressures within the ventricles rise, the mitral and tricuspid valves close producing the first heart sound (S1) as","title":"Diastole"},{"docid":"2695704","text":"In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (), also foramen Botalli or the ostium secundum of Born, allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis. Development The foramen ovale () forms in the late fourth week of gestation, as a small passageway between the septum secundum and the ostium secundum. Initially the atria are separated from one another by the septum primum except for a small opening below the septum, the ostium primum. As the septum primum grows, the ostium primum narrows and eventually closes. Before it does so, bloodflow from the inferior vena cava wears down a portion of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum. Some embryologists postulate that the ostium secundum may be formed through programmed cell death. The ostium secundum provides communication between the atria after the ostium primum closes completely. Subsequently, a second wall of tissue, the septum secundum, grows over the ostium secundum in the right atrium. Blood then passes from the right to left atrium only by way of a small passageway in the septum secundum and then through the ostium secundum. This passageway is called the foramen ovale''. Closure The foramen ovale often closes at birth. At birth, when the lungs become functional, the pulmonary vascular pressure decreases and the left atrial pressure exceeds that of the right. This forces the septum primum against the septum secundum, functionally closing the foramen ovale. In time the septa eventually fuse, leaving a remnant of the foramen ovale, the fossa ovalis. Function A fetus receives oxygen not from its lungs, but from the mother's oxygen-rich blood via the placenta. Oxygenated blood from the placenta travels through the umbilical cord to the right atrium of the fetal heart. As the fetal lungs are non-functional at this time, the blood bypasses them through two cardiac shunts. The first is the foramen ovale (the valve present between them called eustachian valve) which shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium. The second is the ductus arteriosus which shunts blood from the pulmonary artery (which, after birth, carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs) to the descending aorta. Clinical significance In about 25% of adults the foramen ovale does not close completely, but remains as a small patent foramen ovale (\"PFO\"). In most of these individuals, the PFO causes no problems and remains undetected throughout life. PFO has long been studied because of its role in paradoxical embolism (an embolism that travels from the venous side to the arterial side). This may lead to a stroke or transient ischemic attack. Transesophageal echocardiography is considered the most accurate investigation to demonstrate a patent foramen ovale. A","title":"Foramen ovale (heart)"},{"docid":"4771072","text":"In the anatomy of the heart, the valve of the coronary sinus (also called the Thebesian valve, after Adam Christian Thebesius) is a valve located at the orifice of the coronary sinus where the coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. It prevents blood from flowing backwards into the coronary sinus during contraction of the heart. Anatomy The valve of the coronary sinus is a thin, semilunar (half-moon-shaped) valve located on the anteroinferior part of the opening into the right atrium. It is formed by as semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the right atrium. It is situated at the base of the inferior vena cava. Variation The valve may be completely absent; it is present in 73-86% of individuals. The valve may vary in size. It may be double, or it may be cribriform (containing numerous small holes). Function The valve prevents regurgitation of blood into the sinus during diastole (i.e. the contraction of the atrium). References Cardiac anatomy","title":"Valve of coronary sinus"},{"docid":"962917","text":"The Fontan procedure or Fontan–Kreutzer procedure is a palliative surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts. It involves diverting the venous blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC) to the pulmonary arteries. The procedure varies for differing congenital heart pathologies. For example in tricuspid atresia, the procedure can be done where the blood does not pass through the morphologic right ventricle; i.e., the systemic and pulmonary circulations are placed in series with the functional single ventricle. Whereas in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the heart is more reliant on the more functional right ventricle to provide blood flow to the systemic circulation. The procedure was initially performed in 1968 by Francis Fontan and Eugene Baudet from Bordeaux, France, published in 1971, simultaneously described in July 1971 by Guillermo Kreutzer from Buenos Aires, Argentina, presented at the Argentinean National Cardilogy meeting of that year and finally published in 1973. Indications The Fontan Kreutzer procedure is used in pediatric patients who possess only a single functional ventricle, either due to lack of a heart valve (e.g. tricuspid or mitral atresia), an abnormality of the pumping ability of the heart (e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome or hypoplastic right heart syndrome), or a complex congenital heart disease where a bi-ventricular repair is impossible or inadvisable. The surgery allows blood to be delivered to the lungs via central venous pressure rather than via the right ventricle. Patients typically present as neonates with cyanosis or congestive heart failure. Fontan completion is usually carried out when the patient is 2–5 years of age, but is also performed before 2 years of age. Types There are four variations of the Fontan procedure: Ventricularization of the Right Atrium (The original Fontan's Technique) Atriopulmonary connection (the original Kreutzer's Technique) Intracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (lateral tunnel) (described by Marc De Leval and Aldo Castañeda, separately) Extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (described by Carlo Marceletti and Francisco Puga for Heterotaxy Syndrome) Approach The Fontan-Kreutzer procedure is the third procedure in the staged surgical palliation. It is performed in children born with congenital heart disease without two functional ventricles and an effective parallel blood flow circuit. The first stage is known as the Norwood procedure. This stage generally involves combining the pulmonary artery and aorta to form a larger vessel for blood to get to the body. An artificial tube or shunt can be placed from this larger vessel to the pulmonary arteries so that blood can get from the heart to the lungs. The wall between the left and right atrium can be removed to allow the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The second stage is called the hemi-Fontan or the Bidirectional Glenn procedure. This intermediary stage incorporates the shifting of oxygen-poor blood from the top of the body to the lungs. The superior vena cava (SVC), which carries blood returning from the upper parts of the body, is disconnected from the heart and instead redirects the blood into the pulmonary arteries. The inferior vena cava (IVC),","title":"Fontan procedure"},{"docid":"66745596","text":"A venous heart is the type of heart in which only blood with CO₂ circulates. Venous hearts receive blood from veins and pumps it for oxygenation. This type of heart is generally found in fishes. Structure Venous hearts only have the right side of heart, which contains an atrium (also known as auricle) and an ventricle. The heart is made of two chambers, unlike human hearts which have four chambers. Blood circulation The blood circulation system via venous heart is close-looped. A venous heart is single circuit and the heart pumps blood all over the body with only a single loop. Deoxygenated blood circulates to the atrium from the body, and afterwards the deoxygenated blood moves to the ventricles from the atrium. Next, the blood reaches the gills for purification. Like all hearts, venous hearts are also engaged in the distribution of nutrients, oxygen, hormones and other necessities to all parts of the body, and remove metabolic waste. References Fish anatomy","title":"Venous heart"},{"docid":"13204634","text":"A double inlet left ventricle (DILV) or \"single ventricle\", is a congenital heart defect appearing in 5 in newborns, where both the left atrium and the right atrium feed into the left ventricle. The right ventricle is hypoplastic or does not exist. Both atria communicate with the ventricle by a single atrio-ventricular valve. There is a big shunt left-right with a quickly evolutive pulmonary hypertension. Without life-prolonging interventions, the condition is fatal, but with intervention, the newborn may survive. Even if there is no foetal sickness, the diagnosis can be made in utero by foetal echocardiography. Presentation Infants born with DILV cannot feed normally (breathlessness) and have difficulty gaining weight. The mixed blood in systemic circulation leads to hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the body and organs), so infants develop cyanosis and breathlessness early. Diagnosis Treatment In the first few days, if there is no pulmonary valve stenosis, a pulmonary valve banding is necessary to prevent pulmonary hypertension and the ductus must be kept open to allow blood-flow using medication containing prostaglandin. At same time, if necessary, the atrial and ventricular septum communications must be enlarged. When possible Glenn procedure is done. Later, surgical options include the Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure, the Fontan procedure, and the Norwood procedure. The goal of all of these is separating the pulmonary and the systemic circulation. Usually, DILV is associated with other cardiac malformations. Prognosis Mortality is very high in the first 2 years, 85%, but after it decreases and between 2 and 15 years old the mortality is only around 9%. Diagnosis must be made within few days or even hours to prevent death. References External links Congenital heart defects","title":"Double inlet left ventricle"},{"docid":"3418271","text":"Cor triatriatum (or triatrial heart) is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers (hence the name). Cor triatriatum represents 0.1% of all congenital cardiac malformations and may be associated with other cardiac defects in as many as 50% of cases. The membrane may be complete or may contain one or more fenestrations of varying size. Cor triatriatum sinistrum is more common. In this defect, there is typically a proximal chamber that receives the pulmonic veins and a distal (true) chamber located more anteriorly where it empties into the mitral valve. The membrane that separates the atrium into two parts varies significantly in size and shape. It may appear similar to a diaphragm or be funnel-shaped, band-like, entirely intact (imperforate) or contain one or more openings (fenestrations) ranging from small, restrictive-type to large and widely open. In the pediatric population, this anomaly may be associated with major congenital cardiac lesions such as tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, coarctation of the aorta, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, persistent left superior vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal (endocardial cushion) defect, and common atrioventricular canal. Rarely, asplenia or polysplenia has been reported in these patients. In the adult, cor triatriatum is frequently an isolated finding. Cause Cor triatriatum dextrum is extremely rare and results from the complete persistence of the right sinus valve of the embryonic heart. The membrane divides the right atrium into a proximal (upper) and a distal (lower) chamber. The upper chamber receives the venous blood from both vena cavae and the lower chamber is in contact with the tricuspid valve and the right atrial appendage. Mechanism and Symptoms The natural history of this defect depends on the size of the communicating orifice between the upper and lower atrial chambers. If the communicating orifice is small, the patient is critically ill and may succumb at a young age (usually during infancy) to congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. If the connection is larger, patients may present in childhood or young adulthood with a clinical picture similar to that of mitral stenosis. As the malformed membrane calcifies with age, thus further narrowing such opening, decreased cardiac output produces features of pulmonary venous hypertension and right heart failure—including symptoms of dyspnea and orthopnea, easy fatigability, palpitations and shortness of breath, among others. Cor triatriatum may also be an incidental finding when it is nonobstructive. Diagnosis Primarily diagnosed with imaging, such as echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), CT, and/or MRI. Treatment Treatment of Cor triatriatum varies among cases and is dependent upon presentation of symptoms—incidental finding of the condition in asymptomatic patients does not typically require immediate medical management, but for those exhibiting dyspnea and pulmonary congestion, surgical intervention is required. The disorder can be treated surgically by removing the membrane dividing the atrium. The surgery, which usually occurs by first excising the diaphragm and then","title":"Cor triatriatum"},{"docid":"242146","text":"The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The inferior vena cava is the lower (\"inferior\") of the two venae cavae, the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart: the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body. Together, the venae cavae (in addition to the coronary sinus, which carries blood from the muscle of the heart itself) form the venous counterparts of the aorta. It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column. It enters the right auricle at the lower right, back side of the heart. The name derives from . Structure The IVC is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart. It also joins with the azygos vein (which runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord. The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite, at about the level of L5. It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 - T9. It passes to the right of the descending aorta. Tributaries The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows: Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline, drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical. On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava. Development In the embryo, the inferior vena cava and right auricle are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava, also known as the Eustachian valve. In the adult, this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium. Variation Rarely, the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position. In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left. In between 0.2% to 0.3% of people, the inferior vena cava may be duplicated beneath the level of the renal veins. Function The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart. The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava. Clinical significance","title":"Inferior vena cava"},{"docid":"3310704","text":"Central venous pressure (CVP) is the blood pressure in the venae cavae, near the right atrium of the heart. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system. CVP is often a good approximation of right atrial pressure (RAP), although the two terms are not identical, as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the venae cavae and the right atrium. CVP and RAP can differ when arterial tone is altered. This can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the venous return plotted against right atrial pressure (where central venous pressure increases, but right atrial pressure stays the same; VR = CVP − RAP). CVP has been, and often still is, used as a surrogate for preload, and changes in CVP in response to infusions of intravenous fluid have been used to predict volume-responsiveness (i.e. whether more fluid will improve cardiac output). However, there is increasing evidence that CVP, whether as an absolute value or in terms of changes in response to fluid, does not correlate with ventricular volume (i.e. preload) or volume-responsiveness, and so should not be used to guide intravenous fluid therapy. Nevertheless, CVP monitoring is a useful tool to guide hemodynamic therapy. The cardiopulmonary baroreflex responds to an increase in CVP by decreasing systemic vascular resistance while increasing heart rate and ventricular contractility in dogs. Measurement Normal CVP in patients can be measured from two points of reference: Sternum: 0–14 cm H2O Midaxillary line: 8–15 cm H2O CVP can be measured by connecting the patient's central venous catheter to a special infusion set which is connected to a small diameter water column. If the water column is calibrated properly the height of the column indicates the CVP. In most intensive care units, facilities are available to measure CVP continuously. Normal values vary between 4 and 12 cm H2O. Factors affecting CVP Factors that increase CVP include: Cardiac tamponade Decreased cardiac output Forced exhalation Heart failure Hypervolemia Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Pleural effusion Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Tension pneumothorax Factors that decrease CVP include: Deep inhalation Distributive shock Hypovolemia See also Jugular venous pressure Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure References External links Venous function and central venous pressure: a physiologic story - a technical discussion of the more modern understanding of central venous pressure; this may well conflict with the sources below. Central Venous Pressure and Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Monitoring Cardiovascular Physiology Medical terminology Medical monitoring Cardiovascular physiology","title":"Central venous pressure"},{"docid":"607130","text":"Constrictive pericarditis is a condition characterized by a thickened, fibrotic pericardium, limiting the heart's ability to function normally. In many cases, the condition continues to be difficult to diagnose and therefore benefits from a good understanding of the underlying cause. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are consistent with the following: fatigue, swollen abdomen, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), swelling of legs and general weakness. Related conditions are bacterial pericarditis, pericarditis and pericarditis after a heart attack. Causes The cause of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world are idiopathic in origin, though likely infectious in nature. In regions where tuberculosis is common, it is the cause in a large portion of cases. Causes of constrictive pericarditis include: Tuberculosis Incomplete drainage of purulent pericarditis Fungal and parasitic infections Chronic pericarditis Postviral pericarditis Postsurgical Following MI, post-myocardial infarction In association with pulmonary asbestos Pathophysiology The pathophysiological characteristics of constrictive pericarditis are due to a thickened, fibrotic pericardium that forms a non-compliant shell around the heart. This shell prevents the heart from expanding when blood enters it. As pressure on the heart increases, the stroke volume decreases as a result of a reduction in the diastolic expansion in the chambers. This results in significant respiratory variation in blood flow in the chambers of the heart. During inspiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases but is not relayed to the left atrium, subsequently a reduction in flow to the left atrium and ventricle happens. During diastole, less blood flow in left ventricle allows for more room for filling in right ventricle and therefore a septal shift occurs. During expiration, the amount of blood entering the left ventricle will increase, allowing the interventricular septum to bulge towards the right ventricle, decreasing the right heart ventricular filing. Diagnosis The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis is often difficult to make. In particular, restrictive cardiomyopathy has many similar clinical features to constrictive pericarditis, and differentiating them in a particular individual is often a diagnostic dilemma. Chest X-Ray - pericardial calcification (common but not specific), pleural effusions are common findings. Echocardiography - the principal echographic finding is changes in cardiac chamber volume. CT and MRI - CT scan is useful in assessing the thickness of pericardium, calcification, and ventricular contour. Cardiac MRI may find pericardial thickening and pericardial-myocardial adherence. Ventricular septum shift during breathing can also be found using cardiac MRI. Late gadolinium enhancement can show enhancement of the pericardium due to fibroblast proliferation and neovascularization. BNP blood test - tests for the existence of the cardiac hormone brain natriuretic peptide, which is only present in restrictive cardiomyopathy but not in constrictive pericarditis Conventional cardiac catheterization Physical examination - can reveal clinical features including Kussmaul's sign and a pericardial knock. Treatment The definitive treatment for constrictive pericarditis is pericardial stripping, which is a surgical procedure where the entire pericardium is peeled away from the heart. This procedure has significant risk involved, with mortality rates of 6% or higher in major referral centers. A poor outcome is almost always the","title":"Constrictive pericarditis"},{"docid":"72372334","text":"Raghib syndrome is rare a congenital heart defect where the left superior vena cava (LSVC) is draining into the left atrium in addition to an absent coronary sinus and an atrial septal defect. This can be considered a dangerous heart condition because it puts the individual at a high risk of stroke. Other defects that are often associated with Raghib syndrome can include ventricular septal defects, enlargement of the tricuspid annulus, and pulmonary stenosis. While this is considered an extremely rare developmental complex, cases regarding a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) are relatively common among congenital heart defects. It is also important to note that the PLSVC often drains into the right atrium, and only drains into the left atrium in approximately 10 to 20% of individuals with the defect. In an individual with no underlying heart condition, the superior vena cava delivers blood returning from the body to the right atrium. Due to oxygen being used by various biological processes throughout the body, this blood has extremely low blood oxygenation levels. Therefore, the right side of the heart pumps this blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the capillaries. The oxygenated blood is then transported back to the left side of the heart through pulmonary veins. The left atrium and left ventricle work to push the now oxygen saturated blood up through the aorta and out to the body. As stated earlier, individuals with Raghib syndrome experience drainage from the left superior vena cava into the left atrium. This means that the deoxygenated blood returning from the body is directly bypassing the lungs and entering the left atrium where it will be pumped back into the body causing cyanosis. The result of this can have major implications on several biological processes, often requiring surgical intervention. The coronary sinus is a vein continuing off of the great cardiac vein. It collects blood from the ventricular veins of the heart muscle during ventricle contraction and moves this blood into the right atrium. Essentially, this coronary sinus takes de-oxygenated blood from veins in the heart muscle (epicardial ventricular veins) and delivers it to the right side of the heart so it can be transported to the lungs and oxygenated again. It is extremely rare for an individual to be lacking this component of the heart. Lastly, a common aspect of Raghib syndrome is an atrial septal defect. This is when there is a hole in the septum dividing the right and left atriums of the heart. The size of this hole may vary significantly from individual to individual Some may not even notice the symptoms of this defect until they are well into adulthood, if at all. The main concern with an atrial septal defect, is it can cause the right side of the heart to become overworked. This is because the amount of blood being pumped to the lungs increases significantly as blood from the left atrium leaks back into the right atrium. Thus leading to damaged","title":"Raghib syndrome"},{"docid":"4506997","text":"The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In mammals, the sinus venosus exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart where it is found between the two venae cavae; in the adult, the sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge called the crista terminalis. In most mammals, the sinus venosus also forms the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus. Development In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. The sinus venosus originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus (right atrium) and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum. Additional images See also Atrial septal defect Bulbus cordis Ducts of Cuvier Primitive ventricle Primitive atrium Ductus venosus Truncus arteriosus Sinus venosus atrial septal defect References External links - Gross anatomy of the adult heart - \"Right atrium, internal structure, anterior view\" Embryology of cardiovascular system de:Sinus venosus zh:静脉窦","title":"Sinus venosus"},{"docid":"26862016","text":"Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another. Blood flow The heart functions as a pump and acts as a double pump in the cardiovascular system to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body. This circulation includes the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. Both circuits transport blood but they can also be seen in terms of the gases they carry. The pulmonary circulation collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygen to the body and returns relatively de-oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circuit. Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta into the systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery (also trunk) branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries to supply each lung. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards (regurgitation) by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves. The function of the right heart, is to collect de-oxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the body via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and from the coronary sinus and pump it, through the tricuspid valve, via the right ventricle, through the semilunar pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery in the pulmonary circulation where carbon dioxide can be exchanged for oxygen in the lungs. This happens through the passive process of diffusion. In the left heart oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve and into the aorta for systemic circulation. Eventually in the systemic capillaries exchange with the tissue fluid and cells of the body occurs; oxygen and nutrients are supplied to the cells for their metabolism and exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products In this case, oxygen and nutrients exit the systemic capillaries to be used by the cells in their metabolic processes, and carbon dioxide and waste products will enter the blood. The ventricles are stronger and thicker than the atria, and the muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemic circulation. Atria facilitate circulation primarily by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart, preventing the inertia of interrupted venous flow that would otherwise occur at each ventricular systole. Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate – spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart. This autorhythmicity is still modulated by the endocrine and nervous systems. There are two types of cardiac muscle cell: cardiomyocytes which have the ability to contract easily,","title":"Cardiac physiology"},{"docid":"7193171","text":"The left anterior descending artery (also LAD, anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery, or anterior descending branch) is a branch of the left coronary artery. It supplies the anterior portion of the left ventricle. It provides about half of the arterial supply to the left ventricle and is thus considered the most important vessel supplying the left ventricle. Blockage of this artery is often called the widow-maker infarction due to a high risk of death. Structure Course It first passes at posterior to the pulmonary artery, then passes anteriorward between that pulmonary artery and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus, along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex. In 78% of cases, it reaches the apex of the heart. Although rare, multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described. These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus. Branches The LAD gives off two types of branches: septals and diagonals. Septals originate from the LAD at 90 degrees to the surface of the heart, perforating and supplying the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum. Diagonals run along the surface of the heart and supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle and the anterolateral papillary muscle. Segments Proximal: from LAD origin to, and including, the origin of the first septal branch (some definitions say to first diagonal, or to whichever comes first) Middle: from proximal segment to halfway of remaining distance to apex. A more technical definition is from the proximal segment to the point where the LAD forms an angle, as seen from a right anterior oblique view on angiography, which is often close to the origin of the second diagonal branch. Distal: from middle segment to apex, or in some cases beyond. Function The artery supplies the anterior region of the left ventricle, including: the anterolateral myocardium, apex, anterior interventricular septum, and anterolateral papillary muscle. The LAD typically supplies 45–55% of the left ventricle and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply. Widow maker Widow maker is an alternative name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. The name widow maker may also apply to the left coronary artery or severe occlusions to that artery. This term is used because the left main coronary and/or the left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart. This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death. The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque. Even a small amount of plaque in this area can (for a variety of poorly understood reasons) rupture and cause death; bypassing chronic blockages or trying to open them up with angioplasty does not prevent heart attack but it can restore blood flow in case of a sudden blockage or heart attack and if performed within a rapid time","title":"Left anterior descending artery"},{"docid":"3046797","text":"In humans, the circulatory system is different before and after birth. The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated by the umbilical cord, heart and systemic blood vessels. A major difference between the fetal circulation and postnatal circulation is that the lungs are not used during the fetal stage resulting in the presence of shunts to move oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetal tissue. At birth, the start of breathing and the severance of the umbilical cord prompt various changes that quickly transform fetal circulation into postnatal circulation. Oxygenation, nutrient, and waste exchange Placenta The placenta functions as the exchange site of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. Water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and inorganic salts freely diffuse across the placenta along with oxygen. Two umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta where waste is exchanged for oxygen and nutrients. The oxygenated blood will then return to the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein. Oxygenation transport in fetus Hemoglobin is a structure found within the red blood cells that binds to and carries oxygen. Fetal hemoglobin enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta. This is facilitated by the hemoglobin molecule that made up of two alpha and two gamma chains (2α2γ). Its oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left, meaning that it is able to absorb oxygen at lower concentrations than adult hemoglobin. This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, where the oxygen pressure is lower than at the lungs. Around 6 months of age after birth, the gamma chains will gradually be replaced by beta chains. This new hemoglobin structure is known as hemoglobin A, composed of two alpha and two beta chains (2α2β). Hemoglobin A is the predominant form found in adults. Before birth Oxygenated blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein, which will drain into the inferior vena cava (IVC) through the ductus venosus or the liver. When oxygenated blood enters the IVC, it moves in parallel with deoxygenated blood from the fetal systemic veins, establishing a bilaminar blood flow as it enters the right atrium. The fetal heart contains two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It also contains two additional structures, the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus, that function as shunts for oxygenated blood. The function of these shunts is to bypass the lungs and maintain proper circulation to important fetal tissue. In the fetal stage, the lungs fill with fluid and collapse because the fetus is within the amniotic sac and the placenta is providing the oxygen it needs to grow. With the lung collapsed, pulmonary vascular resistance remains high during the fetal stage to prevent blood flow into the lungs. As oxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium, the eustachian valve helps direct the oxygenated blood into the foramen ovale, an opening between the right and left","title":"Fetal circulation"},{"docid":"25518103","text":"Crista dividens is a structure in the developing heart of the human embryo that divides the right atrium in a way such that it creates a pan systolic murmur in the same way as the foramen ovale. Recognition of the absence of this murmur can indicate a potentially terminal cardiac defect in the newborn. Function The crista dividens plays a role in separating oxygenated blood from the ductus venosus and deoxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) draining the caudal portion of the fetus into the left and right atria, respectively. The crista dividens is located on the inferior edge of the interatrial septum and faces the opening of the IVC. As blood enters the heart from the IVC, it hits the crista dividens and is divided into two streams, with one stream entering the right atrium and the other entering the left atrium. The ductus venosus joins the terminal portion of the IVC, just before the right atrium. Before the ductus venosus joins the IVC, it is positioned in such a way that the oxygenated blood flowing into the IVC from the ductus venosus preferentially passes on the side of the crista dividens that directs the blood stream toward the left atrium. The rest of the IVC (prior to the joining of the ductus venosus) carries deoxygenated blood from the caudal (inferior) part of the fetus, and is directed toward the side of the crista dividens that directs blood into the right atrium. References Embryology Cardiac anatomy","title":"Crista dividens"},{"docid":"5478650","text":"The valve of the inferior vena cava (Eustachian valve) is a venous valve that lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. Development In prenatal development, the eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium and away from the right ventricle. Before birth, the fetal circulation directs oxygen-rich blood returning from the placenta to mix with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the eustachian valve persists in adult life, it essentially does not have a specific function after the gestational period. Variation There is a large variability in size, shape, thickness, and texture of the persistent eustachian valve, and in the extent to which it encroaches on neighboring structures such as the atrial septum. At one end of the spectrum, the embryonic eustachian valve disappears completely or is represented only by a thin ridge. Most commonly, it is a crescentic fold of endocardium arising from the anterior rim of the IVC orifice. The lateral horn of the crescent tends to meet the lower end of the crista terminalis, while the medial horn joins the thebesian valve, a semicircular valvular fold at the orifice of the coronary sinus. At the other extreme, it persists as a mobile, elongated structure projecting several centimeters into the right atrial cavity. In this case, it may demonstrate an undulating motion in real time echocardiography; and when it is quite large, it may be confused with right atrial tumors, thrombi, or vegetations. Occasionally, the eustachian valve crosses the floor of the right atrium from the orifice of the IVC and inserts into the lower portion of the interatrial septum adjacent to the atrioventricular valves. However, higher insertion of a giant eustachian valve, which mimics the echocardiographic appearance of divided right atrium, is very rare. This type of abnormality may be confused with cor triatriatum dexter. Very rarely, such a configuration of a large eustachian valve may mimic a right atrial cystic tumor. The superior vena cava (SVC) does not have any homologous valve or valvule. Clinical significance The eustachian valve is frequently seen with transthoracic echocardiography from the parasternal long axis, the apical four-chamber and the sub-costal four-chamber views. The","title":"Valve of inferior vena cava"},{"docid":"146642","text":"Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously. Therefore its circulation is of major importance not only to its own tissues but to the entire body and even the level of consciousness of the brain from moment to moment. Interruptions of coronary circulation quickly cause heart attacks (myocardial infarctions), in which the heart muscle is damaged by oxygen starvation. Such interruptions are usually caused by coronary ischemia linked to coronary artery disease, and sometimes to embolism from other causes like obstruction in blood flow through vessels. Structure Coronary arteries Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart. Two coronary arteries originate from the left side of the heart at the beginning (root) left ventricle. There are three aortic sinuses (dilations) in the wall of the aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve. Two of these, the left posterior aortic sinus and anterior aortic sinus, give rise to the left and right coronary arteries, respectively. The third sinus, the right posterior aortic sinus, typically does not give rise to a vessel. Coronary vessel branches that remain on the surface of the heart and follow the sulci of the heart are called epicardial coronary arteries. The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The larger left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch. The anastomoses in the heart are very small. Therefore, this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel. The right coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system. Normally, one or more marginal arteries arise from the right coronary artery inferior to the right atrium. The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle. On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives","title":"Coronary circulation"},{"docid":"2404687","text":"An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into a person's heart to replace a heart valve that is not functioning properly (valvular heart disease). Artificial heart valves can be separated into three broad classes: mechanical heart valves, bioprosthetic tissue valves and engineered tissue valves. The human heart contains four valves: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve and aortic valve. Their main purpose is to keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart, and from the heart into the major blood vessels connected to it (the pulmonary artery and the aorta). Heart valves can malfunction for a variety of reasons, which can impede the flow of blood through the valve (stenosis) and/or let blood flow backwards through the valve (regurgitation). Both processes put strain on the heart and may lead to serious problems, including heart failure. While some dysfunctional valves can be treated with drugs or repaired, others need to be replaced with an artificial valve. Background A heart contains four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves) which open and close as blood passes through the heart. Blood enters the heart in the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. From there, blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve to enter the lungs. After being oxygenated, blood passes to the left atrium, where is it pumped through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta through the aortic valve. There are many potential causes of heart valve damage, such as birth defects, age related changes, and effects from other disorders, such as rheumatic fever and infections causing endocarditis. High blood pressure and heart failure which can enlarge the heart and arteries, and scar tissue can form after a heart attack or injury. The three main types of artificial heart valves are mechanical, biological (bioprosthetic/tissue), and tissue-engineered valves. In the US, UK and the European Union, the most common type of artificial heart valve is the bioprosthetic valve. Mechanical valves are more commonly used in Asia and Latin America. Companies that manufacture heart valves include Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott (St. Jude Medical), CryoLife, and LifeNet Health. Mechanical valves Mechanical valves come in three main types – caged ball, tilting-disc and bileaflet – with various modifications on these designs. Caged ball valves are no longer implanted. Bileaflet valves are the most common type of mechanical valve implanted in patients today. Caged ball valves The first artificial heart valve was the caged ball valve, a type of ball check valve, in which a ball is housed inside a cage. When the heart contracts and the blood pressure in the chamber of the heart exceeds the pressure on the outside of the chamber, the ball is pushed against the cage and allows blood to flow. When the heart finishes contracting, the pressure inside the chamber drops and the ball moves back against the base of the valve forming a seal. In 1952, Charles A. Hufnagel implanted caged ball","title":"Artificial heart valve"},{"docid":"2859527","text":"Pulsus paradoxus, also paradoxic pulse or paradoxical pulse, is an abnormally large decrease in stroke volume, systolic blood pressure (a drop more than 10 mmHg) and pulse wave amplitude during inspiration. Pulsus paradoxus is not related to pulse rate or heart rate, and it is not a paradoxical rise in systolic pressure. Normally, blood pressure drops less precipitously than 10 mmHg during inhalation. Pulsus paradoxus is a sign that is indicative of several conditions, most commonly pericardial effusion. The paradox in pulsus paradoxus is that, on physical examination, one can detect beats on cardiac auscultation during inspiration that cannot be palpated at the radial pulse. It results from an accentuated decrease of the blood pressure, which leads to the (radial) pulse not being palpable and may be accompanied by an increase in the jugular venous pressure height (Kussmaul's sign). As is usual with inspiration, the heart rate is slightly increased, due to decreased left ventricular output. Mechanism During inspiration, the negative intra-thoracic pressure results in an increased right venous return, filling the right atrium more than during an exhalation. The increased blood volume dilates the right atrium, reducing the compliance of the left atrium due to their shared septum. Lower left atrial compliance reduces the left atrium venous return and as a consequence causes a reduction in left ventricular preload. This results in a reduction in left ventricular stroke volume and will be noted as a reduction in systolic blood pressure in inspiration. Pulsus paradoxus is therefore an exaggeration or an increase in the fall of systolic BP beyond 10 mmHg during inspiration. Normally during inspiration, a person's systolic blood pressure decreases by ≤10 mmHg and heart rate slightly increases. This is because inspiration decreases intra-thoracic pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, which increases blood flow (systemic venous return) to the right atrium of the heart by reducing pressure on the veins, particularly the venae cavae. However, the decrease in intra-thoracic pressure and stretching of the lungs during inhalation also expands the compliant pulmonary vasculature so that blood pools in the lungs and decreases pulmonary venous return to the left atrium. Also, the increased systemic venous return to the right side of the heart expands the right heart and directly compromises filling of the left side of the heart by slightly bulging the septum to the left, reducing maximum volume. Reduced left-heart filling leads to a reduced stroke volume which manifests as a decrease in systolic blood pressure, leading to a faster heart rate due to the inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex, which stimulates sympathetic outflow to the heart. Under normal physiologic conditions the large pressure gradient between the right and left ventricles prevents the septum from bulging dramatically into the left ventricle during inspiration. However such bulging does occur during cardiac tamponade where pressure equalizes between all of the chambers of the heart. As the right ventricle receives more volume, it pushes the septum into the left ventricle further reducing its volume in turn. This additional loss of volume of","title":"Pulsus paradoxus"},{"docid":"44283452","text":"Pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare cardiovascular disorder. It is recognized as being the stenosis of one or more of the four pulmonary veins that return blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. In congenital cases, it is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. In some people, pulmonary vein stenosis occurs after pulmonary vein ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Some recent research has indicated that it may be genetically linked in congenital cases. Signs and symptoms Pulmonary vein stenosis usually manifests during the initial years of life. Pneumonia recurrentis and tachypnea are common presentation symptoms rather than the typical early pulmonary hypertension symptoms. Patients may experience a new murmur, right ventricular heart failure, pulmonary edema, failure to thrive, or hemoptysis as the disease worsens and pulmonary hypertension becomes more noticeable. Causes Pulmonary vein stenosis can be congenital or acquired. A rare abnormality that accounts for 0.4% of congenital heart diseases, congenital pulmonary vein stenosis results from the common right or left pulmonary vein failing to integrate into the left atrium (LA) during the vessel's embryonic development, obliterating the pulmonary veins partially or completely on one or both sides. The main cause of pulmonary vein stenosis is radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Pneumonia resulting from sarcoidosis may be caused by granulomatous involvement or extrinsic compression due to lymphadenopathies. Uncontrolled fibrosis surrounding the afflicted mediastinal lymph nodes is the hallmark of fibrosing mediastinitis, a rare consequence of tuberculosis and Histoplasma capsulatum infection that can cause invasion as well as obstruction of the surrounding pulmonary veins. Neoplasms next to the pulmonary veins have the potential to compress or infiltrate, resulting in stenosis. In the pediatric population, the most common cause of clinically significant pulmonary vein stenosis is complete anomalous pulmonary venous return repair. Localized obliteration can occur further into the center of the vessel or at the point where the pulmonary vein anastomoses into the left atrium. The literature contains isolated reports of lung transplantation, suture repair of a pulmonary vein cannulation site, and pulmonary vein injury resulting in obstruction following myxoma resection. Diagnosis Pulmonary vein stenosis may be identified by noninvasive procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging, multidetector CT angiography, radionuclide quantitative pulmonary flow imaging, and echocardiography with Doppler ultrasonography. Treatment Although clinical and imaging surveillance is recommended because the disease can change over time, mild and asymptomatic pulmonary vein stenosis may not require intervention. When it comes to the majority of pulmonary vein stenosis cases, whether congenital or acquired, surgery is the recommended course of action. References Further reading External links Boston Children's Hospital The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Vascular diseases","title":"Pulmonary vein stenosis"},{"docid":"2664415","text":"The fossa ovalis is a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium. The fossa ovalis is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development. Function During fetal development, the foramen ovale allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta. A flap of tissue called the septum primum acts as a valve over the foramen ovale during that time. After birth, the introduction of air into the lungs causes the pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system to drop. This change in pressure pushes the septum primum against the atrial septum, closing the foramen. The septum primum and atrial septum eventually fuse together to form a complete seal, leaving a depression called the fossa ovalis. By age two, about 75% of people have a completely sealed fossa ovalis. An unfused fossa ovalis is called a patent foramen ovale. Depending on the circumstances, a patent foramen ovale may be completely asymptomatic, or may require surgery. The limbus of fossa ovalis (annulus ovalis) is the prominent oval margin of the fossa ovalis in the right atrium. It is most distinct above and at the sides of the fossa ovalis; below, it is deficient. A small slit-like valvular opening is occasionally found, at the upper margin of the fossa, leading upward beneath the limbus, into the left atrium; it is the remains of the fetal aperture the foramen ovale between the two atria. Closure Almost immediately after the infant is born, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close. The major changes that are made by the body occur at the first breath (in the case of heart and lung functions) and up to weeks after birth (such as the liver's enzyme synthesis). The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis as the foramen closes while edge of the septum secundum in right atrium becomes anulus ovalis, so the depression beneath it becomes the fossa ovalis. This enables respiration and circulation independent from the mother's placenta. With the child's first breath, the lung sends oxygenated blood to the left atrium. As a result, pressure in the left atrium is higher than that of the right, and the increased pressure holds the interatrial flap (which covers the foramen ovale) shut, therefore closing the foramen ovale as well. In normal development, the closed foramen ovale fuses with the interatrial wall. During the first breath, vasoconstriction causes the ductus arteriosus to close, and during adult years, tissue occludes what once was the ductus arterious, creating the ligamentum arteriosum. Clinical significance Aneurysm Aneurysms can occur in adulthood if the foramen ovale is not closed correctly. An aneurysm happens when an artery becomes enlarged in a localized area due to weakening of the arterial wall. When this type of aneurysm occurs in the area of the fossa ovalis, an enlarged pouch is","title":"Fossa ovalis (heart)"},{"docid":"598465","text":"The pulmonary circulation is a division of the circulatory system in all vertebrates. The circuit begins with deoxygenated blood returned from the body to the right atrium of the heart where it is pumped out from the right ventricle to the lungs. In the lungs the blood is oxygenated and returned to the left atrium to complete the circuit. The other division of the circulatory system is the systemic circulation that begins with receiving the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium. From the atrium the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the rest of the body, returning as deoxygenated blood back to the pulmonary circulation. The blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins. A separate circulatory circuit known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. Structure De-oxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then enters back into the heart. De-oxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. Lungs The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart. Veins Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left part of the heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation. Arteries From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary artery (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs. Development The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale (an open conduit between the paired atria) or through the ductus arteriosus (a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta). When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis. Clinical significance A number of medical conditions may affect the pulmonary circulation: Pulmonary hypertension describes an increase in resistance in the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary embolism is occlusion","title":"Pulmonary circulation"},{"docid":"4479531","text":"The small cardiac vein, also known as the right coronary vein, is a coronary vein that drains parts of the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. Despite its size, it is one of the major drainage vessels for the heart. Anatomy Course The small cardiac vein runs in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle, and opens into the right extremity of the coronary sinus. Territory The small cardiac vein receives blood from the posterior portion of the right atrium and ventricle. Variation The small cardiac vein may empty into the coronary sinus, right atrium, or middle cardiac vein. It may be absent. References External links - \"Anterior view of the heart.\" Veins of the torso","title":"Small cardiac vein"},{"docid":"646092","text":"Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve of the heart. It is almost always caused by rheumatic valvular heart disease. Normally, the mitral valve is about 5 cm2 during diastole. Any decrease in area below 2 cm2 causes mitral stenosis. Early diagnosis of mitral stenosis in pregnancy is very important as the heart cannot tolerate increased cardiac output demand as in the case of exercise and pregnancy. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of resulting left atrial enlargement, which can lead to systemic thromboembolic complications such as stroke. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis include the following: Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) Palpitations Chest pain Hemoptysis Thromboembolism in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e., dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of atrial fibrillation, which increases the risk of blood stasis (motionless). This increases the risk of coagulation. Ascites and edema and hepatomegaly (if right-side heart failure develops) Fatigue and weakness increase with exercise and pregnancy. Natural history The natural history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever (the most common cause) is an asymptomatic latent phase following the initial episode of rheumatic fever. This latent period lasts an average of 16.3 ± 5.2 years. Once symptoms of mitral stenosis begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years. In individuals having been offered mitral valve surgery but refused, survival with medical therapy alone was 44 ± 6% at 5 years, and 32 ± 8% at 10 years after they were offered correction. Cause Almost all cases of mitral stenosis are due to disease in the heart secondary to rheumatic fever and the consequent rheumatic heart disease. Uncommon causes of mitral stenosis are calcification of the mitral valve leaflets, and as a form of congenital heart disease. It is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Other causes include infective endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis. Other rare causes include mitral annular calcification, endomyocardial fibroelastosis, malignant carcinoid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, whipple disease, fabry disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. hurler' disease, hunter's disease, amyloidosis. Pathophysiology The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4 to 6 cm2. In normal cardiac physiology, the mitral valve opens during left ventricular diastole, to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. A normal mitral valve will not impede the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during (ventricular) diastole, and the pressures in the left atrium and the left ventricle during ventricular diastole will be equal. The result is that the left ventricle gets filled with blood during early ventricular diastole, with only a small portion of extra blood contributed by contraction of the left atrium (the \"atrial kick\") during late ventricular diastole. When the mitral valve area goes below 2 cm2, the valve causes an impediment to the","title":"Mitral stenosis"},{"docid":"1283378","text":"The jugular veins are veins that take blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. The internal jugular vein descends next to the internal carotid artery and continues posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Structure and function There are two sets of jugular veins: external and internal. The left and right external jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins. The internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins more medially to form the brachiocephalic veins. Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. The jugular vein has tributaries consisting of petrosal sinus, facial, lingual, pharylingual, the thyroid, and sometimes the occipital vein. Internal The internal jugular vein is formed by the anastomosis of blood from the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater and the inferior petrosal sinus. The internal jugular runs with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve inside the carotid sheath. It provides venous drainage for the contents of the skull. External The external jugular vein runs superficially to sternocleidomastoid. There is also another minor jugular vein, the anterior jugular vein, draining the submaxillary region. Clinical significance Pressure The jugular venous pressure is an indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. In the jugular veins pressure waveform, upward deflections correspond with (A) atrial contraction, (C) ventricular contraction (and resulting bulging of perspicuous into the right atrium during isovolumic systole), and (V) atrial venous filling. The downward deflections correspond with (X) the atrium relaxing (and the perspicuous valve moving downward) and (y) the filling of ventricle after the tricuspid opens. Components include: The a peak is caused by the contraction of the right atrium. The av minimum is due to relaxation of the right atrium and closure of the tricuspid valve. The c peak reflects the pressure rise in the right ventricle early during systole and the resultant bulging of the tricuspid valve—which has just closed—into the right atrium. The x minimum occurs as the ventricle contracts and shortens during the ejection phase, later in systole. The shortening heart—with tricuspid valve still closed—pulls on valve opens, the v peak begins to wane. The y minimum reflects a fall in right atrial pressure during rapid ventricular filling, as blood leaves the right atrium through an open tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. The increase in venous pressure after the y minimum occurs as venous return continues in the face of reduced ventricular filling. Diseases and conditions The jugular vein is prominent in heart failure. When the patient is sitting or in a semirecumbent position, the height of the jugular veins and their pulsations provides an estimate of the central venous pressure and gives important information about whether the heart is keeping up with the demands on it or is failing. Distension of the jugular is a potential sign of heart failure, cardiac tamponade,","title":"Jugular vein"},{"docid":"20995276","text":"Right atrial pressure (RAP) is the blood pressure in the right atrium of the heart. RAP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood into the arterial system. RAP is often nearly identical to central venous pressure (CVP), although the two terms are not identical, as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the venae cavae and the right atrium. CVP and RAP can differ when venous tone (i.e the degree of venous constriction) is altered. This can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the venous return plotted against right atrial pressure (where central venous pressure increases, but right atrial pressure stays the same; VR = CVP − RAP). Factors affecting RAP Factors that increase RAP include: Hypervolemia Forced exhalation Tension pneumothorax Heart failure Pleural effusion Decreased cardiac output Cardiac tamponade Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Embolism Left to right shunted Atrial Septal Defect Factors that decrease RAP include: Hypovolemia Deep inhalation Distributive shock See also Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Jugular venous pressure Central venous pressure References External links Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts Cardiovascular Physiology Medical terminology Medical monitoring Cardiovascular physiology","title":"Right atrial pressure"},{"docid":"242360","text":"Systole ( ) is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart contract after refilling with blood. Etymology The term originates, via Neo-Latin, from Ancient Greek (sustolē), from (sustéllein 'to contract'; from sun 'together' + stéllein 'to send'), and is similar to the use of the English term to squeeze. Terminology, general explanation The mammalian heart has four chambers: the left atrium above the left ventricle (lighter pink, see graphic), which two are connected through the mitral (or bicuspid) valve; and the right atrium above the right ventricle (lighter blue), connected through the tricuspid valve. The atria are the receiving blood chambers for the circulation of blood and the ventricles are the discharging chambers. In late ventricular diastole, the atrial chambers contract and send blood to the ventricles. This flow fills the ventricles with blood, and the resulting pressure closes the valves to the atria. The ventricles now perform isovolumetric contraction, which is contraction while all valves are closed. This contraction ends the first stage of systole. The second stage proceeds immediately, pumping oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aortic valve and aorta to all body systems, and simultaneously pumping oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve and pulmonary artery to the lungs. Thus, the pairs of chambers (upper atria and lower ventricles) contract in alternating sequence to each other. First, atrial contraction feeds blood into the ventricles, then ventricular contraction pumps blood out of the heart to the body systems, including the lungs for resupply of oxygen. Cardiac systole is the contraction of the cardiac muscle in response to an electrochemical stimulus to the heart's cells (cardiomyocytes). Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute. The ejection fraction is the volume of blood pumped divided by the total volume of blood in the left ventricle. Types of systole Atrial systole Atrial systole occurs late in ventricular diastole and represents the contraction of myocardium of the left and right atria. The sharp decrease in ventricular pressure that occurs during ventricular diastole allows the atrioventricular valves (or mitral and tricuspid valves) to open and causes the contents of the atria to empty into the ventricles. The atrioventricular valves remain open while the aortic and pulmonary valves remain closed because the pressure gradient between the atrium and ventricle is preserved during late ventricular diastole. Atrial contraction confers a minor-fraction addition to ventricular filling, but becomes significant in left ventricular hypertrophy, or thickening of the heart wall, as the ventricle does not fully relax during its diastole. Loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart—as seen during atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and complete heart block—may eliminate atrial systole completely. Contraction of the atria follows depolarization, represented by the P wave of the ECG. As both atrial chambers contract—from the superior region of the atria toward the atrioventricular septum—pressure rises within the atria and blood is pumped into the ventricles through the open atrioventricular valves. At the start","title":"Systole"},{"docid":"64449141","text":"Carbon dioxide angiography is a diagnostic radiographic technique in which a carbon dioxide (CO2) based contrast medium is used - unlike traditional angiography where the contrast medium normally used is iodine based – to see and study the body vessels. Since CO2 is a non-radio-opaque contrast medium, angiographic procedures need to be performed in digital subtraction angiography (DSA). History The use of carbon dioxide as a contrast agent goes back to 1920s when the gas was used to visualize retroperitoneal structures. In the 1950s and early 1960s, CO2 was injected intravenously to delineate the right atrium for the detection of pericardial effusion. This imaging technique developed from animal and clinical studies which demonstrated that CO2 was safe and well tolerated with venous injections. In the early 1970s, Dr. Hawkins and Dr. Cho started using and studying CO2 as a contrast agent also for peripheral vascular imaging and intervention. With the advent of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) technique in 1980s, CO2 has evolved into a safe and useful alternative contrast agent in both arteriography and venography. Because of its lack of renal toxicity and allergic potential, CO2 is a preferred contrast agent in patients with renal failure or iodinated contrast medium allergy, and particularly in patients who require large volumes of contrast medium for complex endovascular procedures. Technique CO2 angiography is intended only for peripheral procedures. In case of procedures in the arterious system it is allowed to inject CO2 only below the diaphragm; while in the venous system it can also be investigated supradiaphragmatic, provided that the cerebral vessels are excluded. Taking this aspect into consideration, the practical approach follows that of the iodinated contrast procedures. The contrast injection can be carried out, similarly, both with manual devices and with automatic injectors (Automated Carbon Dioxide Angiography, ACDA). Properties Being naturally present in the human body, CO2 is the only 100% biocompatible contrast agent, meaning no adverse reactions, such as allergy, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Carbon dioxide is a negative contrast medium and it has a low radiopacity (while iodinated contrast media are defined as positive contrast media due to their high radiopacity). Contrast is caused by the different X-ray absorption coefficients between the tissue and the contrast agent. In the vascular imaging results produced using CO2, vessels look brighter rather than the surrounding tissues, because the contrast medium absorbs less X-ray radiations rather an iodine-based contrast medium, where the vessel are displayed in black. The CO2 does not mix with blood. At atmospheric pressure CO2 is in gaseous form and, when it comes out from the catheter, it forms a train of bubbles which displaces blood, causing a transient ischemia, in relation to the bloodstream (systolic pressure). When added together by DSA “stacking” software, the result is a composite diagnostic image of the frames. Carbon dioxide is highly soluble, allowing multiple injections without a maximum dosage (per procedure, while it is 100 mL per injection by the literature), but, in case of multiple injections, should be considered and adequate time interval","title":"Carbon dioxide angiography"},{"docid":"44942975","text":"The bronchial circulation is the part of the systemic circulation that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the cells that constitute the lungs, as well as carrying waste products away from them. It is complementary to the pulmonary circulation that brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and carries oxygenated blood away from them in order to oxygenate the rest of the body. In the bronchial circulation, blood goes through the following steps: Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary capillaries, where there is exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste chemical substances between blood and the tissues Bronchial veins drain venous blood from the large main bronchi into the azygous vein, and ultimately the right atrium. Venous blood from the bronchi inside the lungs drains into the pulmonary veins and empties into the left atrium; since this blood never went through a capillary bed it was never oxygenated and so provides a small amount of shunted deoxygenated blood into the systemic circulation. Blood reaches from the pulmonary circulation into the lungs for gas exchange to oxygenate the rest of the body tissues. But bronchial circulation supplies fully oxygenated arterial blood to the lung tissues themselves. This blood supplies the bronchi and the pleurae to meet their nutritional requirements. Because of the dual blood supply to the lungs from both the bronchial and the pulmonary circulation, this tissue is more resistant to infarction. An occlusion of the bronchial circulation does not cause infarction, but it can still occur in pulmonary embolism when the pulmonary circulation is blocked and the bronchial circulation cannot fully compensate for it. References Angiology","title":"Bronchial circulation"},{"docid":"2456407","text":"Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This leads to a hypoplastic (undersized) or absent right ventricle. This defect is contracted during prenatal development, when the heart does not finish developing. It causes the systemic circulation to be filled with relatively deoxygenated blood. The causes of tricuspid atresia are unknown. In most cases of tricuspid atresia, additional defects exist to allow exchange of blood between the loops of systematic circulation and pulmonary circulation, filling in the role of the missing atrioventricular connection. An atrial septal defect (ASD) must be present to fill the left atrium and the left ventricle with blood. Since there is a lack of a right ventricle, there must also be a way to pump blood into the pulmonary artery. This can be accomplished by a ventricular septal defect (VSD) connecting the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery or by a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery. In the latter case, prostaglandin E1 is used to maintain the PDA connection until emergency corrective surgery can be completed. As oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood in both cases, there is a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity. It is also possible for tricuspid atresia to appear without the life-saving defects. In this case, the systemic and pulmonary circulations would be cut off from each other and no useful breathing can occur. An experimental procedure called fetal balloon atrial septostomy can be used to artificially create the required defect in utero. Presentation progressive cyanosis poor feeding tachypnea over the first 2 weeks of life holosystolic murmur due to the VSD left axis deviation on electrocardiography and left ventricular hypertrophy (since it must pump blood to both the pulmonary and systemic systems) Normal or mildly enlarged heart Cause Tricuspid atresia is caused by complete absence of the tricuspid valve. The underlying cause of this absence remains unknown. This prevents direct blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This usually causes the foramen ovale to remain open after birth, leading to atrial septal defect. Pathophysiology As there is no communication between the right atrium and the right ventricle, there must be an atrial septal defect to allow blood to flow into the left cardiac chambers. Due to the lack of blood flow into the right ventricle, it will be hypoplastic. In most cases, there will also be a ventricular septal defect allowing some blood into the pulmonary circulation. Due to the lack of blood flow into the pulmonary circulation, there is poor oxygenation of blood, leading to progressively worsening cyanosis. Diagnosis The majority of cases can be diagnosed prenatally during a routine anomaly scan. If evidence of a congenital heart disease is found, the diagnosis can be confirmed by a foetal echocardiogram. If it is not diagnosed prenatally, it may be diagnosed shortly after birth with physical examination, which would reveal cyanosis","title":"Tricuspid atresia"},{"docid":"12368695","text":"Crisscross heart is a type of congenital heart defect where the right atrium is closely associated with the left ventricle in space, and the left atrium is closely associated with the right ventricle. Although it is classified as a defect, the criss-cross is more of a spatial anomaly than a functional one, and it is possible for the heart to have relatively normal functioning. The ventricles are rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise resulting in the twisting of their connection. The actual blood flow stream through the ventricles is not interrupted. Symptoms and signs Crisscross heart is a very rare congenital heart defect, and results in many different symptoms, even though the heart still has the ability to perform its major function of pumping blood throughout the body. Individuals who have this disease will experience cyanosis which is a blue tint to the skin because of inadequate blood flow to the body, this symptom will be seen especially around the mouth. Other symptoms include pallor, extreme dyspnea, pulmonary valve stenosis, cardiac murmurs and a deviated ventricular septum. Pallor can be described as a pale color of the skin, and dyspnea is difficulty breathing. Pulmonary valve stenosis is the narrowing of the pulmonary valve which leads to decreased blood flow to the pulmonary artery. Cardiac murmurs are sounds that can be heard when using a stethoscope that make a swooshing noise rather than a normal “lub-dup”. Lastly a deviated ventricular septum is when there is a hole between the ventricle walls resulting in blood between the ventricles flowing freely between each other. Anatomy In an anatomically correct heart the right atrium and right ventricle are working together to supply blood to the pulmonary artery, similarly to how the left atrium and the left ventricle work simultaneously to supply blood to the aorta. During the process of the heart contracting and releasing the right atrium and left atrium contract at the same time, while the left ventricle and right ventricle relax. In opposition, when the left atrium and right atrium are relaxed the left ventricle and right ventricle contract pushing blood to either the aorta or pulmonary artery. In an anatomically correct heart the atria are smaller than the ventricles. The ventricles include more muscle in order to push high quantities of blood throughout the body. Normal blood flow throughout the heart begins at the superior vena cava coming from the upper half of the body and the inferior vena cava coming from the lower half of the body. Next blood will be in the right atrium and will flow uninterrupted through the tricuspid valve through to the right ventricle. The blood from the right ventricle should go to the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve. The blood from the pulmonary vein enters the left atrium, then flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. After the left ventricle is filled with blood the aortic valve opens allowing blood to go through, which the blood then enters the aorta and goes to","title":"Crisscross heart"},{"docid":"3188445","text":"Levo-Transposition of the great arteries is an acyanotic congenital heart defect in which the primary arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) are transposed, with the aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery; the morphological left and right ventricles with their corresponding atrioventricular valves are also transposed. Use of the term \"corrected\" has been disputed by many due to the frequent occurrence of other abnormalities and or acquired disorders in l-TGA patients. In segmental analysis, this condition is described as atrioventricular discordance (ventricular inversion) with ventriculoarterial discordance. l-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries (TGA); however, TGA is a more general term which may also refer to dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). Signs and symptoms Simple l-TGA does not produce any visually identifiable features at birth. However, systemic blood pressure then becomes much higher than pulmonary blood pressure. The morphological right ventricle, evolved to handle a low blood pressure, will over a period of years hypertrophy and may fail, because of the high pressure it is forced to work against. This may produce symptoms such as dyspnea or fatigue. Complex l-TGA may produce immediate or more quickly-developed symptoms, depending on the nature, degree and number of accompanying defect(s). If a right-to-left or bidirectional shunt is present, the list of symptoms may include mild cyanosis. Pathogenesis In a normal heart, oxygen-depleted (\"deoxygenated\") blood is pumped from the right atrium into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich (\"oxygenated\") blood then returns, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium from which it is pumped into the left ventricle, then through the aorta to the rest of the body, including the heart muscle itself. With l-TGA, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium into the morphological left ventricle (which lies on the right side of the heart), then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The oxygenated blood then returns, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium from which it is pumped into the morphological right ventricle, then through the aorta. Variations and similar defects l-TGA is often accompanied by other heart defects, the most common type being intracardiac shunts such as atrial septal defect (ASD) including patent foramen ovale (PFO), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Stenosis of valves or vessels may also be present. When no other heart defects are present it is called 'simple' l-TGA; when other defects are present it is called 'complex' l-TGA. Diagnosis l-TGA can sometimes be diagnosed in utero with an ultrasound after 18 weeks gestation. However, many cases of simple l-TGA are \"accidentally\" diagnosed in adulthood, during diagnosis or treatment of other conditions. Treatment Simple l-TGA has a very good prognosis, with many individuals being asymptomatic and not requiring surgical correction. In a number of cases, the (technically challenging) \"double switch operation\" has been successfully performed to restore the normal blood flow through the ventricles. References External links Congenital heart","title":"Levo-Transposition of the great arteries"},{"docid":"3170526","text":"The coronary sinus () is the largest vein of the heart. It drains over half of the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium. It begins on the backside of the heart, in between the left atrium, and left ventricle; it begins at the junction of the great cardiac vein, and oblique vein of the left atrium. It receives multiple tributaries. It passes across the backside of the heart along a groove between left atrium and left ventricle, then drains into the right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus (which is usually guarded by the valve of coronary sinus). Structure Origin The coronary sinus arises upon the posterior aspect of the heart between the left atrium, and left ventricle. The coronary sinus commences at the union of the great cardiac vein, and the oblique vein of the left atrium. The origin of the coronary sinus is marked by the Vieussens valve of the coronary sinus which is situated at the endpoint of the great cardiac vein. Course The coronary sinus runs transversely in the left atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) on the posterior aspect of the heart. The sinus, before entering the right atrium, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Fate The coronary sinus drains through the posterior wall of right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus. This orifice is located at the posteroinferior aspect of the right atrium, just medial and to the left of the orifice of inferior vena cava, and between the inferior vena cava and the right atrioventricular orifice/tricuspid valve. The orifice is usually guarded by the valve of coronary sinus (a thin, crescent-shaped valve located on the anteroinferior part of the opening into the right atrium). Tributaries The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great, and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. Great cardiac vein (run upwards in the anterior interventricular sulcus to the left atrioventricular groove to form the coronary sinus; Middle cardiac vein (ascends posterior interventricular sulcus to drain into coronary sinus); Small cardiac vein (accompanies right coronary artery in the right atrioventricular groove to drain into the right side of the coronary sinus; Posterior vein of left ventricle (accompanies the left marginal artery, ascends the posterior wall of left ventricle to drain into the coronary sinus); Oblique vein of left atrium. All veins that empty into the coronary sinus except for the oblique vein of the left atrium have valves at their junction with the coronary sinus. The anterior cardiac veins do not drain into the coronary sinus but drain directly into the right atrium. Some small veins known as Thebesian veins drain directly into any of the four chambers of the heart. Microanatomy The wall of the coronary sinus is partly muscular. Function The coronary sinus is responsible for venous return of about 55% of the cardiac blood supply. Clinical significance","title":"Coronary sinus"},{"docid":"3038536","text":"The interatrial septum is the wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart. Structure The interatrial septum is a that lies between the left atrium and right atrium of the human heart. The interatrial septum lies at angle of 65 degrees from right posterior to left anterior because right atrium is located at the right side of the body while left atrium is located at the left side of the body. The interatrial septum represents the posterior wall of the right atrium. Development The interatrial septum forms during the first and second months of fetal development. Formation of the septum occurs in several stages. The first is the development of the septum primum, a crescent-shaped piece of tissue forming the initial divider between the right and left atria. Because of its crescent shape, the septum primum does not fully occlude the space between the left and right atria; the opening that remains is called the ostium primum. During fetal development, this opening allows blood to be shunted from the right atrium to the left. As the septum primum grows, the ostium primum progressively narrows. Before the ostium primum is completely occluded, a second opening called the ostium secundum begins to form in the septum primum. The ostium secundum allows continued shunting of blood from the right atrium to the left. To the right of the septum primum, the septum secundum begins to form. This thick, muscular structure initially takes on the same crescent shape as the septum primum, except that it originates anteriorly, whereas the septum primum originates posteriorly. As the septum secundum grows, it leaves a small opening called the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is continuous with the ostium secundum, again providing for continued shunting of blood. The ostium secundum progressively enlarges and the size of the septum primum diminishes. Eventually, the septum primum is nothing more than a small flap that covers the foramen ovale on its left side. This flap of tissue is called the valve of the foramen ovale. It opens and closes in response to pressure gradients between the left and right atria. When the pressure is greater in the right atrium, the valve opens; when the pressure is greater in the left atrium, the valve closes. Because the lungs are nonfunctional in fetal life, pressure in the pulmonary circulation is greater than that of the systemic circulation. Consequently, the right atrium is generally under higher pressures than the left atrium, and the valve of the foramen ovale is normally open. At birth At birth, there is a reversal in the pressure gradient between the atria, resulting in functional closure of the valve of the foramen ovale. Permanent anatomical closure of the foramen ovale occurs with time in normal infants. Inappropriate closure of the foramen ovale results in patent foramen ovale. Clinical significance An Atrial septal defect is a relatively common heart malformation that occurs when the interatrial septum fails to develop properly. Persistence of the ostium secundum is","title":"Interatrial septum"},{"docid":"21148921","text":"Hypoplastic right heart syndrome or HRHS is a congenital heart defect in which the structures on the right side of the heart, particularly the right ventricle, are underdeveloped. This defect causes inadequate blood flow to the lungs, and thus a cyanotic infant. Symptoms and signs Common symptoms include a grayish-blue (cyanosis) coloration to the skin, lips, fingernails and other parts of the body. Other pronounced symptoms can be rapid or difficult breathing, poor feeding due to lack of energy, cold hands or feet, or being inactive and drowsy. Notably, patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale, normally dangerous defects, are necessary for a newborn with HRHS to survive. If either formation does close, the child will go into shock, signs of which can include cool or clammy skin, a weak or rapid pulse, and dilated pupils. Causes It is mostly unknown what causes hypoplastic right heart syndrome in a given individual. It is thought that a family history of similar heart defects can increase the risk, and there are some genes hypothesized to be factors. However, it can also manifest in a child whose family is completely lacking in congenital heart abnormalities. Pathogenesis When the right side of the heart is more underdeveloped than the left side, this is known as hypoplastic right heart syndrome. HRHS is known for the pulmonary atresia valves, the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery all failing to form properly. HRHS also causes the right ventricle to be a fair amount smaller than the left side. In people with hypoplastic right heart syndrome, the heart is not able to adequately pump blood to the lungs. The result of this is an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to be circulated to the body. The severity of underdevelopment varies for each individual. A special team of pediatric cardiologists is required to develop a treatment plan. Anatomy A healthy heart has four chambers, each separated by valves that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium. The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it pumps into the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium, where it then travels into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta to be circulated to the rest of the body. Crucial steps in heart formation are development of the ventricles and atrium formation, as well as septation and valve formation. Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. The most common heart malformations from genetic or epigenetic problems are: stenosis of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, which is a narrowing of the vessels, atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, tricuspid atresia, and hypoplastic left and right heart syndrome. When an individual has hypoplastic right or left heart syndrome, it means that more than one of these","title":"Hypoplastic right heart syndrome"},{"docid":"9089928","text":"A cardiac shunt is a pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system. It may be described as right-left, left-right or bidirectional, or as systemic-to-pulmonary or pulmonary-to-systemic. The direction may be controlled by left and/or right heart pressure, a biological or artificial heart valve or both. The presence of a shunt may also affect left and/or right heart pressure either beneficially or detrimentally. Terminology The left and right sides of the heart are named from a dorsal view, i.e., looking at the heart from the back or from the perspective of the person whose heart it is. There are four chambers in a heart: an atrium (upper) and a ventricle (lower) on both the left and right sides. In mammals and birds, blood from the body goes to the right side of the heart first. Blood enters the upper right atrium, is pumped down to the right ventricle and from there to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Blood going to the lungs is called the pulmonary circulation. When the blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein, it goes to the left side of the heart, entering the upper left atrium. Blood is then pumped to the lower left ventricle and from there out of the heart to the body via the aorta. This is called the systemic circulation. A cardiac shunt is when blood follows a pattern that deviates from the systemic circulation, i.e., from the body to the right atrium, down to the right ventricle, to the lungs, from the lungs to the left atrium, down to the left ventricle and then out of the heart back to the systemic circulation. A left-to-right shunt is when blood from the left side of the heart goes to the right side of the heart. This can occur either through a hole in the ventricular or atrial septum that divides the left and the right heart or through a hole in the walls of the arteries leaving the heart, called great vessels. Left-to-right shunts occur when the systolic blood pressure in the left heart is higher than the right heart, which is the normal condition in birds and mammals. Congenital shunts in humans The most common congenital heart defects (CHDs) which cause shunting are atrial septal defects (ASD), patent foramen ovale (PFO), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosi (PDA). In isolation, these defects may be asymptomatic, or they may produce symptoms which can range from mild to severe, and which can either have an acute or a delayed onset. However, these shunts are often present in combination with other defects; in these cases, they may still be asymptomatic, mild or severe, acute or delayed, but they may also work to counteract the negative symptoms caused by another defect (as with d-Transposition of the great arteries). Acquired shunts in human Biological Some acquired shunts are modifications of congenital ones: a balloon septostomy can enlarge a foramen","title":"Cardiac shunt"},{"docid":"63992243","text":"The heart is a muscular organ situated in the mediastinum. It consists of four chambers, four valves, two main arteries (the coronary arteries), and the conduction system. The left and right sides of the heart have different functions: the right side receives de-oxygenated blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left side receives saturated blood from the lungs. Heart location, orientation, and projection to the chest The heart has the shape of a pyramid, with its apex pointing towards the left nipple while its base forms the posterior surface of the heart. Other surfaces are the anterior, inferior (or diaphragmatic), and two pulmonary surfaces facing the lungs. Its longest dimension (apical to base) is broadly 12–13 cm, while the average weight is 250 grams in females and 300 grams in males. Its primary role is to receive the blood from the body, pump it to the lungs to be oxygenated, and receive it once more to pump it again to the rest of the human body tissues. Heart rate, defined as the number of times the heart beats per minute, can fluctuate due to the body's varying needs for oxygen and nutrients. In addition, heart rates can increase when the sympathetic nervous system is activated but decrease when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated. Although the parasympathetic nervous system prevails, specific mental, physical, or environmental stressors trigger the sympathetic nervous system, and thus, increase heart rate. The right side of the heart (which consists of the right atrium and the right ventricle) receives the desaturated blood, while the left side (consisting of the left atrium and left ventricle) receives the oxygenated blood. The pericardium is a thick membrane that covers the heart. It consists of two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. It forms two recesses: the transverse recess and oblique recess. The transverse recess lies behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk, while the oblique recess lies behind the left atrium. The serous pericardium is thin and covers the heart. It is also called the epicardium. The fibrous pericardium is much thicker. Together they form the pericardial cavity, a thin sac hosting a small amount of fluid. Fibrous skeleton The four cardiac valves are kept in their place partly because of the fibrous skeleton of the heart, which is a collection of connective tissue. It consists of the right fibrous trigone (which along with the membranous septum forms the central fibrous body), the left right fibrous trigone, and the conus tendon. The right fibrous trigone is the strongest part of the skeleton. It lies to the right of the aortic valve and connects it with the mitral and tricuspid valves. It is pierced by the bundle of His. Lastly, the aortomitral curtain is also a part of the fibrous skeleton; it is formed by fibrous tissue connecting two of three of the aortic valve leaflets (the right and non-coronary leaflet) with anterior leaflet of the","title":"Anatomy of the human heart"},{"docid":"5477921","text":"The foramen secundum or ostium secundum is a in the septum primum, a precursor to the interatrial septum of the human heart. It is not the same as the foramen ovale, which is an opening in the septum secundum. Development The foramen secundum () is formed from small perforations that develop in the septum primum. The septum primum is a that grows down between the single primitive atrium of the developing heart to separate it into left and right atria. Closure Once a baby is born, blood should flow through the lungs, which now function to provide oxygen to the blood. The foramen secundum and foramen ovale act as a shunt where blood bypasses the lungs and does not become oxygenated. To provide proper blood flow as a newborn, the foramen secundum and foramen ovale must close at birth. Since the lungs now require a significant amount of blood flow, the vessels going to and from the lungs undergo dilation. While the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins are dilating, the umbilical artery and umbilical vein are severed at the cutting of the umbilical cord, or the funiculus umbilicalis. This combination results in a reversal of pressure differences between the atria, and the septum primum is permanently forced against the septum secundum. This holds true even during atrial diastole, when the pressure is significantly less than atrial systole. Function The septum primum is on the left side of the heart in the left atrium while the septum secundum is much thicker and is located on the right side, in the right atrium. During development, blood shunts from the floor of the right atrium through the foramen ovale in the septum secundum then up through the foramen secundum in the septum primum. The foramen secundum is positioned so that blood exits in the ceiling of the left atrium and then out through the left ventricle and the aorta. The position of the foramen secundum and the size of the septum primum are crucial to ensuring that blood not flow backwards from the left atrium to the right atrium. The septum primum, being much thinner, is easily pressed against the septum secundum if blood attempts to flow in the reverse direction, effectively sealing off both the foramen secundum and the foramen ovale. Clinical significance An ostium secundum that persists at large size can be a source of atrial septal defects. Foramen secundum atrial septal defects are the most common atrial septal defects. This defect can arise as a result of defects of the septum primum and the septum secundum. For the septum primum, the problem can arise as a result of excess resorption of the septum during the process of apoptosis in order to form the foramen secundum. For the septum secundum, its inadequate growth can cause atrial septal defect since it is supposed to grow and eventually overlap the foramen secundum so as to form the oval foramen. As the right atrial pressure is normally lower than the mean left atrial pressure,","title":"Foramen secundum"},{"docid":"74210833","text":"A lumped parameter cardiovascular model is a zero-dimensional mathematical model used to describe the hemodynamics of the cardiovascular system. Given a set of parameters that have a physical meaning (e.g. resistances to blood flow), it allows to study the changes in blood pressures or flow rates throughout the cardiovascular system. Modifying the parameters, it is possible to study the effects of a specific disease. For example, arterial hypertension is modeled increasing the arterial resistances of the model. The lumped parameter model is used to study the hemodynamics of a three-dimensional space (the cardiovascular system) by means of a zero-dimensional space that exploits the analogy between pipes and electrical circuits. The reduction from three to zero dimensions is performed by splitting the cardiovascular system into different compartments, each of them representing a specific component of the system, e.g. right atrium or systemic arteries. Each compartment is made up of simple circuital components, like resistances or capacitors, while the blood flux behaves like the current flowing through the circuit according to Kirchoff's laws, under the action of the blood pressure (voltage drop). The lumped parameter model consists in a system of ordinary differential equations that describes the evolution in time of the volumes of the heart chambers, and the blood pressures and fluxes through the blood vessels. Model description The lumped parameter model consists in a system of ordinary differential equations that adhere to the principles of conservation of mass and momentum. The model is obtained exploiting the electrical analogy where the current represents the blood flow, the voltage represents the pressure difference, the electric resistance plays the role of the vascular resistance (determined by the section and the length of the blood vessel), the capacitance plays the role of the vascular compliance (the ability of the vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure, that is the difference in pressure between two sides of a vessel wall) and the inductance represents the blood inertia. Each heart chamber is modeled by means of the elastances that describe the contractility of the cardiac muscle and the unloaded volume, that is the blood volume contained in the chamber at zero-pressure. The valves are modeled as diodes. The parameter of the model are the resistances, the capacitances, the inductances and the elastances. The unknowns of the system are the blood volumes inside each heart chamber, the blood pressures and fluxes inside each compartment of the circulation. The system of ordinary differential equations is solved by means of a numerical method for temporal discretization, e.g., a Runge-Kutta method. The cardiovascular system is split into different compartments: the four heart chambers: left and right atrium and left and right ventricles; the systemic circulation that can be split into arteries, veins and, if needed, in other compartments accounting for different blood vessels; the pulmonary circulation that can be split into arteries, veins and, if needed, in other compartments accounting for different blood vessels. Downstream of the left atrium and ventricle and right atrium and ventricle there","title":"Lumped parameter model for the cardiovascular system"},{"docid":"7913995","text":"The Bainbridge reflex or Bainbridge effect, also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure. Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors (Cardiac Receptors) located in both sides of atria at the venoatrial junctions. History Francis Arthur Bainbridge described this as a reflex in 1918 when he was experimenting on dogs. Bainbridge found that infusing blood or saline into the animal increased heart rate. This phenomenon occurred even if arterial blood pressure did not increase. He further observed that heart rate increased when venous pressure rose high enough to distend the right atrium, but denervation of the vagi to the heart eliminated these effects. Subsequent work demonstrated a stretch-induced increase in heart rate in isolated hearts or even the fully separated sinoatrial node (SAN). Thus, the positive chronotropic (from Χρόνος, Greek for 'time', and τρέπειν, Greek for 'to bend/turn') response of the heart to stretch must, in part, at least, be caused and accomplished by mechanisms located within the SAN. This led to the suggestion to refer to the response discovered by Bainbrindge as an 'effect' rather than a 'reflex'. Mechanism of Action Increased blood volume results in increased venous return to the heart, which leads to increased firing of B-fibers. B-fibers send signals to the brain (the afferent pathway of the neural portion of the Bainbridge reflex), which then modulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to the SA node of the heart (the efferent pathway of the neural portion of the Bainbridge reflex), causing an increase in heart rate. \"Effects on cardiac contractility and stroke volume are insignificant.\" Bainbridge reflex can be blocked by atropine and can be abolished by cutting the vagus nerve. The local response of sino-atrial node pacemaker cells to stretch involves stretch-activated ion channels, as was demonstrated by stretching single isolated pacemaker cells while recording their cellular electrical activity. Control of heart rate The Bainbridge reflex and the baroreceptor reflex control heart rate. The baroreceptor reflex can correct for a change in arterial pressure by increasing or decreasing heart rate. In contrast, the Bainbridge reflex responds to changes in blood volume. The Bainbridge reflex is seen in dogs, but experiment has shown that it is not as significant in primates. There is evidence, however, that the Bainbridge reflex does occur in humans, as after delivery of an infant when a large volume (up to 800 mL) of uteroplacental blood is returned to the mother's circulation, resulting in tachycardia Venous return As venous return increases, the pressure in the superior and inferior vena cava increase. This results in an increase in the pressure of the right atrium, which stimulates the atrial stretch receptors (low pressure receptor zones). These receptors in turn signal the medullary control centers to increase the heart rate (Tachycardia). Unusually, this tachycardia is mediated by increased sympathetic activity to the SAN with no fall in parasympathetic activity. Increasing the heart rate serves to decrease the pressure in the superior and inferior venae","title":"Bainbridge reflex"},{"docid":"7904695","text":"Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), also called tricuspid insufficiency, is a type of valvular heart disease in which the tricuspid valve of the heart, located between the right atrium and right ventricle, does not close completely when the right ventricle contracts (systole). TR allows the blood to flow backwards from the right ventricle to the right atrium, which increases the volume and pressure of the blood both in the right atrium and the right ventricle, which may increase central venous volume and pressure if the backward flow is sufficiently severe. The causes of TR are divided into hereditary and acquired; and also primary and secondary. Primary TR refers to a defect solely in the tricuspid valve, such as infective endocarditis; secondary TR refers to a defect in the valve as a consequence of some other pathology, such as left ventricular failure or pulmonary hypertension. The mechanism of TR is either a dilatation of the base (annulus) of the valve due to right ventricular dilatation, which results in the three leaflets being too far apart to reach one another; or an abnormality of one or more of the three leaflets. Signs and symptoms The symptoms of TR depend on its severity. Severe TR causes right-sided heart failure, with the development of ascites and peripheral edema. In severe cases of right heart failure due to TR, venous congestion of the kidneys and liver may lead to cardiorenal syndrome (kidney failure secondary to heart failure) and cardiohepatic syndromes (liver failure secondary to heart failure) respectively. Venous congestion from TR and right heart failure may also lead to anasarca (diffuse swelling) and decreased intestinal absorption due to the swelling surrounding the intestines, in severe cases this may lead to cachexia and malnutrition. A pansystolic heart murmur may be heard on auscultation of the chest. The murmur is usually of low frequency and best heard on the lower left sternal border. It increases with inspiration, and decreases with expiration: this is known as Carvallo's sign. However, the murmur may be inaudible due to the relatively low pressures in the right side of the heart. A third heart sound may also be present, also heard at the lower sternal border, and increasing in intensity with inspiration. On examination of the neck, there may be giant C-V waves in the jugular pulse. With severe TR, there may be an enlarged liver detected on palpation of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; the liver may be pulsatile on palpation and even on inspection. Causes The causes of TR may be classified as congenital or acquired; another classification divides the causes into primary or secondary. Congenital abnormalities are much less common than acquired. The most common acquired TR is due to right ventricular dilatation. Such dilatation is most often due left heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Other causes of right ventricular dilatation include right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, and cor pulmonale. In regards to primary and secondary causes they are: Mechanism In terms of the mechanism of tricuspid insufficiency,","title":"Tricuspid regurgitation"},{"docid":"5478198","text":"The proper development of the atrioventricular canal into its prospective components (The heart septum and associated valves) to create a clear division between the four compartments of the heart and ensure proper blood movement through the heart, are essential for proper heart function. When this process does not happen correctly, a child will develop atrioventricular canal defect which occurs in 2 out of every 10,000 births. It also has a correlation with Down syndrome because 20% of children with Down syndrome have atrioventricular canal disease as well. This is a very serious condition and surgery is necessary within the first six months of life for a child. Half of the children who are untreated with this condition die during their first year due to heart failure or pneumonia. Atrioventricular canal defect is a combination of abnormalities of the heart and is present at birth. There is a problem when there are holes present in the walls that separate chambers (septa), as well as when valves are incorrectly constructed. There are other names for these heart abnormalities such as endocardial cushion defects or atrioventricular septal defect'Development In a normal heart there are four chambers. These are the right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The right atrium and right ventricle function to pump blood to the lungs while the left atrium and left ventricle pump blood to the rest of the body. There are heart valves in place that inhibit back-flow between these chambers. Clinical relevance Atrioventricular canal defect An atrioventricular canal defect is developed because of the improper formation of the endocardial cushions, and their job is to separate the different parts of the heart during development when they fuse. It is strongly associated with Down's syndrome. The structures that develop from the fusion of the endocardial cushions are: The interatrial septum divides the left and right atrium The interventricular septum divides the left and right ventricles. The mitral valve and tricuspid valve are formed by the proper division of an early common valve being separated into two. Atrioventricular canal defect may be divided into partial or complete'' forms. In the partial form, openings between the left and right atria and improper formation of the mitral valve exist. In the complete form, there is free movement in all chambers because there is a large hole where the atria and ventricles meet, and instead of there being two valves there is one common valve. Surgery is usually conducted in-between the 3rd and 6th month of life, and with this condition the earlier the better. Usually, intracardiac repair involves closing the holes in the septum and the creation of two new atrioventricular valves from the underdeveloped common valve leaflet. See also Atrioventricular septal defect Atrioventricular septum References Embryology of cardiovascular system","title":"Atrioventricular canal"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"237416\",\n \"text\": \"The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, at the superior portion of the right ventricle. The function of the valve is to allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle during diastole, and to close to prevent backflow (regurgitation) from the right ventricle into the right atrium during right ventricular contraction (systole). Structure The tricuspid valve usually has three cusps or leaflets, named the anterior, posterior, and septal cusps. Each leaflet is connected via chordae tendineae to the anterior, posterior, and septal papillary muscles of the right ventricle, respectively. Tricuspid valves may also occur with two or four leaflets; the number may change over a lifetime. Function The tricuspid valve functions as a one-way valve that closes during ventricular systole to prevent regurgitation of blood from the right ventricle back into the right atrium. It opens during ventricular diastole, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The back flow of blood is also known as regression or tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid regurgitation can result in increased ventricular preload because the blood refluxed back into the atrium is added to the volume of blood that must be pumped back into the ventricle during the next cycle of ventricular diastole. Increased right ventricular preload over a prolonged period of time may lead to right ventricular enlargement (dilatation), which can progress to right heart failure if left uncorrected. Clinical significance Infected valves can result in endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Patients who inject narcotics or other drugs intravenously may introduce infection, which can travel to the right side of the heart, most often caused by the bacteria S. aureus. In patients without a history of intravenous exposure, endocarditis is more frequently left-sided. The tricuspid valve can be affected by rheumatic fever, which can cause tricuspid stenosis or tricuspid regurgitation. Some individuals are born with congenital abnormalities of the tricuspid valve. Congenital apical displacement of the tricuspid valve is called Ebstein's anomaly and typically causes significant tricuspid regurgitation. Certain carcinoid syndromes can affect the tricuspid valve by producing fibrosis due to serotonin production by those tumors. The first endovascular tricuspid valve implant was performed by surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic. Tricuspid regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation is common and is estimated to occur in 65–85% of the population. In the Framingham Heart Study presence of any severity of tricuspid regurgitation, ranging from trace to above moderate was in 82% of men and in 85.7% of women. Mild tricuspid regurgitation tends to be common, benign, and in structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus can be considered a normal variant. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually associated with tricuspid valve leaflet abnormalities and/or possibly annular dilation and is usually pathologic which can lead to irreversible damage of cardiac muscle and worse outcomes due to chronic prolonged right ventricular volume overload. Additional images See also Tricuspid atresia Cavo-tricuspid isthmus Lancisi's sign Right atrial enlargement References External links Photo of model: circulation/tricuspidvalve04\",\n \"title\": \"Tricuspid valve\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4506646\",\n \"text\": \"In anatomy, a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system. It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population, and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute. Presentation In persistent left superior vena cava, the left brachiocephalic vein does not develop fully and the left upper limb and head and neck drain into the right atrium via the coronary sinus. In isolation, the variation is considered benign, but is very frequently associated with cardiac abnormalities (e.g. ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect) that have a significant mortality and morbidity. It is more frequent in patients with congenital heart defects. The (right) superior vena cava is almost always unaffected by the presence of persistent left superior vena cava. Diagnosis If an anomaly is detected during a routine ultrasound, a fetal echocardiogram is performed to determine whether a fetus has the condition. Otherwise, it is often unnoticed unless an extenuating circumstance warrants further examination of the heart, usually much later in life. CT and MRI scans in a parasagittal section may show a \\\"pipe\\\" sign where the left superior vena cava occurs. Treatment If no other cardiac abnormalities are present, persistent left superior vena cava will not be treated, as it is usually asymptomatic and unharmful. If it drains into the left atrium, then deoxygenated blood enters the circulation to the body, and cyanosis may occur. References External links Congenital vascular defects\",\n \"title\": \"Persistent left superior vena cava\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33719559\",\n \"text\": \"In anatomy, the venae cavae (; : vena cava ; ) are two large veins (great vessels) that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. In humans they are the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, and both empty into the right atrium. They are located slightly off-center, toward the right side of the body. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood through coronary sinus and two large veins called venae cavae. The inferior vena cava (or caudal vena cava in some animals) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body. It is the largest vein in the human body. The superior vena cava (or cranial vena cava in animals) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, which contain blood from the head and the arms. References Veins\",\n \"title\": \"Venae cavae\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6171862\",\n \"text\": \"Regurgitation is blood flow in the opposite direction from normal, as the backward flowing of blood into the heart or between heart chambers. It is the circulatory equivalent of backflow in engineered systems. It is sometimes called reflux. Types of heart valve regurgitation The various types of heart valve regurgitation via insufficiency are as follows: Aortic regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle, owing to insufficiency of the aortic semilunar valve; it may be chronic or acute. Mitral regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, owing to insufficiency of the mitral valve; it may be acute or chronic, and is usually due to mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, or a complication of cardiac dilatation. See also Mitral regurgitation. Pulmonic regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, owing to insufficiency of the pulmonic semilunar valve. Tricuspid regurgitation: the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, owing to imperfect functioning (insufficiency) of the tricuspid valve. Regurgitation in or near the heart is often caused by valvular insufficiency (insufficient function, with incomplete closure, of the heart valves); for example, aortic valve insufficiency causes regurgitation through that valve, called aortic regurgitation, and the terms aortic insufficiency and aortic regurgitation are so closely linked as usually to be treated as metonymically interchangeable. Regurgitant fraction Regurgitant fraction is the percentage of blood that regurgitates back through the aortic valve to the left ventricle due to aortic insufficiency, or through the mitral valve to the atrium due to mitral insufficiency. It is measured as the amount of blood regurgitated into a cardiac chamber divided by the stroke volume. This fraction affords a quantitative measure of the severity of the valvular lesion. Normally, no blood regurgitates, so the regurgitant fraction is zero. In patients with severe valvular lesions, regurgitant fraction can approach 80%. Epidemiology Tricuspid and mitral regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation is common and is estimated to occur in 65–85% of the population. In The Framingham Heart Study presence of any severity of tricuspid regurgitation, ranging from trace to above moderate was in 82% of men and in 85.7% of women. Mild tricuspid regurgitation tend to be common and benign and in structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus can be considered a normal variant. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually associated with tricuspid valve leaflet abnormalities and/or possibly annular dilation and is usually pathologic which can lead to irreversible damage of cardiac muscle and worse outcomes due to chronic prolonged right ventricular volume overload. In a study of 595 male elite football players aged 18–38, and 47 sedentary non-athletes, it was found that 58% of the athletes had tricuspid regurgitation vs. 36% in non-athletes and mitral regurgitation was found in 20% football players and 15% in controls. Football players with tricuspid regurgitation had larger tricuspid annulus diameter, compared to athletes without tricuspid regurgitation. Athletes with tricuspid regurgitation also had enlarged right atrium diameter when compared to control\",\n \"title\": \"Regurgitation (circulation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"532546\",\n \"text\": \"Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral blood vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery which is divided in two branches, left and right to the left and right lungs respectively. Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Venous blood is typically colder than arterial blood, and has a lower oxygen content and pH. It also has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products. The difference in the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood is known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference. Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gas tests. Venous blood is obtained for lab work by venipuncture (also called phlebotomy), or by finger prick for small quantities. Color The color of human blood ranges from bright red when oxygenated to a darker red when deoxygenated. It owes its color to hemoglobin, to which oxygen binds. Deoxygenated blood is darker due to the difference in shape of the red blood cell when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the blood cell (oxygenated) versus does not bind to it (deoxygenated). Though veins might make it appear as such, human blood is never naturally blue. The blue appearance of surface veins is caused mostly by the scattering of blue light away from the outside of venous tissue if the vein is at 0.5 mm deep or more. Veins and arteries appear similar when skin is removed and are seen directly. References Blood\",\n \"title\": \"Venous blood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"667634\",\n \"text\": \"Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart. Some flow is a normal condition both pre-birth and immediately post-birth via the foramen ovale; however, when this does not naturally close after birth it is referred to as a patent (open) foramen ovale (PFO). It is common in patients with a congenital atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). After PFO closure the atria normally are separated by a dividing wall, the interatrial septum. If this septum is defective or absent, then oxygen-rich blood can flow directly from the left side of the heart to mix with the oxygen-poor blood in the right side of the heart; or the opposite, depending on whether the left or right atrium has the higher blood pressure. In the absence of other heart defects, the left atrium has the higher pressure. This can lead to lower-than-normal oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the brain, organs, and tissues. However, an ASD may not produce noticeable signs or symptoms, especially if the defect is small. Also, in terms of health risks, people who have had a cryptogenic stroke are more likely to have a PFO than the general population. A cardiac shunt is the presence of a net flow of blood through a defect, either from left to right or right to left. The amount of shunting present, if any, determines the hemodynamic significance of the ASD. A right-to-left-shunt results in venous blood entering the left side of the heart and into the arterial circulation without passing through the pulmonary circulation to be oxygenated. This may result in the clinical finding of cyanosis, the presence of bluish-colored skin, especially of the lips and under the nails. During development of the baby, the interatrial septum develops to separate the left and right atria. However, a hole in the septum called the foramen ovale allows blood from the right atrium to enter the left atrium during fetal development. This opening allows blood to bypass the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta. A layer of tissue called the septum primum acts as a valve over the foramen ovale during fetal development. After birth, the pressure in the right side of the heart drops as the lungs open and begin working, causing the foramen ovale to close entirely. In about 25% of adults, the foramen ovale does not entirely seal. In these cases, any elevation of the pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system (due to pulmonary hypertension, temporarily while coughing, etc.) can cause the foramen ovale to remain open. Types The six types of atrial septal defects are differentiated from each other by whether they involve other structures of the heart and how they are formed during the developmental process during early fetal development. Ostium secundum The ostium secundum atrial septal defect is the most common type of atrial septal defect and comprises 6–10% of all congenital heart diseases. It involves a patent\",\n \"title\": \"Atrial septal defect\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"610617\",\n \"text\": \"Diastole ( ) is the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood. The contrasting phase is systole when the heart chambers are contracting. Atrial diastole is the relaxing of the atria, and ventricular diastole the relaxing of the ventricles. The term originates from the Greek word (diastolē), meaning \\\"dilation\\\", from (diá, \\\"apart\\\") + (stéllein, \\\"to send\\\"). Role in cardiac cycle A typical heart rate is 75 beats per minute (bpm), which means that the cardiac cycle that produces one heartbeat, lasts for less than one second. The cycle requires 0.3 sec in ventricular systole (contraction)—pumping blood to all body systems from the two ventricles; and 0.5 sec in diastole (dilation), re-filling the four chambers of the heart, for a total of 0.8 sec to complete the cycle. Early ventricular diastole During early ventricular diastole, pressure in the two ventricles begins to drop from the peak reached during systole. When the pressure in the left ventricle falls below that in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens due to a negative pressure differential (suction) between the two chambers. The open mitral valve allows blood in the atrium (accumulated during atrial diastole) to flow into the ventricle (see graphic at top). Likewise, the same phenomenon runs simultaneously in the right ventricle and right atrium through the tricuspid valve. The ventricular filling flow (or flow from the atria into the ventricles) has an early (E) diastolic component caused by ventricular suction, and then a late one created by atrial systole (A). The E/A ratio is used as a diagnostic measure as its diminishment indicates probable diastolic dysfunction, though this should be used in conjunction with other clinical characteristics and not by itself. Late ventricular diastole Early diastole is a suction mechanism between the atrial and ventricular chambers. Then, in late ventricular diastole, the two atrial chambers contract (atrial systole), causing blood pressure in both atria to increase and forcing additional blood flow into the ventricles. This beginning of the atrial systole is known as the atrial kick—see Wiggers diagram. The atrial kick does not supply the larger amount of flow (during the cardiac cycle) as about 80 percent of the collected blood volume flows into the ventricles during the active suction period. Atrial diastole At the beginning of the cardiac cycle the atria, and the ventricles are synchronously approaching and retreating from relaxation and dilation, or diastole. The atria are filling with separate blood volumes returning to the right atrium (from the vena cavae), and to the left atrium (from the lungs). After chamber and back pressures equalize, the mitral and tricuspid valves open, and the returning blood flows through the atria into the ventricles. When the ventricles have completed most of their filling, the atria begin to contract (atrial systole), forcing blood under pressure into the ventricles. Now the ventricles start to contract, and as pressures within the ventricles rise, the mitral and tricuspid valves close producing the first heart sound (S1) as\",\n \"title\": \"Diastole\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2695704\",\n \"text\": \"In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (), also foramen Botalli or the ostium secundum of Born, allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis. Development The foramen ovale () forms in the late fourth week of gestation, as a small passageway between the septum secundum and the ostium secundum. Initially the atria are separated from one another by the septum primum except for a small opening below the septum, the ostium primum. As the septum primum grows, the ostium primum narrows and eventually closes. Before it does so, bloodflow from the inferior vena cava wears down a portion of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum. Some embryologists postulate that the ostium secundum may be formed through programmed cell death. The ostium secundum provides communication between the atria after the ostium primum closes completely. Subsequently, a second wall of tissue, the septum secundum, grows over the ostium secundum in the right atrium. Blood then passes from the right to left atrium only by way of a small passageway in the septum secundum and then through the ostium secundum. This passageway is called the foramen ovale''. Closure The foramen ovale often closes at birth. At birth, when the lungs become functional, the pulmonary vascular pressure decreases and the left atrial pressure exceeds that of the right. This forces the septum primum against the septum secundum, functionally closing the foramen ovale. In time the septa eventually fuse, leaving a remnant of the foramen ovale, the fossa ovalis. Function A fetus receives oxygen not from its lungs, but from the mother's oxygen-rich blood via the placenta. Oxygenated blood from the placenta travels through the umbilical cord to the right atrium of the fetal heart. As the fetal lungs are non-functional at this time, the blood bypasses them through two cardiac shunts. The first is the foramen ovale (the valve present between them called eustachian valve) which shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium. The second is the ductus arteriosus which shunts blood from the pulmonary artery (which, after birth, carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs) to the descending aorta. Clinical significance In about 25% of adults the foramen ovale does not close completely, but remains as a small patent foramen ovale (\\\"PFO\\\"). In most of these individuals, the PFO causes no problems and remains undetected throughout life. PFO has long been studied because of its role in paradoxical embolism (an embolism that travels from the venous side to the arterial side). This may lead to a stroke or transient ischemic attack. Transesophageal echocardiography is considered the most accurate investigation to demonstrate a patent foramen ovale. A\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen ovale (heart)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4771072\",\n \"text\": \"In the anatomy of the heart, the valve of the coronary sinus (also called the Thebesian valve, after Adam Christian Thebesius) is a valve located at the orifice of the coronary sinus where the coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. It prevents blood from flowing backwards into the coronary sinus during contraction of the heart. Anatomy The valve of the coronary sinus is a thin, semilunar (half-moon-shaped) valve located on the anteroinferior part of the opening into the right atrium. It is formed by as semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the right atrium. It is situated at the base of the inferior vena cava. Variation The valve may be completely absent; it is present in 73-86% of individuals. The valve may vary in size. It may be double, or it may be cribriform (containing numerous small holes). Function The valve prevents regurgitation of blood into the sinus during diastole (i.e. the contraction of the atrium). References Cardiac anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Valve of coronary sinus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"962917\",\n \"text\": \"The Fontan procedure or Fontan–Kreutzer procedure is a palliative surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts. It involves diverting the venous blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC) to the pulmonary arteries. The procedure varies for differing congenital heart pathologies. For example in tricuspid atresia, the procedure can be done where the blood does not pass through the morphologic right ventricle; i.e., the systemic and pulmonary circulations are placed in series with the functional single ventricle. Whereas in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the heart is more reliant on the more functional right ventricle to provide blood flow to the systemic circulation. The procedure was initially performed in 1968 by Francis Fontan and Eugene Baudet from Bordeaux, France, published in 1971, simultaneously described in July 1971 by Guillermo Kreutzer from Buenos Aires, Argentina, presented at the Argentinean National Cardilogy meeting of that year and finally published in 1973. Indications The Fontan Kreutzer procedure is used in pediatric patients who possess only a single functional ventricle, either due to lack of a heart valve (e.g. tricuspid or mitral atresia), an abnormality of the pumping ability of the heart (e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome or hypoplastic right heart syndrome), or a complex congenital heart disease where a bi-ventricular repair is impossible or inadvisable. The surgery allows blood to be delivered to the lungs via central venous pressure rather than via the right ventricle. Patients typically present as neonates with cyanosis or congestive heart failure. Fontan completion is usually carried out when the patient is 2–5 years of age, but is also performed before 2 years of age. Types There are four variations of the Fontan procedure: Ventricularization of the Right Atrium (The original Fontan's Technique) Atriopulmonary connection (the original Kreutzer's Technique) Intracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (lateral tunnel) (described by Marc De Leval and Aldo Castañeda, separately) Extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (described by Carlo Marceletti and Francisco Puga for Heterotaxy Syndrome) Approach The Fontan-Kreutzer procedure is the third procedure in the staged surgical palliation. It is performed in children born with congenital heart disease without two functional ventricles and an effective parallel blood flow circuit. The first stage is known as the Norwood procedure. This stage generally involves combining the pulmonary artery and aorta to form a larger vessel for blood to get to the body. An artificial tube or shunt can be placed from this larger vessel to the pulmonary arteries so that blood can get from the heart to the lungs. The wall between the left and right atrium can be removed to allow the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The second stage is called the hemi-Fontan or the Bidirectional Glenn procedure. This intermediary stage incorporates the shifting of oxygen-poor blood from the top of the body to the lungs. The superior vena cava (SVC), which carries blood returning from the upper parts of the body, is disconnected from the heart and instead redirects the blood into the pulmonary arteries. The inferior vena cava (IVC),\",\n \"title\": \"Fontan procedure\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66745596\",\n \"text\": \"A venous heart is the type of heart in which only blood with CO₂ circulates. Venous hearts receive blood from veins and pumps it for oxygenation. This type of heart is generally found in fishes. Structure Venous hearts only have the right side of heart, which contains an atrium (also known as auricle) and an ventricle. The heart is made of two chambers, unlike human hearts which have four chambers. Blood circulation The blood circulation system via venous heart is close-looped. A venous heart is single circuit and the heart pumps blood all over the body with only a single loop. Deoxygenated blood circulates to the atrium from the body, and afterwards the deoxygenated blood moves to the ventricles from the atrium. Next, the blood reaches the gills for purification. Like all hearts, venous hearts are also engaged in the distribution of nutrients, oxygen, hormones and other necessities to all parts of the body, and remove metabolic waste. References Fish anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Venous heart\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13204634\",\n \"text\": \"A double inlet left ventricle (DILV) or \\\"single ventricle\\\", is a congenital heart defect appearing in 5 in newborns, where both the left atrium and the right atrium feed into the left ventricle. The right ventricle is hypoplastic or does not exist. Both atria communicate with the ventricle by a single atrio-ventricular valve. There is a big shunt left-right with a quickly evolutive pulmonary hypertension. Without life-prolonging interventions, the condition is fatal, but with intervention, the newborn may survive. Even if there is no foetal sickness, the diagnosis can be made in utero by foetal echocardiography. Presentation Infants born with DILV cannot feed normally (breathlessness) and have difficulty gaining weight. The mixed blood in systemic circulation leads to hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the body and organs), so infants develop cyanosis and breathlessness early. Diagnosis Treatment In the first few days, if there is no pulmonary valve stenosis, a pulmonary valve banding is necessary to prevent pulmonary hypertension and the ductus must be kept open to allow blood-flow using medication containing prostaglandin. At same time, if necessary, the atrial and ventricular septum communications must be enlarged. When possible Glenn procedure is done. Later, surgical options include the Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure, the Fontan procedure, and the Norwood procedure. The goal of all of these is separating the pulmonary and the systemic circulation. Usually, DILV is associated with other cardiac malformations. Prognosis Mortality is very high in the first 2 years, 85%, but after it decreases and between 2 and 15 years old the mortality is only around 9%. Diagnosis must be made within few days or even hours to prevent death. References External links Congenital heart defects\",\n \"title\": \"Double inlet left ventricle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3418271\",\n \"text\": \"Cor triatriatum (or triatrial heart) is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers (hence the name). Cor triatriatum represents 0.1% of all congenital cardiac malformations and may be associated with other cardiac defects in as many as 50% of cases. The membrane may be complete or may contain one or more fenestrations of varying size. Cor triatriatum sinistrum is more common. In this defect, there is typically a proximal chamber that receives the pulmonic veins and a distal (true) chamber located more anteriorly where it empties into the mitral valve. The membrane that separates the atrium into two parts varies significantly in size and shape. It may appear similar to a diaphragm or be funnel-shaped, band-like, entirely intact (imperforate) or contain one or more openings (fenestrations) ranging from small, restrictive-type to large and widely open. In the pediatric population, this anomaly may be associated with major congenital cardiac lesions such as tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, coarctation of the aorta, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, persistent left superior vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal (endocardial cushion) defect, and common atrioventricular canal. Rarely, asplenia or polysplenia has been reported in these patients. In the adult, cor triatriatum is frequently an isolated finding. Cause Cor triatriatum dextrum is extremely rare and results from the complete persistence of the right sinus valve of the embryonic heart. The membrane divides the right atrium into a proximal (upper) and a distal (lower) chamber. The upper chamber receives the venous blood from both vena cavae and the lower chamber is in contact with the tricuspid valve and the right atrial appendage. Mechanism and Symptoms The natural history of this defect depends on the size of the communicating orifice between the upper and lower atrial chambers. If the communicating orifice is small, the patient is critically ill and may succumb at a young age (usually during infancy) to congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. If the connection is larger, patients may present in childhood or young adulthood with a clinical picture similar to that of mitral stenosis. As the malformed membrane calcifies with age, thus further narrowing such opening, decreased cardiac output produces features of pulmonary venous hypertension and right heart failure—including symptoms of dyspnea and orthopnea, easy fatigability, palpitations and shortness of breath, among others. Cor triatriatum may also be an incidental finding when it is nonobstructive. Diagnosis Primarily diagnosed with imaging, such as echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), CT, and/or MRI. Treatment Treatment of Cor triatriatum varies among cases and is dependent upon presentation of symptoms—incidental finding of the condition in asymptomatic patients does not typically require immediate medical management, but for those exhibiting dyspnea and pulmonary congestion, surgical intervention is required. The disorder can be treated surgically by removing the membrane dividing the atrium. The surgery, which usually occurs by first excising the diaphragm and then\",\n \"title\": \"Cor triatriatum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"242146\",\n \"text\": \"The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The inferior vena cava is the lower (\\\"inferior\\\") of the two venae cavae, the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart: the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body. Together, the venae cavae (in addition to the coronary sinus, which carries blood from the muscle of the heart itself) form the venous counterparts of the aorta. It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column. It enters the right auricle at the lower right, back side of the heart. The name derives from . Structure The IVC is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart. It also joins with the azygos vein (which runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord. The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite, at about the level of L5. It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 - T9. It passes to the right of the descending aorta. Tributaries The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows: Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline, drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical. On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava. Development In the embryo, the inferior vena cava and right auricle are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava, also known as the Eustachian valve. In the adult, this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium. Variation Rarely, the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position. In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left. In between 0.2% to 0.3% of people, the inferior vena cava may be duplicated beneath the level of the renal veins. Function The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart. The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava. Clinical significance\",\n \"title\": \"Inferior vena cava\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3310704\",\n \"text\": \"Central venous pressure (CVP) is the blood pressure in the venae cavae, near the right atrium of the heart. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system. CVP is often a good approximation of right atrial pressure (RAP), although the two terms are not identical, as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the venae cavae and the right atrium. CVP and RAP can differ when arterial tone is altered. This can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the venous return plotted against right atrial pressure (where central venous pressure increases, but right atrial pressure stays the same; VR = CVP − RAP). CVP has been, and often still is, used as a surrogate for preload, and changes in CVP in response to infusions of intravenous fluid have been used to predict volume-responsiveness (i.e. whether more fluid will improve cardiac output). However, there is increasing evidence that CVP, whether as an absolute value or in terms of changes in response to fluid, does not correlate with ventricular volume (i.e. preload) or volume-responsiveness, and so should not be used to guide intravenous fluid therapy. Nevertheless, CVP monitoring is a useful tool to guide hemodynamic therapy. The cardiopulmonary baroreflex responds to an increase in CVP by decreasing systemic vascular resistance while increasing heart rate and ventricular contractility in dogs. Measurement Normal CVP in patients can be measured from two points of reference: Sternum: 0–14 cm H2O Midaxillary line: 8–15 cm H2O CVP can be measured by connecting the patient's central venous catheter to a special infusion set which is connected to a small diameter water column. If the water column is calibrated properly the height of the column indicates the CVP. In most intensive care units, facilities are available to measure CVP continuously. Normal values vary between 4 and 12 cm H2O. Factors affecting CVP Factors that increase CVP include: Cardiac tamponade Decreased cardiac output Forced exhalation Heart failure Hypervolemia Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Pleural effusion Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Tension pneumothorax Factors that decrease CVP include: Deep inhalation Distributive shock Hypovolemia See also Jugular venous pressure Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure References External links Venous function and central venous pressure: a physiologic story - a technical discussion of the more modern understanding of central venous pressure; this may well conflict with the sources below. Central Venous Pressure and Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Monitoring Cardiovascular Physiology Medical terminology Medical monitoring Cardiovascular physiology\",\n \"title\": \"Central venous pressure\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"607130\",\n \"text\": \"Constrictive pericarditis is a condition characterized by a thickened, fibrotic pericardium, limiting the heart's ability to function normally. In many cases, the condition continues to be difficult to diagnose and therefore benefits from a good understanding of the underlying cause. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are consistent with the following: fatigue, swollen abdomen, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), swelling of legs and general weakness. Related conditions are bacterial pericarditis, pericarditis and pericarditis after a heart attack. Causes The cause of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world are idiopathic in origin, though likely infectious in nature. In regions where tuberculosis is common, it is the cause in a large portion of cases. Causes of constrictive pericarditis include: Tuberculosis Incomplete drainage of purulent pericarditis Fungal and parasitic infections Chronic pericarditis Postviral pericarditis Postsurgical Following MI, post-myocardial infarction In association with pulmonary asbestos Pathophysiology The pathophysiological characteristics of constrictive pericarditis are due to a thickened, fibrotic pericardium that forms a non-compliant shell around the heart. This shell prevents the heart from expanding when blood enters it. As pressure on the heart increases, the stroke volume decreases as a result of a reduction in the diastolic expansion in the chambers. This results in significant respiratory variation in blood flow in the chambers of the heart. During inspiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases but is not relayed to the left atrium, subsequently a reduction in flow to the left atrium and ventricle happens. During diastole, less blood flow in left ventricle allows for more room for filling in right ventricle and therefore a septal shift occurs. During expiration, the amount of blood entering the left ventricle will increase, allowing the interventricular septum to bulge towards the right ventricle, decreasing the right heart ventricular filing. Diagnosis The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis is often difficult to make. In particular, restrictive cardiomyopathy has many similar clinical features to constrictive pericarditis, and differentiating them in a particular individual is often a diagnostic dilemma. Chest X-Ray - pericardial calcification (common but not specific), pleural effusions are common findings. Echocardiography - the principal echographic finding is changes in cardiac chamber volume. CT and MRI - CT scan is useful in assessing the thickness of pericardium, calcification, and ventricular contour. Cardiac MRI may find pericardial thickening and pericardial-myocardial adherence. Ventricular septum shift during breathing can also be found using cardiac MRI. Late gadolinium enhancement can show enhancement of the pericardium due to fibroblast proliferation and neovascularization. BNP blood test - tests for the existence of the cardiac hormone brain natriuretic peptide, which is only present in restrictive cardiomyopathy but not in constrictive pericarditis Conventional cardiac catheterization Physical examination - can reveal clinical features including Kussmaul's sign and a pericardial knock. Treatment The definitive treatment for constrictive pericarditis is pericardial stripping, which is a surgical procedure where the entire pericardium is peeled away from the heart. This procedure has significant risk involved, with mortality rates of 6% or higher in major referral centers. A poor outcome is almost always the\",\n \"title\": \"Constrictive pericarditis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72372334\",\n \"text\": \"Raghib syndrome is rare a congenital heart defect where the left superior vena cava (LSVC) is draining into the left atrium in addition to an absent coronary sinus and an atrial septal defect. This can be considered a dangerous heart condition because it puts the individual at a high risk of stroke. Other defects that are often associated with Raghib syndrome can include ventricular septal defects, enlargement of the tricuspid annulus, and pulmonary stenosis. While this is considered an extremely rare developmental complex, cases regarding a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) are relatively common among congenital heart defects. It is also important to note that the PLSVC often drains into the right atrium, and only drains into the left atrium in approximately 10 to 20% of individuals with the defect. In an individual with no underlying heart condition, the superior vena cava delivers blood returning from the body to the right atrium. Due to oxygen being used by various biological processes throughout the body, this blood has extremely low blood oxygenation levels. Therefore, the right side of the heart pumps this blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the capillaries. The oxygenated blood is then transported back to the left side of the heart through pulmonary veins. The left atrium and left ventricle work to push the now oxygen saturated blood up through the aorta and out to the body. As stated earlier, individuals with Raghib syndrome experience drainage from the left superior vena cava into the left atrium. This means that the deoxygenated blood returning from the body is directly bypassing the lungs and entering the left atrium where it will be pumped back into the body causing cyanosis. The result of this can have major implications on several biological processes, often requiring surgical intervention. The coronary sinus is a vein continuing off of the great cardiac vein. It collects blood from the ventricular veins of the heart muscle during ventricle contraction and moves this blood into the right atrium. Essentially, this coronary sinus takes de-oxygenated blood from veins in the heart muscle (epicardial ventricular veins) and delivers it to the right side of the heart so it can be transported to the lungs and oxygenated again. It is extremely rare for an individual to be lacking this component of the heart. Lastly, a common aspect of Raghib syndrome is an atrial septal defect. This is when there is a hole in the septum dividing the right and left atriums of the heart. The size of this hole may vary significantly from individual to individual Some may not even notice the symptoms of this defect until they are well into adulthood, if at all. The main concern with an atrial septal defect, is it can cause the right side of the heart to become overworked. This is because the amount of blood being pumped to the lungs increases significantly as blood from the left atrium leaks back into the right atrium. Thus leading to damaged\",\n \"title\": \"Raghib syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4506997\",\n \"text\": \"The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In mammals, the sinus venosus exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart where it is found between the two venae cavae; in the adult, the sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge called the crista terminalis. In most mammals, the sinus venosus also forms the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus. Development In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. The sinus venosus originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus (right atrium) and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum. Additional images See also Atrial septal defect Bulbus cordis Ducts of Cuvier Primitive ventricle Primitive atrium Ductus venosus Truncus arteriosus Sinus venosus atrial septal defect References External links - Gross anatomy of the adult heart - \\\"Right atrium, internal structure, anterior view\\\" Embryology of cardiovascular system de:Sinus venosus zh:静脉窦\",\n \"title\": \"Sinus venosus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26862016\",\n \"text\": \"Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another. Blood flow The heart functions as a pump and acts as a double pump in the cardiovascular system to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body. This circulation includes the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. Both circuits transport blood but they can also be seen in terms of the gases they carry. The pulmonary circulation collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygen to the body and returns relatively de-oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circuit. Blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta into the systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery (also trunk) branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries to supply each lung. Blood is prevented from flowing backwards (regurgitation) by the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves. The function of the right heart, is to collect de-oxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the body via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and from the coronary sinus and pump it, through the tricuspid valve, via the right ventricle, through the semilunar pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery in the pulmonary circulation where carbon dioxide can be exchanged for oxygen in the lungs. This happens through the passive process of diffusion. In the left heart oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve and into the aorta for systemic circulation. Eventually in the systemic capillaries exchange with the tissue fluid and cells of the body occurs; oxygen and nutrients are supplied to the cells for their metabolism and exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products In this case, oxygen and nutrients exit the systemic capillaries to be used by the cells in their metabolic processes, and carbon dioxide and waste products will enter the blood. The ventricles are stronger and thicker than the atria, and the muscle wall surrounding the left ventricle is thicker than the wall surrounding the right ventricle due to the higher force needed to pump the blood through the systemic circulation. Atria facilitate circulation primarily by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart, preventing the inertia of interrupted venous flow that would otherwise occur at each ventricular systole. Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate – spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart. This autorhythmicity is still modulated by the endocrine and nervous systems. There are two types of cardiac muscle cell: cardiomyocytes which have the ability to contract easily,\",\n \"title\": \"Cardiac physiology\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7193171\",\n \"text\": \"The left anterior descending artery (also LAD, anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery, or anterior descending branch) is a branch of the left coronary artery. It supplies the anterior portion of the left ventricle. It provides about half of the arterial supply to the left ventricle and is thus considered the most important vessel supplying the left ventricle. Blockage of this artery is often called the widow-maker infarction due to a high risk of death. Structure Course It first passes at posterior to the pulmonary artery, then passes anteriorward between that pulmonary artery and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus, along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex. In 78% of cases, it reaches the apex of the heart. Although rare, multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described. These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus. Branches The LAD gives off two types of branches: septals and diagonals. Septals originate from the LAD at 90 degrees to the surface of the heart, perforating and supplying the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum. Diagonals run along the surface of the heart and supply the lateral wall of the left ventricle and the anterolateral papillary muscle. Segments Proximal: from LAD origin to, and including, the origin of the first septal branch (some definitions say to first diagonal, or to whichever comes first) Middle: from proximal segment to halfway of remaining distance to apex. A more technical definition is from the proximal segment to the point where the LAD forms an angle, as seen from a right anterior oblique view on angiography, which is often close to the origin of the second diagonal branch. Distal: from middle segment to apex, or in some cases beyond. Function The artery supplies the anterior region of the left ventricle, including: the anterolateral myocardium, apex, anterior interventricular septum, and anterolateral papillary muscle. The LAD typically supplies 45–55% of the left ventricle and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply. Widow maker Widow maker is an alternative name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. The name widow maker may also apply to the left coronary artery or severe occlusions to that artery. This term is used because the left main coronary and/or the left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart. This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death. The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque. Even a small amount of plaque in this area can (for a variety of poorly understood reasons) rupture and cause death; bypassing chronic blockages or trying to open them up with angioplasty does not prevent heart attack but it can restore blood flow in case of a sudden blockage or heart attack and if performed within a rapid time\",\n \"title\": \"Left anterior descending artery\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3046797\",\n \"text\": \"In humans, the circulatory system is different before and after birth. The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated by the umbilical cord, heart and systemic blood vessels. A major difference between the fetal circulation and postnatal circulation is that the lungs are not used during the fetal stage resulting in the presence of shunts to move oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetal tissue. At birth, the start of breathing and the severance of the umbilical cord prompt various changes that quickly transform fetal circulation into postnatal circulation. Oxygenation, nutrient, and waste exchange Placenta The placenta functions as the exchange site of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. Water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and inorganic salts freely diffuse across the placenta along with oxygen. Two umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta where waste is exchanged for oxygen and nutrients. The oxygenated blood will then return to the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein. Oxygenation transport in fetus Hemoglobin is a structure found within the red blood cells that binds to and carries oxygen. Fetal hemoglobin enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta. This is facilitated by the hemoglobin molecule that made up of two alpha and two gamma chains (2α2γ). Its oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left, meaning that it is able to absorb oxygen at lower concentrations than adult hemoglobin. This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, where the oxygen pressure is lower than at the lungs. Around 6 months of age after birth, the gamma chains will gradually be replaced by beta chains. This new hemoglobin structure is known as hemoglobin A, composed of two alpha and two beta chains (2α2β). Hemoglobin A is the predominant form found in adults. Before birth Oxygenated blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein, which will drain into the inferior vena cava (IVC) through the ductus venosus or the liver. When oxygenated blood enters the IVC, it moves in parallel with deoxygenated blood from the fetal systemic veins, establishing a bilaminar blood flow as it enters the right atrium. The fetal heart contains two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It also contains two additional structures, the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus, that function as shunts for oxygenated blood. The function of these shunts is to bypass the lungs and maintain proper circulation to important fetal tissue. In the fetal stage, the lungs fill with fluid and collapse because the fetus is within the amniotic sac and the placenta is providing the oxygen it needs to grow. With the lung collapsed, pulmonary vascular resistance remains high during the fetal stage to prevent blood flow into the lungs. As oxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium, the eustachian valve helps direct the oxygenated blood into the foramen ovale, an opening between the right and left\",\n \"title\": \"Fetal circulation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25518103\",\n \"text\": \"Crista dividens is a structure in the developing heart of the human embryo that divides the right atrium in a way such that it creates a pan systolic murmur in the same way as the foramen ovale. Recognition of the absence of this murmur can indicate a potentially terminal cardiac defect in the newborn. Function The crista dividens plays a role in separating oxygenated blood from the ductus venosus and deoxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) draining the caudal portion of the fetus into the left and right atria, respectively. The crista dividens is located on the inferior edge of the interatrial septum and faces the opening of the IVC. As blood enters the heart from the IVC, it hits the crista dividens and is divided into two streams, with one stream entering the right atrium and the other entering the left atrium. The ductus venosus joins the terminal portion of the IVC, just before the right atrium. Before the ductus venosus joins the IVC, it is positioned in such a way that the oxygenated blood flowing into the IVC from the ductus venosus preferentially passes on the side of the crista dividens that directs the blood stream toward the left atrium. The rest of the IVC (prior to the joining of the ductus venosus) carries deoxygenated blood from the caudal (inferior) part of the fetus, and is directed toward the side of the crista dividens that directs blood into the right atrium. References Embryology Cardiac anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Crista dividens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5478650\",\n \"text\": \"The valve of the inferior vena cava (Eustachian valve) is a venous valve that lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. Development In prenatal development, the eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium and away from the right ventricle. Before birth, the fetal circulation directs oxygen-rich blood returning from the placenta to mix with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the eustachian valve persists in adult life, it essentially does not have a specific function after the gestational period. Variation There is a large variability in size, shape, thickness, and texture of the persistent eustachian valve, and in the extent to which it encroaches on neighboring structures such as the atrial septum. At one end of the spectrum, the embryonic eustachian valve disappears completely or is represented only by a thin ridge. Most commonly, it is a crescentic fold of endocardium arising from the anterior rim of the IVC orifice. The lateral horn of the crescent tends to meet the lower end of the crista terminalis, while the medial horn joins the thebesian valve, a semicircular valvular fold at the orifice of the coronary sinus. At the other extreme, it persists as a mobile, elongated structure projecting several centimeters into the right atrial cavity. In this case, it may demonstrate an undulating motion in real time echocardiography; and when it is quite large, it may be confused with right atrial tumors, thrombi, or vegetations. Occasionally, the eustachian valve crosses the floor of the right atrium from the orifice of the IVC and inserts into the lower portion of the interatrial septum adjacent to the atrioventricular valves. However, higher insertion of a giant eustachian valve, which mimics the echocardiographic appearance of divided right atrium, is very rare. This type of abnormality may be confused with cor triatriatum dexter. Very rarely, such a configuration of a large eustachian valve may mimic a right atrial cystic tumor. The superior vena cava (SVC) does not have any homologous valve or valvule. Clinical significance The eustachian valve is frequently seen with transthoracic echocardiography from the parasternal long axis, the apical four-chamber and the sub-costal four-chamber views. The\",\n \"title\": \"Valve of inferior vena cava\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"146642\",\n \"text\": \"Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated. Because the rest of the body, and most especially the brain, needs a steady supply of oxygenated blood that is free of all but the slightest interruptions, the heart is required to function continuously. Therefore its circulation is of major importance not only to its own tissues but to the entire body and even the level of consciousness of the brain from moment to moment. Interruptions of coronary circulation quickly cause heart attacks (myocardial infarctions), in which the heart muscle is damaged by oxygen starvation. Such interruptions are usually caused by coronary ischemia linked to coronary artery disease, and sometimes to embolism from other causes like obstruction in blood flow through vessels. Structure Coronary arteries Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart. Two coronary arteries originate from the left side of the heart at the beginning (root) left ventricle. There are three aortic sinuses (dilations) in the wall of the aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve. Two of these, the left posterior aortic sinus and anterior aortic sinus, give rise to the left and right coronary arteries, respectively. The third sinus, the right posterior aortic sinus, typically does not give rise to a vessel. Coronary vessel branches that remain on the surface of the heart and follow the sulci of the heart are called epicardial coronary arteries. The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The larger left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch. The anastomoses in the heart are very small. Therefore, this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel. The right coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system. Normally, one or more marginal arteries arise from the right coronary artery inferior to the right atrium. The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle. On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives\",\n \"title\": \"Coronary circulation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2404687\",\n \"text\": \"An artificial heart valve is a one-way valve implanted into a person's heart to replace a heart valve that is not functioning properly (valvular heart disease). Artificial heart valves can be separated into three broad classes: mechanical heart valves, bioprosthetic tissue valves and engineered tissue valves. The human heart contains four valves: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve and aortic valve. Their main purpose is to keep blood flowing in the proper direction through the heart, and from the heart into the major blood vessels connected to it (the pulmonary artery and the aorta). Heart valves can malfunction for a variety of reasons, which can impede the flow of blood through the valve (stenosis) and/or let blood flow backwards through the valve (regurgitation). Both processes put strain on the heart and may lead to serious problems, including heart failure. While some dysfunctional valves can be treated with drugs or repaired, others need to be replaced with an artificial valve. Background A heart contains four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves) which open and close as blood passes through the heart. Blood enters the heart in the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. From there, blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve to enter the lungs. After being oxygenated, blood passes to the left atrium, where is it pumped through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta through the aortic valve. There are many potential causes of heart valve damage, such as birth defects, age related changes, and effects from other disorders, such as rheumatic fever and infections causing endocarditis. High blood pressure and heart failure which can enlarge the heart and arteries, and scar tissue can form after a heart attack or injury. The three main types of artificial heart valves are mechanical, biological (bioprosthetic/tissue), and tissue-engineered valves. In the US, UK and the European Union, the most common type of artificial heart valve is the bioprosthetic valve. Mechanical valves are more commonly used in Asia and Latin America. Companies that manufacture heart valves include Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott (St. Jude Medical), CryoLife, and LifeNet Health. Mechanical valves Mechanical valves come in three main types – caged ball, tilting-disc and bileaflet – with various modifications on these designs. Caged ball valves are no longer implanted. Bileaflet valves are the most common type of mechanical valve implanted in patients today. Caged ball valves The first artificial heart valve was the caged ball valve, a type of ball check valve, in which a ball is housed inside a cage. When the heart contracts and the blood pressure in the chamber of the heart exceeds the pressure on the outside of the chamber, the ball is pushed against the cage and allows blood to flow. When the heart finishes contracting, the pressure inside the chamber drops and the ball moves back against the base of the valve forming a seal. In 1952, Charles A. Hufnagel implanted caged ball\",\n \"title\": \"Artificial heart valve\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2859527\",\n \"text\": \"Pulsus paradoxus, also paradoxic pulse or paradoxical pulse, is an abnormally large decrease in stroke volume, systolic blood pressure (a drop more than 10 mmHg) and pulse wave amplitude during inspiration. Pulsus paradoxus is not related to pulse rate or heart rate, and it is not a paradoxical rise in systolic pressure. Normally, blood pressure drops less precipitously than 10 mmHg during inhalation. Pulsus paradoxus is a sign that is indicative of several conditions, most commonly pericardial effusion. The paradox in pulsus paradoxus is that, on physical examination, one can detect beats on cardiac auscultation during inspiration that cannot be palpated at the radial pulse. It results from an accentuated decrease of the blood pressure, which leads to the (radial) pulse not being palpable and may be accompanied by an increase in the jugular venous pressure height (Kussmaul's sign). As is usual with inspiration, the heart rate is slightly increased, due to decreased left ventricular output. Mechanism During inspiration, the negative intra-thoracic pressure results in an increased right venous return, filling the right atrium more than during an exhalation. The increased blood volume dilates the right atrium, reducing the compliance of the left atrium due to their shared septum. Lower left atrial compliance reduces the left atrium venous return and as a consequence causes a reduction in left ventricular preload. This results in a reduction in left ventricular stroke volume and will be noted as a reduction in systolic blood pressure in inspiration. Pulsus paradoxus is therefore an exaggeration or an increase in the fall of systolic BP beyond 10 mmHg during inspiration. Normally during inspiration, a person's systolic blood pressure decreases by ≤10 mmHg and heart rate slightly increases. This is because inspiration decreases intra-thoracic pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, which increases blood flow (systemic venous return) to the right atrium of the heart by reducing pressure on the veins, particularly the venae cavae. However, the decrease in intra-thoracic pressure and stretching of the lungs during inhalation also expands the compliant pulmonary vasculature so that blood pools in the lungs and decreases pulmonary venous return to the left atrium. Also, the increased systemic venous return to the right side of the heart expands the right heart and directly compromises filling of the left side of the heart by slightly bulging the septum to the left, reducing maximum volume. Reduced left-heart filling leads to a reduced stroke volume which manifests as a decrease in systolic blood pressure, leading to a faster heart rate due to the inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex, which stimulates sympathetic outflow to the heart. Under normal physiologic conditions the large pressure gradient between the right and left ventricles prevents the septum from bulging dramatically into the left ventricle during inspiration. However such bulging does occur during cardiac tamponade where pressure equalizes between all of the chambers of the heart. As the right ventricle receives more volume, it pushes the septum into the left ventricle further reducing its volume in turn. This additional loss of volume of\",\n \"title\": \"Pulsus paradoxus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44283452\",\n \"text\": \"Pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare cardiovascular disorder. It is recognized as being the stenosis of one or more of the four pulmonary veins that return blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. In congenital cases, it is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. In some people, pulmonary vein stenosis occurs after pulmonary vein ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Some recent research has indicated that it may be genetically linked in congenital cases. Signs and symptoms Pulmonary vein stenosis usually manifests during the initial years of life. Pneumonia recurrentis and tachypnea are common presentation symptoms rather than the typical early pulmonary hypertension symptoms. Patients may experience a new murmur, right ventricular heart failure, pulmonary edema, failure to thrive, or hemoptysis as the disease worsens and pulmonary hypertension becomes more noticeable. Causes Pulmonary vein stenosis can be congenital or acquired. A rare abnormality that accounts for 0.4% of congenital heart diseases, congenital pulmonary vein stenosis results from the common right or left pulmonary vein failing to integrate into the left atrium (LA) during the vessel's embryonic development, obliterating the pulmonary veins partially or completely on one or both sides. The main cause of pulmonary vein stenosis is radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Pneumonia resulting from sarcoidosis may be caused by granulomatous involvement or extrinsic compression due to lymphadenopathies. Uncontrolled fibrosis surrounding the afflicted mediastinal lymph nodes is the hallmark of fibrosing mediastinitis, a rare consequence of tuberculosis and Histoplasma capsulatum infection that can cause invasion as well as obstruction of the surrounding pulmonary veins. Neoplasms next to the pulmonary veins have the potential to compress or infiltrate, resulting in stenosis. In the pediatric population, the most common cause of clinically significant pulmonary vein stenosis is complete anomalous pulmonary venous return repair. Localized obliteration can occur further into the center of the vessel or at the point where the pulmonary vein anastomoses into the left atrium. The literature contains isolated reports of lung transplantation, suture repair of a pulmonary vein cannulation site, and pulmonary vein injury resulting in obstruction following myxoma resection. Diagnosis Pulmonary vein stenosis may be identified by noninvasive procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging, multidetector CT angiography, radionuclide quantitative pulmonary flow imaging, and echocardiography with Doppler ultrasonography. Treatment Although clinical and imaging surveillance is recommended because the disease can change over time, mild and asymptomatic pulmonary vein stenosis may not require intervention. When it comes to the majority of pulmonary vein stenosis cases, whether congenital or acquired, surgery is the recommended course of action. References Further reading External links Boston Children's Hospital The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Vascular diseases\",\n \"title\": \"Pulmonary vein stenosis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2664415\",\n \"text\": \"The fossa ovalis is a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium. The fossa ovalis is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development. Function During fetal development, the foramen ovale allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs while the fetus obtains its oxygen from the placenta. A flap of tissue called the septum primum acts as a valve over the foramen ovale during that time. After birth, the introduction of air into the lungs causes the pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system to drop. This change in pressure pushes the septum primum against the atrial septum, closing the foramen. The septum primum and atrial septum eventually fuse together to form a complete seal, leaving a depression called the fossa ovalis. By age two, about 75% of people have a completely sealed fossa ovalis. An unfused fossa ovalis is called a patent foramen ovale. Depending on the circumstances, a patent foramen ovale may be completely asymptomatic, or may require surgery. The limbus of fossa ovalis (annulus ovalis) is the prominent oval margin of the fossa ovalis in the right atrium. It is most distinct above and at the sides of the fossa ovalis; below, it is deficient. A small slit-like valvular opening is occasionally found, at the upper margin of the fossa, leading upward beneath the limbus, into the left atrium; it is the remains of the fetal aperture the foramen ovale between the two atria. Closure Almost immediately after the infant is born, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close. The major changes that are made by the body occur at the first breath (in the case of heart and lung functions) and up to weeks after birth (such as the liver's enzyme synthesis). The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis as the foramen closes while edge of the septum secundum in right atrium becomes anulus ovalis, so the depression beneath it becomes the fossa ovalis. This enables respiration and circulation independent from the mother's placenta. With the child's first breath, the lung sends oxygenated blood to the left atrium. As a result, pressure in the left atrium is higher than that of the right, and the increased pressure holds the interatrial flap (which covers the foramen ovale) shut, therefore closing the foramen ovale as well. In normal development, the closed foramen ovale fuses with the interatrial wall. During the first breath, vasoconstriction causes the ductus arteriosus to close, and during adult years, tissue occludes what once was the ductus arterious, creating the ligamentum arteriosum. Clinical significance Aneurysm Aneurysms can occur in adulthood if the foramen ovale is not closed correctly. An aneurysm happens when an artery becomes enlarged in a localized area due to weakening of the arterial wall. When this type of aneurysm occurs in the area of the fossa ovalis, an enlarged pouch is\",\n \"title\": \"Fossa ovalis (heart)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"598465\",\n \"text\": \"The pulmonary circulation is a division of the circulatory system in all vertebrates. The circuit begins with deoxygenated blood returned from the body to the right atrium of the heart where it is pumped out from the right ventricle to the lungs. In the lungs the blood is oxygenated and returned to the left atrium to complete the circuit. The other division of the circulatory system is the systemic circulation that begins with receiving the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium. From the atrium the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the rest of the body, returning as deoxygenated blood back to the pulmonary circulation. The blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins. A separate circulatory circuit known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. Structure De-oxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then enters back into the heart. De-oxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. Lungs The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart. Veins Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left part of the heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation. Arteries From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary artery (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs. Development The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale (an open conduit between the paired atria) or through the ductus arteriosus (a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta). When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis. Clinical significance A number of medical conditions may affect the pulmonary circulation: Pulmonary hypertension describes an increase in resistance in the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary embolism is occlusion\",\n \"title\": \"Pulmonary circulation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4479531\",\n \"text\": \"The small cardiac vein, also known as the right coronary vein, is a coronary vein that drains parts of the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. Despite its size, it is one of the major drainage vessels for the heart. Anatomy Course The small cardiac vein runs in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle, and opens into the right extremity of the coronary sinus. Territory The small cardiac vein receives blood from the posterior portion of the right atrium and ventricle. Variation The small cardiac vein may empty into the coronary sinus, right atrium, or middle cardiac vein. It may be absent. References External links - \\\"Anterior view of the heart.\\\" Veins of the torso\",\n \"title\": \"Small cardiac vein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"646092\",\n \"text\": \"Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve of the heart. It is almost always caused by rheumatic valvular heart disease. Normally, the mitral valve is about 5 cm2 during diastole. Any decrease in area below 2 cm2 causes mitral stenosis. Early diagnosis of mitral stenosis in pregnancy is very important as the heart cannot tolerate increased cardiac output demand as in the case of exercise and pregnancy. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of resulting left atrial enlargement, which can lead to systemic thromboembolic complications such as stroke. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis include the following: Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) Palpitations Chest pain Hemoptysis Thromboembolism in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e., dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of atrial fibrillation, which increases the risk of blood stasis (motionless). This increases the risk of coagulation. Ascites and edema and hepatomegaly (if right-side heart failure develops) Fatigue and weakness increase with exercise and pregnancy. Natural history The natural history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever (the most common cause) is an asymptomatic latent phase following the initial episode of rheumatic fever. This latent period lasts an average of 16.3 ± 5.2 years. Once symptoms of mitral stenosis begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years. In individuals having been offered mitral valve surgery but refused, survival with medical therapy alone was 44 ± 6% at 5 years, and 32 ± 8% at 10 years after they were offered correction. Cause Almost all cases of mitral stenosis are due to disease in the heart secondary to rheumatic fever and the consequent rheumatic heart disease. Uncommon causes of mitral stenosis are calcification of the mitral valve leaflets, and as a form of congenital heart disease. It is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Other causes include infective endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis. Other rare causes include mitral annular calcification, endomyocardial fibroelastosis, malignant carcinoid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, whipple disease, fabry disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. hurler' disease, hunter's disease, amyloidosis. Pathophysiology The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4 to 6 cm2. In normal cardiac physiology, the mitral valve opens during left ventricular diastole, to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. A normal mitral valve will not impede the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during (ventricular) diastole, and the pressures in the left atrium and the left ventricle during ventricular diastole will be equal. The result is that the left ventricle gets filled with blood during early ventricular diastole, with only a small portion of extra blood contributed by contraction of the left atrium (the \\\"atrial kick\\\") during late ventricular diastole. When the mitral valve area goes below 2 cm2, the valve causes an impediment to the\",\n \"title\": \"Mitral stenosis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1283378\",\n \"text\": \"The jugular veins are veins that take blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. The internal jugular vein descends next to the internal carotid artery and continues posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Structure and function There are two sets of jugular veins: external and internal. The left and right external jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins. The internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins more medially to form the brachiocephalic veins. Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. The jugular vein has tributaries consisting of petrosal sinus, facial, lingual, pharylingual, the thyroid, and sometimes the occipital vein. Internal The internal jugular vein is formed by the anastomosis of blood from the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater and the inferior petrosal sinus. The internal jugular runs with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve inside the carotid sheath. It provides venous drainage for the contents of the skull. External The external jugular vein runs superficially to sternocleidomastoid. There is also another minor jugular vein, the anterior jugular vein, draining the submaxillary region. Clinical significance Pressure The jugular venous pressure is an indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. In the jugular veins pressure waveform, upward deflections correspond with (A) atrial contraction, (C) ventricular contraction (and resulting bulging of perspicuous into the right atrium during isovolumic systole), and (V) atrial venous filling. The downward deflections correspond with (X) the atrium relaxing (and the perspicuous valve moving downward) and (y) the filling of ventricle after the tricuspid opens. Components include: The a peak is caused by the contraction of the right atrium. The av minimum is due to relaxation of the right atrium and closure of the tricuspid valve. The c peak reflects the pressure rise in the right ventricle early during systole and the resultant bulging of the tricuspid valve—which has just closed—into the right atrium. The x minimum occurs as the ventricle contracts and shortens during the ejection phase, later in systole. The shortening heart—with tricuspid valve still closed—pulls on valve opens, the v peak begins to wane. The y minimum reflects a fall in right atrial pressure during rapid ventricular filling, as blood leaves the right atrium through an open tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. The increase in venous pressure after the y minimum occurs as venous return continues in the face of reduced ventricular filling. Diseases and conditions The jugular vein is prominent in heart failure. When the patient is sitting or in a semirecumbent position, the height of the jugular veins and their pulsations provides an estimate of the central venous pressure and gives important information about whether the heart is keeping up with the demands on it or is failing. Distension of the jugular is a potential sign of heart failure, cardiac tamponade,\",\n \"title\": \"Jugular vein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20995276\",\n \"text\": \"Right atrial pressure (RAP) is the blood pressure in the right atrium of the heart. RAP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood into the arterial system. RAP is often nearly identical to central venous pressure (CVP), although the two terms are not identical, as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the venae cavae and the right atrium. CVP and RAP can differ when venous tone (i.e the degree of venous constriction) is altered. This can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the venous return plotted against right atrial pressure (where central venous pressure increases, but right atrial pressure stays the same; VR = CVP − RAP). Factors affecting RAP Factors that increase RAP include: Hypervolemia Forced exhalation Tension pneumothorax Heart failure Pleural effusion Decreased cardiac output Cardiac tamponade Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Embolism Left to right shunted Atrial Septal Defect Factors that decrease RAP include: Hypovolemia Deep inhalation Distributive shock See also Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Jugular venous pressure Central venous pressure References External links Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts Cardiovascular Physiology Medical terminology Medical monitoring Cardiovascular physiology\",\n \"title\": \"Right atrial pressure\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"242360\",\n \"text\": \"Systole ( ) is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart contract after refilling with blood. Etymology The term originates, via Neo-Latin, from Ancient Greek (sustolē), from (sustéllein 'to contract'; from sun 'together' + stéllein 'to send'), and is similar to the use of the English term to squeeze. Terminology, general explanation The mammalian heart has four chambers: the left atrium above the left ventricle (lighter pink, see graphic), which two are connected through the mitral (or bicuspid) valve; and the right atrium above the right ventricle (lighter blue), connected through the tricuspid valve. The atria are the receiving blood chambers for the circulation of blood and the ventricles are the discharging chambers. In late ventricular diastole, the atrial chambers contract and send blood to the ventricles. This flow fills the ventricles with blood, and the resulting pressure closes the valves to the atria. The ventricles now perform isovolumetric contraction, which is contraction while all valves are closed. This contraction ends the first stage of systole. The second stage proceeds immediately, pumping oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aortic valve and aorta to all body systems, and simultaneously pumping oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve and pulmonary artery to the lungs. Thus, the pairs of chambers (upper atria and lower ventricles) contract in alternating sequence to each other. First, atrial contraction feeds blood into the ventricles, then ventricular contraction pumps blood out of the heart to the body systems, including the lungs for resupply of oxygen. Cardiac systole is the contraction of the cardiac muscle in response to an electrochemical stimulus to the heart's cells (cardiomyocytes). Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute. The ejection fraction is the volume of blood pumped divided by the total volume of blood in the left ventricle. Types of systole Atrial systole Atrial systole occurs late in ventricular diastole and represents the contraction of myocardium of the left and right atria. The sharp decrease in ventricular pressure that occurs during ventricular diastole allows the atrioventricular valves (or mitral and tricuspid valves) to open and causes the contents of the atria to empty into the ventricles. The atrioventricular valves remain open while the aortic and pulmonary valves remain closed because the pressure gradient between the atrium and ventricle is preserved during late ventricular diastole. Atrial contraction confers a minor-fraction addition to ventricular filling, but becomes significant in left ventricular hypertrophy, or thickening of the heart wall, as the ventricle does not fully relax during its diastole. Loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart—as seen during atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and complete heart block—may eliminate atrial systole completely. Contraction of the atria follows depolarization, represented by the P wave of the ECG. As both atrial chambers contract—from the superior region of the atria toward the atrioventricular septum—pressure rises within the atria and blood is pumped into the ventricles through the open atrioventricular valves. At the start\",\n \"title\": \"Systole\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64449141\",\n \"text\": \"Carbon dioxide angiography is a diagnostic radiographic technique in which a carbon dioxide (CO2) based contrast medium is used - unlike traditional angiography where the contrast medium normally used is iodine based – to see and study the body vessels. Since CO2 is a non-radio-opaque contrast medium, angiographic procedures need to be performed in digital subtraction angiography (DSA). History The use of carbon dioxide as a contrast agent goes back to 1920s when the gas was used to visualize retroperitoneal structures. In the 1950s and early 1960s, CO2 was injected intravenously to delineate the right atrium for the detection of pericardial effusion. This imaging technique developed from animal and clinical studies which demonstrated that CO2 was safe and well tolerated with venous injections. In the early 1970s, Dr. Hawkins and Dr. Cho started using and studying CO2 as a contrast agent also for peripheral vascular imaging and intervention. With the advent of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) technique in 1980s, CO2 has evolved into a safe and useful alternative contrast agent in both arteriography and venography. Because of its lack of renal toxicity and allergic potential, CO2 is a preferred contrast agent in patients with renal failure or iodinated contrast medium allergy, and particularly in patients who require large volumes of contrast medium for complex endovascular procedures. Technique CO2 angiography is intended only for peripheral procedures. In case of procedures in the arterious system it is allowed to inject CO2 only below the diaphragm; while in the venous system it can also be investigated supradiaphragmatic, provided that the cerebral vessels are excluded. Taking this aspect into consideration, the practical approach follows that of the iodinated contrast procedures. The contrast injection can be carried out, similarly, both with manual devices and with automatic injectors (Automated Carbon Dioxide Angiography, ACDA). Properties Being naturally present in the human body, CO2 is the only 100% biocompatible contrast agent, meaning no adverse reactions, such as allergy, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Carbon dioxide is a negative contrast medium and it has a low radiopacity (while iodinated contrast media are defined as positive contrast media due to their high radiopacity). Contrast is caused by the different X-ray absorption coefficients between the tissue and the contrast agent. In the vascular imaging results produced using CO2, vessels look brighter rather than the surrounding tissues, because the contrast medium absorbs less X-ray radiations rather an iodine-based contrast medium, where the vessel are displayed in black. The CO2 does not mix with blood. At atmospheric pressure CO2 is in gaseous form and, when it comes out from the catheter, it forms a train of bubbles which displaces blood, causing a transient ischemia, in relation to the bloodstream (systolic pressure). When added together by DSA “stacking” software, the result is a composite diagnostic image of the frames. Carbon dioxide is highly soluble, allowing multiple injections without a maximum dosage (per procedure, while it is 100 mL per injection by the literature), but, in case of multiple injections, should be considered and adequate time interval\",\n \"title\": \"Carbon dioxide angiography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44942975\",\n \"text\": \"The bronchial circulation is the part of the systemic circulation that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the cells that constitute the lungs, as well as carrying waste products away from them. It is complementary to the pulmonary circulation that brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and carries oxygenated blood away from them in order to oxygenate the rest of the body. In the bronchial circulation, blood goes through the following steps: Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary capillaries, where there is exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrients and waste chemical substances between blood and the tissues Bronchial veins drain venous blood from the large main bronchi into the azygous vein, and ultimately the right atrium. Venous blood from the bronchi inside the lungs drains into the pulmonary veins and empties into the left atrium; since this blood never went through a capillary bed it was never oxygenated and so provides a small amount of shunted deoxygenated blood into the systemic circulation. Blood reaches from the pulmonary circulation into the lungs for gas exchange to oxygenate the rest of the body tissues. But bronchial circulation supplies fully oxygenated arterial blood to the lung tissues themselves. This blood supplies the bronchi and the pleurae to meet their nutritional requirements. Because of the dual blood supply to the lungs from both the bronchial and the pulmonary circulation, this tissue is more resistant to infarction. An occlusion of the bronchial circulation does not cause infarction, but it can still occur in pulmonary embolism when the pulmonary circulation is blocked and the bronchial circulation cannot fully compensate for it. References Angiology\",\n \"title\": \"Bronchial circulation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2456407\",\n \"text\": \"Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This leads to a hypoplastic (undersized) or absent right ventricle. This defect is contracted during prenatal development, when the heart does not finish developing. It causes the systemic circulation to be filled with relatively deoxygenated blood. The causes of tricuspid atresia are unknown. In most cases of tricuspid atresia, additional defects exist to allow exchange of blood between the loops of systematic circulation and pulmonary circulation, filling in the role of the missing atrioventricular connection. An atrial septal defect (ASD) must be present to fill the left atrium and the left ventricle with blood. Since there is a lack of a right ventricle, there must also be a way to pump blood into the pulmonary artery. This can be accomplished by a ventricular septal defect (VSD) connecting the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery or by a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery. In the latter case, prostaglandin E1 is used to maintain the PDA connection until emergency corrective surgery can be completed. As oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood in both cases, there is a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity. It is also possible for tricuspid atresia to appear without the life-saving defects. In this case, the systemic and pulmonary circulations would be cut off from each other and no useful breathing can occur. An experimental procedure called fetal balloon atrial septostomy can be used to artificially create the required defect in utero. Presentation progressive cyanosis poor feeding tachypnea over the first 2 weeks of life holosystolic murmur due to the VSD left axis deviation on electrocardiography and left ventricular hypertrophy (since it must pump blood to both the pulmonary and systemic systems) Normal or mildly enlarged heart Cause Tricuspid atresia is caused by complete absence of the tricuspid valve. The underlying cause of this absence remains unknown. This prevents direct blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle. This usually causes the foramen ovale to remain open after birth, leading to atrial septal defect. Pathophysiology As there is no communication between the right atrium and the right ventricle, there must be an atrial septal defect to allow blood to flow into the left cardiac chambers. Due to the lack of blood flow into the right ventricle, it will be hypoplastic. In most cases, there will also be a ventricular septal defect allowing some blood into the pulmonary circulation. Due to the lack of blood flow into the pulmonary circulation, there is poor oxygenation of blood, leading to progressively worsening cyanosis. Diagnosis The majority of cases can be diagnosed prenatally during a routine anomaly scan. If evidence of a congenital heart disease is found, the diagnosis can be confirmed by a foetal echocardiogram. If it is not diagnosed prenatally, it may be diagnosed shortly after birth with physical examination, which would reveal cyanosis\",\n \"title\": \"Tricuspid atresia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12368695\",\n \"text\": \"Crisscross heart is a type of congenital heart defect where the right atrium is closely associated with the left ventricle in space, and the left atrium is closely associated with the right ventricle. Although it is classified as a defect, the criss-cross is more of a spatial anomaly than a functional one, and it is possible for the heart to have relatively normal functioning. The ventricles are rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise resulting in the twisting of their connection. The actual blood flow stream through the ventricles is not interrupted. Symptoms and signs Crisscross heart is a very rare congenital heart defect, and results in many different symptoms, even though the heart still has the ability to perform its major function of pumping blood throughout the body. Individuals who have this disease will experience cyanosis which is a blue tint to the skin because of inadequate blood flow to the body, this symptom will be seen especially around the mouth. Other symptoms include pallor, extreme dyspnea, pulmonary valve stenosis, cardiac murmurs and a deviated ventricular septum. Pallor can be described as a pale color of the skin, and dyspnea is difficulty breathing. Pulmonary valve stenosis is the narrowing of the pulmonary valve which leads to decreased blood flow to the pulmonary artery. Cardiac murmurs are sounds that can be heard when using a stethoscope that make a swooshing noise rather than a normal “lub-dup”. Lastly a deviated ventricular septum is when there is a hole between the ventricle walls resulting in blood between the ventricles flowing freely between each other. Anatomy In an anatomically correct heart the right atrium and right ventricle are working together to supply blood to the pulmonary artery, similarly to how the left atrium and the left ventricle work simultaneously to supply blood to the aorta. During the process of the heart contracting and releasing the right atrium and left atrium contract at the same time, while the left ventricle and right ventricle relax. In opposition, when the left atrium and right atrium are relaxed the left ventricle and right ventricle contract pushing blood to either the aorta or pulmonary artery. In an anatomically correct heart the atria are smaller than the ventricles. The ventricles include more muscle in order to push high quantities of blood throughout the body. Normal blood flow throughout the heart begins at the superior vena cava coming from the upper half of the body and the inferior vena cava coming from the lower half of the body. Next blood will be in the right atrium and will flow uninterrupted through the tricuspid valve through to the right ventricle. The blood from the right ventricle should go to the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve. The blood from the pulmonary vein enters the left atrium, then flows through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. After the left ventricle is filled with blood the aortic valve opens allowing blood to go through, which the blood then enters the aorta and goes to\",\n \"title\": \"Crisscross heart\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3188445\",\n \"text\": \"Levo-Transposition of the great arteries is an acyanotic congenital heart defect in which the primary arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) are transposed, with the aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery; the morphological left and right ventricles with their corresponding atrioventricular valves are also transposed. Use of the term \\\"corrected\\\" has been disputed by many due to the frequent occurrence of other abnormalities and or acquired disorders in l-TGA patients. In segmental analysis, this condition is described as atrioventricular discordance (ventricular inversion) with ventriculoarterial discordance. l-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries (TGA); however, TGA is a more general term which may also refer to dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). Signs and symptoms Simple l-TGA does not produce any visually identifiable features at birth. However, systemic blood pressure then becomes much higher than pulmonary blood pressure. The morphological right ventricle, evolved to handle a low blood pressure, will over a period of years hypertrophy and may fail, because of the high pressure it is forced to work against. This may produce symptoms such as dyspnea or fatigue. Complex l-TGA may produce immediate or more quickly-developed symptoms, depending on the nature, degree and number of accompanying defect(s). If a right-to-left or bidirectional shunt is present, the list of symptoms may include mild cyanosis. Pathogenesis In a normal heart, oxygen-depleted (\\\"deoxygenated\\\") blood is pumped from the right atrium into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich (\\\"oxygenated\\\") blood then returns, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium from which it is pumped into the left ventricle, then through the aorta to the rest of the body, including the heart muscle itself. With l-TGA, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium into the morphological left ventricle (which lies on the right side of the heart), then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The oxygenated blood then returns, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium from which it is pumped into the morphological right ventricle, then through the aorta. Variations and similar defects l-TGA is often accompanied by other heart defects, the most common type being intracardiac shunts such as atrial septal defect (ASD) including patent foramen ovale (PFO), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Stenosis of valves or vessels may also be present. When no other heart defects are present it is called 'simple' l-TGA; when other defects are present it is called 'complex' l-TGA. Diagnosis l-TGA can sometimes be diagnosed in utero with an ultrasound after 18 weeks gestation. However, many cases of simple l-TGA are \\\"accidentally\\\" diagnosed in adulthood, during diagnosis or treatment of other conditions. Treatment Simple l-TGA has a very good prognosis, with many individuals being asymptomatic and not requiring surgical correction. In a number of cases, the (technically challenging) \\\"double switch operation\\\" has been successfully performed to restore the normal blood flow through the ventricles. References External links Congenital heart\",\n \"title\": \"Levo-Transposition of the great arteries\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3170526\",\n \"text\": \"The coronary sinus () is the largest vein of the heart. It drains over half of the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium. It begins on the backside of the heart, in between the left atrium, and left ventricle; it begins at the junction of the great cardiac vein, and oblique vein of the left atrium. It receives multiple tributaries. It passes across the backside of the heart along a groove between left atrium and left ventricle, then drains into the right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus (which is usually guarded by the valve of coronary sinus). Structure Origin The coronary sinus arises upon the posterior aspect of the heart between the left atrium, and left ventricle. The coronary sinus commences at the union of the great cardiac vein, and the oblique vein of the left atrium. The origin of the coronary sinus is marked by the Vieussens valve of the coronary sinus which is situated at the endpoint of the great cardiac vein. Course The coronary sinus runs transversely in the left atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) on the posterior aspect of the heart. The sinus, before entering the right atrium, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Fate The coronary sinus drains through the posterior wall of right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus. This orifice is located at the posteroinferior aspect of the right atrium, just medial and to the left of the orifice of inferior vena cava, and between the inferior vena cava and the right atrioventricular orifice/tricuspid valve. The orifice is usually guarded by the valve of coronary sinus (a thin, crescent-shaped valve located on the anteroinferior part of the opening into the right atrium). Tributaries The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great, and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. Great cardiac vein (run upwards in the anterior interventricular sulcus to the left atrioventricular groove to form the coronary sinus; Middle cardiac vein (ascends posterior interventricular sulcus to drain into coronary sinus); Small cardiac vein (accompanies right coronary artery in the right atrioventricular groove to drain into the right side of the coronary sinus; Posterior vein of left ventricle (accompanies the left marginal artery, ascends the posterior wall of left ventricle to drain into the coronary sinus); Oblique vein of left atrium. All veins that empty into the coronary sinus except for the oblique vein of the left atrium have valves at their junction with the coronary sinus. The anterior cardiac veins do not drain into the coronary sinus but drain directly into the right atrium. Some small veins known as Thebesian veins drain directly into any of the four chambers of the heart. Microanatomy The wall of the coronary sinus is partly muscular. Function The coronary sinus is responsible for venous return of about 55% of the cardiac blood supply. Clinical significance\",\n \"title\": \"Coronary sinus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3038536\",\n \"text\": \"The interatrial septum is the wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart. Structure The interatrial septum is a that lies between the left atrium and right atrium of the human heart. The interatrial septum lies at angle of 65 degrees from right posterior to left anterior because right atrium is located at the right side of the body while left atrium is located at the left side of the body. The interatrial septum represents the posterior wall of the right atrium. Development The interatrial septum forms during the first and second months of fetal development. Formation of the septum occurs in several stages. The first is the development of the septum primum, a crescent-shaped piece of tissue forming the initial divider between the right and left atria. Because of its crescent shape, the septum primum does not fully occlude the space between the left and right atria; the opening that remains is called the ostium primum. During fetal development, this opening allows blood to be shunted from the right atrium to the left. As the septum primum grows, the ostium primum progressively narrows. Before the ostium primum is completely occluded, a second opening called the ostium secundum begins to form in the septum primum. The ostium secundum allows continued shunting of blood from the right atrium to the left. To the right of the septum primum, the septum secundum begins to form. This thick, muscular structure initially takes on the same crescent shape as the septum primum, except that it originates anteriorly, whereas the septum primum originates posteriorly. As the septum secundum grows, it leaves a small opening called the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is continuous with the ostium secundum, again providing for continued shunting of blood. The ostium secundum progressively enlarges and the size of the septum primum diminishes. Eventually, the septum primum is nothing more than a small flap that covers the foramen ovale on its left side. This flap of tissue is called the valve of the foramen ovale. It opens and closes in response to pressure gradients between the left and right atria. When the pressure is greater in the right atrium, the valve opens; when the pressure is greater in the left atrium, the valve closes. Because the lungs are nonfunctional in fetal life, pressure in the pulmonary circulation is greater than that of the systemic circulation. Consequently, the right atrium is generally under higher pressures than the left atrium, and the valve of the foramen ovale is normally open. At birth At birth, there is a reversal in the pressure gradient between the atria, resulting in functional closure of the valve of the foramen ovale. Permanent anatomical closure of the foramen ovale occurs with time in normal infants. Inappropriate closure of the foramen ovale results in patent foramen ovale. Clinical significance An Atrial septal defect is a relatively common heart malformation that occurs when the interatrial septum fails to develop properly. Persistence of the ostium secundum is\",\n \"title\": \"Interatrial septum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21148921\",\n \"text\": \"Hypoplastic right heart syndrome or HRHS is a congenital heart defect in which the structures on the right side of the heart, particularly the right ventricle, are underdeveloped. This defect causes inadequate blood flow to the lungs, and thus a cyanotic infant. Symptoms and signs Common symptoms include a grayish-blue (cyanosis) coloration to the skin, lips, fingernails and other parts of the body. Other pronounced symptoms can be rapid or difficult breathing, poor feeding due to lack of energy, cold hands or feet, or being inactive and drowsy. Notably, patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale, normally dangerous defects, are necessary for a newborn with HRHS to survive. If either formation does close, the child will go into shock, signs of which can include cool or clammy skin, a weak or rapid pulse, and dilated pupils. Causes It is mostly unknown what causes hypoplastic right heart syndrome in a given individual. It is thought that a family history of similar heart defects can increase the risk, and there are some genes hypothesized to be factors. However, it can also manifest in a child whose family is completely lacking in congenital heart abnormalities. Pathogenesis When the right side of the heart is more underdeveloped than the left side, this is known as hypoplastic right heart syndrome. HRHS is known for the pulmonary atresia valves, the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery all failing to form properly. HRHS also causes the right ventricle to be a fair amount smaller than the left side. In people with hypoplastic right heart syndrome, the heart is not able to adequately pump blood to the lungs. The result of this is an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to be circulated to the body. The severity of underdevelopment varies for each individual. A special team of pediatric cardiologists is required to develop a treatment plan. Anatomy A healthy heart has four chambers, each separated by valves that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium. The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it pumps into the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium, where it then travels into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta to be circulated to the rest of the body. Crucial steps in heart formation are development of the ventricles and atrium formation, as well as septation and valve formation. Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. The most common heart malformations from genetic or epigenetic problems are: stenosis of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, which is a narrowing of the vessels, atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, tricuspid atresia, and hypoplastic left and right heart syndrome. When an individual has hypoplastic right or left heart syndrome, it means that more than one of these\",\n \"title\": \"Hypoplastic right heart syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9089928\",\n \"text\": \"A cardiac shunt is a pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system. It may be described as right-left, left-right or bidirectional, or as systemic-to-pulmonary or pulmonary-to-systemic. The direction may be controlled by left and/or right heart pressure, a biological or artificial heart valve or both. The presence of a shunt may also affect left and/or right heart pressure either beneficially or detrimentally. Terminology The left and right sides of the heart are named from a dorsal view, i.e., looking at the heart from the back or from the perspective of the person whose heart it is. There are four chambers in a heart: an atrium (upper) and a ventricle (lower) on both the left and right sides. In mammals and birds, blood from the body goes to the right side of the heart first. Blood enters the upper right atrium, is pumped down to the right ventricle and from there to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Blood going to the lungs is called the pulmonary circulation. When the blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein, it goes to the left side of the heart, entering the upper left atrium. Blood is then pumped to the lower left ventricle and from there out of the heart to the body via the aorta. This is called the systemic circulation. A cardiac shunt is when blood follows a pattern that deviates from the systemic circulation, i.e., from the body to the right atrium, down to the right ventricle, to the lungs, from the lungs to the left atrium, down to the left ventricle and then out of the heart back to the systemic circulation. A left-to-right shunt is when blood from the left side of the heart goes to the right side of the heart. This can occur either through a hole in the ventricular or atrial septum that divides the left and the right heart or through a hole in the walls of the arteries leaving the heart, called great vessels. Left-to-right shunts occur when the systolic blood pressure in the left heart is higher than the right heart, which is the normal condition in birds and mammals. Congenital shunts in humans The most common congenital heart defects (CHDs) which cause shunting are atrial septal defects (ASD), patent foramen ovale (PFO), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosi (PDA). In isolation, these defects may be asymptomatic, or they may produce symptoms which can range from mild to severe, and which can either have an acute or a delayed onset. However, these shunts are often present in combination with other defects; in these cases, they may still be asymptomatic, mild or severe, acute or delayed, but they may also work to counteract the negative symptoms caused by another defect (as with d-Transposition of the great arteries). Acquired shunts in human Biological Some acquired shunts are modifications of congenital ones: a balloon septostomy can enlarge a foramen\",\n \"title\": \"Cardiac shunt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63992243\",\n \"text\": \"The heart is a muscular organ situated in the mediastinum. It consists of four chambers, four valves, two main arteries (the coronary arteries), and the conduction system. The left and right sides of the heart have different functions: the right side receives de-oxygenated blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left side receives saturated blood from the lungs. Heart location, orientation, and projection to the chest The heart has the shape of a pyramid, with its apex pointing towards the left nipple while its base forms the posterior surface of the heart. Other surfaces are the anterior, inferior (or diaphragmatic), and two pulmonary surfaces facing the lungs. Its longest dimension (apical to base) is broadly 12–13 cm, while the average weight is 250 grams in females and 300 grams in males. Its primary role is to receive the blood from the body, pump it to the lungs to be oxygenated, and receive it once more to pump it again to the rest of the human body tissues. Heart rate, defined as the number of times the heart beats per minute, can fluctuate due to the body's varying needs for oxygen and nutrients. In addition, heart rates can increase when the sympathetic nervous system is activated but decrease when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated. Although the parasympathetic nervous system prevails, specific mental, physical, or environmental stressors trigger the sympathetic nervous system, and thus, increase heart rate. The right side of the heart (which consists of the right atrium and the right ventricle) receives the desaturated blood, while the left side (consisting of the left atrium and left ventricle) receives the oxygenated blood. The pericardium is a thick membrane that covers the heart. It consists of two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. It forms two recesses: the transverse recess and oblique recess. The transverse recess lies behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk, while the oblique recess lies behind the left atrium. The serous pericardium is thin and covers the heart. It is also called the epicardium. The fibrous pericardium is much thicker. Together they form the pericardial cavity, a thin sac hosting a small amount of fluid. Fibrous skeleton The four cardiac valves are kept in their place partly because of the fibrous skeleton of the heart, which is a collection of connective tissue. It consists of the right fibrous trigone (which along with the membranous septum forms the central fibrous body), the left right fibrous trigone, and the conus tendon. The right fibrous trigone is the strongest part of the skeleton. It lies to the right of the aortic valve and connects it with the mitral and tricuspid valves. It is pierced by the bundle of His. Lastly, the aortomitral curtain is also a part of the fibrous skeleton; it is formed by fibrous tissue connecting two of three of the aortic valve leaflets (the right and non-coronary leaflet) with anterior leaflet of the\",\n \"title\": \"Anatomy of the human heart\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5477921\",\n \"text\": \"The foramen secundum or ostium secundum is a in the septum primum, a precursor to the interatrial septum of the human heart. It is not the same as the foramen ovale, which is an opening in the septum secundum. Development The foramen secundum () is formed from small perforations that develop in the septum primum. The septum primum is a that grows down between the single primitive atrium of the developing heart to separate it into left and right atria. Closure Once a baby is born, blood should flow through the lungs, which now function to provide oxygen to the blood. The foramen secundum and foramen ovale act as a shunt where blood bypasses the lungs and does not become oxygenated. To provide proper blood flow as a newborn, the foramen secundum and foramen ovale must close at birth. Since the lungs now require a significant amount of blood flow, the vessels going to and from the lungs undergo dilation. While the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins are dilating, the umbilical artery and umbilical vein are severed at the cutting of the umbilical cord, or the funiculus umbilicalis. This combination results in a reversal of pressure differences between the atria, and the septum primum is permanently forced against the septum secundum. This holds true even during atrial diastole, when the pressure is significantly less than atrial systole. Function The septum primum is on the left side of the heart in the left atrium while the septum secundum is much thicker and is located on the right side, in the right atrium. During development, blood shunts from the floor of the right atrium through the foramen ovale in the septum secundum then up through the foramen secundum in the septum primum. The foramen secundum is positioned so that blood exits in the ceiling of the left atrium and then out through the left ventricle and the aorta. The position of the foramen secundum and the size of the septum primum are crucial to ensuring that blood not flow backwards from the left atrium to the right atrium. The septum primum, being much thinner, is easily pressed against the septum secundum if blood attempts to flow in the reverse direction, effectively sealing off both the foramen secundum and the foramen ovale. Clinical significance An ostium secundum that persists at large size can be a source of atrial septal defects. Foramen secundum atrial septal defects are the most common atrial septal defects. This defect can arise as a result of defects of the septum primum and the septum secundum. For the septum primum, the problem can arise as a result of excess resorption of the septum during the process of apoptosis in order to form the foramen secundum. For the septum secundum, its inadequate growth can cause atrial septal defect since it is supposed to grow and eventually overlap the foramen secundum so as to form the oval foramen. As the right atrial pressure is normally lower than the mean left atrial pressure,\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen secundum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74210833\",\n \"text\": \"A lumped parameter cardiovascular model is a zero-dimensional mathematical model used to describe the hemodynamics of the cardiovascular system. Given a set of parameters that have a physical meaning (e.g. resistances to blood flow), it allows to study the changes in blood pressures or flow rates throughout the cardiovascular system. Modifying the parameters, it is possible to study the effects of a specific disease. For example, arterial hypertension is modeled increasing the arterial resistances of the model. The lumped parameter model is used to study the hemodynamics of a three-dimensional space (the cardiovascular system) by means of a zero-dimensional space that exploits the analogy between pipes and electrical circuits. The reduction from three to zero dimensions is performed by splitting the cardiovascular system into different compartments, each of them representing a specific component of the system, e.g. right atrium or systemic arteries. Each compartment is made up of simple circuital components, like resistances or capacitors, while the blood flux behaves like the current flowing through the circuit according to Kirchoff's laws, under the action of the blood pressure (voltage drop). The lumped parameter model consists in a system of ordinary differential equations that describes the evolution in time of the volumes of the heart chambers, and the blood pressures and fluxes through the blood vessels. Model description The lumped parameter model consists in a system of ordinary differential equations that adhere to the principles of conservation of mass and momentum. The model is obtained exploiting the electrical analogy where the current represents the blood flow, the voltage represents the pressure difference, the electric resistance plays the role of the vascular resistance (determined by the section and the length of the blood vessel), the capacitance plays the role of the vascular compliance (the ability of the vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure, that is the difference in pressure between two sides of a vessel wall) and the inductance represents the blood inertia. Each heart chamber is modeled by means of the elastances that describe the contractility of the cardiac muscle and the unloaded volume, that is the blood volume contained in the chamber at zero-pressure. The valves are modeled as diodes. The parameter of the model are the resistances, the capacitances, the inductances and the elastances. The unknowns of the system are the blood volumes inside each heart chamber, the blood pressures and fluxes inside each compartment of the circulation. The system of ordinary differential equations is solved by means of a numerical method for temporal discretization, e.g., a Runge-Kutta method. The cardiovascular system is split into different compartments: the four heart chambers: left and right atrium and left and right ventricles; the systemic circulation that can be split into arteries, veins and, if needed, in other compartments accounting for different blood vessels; the pulmonary circulation that can be split into arteries, veins and, if needed, in other compartments accounting for different blood vessels. Downstream of the left atrium and ventricle and right atrium and ventricle there\",\n \"title\": \"Lumped parameter model for the cardiovascular system\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7913995\",\n \"text\": \"The Bainbridge reflex or Bainbridge effect, also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure. Increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors (Cardiac Receptors) located in both sides of atria at the venoatrial junctions. History Francis Arthur Bainbridge described this as a reflex in 1918 when he was experimenting on dogs. Bainbridge found that infusing blood or saline into the animal increased heart rate. This phenomenon occurred even if arterial blood pressure did not increase. He further observed that heart rate increased when venous pressure rose high enough to distend the right atrium, but denervation of the vagi to the heart eliminated these effects. Subsequent work demonstrated a stretch-induced increase in heart rate in isolated hearts or even the fully separated sinoatrial node (SAN). Thus, the positive chronotropic (from Χρόνος, Greek for 'time', and τρέπειν, Greek for 'to bend/turn') response of the heart to stretch must, in part, at least, be caused and accomplished by mechanisms located within the SAN. This led to the suggestion to refer to the response discovered by Bainbrindge as an 'effect' rather than a 'reflex'. Mechanism of Action Increased blood volume results in increased venous return to the heart, which leads to increased firing of B-fibers. B-fibers send signals to the brain (the afferent pathway of the neural portion of the Bainbridge reflex), which then modulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to the SA node of the heart (the efferent pathway of the neural portion of the Bainbridge reflex), causing an increase in heart rate. \\\"Effects on cardiac contractility and stroke volume are insignificant.\\\" Bainbridge reflex can be blocked by atropine and can be abolished by cutting the vagus nerve. The local response of sino-atrial node pacemaker cells to stretch involves stretch-activated ion channels, as was demonstrated by stretching single isolated pacemaker cells while recording their cellular electrical activity. Control of heart rate The Bainbridge reflex and the baroreceptor reflex control heart rate. The baroreceptor reflex can correct for a change in arterial pressure by increasing or decreasing heart rate. In contrast, the Bainbridge reflex responds to changes in blood volume. The Bainbridge reflex is seen in dogs, but experiment has shown that it is not as significant in primates. There is evidence, however, that the Bainbridge reflex does occur in humans, as after delivery of an infant when a large volume (up to 800 mL) of uteroplacental blood is returned to the mother's circulation, resulting in tachycardia Venous return As venous return increases, the pressure in the superior and inferior vena cava increase. This results in an increase in the pressure of the right atrium, which stimulates the atrial stretch receptors (low pressure receptor zones). These receptors in turn signal the medullary control centers to increase the heart rate (Tachycardia). Unusually, this tachycardia is mediated by increased sympathetic activity to the SAN with no fall in parasympathetic activity. Increasing the heart rate serves to decrease the pressure in the superior and inferior venae\",\n \"title\": \"Bainbridge reflex\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7904695\",\n \"text\": \"Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), also called tricuspid insufficiency, is a type of valvular heart disease in which the tricuspid valve of the heart, located between the right atrium and right ventricle, does not close completely when the right ventricle contracts (systole). TR allows the blood to flow backwards from the right ventricle to the right atrium, which increases the volume and pressure of the blood both in the right atrium and the right ventricle, which may increase central venous volume and pressure if the backward flow is sufficiently severe. The causes of TR are divided into hereditary and acquired; and also primary and secondary. Primary TR refers to a defect solely in the tricuspid valve, such as infective endocarditis; secondary TR refers to a defect in the valve as a consequence of some other pathology, such as left ventricular failure or pulmonary hypertension. The mechanism of TR is either a dilatation of the base (annulus) of the valve due to right ventricular dilatation, which results in the three leaflets being too far apart to reach one another; or an abnormality of one or more of the three leaflets. Signs and symptoms The symptoms of TR depend on its severity. Severe TR causes right-sided heart failure, with the development of ascites and peripheral edema. In severe cases of right heart failure due to TR, venous congestion of the kidneys and liver may lead to cardiorenal syndrome (kidney failure secondary to heart failure) and cardiohepatic syndromes (liver failure secondary to heart failure) respectively. Venous congestion from TR and right heart failure may also lead to anasarca (diffuse swelling) and decreased intestinal absorption due to the swelling surrounding the intestines, in severe cases this may lead to cachexia and malnutrition. A pansystolic heart murmur may be heard on auscultation of the chest. The murmur is usually of low frequency and best heard on the lower left sternal border. It increases with inspiration, and decreases with expiration: this is known as Carvallo's sign. However, the murmur may be inaudible due to the relatively low pressures in the right side of the heart. A third heart sound may also be present, also heard at the lower sternal border, and increasing in intensity with inspiration. On examination of the neck, there may be giant C-V waves in the jugular pulse. With severe TR, there may be an enlarged liver detected on palpation of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; the liver may be pulsatile on palpation and even on inspection. Causes The causes of TR may be classified as congenital or acquired; another classification divides the causes into primary or secondary. Congenital abnormalities are much less common than acquired. The most common acquired TR is due to right ventricular dilatation. Such dilatation is most often due left heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Other causes of right ventricular dilatation include right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, and cor pulmonale. In regards to primary and secondary causes they are: Mechanism In terms of the mechanism of tricuspid insufficiency,\",\n \"title\": \"Tricuspid regurgitation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5478198\",\n \"text\": \"The proper development of the atrioventricular canal into its prospective components (The heart septum and associated valves) to create a clear division between the four compartments of the heart and ensure proper blood movement through the heart, are essential for proper heart function. When this process does not happen correctly, a child will develop atrioventricular canal defect which occurs in 2 out of every 10,000 births. It also has a correlation with Down syndrome because 20% of children with Down syndrome have atrioventricular canal disease as well. This is a very serious condition and surgery is necessary within the first six months of life for a child. Half of the children who are untreated with this condition die during their first year due to heart failure or pneumonia. Atrioventricular canal defect is a combination of abnormalities of the heart and is present at birth. There is a problem when there are holes present in the walls that separate chambers (septa), as well as when valves are incorrectly constructed. There are other names for these heart abnormalities such as endocardial cushion defects or atrioventricular septal defect'Development In a normal heart there are four chambers. These are the right and left atria, and right and left ventricles. The right atrium and right ventricle function to pump blood to the lungs while the left atrium and left ventricle pump blood to the rest of the body. There are heart valves in place that inhibit back-flow between these chambers. Clinical relevance Atrioventricular canal defect An atrioventricular canal defect is developed because of the improper formation of the endocardial cushions, and their job is to separate the different parts of the heart during development when they fuse. It is strongly associated with Down's syndrome. The structures that develop from the fusion of the endocardial cushions are: The interatrial septum divides the left and right atrium The interventricular septum divides the left and right ventricles. The mitral valve and tricuspid valve are formed by the proper division of an early common valve being separated into two. Atrioventricular canal defect may be divided into partial or complete'' forms. In the partial form, openings between the left and right atria and improper formation of the mitral valve exist. In the complete form, there is free movement in all chambers because there is a large hole where the atria and ventricles meet, and instead of there being two valves there is one common valve. Surgery is usually conducted in-between the 3rd and 6th month of life, and with this condition the earlier the better. Usually, intracardiac repair involves closing the holes in the septum and the creation of two new atrioventricular valves from the underdeveloped common valve leaflet. See also Atrioventricular septal defect Atrioventricular septum References Embryology of cardiovascular system\",\n \"title\": \"Atrioventricular canal\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["venous circulation"],"string":"[\n \"venous circulation\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":70,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45979"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"which greek style of column has a scroll at the top"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"46259","text":"The Corinthian order (, Korinthiakós rythmós; ) is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order, which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. In Ancient Greek architecture, the Corinthian order follows the Ionic in almost all respects, other than the capitals of the columns, though this changed in Roman architecture. A Corinthian capital may be seen as an enriched development of the Ionic capital, though one may have to look closely at a Corinthian capital to see the Ionic volutes (\"helices\"), at the corners, perhaps reduced in size and importance, scrolling out above the two ranks of stylized acanthus leaves and stalks (\"cauliculi\" or caulicoles), eight in all, and to notice that smaller volutes scroll inwards to meet each other on each side. The leaves may be quite stiff, schematic and dry, or they may be extravagantly drilled and undercut, naturalistic and spiky. The flat abacus at the top of the capital has a concave curve on each face, and usually a single flower (\"rosette\") projecting from the leaves below overlaps it on each face. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon: the Tuscan order and the Composite order, known in Roman times, but regarded as a grand imperial variant of the Corinthian. The Corinthian has fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations. The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although it was probably invented in Athens. Description Greek Corinthian order The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket of toys, with a slab on top, on the grave of a Corinthian girl. Its earliest use can be traced back to the Late Classical Period (430–323 BC). The earliest Corinthian capitals, already in fragments and now lost, were found in Bassae in 1811–12; they are dated around 420 BC, and are in a temple of Apollo otherwise using the Ionic. There were three of them, carrying the frieze across the far end of the cella, which was open to the adytum. The Corinthian was probably devised to solve the awkwardness the Ionic capital created at corners by having clear and distinct front or back and side-on faces, a problem only finally solved by Vincenzo Scamozzi in the 16th century. A simplified late version of the Greek Corinthian capital is often known as the \"Tower of the Winds Corinthian\" after its use on the porches of the Tower of the Winds in Athens (about 50 BC). There is a single row of acanthus leaves at the bottom of the capital, with a row of \"tall, narrow leaves\" behind. These cling tightly","title":"Corinthian order"},{"docid":"2706622","text":"The Composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. In many versions the composite order volutes are larger, however, and there is generally some ornament placed centrally between the volutes. The column of the composite order is typically ten diameters high, though as with all the orders these details may be adjusted by the architect for particular buildings. The Composite order is essentially treated as Corinthian except for the capital, with no consistent differences to that above or below the capital. The Composite order is not found in ancient Greek architecture and until the Renaissance was not ranked as a separate order. Instead it was considered as an imperial Roman form of the Corinthian order. Though the Arch of Titus, in the forum in Rome and built in 82 AD, is sometimes cited as the first prominent surviving example of a composite order, the order was probably invented \"a little before Augustus's reign, and certainly well-developed before his death, the very time when the Roman version of Corinthian was being established.\" With the Tuscan order, a simplified version of the Doric order, also found in ancient Roman architecture but not included by Vitruvius in his three orders, the Composite was added by Renaissance writers to make five classical orders. Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) published his book I Sette libri dell'architettura in 1537 in which he was the second to mention the Composite order as its own order and not just as an evolution of the Corinthian order as previously suggested by Leon Battista Alberti. Leon Battista Alberti in his De re aedificatoria (English: On the Art of Building) mentions the Composite order, calling it \"Italic\". Form of the capital The Composite is partly based on the Ionic order, where the volutes (seen frontally) are joined by an essentially horizontal element across the top of the capital, so that they resemble a scroll partly rolled at each end. Despite this origin, very many Composite capitals in fact treat the two volutes as different elements, each springing from one side of their leafy base. In this, and in having a separate ornament between them, they resemble the Archaic Greek Aeolic order, though this seems not to have been the route of their development in early Imperial Rome. Equally, where the Greek Ionic volute is usually shown from the side as a single unit of unchanged width between the front and back of the column, the Composite volutes are normally treated as four different thinner units, one at each corner of the capital, projecting at some 45° to the façade. This has the advantage of removing the necessity to have a different appearance between the front and side views, and the Ionic eventually developed bending forms that also allowed this. The treatment of details has often been very variable, with the inclusion of figures, heraldic symbols and the like in the capital. The relationship of the volutes to the leaves","title":"Composite order"},{"docid":"6995978","text":"A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. Volute may also refer to: Science and technology Volutidae (common name volutes), a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails Volute (pump), the casing in a centrifugal pump Volute spring, a compression spring in the form of a cone Other uses Volute, a spiral or scroll form in the arabesque form of artistic decoration Volute, a handrail for a bullnose step that is shaped like a spiral; See Stairs Volute krater, a type of Greek urn Volute, a scroll shaped carving at the tuning head of stringed musical instruments","title":"Volute (disambiguation)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"46259\",\n \"text\": \"The Corinthian order (, Korinthiakós rythmós; ) is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order, which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. In Ancient Greek architecture, the Corinthian order follows the Ionic in almost all respects, other than the capitals of the columns, though this changed in Roman architecture. A Corinthian capital may be seen as an enriched development of the Ionic capital, though one may have to look closely at a Corinthian capital to see the Ionic volutes (\\\"helices\\\"), at the corners, perhaps reduced in size and importance, scrolling out above the two ranks of stylized acanthus leaves and stalks (\\\"cauliculi\\\" or caulicoles), eight in all, and to notice that smaller volutes scroll inwards to meet each other on each side. The leaves may be quite stiff, schematic and dry, or they may be extravagantly drilled and undercut, naturalistic and spiky. The flat abacus at the top of the capital has a concave curve on each face, and usually a single flower (\\\"rosette\\\") projecting from the leaves below overlaps it on each face. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon: the Tuscan order and the Composite order, known in Roman times, but regarded as a grand imperial variant of the Corinthian. The Corinthian has fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations. The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although it was probably invented in Athens. Description Greek Corinthian order The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket of toys, with a slab on top, on the grave of a Corinthian girl. Its earliest use can be traced back to the Late Classical Period (430–323 BC). The earliest Corinthian capitals, already in fragments and now lost, were found in Bassae in 1811–12; they are dated around 420 BC, and are in a temple of Apollo otherwise using the Ionic. There were three of them, carrying the frieze across the far end of the cella, which was open to the adytum. The Corinthian was probably devised to solve the awkwardness the Ionic capital created at corners by having clear and distinct front or back and side-on faces, a problem only finally solved by Vincenzo Scamozzi in the 16th century. A simplified late version of the Greek Corinthian capital is often known as the \\\"Tower of the Winds Corinthian\\\" after its use on the porches of the Tower of the Winds in Athens (about 50 BC). There is a single row of acanthus leaves at the bottom of the capital, with a row of \\\"tall, narrow leaves\\\" behind. These cling tightly\",\n \"title\": \"Corinthian order\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2706622\",\n \"text\": \"The Composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. In many versions the composite order volutes are larger, however, and there is generally some ornament placed centrally between the volutes. The column of the composite order is typically ten diameters high, though as with all the orders these details may be adjusted by the architect for particular buildings. The Composite order is essentially treated as Corinthian except for the capital, with no consistent differences to that above or below the capital. The Composite order is not found in ancient Greek architecture and until the Renaissance was not ranked as a separate order. Instead it was considered as an imperial Roman form of the Corinthian order. Though the Arch of Titus, in the forum in Rome and built in 82 AD, is sometimes cited as the first prominent surviving example of a composite order, the order was probably invented \\\"a little before Augustus's reign, and certainly well-developed before his death, the very time when the Roman version of Corinthian was being established.\\\" With the Tuscan order, a simplified version of the Doric order, also found in ancient Roman architecture but not included by Vitruvius in his three orders, the Composite was added by Renaissance writers to make five classical orders. Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) published his book I Sette libri dell'architettura in 1537 in which he was the second to mention the Composite order as its own order and not just as an evolution of the Corinthian order as previously suggested by Leon Battista Alberti. Leon Battista Alberti in his De re aedificatoria (English: On the Art of Building) mentions the Composite order, calling it \\\"Italic\\\". Form of the capital The Composite is partly based on the Ionic order, where the volutes (seen frontally) are joined by an essentially horizontal element across the top of the capital, so that they resemble a scroll partly rolled at each end. Despite this origin, very many Composite capitals in fact treat the two volutes as different elements, each springing from one side of their leafy base. In this, and in having a separate ornament between them, they resemble the Archaic Greek Aeolic order, though this seems not to have been the route of their development in early Imperial Rome. Equally, where the Greek Ionic volute is usually shown from the side as a single unit of unchanged width between the front and back of the column, the Composite volutes are normally treated as four different thinner units, one at each corner of the capital, projecting at some 45° to the façade. This has the advantage of removing the necessity to have a different appearance between the front and side views, and the Ionic eventually developed bending forms that also allowed this. The treatment of details has often been very variable, with the inclusion of figures, heraldic symbols and the like in the capital. The relationship of the volutes to the leaves\",\n \"title\": \"Composite order\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6995978\",\n \"text\": \"A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. Volute may also refer to: Science and technology Volutidae (common name volutes), a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails Volute (pump), the casing in a centrifugal pump Volute spring, a compression spring in the form of a cone Other uses Volute, a spiral or scroll form in the arabesque form of artistic decoration Volute, a handrail for a bullnose step that is shaped like a spiral; See Stairs Volute krater, a type of Greek urn Volute, a scroll shaped carving at the tuning head of stringed musical instruments\",\n \"title\": \"Volute (disambiguation)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"2907217","text":"The Song of the Sea (, Shirat HaYam; also known as Az Yashir Moshe and Song of Moses, or Mi Chamocha) is a poem that appears in the Book of Exodus of the Hebrew Bible, at . It is followed in verses 20 and 21 by a much shorter song sung by Miriam and the other women. The Song of the Sea was reputedly sung by the Israelites after their crossing the Red Sea in safety, and celebrates their freedom after generations of slavery and oppression by the Egyptians. The poem is included in Jewish prayer books, and recited daily in the morning shacharit services. The poem also comprises the first ode or hymn of the Eastern Orthodox canon, where it is known as the Song or Ode of Moses. It is also used in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and other Christian liturgies at the Easter Vigil when the history of salvation is recounted. These traditions follow Revelation 15:3 by calling it the \"Song of Moses\" (not to be confused with the Song of Moses in Deuteronomy). In Judaism, the poem forms part of the sixteenth weekly Torah portion, or parshat Beshalach. The Sabbath on which it is read is known as Sabbath of the Song (שבת שירה). It is one of only two sections of the Sefer Torah (Torah scroll) that is written with a different layout from the normal simple columns. The other section written differently is the Song of Moses at the end of Deuteronomy, in the 53rd weekly portion, or parshat Ha'azinu. Origin The Song of the Sea is noted for its archaic language. It is written in a style of Hebrew much older than that of the rest of Exodus. A number of scholars consider it the oldest surviving text describing the Exodus, dating to the pre-monarchic period. An alternative is that it was deliberately written in an archaic style, a known literary device. As such, proposed dates for its composition range from the 13th to the 5th century BCE. Page layout The Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript is a fragment of a 7th or 8th century Torah scroll that contains the Song of the Sea. Some scholars have argued that the \"brickwork\" pattern of the Ashkar-Gilson version shows that the Masoretes accurately copied earlier manuscripts. This pattern was not used in the Dead Sea Scrolls. A similar pattern is used in modern Torah scrolls, and the Ashkenazi and Sepharadi Torah scrolls differ from the Yemenite scrolls in the arrangement of the very last line. Text {| class=\"wikitable\" |- ! width=50% |Masoretic Text !Transliteration!! width=\"50%\" | English translation (New International Version) |- | align=\"right\"| |wayyōʾmərū lēʾmōr ʾāšīrā laYHWH kī-gāʾō gāʾā,sūs wərōḵəḇō rāmā ḇayyām | 1 Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord: \"I will sing to the Lord, for he is highly exalted. Both horse and driver he has hurled into the sea. |- | align=\"right\"| |ze ʾēlī wəʾanwēhū ʾĕlōhē ʾāḇī waʾărōməmenhū |2 \"The Lord is my strength and my defense; he has","title":"Song of the Sea"},{"docid":"9606636","text":"Terminator is an open-source terminal emulator programmed in Java. It is available on Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux and other Unix systems that use the X Window System. Terminator will run on any modern POSIX system running Java 6 or later. Terminator is licensed under the GPL-2.0-or-later license. Terminator was originally written by Phil Norman, who produced a more-or-less usable replacement for rxvt on his own between 21 April 2004 and 28 May 2004; roughly a month of development time. Elliott Hughes took Phil's terminal emulation and used it as a base upon which he could experiment with advanced terminal emulator features and continues to actively develop Terminator. Martin Dorey ported Terminator to Cygwin. Features Automatic Logging - Complete logs are automatically generated of all of the user's terminal sessions. Drag & Drop - Text, URLs, and files from GUI file managers can be dropped on Terminator to be inserted as text, with automatic quoting of filenames containing shell meta-characters. Find - Terminator provides you with a find function, so users can search for text and regular expressions within their terminal (including the scrollback) in the style of less, and offering quick movement to the next or previous match. Horizontal Scrolling - Most terminal emulators wrap text when it intrudes upon the right margin. Terminator instead provides a horizontal scrollbar when necessary. Multiple Tabs - Like tabbed browsing. Number Reinterpretation - Terminator will recognize numbers in a variety of bases as the current selection, and add informational menu items to the pop-up menu showing the same number in other bases. No more man ascii or resorting to bc. Portability - Written mostly in Java, with a small POSIX C++ part (for pseudo-terminal support) and a Ruby invocation script, Terminator should compile out of the box on most modern desktop operating systems. Tab Character Handling - Many terminal emulators translate tab characters into strings of spaces. If a section of text is then copied or pasted from the terminal into a text editor, it appears as spaces rather than tabs; Terminator remembers them as tab characters. Unlimited Scrollback - Terminator does not throw away output when it scrolls off the top of the screen, nor when it reaches any arbitrary limit. The user must manually clear the scrollback. Intelligent Vertical Scrolling - Terminator's scrollbar won't keep jumping when there's output if you've deliberately scrolled back to look at part of the history, but as soon as you scroll back to the bottom again, it will resume auto-scrolling. Safe Quit - Terminator knows when you still have processes running, and brings up a dialog rather than just letting those processes die. UTF-8 - Terminator does not mangle accented characters, and it copes well with languages such as Greek where there's a mix of normal and wide glyphs. See also PuTTY References External links Project home page X Window programs Free terminal emulators","title":"Terminator (terminal emulator)"},{"docid":"5380129","text":"The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Greek papyrus roll that was found in 1962. It is a philosophical treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem, a theogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopher Anaxagoras. The roll dates to around 340 BC, during the reign of Philip II of Macedon, making it Europe's oldest surviving manuscript. The poem itself was composed near the end of the 5th century BC, and \"in the fields of Greek religion, the sophistic movement, early philosophy, and the origins of literary criticism it is unquestionably the most important textual discovery of the 20th century.\" While interim editions and translations were published over the subsequent years, the manuscript as a whole was finally published in 2006. Discovery The roll was found on 15 January 1962 at a site in Derveni, Macedonia, northern Greece, on the road from Thessaloniki to Kavala. The site is a nobleman's grave in a necropolis that was part of a rich cemetery belonging to the ancient city of Lete. It is the oldest surviving manuscript in the Western tradition, the only known ancient papyrus found in Greece proper, and possibly the oldest surviving papyrus written in Greek regardless of provenance. The archaeologists Petros Themelis and Maria Siganidou recovered the top parts of the charred papyrus scroll and fragments from ashes atop the slabs of the tomb; the bottom parts had burned away in the funeral pyre. The scroll was carefully unrolled and the fragments joined together, thus forming 26 columns of text. It survived in the humid Greek soil, which is unfavorable to the conservation of papyri, because it was carbonized (hence dried) in the nobleman's funeral pyre. However, this has made it extremely difficult to read, since the ink is black and the background is black too; in addition, it survives in the form of 266 fragments, which are conserved under glass in descending order of size, and has had to be painstakingly reconstructed. Many smaller fragments are still not placed. The papyrus is kept in the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Content The main part of the text is a commentary on a hexameter poem ascribed to Orpheus, which was used in the mystery cult of Dionysus by the 'Orphic initiators'. Fragments of the poem are quoted, followed by interpretations by the main author of the text, who tries to show that the poem does not mean what it literally says. The poem begins with the words \"Close the doors, you uninitiated\", a famous admonition to secrecy, also quoted by Plato. The interpreter claims that this shows that Orpheus wrote his poem as an allegory. The theogony described in the poem has Nyx (Night) give birth to Uranus (Sky), who becomes the first king. Cronus follows and takes the kingship from Uranus, but he is likewise succeeded by Zeus, whose power over the whole universe is celebrated. Zeus gains his power by hearing oracles from the sanctuary of Nyx, who tells him","title":"Derveni papyrus"},{"docid":"41408772","text":"The Temple of Heracles or Temple of Hercules (the Roman name of the hero) is an ancient Greek temple of Magna Graecia in the ancient city of Akragas, located in the Valle dei Templi in Agrigento, Italy. The building, in the archaic Doric style, is found on what is known as the hill of the temples, on a rocky spur near Villa Aurea. The name Temple of Heracles is an attribution of modern scholarship, based on Cicero's mention of a temple dedicated to the hero non longe a foro \"not far from the agora\" (Verrine II 4.94), containing a famous statue of Heracles. That the agora of Akragas was in this area has not yet been demonstrated, but the identification is generally accepted. This temple is located approximately one kilometer to the west of Temple of Concordia. History The traditionally accepted chronology of the temple identifies it as the most ancient of the Greek Akragantine temples, dating to the final years of the 6th century BC. This dating is based on stylistic characteristics, especially its proportions, number of columns, and the profile of the columns and of their capitals. However, some connect the temple with the activities of Theron (Tyrant of Akragas 488-473/2 BC), claiming that it contains innovations compared to the architectural practice of the 6th century. In that case, it could be identified with the temple of Athena recorded by Polyaenus (Stratagems 6.51) in relation to the building activities of Theron after his seizure of power. The remains of the entablature constitute a problem for dating, because there are two types of cymatium with gutters and lion heads: the first, less well-preserved than the other, datable to the 460s BC and the second datable to around the middle of the fifth century. Probably the first cymatium is the original and was replaced by the second a few decades later (for reasons unknown). The temple's foundation is considered to be dated to the years before the Battle of Himera (480 BC); its completion would have taken a decade or maybe a little more. The building was restored in the Roman period with some modifications. The naos was divided into three, which could indicate a dedication to multiple divinities. If still in use by the 4th and 5th centuries, it would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. In the 20th century, restorers have reconstructed nine of the columns on the southeastern side through anastylosis. In addition, they restored part of the entablature and some of the capitals. Architecture The building was constructed on a crepidoma of three steps, which was erected on top of a substructure on the northern and western sides (due to the roughness of the terrain). It is a peripteros temple of unusually elongated proportions (67 metres long and 25.34 meters wide), with six columns along the front (hexastyle) and fifteen columns on the sides. Inside the peristasis is a long naos, bounded by a pronaos at the front and","title":"Temple of Heracles, Agrigento"},{"docid":"8603805","text":"Ruplal House (formerly known as Aratoon House) is a 19th-century mansion in Farashganj area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was built on the northern bank of the Buriganga River, beside the Buckland Dam. The house was built in 1825 by an Armenian businessman Stephen Aratoon. It was later bought by two merchants, Ruplal Das and his brother Raghunath Das, in 1840. Later, an architect firm of Calcutta, Martin Company, re-constructed this building. History Ruplal House first came into limelight in 1886 when Ruplal Das threw a ball dance party in the honor of the Viceroy of India Lord Dufferin. After the partition of India in 1947, the family of Ruplal Das left for Kolkata. In 1962, through a formal deed of exchange, Siddick Jamall bought the house. Features Divided into two unequal blocks in slightly different styles, it is a two-storeyed edifice. It presents a Grand River front, about 9144 m long. It replicated Greek Doric column and there used to be a huge clock at the top of the building. In the earthquake of 1897. Its ground plan follows the shape of the letter 'E', with three arms extending towards the north or the city side, of which the middle arm projects about 1830 m. It accommodates a grand portico carried on a series of lofty semi-Corinthian fluted columns, and surmounted by a triangular pediment, characteristic of Renaissance architecture. The two blocks include, in two floors, over fifty rooms of various sizes and of them the central hall on the upper floor of the more impressive western wing was an elegantly decorated dance hall with a wooden floor. On the north and south two broad verandas run the entire length of the block and are supported on either round semi-Corinthian columns or rectangular brick pillars with segmented or trefoil arches above. The Ruplal House was the only competitor to the Ahsan Manzil during the British colonial era. Architectural style and structural features Ruplal house has three distinct blocks of different architectural style; these blocks were separated in the ground floor, but related at the upper floor by arch way. Those three blocks were: Ruplal block [western wing- around twenty five thousand square ft.] Raghunath block [eastern wing- around twelve thousand square ft.] Central block [approximately nine thousand square ft.] Architectural Features: Ruplal Block Ruplal block was designed in the Neo-classical style. This grand wing was square in plan with a square central courtyard. The lighter plain columns give the court sense of light and proportions. The rooms were arranged around this central courtyard in order to give privacy. Its main entry is from the northern portico with a triangular pediment over fluted columns with Corinthian capitals, which emphasizes the entry and its secondary entry from the front court through the series of archways which is also inviting. Service block lowering height is slightly detached from the main block. Structural Features: Ruplal Block Foundation: load bearing brick masonry foundation is used as the superstructure without using any reinforcement. There is no","title":"Ruplal House"},{"docid":"1810735","text":"Chumash (also Ḥumash; , or or Yiddish: ; plural Ḥumashim) is a Torah in printed and book bound form (i.e. codex) as opposed to a Sefer Torah, which is a scroll. 'The word comes from the Hebrew word for five, (). A more formal term is , \"five fifths of Torah\". It is also known by the Latinised Greek term Pentateuch in common printed editions. Etymology The word is a standard Ashkenazic vowel shift of , meaning \"one-fifth\", alluding to any one of the five books; by synecdoche, it came to mean the five fifths of the Torah. The Modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation is an erroneous reconstruction based on the assumption that the Ashkenazic accent, which is almost uniformly penultimately stressed, had also changed the stress of the word. In fact, preserves the original stress pattern and both pronunciations contain a shifted first vowel. In early scribal practice, there was a distinction between a Sefer Torah, containing the entire Pentateuch on a parchment scroll, and a copy of one of the five books on its own, which was generally bound in codex form, like a modern book, and had a lesser degree of sanctity. The term strictly applies to one of the latter. Thus, strictly means \"the Genesis fifth\", but was misread as and interpreted as meaning \"The Pentateuch: Genesis\", as if was the name of the book and the name of one of its parts. Compare the misunderstanding of \"Tur\" to mean the entirety of the Arba'ah Turim. In the legal codes, such as Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, it is laid down that any copy of the Pentateuch which does not comply with the strict rules for a Sefer Torah, for example, because it is not a parchment scroll or contains vowel signs, has only the same sanctity as a copy of an individual book (). In this way, the word (or ) came to have the extended sense of any copy of the Pentateuch other than a Sefer Torah. Usage The word ḥumash generally only refers to \"book\" bound editions of the Pentateuch, whereas the \"scroll\" form is called a sefer Torah (\"book [of the] Torah\"). In modern Jewish practice: A printed ḥumash usually sets out the Hebrew text of the Torah with niqqud (vowel marks) and cantillation marks, separated into its 54 constituent weekly Torah portions (parashiyyot), together with the haftarah for each portion and, often, translations and notes. A ḥumash-Rashi also contains the Targum Onkelos and the commentary of Rashi, and may or may not have a vernacular translation of the text. A Tikkun soferim or Tiqqun Qore'im sets out, in parallel columns, the unvocalized text of the Pentateuch as it would appear in a Torah scroll and the normal printed text as it appears in a Chumash; it sometimes includes haftarot and the Five Megillot. It exists as an aid for soferim (Torah scribes) and for those preparing to read from the sefer Torah in the synagogue. A multi-volume set in Hebrew only, often but not","title":"Chumash (Judaism)"},{"docid":"1108890","text":"The Custom House Tower is a skyscraper in McKinley Square, in the Financial District neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The original building was constructed in 1837–47 and was designed by Ammi Burnham Young in the Greek Revival style. The tower was designed by Peabody and Stearns and was added in 1913–15. The building is part of the Custom House District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Standing at tall, the building is currently tied with The Hub on Causeway Residential Tower as Boston's 23rd-tallest buildings. It is part of the Custom House District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Since 1997, it has housed a Marriott timeshare hotel. Original building The site was purchased on September 13, 1837. Construction of a custom house was authorized by U.S. President Andrew Jackson. When it was completed in 1849, it cost about $1.076 million, in contemporary U.S. currency, including the site, foundations, etc. Ammi Burnham Young entered an 1837 competition to design the Boston Custom House, and won with his neoclassical design. This building was a cruciform (cross-shaped) Greek Revival structure, combining a Greek Doric portico with a Roman dome, resembled a four-faced Greek temple topped with a dome. It had 36 fluted Doric columns, each carved from a single piece of granite from Quincy, Massachusetts; each weighed 42 tons (37 metric tons) and cost about $5,200. Only half these actually support the structure; the others are free-standing. They are and in diameter and high. Inside, the rotunda was capped with a skylight dome. The entire structure sits on filled land and is supported by 3,000 wooden piles driven through fill to bedrock. Before land reclamation was done in the middle of the 19th century, Boston's waterfront extended right to this building. Ships moored at Long Wharf almost touched the eastern face of the building. The Custom House was built at the end of the City docks, to facilitate inspection and registration of cargo. The federal government used the building to collect maritime duties in the age of Boston sailing ships. This description of the original Custom House appears in the 1850 Boston Almanac: Situated at the head of the dock between Long and Central Wharves, fronts east on the dock, west on India Street, and is in the form of a Greek Cross, [with] the opposite sides and ends being alike. It is long north and south, wide at the ends, and through the centre. It is built on about 3,000 piles, fully secured against decay; the construction throughout is fireproof and of the very best kind. The exterior of the building is purely Grecian Doric, not a copy, but adapted to the exigencies and peculiarities of the structure, and consists of a portico [overhang] of 6 columns on each side, on a high flight of steps, and an order of engaged columns around the walls, 20 in number, on a high stylobate or basement; the order of engaged columns terminating","title":"Custom House Tower"},{"docid":"11979407","text":"4Q107 ( or 4QCantb) is a fragment of the Song of Songs (2:9‑17; 3:1‑2, 5, 9‑11; 4:1‑3, 8‑11, 14‑16; 5:1) in Hebrew found in Cave 4 at Qumran in the Judean Desert in Israel and which comprises part of the Dead Sea Scrolls. From the palaeography (script) on the fragment it has been identified as being early-Herodian, i.e. c.30 BCE-30 CE. The scribe responsible for 4Q107 did not write 4Q108 as there are differences in writing style. Also, the lacuna in the second column of 4Q107 does not provide enough space to accommodate 4Q108. The fragments which make up the Song of Songs found at Qumran are called 4Q106, 4Q107, 4Q108, and 6Q6. The scroll 4Q240 is possibly a commentary on the Song of Songs. See also List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls 4Q106 4Q108 4Q240 6Q6 Tanakh at Qumran References External links 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Dead Sea Scrolls 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts","title":"4Q107"},{"docid":"6938","text":"An order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform. Coming down to the present from Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilization, the architectural orders are the styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed. The three orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in Greece. To these the Romans added, in practice if not in name, the Tuscan, which they made simpler than Doric, and the Composite, which was more ornamental than the Corinthian. The architectural order of a classical building is akin to the mode or key of classical music; the grammar or rhetoric of a written composition. It is established by certain modules like the intervals of music, and it raises certain expectations in an audience attuned to its language. Whereas the orders were essentially structural in Ancient Greek architecture, which made little use of the arch until its late period, in Roman architecture where the arch was often dominant, the orders became increasingly decorative elements except in porticos and similar uses. Columns shrank into half-columns emerging from walls or turned into pilasters. This treatment continued after the conscious and \"correct\" use of the orders, initially following exclusively Roman models, returned in the Italian Renaissance. Greek Revival architecture, inspired by increasing knowledge of Greek originals, returned to more authentic models, including ones from relatively early periods. Elements Each style has distinctive capitals at the top of columns and horizontal entablatures which it supports, while the rest of the building does not in itself vary between the orders. The column shaft and base also varies with the order, and is sometimes articulated with vertical concave grooves known as fluting. The shaft is wider at the bottom than at the top, because its entasis, beginning a third of the way up, imperceptibly makes the column slightly more slender at the top, although some Doric columns, especially early Greek ones, are visibly \"flared\", with straight profiles that narrow going up the shaft. The capital rests on the shaft. It has a load-bearing function, which concentrates the weight of the entablature on the supportive column, but it primarily serves an aesthetic purpose. The necking is the continuation of the shaft, but is visually separated by one or many grooves. The echinus lies atop the necking. It is a circular block that bulges outwards towards the top to support the abacus, which is a square or shaped block that in turn supports the entablature. The entablature consists of three horizontal layers, all of which are visually separated from each other using moldings or bands. In Roman and post-Renaissance work, the entablature may be carried from column to column in the form of an arch that springs from the column that bears its weight, retaining its divisions and sculptural enrichment, if any. There are names for all the many parts of the","title":"Classical order"},{"docid":"19806266","text":"The Adolph Brower House is located at the corner of Division and Water streets in New Hamburg, New York, United States, opposite the Abraham Brower House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was built around 1845 by Brower, a New York City native who owned a nearby lime quarry. A brick Greek Revival structure with many of the classic features of that style, it and the other Brower house are the oldest in New Hamburg to remain largely as they were originally built. Building The house is at the southeast corner of a lot with a noncontributing swimming pool and outbuilding. Although it fronts on the stub end of Division Street (which once continued west to a dock) and is parallel with the other houses on that street, its address is Water Street. It is a two-and-a-half-story, three-bay structure of brick laid in common bond topped with a slate gabled roof and wooden cornice. Two chimneys, one on the west exterior and an interior one from the northeast, rise from it. There are star-shaped anchor bolts between the stories on the east and west elevations. The south (front) elevation has a two-story wooden porch with low hipped roof. Its square columns, duplicated in the porch of the Abraham Brower House on the opposite corner, have recessed panels and capitals. A similar single-bay porch, its upper level enclosed in clapboard, is attached to the east elevation. The front windows have stone sills and decorative lintels. A third two-story porch on the west elevation, overlooking the nearby Hudson River, has also been enclosed with aluminum siding. The stone foundation comes up to the second floor here, behind the garage. History A previous structure is shown on the site in an 1800 map, when the land was owned by early settler Ephraim DuBois. In 1837 Adolph Brower came up from New York City and bought the property. He built the house to overlook lime quarrying and kiln operations nearby. His customers were local pig iron producers and farmers and builders as far away as New Jersey, supplied by river boat. In 1870 the superintendent of the Poughkeepsie Iron Works, Albert Tower, bought the house and property. He destroyed all the kilns and concentrated strictly on quarrying limestone, outcrops of which are still visible behind the house. Over the course of the 20th century, as New Hamburg's industries declined, the road was closed and the property relandscaped extensively. But other than the addition of some more modern building materials, and the exact rebuilding of some of the front porch trim, the house itself has not been altered. Aesthetics Many of the features of the house typify it as Greek Revival. The gable returns, eyebrow windows, columned porch and side hall interior are particularly prominent. The entryway sidelights and transom, along with the finely done balustrade, are highly developed applications of the style. References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Greek Revival","title":"Adolph Brower House"},{"docid":"4294959","text":"Indo-Corinthian capitals are capitals crowning columns or pilasters, which can be found in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, and usually combine Hellenistic and Indian elements. These capitals are typically dated to the first centuries of the Common Era, and constitute an important aspect of Greco-Buddhist art. Corinthian design Indo-Corinthian capitals display a design and foliage structure which is derived from the academic Corinthian capital developed in Greece. Its importation to India followed the road of Hellenistic expansion in the East in the centuries after the conquests of Alexander the Great. In particular the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, centered on Bactria (today's northern Afghanistan), upheld the type at the doorstep of India, in such places as Ai-Khanoum until the end of the 2nd century BCE. In India, the design was often adapted, usually taking a more elongated form and sometimes being combined with scrolls, generally within the context of Buddhist stupas and temples. Figurines Indo-Corinthian capitals also incorporated figures of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas, usually as central figures surrounded by, and often under the shade of, the luxurious foliage of Corinthian designs. This practice was not limited to India, and also found favor in various areas of Central Asia. The depiction of figurines within the foliage of Corinthian capitals is not in itself an eastern development. In the ancient Greek world in the Mediterranean, figurines were often represented this way: Combinations with Buddhist architecture Indo-Corinthian capital were also used in combination with architectural elements, such as Buddhist stupas. One of the best example was excavated and reconstituted at Sirkap. Perhaps the most notable divergence from the western concept of function occurs at Kalawan, Taxila, where a large acanthus capital set on a lotus base was inserted between the conventional square basement and cylindrical dome of a votive stupa. Further, in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Corinthian capitals on top of separating pilasters are used extensively in narrative friezes of the life of the Buddha. This usage continued as late as the 5th century. Gallery See also Indo-Greek art Greco-Buddhist art References Buddhist architecture Hellenistic architecture Orders of columns Gandhara art","title":"Indo-Corinthian capital"},{"docid":"477808","text":"A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures. Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the UK, the temple-front applied to The Vyne, Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an English country house. A pronaos ( or ) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple, situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella, or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and the pronaos could be as long as the cella. The word pronaos () is Greek for \"before a temple\". In Latin, a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus. The pronaos of a Greek and Roman temple is typically topped with a pediment. Types The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The \"style\" suffix comes from the Greek , \"column\". In Greek and Roman architecture, the pronaos of a temple is typically topped with a pediment. Tetrastyle The tetrastyle has four columns; it was commonly employed by the Greeks and the Etruscans for small structures such as public buildings and amphiprostyles. The Romans favoured the four columned portico for their pseudoperipteral temples like the Temple of Portunus, and for amphiprostyle temples such as the Temple of Venus and Roma, and for the prostyle entrance porticos of large public buildings like the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the Capitoline Temple in Volubilis. The North Portico of the White House is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States. Hexastyle Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard façade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between the archaic period 600–550 BCE up to the Age of Pericles 450–430 BCE. Greek hexastyle Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle Greek temples: The group at Paestum comprising the Temple of Hera (c. 550 BCE), the Temple of Apollo (c. 450 BCE), the first Temple of Athena (\"Basilica\") (c. 500 BCE) and the second Temple of Hera (460–440 BCE) The Temple of Aphaea at Aegina c. 495 BCE Temple E at Selinus (465–450 BCE) dedicated to Hera The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, now a ruin Temple F or the so-called \"Temple of Concord\" at Agrigentum (c. 430 BCE), one of the best-preserved classical Greek temples, retaining almost all of its peristyle and entablature The \"unfinished temple\" at Segesta (c. 430 BCE) The Temple of Hephaestus below the Acropolis at Athens, long known as the \"Theseum\" (449–444 BCE), also one of the most intact Greek temples surviving from antiquity The Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sunium (c. 449 BCE) Hexastyle was also","title":"Portico"},{"docid":"22764551","text":"The Second Baptist Church in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, is located at the corner of Vassar and Mill streets. It is a wooden building from the late 1830s in the Greek Revival architectural style, the only remaining church in the city in that style. A number of congregations have used the building since it was first erected. It was even a synagogue at one point, possibly leading to the nickname Vassar Temple, since it was built on land originally owned by Matthew Vassar, founder of Vassar College. In 1972 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and later became a contributing property to the Mill Street-North Clover Street Historic District. Building The church is rectangular, three bays by six, with the narrow, colonnaded facade facing east. It has only one story, plus an attic, but appears to have two due to its brick basement being exposed on all but the south sides. The gabled roof has a gentle pitch Four pilasters on the short sides, and six on the long, separate each bay. All are sided in flush board. The main entrance is a pedimented portico supported by four wooden Doric columns topped with flat-disced architraves topped by a frieze of alternating flat panels and triglyphs. The entablature is framed by a boxed cornice, and a small round window with segmented frame is at its center. The two main entrance doors have stained glass windows, and there are four larger ones on the longer elevations. All have the same design, of two columns on ornate bases supporting an arched ribbed baldachin-like canopy and ornament. History The property was first used for religious purposes in the mid-1830s, when a splinter group from the Presbyterian Church bought it from Matthew Vassar's family. The church design is based on a pattern in an 1833 builder's guide. Greek Revival architecture was popular and influential for public buildings, as well as having elements used for residential buildings. The Presbyterian congregation did not last, and they sold the building to the First Congregational Church in 1842. The church's ownership and uses reflected changing demographics of the city. Years later the congregation sold it to a private owner, who donated it to the local Masonic lodge in 1859. The next year the lodge sold it to Matthew Vassar, Jr. He sold it to a local synagogue, the Congregated Brethren of Israel, in 1868. This use led to it being referred to as the \"Vassar Temple\", which also referred to its front colonnade. The Second Baptist Church and the Farmer's and Manufacturer's Bank on Market Street are the only major non-residential Greek Revival buildings left in Poughkeepsie. The rest, such as the former city hall, have been demolished and superseded. References Baptist churches in New York (state) Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Greek Revival church buildings in New York (state) 19th-century Baptist churches in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Poughkeepsie, New York Churches","title":"Second Baptist Church (Poughkeepsie, New York)"},{"docid":"38071254","text":"4Q41 or 4QDeuteronomyn (often abbreviated 4QDeutn or 4QDtn), also known as the All Souls Deuteronomy, is a Hebrew Bible manuscript from the first century BC containing two passages from the Book of Deuteronomy. Discovered in 1952 in a cave at Qumran, near the Dead Sea, it preserves the oldest existing copy of the Ten Commandments. Discovery The scroll was found in the fourth Qumran cave, which was discovered by Ta'amireh Bedouin in August 1952. It was later purchased for \"several thousand dollars\" on the black market by Frank Moore Cross and Roland de Vaux with money supplied by an anonymous member of the Unitarian Church of All Souls (Mr. Thayer Lindsley) in New York. This then gave rise to the name 'All Souls' Deuteronomy. Description What is preserved of the scroll consists of two fragments that were originally sewn together. They were cut evenly at the bottom to a height of 7.1 cm and have a total length of about 45 cm. The first, containing one column of writing, was not the beginning of the scroll, as can be seen from the sewn edges on either side. The second sheet contains three complete and two damaged columns. The scroll was prepared with horizontal and vertical lines, as well as ink dots to mark the beginning of lines. The exceptionally well-preserved parchment used for 4Q41 is quite small compared to other Qumran scrolls. Date and script The manuscript is dated on paleographic grounds to the early Herodian period, between 30 and 1 BC. Its script is unusually tiny and the letters waw and yod are almost indistinguishable, making some readings uncertain. The orthography employed by the scribe is much fuller than the Masoretic text and the Samaritan Pentateuch. Contents The two sheets contain Deuteronomy 8:5–10 and Deuteronomy 5:1–6:1. Although the scroll was originally longer, the unusual ordering of the texts suggests it probably was not a regular biblical scroll, but contained only excerpts from Deuteronomy, possibly for liturgical or devotional purposes. Another explanation, suggested by Dead Sea Scrolls scholar John Strugnell, is that the scroll was repaired incorrectly. The text of the decalogue generally follows Deuteronomy, but is in some places modified to bring it in harmony with the parallel version in Exodus. One significant variant, unique to this manuscript, is the addition of the reason for the institution of the sabbath, normally found only in the account in Exodus. References External links 4Q41 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Literature Tov, Emmanuel, Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays, Mohr Siebeck, 2008, White, Sidnie Ann, The All Souls Deuteronomy and the Decalogue in ''Journal of Biblical Literature, 109/2 (1990) 193-206 Dead Sea Scrolls 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts","title":"4Q41"},{"docid":"70419828","text":"The Temple of Roma and Augustus was a monopteral circular Ionic temple built on the Acropolis of Athens , likely coincident with Augustus' second visit to Athens. The structure was axially aligned with the eastern entrance of the Parthenon, placed eastward. The temple, which asserted the divinity of Rome and the Imperial cult in the context of the religious centre of the Acropolis, was a propaganda monument erected at a time of tension between Rome and Athens. Its ruins remain on the Acropolis. Description The Pentelic marble temple was at its greatest diameter , and likely measured in height. The building had one step and a stylobate on which its nine columns stood. It had no interior wall, making it a monopteros, and might have been the frame or setting for a statue or other cult object. In style it recalls the columns of the Erechtheion with elaborately carved floral motifs at the top of the shaft, making it an early example of the Roman classicizing Neo-Attic style. The inscribed epistyle was over the central intercolumniation which was slightly wider than the others and evidently faced east. The building had a sloping conical marble roof. A large square foundation, with sides of , has been preserved and it was investigated by Kavadias and Kawerau in the course of the excavations of 1885–1890. From then on it has been the consensus view that this was the foundation for the temple. The foundation consists of two courses of large tuff blocks deriving from another, older building. The construction apparently coincided with the repair of the west side of the Erechtheion, since a geison block from there was found built into the foundations of the circular temple. An inscription in an archaizing pseudo-stoichedon style on the architrave reads: Dio Cassius states that in the winter of 22–21 BCE, Augustus visited Athens, at which time the statue of Athena in the Parthenon, which usually faced eastward, turned west, and spat blood in Rome's direction. This implies an evident hostility on the part of Athens toward Augustus, when the city had previously sided with Antony in the Civil War. It was not until Augustus’ second visit, after his diplomatic victory over Parthia, when he participated in the Eleusinian rites, that relations must have sufficiently thawed for the exchange of honours. Placing the monument on the Acropolis, then, signalled Athenian willingness to embrace the Imperial cult and the Augustan regime. The meaning of the location of the temple may have further significance, however. Either its placement in the \"field of victory\" could signify the Athenian attempt to contextualise Roman power in the long span of Greek martial achievement, and thereby subtly subordinate it. Or its creation along with a programme of contemporary public works represented evidence of the enthusiastic romanisation of the city. Notes Bibliography Acropolis of Athens Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens Temples in ancient Athens Rome and Augustus Rotundas in Europe","title":"Temple of Roma and Augustus"},{"docid":"39438565","text":"The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the caves near Qumran. The Dead Sea Scrolls is a collection of manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in the West Bank near the Dead Sea. List of manuscripts The content of many scrolls has not yet been fully published. Some resources for more complete information on the scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, \"Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert\" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published. Qumran Cave 1 Description Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947. The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site, and they took them back to the camp to show to their families. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process. The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsa), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen). One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the British Museum. {|class=\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\" |- ! Fragment or scroll identifier ! Fragment or scroll name ! Alternative identifier ! English Bible Association ! Language ! Date/script ! Description ! Reference |- ! colspan=\"8\" style=\"background:#b8c7d6;\"| Qumran Cave 1 |- | 1QIsa || Great Isaiah Scroll ||| Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 || Hebrew |356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE||Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns || |- | 1QIsa || Isaiah |cf. 1Q8 || The Book of Isaiah || Hebrew |Hasmonean/Herodian ||A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah || |- |1QS |Serekh ha-Yahad or \"Community Rule\" ||| |Hebrew|| | cf. 4QS = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 | |- | 1QpHab || Pesher on Habakkuk ||| Habakkuk 1–2 |Hebrew || Later half of the 1st century BC |Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20|| |- | 1QM || Milhamah or War Scroll ||| |Hebrew || |cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?|| |- | 1QH || Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns ||| |Hebrew|| |Some parts are also preserved in 1QH and 4QH | |- | 1QapGen || Genesis Apocryphon ||| Genesis 12:18–15:4 |Aramaic |25 BCE–50 CE|||| |- | CTLevi || Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi ||| || Aramaic ||||| |- |1QGen||Genesis |1Q1|| Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24 || Hebrew ||Herodian|| | |-","title":"List of the Dead Sea Scrolls"},{"docid":"879245","text":"The Villa of the Papyri (, also known as Villa dei Pisoni and in early excavation records as the Villa Suburbana) was an ancient Roman villa in Herculaneum, in what is now Ercolano, southern Italy. It is named after its unique library of papyri scrolls, discovered in 1750. The Villa was considered to be one of the most luxurious houses in all of Herculaneum and in the Roman world. Its luxury is shown by its exquisite architecture and by the large number of outstanding works of art discovered, including frescoes, bronzes and marble sculpture which constitute the largest collection of Greek and Roman sculptures ever discovered in a single context. It was situated on the ancient coastline below the volcano Vesuvius with nothing to obstruct the view of the sea. It was perhaps owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus. In 1908, Barker suggested that Philodemus may have been the owner. In AD 79, the eruption of Vesuvius covered all of Herculaneum with up to of volcanic material from pyroclastic flows. Herculaneum was first excavated between 1750 and 1765 by Karl Weber by means of tunnels. The villa's name derives from the discovery of its library, the only surviving library from the Graeco-Roman world that exists in its entirety. It contained over 1,800 papyrus scrolls, now carbonised by the heat of the eruption, the \"Herculaneum papyri\". Most of the villa is still underground. Parts have been cleared of volcanic deposits. Many of the finds are displayed in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. The Getty Villa museum in Malibu, California, is a reproduction of the Villa of the Papyri. Layout The villa is located a few hundred metres from the nearest house in Herculaneum. Although it now lies inland, before the volcanic eruption of October 79 A.D., the structure occupied more than of coastline along the Gulf of Naples. On the other sides it was surrounded by a closed garden, vineyards and woods. The villa had four levels beneath the main floor, arranged in terraces overlooking the sea. It has recently been ascertained that the main floor was above sea level in antiquity. The villa's layout is an expanded version of the traditional Campanian villa suburbana. One entered through the fauces and proceeded to the atrium, which functioned as an entrance hall and a means of communication with the various parts of the house. The entrance opened with a columned portico on the sea side. After passing through the tablinum, one arrived at the first peristyle, made up of ten columns on each side, with a swimming pool in the centre. In this area were found the bronze herm adapted from the Doryphorus of Polykleitos and the herm of an Amazon made by Apollonios son of Archias of Athens. The large second peristyle could be reached by passing through a large tablinum in which, under a propylaeum, was the archaic statue of Athena Promachos. A collection of bronze busts were in the interior of the tablinum. These included the","title":"Villa of the Papyri"},{"docid":"21985328","text":"The Thayer House is a historic house at 17 Channing Street in Newton, Massachusetts, USA. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. Description The -story wood-frame house was built c. 1860, and is an unusual combination of Carpenter Gothic and Second Empire styling. The front facade has three steeply-pitched gables clad in flushboarding, and the gable windows are framed in scroll-sawn decorations. The house corners have rounded corner pilasters, and the main entrance is framed by Ionic columns and topped by a low-pitch gable with more scroll-sawn woodwork. A mansard-roofed addition extends from the rear of the house. History By 1869, the neighborhood around Channing Street was developed into house lots on land belonging to Phineas A Johnson, a cabinetmaker. Local Newton resident, developer, and businessman Joseph N. Bacon and Watertown resident Luke Forbes both bought and subdivided Johnson's land creating the neighborhood located on and around Channing Street. Until 1878, when it was incorporated as a city street, Channing Street was known as Linden Street and the neighborhood was built to serve bustling Newton Corner with its convenient rail transportation to Boston. With the exception of 34 Channing Street, an early 20th-century Colonial Revival building, the historic homes along Channing Street were all built within roughly a ten-year period between 1860 and 1870. Historically, the structure is important for its contribution to the architectural history of Newton as a locally distinctive combination of historic architectural styles (Gothic Revival and Second Empire), as the residence of local merchant Stephen O. Thayer, and as a contributing element in the 19th century character of Channing Street. The property is also historically associated with the development of Newton Corner during the late 19th century as a desirable urban village residence in proximity to railroad transportation to Boston. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts Gothic Revival architecture in Massachusetts Houses completed in 1865","title":"Thayer House (Newton, Massachusetts)"},{"docid":"52685","text":"Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and to an even greater extent under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly Roman concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today. Roman architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Few substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called Romanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms. The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the Imperial period, after they had combined aspects of their originally Etruscan architecture with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on massive walls, punctuated by arches, and later domes, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in colonnades. Stylistic developments included the Tuscan and Composite orders; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the Doric order and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and the scrolls of the Ionic. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the Crisis of the Third Century and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central governments. The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the hypocaust, mica glazing (examples in Ostia Antica), and piped hot and cold water (examples in Pompeii and Ostia). Overview Despite the technical developments of the Romans, which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs, they were reluctant to abandon the classical orders in formal public buildings, even though these had become essentially decorative. However, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns and treated the orders with considerable freedom. Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of Roman","title":"Ancient Roman architecture"},{"docid":"11999365","text":"4Q106 (or 4QCanta) is one large and three small fragments from three columns of a scroll containing portions of the Song of Songs (3:4-5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?-12; 7:1-7) in Hebrew. It is one of three scrolls found in Cave 4 at Qumran that have been reconstructed as copies of the Song of Songs. These, and 6Q6 from Cave 6, comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls, known so far. Description The parchment of 4Q106 is tan in colour. The text is bordered by a top margin of 1.3 cm, bottom margin of 1.5 cm and an inter-column margin averaging 1.1 cm. There is clear evidence of vertical, but not horizontal ruling. Unidentified fragment 6, which is thought to derive from 4Q106 does show evidence of horizontal ruling, which would explain the extremely regular writing of this manuscript. Ada Yardeni, in a private communication to Emanuel Tov, dated the manuscript as early Herodian. Contents The large fragment and one of the small fragments provide the bulk of the surviving text — from column II. The two other small fragments are from columns I and III. What can be reconstructed from column I is: [3:4... I grasped him and did no]t let him go until [I brought him to my mother's house, and into] [the room of the woman who conceived me. 5I charge y]ou daughters [of Jerusalem ...] From column II can be read: From column III can be read: ; See also List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts 4Q107 = 4QCantb 4Q108 = 4QCantc 6Q6 = 6QCant Tanakh at Qumran References Literature Yardeni, Ada. The Book of Hebrew Script. The British Library: London, 2002. . External links Emanuel Tov. 'A Categorized List of All the \"Biblical Texts\" Found in the Judean Desert.' Dead Sea Discoveries 8 (2001): 67-84. 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Dead Sea Scrolls 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts","title":"4Q106"},{"docid":"31359466","text":"The Egyptian Halls is a category A listed building at 84–100 Union Street, Glasgow, Scotland. It was built between 1870–72 and designed by Alexander \"Greek\" Thomson. Other than some retailers on the ground floor, the building is currently unoccupied and despite several attempts at restoration, it remains in a perilous state. As of March 2024 it was reported the building, now covered in scaffolding for fifteen years, was for sale. History Work started on the Egyptian Halls in March 1870 to provide new commercial premises for James Robertson, an iron manufacturer, and was completed in 1872. Built using cast iron and stone, the Egyptian Halls was one of the last major projects of Alexander Thomson. The building broke many of the rules of the time; thick stone columns normally found at ground level were on the top floor. The building is built on four storeys. The ground floor was occupied by shops with fully glazed wide bays. The first floor features eighteen window bays divided by square columns with a flowing scroll capital. On the second floor, shorter couple columns are positioned exactly above the first floor columns, again above these columns is a decorative entablature with a Roman-style decoration. Finally, on the third floor is a plinth with dwarf columns and pseudo-Egyptian lotus flower capitals. Behind these columns is a continuous glazed screen, which is not fixed to these columns. Topping these columns is another entablature with a cornice. This 'attic' room is lit by a series of sloping skylights. The name of the building seems to be a misnomer as there is very little Egyptian influence in its design. Instead, it is more closely modelled on Greek classical architecture, in particular the Corinthian order of the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which was Thomson's ideal of design. It is speculated that it takes its title from the earlier Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London, which was the precursor for the large multi-purpose commercial premises of Thomson's building. It is also speculated that some of the shops may have been Egyptian-themed. In addition to the shops, the building featured a lecture room, bazaar and a large central hall where displays of paintings and antiquities were staged, including the display of the complete Egyptian tomb of Thebes. Thomson was very proud of his work. Writing to his brother George, he commented: \"He [the client] is very proud of the building – a writer in The Architect says of it – this is probably the Architect's most successful effort, and we doubt if its equal, for originality, grandeur of treatment or imposing effect, could be found in any City, not excepting the Metropolis itself.\" The building has been described as one of the finest in Glasgow and, according to the secretary of the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, is the finest surviving example of an Alexander Thomson commercial building and is of international importance. It has been protected as a category A listed building since 1966. Current status In common","title":"The Egyptian Halls"},{"docid":"61327162","text":"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443 (also P.Oxy. 65. 4443, TM 61923, LDAB 3080, Rahlfs 0996) is a fragment of a Septuagint manuscript (LXX) written on papyrus in scroll form. It is the oldest extant manuscript that contains Esther 8:16–9:3 of the Septuagint text and verse numbering, according to the text of LXX. The manuscript has been assigned palaeographically to 50–150 CE. Description This fragment of a papyrus roll contains 31 lines of text in 3 columns. It is of semi-cursive script type. Treatment to the name of God The Hebrew book of Esther does not contain the tetragrammaton, so Anthony R. Meyer states that \"it is well-known that the Tetragrammaton does not occur, and God plays virtually no role in the narrative. In the translation of this book, then, we have no reason to expect to find κύριος\". A remarkable feature of the Greek Book of Ester, is that it has written the word θεός uncontracted, in Greek apocryphal additions, in which the word θεός (אֱלהִים) is not found in the Book of Esther of the Hebrew Bible (e.g. masoretic text). The scroll form and the presence of the uncontracted word θεός (theos, not in nomina sacra form) suggest that it is of Jewish rather than Christian origin. The Masoretic Text of Esther makes no mention whatever of God under any title, although God is mentioned throughout the Septuagint text of the book and even more often in the independent \"Alpha Text\". Content The text of the fragment consists mainly of a letter of Ahasuerus that Jerome moved to form chapter 16:1–24 of the Vulgate. It is also referred to as Addition E and in the Septuagint text stood between verses 8:12 and 8:13 of the shorter Masoretic Text. According to Richard H. Hiers addition E \"makes much pious reference to the power and justice of God\". Location This manuscript comes from Bahnasa, Oxyrhychus, Egypt. Currently the manuscript is kept in Oxford, Sackler Library, Papyrology Rooms P. Oxy. 4443. References Sources External links High resolution image of P. Oxy. 65. 4443 Septuagint manuscripts 1st-century biblical manuscripts 2nd-century biblical manuscripts Book of Esther","title":"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443"},{"docid":"40438422","text":"St Mary's Church is in North Drive, Wavertree, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Toxteth and Wavertree, the archdeaconry of Liverpool, and the diocese of Liverpool. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. History The building originated as a Methodist church, which was built in 1872–73. In the 1880s additions were made to it, including a tower with a broach spire. The church was damaged during the First World War, and was renovated in 1925. It failed to flourish, and closed as a Methodist church in 1950. St Mary's Anglican church was designed by W. and J. Hay and built in Sandown Park. The foundation stone was laid on 15 August 1850, and the church was consecrated in 1856, but it was destroyed by bombing in the Second World War. When the Methodists closed the church, it was sold to the Church of England, and converted for use as an Anglican church. This was consecrated in December 1952. Architecture The church is constructed in yellow sandstone with red sandstone dressings. It has a slate roof. The plan consists of a five-bay nave without aisles, shallow transeptal projections, a canted apse at the east end, a west baptistry, and a northeast steeple. The tower has angle buttresses, and an entrance under a pointed arch, above which are two lancet windows. Over this are two-light windows with rose windows, and above them are a Lombard frieze, gargoyles, and a pierced parapet. The windows along the sides of the nave have two lights and contain Decorated tracery. At the east end of the church is a blocked entrance, with a five-light window above it. Incorporated in the blocked entrance is the foundation stone of the original Anglican church. Associated features In the churchyard is a war memorial that was moved from the churchyard of the previous church. The memorial is also recorded as a designated Grade II listed building. It is in stone, and has a triangular plinth. On the plinth is a triangular pedestal with scrolled feet on the corners at the base, and a cornice with carved scrolls at the top. Standing on the pedestal is a hexagonal tapering column with a simple hexagonal column at the top. On the east side of the base is a stone plaque commemorating those who died in the Second World War, on each side of the plinth is an inscribed stone plaque, and on the sides of the pedestal are plaques with the names of those who died in the First World War. The memorial stands in a hexagonal area bounded by a kerb and filled with gravel. See also Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L15 References Churches in Liverpool Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool Grade II listed churches in Merseyside Anglican Diocese of Liverpool Church of England church buildings in Merseyside Gothic Revival church buildings in England Gothic Revival architecture in Merseyside","title":"St Mary's Church, Wavertree"},{"docid":"9581553","text":"The French term goût grec (; \"Greek taste\") is often applied to the earliest expression of the Neoclassical style in France and refers specifically to the decorative arts and architecture of the mid-1750s to the late 1760s. The style was more fanciful than historically accurate, though the first archaeological surveys of Greece had begun to appear at this time. It was characterized by severe rectilinear and trabeated forms with a somewhat crude Greek detailing incorporating bold pilasters, Ionic scrolls, Greek key and scroll frets and guilloche. The style's origin may be found in the suite of furniture designed by Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain for the Parisian financier Ange-Laurent de La Live de Jully (now in the Musée Condé, Chantilly). In comparison to the prevailing Rococo style, the austerity of these pieces is stark, and found praise from the contemporary authority on Greek antiquity, the Comte de Caylus. Also influential were the engravings of the architect Jean-François de Neufforge, the architecture of Charles De Wailly, and the designs of Philippe de La Guêpière. The goût grec was a style of avant-garde circles in upper-class Paris, but was ignored at the court at Versailles, where a more conservative, stiffened Louis XV style and modified \"Transitional\" style obtained. The goût grec was short-lived and replaced quickly with the delicate, linear (or insipid, according to preference) goût étrusque and goût arabesque, neo-Etruscan and \"arabesque\" fashions with closer parallels in contemporary British Adam style of the 1770s and 80s. See also Neo-Grec Notes References Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France. (London: Faber). Translated by Peter Thornton. Decorative arts Architectural styles Neoclassical architecture in France Greek Revival architecture","title":"Goût grec"},{"docid":"41428274","text":"The Temple of Apollo ( Apollonion) is one of the most important ancient Greek monuments of Magna Graecia on Ortygia, in front of the Piazza Pancali in Syracuse, Sicily, Italy. History Dating to the 6th century B.C., this temple is one of the most ancient Doric temples in Sicily, and among the first with the layout consisting of a peripteros of stone columns. This layout became standard for Greek temples. The temple underwent several transformations: closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, it was a Byzantine church, from which period the front steps and traces of a central door are preserved, and then an Islamic mosque during the Emirate of Sicily. After the Norman defeat of the Saracens, it was reconsecrated at the Church of the Saviour, which was then incorporated into a 16th-century Spanish barracks and into private houses, though some architectural elements remained visible. For instance, in 1778, Dominique Vivant Denon described the temple: These successive renovations severely damaged the building, which were rediscovered around 1890 inside the barracks and was brought to light in its entirety thanks to the efficient excavations of Paolo Orsi. Description The temple's stylobate measures 55.36 x 21.47 metres, with its very squat columns in a 6 x 17 arrangement. It represents the moment of transition in the Greek west between temples with a wooden structure and those built completely out of stone, with a hexastyle front and a continuous colonnade around the perimeter which surrounds the pronaos and a naos divided into three aisles by two internal colonnades of more slender columns, which supported a wooden roof, which is difficult to reconstruct. At the back of the naos was a closed space, typical of Sicelian temples, called an adyton. The construction of a building with forty-two monolithic columns, probably transported by sea, must have seemed incredible to its builders, as demonstrated by the unusual inscription on the top step on the eastern face dedicated to Apollo, in which the builder (or the architect) celebrates the construction of the building with an emphasis on the pioneering character of the construction. The remains permit the reconstruction of the original appearance of the temple, which belongs to the proto-doric period and shows uncertainties in construction and style, such as the extreme closeness of the columns on the sides, the variation of the intercolumniation, the lack of concern for the correspondence of the triglyphs with the columns and archaic aspects the very elongated floor plan. The architrave was unusually high and lightened at the back by an L-shaped cross section. Some aspects are very experimental, such as the importance given to the eastern face with a double colonnade, wider separation of the central columns and more generally a pursuit of emphasis rather than proportional harmony. The pioneering building was a defining step in the emergence of the peripteral Doric temple in Sicily, representing a sort of local prototype which juxtaposed aspects developed in mainland Greece with an unusual height which was imitated","title":"Temple of Apollo (Syracuse)"},{"docid":"48518445","text":"The Great Psalms Scroll, also referred to as 11Q5, is the most substantial and well preserved manuscript of Psalms of the thirty-seven discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Qumran caves. It is one of six Psalms manuscripts discovered in Cave 11. Description The scroll was discovered in February of the year 1956, ten years after the initial discovery of the scrolls. It was purchased by The Palestine Archaeological Museum located in Jerusalem and first unrolled in November 1961. Four fragments of this scroll were later purchased by the same museum. The scroll's physical make up is that of dark yellow animal hide and is a little less than 1 mm thick. The primary body of the manuscript consists of “5 sheets of leather, still sewn together”, and is 4.253 meters in length. It is estimated to have been copied anywhere from 30-50 AD, and is written in Biblical style Hebrew. When rolled out, it forms a slight arc, and the top part is clean and well kept, while the bottom is decomposing significantly. It was first edited and published by James A. Sanders in 1965, with a second volume also published by Sanders two years later with a wider and more general audience in mind. The full scroll is published in the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Shape and content of the 11Q5 Psalter The reason this manuscript is of such great interest to scholars is due to its major deviance from the Masoretic Psalter. Its textual makeup is that of “apocryphal compositions interspersed with canonical psalms in a radically different order”. It contains approximately fifty compositions, forty of which are found in the Masoretic text. While some maintain the masoretic order, such as some of the Psalms of Ascent, others are scattered throughout in a different order. 11Q5 has generated a lot of interest in scholars due to its large difference from the Masoretic Psalter, “both in ordering of contents and in the presence of additional compositions”. It contains several compositions that are not present in the Masoretic Psalter of 150 hymns and prayers and therefore, “challenges traditional ideas concerning the shape and finalization of the book of Psalms.” There are eight non-Masoretic compositions with an additional prose composition that is not formatted like a psalm. Three highlighted compositions include “The Apostrophe to Zion”, “Plea for Deliverance”, and Psalm 151; in addition, the prose composition is researched to be known as “David’s Compositions”. While these are non-Masoretic, one of them, Psalm 151, was known in the Septuagint. The Apostrophe to Zion, written as a love poem to Zion, is one of two non-Masoretic compositions that are complete in the Great Psalm Scroll. It has the “same style as three biblical apostrophes in Isaiah 54:1-8, 60:1-22, 62:1-8” and another copy of this composition can be found in 4Q88. The Plea for Deliverance, found in column 19, was a psalm unknown before the discovery of 11Q5, where neither the beginning nor the end of the poem can","title":"Great Psalms Scroll"},{"docid":"8428554","text":"The Thanksgiving Scroll was one of the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 by the Bedouin. The scroll gets its name from the recurring use of the phrase \"I thank you\" in many of the poems. The Hebrew word Hodayot refers to \"thanks\" or \"thanksgiving\". Other names include Thanksgiving Hymns, Thanksgiving Psalms, Hymns Scroll and Scroll of Hymns. The main scroll found in 1947 is designated 1QHa. Other fragments of this text have been found in Caves 1 and 4 (1Q35, 4Q427–432). But even when these readings are added to 1QHa, there is still a substantial amount of text missing. The style of the hymns is so similar to that of the Old Testament that scholars have described it as a “mosaic of Old Testament Texts”. Like the biblical \"psalms of lament\", they employ intimate and personal language. The content varies from poem to poem but there are certainly overriding themes: first and foremost the scroll talks about and to God and is usually contrasted with the weakness, dependency, unworthiness and wretchedness of the human condition (thereby exalting God’s power and perfection even more). Other main themes include: salvation of the just and destruction of the wicked, gratitude for divine insight, personal (?) accounts of exile/persecution (and God delivering the speaker from such plights). To use the last subject as an example, here is a quote from the text showing both how personal the language is and the thanks awarded to God for his mercy: “the wicked of the people rush against me with their afflictions, and all the day long they crush my soul. But You, O my God, turn the tempest to a whisper, and the life of the distressed You have brought to safety as a bird from the snare and as prey from the power of lions” (1QH, Col. 13 lines 17–19). There are several theories regarding how the Hodayot were used. Some believe they were daily prayers, or a moral instruction booklet or even war songs sung after a victory. Menahem Mansoor holds that The Thanksgiving scroll was a private psalter for a select group within a community that modeled the correct way to praise God for deliverance. The cave 1 Thanksgiving Hymns (1QHa and 1QHb) was among the 7 original scrolls recovered at Qumran Cave 1 by the Bedouin in the year 1947. There were two different groupings of textual evidence that were found. The first contained twelve columns of script with up to forty lines of text each. The second included six columns and sixty-six fragments that were found. The problem with this particular discovery is that the quality of the text and its legibility. The text on the materials is preserved with numerous lacunae and requires much evaluation in order to decipher the structure and meaning behind a number of the hymns in 1QHa. Scholars have debated the identity of specific sections of the hymns as it is unclear what the text signifies in terms of organization of the different","title":"Thanksgiving Hymns"},{"docid":"43337974","text":"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101, designated by 2227 (in the Alfred Rahlfs numbering of koine Greek Septuagint manuscripts), or P.Oxy.77 (LXXVII) 5101, is a manuscript of the Greek Septuagint Psalms (an ancient translation of the Hebrew Bible Psalms), written on papyrus in roll form. It has survived in a very fragmentary condition. Using the study of comparative writings styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the middle of the first - middle of the second century CE. P.Oxy.77 5101 uses the Tetragrammaton (name of God in the Hebrew Bible) written in palaeo-Hebrew script instead of substituting it with the Greek title (kyrios / Lord), and is currently the earliest extant copy of the Septuagint Psalms. Description The manuscript was originally a papyrus roll, of which fragments from six columns have survived. The fragments contain Psalms 26:9-14; 44:4-8; 47:13-15; 48:6-21; 49:2-16; 63:6-64:5 according to the numbering of the Septuagint (the Hebrew Bible Psalms number them slightly differently). As noted by biblical scholar Larry Hurtado, \"[t]his is probably the earliest extant copy of the Septuagint Psalms.\" The text was written by an inexperienced writer in uncial script characters. Greek text Transcription of two of the Psalm verses according to biblical scholar Anthony R. Meyer: In the above verse, the Masoretic Text reads אלהים (elohim) and the LXX (Greek Septuagint) reads ο θεος (ho theos) but P. Oxy. 5101 reads YHWH. Tetragrammaton The manuscript contains the tetragrammaton to represent the Divine Name of God (YHWH) written in the palaeo-Hebrew script (). This manuscript is not a recension and contains the name of God (YHWH) in Paleo-Hebrew letters, thus contradicting the argument that the presence of the tetragrammaton in Paleo-Hebrew letters is the product of a recension to the Hebrew text. According to Meyer, the Greek scribe was not familiar with the tetragram, so instead of changing the original reading, he simply copied it from another manuscript that already contained it; however it has also been argued that a blank space was left, and then the scribe himself decided to write YHWH in Paleo-Hebrew. Meyer states that \"still, the evidence of P. Oxy 5101 is too fragmentary to give decisive evidence for the procedure of writing the Tetragrammaton. If P. Oxy 5101 follows the procedure of other Greek biblical texts that write the Tetragrammaton in the paleo-Hebrew script, then it would represent a one-stage writing system\". He further comments: Meyer concludes that \"on the whole, this line of argumentation to establish the Tetragrammaton as a secondary development based on recensional traits of Greek texts is flawed\", and \"the presence of ιαω does not decisively answer the question of the earliest OG rendering\". He adds: \"there is no proof that the reason for the Tetragrammaton is caused by or inherent to the textual character of early revisions of the Old Greek\". Whilst speaking concerning the idea of \"recension\" in regards to another Greek Septuagint manuscript classed among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever, which is considered to be a kaige recension","title":"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101"},{"docid":"22289260","text":"The Small House in Macon, Georgia, also known as Ralph Small House, Napier-Small House, or McMullan-Napier-Small House, is a \"distinguished\" example of high-style Greek Revival architecture that was built in 1846 by Skelton Napier. Among Greek Revival works, it has two extraordinary features. One is that the Doric columns of its portico are in antis, i.e. set in between square columns (antae), at the two front corners. There is no known precedent in original Greece or in the Greek Revival style, for columns used in antis for a \"pro-style temple type portico\". The four fluted Doric columns and the antae support the entablature of the portico. The second is that it has a low wooden parapet with carved acroteria above the entablature, serving as a gallery or corona, that is exceptionally well executed. This ornamentation is \"a satisfying response to the theme set by the laurel wreaths of the frieze and at the same time a kind of counter-point to the baldness of the antae which terminate the colonade.\" It was built facing Vineville Avenue and was approached along a long driveway lined with cedar trees. However, when the area was broken up into smaller lots it was moved and turned and no longer has a spacious and stately setting. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Photos The house was photographically documented repeatedly in U.S. Federal Government projects, by Frances Benjamin Johnston, Carol Highsmith, and others. References External links - Real estate listing site from 2017 sale - video tour of house from 2017 sale Architectural diagram of facade - via Historic Macon Foundation on Flickr Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state) Houses completed in 1846 Houses in Macon, Georgia National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia Greek Revival houses in Georgia (U.S. state)","title":"Small House (Macon, Georgia)"},{"docid":"52179472","text":"The Pataliputra capital is a monumental rectangular capital with volutes and Classical Greek designs, that was discovered in the palace ruins of the ancient Mauryan Empire capital city of Pataliputra (modern Patna, northeastern India). It is dated to the 3rd century BCE. Discovery The monumental capital was discovered in 1895 at the royal palace in Pataliputra, India, in the area of Bulandi Bagh in Patna, by archaeologist L.A. Waddell in 1895. It was found at a depth of around , and dated to the reign of Ashoka or soon after, to the 3rd century BCE. The discovery was first reported in Waddell's book \"Report on the excavations at Pataliputra (Patna)\". \"The capital is currently on display in the Patna Museum. Construction The capital is made of unpolished buff sandstone. It is quite massive, with a length of , and a height of . It weighs approximately 1,800 lbs (900 kg). During the excavations it was found next to a thick ancient wall and a brick pavement. The Pataliputra capital is generally dated to the early Maurya Empire period, 3rd century BCE. This would correspond to the reign of Chandragupta, his son Bindusara or his grandson Ashoka, who are all known to have welcomed Greek ambassadors at their court (respectively Megasthenes, Deimachus and Dionysius), who may well have come to Pataliputra with presents and craftsmen as suggested by classical sources. The Indo-Greeks again possibly had a very direct presence in Pataliputra about a century later, circa 185 BCE, when they may have captured the city, although briefly, from the Sungas after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Design content The top is made of a band of rosettes, eleven in total for the fronts and four for the sides. Below that is a band of bead and reel pattern, then under it a band of waves, generally right-to-left, except for the back where they are left-to-right. Further below is a band of egg-and-dart pattern, with eleven \"tongues\" or \"eggs\" on the front, and only seven on the back. Below appears the main motif, a flame palmette, growing among pebbles. The front and the back of the Pataliputra capital are both highly decorated, although the back has a few differences and is slightly coarser in design. The waves on the back are left-to-right, that is reverse of the waves on the front. Also, the back only has seven \"eggs\" in the egg-and-dart band (4th decorative band from the top), compared to eleven for the front. Lastly, the bottom pebble design is simpler on the back, with less pebbles being shown, and a small plinth or band visually supports them. Influences Hellenistic style The capital is decorated with Classical Greek designs, such as the row of repeating rosettes, the ovolo, the bead and reel moulding, the wave-like scrolls as well as the central flame palmette and the volutes with central rosettes. It has been described as quasi-Ionic, displaying definite Near Eastern influence, or simply Greek in design and origin. The Archaeological Survey of","title":"Pataliputra capital"},{"docid":"24068656","text":"The house at 322 Albany Avenue (NY 32), in Kingston, New York, United States, is a stone building dating to the early 19th century. In the 1840s it was renovated in the Greek Revival architectural style. Almost a century later it was renovated again, this time in the Colonial Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Building The house occupies a large lot on the east side of Albany between Manor and Ten Broeck avenues, just opposite 313 Albany Avenue. The neighborhood is primarily residential. It is a two-story seven-by-two-bay building with a one-and-a-half-story frame rear wing topped by a gabled roof with a heavily molded, dentilled cornice pierced by a brick chimney. In the center of the first story on the west (front) facade is a one-bay porch. Its low hipped roof is supported by pairs of Ionic columns rising to a molded cornice and entablature. There is a projecting bay window on the south profile. The paneled main wooden door has leaded sidelights and top. It leads to a center hallway, with a large parlor on the south. This room has much Greek Revival-era decoration, such as its architraves, mantels and the newels and balusters on its staircase. The west parlor on the north side, currently used as the dining room, has similar finishes, and the northeast one has Colonial Revival elements. The upper floor and attic are also mostly original to their era of construction or renovation. In the rear of the lot are a swimming pool, work shed, and a former garage now used as an apartment. They are non-contributing to the National Register listing. History The house's structural origins are in the early 19th century, probably around 1820. The north gable is believed to be the most intact portion of the house from this time, due to the less refined and more weathered character of the stone there compared to the south. Due to subsequent expansions and renovations it is impossible to tell what its original plan was. In the 1840s, its then-owner expanded it in the then-popular Greek Revival style, a common occurrence with many small older houses at that time. Much of its interior decoration was added during that construction. Ninety years later, in the 1930s, another owner expanded the house, this time in the Colonial Revival style. The rear wing was added, new stonework was put in on the south and on the first floor a wall was removed to make a larger space of one of the parlors. The northeast parlor was also decorated in that style. The most visible Colonial Revival touch from that work is the front porch with its classically inspired columns and entablature. At that time, the city was encouraging the restoration and preservation of its remaining colonial architecture. One of those most involved in this effort was local architect Myron Teller. It is not known whether he had anything to do with the work at 322 Albany Avenue, but","title":"House at 322 Albany Avenue"},{"docid":"59814354","text":"The architecture of Algeria encompasses a diverse history influenced by a number of internal and external forces, including the Roman Empire, Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, French colonization, and movements for Algerian independence. Ancient Carthage Ancient Carthage gained control of coastal Algeria by the 5th century BC. The empire's influence on Algerian architecture is visible in the adoption of hybridized styles that integrated Punic, Hellenistic, and Roman architecture into pre existing architectural traditions. Royal Numidian architecture Under the ancient Berber kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania, Algeria saw increased urban development. \"Numidian Royal Architecture\" is the term coined for the monuments constructed by the Numidian kings, which comprise tombs, tumuli and sanctuaries. Urbanization is especially associated with the reigns of kings Masinissa (202 BC–148 BC) and Juba II (30 BC – 25 AD). Evidence of urban planning during the kingdom of Mauretania has been found in neighboring Morocco and Tunisia. Juba II and his wife, Cleopatra Selene, were clients of Rome and promoters of late Hellenistic culture. They used Iol (modern Cherchell) as their royal capital, renaming it Caesarea and developing it into a city with a regular grid plan and the kind of architecture associated with the Roman Augustan period. Some structures in Caesarea have been dated or tentatively dated to Juba's time, including the theater, the amphitheater, and the harbor. A number of large scale funerary monuments and tombs built during the era are the most well documented examples of Berber kingdom architecture. The monuments combine a number of different architectural styles introduced by the Carthaginians, frequently referencing Hellenistic and Punic motifs. The oldest of these is Medracen in present-day Algeria, believed to date from the time of Masinissa. Possibly influenced by Greek architecture further east, or built with the help of Greek craftsmen, the tomb consists of a large tumulus constructed in well-cut ashlar masonry and featuring sixty Doric columns and an Egyptian-style cornice. Another famous example is the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania in western Algeria, which may date from the time of Juba II. This structure consists of a stone tumulus, decorative columns, and spiral pathways that lead to a single interior chamber. A number of \"tower tombs\" from the Numidian period can also be found in sites from Algeria to Libya. Despite their wide geographic range, they often share a similar style: usually a three-story structure topped by a convex pyramid. They may have initially been inspired by Greek monuments but they constitute an original type of structure associated with Numidian culture. Examples of these have been found at Siga and Soumaa d'el Khroub, as well as at Dougga (in present-day Tunisia) and Sabratha (in Libya). Roman era The Romans annexed eastern Numidia in 46 BC. After the death of Arabio, six years later, Western Numidia was annexed as well. The two provinces were later combined with Tripolitania to form the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. The Romans built more than 500 towns and cities in what is now Algeria. When developing plans for their new","title":"Architecture of Algeria"},{"docid":"12016971","text":"The Pig Scrolls (2004), by Paul Shipton, is a young adult comedy adventure novel about a talking pig (Gryllus) and his endeavours to save the world. The novel is set in Ancient Greece with many, often comical, references to ancient Greek mythology and life. The characters include all the major Ancient Greek gods, some minor deities, the young Homer and Sibyl, a prophetess in training at the temple of Apollo in Delphi. Plot After all the Olympian gods go missing, Sibyl has a premonition in which the sun god Apollo tells her to find \"the talking pig\". Sibyl then sets out looking for the talking pig, Gryllus. She finds him first at an auction where she buys him for 200 drachmas then Gryllus runs away and he winds up at Big Stavros's Kebab bar where he is forced to entertain customers and where Sibyl takes him back. Together they set off for the temple at Delphi. Apollo informs Sibyl that she and Gryllus must find a goatherd boy living on top of a mountain. Once Sibyl and Gryllus find the goatherd (who turns out to be the god Zeus), they set off once more for Apollo's temple at Delphi. It is there that Gryllus, the talking pig, must save the world from utter destruction. The author revealed about his work: \"I got the idea for The Pig Scrolls when I was rereading Homer's Odyssey and found myself more interested in some of the non-heroic characters in the background. Working on the book gave me a chance to revisit a world I have always loved—that of ancient mythology and history. And, of course, in order to research the character of Gryllus fully, I was forced to eat a huge number of pies\". The Pig Scrolls is set in Ancient Greece, and is about a pig named Gryllus. Gryllus, who was once a member of captain Odesseus’ famous crew, was transformed into a pig by the enchantress Circe. Gryllus, enjoying his quiet life in the woods is soon captured by local hunters when they realize he can talk, and is soon \"rescued\" by a junior prophetess in training (Sibyl). Sibyl informs Gryllus of a premonition showing her the end of the world. Gryllus believes her to have lost a couple of marbles and escapes, so Sibyl kidnaps him. On their journey to the temple in Delphi, they encounter monsters, gods, a strange goatherd and a scientist who has invented the awesome Atomos Device. Gryllus comes to realize that the entire universe is in the trotters of one talking pig, himself. Sequel The Pig Scrolls is followed by a sequel, The Pig Who Saved the World, which won a Nestle Bronze Award in the UK. Film By April 2010, DreamWorks Animation was developing an animated feature film based on The Pig Scrolls. As a possible directing job, Barry Sonnenfeld was tasked to develop the film, while Kirk DeMicco wrote the most recent script revision. DreamWorks Animation had also optioned rights for the book's","title":"The Pig Scrolls"},{"docid":"20184714","text":"The Greenville Presbyterian Church is located on NY 32 just north of its intersection with NY 81 in Greenville, New York, United States. Its three buildings on two acres were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985. The church itself was established in 1790, the first non-Dutch church in the Catskill region. Its current building dates to 1860, and is a well-designed late example of the Greek Revival architectural style. The chapel and former school building, now part of the local library, were added in 1885 and 1906 respectively. Church complex There are three buildings considered contributing properties to the NRHP listing. All are located on a strip of land along the west side of Route 32 just north of the Route 81 intersection in the center of Greenville. To the immediate west is property owned by the Town of Greenville, and Greenville High School. Church The church itself is a one-and-a-half-story structure on a stone foundation sided in clapboard on all sides save the east-facing front, done in flush board. That facade has square pillars and a pediment topped by a three-story tower with a belfry and octagonal gold-colored spire with weathervane. The tower's three sections all feature corner pilasters and overhanging eaves. A small stained glass window looks out from the front of the base section. Behind the pillars is the main entrance, framed by pilasters supporting a full entablature with another stained glass window above. On either side the double doors have a fluted Ionic column in front of a small window. Paneled corner pilasters support the gabled roof and its cornice, with a full entablature. Both north and south profiles are fenestrated with four stained glass windows, with an additional smaller one on the north. The rear has cornice returns and a single double-hung sash window in the gable. A brick chimney rises from the south side of the roof. Inside, the vestibule is flanked by small rooms. In the nave, oak pews become curved toward the chancel. There, the dark oak pulpit is raised and flanked by similar balustrades on either side. Behind it is a large pedimented cornice with similar pilasters and columns to the entrance. The organ is located in the recess. At the rear of the church is a gallery and the stairs to the bell tower. The interior is lit with a chandelier over the pulpit and teardrop lights over the congregation. The ceiling is plaster with canted corners. On the side walls there is wainscoting and a molded entablature, with all the large windows having broad molded surrounds. Chapel The chapel building, built a quarter-century later, is similar to the church, on a smaller scale. It is a one-story clapboard building on a stone block foundation with a shallow gabled roof and smaller belltower with tent roof. Its facade shows some Italianate influence such as an overhanging cornice with full entablature. The chapel's double-doored entrance is itself topped by a projecting cornice with scroll-sawn brackets and","title":"Greenville Presbyterian Church (New York)"},{"docid":"55908221","text":"4Q121 (according to the old system as: 4QLXXNumb gr, Rahlfs 803) is a Septuagint manuscript written on parchment (made of animal skin), dated to the 1st century BCE or CE. The scroll contains fragments of the biblical Book of Numbers 3:40-43; 4:5-16. It was found in Qumran in Cave 4. This fragment is also numbered 803 in the list of manuscripts of the Septuagint by Alfred Rahlfs. The manuscript has been assigned palaeographically between 30 BCE and 68 CE. Description This manuscript comprises 23 fragments and three columns. Version The text has affinity toward Hebrew Pentateuch, which, according to Robert J. Wilkinson, may be considered a kaige rescension of the Greek Scriptures. Treatment to the God's name P. W. Skehan claims that the \"reconstruction, spacing would seem to allow either κυριος [Kyrios] or יהוה [YHWH], whereas ιαω as in pap4QLXXLevb and the (Christian) abbreviation ΚϹ [kappa-sigma] would be too short.” History The manuscript was published and described in 1992 by Patrick Skehan in Qumran cave 4.4 (Discoveries in the Judaean desert 9). The old sign of the scroll indicates that it was found in the cave 4, which is the manuscript of the LXX or Septuagint, containing the contents of the Book of Numbers. Actual location This manuscript is kept at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (Gr. 265 [4Q121]). See also List of the Dead Sea Scrolls References Bibliography External links Photos of fragment 4Q121 high resolution 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Old Testament","title":"4Q121"},{"docid":"72656229","text":"The flag of Rome (), the capital city of Italy, is a bicolour rectangle, divided into two equally-sized vertical stripes: red-violet on the left, and a ochre yellow on the right. Design The civil flag of Rome is divided into two vertical stripes of equal size, a red-violet on the left, and a ochre yellow on the right. The state flag of the city includes the coat of arms placed in the centre. It consists of the yellow (golden) Greek cross near the top left corner, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally, from top left to bottom right, across the red Heater-style escutcheon (shield) with square top and pointed base. On the top of the shield is placed a yellow (golden) open crown, crown with five flowers, and with red, white, and green jewels. History Since the Middle Ages the city of Rome used a red-violet banner with a yellow (golden) Greek cross near the top right corner, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally across the banner, from the top left to the bottom right corner. It is believed that the modern flag design, with the red and yellow vertical stripes, was introduced in 1870, the year when the city was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. In 1884, the city officially introduced its coat of arms, which then began being displayed on the state flag variant. Its design was based on a wall carving dating back to the 14th century, which depicted the oldest representation of the city coat of arms. The colours were based on the flag. In the centre of the coat of arms was a red-violet oval, depicting the yellow (golden) Greek cross in the top left, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally, from top left to bottom right, across the oval. The oval was placed within a yellow (golden) Baroque-style escutcheon with scroll-eared top, and lobed base. Above it was placed a yellow (golden) open crown with five flowers and the crown jewels. Senatus Popolusque Romanus (SPQR) was officially adopted as the city motto on 26 August 1927. The coat of arms design was used from 1884 to 2004, when it was replaced with the current, simplified design, including the change to simplified red Heater-style escutcheon (shield) with square top and pointed base. Subsequently, the new design began being featured on the civil flag. The flag in use until 2004 had a Baroque-style coat of arms in the center, with a scroll frame and a floral crown, of rather variable shape. It was usually exhibited on the Palazzo Senatorio, the representative seat of the municipality of Rome in Piazza del Campidoglio. Flags","title":"Flag of Rome"},{"docid":"483397","text":"Daphni or Dafni (Modern Greek: Δαφνί; Katharevousa: Δαφνίον, Daphnion) is an eleventh-century Byzantine monastery northwest of central Athens in the suburb of Chaidari, south of Athinon Avenue (GR-8A). It is situated near the forest of the same name, on the Sacred Way that led to Eleusis. The forest covers about , and surrounds a laurel grove. \"Daphni\" is the modern Greek name that means \"laurel grove\", derived from Daphneion (Lauretum). The Daphni Monastery, along with the famous monasteries of Hosios Loukas near Delphi and Nea Moni on the island of Chios, are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites for their significant historical and architectural value. These monasteries are famed as masterpieces of middle Byzantine architecture, and are especially noted for their sumptuous interior gold-ground mosaics. History The Daphni Monastery was founded towards the end of the sixth century A.D. on the site of the Sanctuary of Apollo which had been desecrated by the Goths in 395. The Sanctuary of Apollo was built in the Ionic style using the thinnest and smallest columns. The columns stand on a base with an ornamental scroll at the top. A few of the columns of the temple have been preserved. One of the four Ionic columns of the ancient Sanctuary of Apollo remains at the site, as it was re-used in the Daphni Monastery. The other columns were removed and taken to London by Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin (best-known for taking the Parthenon Marbles). The columns, column bases, and column tops from the Sanctuary of Apollo are currently in the possession of the British Museum; they are currently not on display but can be seen on the museum’s website . The first monastery on the site was constructed in the style of a castle with a basilica in the middle. It was fortified with enclosing walls and small cells that were usually just inside the walls and used by monks or nuns. The walls were attached to the church rather than standing free around the perimeter of the property and one of the columns from Apollo was built into the southern wall of the church. Some of the rectangular blocks of porous stone were also salvaged and used in the western outer wall of the church. This first monastery fell into decline when Greece was severely damaged following invasions of barbarians from the North and the sea in the ninth and tenth Centuries A.D. During a period of renewed prosperity In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Daphni Monastery was restored. A new octagonal church, a refectory and a chapel for the cemetery were built. The old basilica was completely demolished except for the enclosing walls and cells from the former church which were incorporated into the new church. Traces of old frescoes found on the walls show a person with bands, perhaps Emperor Basil II, holding a scroll. The craftsmanship used in the church construction suggests Basil II brought in workers from Constantinople. The Daphni Monastery fell into decline after it was sacked","title":"Daphni Monastery"},{"docid":"14777578","text":"Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site is an historic home and former plantation located in St. Francisville, Louisiana, United States. Built in 1835 by Daniel and Martha Turnbull, it is one of the most documented and intact plantation complexes in the Southern United States. It is known for its extensive formal gardens surrounding the house. House and grounds Architecture Sited on the highest point of the plantation at the edge of a bluff on Alexander Creek, Daniel Turnbull contracted with carpenter Wendell Wright to construct a house in the transitional Federal-Greek Revival– style designed by an unknown architect. Built of cypress and cedar milled primarily onsite, the westward facing five bay, two-story house features a two-story gallery with smooth Doric columns and a bulbous vase like balustrade, matching fluted pilasters and a Doric entablature. At the center of the house, both upstairs and down, is a Federal-style elliptical arch doorway with six horizontal panels, distinguished by boldly formed fluting, a layered entablature, a keystone, and leaded patterns superimposed on the glass. The fanlight features a series of loops in a radial design, while the side lights feature ovals and roundels. T.S. Williams added one-story brick side wings to the north and south of the building in 1845, with Greek-style end porticoes. The south elevation has a three-column Doric portico spanning its width, while the north wing, though larger of the two, has only a two-column portico. The columns at the end of both wings are fluted while the pilasters are smooth, and the Doric entablature and eave treatment match the main block. Each wing is topped by a balustrade with balusters similar in shape to those on the gallery, while the main block's side elevations feature a wooden fan design in the gable peaks. The eastern-facing rear elevation has a small room on each side of a porch set under a shed roof. Interiors Rosedown's floorplan is in the French or Early Louisiana design in contrast to the American scheme of a hall through the center of the house. The plan has a main entrance hall, decorated with block-printed wallpaper by Joseph Dufour et Cie of Paris, with an elliptical mahogany staircase to the second floor, a parlor to the right, music room to the left, and an office, butler's pantry and dining room in the rear that features a punkah. Upstairs are the family bedrooms. The north wing houses a guest bedroom with an en-suite bathroom that features an early form of a shower supplied with water from a cistern on the roof. The bedroom was built to house a suite of furniture that was originally to have been installed in the Lincoln Bedroom at the White House for the presidency of Henry Clay. Clay lost the election in 1844, and Daniel Turnbull, a Clay supporter, purchased the 13-foot-tall rosewood Gothic Revival bed. The bed was found in the room for over 150 years until the last private owner of Rosedown sold it to the Dallas Museum of Art for","title":"Rosedown Plantation"},{"docid":"18057618","text":"Irvington Town Hall is located on Main Street in the village of Irvington in the U.S. state of New York. In addition to being home to the village government, police department, and until 2000 the public library, it has a public reading room in keeping with the requirements of the original land deed. A 432-seat theatre, used for many local gatherings such as school graduations, was also built on the second story. The Town Hall was built in 1902 from a design by local architect Albert J. Manning, an early use of the Colonial Revival architectural style for a civic building. The inside also features glasswork and mosaics by Louis Comfort Tiffany, whose father, Charles Lewis Tiffany, had an estate in the village. These two factors led to its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and has also been a contributing property to the Irvington Historic District since 2014. Building The two-story brick building is seven bays square on a raised basement of randomly coursed stone. The facade is trimmed in terra cotta and stone. The former is used for the window lintels and sills as well as an intermediate cornice; the latter for the water table. It is topped with a shallow hipped roof that has some of its original metal sheathing. At the second story of the front facade, there is a balustraded projecting portico three bays wide with freestanding engaged Ionic columns and Doric pilasters supporting a full entablature with denticulated pediment. It is in turn topped with a three-stage wooden clock tower with round-arched louvered openings, paired Corinthian columns supporting block entablatures and paired scroll brackets. The very top of Town Hall is the clock tower's domed roof. This feature has made the clock tower one of Irvington's most recognizable local landmarks. The main entrance uses an arched Gibbs-style surround. The building's trim materials show up in the form of solid stone balustrades that curl to form newel posts at the sidewalk, and terra cotta quoins. The rear facade is less detailed, with terra cotta used only for the coping of the stepped cornice; stone and brick are used everywhere else. Much of the interior is in paneled dark wood, with wainscoting in some rooms. In the library, the dark wood is used for ceiling beams with famous literary quotations inscribed in gold leaf. It is lit by chandeliers and lanterns designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Its plaster walls give way to a domed ceiling and display niches in the main area, with some open areas featuring decorative corbels. The theater features a complete orchestra and balcony section, with the private booths featuring round openings separated by Doric posts with Adamesque detail. The proscenium arch also includes heavy classical detailing. History The property where Town Hall now stands was first developed in 1869, when a local organization called the Mental and Moral Improvement Society built what it called the Atheneum, which housed a circulating library. During the last decades of the 19th","title":"Irvington Town Hall"},{"docid":"273249","text":"Trajan's Column (, ) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate. It is located in Trajan's Forum, north of the Roman Forum. Completed in AD 113, the freestanding column is most famous for its spiral bas relief, which depicts the wars between the Romans and Dacians (101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous victory columns, both ancient and modern. The structure is about in height, including its large pedestal. The shaft is made from a series of 20 colossal Carrara marble drums, each weighing about 32 tons, with a diameter of . The frieze winds around the shaft 23 times. Inside the shaft, a spiral staircase of 185 steps provides access to a viewing deck at the top. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, and had to be lifted to a height of about . Ancient coins indicate preliminary plans to top the column with a statue of a bird, probably an eagle. After construction, a statue of Trajan was put in place; this disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned with a bronze figure of Saint Peter the Apostle by Pope Sixtus V, which remains to this day. Trajan's Column was originally flanked by two sections of the Ulpian Library, a Greek chamber and a Latin chamber, which faced each other and had walls lined with niches and wooden bookcases for scrolls. The Latin chamber likely contained Trajan's commentary on the Roman-Dacian Wars, the Dacica, which most scholars agree was intended to be echoed in the spiralling, sculpted narrative design of Trajan's Column. Frieze Design The column shows 2,662 figures and 155 scenes; Trajan himself appears on the column 58 times. The continuous helical frieze winds 25 times from base to capital and was an architectural innovation in its time. The design was adopted by later emperors such as Marcus Aurelius. The narrative band expands from about at the base of the column to at the top. The scenes unfold continuously. Often a variety of different perspectives are used in the same scene, so that more can be revealed (e.g., a different angle is used to show men working behind a wall). Historical content portrayed The relief portrays Trajan's two victorious military campaigns against the Dacians; the lower half illustrating the first (101–102), and the top half illustrating the second (105–106). These campaigns were contemporary to the time of the column's construction. The frieze repeats standardized scenes of imperial address (adlocutio), sacrifice (lustratio), and the army setting out on campaign (profectio). Scenes of battle are very much a minority on the column; instead it emphasizes images of orderly soldiers carrying out ceremony and construction. The aim of the Dacian campaigns was to incorporate and integrate Dacia into the Roman Empire as a province. On Trajan's Column, imagery related","title":"Trajan's Column"},{"docid":"49764172","text":"The Temple of Sangri is a Late Archaic Greek temple on the Cycladic island of Naxos in the area of Gyroulas, about 1.5 km south of . The temple was built around 530 BC and is one of the earliest Ionic temples. It was built completely from Naxian marble. History The temple was built around 530 BC. Based on the finds, the sanctuary was probably dedicated to Demeter or perhaps Kore. For this reason and because of its unusual shape, the temple is often referred to as a telesterion. There are also indications of a cult to Apollo on the site. If still in use by the 4th century AD, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans under the Christian emperors. In the 6th century AD, the temple was largely demolished and a three-naved Christian basilica was built from the same stone on the same site. Structure The temple contains many unusual features. The ground plan is almost square (13.29 x 12.73 m), when Greek temples, especially in the archaic period are usually elongated. The facade was on the south side instead of the usual location on the east or (much more rarely) west side. The temple was built without a foundation platform (the Crepidoma), directly on top of the euthynteria, likewise there is no stylobate for the columns. The facade was formed of five columns in antis. The columns are in the Samian style, but unfluted. Very unusually, the columns show a slight contraction in width with increasing height, whereas Archaic and Classical Greek columns as a rule increase in thickness towards the top (entasis). The leafy wreathed capitals were not carved in the round, but were instead painted onto the double echinus of the capitals, while the abacus was decorated with a band. On the smooth architrave, hidden behind plates on the facade, were the ends of roof beams which supported the oldest known marble roof of ancient architecture, which covered the pronaos. Seven almost four meter long beams formed the purlins of this roof. The beams were curved upwards almost 2 cm, which affected all the structural elements of the roof above them, giving the roof a slight curvature. Two doors, placed in line with the second and fifth intercolumniation, led from the entrance area to the naos. The doorway was decorated with bands lined with a large bead and reel pattern. Above the door was a painted cymatium, which supported a smooth undecorated lintel. The naos was divided into two parts by a row of five columns which were in line with the columns of the facade. The columns in the centre of the room rise to a height of 5.4 to 6.46 metres, but despite the different heights they all have the same diameter at ground level (50 cm) – in violation of the norms of archaic rules of proportion. They do not narrow towards the top. Like the facade columns they stand atop smooth Samian bases, but these have no","title":"Temple of Sangri"},{"docid":"11482223","text":"The Great Synagogue is the main synagogue of the Jewish community in Copenhagen, Denmark. The synagogue is defined by its unique architecture around the Ark. During the first half of the 19th century, synagogues continued to be built in the classical tradition, but there began to be a revival of Greek and Roman architecture. The Great Synagogue in Copenhagen is one of a few synagogues of its period to use Egyptian elements in the columns, ceiling and cornice over the ark. History Arrival of Jews into Denmark Jews were first welcomed into Denmark in 1622 when they were invited into the country by Denmark's king. Although they were scattered around, many of the Jews settled in Copenhagen. Abraham Salomon became the first rabbi in the country in 1687. From 1766 until 1795, around 1,500 Jews worshipped in a small synagogue until it burned down. After the synagogue burned down, a division occurred between the orthodox and progressive members of the Jewish community. As a result, the building of a new synagogue was halted and many members resorted to worshipping in various homes. This division lasted for about 30 years until it was extinguished. The building of the Copenhagen Synagogue occurred after this. In 1814, Jews who were living in Denmark were given the same rights as other citizens as a result of the Royal Decree. Architecture of the Copenhagen Synagogue Construction of the Copenhagen Synagogue was completed in 1833. It was designed by Danish architect Gustav Friedrich Hetsch. The synagogue was designed with the neoclassical style in mind, which is demonstrated through the building's simplistic design. The interior of the building, however, has designs that are from the Egyptian Revival style. This style works to help give the synagogue a more Eastern European feel rather than the traditional Northern European feel. World War II During World War II, the Torah scrolls of the synagogue were hidden at the Trinitatis Church and were returned to the synagogue after the war. Terrorist attacks 1985 On 22 July 1985, the synagogue was struck by a bomb placed by Palestinian terrorists. While no people were injured in the attack on the synagogue, a second bomb placed by the same group destroyed the Copenhagen offices of the American Northwest Orient Airlines, killing one person and injuring 26. 4 individuals with links to Palestinian nationalist organizations, including Mohammed Abu Talb, were later convicted for these and several other terrorist attacks. 2015 A shooting occurred outside the synagogue on 15 February 2015, killing a Jewish community member, who had been providing security, and wounding two Danish Security and Intelligence Service police officers who were shot in the arms and legs. The shooting occurred a few hours after another shooting at a Denmark café. Swedish artist Lars Vilks is believed to be the main target of the café shooting. At the time of the shooting, a discussion was being held about cartoon portrayals of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Vilks has received death threats in the past for his","title":"Great Synagogue (Copenhagen)"},{"docid":"2388538","text":"San Sebastián is a municipality in the San Vicente department of El Salvador. Church Of San Sebastián It's settled in the city of the same name, head of the district and municipality of San Sebastian 49 km away from San Salvador and at 660 meters above sea level. It is ignored who built it or when, but it is known that in 1770 San Sebastian was a Valley belonging to the rectory of San Vicente. Its style is composed by two bodies divided by very marked cornices. The inferior body is decorated with eight paired columns of ionic style and mounted on square basements. The main access has a form of arch of half point finished off by a decoration of classical style. The superior body is decorated with two Tuscan columns and an oval in the center of the combined body; it's finished off by cornices of classical style and two pinnacles to each side of the superior and inferior body. The superior body possesses a cross and it's finished off by scrolls. The interior of the church consists of a wing divided in three bodies by 14 columns and has two lateral accesses. It has three altars, the principal and two others embedded to the lateral walls. It has also a pulpit and the sacristy is located to a side of the presbytery. The principal altar receives illumination from two windows placed in the back side of the church. San Sebastian has belonged through the ages to Ilobasco, Cabañas until July 1836 on which it was incorporated again to the department of San Vicente. The Patron festivity is celebrated from January 15 to 31, in honor of San Sebastian. Municipalities of the San Vicente Department","title":"San Sebastián, El Salvador"},{"docid":"62900413","text":"Macclesfield Town Hall is a Georgian municipal building in the Market Place of Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. Dating originally from 1823–24, it was designed by Francis Goodwin in the Greek Revival style, and extended in 1869–71 by James Stevens and again in 1991–92. The building incorporates the former Borough Police Station. The town hall is listed at grade II*. History The first structure on this site was a medieval guildhall which dated back to at least the 13th century and which was connected to a bakehouse on the north side. The foundation stone for the current town hall was laid on 4 September 1823. It was designed by Francis Goodwin in the Greek Revival style and completed in 1824. It was extended between 1869 and 1871 to a design by James Stevens and again between 1991 and 1992. The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester attended a reception at the town hall, to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the granting of a charter to the town, on 19 July 2011. Location and description The town hall stands at on Churchside and Chestergate in Macclesfield's Market Place. The two-storey ashlar building is in Greek Revival style. The original design is similar to Francis Goodwin's previous design for the (now-demolished) Manchester Old Town Hall, and is modelled on the Erechtheion in Athens. The Churchside façade of 1823–24, which Clare Hartwell and co-authors describe as \"a little constricted\", has a large central portico with four plain (unfluted) Ionic columns topped with a pediment. The portico is flanked by single bays, with sash windows divided into three parts on the first floor. On the ground floor is a simple sash window to the left-hand side and a double doorway to the right. A wider west front on Chestergate in the same style was added in 1869–71 by James Stevens, a local architect from the town. It has nine bays, with a central portico that matches the Churchside one. The doorway, now the building's main entrance, is topped with an architrave of polished granite. Flanking the portico are three bays delineated by pilasters. The inner two bays have sash windows to both ground and first floors that are divided into three parts by pilasters. Stevens' design also included a steeple that was not built. The building incorporates the former Borough Police Station at what now forms the rear. Added by Stevens, it adjoins Goodwin's Churchside façade. The entrance is flanked by paired sash windows. Over the ground floor is carved \"BOROUGH POLICE STATION\". The extension of 1991–92, by Conder UK and HLM Architects, is a Georgian-style, two-storey office building, in red brick with faux stone dressings. The courtyard contains stones from the porch of Macclesfield Castle, dating from around 1398. Interior The Assembly Room on the first floor retains the original Goodwin decoration. It occupies the building's entire east side, with six columns matching the exterior portico running down each side, immediately adjacent to the walls. It has a large chandelier. Much of the remaining interior, including","title":"Macclesfield Town Hall"},{"docid":"52297461","text":"The Bibliotheca Ulpia (\"Ulpian Library\") was a Roman library founded by the Emperor Trajan in AD 114 in the Forum of Trajan, located in ancient Rome. It was considered one of the most prominent and famous libraries of antiquity and became a major library in the Western World upon the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century. It is the only Roman library known to have survived until the Fall of Rome in the mid-fifth century. History In 112 AD, the Emperor Trajan commissioned a library to be built in his Forum due north of the Roman Forum at the heart of the Roman Empire. Construction was completed in 114 AD. Upon its completion, the Ulpian Library was the premier library and scholarly center of Rome. “This library was also the Public Record Office of Rome” with over 20,000 scrolls containing records concerning the city’s population. The library was also equipped with presses for storage of both scrolls and books. During excavation, traces of these presses were discovered. The collection of books and scrolls not pertaining to public record, is thought to have been based on the private library of Epaphrodites of Cheronea which contained over 30,000 books and scrolls. Early in the 4th century, the contents of the Ulpian Library were moved to the Baths of Diocletian, possibly due to repairs as the contents were returned at a later date. Records show that in 455 AD a bust of Didonius Appollinarius was ordered there by the Emperor Avitus. Library layout The Ulpian Library continued in the tradition of Roman imperial libraries with Latin and Greek collections housed separately. In this library, they faced one another across a small colonnaded courtyard that enclosed the Column of Trajan. The library was a two level structure with high vaulted ceilings to take advantage of the natural lighting. The interior walls were divided into bays by columns \"set opposite pilasters that framed the niches which held the books and scrolls. There were three steps between the columns that enabled \"access to a walkway in front of the bookcases.\" At the other end of the hall were recesses for a statue on each level, presumably of Trajan and possibly of Minerva. The niches (seven total on each wall) containing recessed wooden bookcases located in both walls running the length of the library along with four others running across the back wall stored the scrolls. Estimates on the amount of scrolls held are \"approximately ten thousand\" for both Latin and Greek libraries. \"In addition, there were archival materials, such as praetorian edicts and senatorial decrees, as well as Caesar's autobiography and Trajan's commentaries on the Dacian Wars, of which now only a few words survive.\" The space itself was designed to be aesthetically pleasing with desks (plutei) and the books out of sight on shelves and intending for reading, but was not designed with the growth of the collection in mind. Reconstruction There are reconstructions both digital and physical that show the","title":"Ulpian Library"},{"docid":"53897","text":"The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top of the columns. Originating in the western Doric region of Greece, it is the earliest and, in its essence, the simplest of the orders, though still with complex details in the entablature above. The Greek Doric column was fluted, and had no base, dropping straight into the stylobate or platform on which the temple or other building stood. The capital was a simple circular form, with some mouldings, under a square cushion that is very wide in early versions, but later more restrained. Above a plain architrave, the complexity comes in the frieze, where the two features originally unique to the Doric, the triglyph and gutta, are skeuomorphic memories of the beams and retaining pegs of the wooden constructions that preceded stone Doric temples. In stone they are purely ornamental. The relatively uncommon Roman and Renaissance Doric retained these, and often introduced thin layers of moulding or further ornament, as well as often using plain columns. More often they used versions of the Tuscan order, elaborated for nationalistic reasons by Italian Renaissance writers, which is in effect a simplified Doric, with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae. The Doric order was much used in Greek Revival architecture from the 18th century onwards; often earlier Greek versions were used, with wider columns and no bases to them. The ancient architect and architectural historian Vitruvius associates the Doric with masculine proportions (the Ionic representing the feminine). It is also normally the cheapest of the orders to use. When the three orders are superposed, it is usual for the Doric to be at the bottom, with the Ionic and then the Corinthian above, and the Doric, as \"strongest\", is often used on the ground floor below another order in the storey above. History Greek In their original Greek version, Doric columns stood directly on the flat pavement (the stylobate) of a temple without a base. With a height only four to eight times their diameter, the columns were the most squat of all the classical orders; their vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves, each rising to a sharp edge called an arris. They were topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam (architrave) that they carried. The Parthenon has the Doric design columns. It was most popular in the Archaic Period (750–480 BC) in mainland Greece, and also found in Magna Graecia (southern Italy), as in the three temples at Paestum. These are in the Archaic Doric, where the capitals spread wide from the column compared to later Classical forms, as exemplified in the Parthenon. Pronounced features of both Greek and Roman versions of the Doric order are the alternating","title":"Doric order"},{"docid":"40694602","text":"Pleasant Grove, also known as Joseph Deyerle House, Deyerle Homeplace, and Glenvar is a historic home located near Salem in Roanoke County, Virginia. It was built in 1853, and is a two-story, three-bay, Greek Revival style brick dwelling. The front facade features a well-proportioned Ionic order portico with slender tapered, fluted columns. It also has an original sunroom measuring 7 feet by 14 feet. Also on the property are the contributing kitchen (now connected to the main house), spring house, smokehouse, servant's house, and privy. Much of the woodwork was done by a carpenter named Gustave A. Sedon, who worked closely with both Joseph and his half-brother, Benjamin Deyerle. \"One of the most interesting things about Pleasant Grove is the fine architectural detail on the front which was put out on the house by Gustavus Sedon (sic), a German carpenter/handyman contractor. The house has interesting Ionic columns which Sedon carved and a cast iron balcony up on the top which Sedon or Joseph Deyerle, the owner of the house, ordered from Lynchburg, Virginia or maybe from Richmond. Someday I'll pursue this iron work but its interesting to know that the exact ironwork is on the Witherow house in Lexington, Virginia, on a house on Main Street in Lynchburg, Virginia, and another building in Richmond, Virginia.\" It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Greek Revival houses in Virginia Houses completed in 1853 Houses in Roanoke County, Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Roanoke County, Virginia","title":"Pleasant Grove (Salem, Virginia)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"2907217\",\n \"text\": \"The Song of the Sea (, Shirat HaYam; also known as Az Yashir Moshe and Song of Moses, or Mi Chamocha) is a poem that appears in the Book of Exodus of the Hebrew Bible, at . It is followed in verses 20 and 21 by a much shorter song sung by Miriam and the other women. The Song of the Sea was reputedly sung by the Israelites after their crossing the Red Sea in safety, and celebrates their freedom after generations of slavery and oppression by the Egyptians. The poem is included in Jewish prayer books, and recited daily in the morning shacharit services. The poem also comprises the first ode or hymn of the Eastern Orthodox canon, where it is known as the Song or Ode of Moses. It is also used in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and other Christian liturgies at the Easter Vigil when the history of salvation is recounted. These traditions follow Revelation 15:3 by calling it the \\\"Song of Moses\\\" (not to be confused with the Song of Moses in Deuteronomy). In Judaism, the poem forms part of the sixteenth weekly Torah portion, or parshat Beshalach. The Sabbath on which it is read is known as Sabbath of the Song (שבת שירה). It is one of only two sections of the Sefer Torah (Torah scroll) that is written with a different layout from the normal simple columns. The other section written differently is the Song of Moses at the end of Deuteronomy, in the 53rd weekly portion, or parshat Ha'azinu. Origin The Song of the Sea is noted for its archaic language. It is written in a style of Hebrew much older than that of the rest of Exodus. A number of scholars consider it the oldest surviving text describing the Exodus, dating to the pre-monarchic period. An alternative is that it was deliberately written in an archaic style, a known literary device. As such, proposed dates for its composition range from the 13th to the 5th century BCE. Page layout The Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript is a fragment of a 7th or 8th century Torah scroll that contains the Song of the Sea. Some scholars have argued that the \\\"brickwork\\\" pattern of the Ashkar-Gilson version shows that the Masoretes accurately copied earlier manuscripts. This pattern was not used in the Dead Sea Scrolls. A similar pattern is used in modern Torah scrolls, and the Ashkenazi and Sepharadi Torah scrolls differ from the Yemenite scrolls in the arrangement of the very last line. Text {| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" |- ! width=50% |Masoretic Text !Transliteration!! width=\\\"50%\\\" | English translation (New International Version) |- | align=\\\"right\\\"| |wayyōʾmərū lēʾmōr ʾāšīrā laYHWH kī-gāʾō gāʾā,sūs wərōḵəḇō rāmā ḇayyām | 1 Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord: \\\"I will sing to the Lord, for he is highly exalted. Both horse and driver he has hurled into the sea. |- | align=\\\"right\\\"| |ze ʾēlī wəʾanwēhū ʾĕlōhē ʾāḇī waʾărōməmenhū |2 \\\"The Lord is my strength and my defense; he has\",\n \"title\": \"Song of the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9606636\",\n \"text\": \"Terminator is an open-source terminal emulator programmed in Java. It is available on Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux and other Unix systems that use the X Window System. Terminator will run on any modern POSIX system running Java 6 or later. Terminator is licensed under the GPL-2.0-or-later license. Terminator was originally written by Phil Norman, who produced a more-or-less usable replacement for rxvt on his own between 21 April 2004 and 28 May 2004; roughly a month of development time. Elliott Hughes took Phil's terminal emulation and used it as a base upon which he could experiment with advanced terminal emulator features and continues to actively develop Terminator. Martin Dorey ported Terminator to Cygwin. Features Automatic Logging - Complete logs are automatically generated of all of the user's terminal sessions. Drag & Drop - Text, URLs, and files from GUI file managers can be dropped on Terminator to be inserted as text, with automatic quoting of filenames containing shell meta-characters. Find - Terminator provides you with a find function, so users can search for text and regular expressions within their terminal (including the scrollback) in the style of less, and offering quick movement to the next or previous match. Horizontal Scrolling - Most terminal emulators wrap text when it intrudes upon the right margin. Terminator instead provides a horizontal scrollbar when necessary. Multiple Tabs - Like tabbed browsing. Number Reinterpretation - Terminator will recognize numbers in a variety of bases as the current selection, and add informational menu items to the pop-up menu showing the same number in other bases. No more man ascii or resorting to bc. Portability - Written mostly in Java, with a small POSIX C++ part (for pseudo-terminal support) and a Ruby invocation script, Terminator should compile out of the box on most modern desktop operating systems. Tab Character Handling - Many terminal emulators translate tab characters into strings of spaces. If a section of text is then copied or pasted from the terminal into a text editor, it appears as spaces rather than tabs; Terminator remembers them as tab characters. Unlimited Scrollback - Terminator does not throw away output when it scrolls off the top of the screen, nor when it reaches any arbitrary limit. The user must manually clear the scrollback. Intelligent Vertical Scrolling - Terminator's scrollbar won't keep jumping when there's output if you've deliberately scrolled back to look at part of the history, but as soon as you scroll back to the bottom again, it will resume auto-scrolling. Safe Quit - Terminator knows when you still have processes running, and brings up a dialog rather than just letting those processes die. UTF-8 - Terminator does not mangle accented characters, and it copes well with languages such as Greek where there's a mix of normal and wide glyphs. See also PuTTY References External links Project home page X Window programs Free terminal emulators\",\n \"title\": \"Terminator (terminal emulator)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5380129\",\n \"text\": \"The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Greek papyrus roll that was found in 1962. It is a philosophical treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem, a theogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopher Anaxagoras. The roll dates to around 340 BC, during the reign of Philip II of Macedon, making it Europe's oldest surviving manuscript. The poem itself was composed near the end of the 5th century BC, and \\\"in the fields of Greek religion, the sophistic movement, early philosophy, and the origins of literary criticism it is unquestionably the most important textual discovery of the 20th century.\\\" While interim editions and translations were published over the subsequent years, the manuscript as a whole was finally published in 2006. Discovery The roll was found on 15 January 1962 at a site in Derveni, Macedonia, northern Greece, on the road from Thessaloniki to Kavala. The site is a nobleman's grave in a necropolis that was part of a rich cemetery belonging to the ancient city of Lete. It is the oldest surviving manuscript in the Western tradition, the only known ancient papyrus found in Greece proper, and possibly the oldest surviving papyrus written in Greek regardless of provenance. The archaeologists Petros Themelis and Maria Siganidou recovered the top parts of the charred papyrus scroll and fragments from ashes atop the slabs of the tomb; the bottom parts had burned away in the funeral pyre. The scroll was carefully unrolled and the fragments joined together, thus forming 26 columns of text. It survived in the humid Greek soil, which is unfavorable to the conservation of papyri, because it was carbonized (hence dried) in the nobleman's funeral pyre. However, this has made it extremely difficult to read, since the ink is black and the background is black too; in addition, it survives in the form of 266 fragments, which are conserved under glass in descending order of size, and has had to be painstakingly reconstructed. Many smaller fragments are still not placed. The papyrus is kept in the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Content The main part of the text is a commentary on a hexameter poem ascribed to Orpheus, which was used in the mystery cult of Dionysus by the 'Orphic initiators'. Fragments of the poem are quoted, followed by interpretations by the main author of the text, who tries to show that the poem does not mean what it literally says. The poem begins with the words \\\"Close the doors, you uninitiated\\\", a famous admonition to secrecy, also quoted by Plato. The interpreter claims that this shows that Orpheus wrote his poem as an allegory. The theogony described in the poem has Nyx (Night) give birth to Uranus (Sky), who becomes the first king. Cronus follows and takes the kingship from Uranus, but he is likewise succeeded by Zeus, whose power over the whole universe is celebrated. Zeus gains his power by hearing oracles from the sanctuary of Nyx, who tells him\",\n \"title\": \"Derveni papyrus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41408772\",\n \"text\": \"The Temple of Heracles or Temple of Hercules (the Roman name of the hero) is an ancient Greek temple of Magna Graecia in the ancient city of Akragas, located in the Valle dei Templi in Agrigento, Italy. The building, in the archaic Doric style, is found on what is known as the hill of the temples, on a rocky spur near Villa Aurea. The name Temple of Heracles is an attribution of modern scholarship, based on Cicero's mention of a temple dedicated to the hero non longe a foro \\\"not far from the agora\\\" (Verrine II 4.94), containing a famous statue of Heracles. That the agora of Akragas was in this area has not yet been demonstrated, but the identification is generally accepted. This temple is located approximately one kilometer to the west of Temple of Concordia. History The traditionally accepted chronology of the temple identifies it as the most ancient of the Greek Akragantine temples, dating to the final years of the 6th century BC. This dating is based on stylistic characteristics, especially its proportions, number of columns, and the profile of the columns and of their capitals. However, some connect the temple with the activities of Theron (Tyrant of Akragas 488-473/2 BC), claiming that it contains innovations compared to the architectural practice of the 6th century. In that case, it could be identified with the temple of Athena recorded by Polyaenus (Stratagems 6.51) in relation to the building activities of Theron after his seizure of power. The remains of the entablature constitute a problem for dating, because there are two types of cymatium with gutters and lion heads: the first, less well-preserved than the other, datable to the 460s BC and the second datable to around the middle of the fifth century. Probably the first cymatium is the original and was replaced by the second a few decades later (for reasons unknown). The temple's foundation is considered to be dated to the years before the Battle of Himera (480 BC); its completion would have taken a decade or maybe a little more. The building was restored in the Roman period with some modifications. The naos was divided into three, which could indicate a dedication to multiple divinities. If still in use by the 4th and 5th centuries, it would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. In the 20th century, restorers have reconstructed nine of the columns on the southeastern side through anastylosis. In addition, they restored part of the entablature and some of the capitals. Architecture The building was constructed on a crepidoma of three steps, which was erected on top of a substructure on the northern and western sides (due to the roughness of the terrain). It is a peripteros temple of unusually elongated proportions (67 metres long and 25.34 meters wide), with six columns along the front (hexastyle) and fifteen columns on the sides. Inside the peristasis is a long naos, bounded by a pronaos at the front and\",\n \"title\": \"Temple of Heracles, Agrigento\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8603805\",\n \"text\": \"Ruplal House (formerly known as Aratoon House) is a 19th-century mansion in Farashganj area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was built on the northern bank of the Buriganga River, beside the Buckland Dam. The house was built in 1825 by an Armenian businessman Stephen Aratoon. It was later bought by two merchants, Ruplal Das and his brother Raghunath Das, in 1840. Later, an architect firm of Calcutta, Martin Company, re-constructed this building. History Ruplal House first came into limelight in 1886 when Ruplal Das threw a ball dance party in the honor of the Viceroy of India Lord Dufferin. After the partition of India in 1947, the family of Ruplal Das left for Kolkata. In 1962, through a formal deed of exchange, Siddick Jamall bought the house. Features Divided into two unequal blocks in slightly different styles, it is a two-storeyed edifice. It presents a Grand River front, about 9144 m long. It replicated Greek Doric column and there used to be a huge clock at the top of the building. In the earthquake of 1897. Its ground plan follows the shape of the letter 'E', with three arms extending towards the north or the city side, of which the middle arm projects about 1830 m. It accommodates a grand portico carried on a series of lofty semi-Corinthian fluted columns, and surmounted by a triangular pediment, characteristic of Renaissance architecture. The two blocks include, in two floors, over fifty rooms of various sizes and of them the central hall on the upper floor of the more impressive western wing was an elegantly decorated dance hall with a wooden floor. On the north and south two broad verandas run the entire length of the block and are supported on either round semi-Corinthian columns or rectangular brick pillars with segmented or trefoil arches above. The Ruplal House was the only competitor to the Ahsan Manzil during the British colonial era. Architectural style and structural features Ruplal house has three distinct blocks of different architectural style; these blocks were separated in the ground floor, but related at the upper floor by arch way. Those three blocks were: Ruplal block [western wing- around twenty five thousand square ft.] Raghunath block [eastern wing- around twelve thousand square ft.] Central block [approximately nine thousand square ft.] Architectural Features: Ruplal Block Ruplal block was designed in the Neo-classical style. This grand wing was square in plan with a square central courtyard. The lighter plain columns give the court sense of light and proportions. The rooms were arranged around this central courtyard in order to give privacy. Its main entry is from the northern portico with a triangular pediment over fluted columns with Corinthian capitals, which emphasizes the entry and its secondary entry from the front court through the series of archways which is also inviting. Service block lowering height is slightly detached from the main block. Structural Features: Ruplal Block Foundation: load bearing brick masonry foundation is used as the superstructure without using any reinforcement. There is no\",\n \"title\": \"Ruplal House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1810735\",\n \"text\": \"Chumash (also Ḥumash; , or or Yiddish: ; plural Ḥumashim) is a Torah in printed and book bound form (i.e. codex) as opposed to a Sefer Torah, which is a scroll. 'The word comes from the Hebrew word for five, (). A more formal term is , \\\"five fifths of Torah\\\". It is also known by the Latinised Greek term Pentateuch in common printed editions. Etymology The word is a standard Ashkenazic vowel shift of , meaning \\\"one-fifth\\\", alluding to any one of the five books; by synecdoche, it came to mean the five fifths of the Torah. The Modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation is an erroneous reconstruction based on the assumption that the Ashkenazic accent, which is almost uniformly penultimately stressed, had also changed the stress of the word. In fact, preserves the original stress pattern and both pronunciations contain a shifted first vowel. In early scribal practice, there was a distinction between a Sefer Torah, containing the entire Pentateuch on a parchment scroll, and a copy of one of the five books on its own, which was generally bound in codex form, like a modern book, and had a lesser degree of sanctity. The term strictly applies to one of the latter. Thus, strictly means \\\"the Genesis fifth\\\", but was misread as and interpreted as meaning \\\"The Pentateuch: Genesis\\\", as if was the name of the book and the name of one of its parts. Compare the misunderstanding of \\\"Tur\\\" to mean the entirety of the Arba'ah Turim. In the legal codes, such as Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, it is laid down that any copy of the Pentateuch which does not comply with the strict rules for a Sefer Torah, for example, because it is not a parchment scroll or contains vowel signs, has only the same sanctity as a copy of an individual book (). In this way, the word (or ) came to have the extended sense of any copy of the Pentateuch other than a Sefer Torah. Usage The word ḥumash generally only refers to \\\"book\\\" bound editions of the Pentateuch, whereas the \\\"scroll\\\" form is called a sefer Torah (\\\"book [of the] Torah\\\"). In modern Jewish practice: A printed ḥumash usually sets out the Hebrew text of the Torah with niqqud (vowel marks) and cantillation marks, separated into its 54 constituent weekly Torah portions (parashiyyot), together with the haftarah for each portion and, often, translations and notes. A ḥumash-Rashi also contains the Targum Onkelos and the commentary of Rashi, and may or may not have a vernacular translation of the text. A Tikkun soferim or Tiqqun Qore'im sets out, in parallel columns, the unvocalized text of the Pentateuch as it would appear in a Torah scroll and the normal printed text as it appears in a Chumash; it sometimes includes haftarot and the Five Megillot. It exists as an aid for soferim (Torah scribes) and for those preparing to read from the sefer Torah in the synagogue. A multi-volume set in Hebrew only, often but not\",\n \"title\": \"Chumash (Judaism)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1108890\",\n \"text\": \"The Custom House Tower is a skyscraper in McKinley Square, in the Financial District neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The original building was constructed in 1837–47 and was designed by Ammi Burnham Young in the Greek Revival style. The tower was designed by Peabody and Stearns and was added in 1913–15. The building is part of the Custom House District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Standing at tall, the building is currently tied with The Hub on Causeway Residential Tower as Boston's 23rd-tallest buildings. It is part of the Custom House District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Since 1997, it has housed a Marriott timeshare hotel. Original building The site was purchased on September 13, 1837. Construction of a custom house was authorized by U.S. President Andrew Jackson. When it was completed in 1849, it cost about $1.076 million, in contemporary U.S. currency, including the site, foundations, etc. Ammi Burnham Young entered an 1837 competition to design the Boston Custom House, and won with his neoclassical design. This building was a cruciform (cross-shaped) Greek Revival structure, combining a Greek Doric portico with a Roman dome, resembled a four-faced Greek temple topped with a dome. It had 36 fluted Doric columns, each carved from a single piece of granite from Quincy, Massachusetts; each weighed 42 tons (37 metric tons) and cost about $5,200. Only half these actually support the structure; the others are free-standing. They are and in diameter and high. Inside, the rotunda was capped with a skylight dome. The entire structure sits on filled land and is supported by 3,000 wooden piles driven through fill to bedrock. Before land reclamation was done in the middle of the 19th century, Boston's waterfront extended right to this building. Ships moored at Long Wharf almost touched the eastern face of the building. The Custom House was built at the end of the City docks, to facilitate inspection and registration of cargo. The federal government used the building to collect maritime duties in the age of Boston sailing ships. This description of the original Custom House appears in the 1850 Boston Almanac: Situated at the head of the dock between Long and Central Wharves, fronts east on the dock, west on India Street, and is in the form of a Greek Cross, [with] the opposite sides and ends being alike. It is long north and south, wide at the ends, and through the centre. It is built on about 3,000 piles, fully secured against decay; the construction throughout is fireproof and of the very best kind. The exterior of the building is purely Grecian Doric, not a copy, but adapted to the exigencies and peculiarities of the structure, and consists of a portico [overhang] of 6 columns on each side, on a high flight of steps, and an order of engaged columns around the walls, 20 in number, on a high stylobate or basement; the order of engaged columns terminating\",\n \"title\": \"Custom House Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11979407\",\n \"text\": \"4Q107 ( or 4QCantb) is a fragment of the Song of Songs (2:9‑17; 3:1‑2, 5, 9‑11; 4:1‑3, 8‑11, 14‑16; 5:1) in Hebrew found in Cave 4 at Qumran in the Judean Desert in Israel and which comprises part of the Dead Sea Scrolls. From the palaeography (script) on the fragment it has been identified as being early-Herodian, i.e. c.30 BCE-30 CE. The scribe responsible for 4Q107 did not write 4Q108 as there are differences in writing style. Also, the lacuna in the second column of 4Q107 does not provide enough space to accommodate 4Q108. The fragments which make up the Song of Songs found at Qumran are called 4Q106, 4Q107, 4Q108, and 6Q6. The scroll 4Q240 is possibly a commentary on the Song of Songs. See also List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls 4Q106 4Q108 4Q240 6Q6 Tanakh at Qumran References External links 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Dead Sea Scrolls 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts\",\n \"title\": \"4Q107\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6938\",\n \"text\": \"An order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform. Coming down to the present from Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilization, the architectural orders are the styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed. The three orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in Greece. To these the Romans added, in practice if not in name, the Tuscan, which they made simpler than Doric, and the Composite, which was more ornamental than the Corinthian. The architectural order of a classical building is akin to the mode or key of classical music; the grammar or rhetoric of a written composition. It is established by certain modules like the intervals of music, and it raises certain expectations in an audience attuned to its language. Whereas the orders were essentially structural in Ancient Greek architecture, which made little use of the arch until its late period, in Roman architecture where the arch was often dominant, the orders became increasingly decorative elements except in porticos and similar uses. Columns shrank into half-columns emerging from walls or turned into pilasters. This treatment continued after the conscious and \\\"correct\\\" use of the orders, initially following exclusively Roman models, returned in the Italian Renaissance. Greek Revival architecture, inspired by increasing knowledge of Greek originals, returned to more authentic models, including ones from relatively early periods. Elements Each style has distinctive capitals at the top of columns and horizontal entablatures which it supports, while the rest of the building does not in itself vary between the orders. The column shaft and base also varies with the order, and is sometimes articulated with vertical concave grooves known as fluting. The shaft is wider at the bottom than at the top, because its entasis, beginning a third of the way up, imperceptibly makes the column slightly more slender at the top, although some Doric columns, especially early Greek ones, are visibly \\\"flared\\\", with straight profiles that narrow going up the shaft. The capital rests on the shaft. It has a load-bearing function, which concentrates the weight of the entablature on the supportive column, but it primarily serves an aesthetic purpose. The necking is the continuation of the shaft, but is visually separated by one or many grooves. The echinus lies atop the necking. It is a circular block that bulges outwards towards the top to support the abacus, which is a square or shaped block that in turn supports the entablature. The entablature consists of three horizontal layers, all of which are visually separated from each other using moldings or bands. In Roman and post-Renaissance work, the entablature may be carried from column to column in the form of an arch that springs from the column that bears its weight, retaining its divisions and sculptural enrichment, if any. There are names for all the many parts of the\",\n \"title\": \"Classical order\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19806266\",\n \"text\": \"The Adolph Brower House is located at the corner of Division and Water streets in New Hamburg, New York, United States, opposite the Abraham Brower House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was built around 1845 by Brower, a New York City native who owned a nearby lime quarry. A brick Greek Revival structure with many of the classic features of that style, it and the other Brower house are the oldest in New Hamburg to remain largely as they were originally built. Building The house is at the southeast corner of a lot with a noncontributing swimming pool and outbuilding. Although it fronts on the stub end of Division Street (which once continued west to a dock) and is parallel with the other houses on that street, its address is Water Street. It is a two-and-a-half-story, three-bay structure of brick laid in common bond topped with a slate gabled roof and wooden cornice. Two chimneys, one on the west exterior and an interior one from the northeast, rise from it. There are star-shaped anchor bolts between the stories on the east and west elevations. The south (front) elevation has a two-story wooden porch with low hipped roof. Its square columns, duplicated in the porch of the Abraham Brower House on the opposite corner, have recessed panels and capitals. A similar single-bay porch, its upper level enclosed in clapboard, is attached to the east elevation. The front windows have stone sills and decorative lintels. A third two-story porch on the west elevation, overlooking the nearby Hudson River, has also been enclosed with aluminum siding. The stone foundation comes up to the second floor here, behind the garage. History A previous structure is shown on the site in an 1800 map, when the land was owned by early settler Ephraim DuBois. In 1837 Adolph Brower came up from New York City and bought the property. He built the house to overlook lime quarrying and kiln operations nearby. His customers were local pig iron producers and farmers and builders as far away as New Jersey, supplied by river boat. In 1870 the superintendent of the Poughkeepsie Iron Works, Albert Tower, bought the house and property. He destroyed all the kilns and concentrated strictly on quarrying limestone, outcrops of which are still visible behind the house. Over the course of the 20th century, as New Hamburg's industries declined, the road was closed and the property relandscaped extensively. But other than the addition of some more modern building materials, and the exact rebuilding of some of the front porch trim, the house itself has not been altered. Aesthetics Many of the features of the house typify it as Greek Revival. The gable returns, eyebrow windows, columned porch and side hall interior are particularly prominent. The entryway sidelights and transom, along with the finely done balustrade, are highly developed applications of the style. References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Greek Revival\",\n \"title\": \"Adolph Brower House\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4294959\",\n \"text\": \"Indo-Corinthian capitals are capitals crowning columns or pilasters, which can be found in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, and usually combine Hellenistic and Indian elements. These capitals are typically dated to the first centuries of the Common Era, and constitute an important aspect of Greco-Buddhist art. Corinthian design Indo-Corinthian capitals display a design and foliage structure which is derived from the academic Corinthian capital developed in Greece. Its importation to India followed the road of Hellenistic expansion in the East in the centuries after the conquests of Alexander the Great. In particular the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, centered on Bactria (today's northern Afghanistan), upheld the type at the doorstep of India, in such places as Ai-Khanoum until the end of the 2nd century BCE. In India, the design was often adapted, usually taking a more elongated form and sometimes being combined with scrolls, generally within the context of Buddhist stupas and temples. Figurines Indo-Corinthian capitals also incorporated figures of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas, usually as central figures surrounded by, and often under the shade of, the luxurious foliage of Corinthian designs. This practice was not limited to India, and also found favor in various areas of Central Asia. The depiction of figurines within the foliage of Corinthian capitals is not in itself an eastern development. In the ancient Greek world in the Mediterranean, figurines were often represented this way: Combinations with Buddhist architecture Indo-Corinthian capital were also used in combination with architectural elements, such as Buddhist stupas. One of the best example was excavated and reconstituted at Sirkap. Perhaps the most notable divergence from the western concept of function occurs at Kalawan, Taxila, where a large acanthus capital set on a lotus base was inserted between the conventional square basement and cylindrical dome of a votive stupa. Further, in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Corinthian capitals on top of separating pilasters are used extensively in narrative friezes of the life of the Buddha. This usage continued as late as the 5th century. Gallery See also Indo-Greek art Greco-Buddhist art References Buddhist architecture Hellenistic architecture Orders of columns Gandhara art\",\n \"title\": \"Indo-Corinthian capital\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"477808\",\n \"text\": \"A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures. Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the UK, the temple-front applied to The Vyne, Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an English country house. A pronaos ( or ) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple, situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella, or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and the pronaos could be as long as the cella. The word pronaos () is Greek for \\\"before a temple\\\". In Latin, a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus. The pronaos of a Greek and Roman temple is typically topped with a pediment. Types The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The \\\"style\\\" suffix comes from the Greek , \\\"column\\\". In Greek and Roman architecture, the pronaos of a temple is typically topped with a pediment. Tetrastyle The tetrastyle has four columns; it was commonly employed by the Greeks and the Etruscans for small structures such as public buildings and amphiprostyles. The Romans favoured the four columned portico for their pseudoperipteral temples like the Temple of Portunus, and for amphiprostyle temples such as the Temple of Venus and Roma, and for the prostyle entrance porticos of large public buildings like the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the Capitoline Temple in Volubilis. The North Portico of the White House is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States. Hexastyle Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard façade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between the archaic period 600–550 BCE up to the Age of Pericles 450–430 BCE. Greek hexastyle Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle Greek temples: The group at Paestum comprising the Temple of Hera (c. 550 BCE), the Temple of Apollo (c. 450 BCE), the first Temple of Athena (\\\"Basilica\\\") (c. 500 BCE) and the second Temple of Hera (460–440 BCE) The Temple of Aphaea at Aegina c. 495 BCE Temple E at Selinus (465–450 BCE) dedicated to Hera The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, now a ruin Temple F or the so-called \\\"Temple of Concord\\\" at Agrigentum (c. 430 BCE), one of the best-preserved classical Greek temples, retaining almost all of its peristyle and entablature The \\\"unfinished temple\\\" at Segesta (c. 430 BCE) The Temple of Hephaestus below the Acropolis at Athens, long known as the \\\"Theseum\\\" (449–444 BCE), also one of the most intact Greek temples surviving from antiquity The Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sunium (c. 449 BCE) Hexastyle was also\",\n \"title\": \"Portico\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22764551\",\n \"text\": \"The Second Baptist Church in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States, is located at the corner of Vassar and Mill streets. It is a wooden building from the late 1830s in the Greek Revival architectural style, the only remaining church in the city in that style. A number of congregations have used the building since it was first erected. It was even a synagogue at one point, possibly leading to the nickname Vassar Temple, since it was built on land originally owned by Matthew Vassar, founder of Vassar College. In 1972 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and later became a contributing property to the Mill Street-North Clover Street Historic District. Building The church is rectangular, three bays by six, with the narrow, colonnaded facade facing east. It has only one story, plus an attic, but appears to have two due to its brick basement being exposed on all but the south sides. The gabled roof has a gentle pitch Four pilasters on the short sides, and six on the long, separate each bay. All are sided in flush board. The main entrance is a pedimented portico supported by four wooden Doric columns topped with flat-disced architraves topped by a frieze of alternating flat panels and triglyphs. The entablature is framed by a boxed cornice, and a small round window with segmented frame is at its center. The two main entrance doors have stained glass windows, and there are four larger ones on the longer elevations. All have the same design, of two columns on ornate bases supporting an arched ribbed baldachin-like canopy and ornament. History The property was first used for religious purposes in the mid-1830s, when a splinter group from the Presbyterian Church bought it from Matthew Vassar's family. The church design is based on a pattern in an 1833 builder's guide. Greek Revival architecture was popular and influential for public buildings, as well as having elements used for residential buildings. The Presbyterian congregation did not last, and they sold the building to the First Congregational Church in 1842. The church's ownership and uses reflected changing demographics of the city. Years later the congregation sold it to a private owner, who donated it to the local Masonic lodge in 1859. The next year the lodge sold it to Matthew Vassar, Jr. He sold it to a local synagogue, the Congregated Brethren of Israel, in 1868. This use led to it being referred to as the \\\"Vassar Temple\\\", which also referred to its front colonnade. The Second Baptist Church and the Farmer's and Manufacturer's Bank on Market Street are the only major non-residential Greek Revival buildings left in Poughkeepsie. The rest, such as the former city hall, have been demolished and superseded. References Baptist churches in New York (state) Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Greek Revival church buildings in New York (state) 19th-century Baptist churches in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Poughkeepsie, New York Churches\",\n \"title\": \"Second Baptist Church (Poughkeepsie, New York)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38071254\",\n \"text\": \"4Q41 or 4QDeuteronomyn (often abbreviated 4QDeutn or 4QDtn), also known as the All Souls Deuteronomy, is a Hebrew Bible manuscript from the first century BC containing two passages from the Book of Deuteronomy. Discovered in 1952 in a cave at Qumran, near the Dead Sea, it preserves the oldest existing copy of the Ten Commandments. Discovery The scroll was found in the fourth Qumran cave, which was discovered by Ta'amireh Bedouin in August 1952. It was later purchased for \\\"several thousand dollars\\\" on the black market by Frank Moore Cross and Roland de Vaux with money supplied by an anonymous member of the Unitarian Church of All Souls (Mr. Thayer Lindsley) in New York. This then gave rise to the name 'All Souls' Deuteronomy. Description What is preserved of the scroll consists of two fragments that were originally sewn together. They were cut evenly at the bottom to a height of 7.1 cm and have a total length of about 45 cm. The first, containing one column of writing, was not the beginning of the scroll, as can be seen from the sewn edges on either side. The second sheet contains three complete and two damaged columns. The scroll was prepared with horizontal and vertical lines, as well as ink dots to mark the beginning of lines. The exceptionally well-preserved parchment used for 4Q41 is quite small compared to other Qumran scrolls. Date and script The manuscript is dated on paleographic grounds to the early Herodian period, between 30 and 1 BC. Its script is unusually tiny and the letters waw and yod are almost indistinguishable, making some readings uncertain. The orthography employed by the scribe is much fuller than the Masoretic text and the Samaritan Pentateuch. Contents The two sheets contain Deuteronomy 8:5–10 and Deuteronomy 5:1–6:1. Although the scroll was originally longer, the unusual ordering of the texts suggests it probably was not a regular biblical scroll, but contained only excerpts from Deuteronomy, possibly for liturgical or devotional purposes. Another explanation, suggested by Dead Sea Scrolls scholar John Strugnell, is that the scroll was repaired incorrectly. The text of the decalogue generally follows Deuteronomy, but is in some places modified to bring it in harmony with the parallel version in Exodus. One significant variant, unique to this manuscript, is the addition of the reason for the institution of the sabbath, normally found only in the account in Exodus. References External links 4Q41 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Literature Tov, Emmanuel, Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays, Mohr Siebeck, 2008, White, Sidnie Ann, The All Souls Deuteronomy and the Decalogue in ''Journal of Biblical Literature, 109/2 (1990) 193-206 Dead Sea Scrolls 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts\",\n \"title\": \"4Q41\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70419828\",\n \"text\": \"The Temple of Roma and Augustus was a monopteral circular Ionic temple built on the Acropolis of Athens , likely coincident with Augustus' second visit to Athens. The structure was axially aligned with the eastern entrance of the Parthenon, placed eastward. The temple, which asserted the divinity of Rome and the Imperial cult in the context of the religious centre of the Acropolis, was a propaganda monument erected at a time of tension between Rome and Athens. Its ruins remain on the Acropolis. Description The Pentelic marble temple was at its greatest diameter , and likely measured in height. The building had one step and a stylobate on which its nine columns stood. It had no interior wall, making it a monopteros, and might have been the frame or setting for a statue or other cult object. In style it recalls the columns of the Erechtheion with elaborately carved floral motifs at the top of the shaft, making it an early example of the Roman classicizing Neo-Attic style. The inscribed epistyle was over the central intercolumniation which was slightly wider than the others and evidently faced east. The building had a sloping conical marble roof. A large square foundation, with sides of , has been preserved and it was investigated by Kavadias and Kawerau in the course of the excavations of 1885–1890. From then on it has been the consensus view that this was the foundation for the temple. The foundation consists of two courses of large tuff blocks deriving from another, older building. The construction apparently coincided with the repair of the west side of the Erechtheion, since a geison block from there was found built into the foundations of the circular temple. An inscription in an archaizing pseudo-stoichedon style on the architrave reads: Dio Cassius states that in the winter of 22–21 BCE, Augustus visited Athens, at which time the statue of Athena in the Parthenon, which usually faced eastward, turned west, and spat blood in Rome's direction. This implies an evident hostility on the part of Athens toward Augustus, when the city had previously sided with Antony in the Civil War. It was not until Augustus’ second visit, after his diplomatic victory over Parthia, when he participated in the Eleusinian rites, that relations must have sufficiently thawed for the exchange of honours. Placing the monument on the Acropolis, then, signalled Athenian willingness to embrace the Imperial cult and the Augustan regime. The meaning of the location of the temple may have further significance, however. Either its placement in the \\\"field of victory\\\" could signify the Athenian attempt to contextualise Roman power in the long span of Greek martial achievement, and thereby subtly subordinate it. Or its creation along with a programme of contemporary public works represented evidence of the enthusiastic romanisation of the city. Notes Bibliography Acropolis of Athens Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens Temples in ancient Athens Rome and Augustus Rotundas in Europe\",\n \"title\": \"Temple of Roma and Augustus\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39438565\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the caves near Qumran. The Dead Sea Scrolls is a collection of manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in the West Bank near the Dead Sea. List of manuscripts The content of many scrolls has not yet been fully published. Some resources for more complete information on the scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, \\\"Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert\\\" for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book and the Leon Levy Collection, both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published. Qumran Cave 1 Description Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947. The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site, and they took them back to the camp to show to their families. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process. The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsa), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen). One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the British Museum. {|class=\\\"wikitable collapsible collapsed\\\" |- ! Fragment or scroll identifier ! Fragment or scroll name ! Alternative identifier ! English Bible Association ! Language ! Date/script ! Description ! Reference |- ! colspan=\\\"8\\\" style=\\\"background:#b8c7d6;\\\"| Qumran Cave 1 |- | 1QIsa || Great Isaiah Scroll ||| Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 || Hebrew |356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE||Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns || |- | 1QIsa || Isaiah |cf. 1Q8 || The Book of Isaiah || Hebrew |Hasmonean/Herodian ||A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah || |- |1QS |Serekh ha-Yahad or \\\"Community Rule\\\" ||| |Hebrew|| | cf. 4QS = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 | |- | 1QpHab || Pesher on Habakkuk ||| Habakkuk 1–2 |Hebrew || Later half of the 1st century BC |Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20|| |- | 1QM || Milhamah or War Scroll ||| |Hebrew || |cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?|| |- | 1QH || Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns ||| |Hebrew|| |Some parts are also preserved in 1QH and 4QH | |- | 1QapGen || Genesis Apocryphon ||| Genesis 12:18–15:4 |Aramaic |25 BCE–50 CE|||| |- | CTLevi || Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi ||| || Aramaic ||||| |- |1QGen||Genesis |1Q1|| Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24 || Hebrew ||Herodian|| | |-\",\n \"title\": \"List of the Dead Sea Scrolls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"879245\",\n \"text\": \"The Villa of the Papyri (, also known as Villa dei Pisoni and in early excavation records as the Villa Suburbana) was an ancient Roman villa in Herculaneum, in what is now Ercolano, southern Italy. It is named after its unique library of papyri scrolls, discovered in 1750. The Villa was considered to be one of the most luxurious houses in all of Herculaneum and in the Roman world. Its luxury is shown by its exquisite architecture and by the large number of outstanding works of art discovered, including frescoes, bronzes and marble sculpture which constitute the largest collection of Greek and Roman sculptures ever discovered in a single context. It was situated on the ancient coastline below the volcano Vesuvius with nothing to obstruct the view of the sea. It was perhaps owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus. In 1908, Barker suggested that Philodemus may have been the owner. In AD 79, the eruption of Vesuvius covered all of Herculaneum with up to of volcanic material from pyroclastic flows. Herculaneum was first excavated between 1750 and 1765 by Karl Weber by means of tunnels. The villa's name derives from the discovery of its library, the only surviving library from the Graeco-Roman world that exists in its entirety. It contained over 1,800 papyrus scrolls, now carbonised by the heat of the eruption, the \\\"Herculaneum papyri\\\". Most of the villa is still underground. Parts have been cleared of volcanic deposits. Many of the finds are displayed in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. The Getty Villa museum in Malibu, California, is a reproduction of the Villa of the Papyri. Layout The villa is located a few hundred metres from the nearest house in Herculaneum. Although it now lies inland, before the volcanic eruption of October 79 A.D., the structure occupied more than of coastline along the Gulf of Naples. On the other sides it was surrounded by a closed garden, vineyards and woods. The villa had four levels beneath the main floor, arranged in terraces overlooking the sea. It has recently been ascertained that the main floor was above sea level in antiquity. The villa's layout is an expanded version of the traditional Campanian villa suburbana. One entered through the fauces and proceeded to the atrium, which functioned as an entrance hall and a means of communication with the various parts of the house. The entrance opened with a columned portico on the sea side. After passing through the tablinum, one arrived at the first peristyle, made up of ten columns on each side, with a swimming pool in the centre. In this area were found the bronze herm adapted from the Doryphorus of Polykleitos and the herm of an Amazon made by Apollonios son of Archias of Athens. The large second peristyle could be reached by passing through a large tablinum in which, under a propylaeum, was the archaic statue of Athena Promachos. A collection of bronze busts were in the interior of the tablinum. These included the\",\n \"title\": \"Villa of the Papyri\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21985328\",\n \"text\": \"The Thayer House is a historic house at 17 Channing Street in Newton, Massachusetts, USA. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. Description The -story wood-frame house was built c. 1860, and is an unusual combination of Carpenter Gothic and Second Empire styling. The front facade has three steeply-pitched gables clad in flushboarding, and the gable windows are framed in scroll-sawn decorations. The house corners have rounded corner pilasters, and the main entrance is framed by Ionic columns and topped by a low-pitch gable with more scroll-sawn woodwork. A mansard-roofed addition extends from the rear of the house. History By 1869, the neighborhood around Channing Street was developed into house lots on land belonging to Phineas A Johnson, a cabinetmaker. Local Newton resident, developer, and businessman Joseph N. Bacon and Watertown resident Luke Forbes both bought and subdivided Johnson's land creating the neighborhood located on and around Channing Street. Until 1878, when it was incorporated as a city street, Channing Street was known as Linden Street and the neighborhood was built to serve bustling Newton Corner with its convenient rail transportation to Boston. With the exception of 34 Channing Street, an early 20th-century Colonial Revival building, the historic homes along Channing Street were all built within roughly a ten-year period between 1860 and 1870. Historically, the structure is important for its contribution to the architectural history of Newton as a locally distinctive combination of historic architectural styles (Gothic Revival and Second Empire), as the residence of local merchant Stephen O. Thayer, and as a contributing element in the 19th century character of Channing Street. The property is also historically associated with the development of Newton Corner during the late 19th century as a desirable urban village residence in proximity to railroad transportation to Boston. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts Gothic Revival architecture in Massachusetts Houses completed in 1865\",\n \"title\": \"Thayer House (Newton, Massachusetts)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52685\",\n \"text\": \"Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and to an even greater extent under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly Roman concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today. Roman architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Few substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called Romanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms. The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the Imperial period, after they had combined aspects of their originally Etruscan architecture with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on massive walls, punctuated by arches, and later domes, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in colonnades. Stylistic developments included the Tuscan and Composite orders; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the Doric order and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and the scrolls of the Ionic. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the Crisis of the Third Century and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central governments. The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the hypocaust, mica glazing (examples in Ostia Antica), and piped hot and cold water (examples in Pompeii and Ostia). Overview Despite the technical developments of the Romans, which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs, they were reluctant to abandon the classical orders in formal public buildings, even though these had become essentially decorative. However, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns and treated the orders with considerable freedom. Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of Roman\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Roman architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11999365\",\n \"text\": \"4Q106 (or 4QCanta) is one large and three small fragments from three columns of a scroll containing portions of the Song of Songs (3:4-5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?-12; 7:1-7) in Hebrew. It is one of three scrolls found in Cave 4 at Qumran that have been reconstructed as copies of the Song of Songs. These, and 6Q6 from Cave 6, comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls, known so far. Description The parchment of 4Q106 is tan in colour. The text is bordered by a top margin of 1.3 cm, bottom margin of 1.5 cm and an inter-column margin averaging 1.1 cm. There is clear evidence of vertical, but not horizontal ruling. Unidentified fragment 6, which is thought to derive from 4Q106 does show evidence of horizontal ruling, which would explain the extremely regular writing of this manuscript. Ada Yardeni, in a private communication to Emanuel Tov, dated the manuscript as early Herodian. Contents The large fragment and one of the small fragments provide the bulk of the surviving text — from column II. The two other small fragments are from columns I and III. What can be reconstructed from column I is: [3:4... I grasped him and did no]t let him go until [I brought him to my mother's house, and into] [the room of the woman who conceived me. 5I charge y]ou daughters [of Jerusalem ...] From column II can be read: From column III can be read: ; See also List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts 4Q107 = 4QCantb 4Q108 = 4QCantc 6Q6 = 6QCant Tanakh at Qumran References Literature Yardeni, Ada. The Book of Hebrew Script. The British Library: London, 2002. . External links Emanuel Tov. 'A Categorized List of All the \\\"Biblical Texts\\\" Found in the Judean Desert.' Dead Sea Discoveries 8 (2001): 67-84. 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Dead Sea Scrolls 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts\",\n \"title\": \"4Q106\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31359466\",\n \"text\": \"The Egyptian Halls is a category A listed building at 84–100 Union Street, Glasgow, Scotland. It was built between 1870–72 and designed by Alexander \\\"Greek\\\" Thomson. Other than some retailers on the ground floor, the building is currently unoccupied and despite several attempts at restoration, it remains in a perilous state. As of March 2024 it was reported the building, now covered in scaffolding for fifteen years, was for sale. History Work started on the Egyptian Halls in March 1870 to provide new commercial premises for James Robertson, an iron manufacturer, and was completed in 1872. Built using cast iron and stone, the Egyptian Halls was one of the last major projects of Alexander Thomson. The building broke many of the rules of the time; thick stone columns normally found at ground level were on the top floor. The building is built on four storeys. The ground floor was occupied by shops with fully glazed wide bays. The first floor features eighteen window bays divided by square columns with a flowing scroll capital. On the second floor, shorter couple columns are positioned exactly above the first floor columns, again above these columns is a decorative entablature with a Roman-style decoration. Finally, on the third floor is a plinth with dwarf columns and pseudo-Egyptian lotus flower capitals. Behind these columns is a continuous glazed screen, which is not fixed to these columns. Topping these columns is another entablature with a cornice. This 'attic' room is lit by a series of sloping skylights. The name of the building seems to be a misnomer as there is very little Egyptian influence in its design. Instead, it is more closely modelled on Greek classical architecture, in particular the Corinthian order of the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which was Thomson's ideal of design. It is speculated that it takes its title from the earlier Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London, which was the precursor for the large multi-purpose commercial premises of Thomson's building. It is also speculated that some of the shops may have been Egyptian-themed. In addition to the shops, the building featured a lecture room, bazaar and a large central hall where displays of paintings and antiquities were staged, including the display of the complete Egyptian tomb of Thebes. Thomson was very proud of his work. Writing to his brother George, he commented: \\\"He [the client] is very proud of the building – a writer in The Architect says of it – this is probably the Architect's most successful effort, and we doubt if its equal, for originality, grandeur of treatment or imposing effect, could be found in any City, not excepting the Metropolis itself.\\\" The building has been described as one of the finest in Glasgow and, according to the secretary of the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, is the finest surviving example of an Alexander Thomson commercial building and is of international importance. It has been protected as a category A listed building since 1966. Current status In common\",\n \"title\": \"The Egyptian Halls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61327162\",\n \"text\": \"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443 (also P.Oxy. 65. 4443, TM 61923, LDAB 3080, Rahlfs 0996) is a fragment of a Septuagint manuscript (LXX) written on papyrus in scroll form. It is the oldest extant manuscript that contains Esther 8:16–9:3 of the Septuagint text and verse numbering, according to the text of LXX. The manuscript has been assigned palaeographically to 50–150 CE. Description This fragment of a papyrus roll contains 31 lines of text in 3 columns. It is of semi-cursive script type. Treatment to the name of God The Hebrew book of Esther does not contain the tetragrammaton, so Anthony R. Meyer states that \\\"it is well-known that the Tetragrammaton does not occur, and God plays virtually no role in the narrative. In the translation of this book, then, we have no reason to expect to find κύριος\\\". A remarkable feature of the Greek Book of Ester, is that it has written the word θεός uncontracted, in Greek apocryphal additions, in which the word θεός (אֱלהִים) is not found in the Book of Esther of the Hebrew Bible (e.g. masoretic text). The scroll form and the presence of the uncontracted word θεός (theos, not in nomina sacra form) suggest that it is of Jewish rather than Christian origin. The Masoretic Text of Esther makes no mention whatever of God under any title, although God is mentioned throughout the Septuagint text of the book and even more often in the independent \\\"Alpha Text\\\". Content The text of the fragment consists mainly of a letter of Ahasuerus that Jerome moved to form chapter 16:1–24 of the Vulgate. It is also referred to as Addition E and in the Septuagint text stood between verses 8:12 and 8:13 of the shorter Masoretic Text. According to Richard H. Hiers addition E \\\"makes much pious reference to the power and justice of God\\\". Location This manuscript comes from Bahnasa, Oxyrhychus, Egypt. Currently the manuscript is kept in Oxford, Sackler Library, Papyrology Rooms P. Oxy. 4443. References Sources External links High resolution image of P. Oxy. 65. 4443 Septuagint manuscripts 1st-century biblical manuscripts 2nd-century biblical manuscripts Book of Esther\",\n \"title\": \"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40438422\",\n \"text\": \"St Mary's Church is in North Drive, Wavertree, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Toxteth and Wavertree, the archdeaconry of Liverpool, and the diocese of Liverpool. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. History The building originated as a Methodist church, which was built in 1872–73. In the 1880s additions were made to it, including a tower with a broach spire. The church was damaged during the First World War, and was renovated in 1925. It failed to flourish, and closed as a Methodist church in 1950. St Mary's Anglican church was designed by W. and J. Hay and built in Sandown Park. The foundation stone was laid on 15 August 1850, and the church was consecrated in 1856, but it was destroyed by bombing in the Second World War. When the Methodists closed the church, it was sold to the Church of England, and converted for use as an Anglican church. This was consecrated in December 1952. Architecture The church is constructed in yellow sandstone with red sandstone dressings. It has a slate roof. The plan consists of a five-bay nave without aisles, shallow transeptal projections, a canted apse at the east end, a west baptistry, and a northeast steeple. The tower has angle buttresses, and an entrance under a pointed arch, above which are two lancet windows. Over this are two-light windows with rose windows, and above them are a Lombard frieze, gargoyles, and a pierced parapet. The windows along the sides of the nave have two lights and contain Decorated tracery. At the east end of the church is a blocked entrance, with a five-light window above it. Incorporated in the blocked entrance is the foundation stone of the original Anglican church. Associated features In the churchyard is a war memorial that was moved from the churchyard of the previous church. The memorial is also recorded as a designated Grade II listed building. It is in stone, and has a triangular plinth. On the plinth is a triangular pedestal with scrolled feet on the corners at the base, and a cornice with carved scrolls at the top. Standing on the pedestal is a hexagonal tapering column with a simple hexagonal column at the top. On the east side of the base is a stone plaque commemorating those who died in the Second World War, on each side of the plinth is an inscribed stone plaque, and on the sides of the pedestal are plaques with the names of those who died in the First World War. The memorial stands in a hexagonal area bounded by a kerb and filled with gravel. See also Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L15 References Churches in Liverpool Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool Grade II listed churches in Merseyside Anglican Diocese of Liverpool Church of England church buildings in Merseyside Gothic Revival church buildings in England Gothic Revival architecture in Merseyside\",\n \"title\": \"St Mary's Church, Wavertree\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9581553\",\n \"text\": \"The French term goût grec (; \\\"Greek taste\\\") is often applied to the earliest expression of the Neoclassical style in France and refers specifically to the decorative arts and architecture of the mid-1750s to the late 1760s. The style was more fanciful than historically accurate, though the first archaeological surveys of Greece had begun to appear at this time. It was characterized by severe rectilinear and trabeated forms with a somewhat crude Greek detailing incorporating bold pilasters, Ionic scrolls, Greek key and scroll frets and guilloche. The style's origin may be found in the suite of furniture designed by Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain for the Parisian financier Ange-Laurent de La Live de Jully (now in the Musée Condé, Chantilly). In comparison to the prevailing Rococo style, the austerity of these pieces is stark, and found praise from the contemporary authority on Greek antiquity, the Comte de Caylus. Also influential were the engravings of the architect Jean-François de Neufforge, the architecture of Charles De Wailly, and the designs of Philippe de La Guêpière. The goût grec was a style of avant-garde circles in upper-class Paris, but was ignored at the court at Versailles, where a more conservative, stiffened Louis XV style and modified \\\"Transitional\\\" style obtained. The goût grec was short-lived and replaced quickly with the delicate, linear (or insipid, according to preference) goût étrusque and goût arabesque, neo-Etruscan and \\\"arabesque\\\" fashions with closer parallels in contemporary British Adam style of the 1770s and 80s. See also Neo-Grec Notes References Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France. (London: Faber). Translated by Peter Thornton. Decorative arts Architectural styles Neoclassical architecture in France Greek Revival architecture\",\n \"title\": \"Goût grec\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41428274\",\n \"text\": \"The Temple of Apollo ( Apollonion) is one of the most important ancient Greek monuments of Magna Graecia on Ortygia, in front of the Piazza Pancali in Syracuse, Sicily, Italy. History Dating to the 6th century B.C., this temple is one of the most ancient Doric temples in Sicily, and among the first with the layout consisting of a peripteros of stone columns. This layout became standard for Greek temples. The temple underwent several transformations: closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, it was a Byzantine church, from which period the front steps and traces of a central door are preserved, and then an Islamic mosque during the Emirate of Sicily. After the Norman defeat of the Saracens, it was reconsecrated at the Church of the Saviour, which was then incorporated into a 16th-century Spanish barracks and into private houses, though some architectural elements remained visible. For instance, in 1778, Dominique Vivant Denon described the temple: These successive renovations severely damaged the building, which were rediscovered around 1890 inside the barracks and was brought to light in its entirety thanks to the efficient excavations of Paolo Orsi. Description The temple's stylobate measures 55.36 x 21.47 metres, with its very squat columns in a 6 x 17 arrangement. It represents the moment of transition in the Greek west between temples with a wooden structure and those built completely out of stone, with a hexastyle front and a continuous colonnade around the perimeter which surrounds the pronaos and a naos divided into three aisles by two internal colonnades of more slender columns, which supported a wooden roof, which is difficult to reconstruct. At the back of the naos was a closed space, typical of Sicelian temples, called an adyton. The construction of a building with forty-two monolithic columns, probably transported by sea, must have seemed incredible to its builders, as demonstrated by the unusual inscription on the top step on the eastern face dedicated to Apollo, in which the builder (or the architect) celebrates the construction of the building with an emphasis on the pioneering character of the construction. The remains permit the reconstruction of the original appearance of the temple, which belongs to the proto-doric period and shows uncertainties in construction and style, such as the extreme closeness of the columns on the sides, the variation of the intercolumniation, the lack of concern for the correspondence of the triglyphs with the columns and archaic aspects the very elongated floor plan. The architrave was unusually high and lightened at the back by an L-shaped cross section. Some aspects are very experimental, such as the importance given to the eastern face with a double colonnade, wider separation of the central columns and more generally a pursuit of emphasis rather than proportional harmony. The pioneering building was a defining step in the emergence of the peripteral Doric temple in Sicily, representing a sort of local prototype which juxtaposed aspects developed in mainland Greece with an unusual height which was imitated\",\n \"title\": \"Temple of Apollo (Syracuse)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"48518445\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Psalms Scroll, also referred to as 11Q5, is the most substantial and well preserved manuscript of Psalms of the thirty-seven discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Qumran caves. It is one of six Psalms manuscripts discovered in Cave 11. Description The scroll was discovered in February of the year 1956, ten years after the initial discovery of the scrolls. It was purchased by The Palestine Archaeological Museum located in Jerusalem and first unrolled in November 1961. Four fragments of this scroll were later purchased by the same museum. The scroll's physical make up is that of dark yellow animal hide and is a little less than 1 mm thick. The primary body of the manuscript consists of “5 sheets of leather, still sewn together”, and is 4.253 meters in length. It is estimated to have been copied anywhere from 30-50 AD, and is written in Biblical style Hebrew. When rolled out, it forms a slight arc, and the top part is clean and well kept, while the bottom is decomposing significantly. It was first edited and published by James A. Sanders in 1965, with a second volume also published by Sanders two years later with a wider and more general audience in mind. The full scroll is published in the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Shape and content of the 11Q5 Psalter The reason this manuscript is of such great interest to scholars is due to its major deviance from the Masoretic Psalter. Its textual makeup is that of “apocryphal compositions interspersed with canonical psalms in a radically different order”. It contains approximately fifty compositions, forty of which are found in the Masoretic text. While some maintain the masoretic order, such as some of the Psalms of Ascent, others are scattered throughout in a different order. 11Q5 has generated a lot of interest in scholars due to its large difference from the Masoretic Psalter, “both in ordering of contents and in the presence of additional compositions”. It contains several compositions that are not present in the Masoretic Psalter of 150 hymns and prayers and therefore, “challenges traditional ideas concerning the shape and finalization of the book of Psalms.” There are eight non-Masoretic compositions with an additional prose composition that is not formatted like a psalm. Three highlighted compositions include “The Apostrophe to Zion”, “Plea for Deliverance”, and Psalm 151; in addition, the prose composition is researched to be known as “David’s Compositions”. While these are non-Masoretic, one of them, Psalm 151, was known in the Septuagint. The Apostrophe to Zion, written as a love poem to Zion, is one of two non-Masoretic compositions that are complete in the Great Psalm Scroll. It has the “same style as three biblical apostrophes in Isaiah 54:1-8, 60:1-22, 62:1-8” and another copy of this composition can be found in 4Q88. The Plea for Deliverance, found in column 19, was a psalm unknown before the discovery of 11Q5, where neither the beginning nor the end of the poem can\",\n \"title\": \"Great Psalms Scroll\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8428554\",\n \"text\": \"The Thanksgiving Scroll was one of the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 by the Bedouin. The scroll gets its name from the recurring use of the phrase \\\"I thank you\\\" in many of the poems. The Hebrew word Hodayot refers to \\\"thanks\\\" or \\\"thanksgiving\\\". Other names include Thanksgiving Hymns, Thanksgiving Psalms, Hymns Scroll and Scroll of Hymns. The main scroll found in 1947 is designated 1QHa. Other fragments of this text have been found in Caves 1 and 4 (1Q35, 4Q427–432). But even when these readings are added to 1QHa, there is still a substantial amount of text missing. The style of the hymns is so similar to that of the Old Testament that scholars have described it as a “mosaic of Old Testament Texts”. Like the biblical \\\"psalms of lament\\\", they employ intimate and personal language. The content varies from poem to poem but there are certainly overriding themes: first and foremost the scroll talks about and to God and is usually contrasted with the weakness, dependency, unworthiness and wretchedness of the human condition (thereby exalting God’s power and perfection even more). Other main themes include: salvation of the just and destruction of the wicked, gratitude for divine insight, personal (?) accounts of exile/persecution (and God delivering the speaker from such plights). To use the last subject as an example, here is a quote from the text showing both how personal the language is and the thanks awarded to God for his mercy: “the wicked of the people rush against me with their afflictions, and all the day long they crush my soul. But You, O my God, turn the tempest to a whisper, and the life of the distressed You have brought to safety as a bird from the snare and as prey from the power of lions” (1QH, Col. 13 lines 17–19). There are several theories regarding how the Hodayot were used. Some believe they were daily prayers, or a moral instruction booklet or even war songs sung after a victory. Menahem Mansoor holds that The Thanksgiving scroll was a private psalter for a select group within a community that modeled the correct way to praise God for deliverance. The cave 1 Thanksgiving Hymns (1QHa and 1QHb) was among the 7 original scrolls recovered at Qumran Cave 1 by the Bedouin in the year 1947. There were two different groupings of textual evidence that were found. The first contained twelve columns of script with up to forty lines of text each. The second included six columns and sixty-six fragments that were found. The problem with this particular discovery is that the quality of the text and its legibility. The text on the materials is preserved with numerous lacunae and requires much evaluation in order to decipher the structure and meaning behind a number of the hymns in 1QHa. Scholars have debated the identity of specific sections of the hymns as it is unclear what the text signifies in terms of organization of the different\",\n \"title\": \"Thanksgiving Hymns\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43337974\",\n \"text\": \"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101, designated by 2227 (in the Alfred Rahlfs numbering of koine Greek Septuagint manuscripts), or P.Oxy.77 (LXXVII) 5101, is a manuscript of the Greek Septuagint Psalms (an ancient translation of the Hebrew Bible Psalms), written on papyrus in roll form. It has survived in a very fragmentary condition. Using the study of comparative writings styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the middle of the first - middle of the second century CE. P.Oxy.77 5101 uses the Tetragrammaton (name of God in the Hebrew Bible) written in palaeo-Hebrew script instead of substituting it with the Greek title (kyrios / Lord), and is currently the earliest extant copy of the Septuagint Psalms. Description The manuscript was originally a papyrus roll, of which fragments from six columns have survived. The fragments contain Psalms 26:9-14; 44:4-8; 47:13-15; 48:6-21; 49:2-16; 63:6-64:5 according to the numbering of the Septuagint (the Hebrew Bible Psalms number them slightly differently). As noted by biblical scholar Larry Hurtado, \\\"[t]his is probably the earliest extant copy of the Septuagint Psalms.\\\" The text was written by an inexperienced writer in uncial script characters. Greek text Transcription of two of the Psalm verses according to biblical scholar Anthony R. Meyer: In the above verse, the Masoretic Text reads אלהים (elohim) and the LXX (Greek Septuagint) reads ο θεος (ho theos) but P. Oxy. 5101 reads YHWH. Tetragrammaton The manuscript contains the tetragrammaton to represent the Divine Name of God (YHWH) written in the palaeo-Hebrew script (). This manuscript is not a recension and contains the name of God (YHWH) in Paleo-Hebrew letters, thus contradicting the argument that the presence of the tetragrammaton in Paleo-Hebrew letters is the product of a recension to the Hebrew text. According to Meyer, the Greek scribe was not familiar with the tetragram, so instead of changing the original reading, he simply copied it from another manuscript that already contained it; however it has also been argued that a blank space was left, and then the scribe himself decided to write YHWH in Paleo-Hebrew. Meyer states that \\\"still, the evidence of P. Oxy 5101 is too fragmentary to give decisive evidence for the procedure of writing the Tetragrammaton. If P. Oxy 5101 follows the procedure of other Greek biblical texts that write the Tetragrammaton in the paleo-Hebrew script, then it would represent a one-stage writing system\\\". He further comments: Meyer concludes that \\\"on the whole, this line of argumentation to establish the Tetragrammaton as a secondary development based on recensional traits of Greek texts is flawed\\\", and \\\"the presence of ιαω does not decisively answer the question of the earliest OG rendering\\\". He adds: \\\"there is no proof that the reason for the Tetragrammaton is caused by or inherent to the textual character of early revisions of the Old Greek\\\". Whilst speaking concerning the idea of \\\"recension\\\" in regards to another Greek Septuagint manuscript classed among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever, which is considered to be a kaige recension\",\n \"title\": \"Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22289260\",\n \"text\": \"The Small House in Macon, Georgia, also known as Ralph Small House, Napier-Small House, or McMullan-Napier-Small House, is a \\\"distinguished\\\" example of high-style Greek Revival architecture that was built in 1846 by Skelton Napier. Among Greek Revival works, it has two extraordinary features. One is that the Doric columns of its portico are in antis, i.e. set in between square columns (antae), at the two front corners. There is no known precedent in original Greece or in the Greek Revival style, for columns used in antis for a \\\"pro-style temple type portico\\\". The four fluted Doric columns and the antae support the entablature of the portico. The second is that it has a low wooden parapet with carved acroteria above the entablature, serving as a gallery or corona, that is exceptionally well executed. This ornamentation is \\\"a satisfying response to the theme set by the laurel wreaths of the frieze and at the same time a kind of counter-point to the baldness of the antae which terminate the colonade.\\\" It was built facing Vineville Avenue and was approached along a long driveway lined with cedar trees. However, when the area was broken up into smaller lots it was moved and turned and no longer has a spacious and stately setting. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Photos The house was photographically documented repeatedly in U.S. Federal Government projects, by Frances Benjamin Johnston, Carol Highsmith, and others. References External links - Real estate listing site from 2017 sale - video tour of house from 2017 sale Architectural diagram of facade - via Historic Macon Foundation on Flickr Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state) Houses completed in 1846 Houses in Macon, Georgia National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia Greek Revival houses in Georgia (U.S. state)\",\n \"title\": \"Small House (Macon, Georgia)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52179472\",\n \"text\": \"The Pataliputra capital is a monumental rectangular capital with volutes and Classical Greek designs, that was discovered in the palace ruins of the ancient Mauryan Empire capital city of Pataliputra (modern Patna, northeastern India). It is dated to the 3rd century BCE. Discovery The monumental capital was discovered in 1895 at the royal palace in Pataliputra, India, in the area of Bulandi Bagh in Patna, by archaeologist L.A. Waddell in 1895. It was found at a depth of around , and dated to the reign of Ashoka or soon after, to the 3rd century BCE. The discovery was first reported in Waddell's book \\\"Report on the excavations at Pataliputra (Patna)\\\". \\\"The capital is currently on display in the Patna Museum. Construction The capital is made of unpolished buff sandstone. It is quite massive, with a length of , and a height of . It weighs approximately 1,800 lbs (900 kg). During the excavations it was found next to a thick ancient wall and a brick pavement. The Pataliputra capital is generally dated to the early Maurya Empire period, 3rd century BCE. This would correspond to the reign of Chandragupta, his son Bindusara or his grandson Ashoka, who are all known to have welcomed Greek ambassadors at their court (respectively Megasthenes, Deimachus and Dionysius), who may well have come to Pataliputra with presents and craftsmen as suggested by classical sources. The Indo-Greeks again possibly had a very direct presence in Pataliputra about a century later, circa 185 BCE, when they may have captured the city, although briefly, from the Sungas after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Design content The top is made of a band of rosettes, eleven in total for the fronts and four for the sides. Below that is a band of bead and reel pattern, then under it a band of waves, generally right-to-left, except for the back where they are left-to-right. Further below is a band of egg-and-dart pattern, with eleven \\\"tongues\\\" or \\\"eggs\\\" on the front, and only seven on the back. Below appears the main motif, a flame palmette, growing among pebbles. The front and the back of the Pataliputra capital are both highly decorated, although the back has a few differences and is slightly coarser in design. The waves on the back are left-to-right, that is reverse of the waves on the front. Also, the back only has seven \\\"eggs\\\" in the egg-and-dart band (4th decorative band from the top), compared to eleven for the front. Lastly, the bottom pebble design is simpler on the back, with less pebbles being shown, and a small plinth or band visually supports them. Influences Hellenistic style The capital is decorated with Classical Greek designs, such as the row of repeating rosettes, the ovolo, the bead and reel moulding, the wave-like scrolls as well as the central flame palmette and the volutes with central rosettes. It has been described as quasi-Ionic, displaying definite Near Eastern influence, or simply Greek in design and origin. The Archaeological Survey of\",\n \"title\": \"Pataliputra capital\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24068656\",\n \"text\": \"The house at 322 Albany Avenue (NY 32), in Kingston, New York, United States, is a stone building dating to the early 19th century. In the 1840s it was renovated in the Greek Revival architectural style. Almost a century later it was renovated again, this time in the Colonial Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Building The house occupies a large lot on the east side of Albany between Manor and Ten Broeck avenues, just opposite 313 Albany Avenue. The neighborhood is primarily residential. It is a two-story seven-by-two-bay building with a one-and-a-half-story frame rear wing topped by a gabled roof with a heavily molded, dentilled cornice pierced by a brick chimney. In the center of the first story on the west (front) facade is a one-bay porch. Its low hipped roof is supported by pairs of Ionic columns rising to a molded cornice and entablature. There is a projecting bay window on the south profile. The paneled main wooden door has leaded sidelights and top. It leads to a center hallway, with a large parlor on the south. This room has much Greek Revival-era decoration, such as its architraves, mantels and the newels and balusters on its staircase. The west parlor on the north side, currently used as the dining room, has similar finishes, and the northeast one has Colonial Revival elements. The upper floor and attic are also mostly original to their era of construction or renovation. In the rear of the lot are a swimming pool, work shed, and a former garage now used as an apartment. They are non-contributing to the National Register listing. History The house's structural origins are in the early 19th century, probably around 1820. The north gable is believed to be the most intact portion of the house from this time, due to the less refined and more weathered character of the stone there compared to the south. Due to subsequent expansions and renovations it is impossible to tell what its original plan was. In the 1840s, its then-owner expanded it in the then-popular Greek Revival style, a common occurrence with many small older houses at that time. Much of its interior decoration was added during that construction. Ninety years later, in the 1930s, another owner expanded the house, this time in the Colonial Revival style. The rear wing was added, new stonework was put in on the south and on the first floor a wall was removed to make a larger space of one of the parlors. The northeast parlor was also decorated in that style. The most visible Colonial Revival touch from that work is the front porch with its classically inspired columns and entablature. At that time, the city was encouraging the restoration and preservation of its remaining colonial architecture. One of those most involved in this effort was local architect Myron Teller. It is not known whether he had anything to do with the work at 322 Albany Avenue, but\",\n \"title\": \"House at 322 Albany Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59814354\",\n \"text\": \"The architecture of Algeria encompasses a diverse history influenced by a number of internal and external forces, including the Roman Empire, Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, French colonization, and movements for Algerian independence. Ancient Carthage Ancient Carthage gained control of coastal Algeria by the 5th century BC. The empire's influence on Algerian architecture is visible in the adoption of hybridized styles that integrated Punic, Hellenistic, and Roman architecture into pre existing architectural traditions. Royal Numidian architecture Under the ancient Berber kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania, Algeria saw increased urban development. \\\"Numidian Royal Architecture\\\" is the term coined for the monuments constructed by the Numidian kings, which comprise tombs, tumuli and sanctuaries. Urbanization is especially associated with the reigns of kings Masinissa (202 BC–148 BC) and Juba II (30 BC – 25 AD). Evidence of urban planning during the kingdom of Mauretania has been found in neighboring Morocco and Tunisia. Juba II and his wife, Cleopatra Selene, were clients of Rome and promoters of late Hellenistic culture. They used Iol (modern Cherchell) as their royal capital, renaming it Caesarea and developing it into a city with a regular grid plan and the kind of architecture associated with the Roman Augustan period. Some structures in Caesarea have been dated or tentatively dated to Juba's time, including the theater, the amphitheater, and the harbor. A number of large scale funerary monuments and tombs built during the era are the most well documented examples of Berber kingdom architecture. The monuments combine a number of different architectural styles introduced by the Carthaginians, frequently referencing Hellenistic and Punic motifs. The oldest of these is Medracen in present-day Algeria, believed to date from the time of Masinissa. Possibly influenced by Greek architecture further east, or built with the help of Greek craftsmen, the tomb consists of a large tumulus constructed in well-cut ashlar masonry and featuring sixty Doric columns and an Egyptian-style cornice. Another famous example is the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania in western Algeria, which may date from the time of Juba II. This structure consists of a stone tumulus, decorative columns, and spiral pathways that lead to a single interior chamber. A number of \\\"tower tombs\\\" from the Numidian period can also be found in sites from Algeria to Libya. Despite their wide geographic range, they often share a similar style: usually a three-story structure topped by a convex pyramid. They may have initially been inspired by Greek monuments but they constitute an original type of structure associated with Numidian culture. Examples of these have been found at Siga and Soumaa d'el Khroub, as well as at Dougga (in present-day Tunisia) and Sabratha (in Libya). Roman era The Romans annexed eastern Numidia in 46 BC. After the death of Arabio, six years later, Western Numidia was annexed as well. The two provinces were later combined with Tripolitania to form the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. The Romans built more than 500 towns and cities in what is now Algeria. When developing plans for their new\",\n \"title\": \"Architecture of Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12016971\",\n \"text\": \"The Pig Scrolls (2004), by Paul Shipton, is a young adult comedy adventure novel about a talking pig (Gryllus) and his endeavours to save the world. The novel is set in Ancient Greece with many, often comical, references to ancient Greek mythology and life. The characters include all the major Ancient Greek gods, some minor deities, the young Homer and Sibyl, a prophetess in training at the temple of Apollo in Delphi. Plot After all the Olympian gods go missing, Sibyl has a premonition in which the sun god Apollo tells her to find \\\"the talking pig\\\". Sibyl then sets out looking for the talking pig, Gryllus. She finds him first at an auction where she buys him for 200 drachmas then Gryllus runs away and he winds up at Big Stavros's Kebab bar where he is forced to entertain customers and where Sibyl takes him back. Together they set off for the temple at Delphi. Apollo informs Sibyl that she and Gryllus must find a goatherd boy living on top of a mountain. Once Sibyl and Gryllus find the goatherd (who turns out to be the god Zeus), they set off once more for Apollo's temple at Delphi. It is there that Gryllus, the talking pig, must save the world from utter destruction. The author revealed about his work: \\\"I got the idea for The Pig Scrolls when I was rereading Homer's Odyssey and found myself more interested in some of the non-heroic characters in the background. Working on the book gave me a chance to revisit a world I have always loved—that of ancient mythology and history. And, of course, in order to research the character of Gryllus fully, I was forced to eat a huge number of pies\\\". The Pig Scrolls is set in Ancient Greece, and is about a pig named Gryllus. Gryllus, who was once a member of captain Odesseus’ famous crew, was transformed into a pig by the enchantress Circe. Gryllus, enjoying his quiet life in the woods is soon captured by local hunters when they realize he can talk, and is soon \\\"rescued\\\" by a junior prophetess in training (Sibyl). Sibyl informs Gryllus of a premonition showing her the end of the world. Gryllus believes her to have lost a couple of marbles and escapes, so Sibyl kidnaps him. On their journey to the temple in Delphi, they encounter monsters, gods, a strange goatherd and a scientist who has invented the awesome Atomos Device. Gryllus comes to realize that the entire universe is in the trotters of one talking pig, himself. Sequel The Pig Scrolls is followed by a sequel, The Pig Who Saved the World, which won a Nestle Bronze Award in the UK. Film By April 2010, DreamWorks Animation was developing an animated feature film based on The Pig Scrolls. As a possible directing job, Barry Sonnenfeld was tasked to develop the film, while Kirk DeMicco wrote the most recent script revision. DreamWorks Animation had also optioned rights for the book's\",\n \"title\": \"The Pig Scrolls\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20184714\",\n \"text\": \"The Greenville Presbyterian Church is located on NY 32 just north of its intersection with NY 81 in Greenville, New York, United States. Its three buildings on two acres were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985. The church itself was established in 1790, the first non-Dutch church in the Catskill region. Its current building dates to 1860, and is a well-designed late example of the Greek Revival architectural style. The chapel and former school building, now part of the local library, were added in 1885 and 1906 respectively. Church complex There are three buildings considered contributing properties to the NRHP listing. All are located on a strip of land along the west side of Route 32 just north of the Route 81 intersection in the center of Greenville. To the immediate west is property owned by the Town of Greenville, and Greenville High School. Church The church itself is a one-and-a-half-story structure on a stone foundation sided in clapboard on all sides save the east-facing front, done in flush board. That facade has square pillars and a pediment topped by a three-story tower with a belfry and octagonal gold-colored spire with weathervane. The tower's three sections all feature corner pilasters and overhanging eaves. A small stained glass window looks out from the front of the base section. Behind the pillars is the main entrance, framed by pilasters supporting a full entablature with another stained glass window above. On either side the double doors have a fluted Ionic column in front of a small window. Paneled corner pilasters support the gabled roof and its cornice, with a full entablature. Both north and south profiles are fenestrated with four stained glass windows, with an additional smaller one on the north. The rear has cornice returns and a single double-hung sash window in the gable. A brick chimney rises from the south side of the roof. Inside, the vestibule is flanked by small rooms. In the nave, oak pews become curved toward the chancel. There, the dark oak pulpit is raised and flanked by similar balustrades on either side. Behind it is a large pedimented cornice with similar pilasters and columns to the entrance. The organ is located in the recess. At the rear of the church is a gallery and the stairs to the bell tower. The interior is lit with a chandelier over the pulpit and teardrop lights over the congregation. The ceiling is plaster with canted corners. On the side walls there is wainscoting and a molded entablature, with all the large windows having broad molded surrounds. Chapel The chapel building, built a quarter-century later, is similar to the church, on a smaller scale. It is a one-story clapboard building on a stone block foundation with a shallow gabled roof and smaller belltower with tent roof. Its facade shows some Italianate influence such as an overhanging cornice with full entablature. The chapel's double-doored entrance is itself topped by a projecting cornice with scroll-sawn brackets and\",\n \"title\": \"Greenville Presbyterian Church (New York)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55908221\",\n \"text\": \"4Q121 (according to the old system as: 4QLXXNumb gr, Rahlfs 803) is a Septuagint manuscript written on parchment (made of animal skin), dated to the 1st century BCE or CE. The scroll contains fragments of the biblical Book of Numbers 3:40-43; 4:5-16. It was found in Qumran in Cave 4. This fragment is also numbered 803 in the list of manuscripts of the Septuagint by Alfred Rahlfs. The manuscript has been assigned palaeographically between 30 BCE and 68 CE. Description This manuscript comprises 23 fragments and three columns. Version The text has affinity toward Hebrew Pentateuch, which, according to Robert J. Wilkinson, may be considered a kaige rescension of the Greek Scriptures. Treatment to the God's name P. W. Skehan claims that the \\\"reconstruction, spacing would seem to allow either κυριος [Kyrios] or יהוה [YHWH], whereas ιαω as in pap4QLXXLevb and the (Christian) abbreviation ΚϹ [kappa-sigma] would be too short.” History The manuscript was published and described in 1992 by Patrick Skehan in Qumran cave 4.4 (Discoveries in the Judaean desert 9). The old sign of the scroll indicates that it was found in the cave 4, which is the manuscript of the LXX or Septuagint, containing the contents of the Book of Numbers. Actual location This manuscript is kept at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (Gr. 265 [4Q121]). See also List of the Dead Sea Scrolls References Bibliography External links Photos of fragment 4Q121 high resolution 1st-century BC biblical manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Old Testament\",\n \"title\": \"4Q121\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72656229\",\n \"text\": \"The flag of Rome (), the capital city of Italy, is a bicolour rectangle, divided into two equally-sized vertical stripes: red-violet on the left, and a ochre yellow on the right. Design The civil flag of Rome is divided into two vertical stripes of equal size, a red-violet on the left, and a ochre yellow on the right. The state flag of the city includes the coat of arms placed in the centre. It consists of the yellow (golden) Greek cross near the top left corner, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally, from top left to bottom right, across the red Heater-style escutcheon (shield) with square top and pointed base. On the top of the shield is placed a yellow (golden) open crown, crown with five flowers, and with red, white, and green jewels. History Since the Middle Ages the city of Rome used a red-violet banner with a yellow (golden) Greek cross near the top right corner, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally across the banner, from the top left to the bottom right corner. It is believed that the modern flag design, with the red and yellow vertical stripes, was introduced in 1870, the year when the city was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. In 1884, the city officially introduced its coat of arms, which then began being displayed on the state flag variant. Its design was based on a wall carving dating back to the 14th century, which depicted the oldest representation of the city coat of arms. The colours were based on the flag. In the centre of the coat of arms was a red-violet oval, depicting the yellow (golden) Greek cross in the top left, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally, from top left to bottom right, across the oval. The oval was placed within a yellow (golden) Baroque-style escutcheon with scroll-eared top, and lobed base. Above it was placed a yellow (golden) open crown with five flowers and the crown jewels. Senatus Popolusque Romanus (SPQR) was officially adopted as the city motto on 26 August 1927. The coat of arms design was used from 1884 to 2004, when it was replaced with the current, simplified design, including the change to simplified red Heater-style escutcheon (shield) with square top and pointed base. Subsequently, the new design began being featured on the civil flag. The flag in use until 2004 had a Baroque-style coat of arms in the center, with a scroll frame and a floral crown, of rather variable shape. It was usually exhibited on the Palazzo Senatorio, the representative seat of the municipality of Rome in Piazza del Campidoglio. Flags\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of Rome\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"483397\",\n \"text\": \"Daphni or Dafni (Modern Greek: Δαφνί; Katharevousa: Δαφνίον, Daphnion) is an eleventh-century Byzantine monastery northwest of central Athens in the suburb of Chaidari, south of Athinon Avenue (GR-8A). It is situated near the forest of the same name, on the Sacred Way that led to Eleusis. The forest covers about , and surrounds a laurel grove. \\\"Daphni\\\" is the modern Greek name that means \\\"laurel grove\\\", derived from Daphneion (Lauretum). The Daphni Monastery, along with the famous monasteries of Hosios Loukas near Delphi and Nea Moni on the island of Chios, are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites for their significant historical and architectural value. These monasteries are famed as masterpieces of middle Byzantine architecture, and are especially noted for their sumptuous interior gold-ground mosaics. History The Daphni Monastery was founded towards the end of the sixth century A.D. on the site of the Sanctuary of Apollo which had been desecrated by the Goths in 395. The Sanctuary of Apollo was built in the Ionic style using the thinnest and smallest columns. The columns stand on a base with an ornamental scroll at the top. A few of the columns of the temple have been preserved. One of the four Ionic columns of the ancient Sanctuary of Apollo remains at the site, as it was re-used in the Daphni Monastery. The other columns were removed and taken to London by Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin (best-known for taking the Parthenon Marbles). The columns, column bases, and column tops from the Sanctuary of Apollo are currently in the possession of the British Museum; they are currently not on display but can be seen on the museum’s website . The first monastery on the site was constructed in the style of a castle with a basilica in the middle. It was fortified with enclosing walls and small cells that were usually just inside the walls and used by monks or nuns. The walls were attached to the church rather than standing free around the perimeter of the property and one of the columns from Apollo was built into the southern wall of the church. Some of the rectangular blocks of porous stone were also salvaged and used in the western outer wall of the church. This first monastery fell into decline when Greece was severely damaged following invasions of barbarians from the North and the sea in the ninth and tenth Centuries A.D. During a period of renewed prosperity In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Daphni Monastery was restored. A new octagonal church, a refectory and a chapel for the cemetery were built. The old basilica was completely demolished except for the enclosing walls and cells from the former church which were incorporated into the new church. Traces of old frescoes found on the walls show a person with bands, perhaps Emperor Basil II, holding a scroll. The craftsmanship used in the church construction suggests Basil II brought in workers from Constantinople. The Daphni Monastery fell into decline after it was sacked\",\n \"title\": \"Daphni Monastery\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14777578\",\n \"text\": \"Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site is an historic home and former plantation located in St. Francisville, Louisiana, United States. Built in 1835 by Daniel and Martha Turnbull, it is one of the most documented and intact plantation complexes in the Southern United States. It is known for its extensive formal gardens surrounding the house. House and grounds Architecture Sited on the highest point of the plantation at the edge of a bluff on Alexander Creek, Daniel Turnbull contracted with carpenter Wendell Wright to construct a house in the transitional Federal-Greek Revival– style designed by an unknown architect. Built of cypress and cedar milled primarily onsite, the westward facing five bay, two-story house features a two-story gallery with smooth Doric columns and a bulbous vase like balustrade, matching fluted pilasters and a Doric entablature. At the center of the house, both upstairs and down, is a Federal-style elliptical arch doorway with six horizontal panels, distinguished by boldly formed fluting, a layered entablature, a keystone, and leaded patterns superimposed on the glass. The fanlight features a series of loops in a radial design, while the side lights feature ovals and roundels. T.S. Williams added one-story brick side wings to the north and south of the building in 1845, with Greek-style end porticoes. The south elevation has a three-column Doric portico spanning its width, while the north wing, though larger of the two, has only a two-column portico. The columns at the end of both wings are fluted while the pilasters are smooth, and the Doric entablature and eave treatment match the main block. Each wing is topped by a balustrade with balusters similar in shape to those on the gallery, while the main block's side elevations feature a wooden fan design in the gable peaks. The eastern-facing rear elevation has a small room on each side of a porch set under a shed roof. Interiors Rosedown's floorplan is in the French or Early Louisiana design in contrast to the American scheme of a hall through the center of the house. The plan has a main entrance hall, decorated with block-printed wallpaper by Joseph Dufour et Cie of Paris, with an elliptical mahogany staircase to the second floor, a parlor to the right, music room to the left, and an office, butler's pantry and dining room in the rear that features a punkah. Upstairs are the family bedrooms. The north wing houses a guest bedroom with an en-suite bathroom that features an early form of a shower supplied with water from a cistern on the roof. The bedroom was built to house a suite of furniture that was originally to have been installed in the Lincoln Bedroom at the White House for the presidency of Henry Clay. Clay lost the election in 1844, and Daniel Turnbull, a Clay supporter, purchased the 13-foot-tall rosewood Gothic Revival bed. The bed was found in the room for over 150 years until the last private owner of Rosedown sold it to the Dallas Museum of Art for\",\n \"title\": \"Rosedown Plantation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18057618\",\n \"text\": \"Irvington Town Hall is located on Main Street in the village of Irvington in the U.S. state of New York. In addition to being home to the village government, police department, and until 2000 the public library, it has a public reading room in keeping with the requirements of the original land deed. A 432-seat theatre, used for many local gatherings such as school graduations, was also built on the second story. The Town Hall was built in 1902 from a design by local architect Albert J. Manning, an early use of the Colonial Revival architectural style for a civic building. The inside also features glasswork and mosaics by Louis Comfort Tiffany, whose father, Charles Lewis Tiffany, had an estate in the village. These two factors led to its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and has also been a contributing property to the Irvington Historic District since 2014. Building The two-story brick building is seven bays square on a raised basement of randomly coursed stone. The facade is trimmed in terra cotta and stone. The former is used for the window lintels and sills as well as an intermediate cornice; the latter for the water table. It is topped with a shallow hipped roof that has some of its original metal sheathing. At the second story of the front facade, there is a balustraded projecting portico three bays wide with freestanding engaged Ionic columns and Doric pilasters supporting a full entablature with denticulated pediment. It is in turn topped with a three-stage wooden clock tower with round-arched louvered openings, paired Corinthian columns supporting block entablatures and paired scroll brackets. The very top of Town Hall is the clock tower's domed roof. This feature has made the clock tower one of Irvington's most recognizable local landmarks. The main entrance uses an arched Gibbs-style surround. The building's trim materials show up in the form of solid stone balustrades that curl to form newel posts at the sidewalk, and terra cotta quoins. The rear facade is less detailed, with terra cotta used only for the coping of the stepped cornice; stone and brick are used everywhere else. Much of the interior is in paneled dark wood, with wainscoting in some rooms. In the library, the dark wood is used for ceiling beams with famous literary quotations inscribed in gold leaf. It is lit by chandeliers and lanterns designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Its plaster walls give way to a domed ceiling and display niches in the main area, with some open areas featuring decorative corbels. The theater features a complete orchestra and balcony section, with the private booths featuring round openings separated by Doric posts with Adamesque detail. The proscenium arch also includes heavy classical detailing. History The property where Town Hall now stands was first developed in 1869, when a local organization called the Mental and Moral Improvement Society built what it called the Atheneum, which housed a circulating library. During the last decades of the 19th\",\n \"title\": \"Irvington Town Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"273249\",\n \"text\": \"Trajan's Column (, ) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate. It is located in Trajan's Forum, north of the Roman Forum. Completed in AD 113, the freestanding column is most famous for its spiral bas relief, which depicts the wars between the Romans and Dacians (101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous victory columns, both ancient and modern. The structure is about in height, including its large pedestal. The shaft is made from a series of 20 colossal Carrara marble drums, each weighing about 32 tons, with a diameter of . The frieze winds around the shaft 23 times. Inside the shaft, a spiral staircase of 185 steps provides access to a viewing deck at the top. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, and had to be lifted to a height of about . Ancient coins indicate preliminary plans to top the column with a statue of a bird, probably an eagle. After construction, a statue of Trajan was put in place; this disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned with a bronze figure of Saint Peter the Apostle by Pope Sixtus V, which remains to this day. Trajan's Column was originally flanked by two sections of the Ulpian Library, a Greek chamber and a Latin chamber, which faced each other and had walls lined with niches and wooden bookcases for scrolls. The Latin chamber likely contained Trajan's commentary on the Roman-Dacian Wars, the Dacica, which most scholars agree was intended to be echoed in the spiralling, sculpted narrative design of Trajan's Column. Frieze Design The column shows 2,662 figures and 155 scenes; Trajan himself appears on the column 58 times. The continuous helical frieze winds 25 times from base to capital and was an architectural innovation in its time. The design was adopted by later emperors such as Marcus Aurelius. The narrative band expands from about at the base of the column to at the top. The scenes unfold continuously. Often a variety of different perspectives are used in the same scene, so that more can be revealed (e.g., a different angle is used to show men working behind a wall). Historical content portrayed The relief portrays Trajan's two victorious military campaigns against the Dacians; the lower half illustrating the first (101–102), and the top half illustrating the second (105–106). These campaigns were contemporary to the time of the column's construction. The frieze repeats standardized scenes of imperial address (adlocutio), sacrifice (lustratio), and the army setting out on campaign (profectio). Scenes of battle are very much a minority on the column; instead it emphasizes images of orderly soldiers carrying out ceremony and construction. The aim of the Dacian campaigns was to incorporate and integrate Dacia into the Roman Empire as a province. On Trajan's Column, imagery related\",\n \"title\": \"Trajan's Column\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49764172\",\n \"text\": \"The Temple of Sangri is a Late Archaic Greek temple on the Cycladic island of Naxos in the area of Gyroulas, about 1.5 km south of . The temple was built around 530 BC and is one of the earliest Ionic temples. It was built completely from Naxian marble. History The temple was built around 530 BC. Based on the finds, the sanctuary was probably dedicated to Demeter or perhaps Kore. For this reason and because of its unusual shape, the temple is often referred to as a telesterion. There are also indications of a cult to Apollo on the site. If still in use by the 4th century AD, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans under the Christian emperors. In the 6th century AD, the temple was largely demolished and a three-naved Christian basilica was built from the same stone on the same site. Structure The temple contains many unusual features. The ground plan is almost square (13.29 x 12.73 m), when Greek temples, especially in the archaic period are usually elongated. The facade was on the south side instead of the usual location on the east or (much more rarely) west side. The temple was built without a foundation platform (the Crepidoma), directly on top of the euthynteria, likewise there is no stylobate for the columns. The facade was formed of five columns in antis. The columns are in the Samian style, but unfluted. Very unusually, the columns show a slight contraction in width with increasing height, whereas Archaic and Classical Greek columns as a rule increase in thickness towards the top (entasis). The leafy wreathed capitals were not carved in the round, but were instead painted onto the double echinus of the capitals, while the abacus was decorated with a band. On the smooth architrave, hidden behind plates on the facade, were the ends of roof beams which supported the oldest known marble roof of ancient architecture, which covered the pronaos. Seven almost four meter long beams formed the purlins of this roof. The beams were curved upwards almost 2 cm, which affected all the structural elements of the roof above them, giving the roof a slight curvature. Two doors, placed in line with the second and fifth intercolumniation, led from the entrance area to the naos. The doorway was decorated with bands lined with a large bead and reel pattern. Above the door was a painted cymatium, which supported a smooth undecorated lintel. The naos was divided into two parts by a row of five columns which were in line with the columns of the facade. The columns in the centre of the room rise to a height of 5.4 to 6.46 metres, but despite the different heights they all have the same diameter at ground level (50 cm) – in violation of the norms of archaic rules of proportion. They do not narrow towards the top. Like the facade columns they stand atop smooth Samian bases, but these have no\",\n \"title\": \"Temple of Sangri\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11482223\",\n \"text\": \"The Great Synagogue is the main synagogue of the Jewish community in Copenhagen, Denmark. The synagogue is defined by its unique architecture around the Ark. During the first half of the 19th century, synagogues continued to be built in the classical tradition, but there began to be a revival of Greek and Roman architecture. The Great Synagogue in Copenhagen is one of a few synagogues of its period to use Egyptian elements in the columns, ceiling and cornice over the ark. History Arrival of Jews into Denmark Jews were first welcomed into Denmark in 1622 when they were invited into the country by Denmark's king. Although they were scattered around, many of the Jews settled in Copenhagen. Abraham Salomon became the first rabbi in the country in 1687. From 1766 until 1795, around 1,500 Jews worshipped in a small synagogue until it burned down. After the synagogue burned down, a division occurred between the orthodox and progressive members of the Jewish community. As a result, the building of a new synagogue was halted and many members resorted to worshipping in various homes. This division lasted for about 30 years until it was extinguished. The building of the Copenhagen Synagogue occurred after this. In 1814, Jews who were living in Denmark were given the same rights as other citizens as a result of the Royal Decree. Architecture of the Copenhagen Synagogue Construction of the Copenhagen Synagogue was completed in 1833. It was designed by Danish architect Gustav Friedrich Hetsch. The synagogue was designed with the neoclassical style in mind, which is demonstrated through the building's simplistic design. The interior of the building, however, has designs that are from the Egyptian Revival style. This style works to help give the synagogue a more Eastern European feel rather than the traditional Northern European feel. World War II During World War II, the Torah scrolls of the synagogue were hidden at the Trinitatis Church and were returned to the synagogue after the war. Terrorist attacks 1985 On 22 July 1985, the synagogue was struck by a bomb placed by Palestinian terrorists. While no people were injured in the attack on the synagogue, a second bomb placed by the same group destroyed the Copenhagen offices of the American Northwest Orient Airlines, killing one person and injuring 26. 4 individuals with links to Palestinian nationalist organizations, including Mohammed Abu Talb, were later convicted for these and several other terrorist attacks. 2015 A shooting occurred outside the synagogue on 15 February 2015, killing a Jewish community member, who had been providing security, and wounding two Danish Security and Intelligence Service police officers who were shot in the arms and legs. The shooting occurred a few hours after another shooting at a Denmark café. Swedish artist Lars Vilks is believed to be the main target of the café shooting. At the time of the shooting, a discussion was being held about cartoon portrayals of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Vilks has received death threats in the past for his\",\n \"title\": \"Great Synagogue (Copenhagen)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2388538\",\n \"text\": \"San Sebastián is a municipality in the San Vicente department of El Salvador. Church Of San Sebastián It's settled in the city of the same name, head of the district and municipality of San Sebastian 49 km away from San Salvador and at 660 meters above sea level. It is ignored who built it or when, but it is known that in 1770 San Sebastian was a Valley belonging to the rectory of San Vicente. Its style is composed by two bodies divided by very marked cornices. The inferior body is decorated with eight paired columns of ionic style and mounted on square basements. The main access has a form of arch of half point finished off by a decoration of classical style. The superior body is decorated with two Tuscan columns and an oval in the center of the combined body; it's finished off by cornices of classical style and two pinnacles to each side of the superior and inferior body. The superior body possesses a cross and it's finished off by scrolls. The interior of the church consists of a wing divided in three bodies by 14 columns and has two lateral accesses. It has three altars, the principal and two others embedded to the lateral walls. It has also a pulpit and the sacristy is located to a side of the presbytery. The principal altar receives illumination from two windows placed in the back side of the church. San Sebastian has belonged through the ages to Ilobasco, Cabañas until July 1836 on which it was incorporated again to the department of San Vicente. The Patron festivity is celebrated from January 15 to 31, in honor of San Sebastian. Municipalities of the San Vicente Department\",\n \"title\": \"San Sebastián, El Salvador\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62900413\",\n \"text\": \"Macclesfield Town Hall is a Georgian municipal building in the Market Place of Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. Dating originally from 1823–24, it was designed by Francis Goodwin in the Greek Revival style, and extended in 1869–71 by James Stevens and again in 1991–92. The building incorporates the former Borough Police Station. The town hall is listed at grade II*. History The first structure on this site was a medieval guildhall which dated back to at least the 13th century and which was connected to a bakehouse on the north side. The foundation stone for the current town hall was laid on 4 September 1823. It was designed by Francis Goodwin in the Greek Revival style and completed in 1824. It was extended between 1869 and 1871 to a design by James Stevens and again between 1991 and 1992. The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester attended a reception at the town hall, to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the granting of a charter to the town, on 19 July 2011. Location and description The town hall stands at on Churchside and Chestergate in Macclesfield's Market Place. The two-storey ashlar building is in Greek Revival style. The original design is similar to Francis Goodwin's previous design for the (now-demolished) Manchester Old Town Hall, and is modelled on the Erechtheion in Athens. The Churchside façade of 1823–24, which Clare Hartwell and co-authors describe as \\\"a little constricted\\\", has a large central portico with four plain (unfluted) Ionic columns topped with a pediment. The portico is flanked by single bays, with sash windows divided into three parts on the first floor. On the ground floor is a simple sash window to the left-hand side and a double doorway to the right. A wider west front on Chestergate in the same style was added in 1869–71 by James Stevens, a local architect from the town. It has nine bays, with a central portico that matches the Churchside one. The doorway, now the building's main entrance, is topped with an architrave of polished granite. Flanking the portico are three bays delineated by pilasters. The inner two bays have sash windows to both ground and first floors that are divided into three parts by pilasters. Stevens' design also included a steeple that was not built. The building incorporates the former Borough Police Station at what now forms the rear. Added by Stevens, it adjoins Goodwin's Churchside façade. The entrance is flanked by paired sash windows. Over the ground floor is carved \\\"BOROUGH POLICE STATION\\\". The extension of 1991–92, by Conder UK and HLM Architects, is a Georgian-style, two-storey office building, in red brick with faux stone dressings. The courtyard contains stones from the porch of Macclesfield Castle, dating from around 1398. Interior The Assembly Room on the first floor retains the original Goodwin decoration. It occupies the building's entire east side, with six columns matching the exterior portico running down each side, immediately adjacent to the walls. It has a large chandelier. Much of the remaining interior, including\",\n \"title\": \"Macclesfield Town Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52297461\",\n \"text\": \"The Bibliotheca Ulpia (\\\"Ulpian Library\\\") was a Roman library founded by the Emperor Trajan in AD 114 in the Forum of Trajan, located in ancient Rome. It was considered one of the most prominent and famous libraries of antiquity and became a major library in the Western World upon the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century. It is the only Roman library known to have survived until the Fall of Rome in the mid-fifth century. History In 112 AD, the Emperor Trajan commissioned a library to be built in his Forum due north of the Roman Forum at the heart of the Roman Empire. Construction was completed in 114 AD. Upon its completion, the Ulpian Library was the premier library and scholarly center of Rome. “This library was also the Public Record Office of Rome” with over 20,000 scrolls containing records concerning the city’s population. The library was also equipped with presses for storage of both scrolls and books. During excavation, traces of these presses were discovered. The collection of books and scrolls not pertaining to public record, is thought to have been based on the private library of Epaphrodites of Cheronea which contained over 30,000 books and scrolls. Early in the 4th century, the contents of the Ulpian Library were moved to the Baths of Diocletian, possibly due to repairs as the contents were returned at a later date. Records show that in 455 AD a bust of Didonius Appollinarius was ordered there by the Emperor Avitus. Library layout The Ulpian Library continued in the tradition of Roman imperial libraries with Latin and Greek collections housed separately. In this library, they faced one another across a small colonnaded courtyard that enclosed the Column of Trajan. The library was a two level structure with high vaulted ceilings to take advantage of the natural lighting. The interior walls were divided into bays by columns \\\"set opposite pilasters that framed the niches which held the books and scrolls. There were three steps between the columns that enabled \\\"access to a walkway in front of the bookcases.\\\" At the other end of the hall were recesses for a statue on each level, presumably of Trajan and possibly of Minerva. The niches (seven total on each wall) containing recessed wooden bookcases located in both walls running the length of the library along with four others running across the back wall stored the scrolls. Estimates on the amount of scrolls held are \\\"approximately ten thousand\\\" for both Latin and Greek libraries. \\\"In addition, there were archival materials, such as praetorian edicts and senatorial decrees, as well as Caesar's autobiography and Trajan's commentaries on the Dacian Wars, of which now only a few words survive.\\\" The space itself was designed to be aesthetically pleasing with desks (plutei) and the books out of sight on shelves and intending for reading, but was not designed with the growth of the collection in mind. Reconstruction There are reconstructions both digital and physical that show the\",\n \"title\": \"Ulpian Library\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53897\",\n \"text\": \"The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top of the columns. Originating in the western Doric region of Greece, it is the earliest and, in its essence, the simplest of the orders, though still with complex details in the entablature above. The Greek Doric column was fluted, and had no base, dropping straight into the stylobate or platform on which the temple or other building stood. The capital was a simple circular form, with some mouldings, under a square cushion that is very wide in early versions, but later more restrained. Above a plain architrave, the complexity comes in the frieze, where the two features originally unique to the Doric, the triglyph and gutta, are skeuomorphic memories of the beams and retaining pegs of the wooden constructions that preceded stone Doric temples. In stone they are purely ornamental. The relatively uncommon Roman and Renaissance Doric retained these, and often introduced thin layers of moulding or further ornament, as well as often using plain columns. More often they used versions of the Tuscan order, elaborated for nationalistic reasons by Italian Renaissance writers, which is in effect a simplified Doric, with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae. The Doric order was much used in Greek Revival architecture from the 18th century onwards; often earlier Greek versions were used, with wider columns and no bases to them. The ancient architect and architectural historian Vitruvius associates the Doric with masculine proportions (the Ionic representing the feminine). It is also normally the cheapest of the orders to use. When the three orders are superposed, it is usual for the Doric to be at the bottom, with the Ionic and then the Corinthian above, and the Doric, as \\\"strongest\\\", is often used on the ground floor below another order in the storey above. History Greek In their original Greek version, Doric columns stood directly on the flat pavement (the stylobate) of a temple without a base. With a height only four to eight times their diameter, the columns were the most squat of all the classical orders; their vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves, each rising to a sharp edge called an arris. They were topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam (architrave) that they carried. The Parthenon has the Doric design columns. It was most popular in the Archaic Period (750–480 BC) in mainland Greece, and also found in Magna Graecia (southern Italy), as in the three temples at Paestum. These are in the Archaic Doric, where the capitals spread wide from the column compared to later Classical forms, as exemplified in the Parthenon. Pronounced features of both Greek and Roman versions of the Doric order are the alternating\",\n \"title\": \"Doric order\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40694602\",\n \"text\": \"Pleasant Grove, also known as Joseph Deyerle House, Deyerle Homeplace, and Glenvar is a historic home located near Salem in Roanoke County, Virginia. It was built in 1853, and is a two-story, three-bay, Greek Revival style brick dwelling. The front facade features a well-proportioned Ionic order portico with slender tapered, fluted columns. It also has an original sunroom measuring 7 feet by 14 feet. Also on the property are the contributing kitchen (now connected to the main house), spring house, smokehouse, servant's house, and privy. Much of the woodwork was done by a carpenter named Gustave A. Sedon, who worked closely with both Joseph and his half-brother, Benjamin Deyerle. \\\"One of the most interesting things about Pleasant Grove is the fine architectural detail on the front which was put out on the house by Gustavus Sedon (sic), a German carpenter/handyman contractor. The house has interesting Ionic columns which Sedon carved and a cast iron balcony up on the top which Sedon or Joseph Deyerle, the owner of the house, ordered from Lynchburg, Virginia or maybe from Richmond. Someday I'll pursue this iron work but its interesting to know that the exact ironwork is on the Witherow house in Lexington, Virginia, on a house on Main Street in Lynchburg, Virginia, and another building in Richmond, Virginia.\\\" It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Greek Revival houses in Virginia Houses completed in 1853 Houses in Roanoke County, Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Roanoke County, Virginia\",\n \"title\": \"Pleasant Grove (Salem, Virginia)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Ionic order"],"string":"[\n \"The Ionic order\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":71,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45976"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the movie rudolph the red-nosed reindeer come out"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"31325790","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a legendary Christmas character, originally from a booklet by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer may also refer to: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film), an animated short by Max Fleischer \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (song), written by Johnny Marks, sung most famously by Gene Autry in 1949, However was popularized by Burl Ives in 1964 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special), 1964 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack), from the special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (video game), based on the special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, 1998 See also Rudolph (disambiguation) Red nose (disambiguation) Reindeer (disambiguation)","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"51504361","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1948 animated short film produced and directed by Max Fleischer for Jam Handy based on the 1939 Robert L. May poem of the same name, about a flying reindeer who helps Santa Claus. Plot In the \"hills\", several reindeer children are busy having a fun time: ice skating, tree climbing, leap-frogging, even decorating a Christmas tree. One young reindeer decorating a tree spots a red object and, curious, tickles it with a leaf. It turns out to be Rudolph, who flops out of the tree with a sneeze. The reindeer who revealed him teases him over his shiny red nose, which hurts his feelings. When he tries to wrap the nose to hide it and join the others on the ice, another snatches the cover away. Rejected and saddened after being teased and made fun of by the other reindeer children, Rudolph returns home where his mother greets him and tries to cheer him up by reminding him to hang his stocking for Santa. He quickly does so, imagining Santa giving him a lot of toys, and quickly goes to bed, though his sleep is incredibly fitful, saddened by the other reindeer's teasing and taunting. Meanwhile in the North Pole, Santa Claus peeks out of his workshop and takes notice of the heavy fog, noting that it would be tough to get though on his own. When the grandfather clock strikes midnight, Santa quickly rushes in to get his reindeer and get ready for the travel ahead. As they travel, Santa warns that they'd have to fly low to get through the fog, only to crash into some trees. The Reindeer get loose and they try again. Over a town, Santa and the reindeer nearly crash into an airplane and, a little later, crash onto a rooftop. The reindeer and sleigh are stuck on the roof, but they're able to break free. Reaching Rudolph's house, Santa gives presents to a set of reindeer children, but is caught off-guard by the light in Rudolph's room, only to learn that it's Rudolph's shiny red nose. Surprised by this, he gets an idea and wakes Rudolph. Rudolph attempts to hide his nose, but Santa stops him and tells him of his perils. Agreeing to help him, Rudolph leaves a note for his parents before joining Santa on his journey, leading the other reindeer throughout the rest of the night. The next morning, news of Rudolph's journey reaches his hometown and all the other reindeer race to a stadium where Santa appoints Rudolph as the commander-in-chief. Blushing from head to toe, Rudolph bashfully tells everyone \"Merry Christmas to all and to all a good night\". Voices Paul Wing Production This 8-minute animated interpretation of the Christmas poem preceded Gene Autry's 1949 song \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" and the later more famous animated 1964 version by Rankin/Bass. It was based on Robert L. May's 1939 story, rather than the song. The 1964 special more closely resembles the song rather","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)"},{"docid":"34308355","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a soundtrack album to the 1964 Rankin/Bass television special of the same name. The original cast recordings from the TV special (side \"A\" of the original LP release) are supplemented with instrumental versions recorded by the Decca Concert Orchestra (on side \"B\") on the Compact Disc version. All songs used in the television special were written by Johnny Marks. The original LP album was first released in 1964, however didn't become hugely successful until years later when it was reissued as a CD in 1995. The CD was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 30, 2004. The album has sold 1,411,200 copies in the United States since 1991 when SoundScan began tracking sales. Track listing LP side A: Overture and \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" – 2:23 \"Jingle Jingle Jingle\" – 1:13 \"We Are Santa's Elves\" – 1:31 \"There's Always Tomorrow\" – 1:42 \"We're a Couple of Misfits\" – 1:18 \"Silver and Gold\" – 1:42 \"The Most Wonderful Day of the Year\" – 2:18 \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" – 1:18 \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" Finale – 1:19 LP side B (instrumental versions): \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" – 1:50 \"There's Always Tomorrow\" – 2:22 \"Jingle Jingle Jingle\" – 2:14 \"We're a Couple of Misfits\" – 1:50 \"Silver and Gold\" – 2:21 \"We Are Santa's Elves\" – 1:09 \"The Most Wonderful Day of the Year\" – 2:22 \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" – 1:32 Christmas Medley: \"The Night Before Christmas Song\" / \"A Merry Merry Christmas\" / \"When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter\" / \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" – 3:17 \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" – 1:41 On the re-issue on CD, contents / track order are the same except the \"Christmas Medley\" is placed in the middle, at track 10 (between A9 and B1 - the Burl Ives' sung and instrumental versions of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\"). The brand-new song \"Fame and Fortune\", which replaced \"We're a Couple of Misfits\" in airings of the television special from 1965 through until the special was restored in 1998, does not appear on the soundtrack album. Voices and personnel Burl Ives – voice of Sam the Snowman (\"A Holly Jolly Christmas,\" \"Silver and Gold,\" \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\") Stan Francis – voice of Santa Claus (\"Jingle, Jingle, Jingle\") Janis Orenstein – voice of Clarice (\"There's Always Tomorrow\") Billie Mae Richards – voice of Rudolph (\"We're A Couple Of Misfits\") Paul Soles – voice of Hermey (\"We're A Couple Of Misfits\") Maury Laws – musical director of the Videocraft TV Musical Decca Concert Orchestra (side B instrumentals) Herbert Rehbein – conductor, Decca Concert Orchestra Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Notes References External links Decca DL 34327 (original LP) at discogs.com MCA 15003 (1980 LP re-issue) at discogs.com MCAD 22177 (1995 CD re-issue) at amazon.com Soundtrack at internet movie database (imdb.com) 1964 Christmas albums 1964 soundtrack albums Decca Records soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Television animation soundtracks","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"1227422","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 stop motion Christmas animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. and currently distributed by NBCUniversal Television Distribution (later known as NBCUniversal Syndication Studios). It first aired December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the 1949 Johnny Marks song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS. The network unveiled a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005, re-scanned frame-by-frame from the original 35 mm film elements. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer no longer airs merely once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in the United States. The 50th anniversary of the television special was marked in 2014, and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014. A special exhibit was also mounted at the Masterworks Museum in Bermuda, where the original puppets are held. In 2019, Freeform (formerly ABC Family) started airing the special as part of its 25 Days of Christmas/Rankin-Bass Christmas holiday programming block. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was initially met with a positive reception among critics, who praised the voice acting, soundtrack, animation style, characters, and sets. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is often regarded as one of the best Christmas films ever made, being featured on numerous \"top ten\" lists. It has become widely popular among both young children and adults familiar with the Christmas season, and has garnered a large cult following since its initial debut. Plot Donner, Santa's lead reindeer, and his wife have a new fawn named Rudolph. They are surprised to find out he was born with a glowing red nose. Donner attempts to first cover Rudolph's nose with mud, and later uses a fake nose, so Rudolph will fit in with the other reindeer. The following spring, Rudolph goes out for the reindeer games, where the new fawns learn to fly and are scouted by Santa for future sleigh duty. Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice, who tells him he is cute, making Rudolph fly. While he celebrates with the other bucks, Rudolph's fake nose pops off, causing the other reindeer to mock him and Coach Comet to expel him. Rudolph meets and joins Hermey, a misfit elf who left Santa's workshop to follow his dream to become a dentist, and Yukon Cornelius, a prospector who has spent his life searching for silver and gold. After escaping the Abominable Snow Monster, all three land on the Island of Misfit Toys. It is a place where unloved or unwanted toys","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)"},{"docid":"59811384","text":"Corinne Alexandra Conley (born May 23, 1929) is an American actress who spent the majority of her career in Canada, notable for having won the Canadian Council of Authors and Artists' Best Actress Award. Conley is known for her voiceover work in various films and television productions and is better recognized for voicing Rudolph's mother and presumably Dolly for Sue in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964). Conley's acting career has spanned seventy years, receiving several nominations for her work. She has also made prominent and notable appearances in Tales of the Wizard of Oz as Dorothy Gale (1961), Days of Our Lives as Phyllis Anderson (1973-1982), the Goosebumps episode \"Monster Blood\" as Aunt Katherine (1996), Quads! as Sister Butch (2001-2002), A Christmas Horror Story as Aunt Edda (2015), and voicing multiple characters in the Watch Dogs: Legion video game (2020). Acting career For two years, she played the ingenue lead in The Common Glory, an outdoor drama in Williamsburg, Virginia. For four years, Conley portrayed Phyllis Anderson on the NBC-TV daytime drama Days of Our Lives. She also provided the voice of Dolly Sue and Rudolph’s mother in the 1964 animated NBC-TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Conley was a winner of the Canadian radio talent competition Opportunity Knocks. Beginning in 1955, she was hostess of Open House, a daily program on CBC Television. She played the female lead in CBC-TV's adaptation of the soap opera Search for Tomorrow. Other Canadian TV programs on which she appeared included Playdate, G. M. Presents, and Portrait. She also was heard on Crime Quiz on CBC Radio, and she made commercials for radio and TV. On Broadway, Conley portrayed Pearl Vambrance in Love and Libel (1960). Her other stage experience includes productions of the National Classic Theatre (NCT) in New York, which presented plays across the United States in colleges and high schools, and The Mountain Playhouse, Beaver Lake, and Vineland Summer Theatre, all in Canada. She also performed with the comedy duo Wayne and Shuster across Canada. In an interview with Saturday Morning Rewind in 2013, Conley admitted to having no memory of voicing Dolly for Sue during the production of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964), but remembers voicing Rudolph's mother. She told the interviewer that the possibility of voicing Dolly is likely, but has no memory of it. According to several movie databases and websites, Corinne Conley is credited as Dolly for Sue and additional voices. In 2018, Conley defended the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer TV film against claims of bigotry and bullying. Personal life Conley was born in New York and spent most of her youth in Radford, Virginia. After graduating from high school in Radford, she graduated from the University of Mary Washington in Virginia. Conley married Bonar Stuart, whom she met when both worked with the NCT. They have two sons, Tony and Curtis. Filmography Tit-Coq (1953) - Rosie Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) - Dolly for Sue and Rudolph's mother The Return of Count Yorga (1971) -","title":"Corinne Conley"},{"docid":"4291374","text":"Larry D. Mann (18 December 1922 – 6 January 2014) was a Canadian actor. He was best known as \"The Boss\" in a series of Bell Canada television commercials in the 1980s and for voicing the character of Yukon Cornelius in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Life and career Larry D. Mann was born in Toronto, Ontario, on 18 December 1922. Before his acting career, he was a disc jockey on 1050 CHUM radio in Toronto in 1949. Mann voiced the character of Yukon Cornelius in the classic Rankin-Bass Christmas special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. He also provided voices for characters in several other Rankin-Bass television series and specials. Mann's film career spanned four decades. He came to the attention of CBC audiences in 1953 when he kidded around with the puppet Uncle Chichimus on the show Let's See. According to a CBC Archives article, Mann got the job when his friend, actor Don Harron, pointed him out to producer Norman Jewison. Apart from his CBC work, he appeared in more than 20 movies, including In the Heat of the Night, Bullitt, and The Sting. Mann's many television credits include Get Smart; Gunsmoke; The Man From U.N.C.L.E.; Bewitched; Hogan's Heroes; Honey West; The Green Hornet; Green Acres; Columbo; Quincy, M.E. and Hill Street Blues. He also played the title role in a series of Bell Canada television commercials called \"The Boss\" for ten years beginning in 1981. His last role was on Homefront in 1991. His brother was actor Paul Mann, who appeared in the films America America and Fiddler on the Roof. Larry Mann died of natural causes on 6 January 2014 in Los Angeles. He was 91 years old. Filmography Films 1958: Flaming Frontier as Bradford 1963: The Quick and the Dead as Parker 1963: Spencer's Mountain as Spencer Brother (uncredited) 1964: Robin and the 7 Hoods as Workman (uncredited) 1964: Kisses for My President as Tour Guide (uncredited) 1965: Willy McBean and his Magic Machine as Professor Von Rotten (voice) 1965: Harlow as Editor (uncredited) 1966: The Singing Nun as Mr. Duvries 1966: The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming as Man with Cat (uncredited) 1966: The Daydreamer 1966: The Appaloosa as Priest 1966: Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round as Officer Howard 1966: The Swinger as John Mallory 1967: A Covenant with Death as Chillingworth 1967: Caprice as Inspector Kapinsky 1967: Rough Night in Jericho as Purley (uncredited) 1967: The Perils of Pauline as Prince Benji's Father (uncredited) 1967: In the Heat of the Night as Watkins 1968: The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz as Grossmeyer 1968: Bullitt (voice, uncredited) 1969: Angel in My Pocket as Bishop Morenschild 1970: The Liberation of L.B. Jones as Grocer 1970: There Was a Crooked Man... as Harry 1970: The Wild Country as The Marshal (uncredited) 1971: Scandalous John as Bartender 1972: Get to Know Your Rabbit as Mr. Seager 1973: Kloot's Kounty as Crazywolf (voice) 1973: Pay Your Buffalo Bill as Crazywolf / Big Red (voice) 1973: Ten Miles to","title":"Larry D. Mann"},{"docid":"30392244","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a video game based on the 1964 television special of the same name. The game was released by Red Wagon Games for both Wii and Nintendo DS on November 11, 2010. However, the developers of the two versions differ: the Wii game was developed by High Voltage Software while the developer of the DS version is American studio Glyphic Entertainment. In this game, the players compete in four different minigames, with each game having its own motion controls. Each minigame has a time limit. Once the time limit is up, the minigame is finished. Up to two players can participate at a time. The Wii version received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the game for its simplistic minigames and short length. Gameplay In this game, players compete in four different minigames, with each game having its own motion controls. Each minigame has a time limit. Once the time limit is up, the minigame is finished. Up to two players can participate at a time. In the first three minigames, up to 5 characters may be selected. In the final minigame, an elf may be chosen. Every time a minigame is completed, a different character may be selected. Once all four minigames have been completed, the game is over. Any of the minigames may be replayed once the story is completed. Minigames In the first minigame, Holiday Helper, the player bounces presents under the tree, lights and stockings onto the tree, and dolls and toys into Santa's Bag. In the second minigame, titled Toy Maker, the player paints toys. The third game, Cookie Cooking, involves the player baking cookies for Mrs. Claus. In the fourth and final minigame, Saving Christmas, the player delivers toys by dropping them onto houses. Reception Critical response The Wii version has faced generally negative reviews. In its review by IGN it was rated 1.5/10, and was criticized for its lack of gameplay and its grainy visual effects. IGN summed up their review by stating, \"We love these classic claymation movies, so it’s really sad to see such a blatant cash-in on the Rudolph name. Do yourself a favor and purchase something else for the family to enjoy over the holidays, because these reindeer games are a disaster.\" References 2010 video games Adventure games Christmas video games High Voltage Software games Minigame compilations Nintendo DS games North America-exclusive video games Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Video games about animals Video games based on animated films Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in the United States Wii games Single-player video games","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (video game)"},{"docid":"526729","text":"John David Marks (November 10, 1909 – September 3, 1985) was an American songwriter. He specialized in Christmas songs and wrote many holiday standards, including \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (a hit for Gene Autry and others), \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" (a hit for Brenda Lee), \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" (recorded by the Quinto Sisters and later by Burl Ives), \"Silver and Gold\" (for Burl Ives), and \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" (introduced by Bing Crosby). Personal life Marks was born in Mount Vernon, New York. A graduate of McBurney School in New York, NY, and Colgate University and Columbia University, Marks later studied in Paris. He earned a Bronze Star and four Battle Stars as an Army Captain in the 26th Special Service Company during World War II. Marks had three children: Michael, Laura (d.2008) and David (d.2009). Marks, who was Jewish, was the great-uncle of economist Steven Levitt. Marks was the nephew of Marcus M. Marks (1858–1934), a business figure who served as Borough President of Manhattan. Johnny Marks's father, Louis B. Marks, was a lighting engineer. His wife, Margaret May Marks, was the sister of Robert L. May who wrote the original story of Rudolph. He lived on West 11th Street in Greenwich Village and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. He died on September 3, 1985, of complications from diabetes. Career Among Marks' many works is \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", which was based on a poem of the same name, written by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May, Rudolph's creator. A television film based on the story and song first aired in 1964, with Marks composing the score. In addition to his songwriting, he founded St. Nicholas Music in 1949, and served as director of ASCAP from 1957 to 1961. In 1981, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Marks appeared as an imposter on the December 11, 1961 episode of the game show To Tell The Truth. Impersonating the owner of a herd of reindeer, he received two of the four votes. After the true contestant was revealed, Marks identified himself as the composer of \"Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer\". Works (incomplete list) Christmas songs Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer – 1949 (inspired by a poem by Robert L. May, Marks's brother-in-law) I Don't Want a Lot for Christmas - 1950 When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter – 1952 The Night Before Christmas Song – 1952 An Old-Fashioned Christmas – 1952 Everyone's a Child at Christmas – 1956 I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day – 1956 (words by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, adapted by Marks) Run Rudolph Run - 1958 (words and music were written solely by Chuck Berry, Marks received the writing credit due to his trademark of the Rudolph character) Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree – 1958 A Merry, Merry Christmas to You – 1959 The Santa Claus Parade – 1959 A Caroling We Go - 1966 Joyous Christmas - 1969 From the 1964 NBC/Rankin-Bass TV","title":"Johnny Marks"},{"docid":"8280962","text":"Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (titled on-screen as Rudolph and Frosty: Christmas in July) is an American-Japanese Christmas/Independence Day film produced by Rankin/Bass Productions, featuring characters from the company's holiday specials Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) and Frosty the Snowman (1969), among others. It was filmed in Japan using the company's trademark \"Animagic\" stop-motion animation style. The film was originally a theatrical film released through Avco Embassy Pictures where it ran for only 2–3 weeks and was considered a box office flop. Later that year, the film premiered on television in the US on November 25, 1979, on ABC. This was the last Rankin/Bass special to star Billie Mae Richards as Rudolph and Jackie Vernon as Frosty. Mickey Rooney reprised his role as Santa Claus from Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (1970) and The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974). Additional voices were provided by Red Buttons, Ethel Merman, Alan Sues, and Paul Frees. Shelley Winters and Frees reprised their roles as Frosty's wife Crystal and Jack Frost from Frosty's Winter Wonderland, and Hal Peary reprised his role as Big Ben the Clockwork Whale from Rudolph's Shiny New Year. This was the final Rankin/Bass special to use Rudolph and Frosty. All other specials and films starring the characters were produced by other companies. Plot Long ago, a powerful, evil snow wizard named Winterbolt caused havoc on the North Pole until Lady Boreal, Queen of the Northern Lights, put him in a deep sleep. Years later, Winterbolt awakens and Boreal transfers the last of her power into Rudolph's red nose when he is born, which will stop glowing if it is ever used for evil. Winterbolt learns of this and plans to dispose of Rudolph. Meanwhile, an ice cream man named Milton arrives and tells Rudolph and Frosty that he plans to marry Lilly Loraine's daughter Lainie if they star in the Circus by the Sea. Winterbolt offers Frosty and his family magic amulets to keep them from melting, which will only last until the final firework fades on July 4. Santa agrees to pick them up before the magic wears off, but Winterbolt creates a blizzard to prevent him and Mrs. Claus from arriving on time. He then goes to the Caves of Lost Rejections and recruits an unintelligent, nasty reindeer named Scratcher, who is jealous because he wanted to be one of Santa's reindeer, but was fired when Santa hired Rudolph. They, alongside a man named Sam Spangles, plan to get Rudolph to steal from the circus, which will make him appear to be evil and rid him of his magic. Meanwhile, Frosty discovers Scratcher's conspiracy and wants to help Rudolph. Winterbolt takes advantage of Frosty as well by agreeing to help Rudolph in exchange for his hat, intending to use it to create an army of evil snowmen. Rudolph manages to defeat Winterbolt, gets the hat back, and his nose regains its glow. Rudolph returns to the circus with a police officer named Officer Kelly who","title":"Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July"},{"docid":"1496889","text":"Rudolph's Shiny New Year is a 1976 Christmas and New Year's stop motion animated television special and a standalone sequel to the 1964 special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. The special premiered on ABC on December 10, 1976. Plot Just after the events of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Santa Claus receives a letter from his friend Father Time asking for help to find Happy the Baby New Year before midnight (\"the 12th bong\") on New Year's Eve or else it will be December 31 forever. Santa sends Rudolph out to find him due to the snowstorm currently happening outside. An evil giant vulture named Eon the Terrible is supposed to live for exactly one eon after which he will turn into ice and snow and disintegrate. As this particular eon will end January 1 of the New Year, he plans to kidnap Happy to keep the year from ending and stop time, thus preventing his predestined death. General Ticker (a military clock) and the great Quarter-Past-Five, or Quart for short (a camel with a clock in his hump), bring Rudolph to Father Time's castle beyond the Sands of Time. Father Time speculates that Happy, who ran away due to his big ears being laughed at when they were first seen by Nanny Nine O'Clock, is hiding out in the \"Archipelago of Last Years\" where the Old Years retire and rule over an island styled to resemble the year over which they ruled. When Rudolph is attacked by Eon on the ocean while en route to the Archipelago, he is saved by Big Ben (a sperm whale with a clock attached to his tail) who transports Rudolph across the ocean. Upon arrival in the Archipelago, Rudolph first travels to the island belonging to a caveman named O.M. (short for One Million B.C.). O.M. inhabits an island anachronistically inhabited with friendly dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. As Rudolph and his friends search for Happy (who left after his hat accidentally fell off saving a baby Pterodactyl and revealing his big ears, causing the dinosaurs to laugh), they repeatedly encounter Eon. After other off-screen visits to the islands of 4000 B.C., 1492, 1893, and 1965 have been completed without success, Rudolph and O.M. head for the island of 1023 (pronounced \"ten to three,\" as in the time 2:50), belonging to a Scottish knight with a long beard named Sir 1023 whose island is filled with medieval trappings along with several fairy tale and Mother Goose characters. Meanwhile, Happy manages to befriend the Three Bears, but becomes saddened when he is forced to remove his hat while playing a game with Baby Bear and exposes his big ears to them, causing him to leave again despite Baby Bear begging him not to go. The group then travels to the island of 1776, which reflects Colonial America and is ruled over by \"Sev\" (AKA 1776) who resembles Benjamin Franklin. Following Happy's seeming rejection on the Island of 1776 following the daily Fourth","title":"Rudolph's Shiny New Year"},{"docid":"3441485","text":"Billie Mae Richards (née Dinsmore, November 21, 1921 – September 10, 2010) was a Canadian actress who also appeared onstage and on television. She was the voice of Rankin/Bass' version of the Christmas character Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1964 to 1979, and of the Kid in the radio series Jake and the Kid. Early life and education Richards was born Billy Mae Dinsmore, in Toronto to parents Garnett and Eva May (Stanton) Dinsmore. Enrolled by her ambitious father in dancing lessons as a toddler, by the age of five she was in a stage show with WW1 veterans. She enlisted in the Royal Canadian Navy and performed in the show Meet the Navy that travelled across Canada and in Europe. She attended the Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts in Toronto. Career Richards worked at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, speaking and singing in radio dramas. From 1950 to 1956, she was the voice of the Kid in the ongoing radio series Jake and the Kid. As well has her portrayal of Rudolph, Richards also voiced Tenderheart Bear in the first two Care Bears movies, as well as the DIC-produced television series (credited as \"Billie Mae Richard\"), and Brightheart Raccoon in the Nelvana-produced Care Bears television series. Richards' four other appearances in Rankin/Bass productions animated were in Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, The King Kong Show, The Smokey Bear Show and The Daydreamer (both from the mid-1960s) and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and its sequels all written in the United States and animated in Japan. About that same time, she appeared in the original Spider-Man television series. She also voiced Chris and Robbie, plus all the female characters, in The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo and The Toothbrush Family with Len Carlson, who voiced all the male ones. Additionally, she voiced puppet characters in the Canadian produced TV shows We Live Next Door, and its spin-off, Calling All Safety Scouts. She made guest appearances on the television shows Maniac Mansion, My Secret Identity, War of the Worlds and The Hidden Room. She also had a bit part in the 1998 horror film Bram Stoker's Shadow Builder, in which her character was attacked with an axe by Paul Soles (who had played Hermey the elf in the original Rudolph special), and the 2001 short Bluehair. Personal life Billie Mae Dinsmore married musician Bill Richards in 1946 in Yorkshire, England, they remained married until their divorce in 1966. Together they have four children, Stephen Richards, Judi Richards, a singer-songwriter, Barbara Jayne Richards and Cynthia \"Cyndi\" Richards-Jamieson. She also has 12 grandchildren and 9 great-grandchildren. Death Richards died on September 10, 2010, at the age of 88 following a stroke. Filmography Film Meet the Navy (1946) - Willy McBean and his Magic Machine (1965) - Willie McBean (voice) The Daydreamer (1966) - Various voices Jailbait Babysitter (1977) The Care Bears Movie (1985) - Tenderheart Bear, Mrs. Cherrywood (voices) Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986) - Tenderheart Bear (voice) The Video","title":"Billie Mae Richards"},{"docid":"16595164","text":"Maury Laws (December 6, 1923 – March 28, 2019) was an American television and film composer from Burlington, North Carolina. Biography In his teens, Laws performed in local country, jazz and dance bands as a singer and guitarist in his home state of North Carolina. His career was put on hold during World War II, in which he served in the Army. In 1964, he was hired as music director for the television production company Videocraft International (now known as Rankin/Bass), a post which he held for roughly 20 years. In this capacity, he conducted and scored music for a number of animated features, including The Hobbit, Jack Frost, The Flight of Dragons, The Daydreamer, The Wacky World of Mother Goose, Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town, and Frosty the Snowman. His most widely known work may be an adaptation of Johnny Marks' score for the well-known Christmas special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, first aired in 1964. Laws also did composing work on a 1967 Rankin/Bass theatrical feature, the Halloween-themed Mad Monster Party?. Maury Laws died in Appleton, Wisconsin on March 28, 2019. Filmography Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) Return to Oz (1964) The Daydreamer (1966) The King Kong Show (1966–1969) Ballad of Smokey the Bear (1966) Mad Monster Party? (1966, 1967) Cricket on the Hearth (1967) The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) Mouse on the Mayflower (1968) The Little Drummer Boy (1968) The Smokey Bear Show (1969–1970) Frosty the Snowman (1969) The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians (1970) The Reluctant Dragon & Mr. Toad Show (1970–1971) The Tomfoolery Show (1970–1971) Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (1970) Here Comes Peter Cottontail (1971) The Jackson 5ive (1971–1972) The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes (1972) The Osmonds (1972) Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972) Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid (1972) The Red Baron (1972) Festival of Family Classics (1972–1973) That Girl in Wonderland (1973) Marco (1973) 'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974) The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974) The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow (1975) Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1975, 1976) The First Easter Rabbit (1976) Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976) The Little Drummer Boy, Book II (1976) The Muppet Show (1976-1981) The Easter Bunny is Comin' to Town (1977) The Last Dinosaur (1977) The Hobbit (1977) Nestor the Long–Eared Christmas Donkey (1977) The Stingiest Man in Town (1978) Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) The Return of the King (1979, 1980) Pinocchio's Christmas (1980) The Bushido Blade (1981) The Leprechaun's Christmas Gold (1981) The Flight of Dragons (1982) The Wind in the Willows (1985, 1987) References External links Maury Laws at the Internet Off Broadway Database Biography on SpaceAgePop.com 1923 births 2019 deaths American film score composers American television composers American male film score composers American male television composers Animated film score composers Musicians from North Carolina Musicians from Wisconsin People from Appleton, Wisconsin People from Burlington, North Carolina Rankin/Bass Productions Songwriters from North Carolina Songwriters from Wisconsin American male songwriters","title":"Maury Laws"},{"docid":"528190","text":"Paul Robert Soles (August 11, 1930 – May 26, 2021) was a Canadian character actor, voice artist and television personality. He voiced the title character in Spider-Man (1967), and portrayed Hermey in the 1964 television special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer; Soles was one of the last surviving participants of the special's voice cast. Soles first screen appearance was on CFPL in 1953, and he continued to perform over 60 years later, performing as of 2016 in the comedy web series My 90-Year-Old Roommate on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's online comedy channel, CBC Comedy. Early life Soles was born in Toronto, the son of Lillian (Goodfellow) and Arthur L. Soles. His family were Jewish emigrants from Poland and Lithuania. He had two siblings. Soles is the cousin of Bernard \"Bunny\" Cowan, and they both worked on the original 1960s Spider-Man animated series and the 1967 children's series Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse. Career Acting roles Soles was the voice of Hermey the misfit elf in Rankin/Bass' Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1964. He also voiced Marvel superhero Spider-Man and various characters in the original animated television series also from the 1960s, and he played \"The Lawbreaker\" on the CBC panel quiz show This Is the Law in the 1970s, and played Costas Stavros on the Canadian soap opera Riverdale. In 2001, Soles took over the role of Shylock the Jew in the Stratford Festival of Canada production of The Merchant of Venice after Al Waxman, who was originally scheduled to play the part, died. Soles played Stanley the pizza shop owner in The Incredible Hulk (2008), and his other film appearances have included roles in Ticket to Heaven (1981), Just the Way You Are (1984) and The Gunrunner (1989) opposite Kevin Costner. He also played Danny, the Montreal Customs House janitor in the 2001 crime thriller The Score. Soles won a 2006 Gemini Award for his role in the television series Terminal City, and a 2017 Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Digital Production for My 90-Year-Old Roommate. On the appointed evening of the awards ceremony, the ever-humble Soles was so overcome with emotion that he had to contain himself more than once on the way to the stage, resulting in another thunderous applause from the audience, before he accepted the trophy and gave his speech. Voice work Soles also did voices on various animated television shows and films such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Rocket Robin Hood, The Smokey Bear Show, The Little Brown Burro, King of the Beasts, The Marvel Super Heroes, the original Spider-Man cartoon, The Trolls and the Christmas Express, Take Me Up to the Ball Game, Willy McBean and His Magic Machine, Festival of Family Classics, JoJo's Circus, The Reluctant Dragon & Mr. Toad Show, Noah's Animals, Iron Man, The King Kong Show, and Spider-Woman. Soles was also the narrator of The Wonderful Stories of Professor Kitzel, the voice of The Commissioner in the 2005 animated television series Funpak and has also","title":"Paul Soles"},{"docid":"1327067","text":"{{Infobox television | image = 'Twas the Night Beore Christmas logo.jpg | image_alt = | caption = Official logo | genre = Animation | creator = | writer = Jerome Coopersmith | screenplay = | story = | director = Arthur Rankin Jr.Jules Bass | starring = Joel GreyGeorge GobelTammy GrimesJohn McGiver | narrated = George Gobel (main story)Joel Grey (poem sequence) | theme_music_composer = Maury Laws | country = United StatesJapan | language = English | num_episodes = | producer = Arthur Rankin Jr.Jules Bass | editor = | cinematography = Toru HaraTsuguyuki Kubo | runtime = 25 minutes | company = Rankin/Bass ProductionsTopcraft | budget = | network = CBS | first_aired = | related = {{Plainlist| Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) Frosty the Snowman (1969) Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (1970) Here Comes Peter Cottontail (1971) Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974) The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974) The First Easter Rabbit (1976) Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976) Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976) The Easter Bunny is Comin' to Town (1977) Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey (1977) The Stingiest Man in Town (1978) Jack Frost (1979) Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) Pinocchio's Christmas (1980) Frosty Returns (1992) Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001) The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (2005) A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) }} }}Twas the Night Before Christmas''' is a 1974 animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions which features Clement Clarke Moore's famous 1823 poem, A Visit from St. Nicholas, the opening line of which is the source of the title of this animated special. The special first originally aired on CBS on December 8, 1974 where it aired annually until 1994, when The Family Channel (now Freeform) took over its syndication rights. AMC took over syndication rights for the special in 2018. Although the opening credits mention \"told and sung by Joel Grey\", it is really narrated by George Gobel, as there is more emphasis on the point of view of Father Mouse, with Moore's poem read by Grey as a secondary plot. Plot The program is set in the fictional town of Junctionville, New York, around the turn of the 20th century. Santa Claus is offended by an anonymous letter printed in the town's newspaper (and signed \"all of us\") claiming that he doesn't exist. In response, Santa returns the entire town's letters to them unopened. Upon reading the anonymous letter printed in the newspaper, Father Mouse — a mouse assistant to the human clockmaker Joshua Trundle — immediately suspects that his brainy, college student son Albert is its author. Albert confirms his suspicions, repeating the letter verbatim to him. Father Mouse and the Trundle Family devise a plan to appease Santa by building a singing clock tower for him, built with a special recording to play a song to coax him not to bypass Junctionville on Christmas Eve. Unfortunately, Albert enters the clock to explore it without permission, and inadvertently causes","title":"'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)"},{"docid":"22026538","text":"BENT IMAGE LAB (or BENT) is a production company and animation studio specializing in story development, television, commercials, visual effects, music videos, short films, experimental techniques and tech development in augmented reality (AR). Located in Portland, Oregon, the company was founded in 2002 by partners David Daniels, Ray Di Carlo, and Chel White. Beginning in 2010, the studio began the production and development of television projects, including half hour animated holiday specials for the Hallmark Channel and animated segments for Portlandia. The company is also known for its visual effects work in motion pictures and television, as seen in Gus Van Sant's Paranoid Park, Restless and Milk, in Todd Haynes' I'm Not There, as well as NBC's Grimm (TV Series). Since 2014, the studio has been developing augmented reality (AR) technology and plans to launch their convergent computer vision library in fall of 2019. Work and techniques Bent Image Lab is known largely for its stop motion animation, CGI/computer animation, character design, and multi-technique projects. Bent's multi-technique approach can be seen in the Modest Mouse music video Whale Song (director Nando Costa), the Thom Yorke music video Harrowdown Hill (director Chel White), the Coca-Cola ad Hidden Formula, the Lux soap ad Provocateur, a commercial for Kellogg's Rice Krispies One early and notable example of a BENT stop motion project is Blue Christmas (a.k.a. Santa and the States) (season 30, episode 8), a parody short for Robert Smigel's Saturday TV Funhouse on Saturday Night Live. The short, airing December 18, 2004, was directed by Bent co-founder Chel White, written by Robert Smigel and Michelle Saks Smigel with additional material by Rich Blomquist, Stephen Colbert, Scott Jacobson, and Matt O'Brien; voices by Maya Rudolph, Amy Poehler, Erik Bergmann, and Robert Smigel. The short is a parody of the 1964 holiday TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Bent Image Lab has replicated the same style and original characters in television advertisements for AT&T, AFLAC, Bing, and in a series of 2014 holiday promos for CBS commemorating the 50th anniversary of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. In 2016, the studio produced a ten-minute remake of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer as a 4D attraction film for SimEx-Iwerks. Another significant stop motion project is Jingle All the Way (TV special), a holiday special for Hallmark Channel. Other notable BENT stop-motion productions include director Rob Shaw's Rats segments for the IFC show Portlandia, and commercials for Legos, Gatorade, Lux, OfficeMax BENT's CGI work can be seen in the 2015 Annie Awards nominated Polariffic (director Rob Shaw), as well as in their commercials for Honda, Nike, Coca-Cola, Koodo, Nabisco, Puffs, and the American Lung Association. An example of the studio's hand drawn animation can be seen in the animated sequences of David Oyelowo's feature film, The Water Man (2020). Founders and directors Bent Image Lab co-founder and director David Daniels invented an animation technique he termed Strata-cut, a unique form of clay animation in which internally packed \"loaves\" of clay are animated in thin slices, revealing the movement of","title":"Bent Image Lab"},{"docid":"27630791","text":"Chiller Theatre was a Saturday night television series broadcast by Channel 11 WPIX in New York City that showed classic horror movies. History 1960s Chiller Theater was initiated by WPIX during 1961. Beginning 1963 its host was John Zacherle (\"The Cool Ghoul\"), who quit during 1965. Each episode of the show began with the \"Classic Montage Opening\" that used a montage of brief segments of film from various 1950s fantasy and science fiction movies. This montage began with a scene from the movie Plan 9 from Outer Space with Vampira coming out of a forest, followed by a clip from the movie The Cyclops, showing actress Gloria Talbott just inside a cave looking at the Cyclops. Various other clips continued throughout the montage, concluding with one of from Attack of the 50 Foot Woman, with a \"goof\" showing a giant alien from outer space picking up a car and then throwing a different type of car into a ditch. The entire montage was permeated by an eerie library music track (\"Horror Upon Horror\" by veteran British composer Wilfred Josephs). The montage opening served until the late 1960s when another introduction was substituted, featuring the word \"Chiller\" rendered in white paint on a black board, then lifted up, the gooey white paint slowly running down the board like blood while creepy chamber music played in the background. The bumper to this version simply showed the painted \"Chiller\" as a title card. The montage opening was discontinued in favor of this version perhaps because by the late 1960s movie studios began to charge television stations royalties for film clips. 1970s By 1971, the painted title card sequence was replaced with the clay animation (claymation) of a six-fingered hand, produced by WPIX in-house with possible assistance from a technician for Rankin Bass (the same production company that produced the 1964 claymation television movie Rudolph The Red Nose Reindeer. The \"xix-fingered hand\" sequence features a minimalistic/surreal scene of a swamp with a river of blood in the foreground extending back to the horizon, a dead tree in the background, and a six-fingered humanoid hand that rises from the swamp. The soundtrack consists of a reverberant whistling and ghostly sound elements that decrease in pitch as the sequence progresses. As the hand rises, the word \"Chiller\" simultaneously emerges from the ground. The hand passes over each growing letter, then snatches them one by one before returning to the swamp, and a voice is heard groaning the word \"Chillllller ...\" in an eerie, robotic voice. The \"six-fingered hand\" opening was used throughout the remainder of the show's run through the early 1980s. The program was usually broadcast at 8:00 p.m. on Saturday nights, but for a time in 1974, it was broadcast at 11:30 p.m. The series was cancelled at the end of 1978 and was resumed in early 1980 at 2:00 a.m. Sunday late-night. 1980s and 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 revivals Chiller Theatre was cancelled again in 1982. After a 26-year absence on WPIX,","title":"Chiller Theatre (1961 TV series)"},{"docid":"24589446","text":"Have a Holly Jolly Christmas is a Christmas album by American folk singer Burl Ives, first released by Decca Records in October 1965 (recorded in 1964). It peaked at #32 on Billboard'''s Best Bets For Christmas album chart on December 2, 1967. Ives had recorded two of the songs on the album (\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" and \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\") previously for the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer soundtrack, but he recorded new versions for Have a Holly Jolly Christmas''. \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" in particular had a significantly different and slower arrangement, which is more commonly heard today. This version had already been released as a single the previous year, with a B-side of \"Snow for Johnny\", which he also featured on the album. Track listing Personnel Burl Ives – lead vocals Owen Bradley – director of chorus and orchestra Charts References Decca DL 4689 (mono), DL 74689 (stereo), 1965 vinyl LP release MCA 15002 (1977 LP re-issue) at discogs.com MCAD 25992 (1995 CD re-issue) at discogs.com 1965 Christmas albums Burl Ives albums Decca Records Christmas albums Albums produced by Milt Gabler Christmas albums by American artists Covers albums Folk Christmas albums Pop Christmas albums","title":"Have a Holly Jolly Christmas"},{"docid":"8787033","text":"\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\", also known as \"Have a Holly Jolly Christmas\", is a Christmas song written by Johnny Marks and most famously performed by Burl Ives. The song has since become one of the top 25 most-performed \"holiday\" songs written by ASCAP members, for the first five years of the 21st century. Successful covers have notably been recorded by Alan Jackson, Jerrod Niemann, Lady Antebellum and Michael Bublé. Background \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\" was written by Johnny Marks in 1962. It was the title song of The Quinto Sisters' first album, Holly Jolly Christmas, recorded in June 1964 for Columbia Records, featuring guitarist Al Caiola with arrangements by Frank Hunter and Marty Manning. The song was featured in the 1964 Rankin-Bass Christmas special, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, in which Burl Ives voiced the narrator, Sam the Snowman. Originally to be sung by Larry D. Mann as Yukon Cornelius, the song, as well as \"Silver and Gold\", was given to Ives due to his singing fame. This version was also included on the soundtrack album. The song was re-recorded by Ives and released in 1964 as a single and later featured the following year in his 1965 holiday album, Have a Holly Jolly Christmas. This version of the song has a somewhat slower arrangement than the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer version and features a twelve-string guitar solo introduction; it is this version that has since become the more commonly heard rendition on radio. This song mentions mistletoe in the bridge, where the singer asks the younger lover to \"Kiss her once for me\". The song features men and women singing the chorus, whose repeated \"Ding-dong\" imitation of Christmas bells are heard in the outro of the song, before it fades out. The song's enduring popularity is evidenced by its reaching No. 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in 1998, as well as No. 21 on the US Country Digital Songs chart and No. 5 on the Holiday 100 chart in 2011. The song charted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time in 2017, after rules on chart eligibility for older songs had been relaxed several years before, and reached a peak of No. 38. For the week ending December 8, 2018, the song re-entered the Hot 100 chart. It reached No. 10 for the week ending January 5, 2019. On the week ending January 4, 2020, it reached a new peak of No. 4. With this feat, Ives now holds the record for the longest break between Hot 100 Top Tens as he returned to this minimum ranking after 56 years, seven months and two weeks since his previous Top 10 hit and, at 109 years after birth, surpassing Louis Armstrong's \"What a Wonderful World\" (which reached the Top 40 when Armstrong would have been 86 years old) as the oldest artist, living or deceased, to have a Top 40 hit. As of December 2019, Ives' recording has sold 664,000 copies in the United States since becoming","title":"A Holly Jolly Christmas"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"31325790\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a legendary Christmas character, originally from a booklet by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer may also refer to: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film), an animated short by Max Fleischer \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" (song), written by Johnny Marks, sung most famously by Gene Autry in 1949, However was popularized by Burl Ives in 1964 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special), 1964 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack), from the special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (video game), based on the special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, 1998 See also Rudolph (disambiguation) Red nose (disambiguation) Reindeer (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51504361\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1948 animated short film produced and directed by Max Fleischer for Jam Handy based on the 1939 Robert L. May poem of the same name, about a flying reindeer who helps Santa Claus. Plot In the \\\"hills\\\", several reindeer children are busy having a fun time: ice skating, tree climbing, leap-frogging, even decorating a Christmas tree. One young reindeer decorating a tree spots a red object and, curious, tickles it with a leaf. It turns out to be Rudolph, who flops out of the tree with a sneeze. The reindeer who revealed him teases him over his shiny red nose, which hurts his feelings. When he tries to wrap the nose to hide it and join the others on the ice, another snatches the cover away. Rejected and saddened after being teased and made fun of by the other reindeer children, Rudolph returns home where his mother greets him and tries to cheer him up by reminding him to hang his stocking for Santa. He quickly does so, imagining Santa giving him a lot of toys, and quickly goes to bed, though his sleep is incredibly fitful, saddened by the other reindeer's teasing and taunting. Meanwhile in the North Pole, Santa Claus peeks out of his workshop and takes notice of the heavy fog, noting that it would be tough to get though on his own. When the grandfather clock strikes midnight, Santa quickly rushes in to get his reindeer and get ready for the travel ahead. As they travel, Santa warns that they'd have to fly low to get through the fog, only to crash into some trees. The Reindeer get loose and they try again. Over a town, Santa and the reindeer nearly crash into an airplane and, a little later, crash onto a rooftop. The reindeer and sleigh are stuck on the roof, but they're able to break free. Reaching Rudolph's house, Santa gives presents to a set of reindeer children, but is caught off-guard by the light in Rudolph's room, only to learn that it's Rudolph's shiny red nose. Surprised by this, he gets an idea and wakes Rudolph. Rudolph attempts to hide his nose, but Santa stops him and tells him of his perils. Agreeing to help him, Rudolph leaves a note for his parents before joining Santa on his journey, leading the other reindeer throughout the rest of the night. The next morning, news of Rudolph's journey reaches his hometown and all the other reindeer race to a stadium where Santa appoints Rudolph as the commander-in-chief. Blushing from head to toe, Rudolph bashfully tells everyone \\\"Merry Christmas to all and to all a good night\\\". Voices Paul Wing Production This 8-minute animated interpretation of the Christmas poem preceded Gene Autry's 1949 song \\\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" and the later more famous animated 1964 version by Rankin/Bass. It was based on Robert L. May's 1939 story, rather than the song. The 1964 special more closely resembles the song rather\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34308355\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a soundtrack album to the 1964 Rankin/Bass television special of the same name. The original cast recordings from the TV special (side \\\"A\\\" of the original LP release) are supplemented with instrumental versions recorded by the Decca Concert Orchestra (on side \\\"B\\\") on the Compact Disc version. All songs used in the television special were written by Johnny Marks. The original LP album was first released in 1964, however didn't become hugely successful until years later when it was reissued as a CD in 1995. The CD was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 30, 2004. The album has sold 1,411,200 copies in the United States since 1991 when SoundScan began tracking sales. Track listing LP side A: Overture and \\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" – 2:23 \\\"Jingle Jingle Jingle\\\" – 1:13 \\\"We Are Santa's Elves\\\" – 1:31 \\\"There's Always Tomorrow\\\" – 1:42 \\\"We're a Couple of Misfits\\\" – 1:18 \\\"Silver and Gold\\\" – 1:42 \\\"The Most Wonderful Day of the Year\\\" – 2:18 \\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" – 1:18 \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" Finale – 1:19 LP side B (instrumental versions): \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" – 1:50 \\\"There's Always Tomorrow\\\" – 2:22 \\\"Jingle Jingle Jingle\\\" – 2:14 \\\"We're a Couple of Misfits\\\" – 1:50 \\\"Silver and Gold\\\" – 2:21 \\\"We Are Santa's Elves\\\" – 1:09 \\\"The Most Wonderful Day of the Year\\\" – 2:22 \\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" – 1:32 Christmas Medley: \\\"The Night Before Christmas Song\\\" / \\\"A Merry Merry Christmas\\\" / \\\"When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter\\\" / \\\"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\\\" – 3:17 \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\" – 1:41 On the re-issue on CD, contents / track order are the same except the \\\"Christmas Medley\\\" is placed in the middle, at track 10 (between A9 and B1 - the Burl Ives' sung and instrumental versions of \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\"). The brand-new song \\\"Fame and Fortune\\\", which replaced \\\"We're a Couple of Misfits\\\" in airings of the television special from 1965 through until the special was restored in 1998, does not appear on the soundtrack album. Voices and personnel Burl Ives – voice of Sam the Snowman (\\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas,\\\" \\\"Silver and Gold,\\\" \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\") Stan Francis – voice of Santa Claus (\\\"Jingle, Jingle, Jingle\\\") Janis Orenstein – voice of Clarice (\\\"There's Always Tomorrow\\\") Billie Mae Richards – voice of Rudolph (\\\"We're A Couple Of Misfits\\\") Paul Soles – voice of Hermey (\\\"We're A Couple Of Misfits\\\") Maury Laws – musical director of the Videocraft TV Musical Decca Concert Orchestra (side B instrumentals) Herbert Rehbein – conductor, Decca Concert Orchestra Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Notes References External links Decca DL 34327 (original LP) at discogs.com MCA 15003 (1980 LP re-issue) at discogs.com MCAD 22177 (1995 CD re-issue) at amazon.com Soundtrack at internet movie database (imdb.com) 1964 Christmas albums 1964 soundtrack albums Decca Records soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Television animation soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1227422\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 stop motion Christmas animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. and currently distributed by NBCUniversal Television Distribution (later known as NBCUniversal Syndication Studios). It first aired December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the 1949 Johnny Marks song \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS. The network unveiled a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005, re-scanned frame-by-frame from the original 35 mm film elements. As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer no longer airs merely once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in the United States. The 50th anniversary of the television special was marked in 2014, and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014. A special exhibit was also mounted at the Masterworks Museum in Bermuda, where the original puppets are held. In 2019, Freeform (formerly ABC Family) started airing the special as part of its 25 Days of Christmas/Rankin-Bass Christmas holiday programming block. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was initially met with a positive reception among critics, who praised the voice acting, soundtrack, animation style, characters, and sets. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is often regarded as one of the best Christmas films ever made, being featured on numerous \\\"top ten\\\" lists. It has become widely popular among both young children and adults familiar with the Christmas season, and has garnered a large cult following since its initial debut. Plot Donner, Santa's lead reindeer, and his wife have a new fawn named Rudolph. They are surprised to find out he was born with a glowing red nose. Donner attempts to first cover Rudolph's nose with mud, and later uses a fake nose, so Rudolph will fit in with the other reindeer. The following spring, Rudolph goes out for the reindeer games, where the new fawns learn to fly and are scouted by Santa for future sleigh duty. Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice, who tells him he is cute, making Rudolph fly. While he celebrates with the other bucks, Rudolph's fake nose pops off, causing the other reindeer to mock him and Coach Comet to expel him. Rudolph meets and joins Hermey, a misfit elf who left Santa's workshop to follow his dream to become a dentist, and Yukon Cornelius, a prospector who has spent his life searching for silver and gold. After escaping the Abominable Snow Monster, all three land on the Island of Misfit Toys. It is a place where unloved or unwanted toys\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59811384\",\n \"text\": \"Corinne Alexandra Conley (born May 23, 1929) is an American actress who spent the majority of her career in Canada, notable for having won the Canadian Council of Authors and Artists' Best Actress Award. Conley is known for her voiceover work in various films and television productions and is better recognized for voicing Rudolph's mother and presumably Dolly for Sue in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964). Conley's acting career has spanned seventy years, receiving several nominations for her work. She has also made prominent and notable appearances in Tales of the Wizard of Oz as Dorothy Gale (1961), Days of Our Lives as Phyllis Anderson (1973-1982), the Goosebumps episode \\\"Monster Blood\\\" as Aunt Katherine (1996), Quads! as Sister Butch (2001-2002), A Christmas Horror Story as Aunt Edda (2015), and voicing multiple characters in the Watch Dogs: Legion video game (2020). Acting career For two years, she played the ingenue lead in The Common Glory, an outdoor drama in Williamsburg, Virginia. For four years, Conley portrayed Phyllis Anderson on the NBC-TV daytime drama Days of Our Lives. She also provided the voice of Dolly Sue and Rudolph’s mother in the 1964 animated NBC-TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Conley was a winner of the Canadian radio talent competition Opportunity Knocks. Beginning in 1955, she was hostess of Open House, a daily program on CBC Television. She played the female lead in CBC-TV's adaptation of the soap opera Search for Tomorrow. Other Canadian TV programs on which she appeared included Playdate, G. M. Presents, and Portrait. She also was heard on Crime Quiz on CBC Radio, and she made commercials for radio and TV. On Broadway, Conley portrayed Pearl Vambrance in Love and Libel (1960). Her other stage experience includes productions of the National Classic Theatre (NCT) in New York, which presented plays across the United States in colleges and high schools, and The Mountain Playhouse, Beaver Lake, and Vineland Summer Theatre, all in Canada. She also performed with the comedy duo Wayne and Shuster across Canada. In an interview with Saturday Morning Rewind in 2013, Conley admitted to having no memory of voicing Dolly for Sue during the production of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964), but remembers voicing Rudolph's mother. She told the interviewer that the possibility of voicing Dolly is likely, but has no memory of it. According to several movie databases and websites, Corinne Conley is credited as Dolly for Sue and additional voices. In 2018, Conley defended the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer TV film against claims of bigotry and bullying. Personal life Conley was born in New York and spent most of her youth in Radford, Virginia. After graduating from high school in Radford, she graduated from the University of Mary Washington in Virginia. Conley married Bonar Stuart, whom she met when both worked with the NCT. They have two sons, Tony and Curtis. Filmography Tit-Coq (1953) - Rosie Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) - Dolly for Sue and Rudolph's mother The Return of Count Yorga (1971) -\",\n \"title\": \"Corinne Conley\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4291374\",\n \"text\": \"Larry D. Mann (18 December 1922 – 6 January 2014) was a Canadian actor. He was best known as \\\"The Boss\\\" in a series of Bell Canada television commercials in the 1980s and for voicing the character of Yukon Cornelius in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Life and career Larry D. Mann was born in Toronto, Ontario, on 18 December 1922. Before his acting career, he was a disc jockey on 1050 CHUM radio in Toronto in 1949. Mann voiced the character of Yukon Cornelius in the classic Rankin-Bass Christmas special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. He also provided voices for characters in several other Rankin-Bass television series and specials. Mann's film career spanned four decades. He came to the attention of CBC audiences in 1953 when he kidded around with the puppet Uncle Chichimus on the show Let's See. According to a CBC Archives article, Mann got the job when his friend, actor Don Harron, pointed him out to producer Norman Jewison. Apart from his CBC work, he appeared in more than 20 movies, including In the Heat of the Night, Bullitt, and The Sting. Mann's many television credits include Get Smart; Gunsmoke; The Man From U.N.C.L.E.; Bewitched; Hogan's Heroes; Honey West; The Green Hornet; Green Acres; Columbo; Quincy, M.E. and Hill Street Blues. He also played the title role in a series of Bell Canada television commercials called \\\"The Boss\\\" for ten years beginning in 1981. His last role was on Homefront in 1991. His brother was actor Paul Mann, who appeared in the films America America and Fiddler on the Roof. Larry Mann died of natural causes on 6 January 2014 in Los Angeles. He was 91 years old. Filmography Films 1958: Flaming Frontier as Bradford 1963: The Quick and the Dead as Parker 1963: Spencer's Mountain as Spencer Brother (uncredited) 1964: Robin and the 7 Hoods as Workman (uncredited) 1964: Kisses for My President as Tour Guide (uncredited) 1965: Willy McBean and his Magic Machine as Professor Von Rotten (voice) 1965: Harlow as Editor (uncredited) 1966: The Singing Nun as Mr. Duvries 1966: The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming as Man with Cat (uncredited) 1966: The Daydreamer 1966: The Appaloosa as Priest 1966: Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round as Officer Howard 1966: The Swinger as John Mallory 1967: A Covenant with Death as Chillingworth 1967: Caprice as Inspector Kapinsky 1967: Rough Night in Jericho as Purley (uncredited) 1967: The Perils of Pauline as Prince Benji's Father (uncredited) 1967: In the Heat of the Night as Watkins 1968: The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz as Grossmeyer 1968: Bullitt (voice, uncredited) 1969: Angel in My Pocket as Bishop Morenschild 1970: The Liberation of L.B. Jones as Grocer 1970: There Was a Crooked Man... as Harry 1970: The Wild Country as The Marshal (uncredited) 1971: Scandalous John as Bartender 1972: Get to Know Your Rabbit as Mr. Seager 1973: Kloot's Kounty as Crazywolf (voice) 1973: Pay Your Buffalo Bill as Crazywolf / Big Red (voice) 1973: Ten Miles to\",\n \"title\": \"Larry D. Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30392244\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a video game based on the 1964 television special of the same name. The game was released by Red Wagon Games for both Wii and Nintendo DS on November 11, 2010. However, the developers of the two versions differ: the Wii game was developed by High Voltage Software while the developer of the DS version is American studio Glyphic Entertainment. In this game, the players compete in four different minigames, with each game having its own motion controls. Each minigame has a time limit. Once the time limit is up, the minigame is finished. Up to two players can participate at a time. The Wii version received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the game for its simplistic minigames and short length. Gameplay In this game, players compete in four different minigames, with each game having its own motion controls. Each minigame has a time limit. Once the time limit is up, the minigame is finished. Up to two players can participate at a time. In the first three minigames, up to 5 characters may be selected. In the final minigame, an elf may be chosen. Every time a minigame is completed, a different character may be selected. Once all four minigames have been completed, the game is over. Any of the minigames may be replayed once the story is completed. Minigames In the first minigame, Holiday Helper, the player bounces presents under the tree, lights and stockings onto the tree, and dolls and toys into Santa's Bag. In the second minigame, titled Toy Maker, the player paints toys. The third game, Cookie Cooking, involves the player baking cookies for Mrs. Claus. In the fourth and final minigame, Saving Christmas, the player delivers toys by dropping them onto houses. Reception Critical response The Wii version has faced generally negative reviews. In its review by IGN it was rated 1.5/10, and was criticized for its lack of gameplay and its grainy visual effects. IGN summed up their review by stating, \\\"We love these classic claymation movies, so it’s really sad to see such a blatant cash-in on the Rudolph name. Do yourself a favor and purchase something else for the family to enjoy over the holidays, because these reindeer games are a disaster.\\\" References 2010 video games Adventure games Christmas video games High Voltage Software games Minigame compilations Nintendo DS games North America-exclusive video games Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Video games about animals Video games based on animated films Video games based on adaptations Video games developed in the United States Wii games Single-player video games\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"526729\",\n \"text\": \"John David Marks (November 10, 1909 – September 3, 1985) was an American songwriter. He specialized in Christmas songs and wrote many holiday standards, including \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" (a hit for Gene Autry and others), \\\"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\\\" (a hit for Brenda Lee), \\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" (recorded by the Quinto Sisters and later by Burl Ives), \\\"Silver and Gold\\\" (for Burl Ives), and \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\" (introduced by Bing Crosby). Personal life Marks was born in Mount Vernon, New York. A graduate of McBurney School in New York, NY, and Colgate University and Columbia University, Marks later studied in Paris. He earned a Bronze Star and four Battle Stars as an Army Captain in the 26th Special Service Company during World War II. Marks had three children: Michael, Laura (d.2008) and David (d.2009). Marks, who was Jewish, was the great-uncle of economist Steven Levitt. Marks was the nephew of Marcus M. Marks (1858–1934), a business figure who served as Borough President of Manhattan. Johnny Marks's father, Louis B. Marks, was a lighting engineer. His wife, Margaret May Marks, was the sister of Robert L. May who wrote the original story of Rudolph. He lived on West 11th Street in Greenwich Village and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. He died on September 3, 1985, of complications from diabetes. Career Among Marks' many works is \\\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\", which was based on a poem of the same name, written by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May, Rudolph's creator. A television film based on the story and song first aired in 1964, with Marks composing the score. In addition to his songwriting, he founded St. Nicholas Music in 1949, and served as director of ASCAP from 1957 to 1961. In 1981, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Marks appeared as an imposter on the December 11, 1961 episode of the game show To Tell The Truth. Impersonating the owner of a herd of reindeer, he received two of the four votes. After the true contestant was revealed, Marks identified himself as the composer of \\\"Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer\\\". Works (incomplete list) Christmas songs Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer – 1949 (inspired by a poem by Robert L. May, Marks's brother-in-law) I Don't Want a Lot for Christmas - 1950 When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter – 1952 The Night Before Christmas Song – 1952 An Old-Fashioned Christmas – 1952 Everyone's a Child at Christmas – 1956 I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day – 1956 (words by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, adapted by Marks) Run Rudolph Run - 1958 (words and music were written solely by Chuck Berry, Marks received the writing credit due to his trademark of the Rudolph character) Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree – 1958 A Merry, Merry Christmas to You – 1959 The Santa Claus Parade – 1959 A Caroling We Go - 1966 Joyous Christmas - 1969 From the 1964 NBC/Rankin-Bass TV\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Marks\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8280962\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (titled on-screen as Rudolph and Frosty: Christmas in July) is an American-Japanese Christmas/Independence Day film produced by Rankin/Bass Productions, featuring characters from the company's holiday specials Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) and Frosty the Snowman (1969), among others. It was filmed in Japan using the company's trademark \\\"Animagic\\\" stop-motion animation style. The film was originally a theatrical film released through Avco Embassy Pictures where it ran for only 2–3 weeks and was considered a box office flop. Later that year, the film premiered on television in the US on November 25, 1979, on ABC. This was the last Rankin/Bass special to star Billie Mae Richards as Rudolph and Jackie Vernon as Frosty. Mickey Rooney reprised his role as Santa Claus from Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (1970) and The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974). Additional voices were provided by Red Buttons, Ethel Merman, Alan Sues, and Paul Frees. Shelley Winters and Frees reprised their roles as Frosty's wife Crystal and Jack Frost from Frosty's Winter Wonderland, and Hal Peary reprised his role as Big Ben the Clockwork Whale from Rudolph's Shiny New Year. This was the final Rankin/Bass special to use Rudolph and Frosty. All other specials and films starring the characters were produced by other companies. Plot Long ago, a powerful, evil snow wizard named Winterbolt caused havoc on the North Pole until Lady Boreal, Queen of the Northern Lights, put him in a deep sleep. Years later, Winterbolt awakens and Boreal transfers the last of her power into Rudolph's red nose when he is born, which will stop glowing if it is ever used for evil. Winterbolt learns of this and plans to dispose of Rudolph. Meanwhile, an ice cream man named Milton arrives and tells Rudolph and Frosty that he plans to marry Lilly Loraine's daughter Lainie if they star in the Circus by the Sea. Winterbolt offers Frosty and his family magic amulets to keep them from melting, which will only last until the final firework fades on July 4. Santa agrees to pick them up before the magic wears off, but Winterbolt creates a blizzard to prevent him and Mrs. Claus from arriving on time. He then goes to the Caves of Lost Rejections and recruits an unintelligent, nasty reindeer named Scratcher, who is jealous because he wanted to be one of Santa's reindeer, but was fired when Santa hired Rudolph. They, alongside a man named Sam Spangles, plan to get Rudolph to steal from the circus, which will make him appear to be evil and rid him of his magic. Meanwhile, Frosty discovers Scratcher's conspiracy and wants to help Rudolph. Winterbolt takes advantage of Frosty as well by agreeing to help Rudolph in exchange for his hat, intending to use it to create an army of evil snowmen. Rudolph manages to defeat Winterbolt, gets the hat back, and his nose regains its glow. Rudolph returns to the circus with a police officer named Officer Kelly who\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1496889\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph's Shiny New Year is a 1976 Christmas and New Year's stop motion animated television special and a standalone sequel to the 1964 special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. The special premiered on ABC on December 10, 1976. Plot Just after the events of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Santa Claus receives a letter from his friend Father Time asking for help to find Happy the Baby New Year before midnight (\\\"the 12th bong\\\") on New Year's Eve or else it will be December 31 forever. Santa sends Rudolph out to find him due to the snowstorm currently happening outside. An evil giant vulture named Eon the Terrible is supposed to live for exactly one eon after which he will turn into ice and snow and disintegrate. As this particular eon will end January 1 of the New Year, he plans to kidnap Happy to keep the year from ending and stop time, thus preventing his predestined death. General Ticker (a military clock) and the great Quarter-Past-Five, or Quart for short (a camel with a clock in his hump), bring Rudolph to Father Time's castle beyond the Sands of Time. Father Time speculates that Happy, who ran away due to his big ears being laughed at when they were first seen by Nanny Nine O'Clock, is hiding out in the \\\"Archipelago of Last Years\\\" where the Old Years retire and rule over an island styled to resemble the year over which they ruled. When Rudolph is attacked by Eon on the ocean while en route to the Archipelago, he is saved by Big Ben (a sperm whale with a clock attached to his tail) who transports Rudolph across the ocean. Upon arrival in the Archipelago, Rudolph first travels to the island belonging to a caveman named O.M. (short for One Million B.C.). O.M. inhabits an island anachronistically inhabited with friendly dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures. As Rudolph and his friends search for Happy (who left after his hat accidentally fell off saving a baby Pterodactyl and revealing his big ears, causing the dinosaurs to laugh), they repeatedly encounter Eon. After other off-screen visits to the islands of 4000 B.C., 1492, 1893, and 1965 have been completed without success, Rudolph and O.M. head for the island of 1023 (pronounced \\\"ten to three,\\\" as in the time 2:50), belonging to a Scottish knight with a long beard named Sir 1023 whose island is filled with medieval trappings along with several fairy tale and Mother Goose characters. Meanwhile, Happy manages to befriend the Three Bears, but becomes saddened when he is forced to remove his hat while playing a game with Baby Bear and exposes his big ears to them, causing him to leave again despite Baby Bear begging him not to go. The group then travels to the island of 1776, which reflects Colonial America and is ruled over by \\\"Sev\\\" (AKA 1776) who resembles Benjamin Franklin. Following Happy's seeming rejection on the Island of 1776 following the daily Fourth\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph's Shiny New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3441485\",\n \"text\": \"Billie Mae Richards (née Dinsmore, November 21, 1921 – September 10, 2010) was a Canadian actress who also appeared onstage and on television. She was the voice of Rankin/Bass' version of the Christmas character Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1964 to 1979, and of the Kid in the radio series Jake and the Kid. Early life and education Richards was born Billy Mae Dinsmore, in Toronto to parents Garnett and Eva May (Stanton) Dinsmore. Enrolled by her ambitious father in dancing lessons as a toddler, by the age of five she was in a stage show with WW1 veterans. She enlisted in the Royal Canadian Navy and performed in the show Meet the Navy that travelled across Canada and in Europe. She attended the Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts in Toronto. Career Richards worked at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, speaking and singing in radio dramas. From 1950 to 1956, she was the voice of the Kid in the ongoing radio series Jake and the Kid. As well has her portrayal of Rudolph, Richards also voiced Tenderheart Bear in the first two Care Bears movies, as well as the DIC-produced television series (credited as \\\"Billie Mae Richard\\\"), and Brightheart Raccoon in the Nelvana-produced Care Bears television series. Richards' four other appearances in Rankin/Bass productions animated were in Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, The King Kong Show, The Smokey Bear Show and The Daydreamer (both from the mid-1960s) and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and its sequels all written in the United States and animated in Japan. About that same time, she appeared in the original Spider-Man television series. She also voiced Chris and Robbie, plus all the female characters, in The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo and The Toothbrush Family with Len Carlson, who voiced all the male ones. Additionally, she voiced puppet characters in the Canadian produced TV shows We Live Next Door, and its spin-off, Calling All Safety Scouts. She made guest appearances on the television shows Maniac Mansion, My Secret Identity, War of the Worlds and The Hidden Room. She also had a bit part in the 1998 horror film Bram Stoker's Shadow Builder, in which her character was attacked with an axe by Paul Soles (who had played Hermey the elf in the original Rudolph special), and the 2001 short Bluehair. Personal life Billie Mae Dinsmore married musician Bill Richards in 1946 in Yorkshire, England, they remained married until their divorce in 1966. Together they have four children, Stephen Richards, Judi Richards, a singer-songwriter, Barbara Jayne Richards and Cynthia \\\"Cyndi\\\" Richards-Jamieson. She also has 12 grandchildren and 9 great-grandchildren. Death Richards died on September 10, 2010, at the age of 88 following a stroke. Filmography Film Meet the Navy (1946) - Willy McBean and his Magic Machine (1965) - Willie McBean (voice) The Daydreamer (1966) - Various voices Jailbait Babysitter (1977) The Care Bears Movie (1985) - Tenderheart Bear, Mrs. Cherrywood (voices) Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986) - Tenderheart Bear (voice) The Video\",\n \"title\": \"Billie Mae Richards\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16595164\",\n \"text\": \"Maury Laws (December 6, 1923 – March 28, 2019) was an American television and film composer from Burlington, North Carolina. Biography In his teens, Laws performed in local country, jazz and dance bands as a singer and guitarist in his home state of North Carolina. His career was put on hold during World War II, in which he served in the Army. In 1964, he was hired as music director for the television production company Videocraft International (now known as Rankin/Bass), a post which he held for roughly 20 years. In this capacity, he conducted and scored music for a number of animated features, including The Hobbit, Jack Frost, The Flight of Dragons, The Daydreamer, The Wacky World of Mother Goose, Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town, and Frosty the Snowman. His most widely known work may be an adaptation of Johnny Marks' score for the well-known Christmas special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, first aired in 1964. Laws also did composing work on a 1967 Rankin/Bass theatrical feature, the Halloween-themed Mad Monster Party?. Maury Laws died in Appleton, Wisconsin on March 28, 2019. Filmography Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) Return to Oz (1964) The Daydreamer (1966) The King Kong Show (1966–1969) Ballad of Smokey the Bear (1966) Mad Monster Party? (1966, 1967) Cricket on the Hearth (1967) The Wacky World of Mother Goose (1967) Mouse on the Mayflower (1968) The Little Drummer Boy (1968) The Smokey Bear Show (1969–1970) Frosty the Snowman (1969) The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians (1970) The Reluctant Dragon & Mr. Toad Show (1970–1971) The Tomfoolery Show (1970–1971) Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (1970) Here Comes Peter Cottontail (1971) The Jackson 5ive (1971–1972) The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye: The Emperor's New Clothes (1972) The Osmonds (1972) Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972) Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid (1972) The Red Baron (1972) Festival of Family Classics (1972–1973) That Girl in Wonderland (1973) Marco (1973) 'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974) The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974) The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow (1975) Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1975, 1976) The First Easter Rabbit (1976) Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976) The Little Drummer Boy, Book II (1976) The Muppet Show (1976-1981) The Easter Bunny is Comin' to Town (1977) The Last Dinosaur (1977) The Hobbit (1977) Nestor the Long–Eared Christmas Donkey (1977) The Stingiest Man in Town (1978) Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) The Return of the King (1979, 1980) Pinocchio's Christmas (1980) The Bushido Blade (1981) The Leprechaun's Christmas Gold (1981) The Flight of Dragons (1982) The Wind in the Willows (1985, 1987) References External links Maury Laws at the Internet Off Broadway Database Biography on SpaceAgePop.com 1923 births 2019 deaths American film score composers American television composers American male film score composers American male television composers Animated film score composers Musicians from North Carolina Musicians from Wisconsin People from Appleton, Wisconsin People from Burlington, North Carolina Rankin/Bass Productions Songwriters from North Carolina Songwriters from Wisconsin American male songwriters\",\n \"title\": \"Maury Laws\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"528190\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Robert Soles (August 11, 1930 – May 26, 2021) was a Canadian character actor, voice artist and television personality. He voiced the title character in Spider-Man (1967), and portrayed Hermey in the 1964 television special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer; Soles was one of the last surviving participants of the special's voice cast. Soles first screen appearance was on CFPL in 1953, and he continued to perform over 60 years later, performing as of 2016 in the comedy web series My 90-Year-Old Roommate on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's online comedy channel, CBC Comedy. Early life Soles was born in Toronto, the son of Lillian (Goodfellow) and Arthur L. Soles. His family were Jewish emigrants from Poland and Lithuania. He had two siblings. Soles is the cousin of Bernard \\\"Bunny\\\" Cowan, and they both worked on the original 1960s Spider-Man animated series and the 1967 children's series Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse. Career Acting roles Soles was the voice of Hermey the misfit elf in Rankin/Bass' Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1964. He also voiced Marvel superhero Spider-Man and various characters in the original animated television series also from the 1960s, and he played \\\"The Lawbreaker\\\" on the CBC panel quiz show This Is the Law in the 1970s, and played Costas Stavros on the Canadian soap opera Riverdale. In 2001, Soles took over the role of Shylock the Jew in the Stratford Festival of Canada production of The Merchant of Venice after Al Waxman, who was originally scheduled to play the part, died. Soles played Stanley the pizza shop owner in The Incredible Hulk (2008), and his other film appearances have included roles in Ticket to Heaven (1981), Just the Way You Are (1984) and The Gunrunner (1989) opposite Kevin Costner. He also played Danny, the Montreal Customs House janitor in the 2001 crime thriller The Score. Soles won a 2006 Gemini Award for his role in the television series Terminal City, and a 2017 Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Digital Production for My 90-Year-Old Roommate. On the appointed evening of the awards ceremony, the ever-humble Soles was so overcome with emotion that he had to contain himself more than once on the way to the stage, resulting in another thunderous applause from the audience, before he accepted the trophy and gave his speech. Voice work Soles also did voices on various animated television shows and films such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Rocket Robin Hood, The Smokey Bear Show, The Little Brown Burro, King of the Beasts, The Marvel Super Heroes, the original Spider-Man cartoon, The Trolls and the Christmas Express, Take Me Up to the Ball Game, Willy McBean and His Magic Machine, Festival of Family Classics, JoJo's Circus, The Reluctant Dragon & Mr. Toad Show, Noah's Animals, Iron Man, The King Kong Show, and Spider-Woman. Soles was also the narrator of The Wonderful Stories of Professor Kitzel, the voice of The Commissioner in the 2005 animated television series Funpak and has also\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Soles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1327067\",\n \"text\": \"{{Infobox television | image = 'Twas the Night Beore Christmas logo.jpg | image_alt = | caption = Official logo | genre = Animation | creator = | writer = Jerome Coopersmith | screenplay = | story = | director = Arthur Rankin Jr.Jules Bass | starring = Joel GreyGeorge GobelTammy GrimesJohn McGiver | narrated = George Gobel (main story)Joel Grey (poem sequence) | theme_music_composer = Maury Laws | country = United StatesJapan | language = English | num_episodes = | producer = Arthur Rankin Jr.Jules Bass | editor = | cinematography = Toru HaraTsuguyuki Kubo | runtime = 25 minutes | company = Rankin/Bass ProductionsTopcraft | budget = | network = CBS | first_aired = | related = {{Plainlist| Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) Frosty the Snowman (1969) Santa Claus is Comin' to Town (1970) Here Comes Peter Cottontail (1971) Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974) The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974) The First Easter Rabbit (1976) Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976) Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976) The Easter Bunny is Comin' to Town (1977) Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey (1977) The Stingiest Man in Town (1978) Jack Frost (1979) Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) Pinocchio's Christmas (1980) Frosty Returns (1992) Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001) The Legend of Frosty the Snowman (2005) A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) }} }}Twas the Night Before Christmas''' is a 1974 animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions which features Clement Clarke Moore's famous 1823 poem, A Visit from St. Nicholas, the opening line of which is the source of the title of this animated special. The special first originally aired on CBS on December 8, 1974 where it aired annually until 1994, when The Family Channel (now Freeform) took over its syndication rights. AMC took over syndication rights for the special in 2018. Although the opening credits mention \\\"told and sung by Joel Grey\\\", it is really narrated by George Gobel, as there is more emphasis on the point of view of Father Mouse, with Moore's poem read by Grey as a secondary plot. Plot The program is set in the fictional town of Junctionville, New York, around the turn of the 20th century. Santa Claus is offended by an anonymous letter printed in the town's newspaper (and signed \\\"all of us\\\") claiming that he doesn't exist. In response, Santa returns the entire town's letters to them unopened. Upon reading the anonymous letter printed in the newspaper, Father Mouse — a mouse assistant to the human clockmaker Joshua Trundle — immediately suspects that his brainy, college student son Albert is its author. Albert confirms his suspicions, repeating the letter verbatim to him. Father Mouse and the Trundle Family devise a plan to appease Santa by building a singing clock tower for him, built with a special recording to play a song to coax him not to bypass Junctionville on Christmas Eve. Unfortunately, Albert enters the clock to explore it without permission, and inadvertently causes\",\n \"title\": \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22026538\",\n \"text\": \"BENT IMAGE LAB (or BENT) is a production company and animation studio specializing in story development, television, commercials, visual effects, music videos, short films, experimental techniques and tech development in augmented reality (AR). Located in Portland, Oregon, the company was founded in 2002 by partners David Daniels, Ray Di Carlo, and Chel White. Beginning in 2010, the studio began the production and development of television projects, including half hour animated holiday specials for the Hallmark Channel and animated segments for Portlandia. The company is also known for its visual effects work in motion pictures and television, as seen in Gus Van Sant's Paranoid Park, Restless and Milk, in Todd Haynes' I'm Not There, as well as NBC's Grimm (TV Series). Since 2014, the studio has been developing augmented reality (AR) technology and plans to launch their convergent computer vision library in fall of 2019. Work and techniques Bent Image Lab is known largely for its stop motion animation, CGI/computer animation, character design, and multi-technique projects. Bent's multi-technique approach can be seen in the Modest Mouse music video Whale Song (director Nando Costa), the Thom Yorke music video Harrowdown Hill (director Chel White), the Coca-Cola ad Hidden Formula, the Lux soap ad Provocateur, a commercial for Kellogg's Rice Krispies One early and notable example of a BENT stop motion project is Blue Christmas (a.k.a. Santa and the States) (season 30, episode 8), a parody short for Robert Smigel's Saturday TV Funhouse on Saturday Night Live. The short, airing December 18, 2004, was directed by Bent co-founder Chel White, written by Robert Smigel and Michelle Saks Smigel with additional material by Rich Blomquist, Stephen Colbert, Scott Jacobson, and Matt O'Brien; voices by Maya Rudolph, Amy Poehler, Erik Bergmann, and Robert Smigel. The short is a parody of the 1964 holiday TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Bent Image Lab has replicated the same style and original characters in television advertisements for AT&T, AFLAC, Bing, and in a series of 2014 holiday promos for CBS commemorating the 50th anniversary of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. In 2016, the studio produced a ten-minute remake of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer as a 4D attraction film for SimEx-Iwerks. Another significant stop motion project is Jingle All the Way (TV special), a holiday special for Hallmark Channel. Other notable BENT stop-motion productions include director Rob Shaw's Rats segments for the IFC show Portlandia, and commercials for Legos, Gatorade, Lux, OfficeMax BENT's CGI work can be seen in the 2015 Annie Awards nominated Polariffic (director Rob Shaw), as well as in their commercials for Honda, Nike, Coca-Cola, Koodo, Nabisco, Puffs, and the American Lung Association. An example of the studio's hand drawn animation can be seen in the animated sequences of David Oyelowo's feature film, The Water Man (2020). Founders and directors Bent Image Lab co-founder and director David Daniels invented an animation technique he termed Strata-cut, a unique form of clay animation in which internally packed \\\"loaves\\\" of clay are animated in thin slices, revealing the movement of\",\n \"title\": \"Bent Image Lab\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27630791\",\n \"text\": \"Chiller Theatre was a Saturday night television series broadcast by Channel 11 WPIX in New York City that showed classic horror movies. History 1960s Chiller Theater was initiated by WPIX during 1961. Beginning 1963 its host was John Zacherle (\\\"The Cool Ghoul\\\"), who quit during 1965. Each episode of the show began with the \\\"Classic Montage Opening\\\" that used a montage of brief segments of film from various 1950s fantasy and science fiction movies. This montage began with a scene from the movie Plan 9 from Outer Space with Vampira coming out of a forest, followed by a clip from the movie The Cyclops, showing actress Gloria Talbott just inside a cave looking at the Cyclops. Various other clips continued throughout the montage, concluding with one of from Attack of the 50 Foot Woman, with a \\\"goof\\\" showing a giant alien from outer space picking up a car and then throwing a different type of car into a ditch. The entire montage was permeated by an eerie library music track (\\\"Horror Upon Horror\\\" by veteran British composer Wilfred Josephs). The montage opening served until the late 1960s when another introduction was substituted, featuring the word \\\"Chiller\\\" rendered in white paint on a black board, then lifted up, the gooey white paint slowly running down the board like blood while creepy chamber music played in the background. The bumper to this version simply showed the painted \\\"Chiller\\\" as a title card. The montage opening was discontinued in favor of this version perhaps because by the late 1960s movie studios began to charge television stations royalties for film clips. 1970s By 1971, the painted title card sequence was replaced with the clay animation (claymation) of a six-fingered hand, produced by WPIX in-house with possible assistance from a technician for Rankin Bass (the same production company that produced the 1964 claymation television movie Rudolph The Red Nose Reindeer. The \\\"xix-fingered hand\\\" sequence features a minimalistic/surreal scene of a swamp with a river of blood in the foreground extending back to the horizon, a dead tree in the background, and a six-fingered humanoid hand that rises from the swamp. The soundtrack consists of a reverberant whistling and ghostly sound elements that decrease in pitch as the sequence progresses. As the hand rises, the word \\\"Chiller\\\" simultaneously emerges from the ground. The hand passes over each growing letter, then snatches them one by one before returning to the swamp, and a voice is heard groaning the word \\\"Chillllller ...\\\" in an eerie, robotic voice. The \\\"six-fingered hand\\\" opening was used throughout the remainder of the show's run through the early 1980s. The program was usually broadcast at 8:00 p.m. on Saturday nights, but for a time in 1974, it was broadcast at 11:30 p.m. The series was cancelled at the end of 1978 and was resumed in early 1980 at 2:00 a.m. Sunday late-night. 1980s and 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 revivals Chiller Theatre was cancelled again in 1982. After a 26-year absence on WPIX,\",\n \"title\": \"Chiller Theatre (1961 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24589446\",\n \"text\": \"Have a Holly Jolly Christmas is a Christmas album by American folk singer Burl Ives, first released by Decca Records in October 1965 (recorded in 1964). It peaked at #32 on Billboard'''s Best Bets For Christmas album chart on December 2, 1967. Ives had recorded two of the songs on the album (\\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" and \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\") previously for the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer soundtrack, but he recorded new versions for Have a Holly Jolly Christmas''. \\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" in particular had a significantly different and slower arrangement, which is more commonly heard today. This version had already been released as a single the previous year, with a B-side of \\\"Snow for Johnny\\\", which he also featured on the album. Track listing Personnel Burl Ives – lead vocals Owen Bradley – director of chorus and orchestra Charts References Decca DL 4689 (mono), DL 74689 (stereo), 1965 vinyl LP release MCA 15002 (1977 LP re-issue) at discogs.com MCAD 25992 (1995 CD re-issue) at discogs.com 1965 Christmas albums Burl Ives albums Decca Records Christmas albums Albums produced by Milt Gabler Christmas albums by American artists Covers albums Folk Christmas albums Pop Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Have a Holly Jolly Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8787033\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\", also known as \\\"Have a Holly Jolly Christmas\\\", is a Christmas song written by Johnny Marks and most famously performed by Burl Ives. The song has since become one of the top 25 most-performed \\\"holiday\\\" songs written by ASCAP members, for the first five years of the 21st century. Successful covers have notably been recorded by Alan Jackson, Jerrod Niemann, Lady Antebellum and Michael Bublé. Background \\\"A Holly Jolly Christmas\\\" was written by Johnny Marks in 1962. It was the title song of The Quinto Sisters' first album, Holly Jolly Christmas, recorded in June 1964 for Columbia Records, featuring guitarist Al Caiola with arrangements by Frank Hunter and Marty Manning. The song was featured in the 1964 Rankin-Bass Christmas special, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, in which Burl Ives voiced the narrator, Sam the Snowman. Originally to be sung by Larry D. Mann as Yukon Cornelius, the song, as well as \\\"Silver and Gold\\\", was given to Ives due to his singing fame. This version was also included on the soundtrack album. The song was re-recorded by Ives and released in 1964 as a single and later featured the following year in his 1965 holiday album, Have a Holly Jolly Christmas. This version of the song has a somewhat slower arrangement than the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer version and features a twelve-string guitar solo introduction; it is this version that has since become the more commonly heard rendition on radio. This song mentions mistletoe in the bridge, where the singer asks the younger lover to \\\"Kiss her once for me\\\". The song features men and women singing the chorus, whose repeated \\\"Ding-dong\\\" imitation of Christmas bells are heard in the outro of the song, before it fades out. The song's enduring popularity is evidenced by its reaching No. 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in 1998, as well as No. 21 on the US Country Digital Songs chart and No. 5 on the Holiday 100 chart in 2011. The song charted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time in 2017, after rules on chart eligibility for older songs had been relaxed several years before, and reached a peak of No. 38. For the week ending December 8, 2018, the song re-entered the Hot 100 chart. It reached No. 10 for the week ending January 5, 2019. On the week ending January 4, 2020, it reached a new peak of No. 4. With this feat, Ives now holds the record for the longest break between Hot 100 Top Tens as he returned to this minimum ranking after 56 years, seven months and two weeks since his previous Top 10 hit and, at 109 years after birth, surpassing Louis Armstrong's \\\"What a Wonderful World\\\" (which reached the Top 40 when Armstrong would have been 86 years old) as the oldest artist, living or deceased, to have a Top 40 hit. As of December 2019, Ives' recording has sold 664,000 copies in the United States since becoming\",\n \"title\": \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"8258274","text":"The Spirit of Christmas 2001 is the eighth compilation album of Christmas-associated tracks in the annual Spirit of Christmas series. It was released in Australia in November 2001 with proceeds going to The Salvation Army's Red Shield Appeal, which supports at-risk children and youth throughout the country. The compilation has contributions from various Australian artists and was produced by Lindsay Field (also compiler) and Glenn Wheatley. It was issued on cassette and CD by Myer Grace Bros. and distributed by Sony BMG. Background The Spirit of Christmas series started in 1993 when Myer, an Australian department store, wished to continue their philanthropic support in the community, \"whilst at the same time providing something special for everyone to enjoy\". They choose the Salvation Army's Red Shield Appeal for at-risk children and youth throughout the country as the recipients in 2001. Session and touring musician, Lindsay Field was the executive producer and compiler. Field contacted various fellow Australian musicians – including those he had worked with personally – to donate a track for the compilation, most commonly a new rendition of a standard Christmas carol. Together with Glenn Wheatley (former member of The Masters Apprentices and manager of Little River Band), Field produced the recording for Myer Grace Bros. own label which was distributed by Sony BMG. Track listing \"Away in a Manger\" – Christine Anu – 4:09 \"O Holy Night\" – Anthony Warlow – 2:58 \"Silent Night\" – Tony Lee Scott – 3:19 \"Run Run Rudolph\" – Vika and Linda – 4:14 \"Christmas Must Be Tonight\" – Paul Kelly – 4:09 \"White Christmas\" – Wendy Matthews – 2:49 \"Blue Christmas\" – The Cruel Sea – 4:18 \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" – Bert Newton – 2:08 \"We Three Kings of Orient Are\" – Cotton Keays & Morris – 4:05 \"I Still Pray\" – Kasey Chambers featuring Paul Kelly and Uncle Bill – 4:29 \"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\" – Vanessa Amorosi – 2:34 \"Children Go Where I Send You\" – Ross Wilson – 3:26 \"Santa Claus is Coming\" – Hi-5 – 2:33 \"The First Noel\" – Lindsay Field and Rudolphs – 3:27 See also The Spirit of Christmas (compilation album) 2001 in music References 2001 Christmas albums 2001 compilation albums Christmas albums by Australian artists The Spirit of Christmas albums","title":"The Spirit of Christmas 2001"},{"docid":"7203505","text":"A John Waters Christmas is a compilation album of Christmas music selected by cult film director John Waters. Track listing \"Fat Daddy\" – Fat Daddy \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" – Tiny Tim \"Christmas Time Is Coming\" (A Street Carol) – Stormy Weather, originally released in 1975 \"Happy Birthday Jesus\" – Little Cindy, originally released in 1959 \"Here Comes Fatty Claus\" – Rudolph & Gang \"Little Mary Christmas\" – Roger Christian \"I Wish You a Merry Christmas\" – Big Dee Irwin & Little Eva \"Santa! Don't Pass Me By\" – Jimmy Donley \"Sleigh Ride\" – Alvin and the Chipmunks \"Sleigh Bells, Reindeer And Snow\" – Rita Faye Wilson, originally released in 1955 \"First Snowfall\" – The Coctails \"Santa Claus Is a Black Man\" – AKIM & The Teddy Vann Production Company, originally released in 1973 References 2004 Christmas albums 2004 compilation albums Christmas compilation albums John Waters New Line Records albums","title":"A John Waters Christmas"},{"docid":"9895126","text":"Carmen Beth Twillie (born April 8, 1950) is an American actress and singer. She is a longtime friend of Tommy Morgan and has appeared as guest contralto soloist with Morgan's choir. She is best known for singing the Elton John and Tim Rice song \"Circle of Life\" in the beginning of the 1994 Disney animated feature film The Lion King. She provided the singing voice of Stormella in the 1998 Christmas animated film Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie and she was a singer in the 1997 animated film Cats Don't Dance. She did a few small voice roles in the 1993 stop-motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas as the Undersea Gal and the Creature under the bed. She also appeared on the Chowder episode \"Sing Beans\" doing one of the voices for the sing beans alongside voice actors Jess Harnell, John DiMaggio, and Tara Strong. She also is a backup singer, having appeared on several albums released by artists such as Celine Dion, Whitney Houston, Dionne Warwick and Pink Floyd for their 1987 album A Momentary Lapse of Reason. References External links 1950 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses African-American actresses American voice actresses 20th-century African-American women singers 20th-century American women singers 20th-century American singers American contraltos 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women","title":"Carmen Twillie (actress)"},{"docid":"70812934","text":"We Can Make It may refer to: Music Albums George Jones (We Can Make It) We Can Make It (George Jones song) We Can Make It (Peters and Lee album) Songs We Can Make It! (Arashi song) \"We Can Make It\", a song performed by Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe and Brian Hyland for the soundtrack of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie.","title":"We Can Make It"},{"docid":"5191457","text":"David Cerda (born June 13, 1961, Hammond, Indiana) is an American performer and playwright based in Chicago. He is currently the artistic director for Hell in a Handbag Productions, which he co-founded in 2002. His campy, highly theatrical plays have made him a notable presence within the Chicago theater scene. He has written and appeared in many of his works, including a transgressive adaptation of Rudolph, the Red-Hosed Reindeer, How ‘What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?’ Happened and POSEIDON! An Upside-Down Musical which won the New York International Fringe Festival Best Ensemble Award and was the most attended show of the festival that year. Cerda’s theatre group has araised money for Chicago LGBT non-profits such as Season of Concern, AIDS Legal Council, Howard Brown, the Legacy Project, Windy City Alliance for the Deaf, and Groceryland. Selected works Hell in a Handbag has produced over 70 original plays, of which Cerda has written several. The Drag Seed, a parody of The Bad Seed Snowgirls: The Musical, a parody of Showgirls POSEIDON! An Upside Down Musical (2002, 2009), a musical parody of The Poseidon Adventure The Golden Girls: The Lost Episodes (since 2017), a spoof of The Golden Girls Rudolph, the Red-Hosed Reindeer, a parody of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer How ‘What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?’ Happened, a parody of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane The Birds Christmas Dearest Caged Dames Awards 2003 - New York International Fringe Festival Excellence Award for Ensemble Performance 2016 - Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame References External links Hell In A Handbag Productions American gay writers 20th-century American dramatists and playwrights Writers from Chicago Living people 1961 births American LGBT dramatists and playwrights American male dramatists and playwrights 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American LGBT people","title":"David Cerda"},{"docid":"9602536","text":". William Sturm (1906–1981) was an animator, known for character development with Fleischer Animation Studios. Most notably, he was known for animating characters such as Popeye and Bluto. After leaving Fleischer Studios he once again worked with Max Fleischer at Jam Handy Films in Detroit, creating animation for the original cartoon of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer in 1948. Filmography I Eats My Spinach Grampy's Indoor Outing Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer External links https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/cartoonamerica/cartoon-zip.html 1906 births 1981 deaths American animators Fleischer Studios people","title":"William Sturm"},{"docid":"22775880","text":"We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year is a compilation album of Christmas songs played by an all-star collection of hard rock and heavy metal artists released on October 14, 2008. Each track puts together a unique supergroup playing a traditional Christmas selection. Track listing \"We Wish You a Merry Xmas\" (Jeff Scott Soto / Bruce Kulick / Bob Kulick / Chris Wyse / Ray Luzier/ Elvin Schäder) \"Run Rudolph Run\" (Lemmy / Billy F. Gibbons / Dave Grohl / Elvin Schäder) \"Santa Claws Is Coming to Town\" (Alice Cooper / John 5 / Billy Sheehan / Vinny Appice / Elvin Schäder) \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\" (Ronnie James Dio / Tony Iommi / Rudy Sarzo / Simon Wright) \"Silver Bells\" (Geoff Tate / Carlos Cavazo / James Lomenzo / Ray Luzier) \"Little Drummer Boy\" (Doug Pinnick / George Lynch / Billy Sheehan / Simon Phillips) \"Santa Claus Is Back in Town\" (Tim \"Ripper\" Owens / Steve Morse / Juan Garcia / Marco Mendoza / Vinny Appice) \"Silent Night\" (Chuck Billy / Scott Ian / Jon Donais / Chris Wyse / John Tempesta) \"Deck the Halls\" (Oni Logan / Craig Goldy / Tony Franklin / John Tempesta) \"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\" (Stephen Pearcy / Tracii Guns / Bob Kulick / Billy Sheehan / Greg Bissonette) \"Rockin' Around the Xmas Tree\" (Joe Lynn Turner / Bruce Kulick / Bob Kulick / Rudy Sarzo / Simon Wright) \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" (Tommy Shaw / Steve Lukather / Marco Mendoza / Kenny Aronoff) Bonus tracks: \"O Christmas Tree\" (Doro Pesch / Frankie Banali/ Michael Schenker / Tony Franklin) \"Auld Lang Syne\" (Girlschool) \"Frosty the Snowman\" (Bumblefoot / Chris Chaney/ Kenny Aronoff / Steve \"Lips\" Kudlow) \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (Dez Fafara / Blasko / Doug Aldrich / John Tempesta) Personnel Mike Exeter – Engineer Bob Kulick - Producer Brett Chassen - Producer References External links Blogcritics.org Heavymetal.about.com () 2008 compilation albums 2008 Christmas albums Christmas compilation albums Hard rock compilation albums Heavy metal compilation albums Heavy metal Christmas albums","title":"We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year"},{"docid":"26808393","text":"Myriam Sirois (born February 2, 1975) is a retired Canadian actress, mainly known for being the voice of Akane Tendo in the English version of Ranma ½. She also portrayed Sarah Cantrell in the Babylon 5 movie The Legend of the Rangers: To Live and Die in Starlight. She also played the voice of Zoey in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie and the voice of Sulia Gaudeamus in Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture. She had since transitioned into other ventures according to her LinkedIn Page Filmography Film Television References External links 1975 births Living people Actresses from Quebec Canadian television actresses Canadian voice actresses People from Sept-Îles, Quebec","title":"Myriam Sirois"},{"docid":"20443258","text":"Harry Brannon (June 19, 1920 – December 29, 1991) was an American popular singer born in Gloucester City, New Jersey. Brannon regularly introduced new pop songs in a live format over New York City radio on the WOR Mutual Broadcasting Company broadcast coast to coast. Early in November 1949, Brannon sang \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" over the airwaves for WOR, promoting the Gene Autry classic. By November 25, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" began its appearance on the music charts. Various popular artists had initially turned down the opportunity to promote the record, including Bing Crosby, due to its slow tempo. However, after hearing the faster and more upbeat Brannon rendition, Crosby sang his own rendition during his CBS The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show radio show on December 14, 1949. Brannon is known to have recorded at least two songs during his short career in music. Both were released in early 1948. One was titled \"Orchids in the Snow\", written by composer Edward A. Khoury, and the other was titled \"I'm a Tumbleweed\", written by Rusty Keefer. In March, 1954, Bing Crosby, still mourning the recent death of his wife Dixie Lee, was considering retirement. Almost immediately, plans were made by a Hollywood production company to issue a biopic of the famous crooner and approached Brannon (who possessed a similar appearance to Crosby) to play the lead. As Brannon mulled over the offer, he became aware of organized-crime connections to the project. Brannon \"dragged his feet\" and put it off as long as possible until Crosby, revelling in the success of his recently released film White Christmas, rescinded his retirement plans and the biopic was shelved indefinitely. Due to a deferred movie career and through the prompting of his wife, Pauline Woolman-Brannon (ex-wife of stuntman Harry Woolman), Brannon left New York City (and the recording industry) in late 1954 and resettled in Gloucester City, New Jersey. Brannon took a management position at a nightclub called Lew Palma's House of Fun on Powell Street. Brannon was a regular performer in it and lived with his family on the second floor. Through his wife, Brannon soon became affiliated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, presently known as the Community of Christ, and was ordained as a priest by the mid-1960s. Brannon's adopted son, Harry Gerald Brannon, a Sergeant in the United States Army, died in South Vietnam on August 15, 1966, at age 30. Harry, known as Jerry, was the biological son of stuntman Harry Woolman. He died of Alzheimer's disease at age 71. References 1920 births 1991 deaths American members of the Community of Christ American male singer-songwriters Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States Deaths from dementia in New Jersey People from Gloucester City, New Jersey 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singer-songwriters Singer-songwriters from New Jersey","title":"Harry Brannon"},{"docid":"24775808","text":"The White Stag sign, also known as the \"Portland Oregon\" sign, is a lighted neon-and-incandescent-bulb sign located atop the White Stag Building, at 70 NW Couch Street in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, facing the Burnside Bridge. The sign faces westbound traffic as it enters downtown Portland coming across the Willamette River. The sign was acquired by the City of Portland in September 2010, and the lettering was changed to read \"Portland Oregon\" in November 2010. During Christmas, the nose of the stag glows red in imitation of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, and by the 1970s that feature had contributed to the sign's popularity as a local landmark. The sign was designated a City of Portland Historic Landmark in 1977. In 2014, Willamette Week referred to the \"famous White Stag sign\" as \"one of the most instantly recognizable parts of the Portland skyline\". Since its installation in 1940 the sign has carried various messages and animations, generally advertising Portland companies, the longest-lasting version being for White Stag Sportswear, from 1957 until 1997. History The city permit for the original sign was received on September 19, 1940. The sign was built soon afterward by Ramsay Signs, who also owned it, and was first illuminated around the end of October 1940. The sign read \"White Satin Sugar\" inside an outline of the state of Oregon, advertising a brand of sugar. In 1950, the sign was animated to show the state filling with sugar. In 1957, the sign was changed to advertise White Stag, an apparel manufacturer that owned the building and had occupied it since 1924. The lettering was changed to \"Home of White Stag Sportswear\" and a silhouette of a white stag was added to the top of the sign. For the 1959 Christmas season, a red neon \"nose\" was added to the stag's snout in imitation of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, a tradition that has been repeated annually ever since. White Stag was purchased by the Warnaco Group in 1966, and the company left the building in 1973. In 1972, the building was sold to the H. Naito Corporation and occupied by one of its divisions, Norcrest China Company, but Warnaco still paid for the sign's electricity and maintenance. In 1977, the sign, which had come to symbolize Portland, especially at Christmas time, was designated a City of Portland historic landmark. It continued to be owned by Ramsay Signs, who leased it to White Stag/Warnaco. In 1986, White Stag moved out of Oregon entirely, but Warnaco continued to pay for the sign to be lit until May 1989, when the sign went dark. Bill Naito, president of the H. Naito Corporation, owner of the Norcrest China Company which occupied the building, agreed to pay for the sign's electricity for the Christmas season beginning in October, but trouble with the wiring led to the sign remaining dark until after Thanksgiving. With Naito paying the approximately $200-a-month electric bill and the Ramsay Sign company providing maintenance, the sign remained lit into the","title":"White Stag sign"},{"docid":"54146903","text":"Red nose or red noses may refer to: Organizations and events Operation Red Nose, a Christmastime volunteer anti-drunk-driving ferry service Red Nose Day, a UK charity telethon operated by Comic Relief Red Nose Day, a US charity telethon operated by Comic Relief, Inc. Entertainment \"Red Nose\", a 2013 song by Sage the Gemini Red Nose (film), a 2003 Canadian romantic comedy film also known as Nez rouge Red Noses, a 1985 comedy about the black death \"Red Nose\", a 2009 song by Tech N9ne from Sickology 101 Medicine Red nose, a physiological response Alcohol intoxication, a facial feature Blushing, facial feature Other A modern circus clown's red nose See also Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation)","title":"Red nose"},{"docid":"3408117","text":"Will Vinton's Claymation Christmas Celebration is an animated Christmas television special originally broadcast on the American CBS TV network on December 21, 1987. The special featured stop motion clay animation and was produced and directed by Will Vinton. The special debuted alongside A Garfield Christmas and the two continued to be aired back to back in subsequent years. Synopsis The special is co-hosted by Rex (Johnny Counterfit), an erudite Tyrannosaurus rex, and Herb (Tim Conner), a dimwitted and bespectacled Styracosaurus with a gluttonous appetite. The two appeared in previous Will Vinton videos dating back to 1980 including Dinosaur, but this Christmas special is the first in which they have dialogue and contemporary personalities, vaguely parodying Siskel and Ebert respectively. Situated in a facsimile of London's Christmas Square, Rex and Herb introduce several stand-alone videos of Christmas carols and holiday standards and discuss the origins of each song relating to different holiday traditions around the world. Among the musical performances: The Biblical magi sing the verses of \"We Three Kings\" traditionally, while their camels sing the chorus in the style of doo-wop. At Notre Dame Cathedral, The Paris Bell-Harmonic, a group of anthropomorphic church bells who strike their own heads with chime hammers to achieve their respective notes, performs \"Carol of the Bells.\" The low C bell (the tonic) constantly dawdles, chimes out of tune and loses his mallet, enraging the maestro, Quasimodo, who uses a slingshot on the bell to get the proper tone at the end. A children's choir sings \"O Christmas Tree\", with the video depicting various scenes taking place inside of Christmas ornaments \"Angels We Have Heard On High\" is set to a walrus couple doing an interpretive ice ballet while several luckless penguins watch. At a black church in the countryside, a soul/jazz hybrid rendition of \"Joy to the World\" plays out in colorful scenes. (This segment, using stylized, flat animation resembling paintings and stained glass windows, is the only segment not rendered in Vinton's trademark Claymation.) The California Raisins perform \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,\" in the style of The Temptations, after they miss the last bus out of town Christmas Eve following a concert—and fly off in the style of Santa Claus's reindeer into the night. Throughout the program, Rex futilely attempts to clarify the true pronunciation and meaning of the term \"wassail', featured in the Christmas carol \"Here We Come A-Wassailing\". As the show progresses, Rex is accosted by different groups, all singing parodies of the song. \"Here We Come A-Waffling\", by a kennel of dogs selling waffles from a vendor's wagon. \"Here We Come A-Waddling\", by a gaggle of straggling geese carrying baskets of goodies. \"Here We Come A-Wallowing\", by a herd of slovenly pigs on a John Deere-style field wagon gorging themselves on an abundance of assorted fruits. Rex is convinced that his own pronunciation is correct, but he is continually questioned by the others including Herb when he is not busy excessively partaking of the various Christmas treats offered by each","title":"A Claymation Christmas Celebration"},{"docid":"1896655","text":"Robbie the Reindeer is a trilogy of three Christmas-themed animated comedy television specials that have been produced by BBC Bristol, Absolute Digital Pictures and Comic Relief. The three television specials have also been premiered on BBC One between 1999 and 2007. The three television specials have also been distributed by BBC Studios and have also been sold to more than 30 countries. The three television specials follow the title reindeer character who travels to the North Pole to follow in his father's footsteps and join Santa Claus's reindeer sleigh team. The first television special (titled \"Hooves of Fire\") and the second television special (titled \"Legend of the Lost Tribe\") were animated in stop motion by the BBC Bristol animation unit and originally Aardman Animations, while the third television special (titled \"Close Encounters of the Herd Kind\", a title parody of the 1977 Steven Spielberg film Close Encounters of the Third Kind) was animated in computer animation by Absolute Digital Pictures. Loosely based on Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer by Robert L. May, Robbie the Reindeer was created by Richard Curtis (who was also the executive producer (for \"Legend of the Lost Tribe\") and also the co-writer (for \"Hooves of Fire\")). Characters Robbie: The easy-going and childlike son of Rudolph whose nose acts as a tracking device. He is the captain of the sleigh team. Appears in all three television specials. Prancer: An upbeat and slow-witted reindeer and a member of the sleigh team that befriends Robbie. Appears in all three television specials. Donner: A support member of the sleigh team who is Robbie's best female friend, love interest and eventual wife. The name is a play on the British pronunciation of the feminine name 'Donna'. Reindeer, unlike other members of the deer family, have antlers in both sexes, so that both Donner and Vixen can be accurately portrayed as female. Appears in all three television specials. Blitzen: The former captain of the sleigh team who is envious of Rudolph's popularity (so much so that he won't let anyone speak his name in his presence) and plots to \"destroy\" Robbie as revenge. Appears in \"Hooves of Fire\" and \"Legend of the Lost Tribe\". Old Jingle: The reindeer that trained Rudolph and prepares Robbie for The Reindeer Games. Tapir: A reindeer who is a good friend of Robbie and a member of the sleigh team. Appears in all three television specials. Des Yeti and Alan Snowman: Commentators for The Reindeer Games. The characters are parodies of presenter Des Lynam and football commentator Alan Hansen (who both starred on BBC One's Match of the Day in the 1990s). Appears in \"Hooves of Fire\" and \"Legend of the Lost Tribe\". Vixen: An attractive, but apathetic female reindeer and a member of the sleigh team. She was Blitzen's girlfriend (until she ended their relationship at the end of \"Hooves of Fire\") and Robbie's original love interest before falling in love with Donner. Appears in \"Hooves of Fire\". Robbie's father: A legendary former sleigh team member who","title":"Robbie the Reindeer"},{"docid":"12548435","text":"\"Hooves of Fire\" is one of three animated BBC Christmas comedy television specials, filmed using stop motion techniques, and presented in 1999 in aid of Comic Relief. Story Robbie, son of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, arrives at Coldchester, town of the North Pole to follow in his father's hoofprints of being a navigator for Santa Claus's sleigh team. Unlike Rudolph's glowing nose, Robbie's possesses a GPS that can find anything. Upon arriving at the team's home, Reindeer Lodge, he meets several members of the team; Donner; a young female reindeer who's secretly attracted to him, Prancer; a hip, friendly and overweight reindeer, Vixen; an attractive but apathetic reindeer whom Robbie falls for, and Blitzen; the captain of the sleigh team and Vixen's boyfriend. Blitzen, embittered from Rudolph's sudden popularity after saving Christmas, plans to prevent Robbie from being part of the sleigh team out of vengeance. Blitzen encourages Robbie to continue slacking off, claiming that Santa will accept him on the team regardless of fitness out of respect for Rudolph. During a Christmas party at Santa's house, Santa shows off a new modified sleigh design, which includes a built-in GPS system. Fearing his place on the team gone, Robbie is assured by Santa that he still has a place, granted he isn't unfit by then. Blitzen guilts Robbie into leaving after saying Rudolph will receive the blame for his son causing a late Christmas. After being found frozen in the snow by some elves, Robbie pleads to work with them at their toy factory. Through accidents and lack of concentration, Robbie is demoted from working on the assembly line, to sweeping, and to being used as a forklift. Donner later finds Robbie and reveals to him Blitzen's true intentions to rid Robbie from the team and says that he can get back on the team if he wins a medal at The Reindeer Games. She encourages him to repursue getting fit under the instruction of his father's former coach, Old Jingle, a mad elderly reindeer who lives in a teetering house atop Pointy Mountain. Jingle instructs that Robbie only needs to compete in and win the Steeplechase to solidify a position on the team. In the span of a month, Robbie gets into shape and learns 'The Nose Jump' just in time for the Reindeer Games. Blitzen is shocked to see Robbie at the event and watches as he saves Santa's infant son from being crushed by a falling walrus tenor. In an attempt to ensure that Blitzen wins the Steeplechase, Vixen tries to convince Robbie not to compete out of his attraction to her. Robbie refuses, having now fallen for Donner instead. Before the event starts, Robbie is forced to leave the race course to rescue Old Jingle, who got trapped underneath his house after attempting to push it back up Pointy Mountain. Robbie manages to rescue Jingle using some toys he made at the toy factory prior. While immensely behind in the race, Robbie manages to quickly catch","title":"Hooves of Fire"},{"docid":"62656985","text":"A Rubber Band Christmas is a 1996 instrumental Christmas novelty album featuring traditional and popular Christmas songs played entirely on rubber bands, staplers and other office equipment. The album is noted for its comic effects and has been described as one of the \"weirdest\" and most novel releases of its type. Description The album came about when two artists, Jeff St. Pierre and Philip Antoniades, found themselves bored one evening at the office and began creating Christmas music out of rubber bands, staplers, tape and other office supplies to hand. After entertaining themselves through the night with this diversion, they forwarded the results as a \"seasonal thank you\" to friends and associates. The recording was sufficiently well received that Artist Development Associates of Framingham, Massachusetts, decided to release it as a CD, under the title A Rubber Band Christmas, with St. Pierre and Antoniades going by the name \"The Rubberband Band\". The CD was re-released on October 24, 2000. The album's fourteen tracks typically feature a rubber band twanging out the melody, while a ruler struck at different lengths adds a bass accompaniment. Rhythm is sometimes supplied through the use of \"quickly-yanked frosty tape\". The tracks featured are a selection of traditional and popular Christmas carols and ballads, with the word \"rubber\" substituted at some point in the title, yielding names such as \"Rubber Bells\" (for Jingle Bells), \"Rudolph the Rubber-nosed Reindeer\" (Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer) and \"Feliz Rubberdad\" (Feliz Navidad), etc. Reception AllMusic states that in spite of the unusual instrumentation, the tracks are \"still recognizable as—and a whole lot sillier than—the original carols.\" The reviewer concludes that while the 14 tracks \"may be too much of a good thing\", the release constitutes \"easily the most novel holiday novelty album in a long while. It must be heard to be believed.\" Scott Frampton of CMJ New Music Monthly wrote that the album would have strong appeal to \"aficionados of the pop-culturally weird\". Kyle Brown of Rubber and Plastic News wrote that \"The snaps and twangs aren't always pitch-perfect, but a lot of spirit comes through. Even the off notes sometimes sound catchy in new and interesting ways.\" Canadian broadcaster and columnist MC Gilles included the album at number three in a list of his five top Christmas novelty albums, describing it as \"unbearable, but nice.\" Brian Boyd of the Irish Times included the album at number four on a list of \"5 weirdest albums of all time\", describing it as \"a unique listening experience ... Criminally out of print, it can only be listened to in [short] intervals\" but \"you sort of want it in your collection all the same.\" Tracks from the album have been featured on both the BBC and on the ABC's Radio National websites, the latter in a \"Christmas surprise cracker.\" Track listing Source for track listing: AllMusic. References External links \"Rubber Bells\" (YouTube). Pop Christmas albums 1996 Christmas albums Novelty albums","title":"A Rubber Band Christmas"},{"docid":"8273761","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys is a 2001 direct-to-video animated Christmas adventure musical film directed by Bill Kowalchuk for GoodTimes Entertainment. It was released on VHS and DVD on October 30, 2001. The film takes place after the events of the original special (despite Rudolph and Clarice utilizing their young designs from that special). The film thus revisits classic characters like Yukon Cornelius, Hermey the elf (now a dentist), Abominable Snow Monster, and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, who is now famous in the North Pole. GoodTimes Entertainment, three years prior, had released Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, which was set in a separate continuity with different supporting characters. Several key personnel were retained from that movie: Kathleen Barr, the voice of Rudolph; Michael Aschner, the head writer; and Bill Kowalchuk, the director. Golden Books Family Entertainment was likewise retained as the production company. The voice cast includes Rick Moranis, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Richard Dreyfuss among others. Plot Rudolph, not satisfied with being a \"novelty act\" performing tricks with his nose, travels with Hermey, now a dentist, to the Island of Misfit Toys to give King Moonracer a root canal dental treatment. A storm sends Rudolph and Hermey to Castaway Cove where Rudolph considers having his nose made more normal-looking by a hippopotamus named Queen Camilla, being warned that if he gets a normal nose, he won't be able to lead the sleigh anymore on foggy nights which could put Santa's deliveries in potential danger. Meanwhile, the evil Toy Taker is stealing all of the toys from the island, including Santa's workshop, claiming that he's saving them from the inevitable fact that children eventually outgrow their toys and throw them away. Rudolph has a plan to foil the Toy Taker's by disguising themselves as toys. The Toy Taker's blimp arrives and manages to steal them along with the Misfit Toys, all except for Bumble, who is too big to fit into the blimp so he follows on a floating iceberg. Rudolph tries to talk to a new misfit toy, a kite who is scared of heights and wakes him up from his hypnosis, but fails. The Toy Taker hears all the chatter, and realizing there are intruders, catches Rudolph, Clarice, Yukon, and Hermey. They head back into the blimp, with Yukon chasing after the Toy Taker, Hermey piloting the blimp, and Rudolph and Clarice doing their best to wake up the toys from their hypnosis. Yukon finally chases the Toy Taker up to the top of the blimp. When a boomerang who doesn't come back swoops by Yukon, he loses his balance and falls. Rudolph and Clarice confront the Toy Taker, with Rudolph's nose blinding him during the confrontation. The Toy Taker flees and parachutes his way down to Yukon's peppermint mine in hopes of escaping Rudolph and Clarice. Due to the holes in the blimp, Hermey loses control. Luckily, Bumble is there to save the blimp before any further damage can be made.","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys"},{"docid":"37684161","text":"Limited Collectors' Edition is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1972 to 1978. It usually featured reprints of previously published stories but a few issues contained new material. The series was published in an oversized 10\" x 14\" tabloid (or \"treasury\") format. Publication history Limited Collectors' Edition was launched with a collection of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer stories which went on sale October 24, 1972. DC Comics vice president Sol Harrison had suggested the format stating that \"we could create a tabloid size comic that would stand out on the newsstand\". Limited Collectors' Edition shared its numbering with two other treasury format series, Famous First Edition and All-New Collectors' Edition. The final issues of the latter two series were tie-ins to the release of Superman: The Movie. DC later published treasuries as part of DC Special Series in 1981 and as a number of one-shots from 1999 to 2003 primarily produced by Paul Dini and Alex Ross. In 2020, DC put out a new Famous First Edition, C-63, which reprinted in hardcover the first issue of New Fun Comics, which launched the company that became DC. The issues Several planned features for Limited Collectors' Edition were never published. These include several projects by writer/artist Sheldon Mayer. Mayer had been working on an adaptation of The Wizard of Oz but DC's then-Publisher Carmine Infantino canceled the project upon learning of a similar adaptation by Marvel Comics. The two companies published the project jointly and the adaptation was crafted by Marvel's Roy Thomas and John Buscema instead. Mayer also worked on a followup to \"The Bible\" issue of Limited Collectors' Edition titled \"The Story of Jesus\" as well as \"Rudolph's Easter Parade\", an Easter-themed Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer issue. Neither project was published. \"The Legend of King Arthur\" by writer Gerry Conway and artist Nestor Redondo was a four-issue storyline which was advertised as \"Coming Soon\" in DC comic books dated September 1975, but the series was never published. A second volume of \"The Best of DC\" would have included stories reprinted from The Brave and the Bold #42; All-Star Western #11; Superman #247; and Green Lantern #75 but was canceled as part of the DC Implosion. Famous First Edition Famous First Edition was a series of oversized reprints of original Golden Age comics. All but two (#F–7, All-Star Comics #3 and #F–8, Flash Comics #1) included full-size glossy cover-stock reprints of the front and back covers in addition to the usual cardstock outer covers. Famous First Edition reprinted the comics in their entirety, including any paid advertising and other features that appeared in the original. Several issues of Famous First Edition were also published in hardcover editions by Lyle Stuart, Inc. The Grand Comics Database only lists hardcover versions for issues #C–26 (Action Comics #1), #C–28 (Detective Comics #27), #C–30 (Sensation Comics #1), #F–4 (Whiz Comics #2), and #F–6 (Wonder Woman #1) while the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide includes a listing for a hardcover version of","title":"Limited Collectors' Edition"},{"docid":"6429626","text":"Arthur Gardner Rankin, Jr. (July 19, 1924 – January 30, 2014) was an American director, producer and screenwriter, who mostly worked in animation. Co-creator of Rankin/Bass Productions with his friend Jules Bass, he created stop-motion and traditional animation features such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Frosty the Snowman, Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town, and the 1977 cartoon special of The Hobbit. He is credited on over 1,000 television programs. Early life Rankin was born in New York City, the son of actors Arthur Rankin and Marian Mansfield. His paternal grandmother was actress Phyllis Rankin, and his paternal step-grandfather, who adopted his father, was actor Harry Davenport, who played Dr. Meade in the film Gone with the Wind. Career Rankin began his career as an art director for the American Broadcasting Company in the 1940s. In 1955, he and Jules Bass formed the production company Videocraft International to produce television commercials. In 1960, they moved into the area of animation, and in 1968, changed the name of their company to Rankin/Bass Productions. The two worked closely together for many years, co-directing and producing a wide array of stop motion animated features and cartoons, which Rankin had referred to as \"Animagic\". In addition to directing, Rankin primarily created the script and sketched the character concepts, which would be made into the wooden puppets by Japanese artists, including head supervisor and partner, Tadahito Mochinaga. Maury Laws, a musical director for Rankin/Bass, stated that Rankin was inspired by the film King Kong, and that Rankin \"wanted every detail right\" in creating these shorts. Some of the most famous features were the holiday-themed TV specials, such as Willy McBean and His Magic Machine, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town, Rudolph's Shiny New Year, The Year Without a Santa Claus, Frosty the Snowman, 'Twas the Night Before Christmas, and Jack Frost. Many of these holiday-themed works are now considered \"perennial favorites\", according to The New York Times. He is also credited with devising the story for many Rankin/Bass productions, including the feature films The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?. In 1977, Rankin and Bass produced a version of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, for which they were awarded the Peabody Award. The pair also teamed on a wide variety of animated TV series, including ThunderCats and SilverHawks. The pair last teamed on the 1987 TV special based on The Wind in the Willows. Rankin's last producing credit was on the 1999 animated version of The King and I. Later life Rankin met his wife-to-be, Olga Karlatos, after he cast her in a 1983 television adaption of The Picture of Dorian Gray entitled The Sins of Dorian Gray. Rankin had two sons with his first wife Elizabeth Deland: Arthur Gardner Rankin III, and his brother Todd Rankin. They settled in Bermuda, with Rankin looking to continue to produce stage shows. He noted: \"I could go up to Broadway and run up and down the street and scream, 'I want to write","title":"Arthur Rankin, Jr."},{"docid":"926873","text":"Rudolph or Rudolf may refer to: People Rudolph (name), the given name including a list of people with the name Religious figures Rudolf of Fulda (died 865), 9th century monk, writer and theologian Rudolf von Habsburg-Lothringen (1788–1831), Archbishop of Olomouc and member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine Royalty and nobility Rudolph I (disambiguation) Rudolph II (disambiguation) Rudolph III (disambiguation) Rudolph of France (died 936) Rudolph I of Germany (1218–1291) Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1552–1612) Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1576–1621) Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (1858–1889), son and heir of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth of Austria (died at Mayerling) Places Rudolph Glacier, Antarctica Rudolph, South Dakota, US Rudolph, Wisconsin, US, a village Rudolph (town), Wisconsin, adjacent to the village Rudolf Island, northernmost island of Europe Lake Rudolf, now Lake Turkana, in Kenya Art, entertainment, and media Fictional entities Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, one of Santa Claus's reindeer Rudolph Farnsworth, a minor villain in the television series Kim Possible Rudolph, alternate name for Gossamer, a Looney Tunes character Rudolph Reed, the protagonist of Gwendolyn Brooks' poem \"The Ballad of Rudolph Reed\", published in Selected Poems (1963) Rudolf Ushiromiya, a character in the visual novel, manga, and anime series Umineko no Naku Koro ni fr:Rodolphe ja:ルドルフ","title":"Rudolph"},{"docid":"985394","text":"() is a Finnish Christmas figure. The name literally means or in Finnish; the word comes from the Germanic root , a cognate of English \"buck\", meaning . An old Nordic folk tradition, the figure is now often conflated with Santa Claus. Origins and description The was originally a pagan tradition. Today, in some parts of Finland, the folk custom persists of persons performing in goat costume in return for leftover Christmas food. The performer traditionally is an older man, who is called a \"\". In Finland in its modern incarnation, inspired by the international Santa Clause figure, he usually wears warm red robes, but with a broad band of blue near the fur, uses a walking stick, and travels in a sleigh pulled by a number of reindeer (which do not fly, unlike Santa Claus' team). In Lapland, he rides in a , rather than a sleigh. The popular holiday song \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", in its Finnish translation, , has led to Rudolph's general acceptance in Finland as Joulupukki's lead reindeer. Joulupukki is often mentioned as having a wife, (), but tradition says little of her. Joulupukki's other side Pagans used to have festivities to honour the return of the sun and some believe Joulupukki is the earliest form of present-day Santa. The Yule Goat was thought by some to be an ugly creature and frightened children while others believe it was an invisible creature that helped prepare for Yule. Popular radio programs from the year 1927 onwards probably had great influence in reformatting the concept with the Santa-like costume, reindeer and Korvatunturi as his dwelling place. Because there really are reindeer in Finland, and Finns live up North, the popular American story took root in Finland very quickly. Finland's Joulupukki receives over 500,000 letters from over 200 countries every year. Most letters come from Poland, Italy, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau . Joulupukki is a prominent character in Rare Exports, a movie based on the award-winning shorts by Jalmari Helander. See also Section on Finland in Christmas worldwide Korvatunturi Rare Exports (film) Santa Claus Village Yule Goat Krampus References Christmas characters Christian folklore Finnish folklore Finnish mythology Santa Claus Christmas gift-bringers Yule fi:Joulupukki#Suomi","title":"Joulupukki"},{"docid":"3891310","text":"The Edge of Christmas is a compilation album released in 1995 by Oglio Records. It features Christmas songs with a general new wave/rock theme. Track listing \"Thank God It's Christmas\" - Queen \"Please Come Home for Christmas\" - Pat Benatar \"2000 Miles\" - The Pretenders \"December Will Be Magic Again\" - Kate Bush \"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy\" - David Bowie and Bing Crosby \"Winter Wonderland\" - Cocteau Twins \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" - The Smithereens \"Run Run Rudolph\" - Dave Edmunds \"Christmas is Coming\" - The Payolas \"Fairytale of New York\" - The Pogues \"Merry Christmas (I Don't Want to Fight)\" - The Ramones \"Christmas Wrapping\" - The Waitresses References 1995 Christmas albums 1995 compilation albums Christmas compilation albums Alternative rock compilation albums Alternative rock Christmas albums","title":"The Edge of Christmas"},{"docid":"3172886","text":"When My Heart Finds Christmas is American artist Harry Connick Jr.'s first Christmas album. Released in 1993, it is among the most popular holiday collections of the past three decades in the United States. Connick Jr composed four songs for the album: \"When My Heart Finds Christmas\", \"(It Must've Been Ol') Santa Claus\", \"The Blessed Dawn Of Christmas Day\" and \"I Pray On Christmas\". The other songs are traditional Christmas songs and carols. The album proved to be the best-selling holiday album in the U.S. of 1993, selling 748,000 copies that year according to Nielsen SoundScan. In December 2005, the album was certified Triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of three million copies in the U.S. As of November 2014, When My Heart Finds Christmas is the twelfth best-selling holiday album in the U.S. since May 1991 (the SoundScan era of music sales tracking), having sold 3.15 million. Track listing \"Sleigh Ride\" (Leroy Anderson, Mitchell Parish) – 3:44 \"When My Heart Finds Christmas\" (Harry Connick Jr.) – 4:32 \"(It Must've Been Ol') Santa Claus\" (Connick) – 4:39 \"The Blessed Dawn Of Christmas Day\" (Connick) – 4:40 \"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 2:34 \"The Little Drummer Boy\" (Katherine K. Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone) – 3:41 \"Ave Maria\" (Franz Schubert, Sir Walter Scott) – 4:35 \"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers\" (Ballard Macdonald, Leon Jessel) – 3:27 \"What Child Is This?\" (William Dix, traditional) – 3:11 \"Christmas Dreaming\" (Irving Gordon, Lester Lee) – 2:40 \"I Pray On Christmas\" (Connick) – 3:48 \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (Johnny Marks) – 2:31 \"O Holy Night\" (Adolphe Adam, Placide Cappeau) – 6:45 \"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\" (Frank Loesser) – 4:49 Personnel Musicians Harry Connick Jr. - Vocals, piano Ben Wolfe - Bass Russell Malone - Guitar Arthur Latin II - Drums Howard Kaplan - Keyboards Brad Leali - Alto Saxophone Will Campbell - Alto Saxophone Jerry Weldon - Tenor Saxophone Ned Goold - Tenor Saxophone Dave Schumacher - Baritone saxophone Mark Mullins - Trombone Craig Klein - Trombone Lucien Barbarin - Trombone Joe Barati - Bass Trombone Roger Ingram - Trumpet Dan Miller - Trumpet Jeremy Davenport - Trumpet Louis Ford - Clarinet 70-piece orchestra 42-voice choir Studio Tracey Freeman - Producer Gregg Rubin - Engineer/ Mixer Christmas TV Special Connick's hour-long CBS-TV Christmas special—recorded live at the Pantages Theatre and featuring Carol Burnett and Aaron Neville—was available on home video in time for Christmas 1994. The Harry Connick Jr. Christmas Special VHS (Sony 1994) features a set list similar to the album's track list. Set list \"Sleigh Ride\" \"Toyland\" \"I Pray On Christmas\" \"The Christmas Song\" (with Aaron Neville) \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" \"(It Must've Been Ol') Santa Claus\" \"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen\" \"Away in a Manger\" \"The Blessed Dawn of Christmas Day\" \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\" \"All I Want for Christmas\" \"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers\" \"Jingle Bells\" \"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\"","title":"When My Heart Finds Christmas"},{"docid":"20568913","text":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie is a 1998 American Christmas animated adventure musical film about the character of the same name, who first appeared in a 1939 story by Robert L. May. The film was the first theatrical feature from GoodTimes Entertainment, long known as a home video company. It stars Kathleen Barr as the voice of the titular Rudolph, and also features celebrity talents including John Goodman, Eric Idle, Whoopi Goldberg, Debbie Reynolds, Richard Simmons and Bob Newhart. The film disappointed at the box-office, recouping only $113,484 of its $10 million budget from its theatrical release. Plot One night, the Sprites of the Northern Lights - a group of singing sprites who fly around the North Pole - witness the birth of a baby reindeer named Rudolph, who has an unusual red, shiny nose. Later, Rudolph and his parents, Blitzen and Mitzi, meet up with Rudolph's three uncles - Dasher, Comet, and Cupid. Cupid tickles Rudolph and triggers his glowing nose, which draws attention and causes Rudolph to be mocked. Meanwhile, two of Santa Claus's elves, Doggle and Boone, cross the ice bridge of the wicked Ice Queen, Stormella, accidentally destroying several ice statues while delivering Santa's mail. When Stormella finds out, she demands Santa hand them over to her. When he refuses, she closes her bridge as punishment and warns that if anyone crosses it, she will create a blizzard so strong it will stop Santa from delivering presents to children around the world on Christmas Eve. A year later, Rudolph starts school, where he is ridiculed by everyone including his mean-spirited cousin and Cupid's son, Arrow for wanting to be among Santa's reindeer, the Flyers, just like his own father, despite his nose. The only ones who don't tease him are his teacher, Mrs. Prancer and a young doe named Zoey (who is later revealed to be in a romantic relationship with Arrow). After running away from school, Santa meets Rudolph and reassures him that his nose is grand and that to be a Flyer, a reindeer needs to have a true heart, a trait that he sees in Rudolph. Years later, a teenage Rudolph takes part in the Junior Reindeer Games, for selecting new Flyers for Santa. During a sleigh race event, Arrow, determined to be noticed by Santa, causes the other competitors to crash and then tries to distract Rudolph by claiming that Zoey is only nice to him because she pities him, making Rudolph's nose glow in anger and accidentally blind Arrow. Though Rudolph wins, he is unjustly disqualified for blinding Arrow, and Arrow wins by default. Zoey angrily confronts Arrow and ends their relationship. As Blitzen tries to defend his son's actions towards the rude referee elf, an eavesdropping Rudolph misinterprets his father's statements as an admission of shame towards him, and decides to run away from home. At night, unknowingly with the help and guidance of the Sprites, Rudolph journeys across the North Pole, and eventually befriends an Arctic fox named","title":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie"},{"docid":"59734408","text":"Hey Rudolph! is the first studio album from the Australian children's pop group the Tin Lids. It was released in November 1991 and peaked at number 6 on the ARIA albums chart. The album has sold over 100,000 copies in Australia. Background Australian children's pop group the Tin Lids released their debut album Hey Rudolph! of Christmas music in November 1991 via Mushroom Records. They had formed a year earlier with the line-up of Mahalia Barnes and her three younger siblings Eliza-Jane \"E J\", Jackie and Elly-May, all on vocals. They are the four children of Jane Mahoney and Jimmy Barnes. Hey Rudolph! was arranged, recorded and produced by David Frogatt, who also provided most of its instrumentation, at Jimmy's Freight Train Studios. \"Christmas Day\" was released as the album's lead and only single in November 1991. The song peaked at number 40 on the ARIA singles chart. Track listing \"Little Drummer Boy\" - 4:48 \"The First Noel\" - 4:12 \"Christmas Day\" - 6:06 \"Little Donkey\" - 3:43 \"If Santa Forgets (duet with Jimmy Barnes)\" - 3:49 \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" - 3:44 \"Jingle Bells/Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" - 6:08 \"We Three Kings\" - 3:45 \"Away in a Manger\" - 3:14 \"Do I Hear Laughing?\" - 4:19 \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" - 3:53 \"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\" - 3:45 \"Silent Night\" - 4:47 \"Mary's Boy Child\" - 4:12 \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\" - 0:34 Charts Certifications Release history References 1991 debut albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Children's music albums","title":"Hey Rudolph!"},{"docid":"32325932","text":"\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" is a song by songwriter Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer published by the Montgomery Ward Company. Gene Autry's recording hit No. 1 on the U.S. charts the week of Christmas 1949. History In 1939, Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May, created the character Rudolph as an assignment for Montgomery Ward, and Marks decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into a song. English singer-songwriter and entertainer Ian Whitcomb interviewed Marks about the creation of the song in 1972. The song had an added introduction, paraphrasing the poem \"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\" (in the public domain by the time the song was written), stating the names of the eight reindeer: \"You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid and Donner and Blitzen. But do you recall the most famous reindeer of all?\" The song was first introduced live on New York Radio (WOR) by crooner Harry Brannon in November 1949. Gene Autry recorded the song on June 27, 1949, and it was released as a children's record by Columbia Records in September 1949. By November, Columbia had begun pushing the record to the pop music market. It hit No. 1 in the US charts during Christmas 1949. The song had been suggested as a \"B\" side for a record Autry was making. He first rejected it, but his wife convinced him to use it. The official date of its No. 1 status was the week ending January 7, 1950, making it the first No. 1 song of the 1950s. Autry's version of the song also holds the distinction of being the only chart-topping hit to fall completely off the chart after reaching No. 1. The success of the Christmas song gave support to Autry's subsequent popular Easter song, \"Here Comes Peter Cottontail\". The song was also performed on the December 6, 1949, Fibber McGee and Molly radio broadcast by Teeny (Marian Jordan's little girl character) and the Kingsmen vocal group. The lyrics varied greatly from the Autry version. Autry's recording sold 1.75 million copies its first Christmas season and 1.5 million the following year. In 1969, it was awarded a gold disk by the RIAA for sales of 7 million, which was Columbia's highest-selling record at the time. It eventually sold a total of 12.5 million. Cover versions included, sales exceed 150 million copies, second only to Bing Crosby's \"White Christmas\". Autry recorded another version of the song in the fall of 1957, and released it the same year through his own record label, Challenge Records. This version featured an accompaniment by a full orchestra and chorus. This was the only other version of the song Autry recorded and released on an album. In 1959, Chuck Berry released a recording of a sequel, \"Run Rudolph Run\" (sometimes called \"Run Run Rudolph\"), originally credited to Berry but subsequent releases are often credited to Marks and Marvin Brodie. In December 2018, Autry's original version entered the Billboard Hot 100","title":"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)"},{"docid":"7160486","text":"Be with Us (A Year With...) is a 2003 DVD by English girl group Atomic Kitten. The DVD mainly consists of behind the scenes footage of a year in the life of the band. DVD information Filmed over the course of 12 months, Liz McClarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Jenny Frost give an inside look how the music videos were recorded, give a glimpse into their private lives, and take a bike ride through Singapore. The DVD also contains footage of various major and minor performances across the globe. The timeframe coincides with the release of the Ladies Night album. The video features the music videos for \"Ladies Night\", \"If You Come to Me\", \"Be with You\", \"The Last Goodbye\", and \"The Tide Is High\". The DVD also contains a photo gallery. The DVD was certified Gold on 25 February 2005. Track listing Music Videos: \"Ladies Night\" \"If You Come to Me\" \"Be With You\" \"The Last Goodbye\" \"The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling)\" Plus the girls singing: \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" in the lift \"Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)\" in a radio interview \"I'll Be There for You\" seen in the behind the scenes of The Last Goodbye \"It's Raining Men\" \"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)\" \"Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer\" \"Live and Let Die\" \"Insomnia from the movie \"Faithless\" \"Round Round\" \"Here With Me\" and much more References and notes External links Official site Atomic Kitten video albums 2003 video albums Documentary films about pop music and musicians","title":"Be with Us (A Year With...)"},{"docid":"74286545","text":"Christmas with Delta is a Christmas special starring Delta Goodrem that premiered on the Nine Network on 12 December 2020 to promote her Christmas album Only Santa Knows (2020). Upon announcement in November 2020, Goodrem said \"From drought to bushfires, floods and a global pandemic, 2020 has truly been a tough year for Aussies but it has not broken our spirit. Christmas holds a very special place in my heart, and I can't wait to celebrate our great nation's resilience through music and giving something back to the community during this holiday season.\" Originally scheduled as a one-off, the special returned in 2021, 2022 and 2023. Performances All performances by Delta Goodrem, unless otherwise noted. 2020 The 2020 edition was filmed at Sydney Opera House and premiered on 12 December 2020. \"Carol of the Bells\" \"Grown-Up Christmas List\" \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" \"Santa Baby\" (with Robbie Williams) \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\"/\"White Christmas\"/\"Little Drummer Boy\" (medley) (with Hugh Sheridan) \"We Need a Little Christmas\" by Pentatonix \"Merry Christmas to You\" (with Olivia Newton-John) \"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" by Morgan Evans \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree \" (with Sheppard) \"Only Santa Knows\" \"River\" (with Montaigne) \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" (with Kylie Minogue) \"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\" (with Kelly Rowland, Sheppard and Montaigne) The 2020 edition was watched by 380,000 overnight metro viewers and was the most-popular entertainment program of the night. 2021 The 2021 edition was filmed at Luna Park Sydney and premiered on 11 December 2021. Upon announcement, Goodrem said \"I'm so grateful to all the incredible artists and dear friends of mine from around the world who have joined me this year to bring to life our second Christmas special. A truly magical night full of festive cheer and holiday spirit, celebrating Christmas the Australian way.\" \"Carol of the Bells\" \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" \"Merry Christmas to You\" \"Sleigh Ride\" (with Gary Barlow) \"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas\" by Cody Simpson \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\"/\"Frosty the Snowman\" (with Harts) \"Jingle Bell Rock\" (with Natalie Imbruglia) \"One Little Christmas Tree\" (with Jason Arrow) \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (with Craig David) \"Only Santa Knows\" \"Christmas without You\" by Sheppard \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\" \"Silent Night\" (with Paul Kelly and Mitch Tambo) \"How to Make Gravy\" by Paul Kelly and Dan Kelly \"Amazing Grace\" (with Andrea Bocelli) \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" (with guests) 2022 The 2022 edition was filmed at The Concourse and premiered on 10 December 2022. \"Carol of the Bells\" \"It’s the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\" \"Last Christmas\" (with Conrad Sewell) \"The Christmas Song\" by Sam Fischer \"Sleigh Ride\" (with Sister2Sister) \"Someday Christmas\" by Hanson and Conrad Sewell \"Merry Christmas to You\" (with Olivia Newton-John) (from 2020 as a tribute) \"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\" (studio recording by Gwen Stefani) \"What Child Is This?\" \"Let's Get Christmas Going\" (with Bryan Adams) \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (with Thelma Plum) \"Blue","title":"Christmas with Delta"},{"docid":"65497614","text":"\"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\" is a song written by Zero Jones. It was notably recorded by American country singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn in 1974. It was released as a single the same year via MCA Records. It was given mixed reviews upon its initial release and did not chart any major music publications. Background and content \"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\" was composed by singer-songwriter Zero Jones. The song tells the fictional tale of a reindeer named Shadrack who was part of Santa Claus's reindeer pack and was considered \"the fastest reindeer.\" The song was one of several holiday tunes to describe reindeer other than Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. The song was recorded first by Loretta Lynn at Bradley's Barn on August 29, 1974. The studio was owned by her producer, Owen Bradley. Lynn had been working with Bradley for nearly a decade up to that point on the MCA (formerly Decca) label. Several more songs were recorded during the same studio sessions and accompaniment was provided by The Nashville A-Team of musicians. Release and reception \"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\" was released as a single in November 1974 via MCA Records. It was issued as a 7-inch single and included a holiday tune on the B-side of the release. The single did not chart on any Billboard charts, including the Hot Country Singles, where most of Lynn's singles appeared. In their December issue, Billboard commented that the song was among a list of holiday tunes delayed for release by Nashville record labels, calling part of the \"country holiday product scarce.\" The song received mixed reception from critics and writers. Television network, MeTV, included the song on its list of the \"strangest batch of Christmas songs,\" calling the song (among others on the list) \"downright goofy.\" They also called the song \"a questionable tale.\" In 1974, Jet gave the song a positive review, saying that it had \"a reasonable chance of becoming a Christmas standard.\" Track listing 7-inch vinyl single \"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\" – 4:09 \"Let's Put Christ Back in Christmas\" – 2:29 References 1974 songs American Christmas songs Christmas novelty songs Loretta Lynn songs MCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Owen Bradley Songs about mammals Songs about Santa Claus","title":"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer"},{"docid":"29693472","text":"Herman \"Hecky\" Krasnow (February 15, 1910 – April 23, 1984) was a record producer of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", \"Frosty the Snowman\", and the Frank Buck recording Tiger. Early years Krasnow was born in Hartford, Connecticut, son of Harry Krasnow, founder of the National Iron Works (later National Steel Products), and Sarah Wohl Krasnow. Hecky Krasnow studied violin at the Juilliard School under Leopold Auer. He was a talented violinist, highly praised for the range of his repertoire. Record producer Krasnow was a producer for Columbia Records from 1949 to 1956, when he became a free-lance writer and producer. His compositions included \"Rendezvous d'Amour\", \"I Just Can't Wait 'Til Christmas\" and \"The Happy Cobbler\". He was the producer of the Columbia recordings of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" and \"Frosty the Snowman\", sung by Gene Autry; the songs of Burl Ives and Captain Kangaroo, \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\" and \"Smokey the Bear\". He also produced \"I'm Gettin' Nuttin' for Christmas\" and \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\". Krasnow worked with Gene Kelly, Jackie Robinson, Rosemary Clooney (\"Come On-a My House\"), Dinah Shore, Nina Simone, Art Carney, Jose Ferrer, and Arthur Godfrey. He also produced the first LP by the Chad Mitchell Trio on Colpix (At New York City's Blue Angel club, he is listed as producer on the LP back cover). Work with Frank Buck In 1950, Krasnow wrote and produced the Frank Buck recording Tiger. Later years Krasnow died aged 74 in Miami, Florida. Biography Krasnow's daughter, Judy Gail Krasnow, has written a biography of her father. References 1910 births 1984 deaths Record producers from Connecticut American male violinists Songwriters from Connecticut Businesspeople from Hartford, Connecticut 20th-century American violinists 20th-century American businesspeople Songwriters from New York (state) 20th-century American male musicians American male songwriters 20th-century American songwriters","title":"Hecky Krasnow"},{"docid":"28630150","text":"We Two Are One Too is a music compilation video by the British pop group Eurythmics released in April 1990 on VHS and LaserDisc (Europe and Japan). It features the promo videos for the five singles taken from their platinum-selling 1989 album We Too Are One, interspersed with montages and footage (both on and off stage) from their 1989–1990 worldwide concert tour. Though not strictly a \"video album\" in the same vein as the one produced for Savage in 1988, all of the tracks from the We Too Are One album are included in the video in some form or other. The video was directed by Sophie Muller, with the exception of the promos for \"The King and Queen of America\" (directed by Willy Smax) and \"Revival\" (directed by Philippe Gautier). This is the only commercially available release of the \"Revival\" video, which has not been included on any of the band's subsequent video compilations. Track listing \"We 4 are 3\" (intro montage) 2.38 \"We Two Are One\" (live and acoustic versions) 1.30 \"I Love You Like A Ball and Chain\" (live version) 1.17 \"Don't Ask Me Why\" (promo) 4.20 \"How Long?\" (improvisation with Dave Stewart singing and Annie Lennox on guitar) 2.09 \"You Hurt Me (And I Hate You)\" (album version) 0.30 \"(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\" (promo) 4.52 \"We Two Are One\" (live version) 0.23 \"I Need You\" (improvisation) 2.19 \"Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer\" (improvisation with Dave Stewart and a group of schoolchildren) 1.30 \"The King and Queen of America\" (promo) 4.19 \"Love Is A Stranger\" (live version) 0.25 \"Sylvia\" (album version) 1.28 \"Revival\" (promo) 3.59 \"Farewell to Tawathie\" (traditional Scottish folk song) (improvisation) 2.30 \"Angel\" (promo) 5.05 \"Ballad of Eurythmics Road Crew\" (soundcheck improvisation with Dave Stewart singing and Annie Lennox on drums) 1.23 \"When The Day Goes Down\" (album and live versions) 6.21 Music credits All songs written by Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart, except: \"You Hurt Me (And I Hate You)\" written by Annie Lennox/Dave Stewart/Chucho Merchan \"Revival\" written by Annie Lennox/Dave Stewart/Charlie Wilson/Patrick Seymour \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" by Marks \"Ballad of Eurythmics Road Crew\" by Dave Stewart \"Farewell to Tawathie\" (traditional) Music produced by David A. Stewart and Jimmy Iovine. 1990 video albums Eurythmics video albums Live video albums Bertelsmann Music Group video albums Music videos directed by Sophie Muller","title":"We Two Are One Too"},{"docid":"9621503","text":"Rated X Mas is a Christmas music parody album by Matt Rogers. The songs on the album are parodies of popular Christmas songs, but with graphic and sexual lyrics. Track listing Rogers performed vocals on I Saw Mommy Fucking Santa Claus, Suck On My Cock, and I Love To Choke My Chicken With My Hand, while an uncredited female vocalist performs the other songs (although Rogers provides additional voices in Drunken Santa’s Coming to Town, Rudolph the Deep Throat Reindeer, and Frosty the Pervert). Drunken Santa's Coming to Town (parody of Santa Claus Is Coming to Town) I Saw Mommy Fucking Santa Claus (parody of I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus) Rudolph the Deep Throat Reindeer (parody of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer) Suck on My Cock (parody of Jingle Bell Rock) Frosty the Pervert (parody of Frosty the Snowman) I Love to Choke My Chicken with My Hand (parody of Winter Wonderland) Have Yourself a 1-900-Christmas (parody of Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas) Have a Pornographic Christmas (parody of Holly Jolly Christmas) Legal controversy In May 2000, several record labels, including Warner Music Group, sued the album's distributor, Party on Parody Productions, alleging that the album infringed on the copyright of the Christmas songs it spoofs. In December, the case was settled, with the album being pulled from shelves and all remaining unsold copies of the album being forfeited and destroyed. Reception Rated X Mas has received mostly mixed to lukewarm reception. Todd Totale of Glorious Noise gave the album a negative review, declaring it “the worst Christmas album ever made”. Despite this, the album has garnered a cult following, especially online on sites such as YouTube, where numerous uploads of the album's tracks exist (perhaps the most notable example being Suck On My Cock). References External links Smoking Gun archive of the Rated X-mas court documents 1997 Christmas albums 1990s comedy albums","title":"Rated X Mas"},{"docid":"31918638","text":"Reindeer (any of six species in the genus Rangifer; called caribou in North America) is a deer from Arctic and Subarctic North America and Eurasia; it may refer to: Reindeer Reindeer (genus of deer) Finnish forest reindeer Siberian forest reindeer Siberian tundra reindeer Svalbard reindeer Peary caribou Porcupine caribou Dolphin-Union caribou Greenland reindeer Reindeer distribution Reindeer cheese Reindeer hunting in Greenland Reindeer in Siberian shamanism Reindeer in South Georgia Sautéed reindeer Folklore Santa Claus's reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Military HMS Reindeer, ships of the Royal Navy USS Reindeer, ships of the US Navy Operation Reindeer, 1978 South African military operation in Angola Places Reindeer Island, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Reindeer Lake, on the border between Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada Reindeer Valley, South Georgia Literature Rutland Reindeer, a fictional aircraft in Nevil Shute's 1948 novel, No Highway Films Rutland Reindeer, a fictional aircraft in the 1951 movie No Highway in the Sky Reindeer Games, 2000 thriller film, directed by John Frankenheimer See also Caribou (disambiguation) Reindeer Island (disambiguation) Reindeer Lake (disambiguation) Reindeer River (disambiguation)","title":"Reindeer (disambiguation)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"8258274\",\n \"text\": \"The Spirit of Christmas 2001 is the eighth compilation album of Christmas-associated tracks in the annual Spirit of Christmas series. It was released in Australia in November 2001 with proceeds going to The Salvation Army's Red Shield Appeal, which supports at-risk children and youth throughout the country. The compilation has contributions from various Australian artists and was produced by Lindsay Field (also compiler) and Glenn Wheatley. It was issued on cassette and CD by Myer Grace Bros. and distributed by Sony BMG. Background The Spirit of Christmas series started in 1993 when Myer, an Australian department store, wished to continue their philanthropic support in the community, \\\"whilst at the same time providing something special for everyone to enjoy\\\". They choose the Salvation Army's Red Shield Appeal for at-risk children and youth throughout the country as the recipients in 2001. Session and touring musician, Lindsay Field was the executive producer and compiler. Field contacted various fellow Australian musicians – including those he had worked with personally – to donate a track for the compilation, most commonly a new rendition of a standard Christmas carol. Together with Glenn Wheatley (former member of The Masters Apprentices and manager of Little River Band), Field produced the recording for Myer Grace Bros. own label which was distributed by Sony BMG. Track listing \\\"Away in a Manger\\\" – Christine Anu – 4:09 \\\"O Holy Night\\\" – Anthony Warlow – 2:58 \\\"Silent Night\\\" – Tony Lee Scott – 3:19 \\\"Run Run Rudolph\\\" – Vika and Linda – 4:14 \\\"Christmas Must Be Tonight\\\" – Paul Kelly – 4:09 \\\"White Christmas\\\" – Wendy Matthews – 2:49 \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" – The Cruel Sea – 4:18 \\\"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\\\" – Bert Newton – 2:08 \\\"We Three Kings of Orient Are\\\" – Cotton Keays & Morris – 4:05 \\\"I Still Pray\\\" – Kasey Chambers featuring Paul Kelly and Uncle Bill – 4:29 \\\"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\\\" – Vanessa Amorosi – 2:34 \\\"Children Go Where I Send You\\\" – Ross Wilson – 3:26 \\\"Santa Claus is Coming\\\" – Hi-5 – 2:33 \\\"The First Noel\\\" – Lindsay Field and Rudolphs – 3:27 See also The Spirit of Christmas (compilation album) 2001 in music References 2001 Christmas albums 2001 compilation albums Christmas albums by Australian artists The Spirit of Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Spirit of Christmas 2001\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7203505\",\n \"text\": \"A John Waters Christmas is a compilation album of Christmas music selected by cult film director John Waters. Track listing \\\"Fat Daddy\\\" – Fat Daddy \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" – Tiny Tim \\\"Christmas Time Is Coming\\\" (A Street Carol) – Stormy Weather, originally released in 1975 \\\"Happy Birthday Jesus\\\" – Little Cindy, originally released in 1959 \\\"Here Comes Fatty Claus\\\" – Rudolph & Gang \\\"Little Mary Christmas\\\" – Roger Christian \\\"I Wish You a Merry Christmas\\\" – Big Dee Irwin & Little Eva \\\"Santa! Don't Pass Me By\\\" – Jimmy Donley \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" – Alvin and the Chipmunks \\\"Sleigh Bells, Reindeer And Snow\\\" – Rita Faye Wilson, originally released in 1955 \\\"First Snowfall\\\" – The Coctails \\\"Santa Claus Is a Black Man\\\" – AKIM & The Teddy Vann Production Company, originally released in 1973 References 2004 Christmas albums 2004 compilation albums Christmas compilation albums John Waters New Line Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"A John Waters Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9895126\",\n \"text\": \"Carmen Beth Twillie (born April 8, 1950) is an American actress and singer. She is a longtime friend of Tommy Morgan and has appeared as guest contralto soloist with Morgan's choir. She is best known for singing the Elton John and Tim Rice song \\\"Circle of Life\\\" in the beginning of the 1994 Disney animated feature film The Lion King. She provided the singing voice of Stormella in the 1998 Christmas animated film Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie and she was a singer in the 1997 animated film Cats Don't Dance. She did a few small voice roles in the 1993 stop-motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas as the Undersea Gal and the Creature under the bed. She also appeared on the Chowder episode \\\"Sing Beans\\\" doing one of the voices for the sing beans alongside voice actors Jess Harnell, John DiMaggio, and Tara Strong. She also is a backup singer, having appeared on several albums released by artists such as Celine Dion, Whitney Houston, Dionne Warwick and Pink Floyd for their 1987 album A Momentary Lapse of Reason. References External links 1950 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses African-American actresses American voice actresses 20th-century African-American women singers 20th-century American women singers 20th-century American singers American contraltos 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Twillie (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70812934\",\n \"text\": \"We Can Make It may refer to: Music Albums George Jones (We Can Make It) We Can Make It (George Jones song) We Can Make It (Peters and Lee album) Songs We Can Make It! (Arashi song) \\\"We Can Make It\\\", a song performed by Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe and Brian Hyland for the soundtrack of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie.\",\n \"title\": \"We Can Make It\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5191457\",\n \"text\": \"David Cerda (born June 13, 1961, Hammond, Indiana) is an American performer and playwright based in Chicago. He is currently the artistic director for Hell in a Handbag Productions, which he co-founded in 2002. His campy, highly theatrical plays have made him a notable presence within the Chicago theater scene. He has written and appeared in many of his works, including a transgressive adaptation of Rudolph, the Red-Hosed Reindeer, How ‘What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?’ Happened and POSEIDON! An Upside-Down Musical which won the New York International Fringe Festival Best Ensemble Award and was the most attended show of the festival that year. Cerda’s theatre group has araised money for Chicago LGBT non-profits such as Season of Concern, AIDS Legal Council, Howard Brown, the Legacy Project, Windy City Alliance for the Deaf, and Groceryland. Selected works Hell in a Handbag has produced over 70 original plays, of which Cerda has written several. The Drag Seed, a parody of The Bad Seed Snowgirls: The Musical, a parody of Showgirls POSEIDON! An Upside Down Musical (2002, 2009), a musical parody of The Poseidon Adventure The Golden Girls: The Lost Episodes (since 2017), a spoof of The Golden Girls Rudolph, the Red-Hosed Reindeer, a parody of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer How ‘What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?’ Happened, a parody of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane The Birds Christmas Dearest Caged Dames Awards 2003 - New York International Fringe Festival Excellence Award for Ensemble Performance 2016 - Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame References External links Hell In A Handbag Productions American gay writers 20th-century American dramatists and playwrights Writers from Chicago Living people 1961 births American LGBT dramatists and playwrights American male dramatists and playwrights 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American LGBT people\",\n \"title\": \"David Cerda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9602536\",\n \"text\": \". William Sturm (1906–1981) was an animator, known for character development with Fleischer Animation Studios. Most notably, he was known for animating characters such as Popeye and Bluto. After leaving Fleischer Studios he once again worked with Max Fleischer at Jam Handy Films in Detroit, creating animation for the original cartoon of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer in 1948. Filmography I Eats My Spinach Grampy's Indoor Outing Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer External links https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/cartoonamerica/cartoon-zip.html 1906 births 1981 deaths American animators Fleischer Studios people\",\n \"title\": \"William Sturm\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22775880\",\n \"text\": \"We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year is a compilation album of Christmas songs played by an all-star collection of hard rock and heavy metal artists released on October 14, 2008. Each track puts together a unique supergroup playing a traditional Christmas selection. Track listing \\\"We Wish You a Merry Xmas\\\" (Jeff Scott Soto / Bruce Kulick / Bob Kulick / Chris Wyse / Ray Luzier/ Elvin Schäder) \\\"Run Rudolph Run\\\" (Lemmy / Billy F. Gibbons / Dave Grohl / Elvin Schäder) \\\"Santa Claws Is Coming to Town\\\" (Alice Cooper / John 5 / Billy Sheehan / Vinny Appice / Elvin Schäder) \\\"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen\\\" (Ronnie James Dio / Tony Iommi / Rudy Sarzo / Simon Wright) \\\"Silver Bells\\\" (Geoff Tate / Carlos Cavazo / James Lomenzo / Ray Luzier) \\\"Little Drummer Boy\\\" (Doug Pinnick / George Lynch / Billy Sheehan / Simon Phillips) \\\"Santa Claus Is Back in Town\\\" (Tim \\\"Ripper\\\" Owens / Steve Morse / Juan Garcia / Marco Mendoza / Vinny Appice) \\\"Silent Night\\\" (Chuck Billy / Scott Ian / Jon Donais / Chris Wyse / John Tempesta) \\\"Deck the Halls\\\" (Oni Logan / Craig Goldy / Tony Franklin / John Tempesta) \\\"Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer\\\" (Stephen Pearcy / Tracii Guns / Bob Kulick / Billy Sheehan / Greg Bissonette) \\\"Rockin' Around the Xmas Tree\\\" (Joe Lynn Turner / Bruce Kulick / Bob Kulick / Rudy Sarzo / Simon Wright) \\\"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\\\" (Tommy Shaw / Steve Lukather / Marco Mendoza / Kenny Aronoff) Bonus tracks: \\\"O Christmas Tree\\\" (Doro Pesch / Frankie Banali/ Michael Schenker / Tony Franklin) \\\"Auld Lang Syne\\\" (Girlschool) \\\"Frosty the Snowman\\\" (Bumblefoot / Chris Chaney/ Kenny Aronoff / Steve \\\"Lips\\\" Kudlow) \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" (Dez Fafara / Blasko / Doug Aldrich / John Tempesta) Personnel Mike Exeter – Engineer Bob Kulick - Producer Brett Chassen - Producer References External links Blogcritics.org Heavymetal.about.com () 2008 compilation albums 2008 Christmas albums Christmas compilation albums Hard rock compilation albums Heavy metal compilation albums Heavy metal Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26808393\",\n \"text\": \"Myriam Sirois (born February 2, 1975) is a retired Canadian actress, mainly known for being the voice of Akane Tendo in the English version of Ranma ½. She also portrayed Sarah Cantrell in the Babylon 5 movie The Legend of the Rangers: To Live and Die in Starlight. She also played the voice of Zoey in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie and the voice of Sulia Gaudeamus in Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture. She had since transitioned into other ventures according to her LinkedIn Page Filmography Film Television References External links 1975 births Living people Actresses from Quebec Canadian television actresses Canadian voice actresses People from Sept-Îles, Quebec\",\n \"title\": \"Myriam Sirois\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20443258\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Brannon (June 19, 1920 – December 29, 1991) was an American popular singer born in Gloucester City, New Jersey. Brannon regularly introduced new pop songs in a live format over New York City radio on the WOR Mutual Broadcasting Company broadcast coast to coast. Early in November 1949, Brannon sang \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" over the airwaves for WOR, promoting the Gene Autry classic. By November 25, \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" began its appearance on the music charts. Various popular artists had initially turned down the opportunity to promote the record, including Bing Crosby, due to its slow tempo. However, after hearing the faster and more upbeat Brannon rendition, Crosby sang his own rendition during his CBS The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show radio show on December 14, 1949. Brannon is known to have recorded at least two songs during his short career in music. Both were released in early 1948. One was titled \\\"Orchids in the Snow\\\", written by composer Edward A. Khoury, and the other was titled \\\"I'm a Tumbleweed\\\", written by Rusty Keefer. In March, 1954, Bing Crosby, still mourning the recent death of his wife Dixie Lee, was considering retirement. Almost immediately, plans were made by a Hollywood production company to issue a biopic of the famous crooner and approached Brannon (who possessed a similar appearance to Crosby) to play the lead. As Brannon mulled over the offer, he became aware of organized-crime connections to the project. Brannon \\\"dragged his feet\\\" and put it off as long as possible until Crosby, revelling in the success of his recently released film White Christmas, rescinded his retirement plans and the biopic was shelved indefinitely. Due to a deferred movie career and through the prompting of his wife, Pauline Woolman-Brannon (ex-wife of stuntman Harry Woolman), Brannon left New York City (and the recording industry) in late 1954 and resettled in Gloucester City, New Jersey. Brannon took a management position at a nightclub called Lew Palma's House of Fun on Powell Street. Brannon was a regular performer in it and lived with his family on the second floor. Through his wife, Brannon soon became affiliated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, presently known as the Community of Christ, and was ordained as a priest by the mid-1960s. Brannon's adopted son, Harry Gerald Brannon, a Sergeant in the United States Army, died in South Vietnam on August 15, 1966, at age 30. Harry, known as Jerry, was the biological son of stuntman Harry Woolman. He died of Alzheimer's disease at age 71. References 1920 births 1991 deaths American members of the Community of Christ American male singer-songwriters Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States Deaths from dementia in New Jersey People from Gloucester City, New Jersey 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singer-songwriters Singer-songwriters from New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Brannon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24775808\",\n \"text\": \"The White Stag sign, also known as the \\\"Portland Oregon\\\" sign, is a lighted neon-and-incandescent-bulb sign located atop the White Stag Building, at 70 NW Couch Street in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, facing the Burnside Bridge. The sign faces westbound traffic as it enters downtown Portland coming across the Willamette River. The sign was acquired by the City of Portland in September 2010, and the lettering was changed to read \\\"Portland Oregon\\\" in November 2010. During Christmas, the nose of the stag glows red in imitation of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, and by the 1970s that feature had contributed to the sign's popularity as a local landmark. The sign was designated a City of Portland Historic Landmark in 1977. In 2014, Willamette Week referred to the \\\"famous White Stag sign\\\" as \\\"one of the most instantly recognizable parts of the Portland skyline\\\". Since its installation in 1940 the sign has carried various messages and animations, generally advertising Portland companies, the longest-lasting version being for White Stag Sportswear, from 1957 until 1997. History The city permit for the original sign was received on September 19, 1940. The sign was built soon afterward by Ramsay Signs, who also owned it, and was first illuminated around the end of October 1940. The sign read \\\"White Satin Sugar\\\" inside an outline of the state of Oregon, advertising a brand of sugar. In 1950, the sign was animated to show the state filling with sugar. In 1957, the sign was changed to advertise White Stag, an apparel manufacturer that owned the building and had occupied it since 1924. The lettering was changed to \\\"Home of White Stag Sportswear\\\" and a silhouette of a white stag was added to the top of the sign. For the 1959 Christmas season, a red neon \\\"nose\\\" was added to the stag's snout in imitation of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, a tradition that has been repeated annually ever since. White Stag was purchased by the Warnaco Group in 1966, and the company left the building in 1973. In 1972, the building was sold to the H. Naito Corporation and occupied by one of its divisions, Norcrest China Company, but Warnaco still paid for the sign's electricity and maintenance. In 1977, the sign, which had come to symbolize Portland, especially at Christmas time, was designated a City of Portland historic landmark. It continued to be owned by Ramsay Signs, who leased it to White Stag/Warnaco. In 1986, White Stag moved out of Oregon entirely, but Warnaco continued to pay for the sign to be lit until May 1989, when the sign went dark. Bill Naito, president of the H. Naito Corporation, owner of the Norcrest China Company which occupied the building, agreed to pay for the sign's electricity for the Christmas season beginning in October, but trouble with the wiring led to the sign remaining dark until after Thanksgiving. With Naito paying the approximately $200-a-month electric bill and the Ramsay Sign company providing maintenance, the sign remained lit into the\",\n \"title\": \"White Stag sign\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54146903\",\n \"text\": \"Red nose or red noses may refer to: Organizations and events Operation Red Nose, a Christmastime volunteer anti-drunk-driving ferry service Red Nose Day, a UK charity telethon operated by Comic Relief Red Nose Day, a US charity telethon operated by Comic Relief, Inc. Entertainment \\\"Red Nose\\\", a 2013 song by Sage the Gemini Red Nose (film), a 2003 Canadian romantic comedy film also known as Nez rouge Red Noses, a 1985 comedy about the black death \\\"Red Nose\\\", a 2009 song by Tech N9ne from Sickology 101 Medicine Red nose, a physiological response Alcohol intoxication, a facial feature Blushing, facial feature Other A modern circus clown's red nose See also Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Red nose\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3408117\",\n \"text\": \"Will Vinton's Claymation Christmas Celebration is an animated Christmas television special originally broadcast on the American CBS TV network on December 21, 1987. The special featured stop motion clay animation and was produced and directed by Will Vinton. The special debuted alongside A Garfield Christmas and the two continued to be aired back to back in subsequent years. Synopsis The special is co-hosted by Rex (Johnny Counterfit), an erudite Tyrannosaurus rex, and Herb (Tim Conner), a dimwitted and bespectacled Styracosaurus with a gluttonous appetite. The two appeared in previous Will Vinton videos dating back to 1980 including Dinosaur, but this Christmas special is the first in which they have dialogue and contemporary personalities, vaguely parodying Siskel and Ebert respectively. Situated in a facsimile of London's Christmas Square, Rex and Herb introduce several stand-alone videos of Christmas carols and holiday standards and discuss the origins of each song relating to different holiday traditions around the world. Among the musical performances: The Biblical magi sing the verses of \\\"We Three Kings\\\" traditionally, while their camels sing the chorus in the style of doo-wop. At Notre Dame Cathedral, The Paris Bell-Harmonic, a group of anthropomorphic church bells who strike their own heads with chime hammers to achieve their respective notes, performs \\\"Carol of the Bells.\\\" The low C bell (the tonic) constantly dawdles, chimes out of tune and loses his mallet, enraging the maestro, Quasimodo, who uses a slingshot on the bell to get the proper tone at the end. A children's choir sings \\\"O Christmas Tree\\\", with the video depicting various scenes taking place inside of Christmas ornaments \\\"Angels We Have Heard On High\\\" is set to a walrus couple doing an interpretive ice ballet while several luckless penguins watch. At a black church in the countryside, a soul/jazz hybrid rendition of \\\"Joy to the World\\\" plays out in colorful scenes. (This segment, using stylized, flat animation resembling paintings and stained glass windows, is the only segment not rendered in Vinton's trademark Claymation.) The California Raisins perform \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,\\\" in the style of The Temptations, after they miss the last bus out of town Christmas Eve following a concert—and fly off in the style of Santa Claus's reindeer into the night. Throughout the program, Rex futilely attempts to clarify the true pronunciation and meaning of the term \\\"wassail', featured in the Christmas carol \\\"Here We Come A-Wassailing\\\". As the show progresses, Rex is accosted by different groups, all singing parodies of the song. \\\"Here We Come A-Waffling\\\", by a kennel of dogs selling waffles from a vendor's wagon. \\\"Here We Come A-Waddling\\\", by a gaggle of straggling geese carrying baskets of goodies. \\\"Here We Come A-Wallowing\\\", by a herd of slovenly pigs on a John Deere-style field wagon gorging themselves on an abundance of assorted fruits. Rex is convinced that his own pronunciation is correct, but he is continually questioned by the others including Herb when he is not busy excessively partaking of the various Christmas treats offered by each\",\n \"title\": \"A Claymation Christmas Celebration\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1896655\",\n \"text\": \"Robbie the Reindeer is a trilogy of three Christmas-themed animated comedy television specials that have been produced by BBC Bristol, Absolute Digital Pictures and Comic Relief. The three television specials have also been premiered on BBC One between 1999 and 2007. The three television specials have also been distributed by BBC Studios and have also been sold to more than 30 countries. The three television specials follow the title reindeer character who travels to the North Pole to follow in his father's footsteps and join Santa Claus's reindeer sleigh team. The first television special (titled \\\"Hooves of Fire\\\") and the second television special (titled \\\"Legend of the Lost Tribe\\\") were animated in stop motion by the BBC Bristol animation unit and originally Aardman Animations, while the third television special (titled \\\"Close Encounters of the Herd Kind\\\", a title parody of the 1977 Steven Spielberg film Close Encounters of the Third Kind) was animated in computer animation by Absolute Digital Pictures. Loosely based on Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer by Robert L. May, Robbie the Reindeer was created by Richard Curtis (who was also the executive producer (for \\\"Legend of the Lost Tribe\\\") and also the co-writer (for \\\"Hooves of Fire\\\")). Characters Robbie: The easy-going and childlike son of Rudolph whose nose acts as a tracking device. He is the captain of the sleigh team. Appears in all three television specials. Prancer: An upbeat and slow-witted reindeer and a member of the sleigh team that befriends Robbie. Appears in all three television specials. Donner: A support member of the sleigh team who is Robbie's best female friend, love interest and eventual wife. The name is a play on the British pronunciation of the feminine name 'Donna'. Reindeer, unlike other members of the deer family, have antlers in both sexes, so that both Donner and Vixen can be accurately portrayed as female. Appears in all three television specials. Blitzen: The former captain of the sleigh team who is envious of Rudolph's popularity (so much so that he won't let anyone speak his name in his presence) and plots to \\\"destroy\\\" Robbie as revenge. Appears in \\\"Hooves of Fire\\\" and \\\"Legend of the Lost Tribe\\\". Old Jingle: The reindeer that trained Rudolph and prepares Robbie for The Reindeer Games. Tapir: A reindeer who is a good friend of Robbie and a member of the sleigh team. Appears in all three television specials. Des Yeti and Alan Snowman: Commentators for The Reindeer Games. The characters are parodies of presenter Des Lynam and football commentator Alan Hansen (who both starred on BBC One's Match of the Day in the 1990s). Appears in \\\"Hooves of Fire\\\" and \\\"Legend of the Lost Tribe\\\". Vixen: An attractive, but apathetic female reindeer and a member of the sleigh team. She was Blitzen's girlfriend (until she ended their relationship at the end of \\\"Hooves of Fire\\\") and Robbie's original love interest before falling in love with Donner. Appears in \\\"Hooves of Fire\\\". Robbie's father: A legendary former sleigh team member who\",\n \"title\": \"Robbie the Reindeer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12548435\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hooves of Fire\\\" is one of three animated BBC Christmas comedy television specials, filmed using stop motion techniques, and presented in 1999 in aid of Comic Relief. Story Robbie, son of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, arrives at Coldchester, town of the North Pole to follow in his father's hoofprints of being a navigator for Santa Claus's sleigh team. Unlike Rudolph's glowing nose, Robbie's possesses a GPS that can find anything. Upon arriving at the team's home, Reindeer Lodge, he meets several members of the team; Donner; a young female reindeer who's secretly attracted to him, Prancer; a hip, friendly and overweight reindeer, Vixen; an attractive but apathetic reindeer whom Robbie falls for, and Blitzen; the captain of the sleigh team and Vixen's boyfriend. Blitzen, embittered from Rudolph's sudden popularity after saving Christmas, plans to prevent Robbie from being part of the sleigh team out of vengeance. Blitzen encourages Robbie to continue slacking off, claiming that Santa will accept him on the team regardless of fitness out of respect for Rudolph. During a Christmas party at Santa's house, Santa shows off a new modified sleigh design, which includes a built-in GPS system. Fearing his place on the team gone, Robbie is assured by Santa that he still has a place, granted he isn't unfit by then. Blitzen guilts Robbie into leaving after saying Rudolph will receive the blame for his son causing a late Christmas. After being found frozen in the snow by some elves, Robbie pleads to work with them at their toy factory. Through accidents and lack of concentration, Robbie is demoted from working on the assembly line, to sweeping, and to being used as a forklift. Donner later finds Robbie and reveals to him Blitzen's true intentions to rid Robbie from the team and says that he can get back on the team if he wins a medal at The Reindeer Games. She encourages him to repursue getting fit under the instruction of his father's former coach, Old Jingle, a mad elderly reindeer who lives in a teetering house atop Pointy Mountain. Jingle instructs that Robbie only needs to compete in and win the Steeplechase to solidify a position on the team. In the span of a month, Robbie gets into shape and learns 'The Nose Jump' just in time for the Reindeer Games. Blitzen is shocked to see Robbie at the event and watches as he saves Santa's infant son from being crushed by a falling walrus tenor. In an attempt to ensure that Blitzen wins the Steeplechase, Vixen tries to convince Robbie not to compete out of his attraction to her. Robbie refuses, having now fallen for Donner instead. Before the event starts, Robbie is forced to leave the race course to rescue Old Jingle, who got trapped underneath his house after attempting to push it back up Pointy Mountain. Robbie manages to rescue Jingle using some toys he made at the toy factory prior. While immensely behind in the race, Robbie manages to quickly catch\",\n \"title\": \"Hooves of Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62656985\",\n \"text\": \"A Rubber Band Christmas is a 1996 instrumental Christmas novelty album featuring traditional and popular Christmas songs played entirely on rubber bands, staplers and other office equipment. The album is noted for its comic effects and has been described as one of the \\\"weirdest\\\" and most novel releases of its type. Description The album came about when two artists, Jeff St. Pierre and Philip Antoniades, found themselves bored one evening at the office and began creating Christmas music out of rubber bands, staplers, tape and other office supplies to hand. After entertaining themselves through the night with this diversion, they forwarded the results as a \\\"seasonal thank you\\\" to friends and associates. The recording was sufficiently well received that Artist Development Associates of Framingham, Massachusetts, decided to release it as a CD, under the title A Rubber Band Christmas, with St. Pierre and Antoniades going by the name \\\"The Rubberband Band\\\". The CD was re-released on October 24, 2000. The album's fourteen tracks typically feature a rubber band twanging out the melody, while a ruler struck at different lengths adds a bass accompaniment. Rhythm is sometimes supplied through the use of \\\"quickly-yanked frosty tape\\\". The tracks featured are a selection of traditional and popular Christmas carols and ballads, with the word \\\"rubber\\\" substituted at some point in the title, yielding names such as \\\"Rubber Bells\\\" (for Jingle Bells), \\\"Rudolph the Rubber-nosed Reindeer\\\" (Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer) and \\\"Feliz Rubberdad\\\" (Feliz Navidad), etc. Reception AllMusic states that in spite of the unusual instrumentation, the tracks are \\\"still recognizable as—and a whole lot sillier than—the original carols.\\\" The reviewer concludes that while the 14 tracks \\\"may be too much of a good thing\\\", the release constitutes \\\"easily the most novel holiday novelty album in a long while. It must be heard to be believed.\\\" Scott Frampton of CMJ New Music Monthly wrote that the album would have strong appeal to \\\"aficionados of the pop-culturally weird\\\". Kyle Brown of Rubber and Plastic News wrote that \\\"The snaps and twangs aren't always pitch-perfect, but a lot of spirit comes through. Even the off notes sometimes sound catchy in new and interesting ways.\\\" Canadian broadcaster and columnist MC Gilles included the album at number three in a list of his five top Christmas novelty albums, describing it as \\\"unbearable, but nice.\\\" Brian Boyd of the Irish Times included the album at number four on a list of \\\"5 weirdest albums of all time\\\", describing it as \\\"a unique listening experience ... Criminally out of print, it can only be listened to in [short] intervals\\\" but \\\"you sort of want it in your collection all the same.\\\" Tracks from the album have been featured on both the BBC and on the ABC's Radio National websites, the latter in a \\\"Christmas surprise cracker.\\\" Track listing Source for track listing: AllMusic. References External links \\\"Rubber Bells\\\" (YouTube). Pop Christmas albums 1996 Christmas albums Novelty albums\",\n \"title\": \"A Rubber Band Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8273761\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys is a 2001 direct-to-video animated Christmas adventure musical film directed by Bill Kowalchuk for GoodTimes Entertainment. It was released on VHS and DVD on October 30, 2001. The film takes place after the events of the original special (despite Rudolph and Clarice utilizing their young designs from that special). The film thus revisits classic characters like Yukon Cornelius, Hermey the elf (now a dentist), Abominable Snow Monster, and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, who is now famous in the North Pole. GoodTimes Entertainment, three years prior, had released Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, which was set in a separate continuity with different supporting characters. Several key personnel were retained from that movie: Kathleen Barr, the voice of Rudolph; Michael Aschner, the head writer; and Bill Kowalchuk, the director. Golden Books Family Entertainment was likewise retained as the production company. The voice cast includes Rick Moranis, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Richard Dreyfuss among others. Plot Rudolph, not satisfied with being a \\\"novelty act\\\" performing tricks with his nose, travels with Hermey, now a dentist, to the Island of Misfit Toys to give King Moonracer a root canal dental treatment. A storm sends Rudolph and Hermey to Castaway Cove where Rudolph considers having his nose made more normal-looking by a hippopotamus named Queen Camilla, being warned that if he gets a normal nose, he won't be able to lead the sleigh anymore on foggy nights which could put Santa's deliveries in potential danger. Meanwhile, the evil Toy Taker is stealing all of the toys from the island, including Santa's workshop, claiming that he's saving them from the inevitable fact that children eventually outgrow their toys and throw them away. Rudolph has a plan to foil the Toy Taker's by disguising themselves as toys. The Toy Taker's blimp arrives and manages to steal them along with the Misfit Toys, all except for Bumble, who is too big to fit into the blimp so he follows on a floating iceberg. Rudolph tries to talk to a new misfit toy, a kite who is scared of heights and wakes him up from his hypnosis, but fails. The Toy Taker hears all the chatter, and realizing there are intruders, catches Rudolph, Clarice, Yukon, and Hermey. They head back into the blimp, with Yukon chasing after the Toy Taker, Hermey piloting the blimp, and Rudolph and Clarice doing their best to wake up the toys from their hypnosis. Yukon finally chases the Toy Taker up to the top of the blimp. When a boomerang who doesn't come back swoops by Yukon, he loses his balance and falls. Rudolph and Clarice confront the Toy Taker, with Rudolph's nose blinding him during the confrontation. The Toy Taker flees and parachutes his way down to Yukon's peppermint mine in hopes of escaping Rudolph and Clarice. Due to the holes in the blimp, Hermey loses control. Luckily, Bumble is there to save the blimp before any further damage can be made.\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37684161\",\n \"text\": \"Limited Collectors' Edition is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1972 to 1978. It usually featured reprints of previously published stories but a few issues contained new material. The series was published in an oversized 10\\\" x 14\\\" tabloid (or \\\"treasury\\\") format. Publication history Limited Collectors' Edition was launched with a collection of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer stories which went on sale October 24, 1972. DC Comics vice president Sol Harrison had suggested the format stating that \\\"we could create a tabloid size comic that would stand out on the newsstand\\\". Limited Collectors' Edition shared its numbering with two other treasury format series, Famous First Edition and All-New Collectors' Edition. The final issues of the latter two series were tie-ins to the release of Superman: The Movie. DC later published treasuries as part of DC Special Series in 1981 and as a number of one-shots from 1999 to 2003 primarily produced by Paul Dini and Alex Ross. In 2020, DC put out a new Famous First Edition, C-63, which reprinted in hardcover the first issue of New Fun Comics, which launched the company that became DC. The issues Several planned features for Limited Collectors' Edition were never published. These include several projects by writer/artist Sheldon Mayer. Mayer had been working on an adaptation of The Wizard of Oz but DC's then-Publisher Carmine Infantino canceled the project upon learning of a similar adaptation by Marvel Comics. The two companies published the project jointly and the adaptation was crafted by Marvel's Roy Thomas and John Buscema instead. Mayer also worked on a followup to \\\"The Bible\\\" issue of Limited Collectors' Edition titled \\\"The Story of Jesus\\\" as well as \\\"Rudolph's Easter Parade\\\", an Easter-themed Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer issue. Neither project was published. \\\"The Legend of King Arthur\\\" by writer Gerry Conway and artist Nestor Redondo was a four-issue storyline which was advertised as \\\"Coming Soon\\\" in DC comic books dated September 1975, but the series was never published. A second volume of \\\"The Best of DC\\\" would have included stories reprinted from The Brave and the Bold #42; All-Star Western #11; Superman #247; and Green Lantern #75 but was canceled as part of the DC Implosion. Famous First Edition Famous First Edition was a series of oversized reprints of original Golden Age comics. All but two (#F–7, All-Star Comics #3 and #F–8, Flash Comics #1) included full-size glossy cover-stock reprints of the front and back covers in addition to the usual cardstock outer covers. Famous First Edition reprinted the comics in their entirety, including any paid advertising and other features that appeared in the original. Several issues of Famous First Edition were also published in hardcover editions by Lyle Stuart, Inc. The Grand Comics Database only lists hardcover versions for issues #C–26 (Action Comics #1), #C–28 (Detective Comics #27), #C–30 (Sensation Comics #1), #F–4 (Whiz Comics #2), and #F–6 (Wonder Woman #1) while the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide includes a listing for a hardcover version of\",\n \"title\": \"Limited Collectors' Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6429626\",\n \"text\": \"Arthur Gardner Rankin, Jr. (July 19, 1924 – January 30, 2014) was an American director, producer and screenwriter, who mostly worked in animation. Co-creator of Rankin/Bass Productions with his friend Jules Bass, he created stop-motion and traditional animation features such as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Frosty the Snowman, Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town, and the 1977 cartoon special of The Hobbit. He is credited on over 1,000 television programs. Early life Rankin was born in New York City, the son of actors Arthur Rankin and Marian Mansfield. His paternal grandmother was actress Phyllis Rankin, and his paternal step-grandfather, who adopted his father, was actor Harry Davenport, who played Dr. Meade in the film Gone with the Wind. Career Rankin began his career as an art director for the American Broadcasting Company in the 1940s. In 1955, he and Jules Bass formed the production company Videocraft International to produce television commercials. In 1960, they moved into the area of animation, and in 1968, changed the name of their company to Rankin/Bass Productions. The two worked closely together for many years, co-directing and producing a wide array of stop motion animated features and cartoons, which Rankin had referred to as \\\"Animagic\\\". In addition to directing, Rankin primarily created the script and sketched the character concepts, which would be made into the wooden puppets by Japanese artists, including head supervisor and partner, Tadahito Mochinaga. Maury Laws, a musical director for Rankin/Bass, stated that Rankin was inspired by the film King Kong, and that Rankin \\\"wanted every detail right\\\" in creating these shorts. Some of the most famous features were the holiday-themed TV specials, such as Willy McBean and His Magic Machine, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town, Rudolph's Shiny New Year, The Year Without a Santa Claus, Frosty the Snowman, 'Twas the Night Before Christmas, and Jack Frost. Many of these holiday-themed works are now considered \\\"perennial favorites\\\", according to The New York Times. He is also credited with devising the story for many Rankin/Bass productions, including the feature films The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?. In 1977, Rankin and Bass produced a version of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, for which they were awarded the Peabody Award. The pair also teamed on a wide variety of animated TV series, including ThunderCats and SilverHawks. The pair last teamed on the 1987 TV special based on The Wind in the Willows. Rankin's last producing credit was on the 1999 animated version of The King and I. Later life Rankin met his wife-to-be, Olga Karlatos, after he cast her in a 1983 television adaption of The Picture of Dorian Gray entitled The Sins of Dorian Gray. Rankin had two sons with his first wife Elizabeth Deland: Arthur Gardner Rankin III, and his brother Todd Rankin. They settled in Bermuda, with Rankin looking to continue to produce stage shows. He noted: \\\"I could go up to Broadway and run up and down the street and scream, 'I want to write\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Rankin, Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"926873\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph or Rudolf may refer to: People Rudolph (name), the given name including a list of people with the name Religious figures Rudolf of Fulda (died 865), 9th century monk, writer and theologian Rudolf von Habsburg-Lothringen (1788–1831), Archbishop of Olomouc and member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine Royalty and nobility Rudolph I (disambiguation) Rudolph II (disambiguation) Rudolph III (disambiguation) Rudolph of France (died 936) Rudolph I of Germany (1218–1291) Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1552–1612) Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1576–1621) Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (1858–1889), son and heir of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth of Austria (died at Mayerling) Places Rudolph Glacier, Antarctica Rudolph, South Dakota, US Rudolph, Wisconsin, US, a village Rudolph (town), Wisconsin, adjacent to the village Rudolf Island, northernmost island of Europe Lake Rudolf, now Lake Turkana, in Kenya Art, entertainment, and media Fictional entities Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, one of Santa Claus's reindeer Rudolph Farnsworth, a minor villain in the television series Kim Possible Rudolph, alternate name for Gossamer, a Looney Tunes character Rudolph Reed, the protagonist of Gwendolyn Brooks' poem \\\"The Ballad of Rudolph Reed\\\", published in Selected Poems (1963) Rudolf Ushiromiya, a character in the visual novel, manga, and anime series Umineko no Naku Koro ni fr:Rodolphe ja:ルドルフ\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"985394\",\n \"text\": \"() is a Finnish Christmas figure. The name literally means or in Finnish; the word comes from the Germanic root , a cognate of English \\\"buck\\\", meaning . An old Nordic folk tradition, the figure is now often conflated with Santa Claus. Origins and description The was originally a pagan tradition. Today, in some parts of Finland, the folk custom persists of persons performing in goat costume in return for leftover Christmas food. The performer traditionally is an older man, who is called a \\\"\\\". In Finland in its modern incarnation, inspired by the international Santa Clause figure, he usually wears warm red robes, but with a broad band of blue near the fur, uses a walking stick, and travels in a sleigh pulled by a number of reindeer (which do not fly, unlike Santa Claus' team). In Lapland, he rides in a , rather than a sleigh. The popular holiday song \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\", in its Finnish translation, , has led to Rudolph's general acceptance in Finland as Joulupukki's lead reindeer. Joulupukki is often mentioned as having a wife, (), but tradition says little of her. Joulupukki's other side Pagans used to have festivities to honour the return of the sun and some believe Joulupukki is the earliest form of present-day Santa. The Yule Goat was thought by some to be an ugly creature and frightened children while others believe it was an invisible creature that helped prepare for Yule. Popular radio programs from the year 1927 onwards probably had great influence in reformatting the concept with the Santa-like costume, reindeer and Korvatunturi as his dwelling place. Because there really are reindeer in Finland, and Finns live up North, the popular American story took root in Finland very quickly. Finland's Joulupukki receives over 500,000 letters from over 200 countries every year. Most letters come from Poland, Italy, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau . Joulupukki is a prominent character in Rare Exports, a movie based on the award-winning shorts by Jalmari Helander. See also Section on Finland in Christmas worldwide Korvatunturi Rare Exports (film) Santa Claus Village Yule Goat Krampus References Christmas characters Christian folklore Finnish folklore Finnish mythology Santa Claus Christmas gift-bringers Yule fi:Joulupukki#Suomi\",\n \"title\": \"Joulupukki\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3891310\",\n \"text\": \"The Edge of Christmas is a compilation album released in 1995 by Oglio Records. It features Christmas songs with a general new wave/rock theme. Track listing \\\"Thank God It's Christmas\\\" - Queen \\\"Please Come Home for Christmas\\\" - Pat Benatar \\\"2000 Miles\\\" - The Pretenders \\\"December Will Be Magic Again\\\" - Kate Bush \\\"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy\\\" - David Bowie and Bing Crosby \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" - Cocteau Twins \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" - The Smithereens \\\"Run Run Rudolph\\\" - Dave Edmunds \\\"Christmas is Coming\\\" - The Payolas \\\"Fairytale of New York\\\" - The Pogues \\\"Merry Christmas (I Don't Want to Fight)\\\" - The Ramones \\\"Christmas Wrapping\\\" - The Waitresses References 1995 Christmas albums 1995 compilation albums Christmas compilation albums Alternative rock compilation albums Alternative rock Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Edge of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3172886\",\n \"text\": \"When My Heart Finds Christmas is American artist Harry Connick Jr.'s first Christmas album. Released in 1993, it is among the most popular holiday collections of the past three decades in the United States. Connick Jr composed four songs for the album: \\\"When My Heart Finds Christmas\\\", \\\"(It Must've Been Ol') Santa Claus\\\", \\\"The Blessed Dawn Of Christmas Day\\\" and \\\"I Pray On Christmas\\\". The other songs are traditional Christmas songs and carols. The album proved to be the best-selling holiday album in the U.S. of 1993, selling 748,000 copies that year according to Nielsen SoundScan. In December 2005, the album was certified Triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of three million copies in the U.S. As of November 2014, When My Heart Finds Christmas is the twelfth best-selling holiday album in the U.S. since May 1991 (the SoundScan era of music sales tracking), having sold 3.15 million. Track listing \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" (Leroy Anderson, Mitchell Parish) – 3:44 \\\"When My Heart Finds Christmas\\\" (Harry Connick Jr.) – 4:32 \\\"(It Must've Been Ol') Santa Claus\\\" (Connick) – 4:39 \\\"The Blessed Dawn Of Christmas Day\\\" (Connick) – 4:40 \\\"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 2:34 \\\"The Little Drummer Boy\\\" (Katherine K. Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone) – 3:41 \\\"Ave Maria\\\" (Franz Schubert, Sir Walter Scott) – 4:35 \\\"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers\\\" (Ballard Macdonald, Leon Jessel) – 3:27 \\\"What Child Is This?\\\" (William Dix, traditional) – 3:11 \\\"Christmas Dreaming\\\" (Irving Gordon, Lester Lee) – 2:40 \\\"I Pray On Christmas\\\" (Connick) – 3:48 \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" (Johnny Marks) – 2:31 \\\"O Holy Night\\\" (Adolphe Adam, Placide Cappeau) – 6:45 \\\"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\\\" (Frank Loesser) – 4:49 Personnel Musicians Harry Connick Jr. - Vocals, piano Ben Wolfe - Bass Russell Malone - Guitar Arthur Latin II - Drums Howard Kaplan - Keyboards Brad Leali - Alto Saxophone Will Campbell - Alto Saxophone Jerry Weldon - Tenor Saxophone Ned Goold - Tenor Saxophone Dave Schumacher - Baritone saxophone Mark Mullins - Trombone Craig Klein - Trombone Lucien Barbarin - Trombone Joe Barati - Bass Trombone Roger Ingram - Trumpet Dan Miller - Trumpet Jeremy Davenport - Trumpet Louis Ford - Clarinet 70-piece orchestra 42-voice choir Studio Tracey Freeman - Producer Gregg Rubin - Engineer/ Mixer Christmas TV Special Connick's hour-long CBS-TV Christmas special—recorded live at the Pantages Theatre and featuring Carol Burnett and Aaron Neville—was available on home video in time for Christmas 1994. The Harry Connick Jr. Christmas Special VHS (Sony 1994) features a set list similar to the album's track list. Set list \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" \\\"Toyland\\\" \\\"I Pray On Christmas\\\" \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" (with Aaron Neville) \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" \\\"(It Must've Been Ol') Santa Claus\\\" \\\"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen\\\" \\\"Away in a Manger\\\" \\\"The Blessed Dawn of Christmas Day\\\" \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\" \\\"All I Want for Christmas\\\" \\\"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers\\\" \\\"Jingle Bells\\\" \\\"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"When My Heart Finds Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20568913\",\n \"text\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie is a 1998 American Christmas animated adventure musical film about the character of the same name, who first appeared in a 1939 story by Robert L. May. The film was the first theatrical feature from GoodTimes Entertainment, long known as a home video company. It stars Kathleen Barr as the voice of the titular Rudolph, and also features celebrity talents including John Goodman, Eric Idle, Whoopi Goldberg, Debbie Reynolds, Richard Simmons and Bob Newhart. The film disappointed at the box-office, recouping only $113,484 of its $10 million budget from its theatrical release. Plot One night, the Sprites of the Northern Lights - a group of singing sprites who fly around the North Pole - witness the birth of a baby reindeer named Rudolph, who has an unusual red, shiny nose. Later, Rudolph and his parents, Blitzen and Mitzi, meet up with Rudolph's three uncles - Dasher, Comet, and Cupid. Cupid tickles Rudolph and triggers his glowing nose, which draws attention and causes Rudolph to be mocked. Meanwhile, two of Santa Claus's elves, Doggle and Boone, cross the ice bridge of the wicked Ice Queen, Stormella, accidentally destroying several ice statues while delivering Santa's mail. When Stormella finds out, she demands Santa hand them over to her. When he refuses, she closes her bridge as punishment and warns that if anyone crosses it, she will create a blizzard so strong it will stop Santa from delivering presents to children around the world on Christmas Eve. A year later, Rudolph starts school, where he is ridiculed by everyone including his mean-spirited cousin and Cupid's son, Arrow for wanting to be among Santa's reindeer, the Flyers, just like his own father, despite his nose. The only ones who don't tease him are his teacher, Mrs. Prancer and a young doe named Zoey (who is later revealed to be in a romantic relationship with Arrow). After running away from school, Santa meets Rudolph and reassures him that his nose is grand and that to be a Flyer, a reindeer needs to have a true heart, a trait that he sees in Rudolph. Years later, a teenage Rudolph takes part in the Junior Reindeer Games, for selecting new Flyers for Santa. During a sleigh race event, Arrow, determined to be noticed by Santa, causes the other competitors to crash and then tries to distract Rudolph by claiming that Zoey is only nice to him because she pities him, making Rudolph's nose glow in anger and accidentally blind Arrow. Though Rudolph wins, he is unjustly disqualified for blinding Arrow, and Arrow wins by default. Zoey angrily confronts Arrow and ends their relationship. As Blitzen tries to defend his son's actions towards the rude referee elf, an eavesdropping Rudolph misinterprets his father's statements as an admission of shame towards him, and decides to run away from home. At night, unknowingly with the help and guidance of the Sprites, Rudolph journeys across the North Pole, and eventually befriends an Arctic fox named\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59734408\",\n \"text\": \"Hey Rudolph! is the first studio album from the Australian children's pop group the Tin Lids. It was released in November 1991 and peaked at number 6 on the ARIA albums chart. The album has sold over 100,000 copies in Australia. Background Australian children's pop group the Tin Lids released their debut album Hey Rudolph! of Christmas music in November 1991 via Mushroom Records. They had formed a year earlier with the line-up of Mahalia Barnes and her three younger siblings Eliza-Jane \\\"E J\\\", Jackie and Elly-May, all on vocals. They are the four children of Jane Mahoney and Jimmy Barnes. Hey Rudolph! was arranged, recorded and produced by David Frogatt, who also provided most of its instrumentation, at Jimmy's Freight Train Studios. \\\"Christmas Day\\\" was released as the album's lead and only single in November 1991. The song peaked at number 40 on the ARIA singles chart. Track listing \\\"Little Drummer Boy\\\" - 4:48 \\\"The First Noel\\\" - 4:12 \\\"Christmas Day\\\" - 6:06 \\\"Little Donkey\\\" - 3:43 \\\"If Santa Forgets (duet with Jimmy Barnes)\\\" - 3:49 \\\"O Come All Ye Faithful\\\" - 3:44 \\\"Jingle Bells/Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" - 6:08 \\\"We Three Kings\\\" - 3:45 \\\"Away in a Manger\\\" - 3:14 \\\"Do I Hear Laughing?\\\" - 4:19 \\\"Twelve Days of Christmas\\\" - 3:53 \\\"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\\\" - 3:45 \\\"Silent Night\\\" - 4:47 \\\"Mary's Boy Child\\\" - 4:12 \\\"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\\\" - 0:34 Charts Certifications Release history References 1991 debut albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Children's music albums\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Rudolph!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32325932\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" is a song by songwriter Johnny Marks based on the 1939 story Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer published by the Montgomery Ward Company. Gene Autry's recording hit No. 1 on the U.S. charts the week of Christmas 1949. History In 1939, Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May, created the character Rudolph as an assignment for Montgomery Ward, and Marks decided to adapt the story of Rudolph into a song. English singer-songwriter and entertainer Ian Whitcomb interviewed Marks about the creation of the song in 1972. The song had an added introduction, paraphrasing the poem \\\"A Visit from Saint Nicholas\\\" (in the public domain by the time the song was written), stating the names of the eight reindeer: \\\"You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid and Donner and Blitzen. But do you recall the most famous reindeer of all?\\\" The song was first introduced live on New York Radio (WOR) by crooner Harry Brannon in November 1949. Gene Autry recorded the song on June 27, 1949, and it was released as a children's record by Columbia Records in September 1949. By November, Columbia had begun pushing the record to the pop music market. It hit No. 1 in the US charts during Christmas 1949. The song had been suggested as a \\\"B\\\" side for a record Autry was making. He first rejected it, but his wife convinced him to use it. The official date of its No. 1 status was the week ending January 7, 1950, making it the first No. 1 song of the 1950s. Autry's version of the song also holds the distinction of being the only chart-topping hit to fall completely off the chart after reaching No. 1. The success of the Christmas song gave support to Autry's subsequent popular Easter song, \\\"Here Comes Peter Cottontail\\\". The song was also performed on the December 6, 1949, Fibber McGee and Molly radio broadcast by Teeny (Marian Jordan's little girl character) and the Kingsmen vocal group. The lyrics varied greatly from the Autry version. Autry's recording sold 1.75 million copies its first Christmas season and 1.5 million the following year. In 1969, it was awarded a gold disk by the RIAA for sales of 7 million, which was Columbia's highest-selling record at the time. It eventually sold a total of 12.5 million. Cover versions included, sales exceed 150 million copies, second only to Bing Crosby's \\\"White Christmas\\\". Autry recorded another version of the song in the fall of 1957, and released it the same year through his own record label, Challenge Records. This version featured an accompaniment by a full orchestra and chorus. This was the only other version of the song Autry recorded and released on an album. In 1959, Chuck Berry released a recording of a sequel, \\\"Run Rudolph Run\\\" (sometimes called \\\"Run Run Rudolph\\\"), originally credited to Berry but subsequent releases are often credited to Marks and Marvin Brodie. In December 2018, Autry's original version entered the Billboard Hot 100\",\n \"title\": \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7160486\",\n \"text\": \"Be with Us (A Year With...) is a 2003 DVD by English girl group Atomic Kitten. The DVD mainly consists of behind the scenes footage of a year in the life of the band. DVD information Filmed over the course of 12 months, Liz McClarnon, Natasha Hamilton and Jenny Frost give an inside look how the music videos were recorded, give a glimpse into their private lives, and take a bike ride through Singapore. The DVD also contains footage of various major and minor performances across the globe. The timeframe coincides with the release of the Ladies Night album. The video features the music videos for \\\"Ladies Night\\\", \\\"If You Come to Me\\\", \\\"Be with You\\\", \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\", and \\\"The Tide Is High\\\". The DVD also contains a photo gallery. The DVD was certified Gold on 25 February 2005. Track listing Music Videos: \\\"Ladies Night\\\" \\\"If You Come to Me\\\" \\\"Be With You\\\" \\\"The Last Goodbye\\\" \\\"The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling)\\\" Plus the girls singing: \\\"Never Gonna Give You Up\\\" in the lift \\\"Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)\\\" in a radio interview \\\"I'll Be There for You\\\" seen in the behind the scenes of The Last Goodbye \\\"It's Raining Men\\\" \\\"The Ketchup Song (Aserejé)\\\" \\\"Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer\\\" \\\"Live and Let Die\\\" \\\"Insomnia from the movie \\\"Faithless\\\" \\\"Round Round\\\" \\\"Here With Me\\\" and much more References and notes External links Official site Atomic Kitten video albums 2003 video albums Documentary films about pop music and musicians\",\n \"title\": \"Be with Us (A Year With...)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74286545\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas with Delta is a Christmas special starring Delta Goodrem that premiered on the Nine Network on 12 December 2020 to promote her Christmas album Only Santa Knows (2020). Upon announcement in November 2020, Goodrem said \\\"From drought to bushfires, floods and a global pandemic, 2020 has truly been a tough year for Aussies but it has not broken our spirit. Christmas holds a very special place in my heart, and I can't wait to celebrate our great nation's resilience through music and giving something back to the community during this holiday season.\\\" Originally scheduled as a one-off, the special returned in 2021, 2022 and 2023. Performances All performances by Delta Goodrem, unless otherwise noted. 2020 The 2020 edition was filmed at Sydney Opera House and premiered on 12 December 2020. \\\"Carol of the Bells\\\" \\\"Grown-Up Christmas List\\\" \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" \\\"Santa Baby\\\" (with Robbie Williams) \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\"/\\\"White Christmas\\\"/\\\"Little Drummer Boy\\\" (medley) (with Hugh Sheridan) \\\"We Need a Little Christmas\\\" by Pentatonix \\\"Merry Christmas to You\\\" (with Olivia Newton-John) \\\"All I Want for Christmas Is You\\\" by Morgan Evans \\\"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree \\\" (with Sheppard) \\\"Only Santa Knows\\\" \\\"River\\\" (with Montaigne) \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" (with Kylie Minogue) \\\"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\\\" (with Kelly Rowland, Sheppard and Montaigne) The 2020 edition was watched by 380,000 overnight metro viewers and was the most-popular entertainment program of the night. 2021 The 2021 edition was filmed at Luna Park Sydney and premiered on 11 December 2021. Upon announcement, Goodrem said \\\"I'm so grateful to all the incredible artists and dear friends of mine from around the world who have joined me this year to bring to life our second Christmas special. A truly magical night full of festive cheer and holiday spirit, celebrating Christmas the Australian way.\\\" \\\"Carol of the Bells\\\" \\\"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\\\" \\\"Merry Christmas to You\\\" \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" (with Gary Barlow) \\\"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas\\\" by Cody Simpson \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\"/\\\"Frosty the Snowman\\\" (with Harts) \\\"Jingle Bell Rock\\\" (with Natalie Imbruglia) \\\"One Little Christmas Tree\\\" (with Jason Arrow) \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" (with Craig David) \\\"Only Santa Knows\\\" \\\"Christmas without You\\\" by Sheppard \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\" \\\"Silent Night\\\" (with Paul Kelly and Mitch Tambo) \\\"How to Make Gravy\\\" by Paul Kelly and Dan Kelly \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" (with Andrea Bocelli) \\\"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\\\" (with guests) 2022 The 2022 edition was filmed at The Concourse and premiered on 10 December 2022. \\\"Carol of the Bells\\\" \\\"It’s the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\" \\\"Last Christmas\\\" (with Conrad Sewell) \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" by Sam Fischer \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" (with Sister2Sister) \\\"Someday Christmas\\\" by Hanson and Conrad Sewell \\\"Merry Christmas to You\\\" (with Olivia Newton-John) (from 2020 as a tribute) \\\"You Make It Feel Like Christmas\\\" (studio recording by Gwen Stefani) \\\"What Child Is This?\\\" \\\"Let's Get Christmas Going\\\" (with Bryan Adams) \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" (with Thelma Plum) \\\"Blue\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas with Delta\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65497614\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\\\" is a song written by Zero Jones. It was notably recorded by American country singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn in 1974. It was released as a single the same year via MCA Records. It was given mixed reviews upon its initial release and did not chart any major music publications. Background and content \\\"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\\\" was composed by singer-songwriter Zero Jones. The song tells the fictional tale of a reindeer named Shadrack who was part of Santa Claus's reindeer pack and was considered \\\"the fastest reindeer.\\\" The song was one of several holiday tunes to describe reindeer other than Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. The song was recorded first by Loretta Lynn at Bradley's Barn on August 29, 1974. The studio was owned by her producer, Owen Bradley. Lynn had been working with Bradley for nearly a decade up to that point on the MCA (formerly Decca) label. Several more songs were recorded during the same studio sessions and accompaniment was provided by The Nashville A-Team of musicians. Release and reception \\\"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\\\" was released as a single in November 1974 via MCA Records. It was issued as a 7-inch single and included a holiday tune on the B-side of the release. The single did not chart on any Billboard charts, including the Hot Country Singles, where most of Lynn's singles appeared. In their December issue, Billboard commented that the song was among a list of holiday tunes delayed for release by Nashville record labels, calling part of the \\\"country holiday product scarce.\\\" The song received mixed reception from critics and writers. Television network, MeTV, included the song on its list of the \\\"strangest batch of Christmas songs,\\\" calling the song (among others on the list) \\\"downright goofy.\\\" They also called the song \\\"a questionable tale.\\\" In 1974, Jet gave the song a positive review, saying that it had \\\"a reasonable chance of becoming a Christmas standard.\\\" Track listing 7-inch vinyl single \\\"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\\\" – 4:09 \\\"Let's Put Christ Back in Christmas\\\" – 2:29 References 1974 songs American Christmas songs Christmas novelty songs Loretta Lynn songs MCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Owen Bradley Songs about mammals Songs about Santa Claus\",\n \"title\": \"Shadrack, the Black Reindeer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29693472\",\n \"text\": \"Herman \\\"Hecky\\\" Krasnow (February 15, 1910 – April 23, 1984) was a record producer of \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\", \\\"Frosty the Snowman\\\", and the Frank Buck recording Tiger. Early years Krasnow was born in Hartford, Connecticut, son of Harry Krasnow, founder of the National Iron Works (later National Steel Products), and Sarah Wohl Krasnow. Hecky Krasnow studied violin at the Juilliard School under Leopold Auer. He was a talented violinist, highly praised for the range of his repertoire. Record producer Krasnow was a producer for Columbia Records from 1949 to 1956, when he became a free-lance writer and producer. His compositions included \\\"Rendezvous d'Amour\\\", \\\"I Just Can't Wait 'Til Christmas\\\" and \\\"The Happy Cobbler\\\". He was the producer of the Columbia recordings of \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" and \\\"Frosty the Snowman\\\", sung by Gene Autry; the songs of Burl Ives and Captain Kangaroo, \\\"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\\\" and \\\"Smokey the Bear\\\". He also produced \\\"I'm Gettin' Nuttin' for Christmas\\\" and \\\"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\\\". Krasnow worked with Gene Kelly, Jackie Robinson, Rosemary Clooney (\\\"Come On-a My House\\\"), Dinah Shore, Nina Simone, Art Carney, Jose Ferrer, and Arthur Godfrey. He also produced the first LP by the Chad Mitchell Trio on Colpix (At New York City's Blue Angel club, he is listed as producer on the LP back cover). Work with Frank Buck In 1950, Krasnow wrote and produced the Frank Buck recording Tiger. Later years Krasnow died aged 74 in Miami, Florida. Biography Krasnow's daughter, Judy Gail Krasnow, has written a biography of her father. References 1910 births 1984 deaths Record producers from Connecticut American male violinists Songwriters from Connecticut Businesspeople from Hartford, Connecticut 20th-century American violinists 20th-century American businesspeople Songwriters from New York (state) 20th-century American male musicians American male songwriters 20th-century American songwriters\",\n \"title\": \"Hecky Krasnow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28630150\",\n \"text\": \"We Two Are One Too is a music compilation video by the British pop group Eurythmics released in April 1990 on VHS and LaserDisc (Europe and Japan). It features the promo videos for the five singles taken from their platinum-selling 1989 album We Too Are One, interspersed with montages and footage (both on and off stage) from their 1989–1990 worldwide concert tour. Though not strictly a \\\"video album\\\" in the same vein as the one produced for Savage in 1988, all of the tracks from the We Too Are One album are included in the video in some form or other. The video was directed by Sophie Muller, with the exception of the promos for \\\"The King and Queen of America\\\" (directed by Willy Smax) and \\\"Revival\\\" (directed by Philippe Gautier). This is the only commercially available release of the \\\"Revival\\\" video, which has not been included on any of the band's subsequent video compilations. Track listing \\\"We 4 are 3\\\" (intro montage) 2.38 \\\"We Two Are One\\\" (live and acoustic versions) 1.30 \\\"I Love You Like A Ball and Chain\\\" (live version) 1.17 \\\"Don't Ask Me Why\\\" (promo) 4.20 \\\"How Long?\\\" (improvisation with Dave Stewart singing and Annie Lennox on guitar) 2.09 \\\"You Hurt Me (And I Hate You)\\\" (album version) 0.30 \\\"(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\\\" (promo) 4.52 \\\"We Two Are One\\\" (live version) 0.23 \\\"I Need You\\\" (improvisation) 2.19 \\\"Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" (improvisation with Dave Stewart and a group of schoolchildren) 1.30 \\\"The King and Queen of America\\\" (promo) 4.19 \\\"Love Is A Stranger\\\" (live version) 0.25 \\\"Sylvia\\\" (album version) 1.28 \\\"Revival\\\" (promo) 3.59 \\\"Farewell to Tawathie\\\" (traditional Scottish folk song) (improvisation) 2.30 \\\"Angel\\\" (promo) 5.05 \\\"Ballad of Eurythmics Road Crew\\\" (soundcheck improvisation with Dave Stewart singing and Annie Lennox on drums) 1.23 \\\"When The Day Goes Down\\\" (album and live versions) 6.21 Music credits All songs written by Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart, except: \\\"You Hurt Me (And I Hate You)\\\" written by Annie Lennox/Dave Stewart/Chucho Merchan \\\"Revival\\\" written by Annie Lennox/Dave Stewart/Charlie Wilson/Patrick Seymour \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" by Marks \\\"Ballad of Eurythmics Road Crew\\\" by Dave Stewart \\\"Farewell to Tawathie\\\" (traditional) Music produced by David A. Stewart and Jimmy Iovine. 1990 video albums Eurythmics video albums Live video albums Bertelsmann Music Group video albums Music videos directed by Sophie Muller\",\n \"title\": \"We Two Are One Too\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9621503\",\n \"text\": \"Rated X Mas is a Christmas music parody album by Matt Rogers. The songs on the album are parodies of popular Christmas songs, but with graphic and sexual lyrics. Track listing Rogers performed vocals on I Saw Mommy Fucking Santa Claus, Suck On My Cock, and I Love To Choke My Chicken With My Hand, while an uncredited female vocalist performs the other songs (although Rogers provides additional voices in Drunken Santa’s Coming to Town, Rudolph the Deep Throat Reindeer, and Frosty the Pervert). Drunken Santa's Coming to Town (parody of Santa Claus Is Coming to Town) I Saw Mommy Fucking Santa Claus (parody of I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus) Rudolph the Deep Throat Reindeer (parody of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer) Suck on My Cock (parody of Jingle Bell Rock) Frosty the Pervert (parody of Frosty the Snowman) I Love to Choke My Chicken with My Hand (parody of Winter Wonderland) Have Yourself a 1-900-Christmas (parody of Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas) Have a Pornographic Christmas (parody of Holly Jolly Christmas) Legal controversy In May 2000, several record labels, including Warner Music Group, sued the album's distributor, Party on Parody Productions, alleging that the album infringed on the copyright of the Christmas songs it spoofs. In December, the case was settled, with the album being pulled from shelves and all remaining unsold copies of the album being forfeited and destroyed. Reception Rated X Mas has received mostly mixed to lukewarm reception. Todd Totale of Glorious Noise gave the album a negative review, declaring it “the worst Christmas album ever made”. Despite this, the album has garnered a cult following, especially online on sites such as YouTube, where numerous uploads of the album's tracks exist (perhaps the most notable example being Suck On My Cock). References External links Smoking Gun archive of the Rated X-mas court documents 1997 Christmas albums 1990s comedy albums\",\n \"title\": \"Rated X Mas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31918638\",\n \"text\": \"Reindeer (any of six species in the genus Rangifer; called caribou in North America) is a deer from Arctic and Subarctic North America and Eurasia; it may refer to: Reindeer Reindeer (genus of deer) Finnish forest reindeer Siberian forest reindeer Siberian tundra reindeer Svalbard reindeer Peary caribou Porcupine caribou Dolphin-Union caribou Greenland reindeer Reindeer distribution Reindeer cheese Reindeer hunting in Greenland Reindeer in Siberian shamanism Reindeer in South Georgia Sautéed reindeer Folklore Santa Claus's reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Military HMS Reindeer, ships of the Royal Navy USS Reindeer, ships of the US Navy Operation Reindeer, 1978 South African military operation in Angola Places Reindeer Island, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Reindeer Lake, on the border between Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada Reindeer Valley, South Georgia Literature Rutland Reindeer, a fictional aircraft in Nevil Shute's 1948 novel, No Highway Films Rutland Reindeer, a fictional aircraft in the 1951 movie No Highway in the Sky Reindeer Games, 2000 thriller film, directed by John Frankenheimer See also Caribou (disambiguation) Reindeer Island (disambiguation) Reindeer Lake (disambiguation) Reindeer River (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Reindeer (disambiguation)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1964"],"string":"[\n \"1964\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":72,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45996"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where is lake victoria in africa on a map"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"40502882","text":"Lake Uniamési or the Uniamesi Sea was the name given by missionaries in the 1840s and 1850s to a huge lake or inland sea they supposed to lie within a region of Central East Africa with the same name. Three missionaries, confined to the coastal belt, heard of the region of Unyamwezi in the northwest of what is now Tanzania and exaggerated its size to include a large part of the continental interior. They heard of a great lake, and imagined an enormous lake that would be the source of the Benue, Nile, Zambezi and Congo rivers. They drew a map showing a huge \"Lake Uniamesi\" that was published in 1855. The map spurred the expedition of Burton and Speke to investigate the African Great Lakes region, where they found that lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa were separate bodies of water. It was not until 1877 that it was confirmed that these lakes did feed the Nile, Congo and Zambezi, albeit separately. Background The Great Lakes of East Africa include lakes Albert, Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika, all of which lie in the western or Albertine branch of the East African rift system, Lake Victoria to the east of this chain and Lake Nyasa (Malawi) to the south. Lake Victoria is the third largest lake in the world, and lies on the plateau between the west and east rifts. Unlike the long, narrow and deep lakes of the rift, Lake Victoria is wide and relatively shallow. Bantu peoples moved into the region between the Great Lakes and the Indian Ocean some time after 1000 BC and mingled with the local population. By the first century AD ships from the Arabian peninsula were trading along the East African coast. Muslim Arabs from Oman began to colonize the coast in the 8th century AD. The coastal Bantu peoples intermarried with the Arabs to form the Swahili people, with a language that combines Bantu, Arabic and Persian elements. The Swahili culture incorporated many Arabic and Islamic aspects, while remaining essentially Bantu in nature. The Unyamwezi region lies around the modern town of Tabora, between the coast and Lake Tanganyika, and includes the Tabora, Nzega and Kahama districts of the western plateau of modern Tanzania. In the 19th century the inhabitants were called Nyamwezi people by outsiders, although this term covered various different groups. Unyamwezi lay at a juncture where a trade route from the coast split, with one branch continuing west to the port of Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika while another branch led north to the kingdoms of Buganda and Bunyoro. Coastal traders settled in Unyamwezi, some with hundreds of well-armed retainers. The Nyamwezi provided most of the porters for the caravans organized by the coastal Arabs and Swahilis, and also conducted their own caravans. The Nyamwezi were long-distance traders throughout East Africa. Ivory was not widely used by the Nyamwezi, but at some point they became aware that there was an overseas market for the product, and began to carry ivory along the","title":"Lake Uniamési"},{"docid":"60104192","text":"The geology of Africa is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent. The African continent rests over two main plates. The African plate, accounting for the whole of north Africa, and the Somali plate, which accounts for the eastern side of mid and southern Africa. The Somali plate is moving away from the African plate in a split from Djibouti in the north, to Eswatini in the south. The parting of these two plates formed the southern part of what used to be known as The Great Rift Valley. In geological terms, the African and Somali plate separation has formed the East African Rift System (EARS), comprising two separate rifts systems - the Eastern Rift Valley, and a western branch known as the Albertine Rift. Two massive domes were formed, the Kenyan dome and the Ethiopian dome (known as the Ethiopian Highlands). The Albertine Rift follows the western edge of the Kenyan dome. This runs from Lake Malawi in the south, up into Lake Rukwa, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Albert in the north, where it ends. The Kenyan dome has the eastern branch of the EARS (known as The Gregory Rift) running through its middle, and contains most of what we historically saw as the Great Rift valley. Lake Victoria lies in the middle of the dome, with the Gregory Rift to the east of it. The Gregory rift has Lake Eyasi & Lake Manyara at its southern end, running north up to the west of Nairobi and continuing on through Kenya to Lake Turkana - which lies between the northern edge of the Kenyan dome and the southern edge of the Ethiopian dome. The Ethiopian dome is split down the middle by the Eastern Rift, formed by the developing plate boundary, and has formed a valley running from Lake Chamo and Lake Abaya in the south, widening through Lake Shala, Lake Ziwa and Lake Koku, until it reaches its widest point some from Djibouti. Major geological events Vredefort impact structure Geological features Central African Shear Zone Geologists of Africa Maria Wilman Hugo Dummett Geological maps See also :Category:Geologic groups of Africa :Category:Stratigraphy of Africa References Works cited Further reading Africa's Top Geological Sites (35th International Geological Congress Commemorative Volume), 2016 External links United States Geological Survey maps of the geology of Africa (PDF) Interactive map of the topography of Africa - five selectable sources, including; OpenTopoMap, ESRI Topo & CyclOSM","title":"Geology of Africa"},{"docid":"18688772","text":"Railway stations in Tanzania include: Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway Maps UN Map - Tanga and Kidatu lines not shown. Railways in southern Africa Official map UNHCR Map Look for the MSN Map at the bottom of pages of many towns, or look for the Map Button at the top and scroll down the MSN map. Towns served by rail Tanzania Railways Corporation ( all gauge) Central Line Dar es Salaam - ocean port - former national capital - 8 km from TAZARA line Ruvu (75m) - junction to Tanga line Morogoro (510m) - junction to north Kilosa (572m) - junction going south to TAZARA Gulwe (680m) Igandu (985m) Dodoma (1148m) - The national capital Manyoni (1244m) - junction going north to Singida Itigi (1306m) Ikungu (1289m) Tabora (1212m) - junction going north to Mwanza Kaliua (1112m) - junction going south to Mpanda Kigoma (775m) - terminal and port on Lake Tanganyika Kidatu Line (Not shown on map) Kilosa (572m) - junction Kidatu (294m) - branch terminus - also served with break of gauge by TAZARA, with a container trans-shipment facility to move freight containers between TAZARA and Tanzania Railways Corporation trains Mwanza Line Tabora (1212m) - junction Bukene (1188m) Isaka (1197m) - 'dry port' and proposed junction for lines to Rwanda and Burundi Shinyanga (1126m) Mwanza (1209m) - inland port on Lake Victoria Mpanda Line Kaliua (1112m) - junction Mpanda (1074m) - branch terminus Singida Line Manyoni (1244m) - junction Issuna (1423m) Ikungi (1532m) Puma Singida (1122m) - branch terminus Link Line Morogoro (510m) - junction with Central Line Ruvu (75m) Kitonga (65m) Sadani (1m) Hale (184m) - junction Korogwe (301m) - junction with Tanga Line Tanga line Tanga (1m) - ocean port Korogwe (301m) - junction to south Mkomazi (485m) Same (897m) Moshi (990m) - junction to north and Kenya Arusha (1254m) - soda ash mining Proposed extensions September 2007 Arusha (1254m) Musoma (1172m) on Lake Victoria. Tanga Mwambani Bay ( gauge) Tanga Singida Mutukula, Tanzania Mutukula, Uganda Kampala (branch) Mutukula Musoma - Lake Victoria port Standard Gauge Dar es Salaam Pugu (19 km) Soga (51 km) Ruvu (74 km) - junction on old line only. Freight Yard (93 km) Ngerengere (135 km) Morogoro (205 km) - end stage one - work started in April 2017. Dodoma - capital Makutupora - (336 km from previous station) Tabora - (294 km) Isaka - (133 km) - inland dry port Mwanza - (249 km) - port city on Lake Victoria Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika Mtwara Line (Southern Province Railway) - (defunct) In 1949 a line was built to link the Tanganyika groundnut scheme plantations around Nachingwea with the port of Mtwara. The scheme famously foundered and the railway was abandoned in 1962. Proposals have been made for a new railway to link Mtwara to iron ore deposits in the west, perhaps linking via Songea to Liganga. Island of Unguja A short line lasted from 1879 to 1888. Mtwara (rebuilt) Mtwara (1 m) - port for groundnut scheme Lindi (1 m) -","title":"Railway stations in Tanzania"},{"docid":"17731014","text":"Railway stations in Uganda include: Towns served by rail Existing Bungoma - last town in Kenya Malaba, Kenya (border) Malaba, Uganda Tororo - near Kenya border; junction for north line Main Line Iganga Jinja - bridge over Victoria Nile ; copper smelter Iganga - washed away culvert (2008) Busembatia Kampala - national capital Kamwenge Kasese - railhead in southwest; cement works ; copper mine Branch line from Kampala Port Bell - port on Lake Victoria North Line Tororo - junction Mbale Kumi Aloi Soroti Lira Gulu, Lira and Gulu. Pakwach - port in north west on Albert Nile Arua - railway does/used to extend to here. border Uganda South Sudan Juba - national capital missing link (ferry) Wau Nalukolongo - workshops Kilembe - copper mine Proposed (connection to South Sudan - South to North) Lamu - port Garissa - river town Tororo, Uganda Malaba - junction Pakwach - river port on White Nile Gulu Kampala - capital Malaba - junction Nimule, South Sudan - border Juba - national capital Waw - river port on Jur River - break of gauge with Sudan Westwards from Kasese to Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo; Northwards from Gulu to Nimule, continuing to Juba in South Sudan; North-eastwards from Pakwach to Juba in the Sudan, continuing to Wau; Southwards from Masaka to Biharamulo in Tanzania. Hoima - proposed oil refinery Standard gauge 2017 Naivasha Narok Bomet Nyamira Kisumu Yala Mumias Malaba border. Tororo Butaleja Namutumba Iganga Luuka Mayuge Jinja Buikwe Mukono Wakiso Kampala districts. 2015 SG construction starts 2014 CRBC Deal original proposal including train ferry across Lake Victoria Tanga, Tanzania - Ocean port Musoma - Lake Victoria port revised proposal avoiding train ferry across Lake Victoria Tanga, Tanzania - Singida - Mutukula - Kampala Hub Out of service Busoga See also Railway stations in Sudan Railway stations in Kenya Transport in Uganda Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor References External links Maps UN Map UN Map East Africa UNHCR Atlas Map UNHCR Railway stations Railway stations","title":"Railway stations in Uganda"},{"docid":"1786700","text":"Wakiso District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda that partly encircles Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The town of Wakiso is the site of the district headquarters. Kira, the country's second largest city and suburb of Kampala, is in the district. Location Wakiso District lies in the Central Region of the country, bordering Nakaseke District and Luweero District to the north, Mukono District to the east, Kalangala District in Lake Victoria to the south, Mpigi District to the southwest and Mityana District to the northwest. Wakiso, where the district headquarters are located, lies approximately northwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in the country. The coordinates of the district are:00 24N, 32 29E. Demographics In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 562,887. According to the 2002 national census figures, Wakiso District had a population of 907,988, making it the second-most populated district in the country. At that time, 53 percent of the population were children below the age of 18 years and 17 percent of the population were orphans. The national census and household survey of 2014 enumerated 1,997,418 people in the district. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), estimated the total population in the district, as of mid-year 2020 at 2,915,000. UBOS also calculated that the district population increased at an average annual rate of 6.7 percent, between 2014 and 2020. Administrative units Wakiso District is made up of two counties and a municipality: Kyadondo County, Busiro County. Entebbe City was split off and granted city status in 2020. The district is further subdivided into the following administrative units: Busukuma Gombe Kakiri Town Katabi Kasanje Kira Town Ssabagabo Masuliita Nabweru Namayumba Nangabo (includes Gayaza and Kasangati) Nansana Town Nsangi Ssisa Wakiso Town The district headquarters are located in Wakiso Town, approximately northwest of Kampala on the highway to Hoima. Wakiso District has a total area of . District leadership The leadership is entrusted in the District Executive Council, composed of: District Chairman District Vice Chairman District Secretary for Finance District Secretary for Production & Natural Resources District Secretary for Works & Technical Services District secretary Gender Resident District Commissioner Deputy Resident District Commissioner Tourist attractions The tourist attractions in the district include: Buganda Cultural Sites and Kabaka's Palaces Old Entebbe Town Entebbe Botanical Gardens Uganda Wildlife Education Center (UWEC) - Entebbe Entebbe International Airport State House - Entebbe (the Official Residence of the President of Uganda) Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary on Lake Victoria - Sanctuary for chimpanzees Bulago Resort Island Lake Victoria - the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world Uganda Martyrs Basilica - Namugongo Mandela National Stadium - Namboole See also Districts of Uganda Lake Victoria References External links Wakiso District Profile at Ugandatravelguide.com Bulago Island Homepage Ngamba Island Homepage Google Map of the Wakiso District Districts of Uganda Central Region, Uganda Lake Victoria","title":"Wakiso District"},{"docid":"49263","text":"Lake Baringo is, after Lake Turkana, the most northern of the Kenyan Rift Valley lakes, with a surface area of and an elevation of . The lake is fed by several rivers: the Molo, Perkerra and Ol Arabel. It has no obvious outlet; the waters are assumed to seep through lake sediments into the faulted volcanic bedrock. It is one of the two freshwater lakes in the Rift Valley in Kenya, the other being Lake Naivasha. The lake is in a remote hot and dusty area with over 470 species of birds, occasionally including migrating flamingos. A Goliath heronry is located on a rocky islet in the lake known as Gibraltar. The existence of Lake Baringo was first reported in Europe by Ludwig Krapf and J. Rebmann, German missionaries stationed at Mombasa, about 1850; in J. H. Speke’s map of the Nile sources (1863) Baringo is confused with Kavirondo Gulf of Victoria Nyanza; it figures in Sir H. M. Stanley’s map (1877) as a large sheet of water N.E. of Victoria Nyanza. Joseph Thomson, in his journey through the Masai country in 1883, was the European to see the lake and to correct the exaggerated notions as to its size. Native tradition, however, asserts that the lake formerly covered a much larger area. Description The lake is part of the East African Rift system. The Tugen Hills, an uplifted fault block of volcanic and metamorphic rocks, lies west of the lake. The Laikipia Escarpment lies to the east. Water flows into the lake from the Mau Hills and Tugen Hills. It is a critical habitat and refuge for more than 500 species of birds and fauna, some of the migratory waterbird species being significant regionally and globally. The lake also provides a habitat for seven fresh water fish species. One, Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (a Nile tilapia subspecies), is endemic to the lake. Lake fishing is important to local social and economic development. Additionally the area is a habitat for many species of animals including the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and many other mammals, amphibians, reptiles and the invertebrate communities. While stocks of Nile tilapia in the lake are now low, the decline of this species has been mirrored by the success of another, the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) which was introduced to the lake in 1974 and which now provides the majority of fish from the lake. Water levels have been reduced by droughts and over-irrigation. The lake is commonly turbid with sediment, partly due to intense soil erosion in the catchment area, especially on the Loboi Plain south of the lake. A characteristic of the country in the neighbourhood of the lake are the “hills” of the termites (white ants). They are hollow columns 10 to 12 ft. high and from 1 ft. to 18 in. broad. The greater kudu, almost unknown elsewhere in East Africa, inhabits the flanks of the Laikipia escarpment to the east of the lake and comes to the foot-hills around Baringo","title":"Lake Baringo"},{"docid":"31543776","text":"River Kafu is a river in Uganda, in East Africa. On some older maps, the river is labelled as River Kabi. Location The Kafu River is located in the western part of Uganda. It starts from a swamp approximately , northeast of the village of Kitoma, in Kibaale District, Western Uganda. It flows eastwards at first, then it turns north, to empty into the Victoria Nile, approximately , upstream of the town of Masindi Port, in Masindi District, also in Western Uganda. The source of River Kafu is located near Kitoma, with coordinates: Latitude:1.1500; Longitude:31.0820. River Kafu enters the Victoria Nile near Masindi Port, with coordinates: Latitude:1.6475; Longitude:32.0945. On its course eastwards, northeastwards and northwards, the river traverses or forms the borders of the following districts : Kibaale District, Hoima District, Kyankwanzi District, Nakaseke District, Nakasongola District and Masindi District. Overview The swamp, out of which River Kafu arises, is also transversed by another river system called River Nkusi. River Nkusi however, arises elsewhere and passes through the said swamp and flows westwards to empty into Lake Albert, along the International border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At its source, River Kafu is an altitude of approximately . At its point of entry into River Nile, the altitude is approximately . The length of River Kafu is approximately , from source to end. External links Rivers and Lakes of Uganda See also Lake Albert Victoria Nile Masindi Port References Kafu Kibaale District Hoima District Kyankwanzi District Nakaseke District Nakasongola District Masindi District","title":"River Kafu"},{"docid":"199885","text":"The White Nile ( ) is a river in Africa, the minor of the two main tributaries of the Nile, the larger being the Blue Nile. The name \"White\" comes from the clay sediment carried in the water that changes the water to a pale color. In the strict meaning, \"White Nile\" refers to the river formed at Lake No, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers. In the wider sense, \"White Nile\" refers to all the stretches of river draining from Lake Victoria through to the merger with the Blue Nile: the \"Victoria Nile\" from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, then the \"Albert Nile\" to the South Sudan border, and then the \"Mountain Nile\" or \"Bahr-al-Jabal\" down to Lake No. \"White Nile\" may sometimes include the headwaters of Lake Victoria, the most remote of which being from the Blue Nile. The 19th-century search by Europeans for the source of the Nile was mainly focused on the White Nile, which disappeared into the depths of what was then known as \"Darkest Africa\". Course Headwaters The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba, is the longest feeder river for Lake Victoria, although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera, and hence the most distant source of the Nile. The source of the Nile can be considered to be either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi (near Bukirasaz), or the Nyabarongo, which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda. These two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the border between Rwanda and Tanzania. These waterfalls are known for an event on 28–29 April 1994, when 250,000 Rwandans crossed the bridge at Rusumo Falls into Ngara, Tanzania, in 24 hours, in what the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees called \"the largest and fastest refugee exodus in modern times\". The Kagera forms part of the Rwanda–Tanzania and Tanzania–Uganda borders before flowing into Lake Victoria. In Uganda The White Nile in Uganda goes under the name of \"Victoria Nile\" from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, and then as the \"Albert Nile\" from there to the border with South Sudan. Victoria Nile The Victoria Nile starts at the outlet of Lake Victoria, at Jinja, Uganda, on the northern shore of the lake. Downstream from the Nalubaale Power Station and the Kiira Power Station at the outlet of the lake, the river goes over Bujagali Falls (the location of the Bujagali Power Station) about downstream from Jinja. The river then flows northwest through Uganda to Lake Kyoga in the centre of the country, thence west to Lake Albert. At Karuma Falls, the river flows under Karuma Bridge () at the southeastern corner of Murchison Falls National Park. During much of the insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army, Karuma Bridge, built in 1963 to help the cotton industry, was the key stop on the way to Gulu, where vehicles gathered in","title":"White Nile"},{"docid":"49944152","text":"The emblem of the East African Community is the emblem used since 2008 by the East African Community, an intergovernmental organisation composed of seven countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa. Description The emblem features a map of Lake Victoria with the member states Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda around it. This is surrounded by an industrial wheel with a leave arch on either side with the letters 'EAC' at the top. At the bottom of the emblem is a pictogram of a handshake. Below this is written in Kiswahili is \"Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki\" which translates as 'East African Community'. The colours used on the emblem are the same as those used on the flag of the East African Community which also features the emblem in its centre. History The first version of the emblem was adopted in 2003 by the Community Emblem Act, 2003 when the Community only consisted of three members: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. In 2007 the Community expanded to include Burundi and Rwanda. In 2008 to take into account this expansion of membership the Community Emblems (Amendment) Act, 2008 was passed, which modified the emblem to include Burundi and Rwanda. Despite South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Somalia having joined the Community in 2016, 2022 and 2023 respectively, the emblem has not been modified to include them on the map. References Emblem","title":"Emblem of the East African Community"},{"docid":"510121","text":"The Uganda Railway was a metre-gauge railway system and former British state-owned railway company. The line linked the interiors of Uganda and Kenya with the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa in Kenya. After a series of mergers and splits, the line is now in the hands of the Kenya Railways Corporation and the Uganda Railways Corporation. Construction Background Before the railway's construction, the Imperial British East Africa Company had begun the Mackinnon-Sclater road, a ox-cart track from Mombasa to Busia in Kenya, in 1890. In July 1890, Britain was party to a series of anti-slavery measures agreed at the Brussels Conference Act of 1890. In December 1890, a letter from the Foreign Office to the treasury proposed constructing a railway from Mombasa to Uganda to disrupt the traffic of slaves from its source in the interior to the coast. With steam-powered access to Uganda, the British could transport people and soldiers to ensure dominance of the African Great Lakes region. In December 1891 Captain James Macdonald began an extensive survey which lasted until November 1892. At the time there was only one caravan route across the length of the country, forcing Macdonald and his party to march across unknown routes with limited supplies of water or food. The survey led to the first general map of the region. The Uganda Railway was named after its ultimate destination, for its entire original length actually lay in what would become Kenya. Construction began at the port city of Mombasa in British East Africa in 1896 and finished at the line's terminus, Kisumu, on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria, in 1901. Engineering The railway is gauge and virtually all single-track with passing loops at stations. 200,000 individual rail-lengths and 1.2 million sleepers, 200,000 fish-plates, 400,000 fish-bolts and 4.8 million steel keys plus steel girders for viaducts and causeways had to be imported from India, necessitating the creation of a modern port at Kilindini Harbour in Mombasa. The railway was a huge logistical achievement and became strategically and economically vital for both Uganda and Kenya. It helped to suppress slavery, by removing the need for humans in the transport of goods. Management In August 1895, a bill was introduced at Westminster, becoming the Uganda Railway Act 1896, which authorised the construction of a railway from Mombasa to the shores of Lake Victoria. The man tasked with building the railway was George Whitehouse, an experienced civil engineer who had worked across the British Empire. Whitehouse acted as the Chief Engineer between 1895 and 1903, also serving as the railway's manager from its opening in 1901. The consulting engineers were Sir Alexander Rendel of Sir A. Rendel & Son and Frederick Ewart Robertson. Workers Nearly all the workers involved on the construction of the line came from British India. An agent was appointed in Karachi responsible for recruiting coolies, artisans and subordinate officers and a branch office was located in Lahore, the principal recruiting centre. Workers were sourced from villages in the Punjab and sent","title":"Uganda Railway"},{"docid":"28451951","text":"Gurdwara Makindu Sahib (Sikh Temple Makindu) is located about 104 miles (170km) from Nairobi on the main Nairobi to Mombasa Road. It was built in 1926 by the Sikhs who were working on the construction of the Uganda railway line from the coast (Mombasa) inland to Lake Victoria and beyond to Uganda. Background Set in the forest off the main road, the complex houses a dining facility which provides free langar 24 hours a day. Rooms with beds - several with attached bathrooms - are available for tourists to stay for up to two nights. History Although the Sikh Temple Makindu was built in 1926, its roots are believed to have been present way before then. When the Uganda Railway was completed in 1902 at Port Florence (which is now Kisumu, Kenya), Makindu played a prominent role as a service point on the railway's advance from Mombasa. Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims would gather together in the evenings and sing the praises of God. They did so under a tree, the spot where the current Gurdwara now stands. It is also believed that the Gurdwara was funded by non-Sikhs along with Sikhs. In the years before 1926, the Gurdwara was a tin-roof little hut where the Sikhs used to pray everyday, and the Guru, Guru Granth Sahib was housed there. But when the Railway moved on from Makindu, the service point went into disuse and became unimportant. Sikh devotees who passed along the Gurdwara would leave offerings of money by dropping it through the locked Gurdwara's window. Now the Makindu Sikh Temple is the first and the second biggest after Kericho Sikh Temple and the most famous in East Africa. See also Gurdwara Langar Makindu Mombasa Nairobi References External links Aerial view via satellite - Google maps Gurdwaras in Africa Indian-Kenyan culture Religious buildings and structures in Kenya","title":"Sikh Temple Makindu, Makindu"},{"docid":"30862704","text":"The Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) is a state-owned enterprise that runs one of Tanzania's two main railway networks. the Headquarters are located in Mchafukoge, Ilala District, Dar es Salaam Region. When the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation was dissolved in 1977 and its assets divided between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, TRC was formed to take over its operations in Tanzania. In 1997 the inland shipping division became a separate company. MGR In November 2021, TRC received the three modern locomotives (H10 series) worth Sh22 billion to strengthen their Metre-gauge railway (MGR) line, ordered from Malaysia. Rail network TRC's gauge is and the length about . Two east–west lines linking the coast and the hinterland were built under colonial rule as German East Africa: the Central Line runs from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma, and the Tanga Line from Tanga to Arusha. A north-south connection, from Korogwe to Ruvu, links the two lines. The main line runs to Lake Victoria where a connection operates via Lake Victoria train ferries with the Uganda Railway and Kenya Railways. From the Tanga line a line to Kenya is disused. There is a break-of-gauge at Dar es Salaam to the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) line to Zambia. A second link is at Kidatu, where the TAZARA line meets the Kidatu branch. Former Marine Division TRC inherited ferry and cargo ship services on Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa and some ships on Lake Victoria. TRC introduced on Lake Victoria in about 1979, on Lake Tanganyika in 1982 and passenger and cargo ship on Lake Victoria in 1988. On 21 May 1996 Bukoba sank in of water about off Mwanza. She had many more passengers aboard than she was certified to carry and at least 800 people were killed. After the disaster criminal charges were brought against nine TRC officials including Bukoba'''s master and the manager of the Marine Division. In 1997 the Marine Division became a separate company, Marine Services Company Limited. Rail accidents On 24 June 2002 the Igandu train disaster killed 281 people, the second highest number of deaths in a train disaster in Africa (the highest being the Awash rail disaster). Privatisation, re-nationalization and recent plans In 2007 RITES Ltd of India won a contract from the Parastatal Sector Reform Commission (PSRC) to operate passenger and freight trains on a concession basis for 25 years. The concession agreement was signed on 3 September 2007, to begin on 1 October 2007. The railway will be run as Tanzania Railway Ltd, with the government owning a 49% stake. There were moves to abandon the contract \"due in part, to the fact that the Indian investor failed to pay over USD 6 million in concession fees to the Tanzania government in 2008\" but RITES officials countered noting that the contract \"misled Rites officials by indicating that the Railway Assets Holding Company (Rahco) was in possession of 92 working locomotives when, in actuality, only 55 existed\"''. In 2010, the government terminated the contract and resumed control.","title":"Tanzania Railways Corporation"},{"docid":"44318956","text":"There are two major sources of fish in Uganda; one is from aquaculture, the other from fishing in rivers and lakes. Different types of fish flourish in different water sources. The waters of Uganda contain an impressive array of fish species—over 90 in all. This count does not include the Haplochromis complex, which itself is made up of more than 200 species. Fish that are the target of most commercial and subsistence exploitation include species like Nile perch (Lates niloticus), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Pebbly Fish or Silversides (Alestes baremoze), Bagrus Catfish (Bagrus), Clarias Catfish (Clarias), Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus), the Silver Cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea), Lungfish (Protopterus), and the Haplochromines (Haplochromis). Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) are the most common fish species in Uganda. Other fish types include spat, cat fish, silver fish. Nile Perch The Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) is locally known as \"Empuuta\", especially in the central region. It weighs up to 80 kilograms. In Uganda, it is a native species to Lake Albert where it is locally known as Gur, and the River Nile below Murchison Falls. It was introduced into Lakes Kyoga and Victoria basins in the mid-1950s, but its presence in Lake Victoria was first noted in 1960. Although 'the Nile Perch was introduced into Lake Victoria in the early 1960s, it took more than 10 years to get fully established in the new ecosystem. Singida Tilapia The Singida Tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus) is locally known as \"Ngege\". It is a critically endangered species of cichlid endemic to the Lake Victoria basin, including some of its satellite lakes such as Lake Kyoga. Its common name refers to Lake Singida, but this population is the result of an introduction that happened in the 1950s. It is among the oldest types of fish in Uganda. Due to the introduced predatory Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and the highly competitive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), it has become very rare. Nile Tilapia The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and the Levante area (Lowe-McConnell, 1988). Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range. The Nile Tilapia reaches up to 60 cm in length, and can exceed 5 kg. Semutundu Catfish The Semutundu Catfish (Bagrus docmak) is locally known as \"Semutundu\" and a species of the bagrid catfishes, i.e. the genus Bagrus. In Uganda, it is widely distributed in the Rift Valley Lakes Edward, George, Albert, Victoria and the Nile system. It is grey-black above, creamy white below. It lives in both shallow and deep water. It feeds on insects, crustaceans, mollusks and fish. Takes any live or dead bait fished on or near the bottom. Silver Cyprinid The Silver Cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea), also known as the Lake Victoria Sardine, is locally known as \"Mukene\". It is a small species of pelagic, freshwater ray-finned fish in the carp family (Cyprinidae) from East Africa, and can grow to a length of . Marbled Lungfish The Marbled Lungfish","title":"Types of fish in Uganda"},{"docid":"1821120","text":"The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) is a defunct company that operated railways and harbours in East Africa from 1948 to 1977. It was formed in 1948 for the new East African High Commission by merging the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours with the Tanganyika Railway of the Tanganyika Territory. As well as running railways and harbours in the three territories it ran inland shipping services on Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, the Victoria Nile and the Albert Nile. Railways The Malayan Railway sold the EAR&H eight metre gauge USATC S118 Class steam locomotives in 1948, and another eight in 1949. The EAR&H converted them to oil burners and numbered them 2701–2716, making them the 27 class and allocating them to its Tabora Depot on its Tanganyika section. They entered service in 1949 and 1950, working the lines to Mwanza, Kigoma and Mpanda where their light axle loading was an advantage and their high firebox enabled them to run through seasonal flooding on the Kigoma and Mpanda branches. EAR&H built further S118 from spare parts in 1953 and numbered it 2717. The EAR&H withdrew them from service in about 1965, and they were moved to Dar es Salaam for scrapping in 1966. In 1955 and 1956, the EAR&H introduced new and much more powerful steam locomotives for its Kenya and Uganda network: the 59 class Garratt locomotives. These were the mainstay of the section's heaviest traffic between Mombasa and Nairobi until they started to be withdrawn from service between 1973 and 1980. The EAR&H extended the Uganda Railway from Kampala to the copper mines at Kasese in 1956. In 1962, it completed the northern Uganda railway from Soroti to Pakwach and from there to Arua in 1964, thus superseding the Victoria Nile steamer service. International ferries Proposed ferries from East Africa Harbour (E.A.H): Lagos Cairo Canada (Int. Oveaseas) Inland ferries In 1961, the EAR&H introduced the new Lake Victoria ferry RMS Victoria. This faster vessel doubled the speed of the circular service around the lake, allowing EAR&H to increase sailings from once to twice a week. Elizabeth II designated her a Royal Mail Ship, making it the only EAR&H ship to receive this distinction. In 1965 and 1966, the EAR&H introduced a train ferry service across Lake Victoria with the and . In 1967, the EAR&H made harbour improvements at Kisumu on the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria by scuttling the disused ferry to form a breakwater. Dissolution In 1977, the High Commission's successor, the East African Community, was dissolved and EAR&H's rail network was broken up into three national railways: Kenya Railways Corporation, Tanzania Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation. In Culture Kenyan-born singer Roger Whittaker wrote and recorded the song The Good Old EAR&H in about 1982, after a return visit to Kenya. See also Central Line (Tanzania) Rift Valley Railways Consortium Uganda Railway East African Railway Master Plan References Further reading External links Malcolm McCrow's EAR web site Flags of the EAR&HC Archive","title":"East African Railways and Harbours Corporation"},{"docid":"72979","text":"Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth-largest continental lake, containing about of water. Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa. The lake has an average depth of and a maximum depth of . Its catchment area covers . The lake has a shoreline of when digitized at the 1:25,000 level, with islands constituting 3.7% of this length. The lake's area is divided among three countries: Tanzania occupies 49% (), Uganda 45% (), and Kenya 6% (). Though having multiple local language names (; ; ; ), the lake was renamed after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, the first Briton to document it in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton. The lake is home to many species of fish which live nowhere else, especially cichlids. Invasive fish, such as the Nile perch, have driven many endemic species to extinction. Geology Geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young at about 400,000 years old. It was formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During the Miocene era, what is now the catchment area of the lake was on the western side of an uplifted area that functioned as a continental divide, with streams on the western side flowing into the Congo River basin and streams on the eastern side flowing to the Indian Ocean. As the East African Rift System formed, the eastern wall of the Albertine Rift (or Western Rift) rose, gradually reversing the drainage towards what is now Lake Victoria. The opening of the main East African Rift and the Albertine Rift down warped the area between them as the rift walls rose, creating the current Lake Victoria basin. During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, through to what may have been a series of much smaller lakes. Geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally. Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago as the African humid period began. Hydrology and limnology Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall. Average evaporation on the lake is between per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. Lake Victoria receives its water additionally from rivers, and thousands of small streams. The Kagera River is the largest river flowing into this lake, with its mouth on the lake's western shore. Lake Victoria is drained solely by the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, on the lake's northern shore. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the","title":"Lake Victoria"},{"docid":"34820883","text":"Water hyacinth has become a major invasive plant species in Lake Victoria and while it is native to the continent of South America, human activity has introduced the greenery to Lake Victoria, where it is claimed to have negatively affected local ecosystems. History The exact time and place of introduction has been debated, but the plant is native to South America so it appears to have reached Lake Victoria due to human activity. As its flowers are reputed for their beauty, it might have been brought over as an ornamental for garden ponds by Belgian colonists in Rwanda and Burundi. The consensus is that water hyacinth entered Lake Victoria from Rwanda via the river Kagera, probably in the 1980s. The hyacinth has since spread prolifically, due to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of space, agreeable temperature conditions, and abundant nutrients, including increasing heavy metal pollution in the lake. Water hyacinths increased rapidly between 1992–1998, were greatly reduced by 2001, and have since resurged to a lesser degree. Management techniques include (hyacinth-eating) insect controls and manual beach cleanup efforts. A water hyacinth infestation is seldom totally eradicated. Instead, it is a situation that must be continually managed. Development Water hyacinth affects the Lake Victorian population in many negative ways. There are economic impacts when the weed blocks boat access. The effects on transportation and fishing are immediately felt. Where the weed is prolific, there is a general increase in several diseases, as the weed creates excellent breeding areas for mosquitoes and other insects. There are increased incidents of skin rash, cough, malaria, encephalitis, gastro-intestinal disorders, and bilharzia/schistosomiasis. Water hyacinth also interferes with water treatment, irrigation, and water supply. It can smother aquatic life by deoxygenating the water, and it reduces nutrients for young fish in sheltered bays. It has blocked supply intakes for the hydroelectric plant, interrupting electrical power for entire cities. The weed also interrupts local subsistence fishing, blocking access to the beaches. There are also indications that water hyacinths can provide benefits to the Lake Victoria Region. Water hyacinths have been planted in an attempt to purify eutrophicated water. Once established, the plants can be harvested and used for biogas production, fertilizer, and other things. In 2018 two biogas digesters were installed in the village of Dunga in Kenya, with many more slated to be installed in Kenya. References Environment of Africa Lake Victoria Pontederiaceae Invasive plant species by region","title":"Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria"},{"docid":"73354870","text":"African pluvial periods are an obsolete system of climatic periods previously used by paleontologists working in East Africa. Background The sedimentary deposits left by ancient lakes in East Africa had enabled Louis Leakey and post-war paleontologists to define major climatic periods considered wet, interspersed with drier periods. Of progressively decreasing durations, they each bore the name of the site where the first clues had been collected: Kageran (Kagera), Kamasian, Kanjeran (Kanjera) and Gamblian. Paleontologists believed that the quasi-arid zones then became wooded savannahs where animals and prehistoric hunter-gatherers could thrive. Chronology These ancient climatic periods were only very approximately dated: Kageran: Calabrian (Early Pleistocene) The Kageran takes its name from the Kagera River, which flows through Rwanda and northwestern Tanzania before flowing into Lake Victoria. Kamasian: Early Middle or Central Pleistocene; the Kamasian was more or less related to the Mindel glaciation Kamasian is a district of Kenya located in the Great Rift Valley. Kanjeran: Late Middle Pleistocene; the Kanjerian was more or less related to the Riss glaciation Kanjera is a site in Kenya located on the shores of Lake Victoria. Gamblian: Late Pleistocene; the Gamblian was more or less related to the Würm glaciation The term Gamblian was introduced by Louis Leakey in the 1930s. New climatic division These ancient climatic periods have been gradually replaced in the scientific literature by the isotopic chronology in force since the end of the 20th century, which defines the alternation of glacial and interglacial periods on a global scale. Interglacial periods are warmer and, therefore, wetter on average than ice ages. The latter, however, themselves experience alternations of more or less heavy rainfall, but at a much faster rate (on a geological scale) than what had originally been imagined for East Africa. See also Interglacial Sahara pump theory Abbassia Pluvial Mousterian Pluvial References Bibliography Climate of Africa Paleoclimatology Pleistocene","title":"African pluvial periods"},{"docid":"51293730","text":"Mainland Tanzania refers to the part of Tanzania on the continent of Africa; excluding the islands of Zanzibar. It corresponds with the area of the former country of Tanganyika. 26 of Tanzania's 31 regions are located on the mainland. Geography Northeast Tanzania exhibits a mountainous terrain and includes Mount Meru, an active volcano, Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano, and the Usambara and Pare mountain ranges. Kilimanjaro attracts thousands of tourists each year. West of those mountains is the Gregory Rift, which is the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. On the floor of the rift are a number of large salt lakes, including Natron in the north, Manyara in the south, and Eyasi in the southwest. The rift also encompasses the Crater Highlands, which includes the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Ngorongoro Crater. Just to the south of Lake Natron is Ol Doinyo Lengai with an elevation of , the world's only active volcano to produce natrocarbonatite lava. To the west of the Crater Highlands lies Serengeti National Park, which is famous for its lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and buffalo plus the annual migration of millions of white bearded wildebeest. Just to the southeast of the park is Olduvai Gorge, where many of the oldest hominid fossils and artifacts have been found. Further northwest is Lake Victoria on the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by surface area and is traditionally named as the source of the Nile River. Southwest of this, separating Tanzania from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is Lake Tanganyika. This lake is estimated to be the second deepest lake in the world after Lake Baikal in Siberia. The western portion of the country between Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi consists of flat land that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion. Just upstream from the Kalambo Falls, there is one of the most important archaeological sites in Africa. Tanzania's Southern Highlands are in the southwestern part of the country, around the northern end of Lake Malawi. Mbeya is the largest city in the Southern Highlands. The centre of Tanzania is a large plateau, which is part of the East African Plateau. The southern half of this plateau is grassland within the Eastern miombo woodlands ecoregion, the majority of which is covered by the huge Selous National Park. Further north the plateau is arable land and includes the national capital, Dodoma. The eastern coast contains Tanzania's largest city and former capital, Dar es Salaam. Just north of this city lies the Zanzibar Archipelago, a semi-autonomous territory of Tanzania which is famous for its spices. The coast is home to areas of East African mangroves, mangrove swamps that are an important habitat for wildlife on land and in the water. History Tanganyika Tanganyika as a geographical and political entity did not take shape before the period of High Imperialism; its name only came into use after German East Africa was transferred to the","title":"Mainland Tanzania"},{"docid":"1255221","text":"Mountains of the Moon (Latin: Montes Lunae; , or Jibbel el Kumri) is a legendary mountain or mountain range in east Africa at the source of the Nile River. Various identifications have been made in modern times, the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo being the most celebrated. Ancient testimony People of the ancient world were long curious about the source of the Nile, especially ancient Greek geographers. A number of expeditions up the Nile failed to find the source. Eventually, a merchant named Diogenes reported that he had traveled inland from Rhapta in East Africa for twenty-five days and had found the source of the Nile. He reported that it flowed from a group of massive mountains into a series of large lakes. He reported the natives called this range the Mountains of the Moon because of their snowcapped whiteness. These reports were accepted as true by most Greek and Roman geographers, most notably by Ptolemy, who produced maps that indicated the reported location of the mountains. Late Arab geographers, despite having far more knowledge of Africa, also presumed the report was fact, and included the mountains in the same location given by Ptolemy. Modern identifications It was not until modern times that Europeans resumed their search for the source of the Nile. The Scottish explorer James Bruce, who travelled to Gojjam, Ethiopia, in 1770, investigated the source of the Blue Nile there. He identified the \"Mountains of the Moon\" with Mount Amedamit, which he described surrounded the source of the Lesser Abay \"in two semi-circles like a new moon ... and seem, by their shape, to deserve the name of mountains of the moon, such as was given by antiquity to mountains in the neighborhood of which the Nile was supposed to rise\". James Grant and John Speke in 1862 sought the source of the White Nile in the Great Lakes region. Henry Morton Stanley finally found glacier-capped mountains possibly fitting Diogenes's description in 1889 (they had eluded European explorers for so long due to often being shrouded in mist). Today known as the Rwenzori Mountains, the peaks are the source of some of the Nile's waters, but only a small fraction, and Diogenes would have crossed the Victoria Nile to reach them. Many modern scholars doubt that these were the Mountains of the Moon described by Diogenes, some holding that his reports were wholly fabricated. G.W.B. Huntingford suggested in 1940 that the Mountain of the Moon should be identified with Mount Kilimanjaro (despite Kilimanjaro being a solitary mountain rather than a mountain range and not feeding the Nile at all), and \"was subsequently ridiculed in J. Oliver Thompson's History of Ancient Geography published in 1948\". Huntingford later noted that he was not alone in this theory, citing Sir Harry Johnston in 1911 and Dr. Gervase Mathew later in 1963 having made the same identification. O. G. S. Crawford identified this range with the Mount Abuna Yosef area in the Amhara Region of","title":"Mountains of the Moon (Africa)"},{"docid":"88837","text":"The Nile perch (Lates niloticus), also known as the African snook, Goliath perch, African barramundi, Goliath barramundi, Giant lates or the Victoria perch, is a species of freshwater fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. It is widespread throughout much of the Afrotropical realm, being native to the Congo, Nile, Senegal, Niger and Lake Chad, Volta, Lake Turkana, and other river basins. It also occurs in the brackish waters of Lake Maryut in Egypt. The Nile perch is a fish of substantial economic and food-security importance in East Africa. Originally described as Labrus niloticus, among the marine wrasses, the species has also been referred to as Centropomus niloticus. Common names include African snook, Victoria perch (a misleading trade name, as the species is not native to Lake Victoria, though they have been introduced there), and many local names in various African languages, such as the Luo name mbuta or mputa. In Tanzania, it is called sangara, sankara, or chenku. In Francophone African countries, it is known as capitaine. Its name in the Hausa language is giwan ruwa, meaning \"water elephant\". Description L. niloticus is silver in color with a blue tinge. It has distinctive dark-black eyes, with a bright-yellow outer ring. One of the largest freshwater fishes, it reaches a maximum length of nearly , weighing up to . Mature fish typically range from , although many fish are caught before they can grow this large. Adult Nile perch occupy all habitats of a lake with sufficient oxygen concentrations, while juveniles are restricted to shallow or nearshore environments. A fierce predator that dominates its surroundings, the Nile perch feeds on fish (including its own species), crustaceans, molluscs, and insects; the juveniles also feed on zooplankton. Nile perch use schooling as a mechanism to protect themselves from other predators. Invasive species Nile perch have been introduced to many other lakes in Africa, including Lake Victoria and the artificial Lake Nasser. The World Conservation Union's Invasive Species Specialist Group considers L. niloticus one of the world's 100 worst invasive species. The state of Queensland in Australia levies heavy fines on anyone found in possession of a living Nile perch, since it competes directly with the native barramundi, which is similar and grows to long, while the Nile perch grows to long. The species is of great commercial importance as a food fish. The Nile perch is also popular with sport anglers, as it attacks artificial fishing lures, and it is also raised in aquaculture. Lake Victoria introduction The introduction of this species to Lake Victoria is one of the most cited examples of the negative effects alien species can have on ecosystems. The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa in the 1950s, and has since been fished commercially. In 2003, Nile perch sales to the EU reached 169 million euros. Sport-fishing in the region of Uganda and Tanzania provided additional income from tourism. Its introduction was ecologically disruptive and is attributed with causing the extinction or near-extinction of","title":"Nile perch"},{"docid":"12185148","text":"The silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) also known as the Lake Victoria sardine, mukene, and omena (native language), dagaa (Swahili) is a species of pelagic, freshwater ray-finned fish in the carp family, Cyprinidae from East Africa. It is the only member of the genus Rastrineobola. Description A small silvery fish which has a strongly compressed body covered in large scales with a pearlescent sheen and a yellow tail, and can grow to a length of . The lateral line is below the midpoint of the body and runs to the lower part of the caudal peduncle. The cheek is covered by delicate suborbital bones. Distribution The silver cyprinid is known from the drainage basins of Lake Kyoga, Lake Nabugabo and the Victoria Nile that are located in Uganda, and Lake Victoria that is shared by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Biology The silver cyprinid has a lake-wide distribution covering both inshore and offshore in Lake Victoria. It normally occurs between in depth, although both eggs and fry can be encountered as deep as . The adult fish stay close to the bottom in daytime and rise up towards the surface at night. The juvenile fish move away from the shore where they spend their larval stage in shallow water. In Lake Kyoga this species is found in open water apparently avoiding the water-lily swamps and it is normally caught in turbulent areas of the Victoria Nile. Its diet consists mainly of zooplankton and insects caught on the water surface. It is predated on by birds and the catfish Schilbe mystus, Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus docmak. It is thought that spawning occurs inshore and a mature female may have an estimated fecundity of >1,000 eggs. The eggs are planktonic. The silver cyprinid breeds throughout the year with two peaks, the first in August and the second in December-January. It is fast growing and reaches sexual maturity at ages which vary from 16 to 25 months. The silver cyprinid is parasitized by the fish cestode Ligula intestinalis and this parasite causes changes in the adult fishes behaviour in that they remain with the juveniles on the surface and undertake horizontal movements to and from the shores. In the mid-morning the parasitised fish have a tendency to move towards the shoreline, especially where there are sandy beaches, to search for food. The juveniles feed on zooplankton such as copepods and young stages of planktonic chironomids while the parasitised adults prefer insect larvae and shore dwelling adult insects such as corixid bugs. After nightfall the surface dwelling parasitised fish mix with the health adults when they move up the water column to top waters of the lake. The silver cyprinid is the only native fish species which has remained abundant in Lake Victoria since the introduction of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to the lake. These two species have almost wiped out the ende zooplankton eating haplochromine cichlids thus reducing competition for this species. Fishery Dagaa/mukene/omena is an important fish for","title":"Silver cyprinid"},{"docid":"341943","text":"Lake Albert, originally known as Lake Mwitanzige by the Banyoro, Nam Ovoyo Bonyo by the Alur, and temporarily as Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, is a lake located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is Africa's seventh-largest lake, as well as the second biggest of Uganda's Great Lakes. Geography Lake Albert is located on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the northernmost of the chain of lakes in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift. It is about long and across at its widest, with a maximum depth of , and a surface elevation of above sea level. Lake Albert is part of the complicated system of the upper Nile. Its main sources are the White Nile, ultimately coming from Lake Victoria to the southeast, and the Semliki River, which issues from Lake Edward to the southwest. The water of the Victoria Nile is much less saline than that of Lake Albert. The lake's outlet, at its northernmost tip, is the Albert Nile section of the White Nile. The river later becomes known as the Mountain Nile when its course enters South Sudan. At the southern end of the lake, where the Semliki comes in, there are swamps. The Rwenzori Mountains are to the south of the lake and to the northwest, the Blue Mountains. The few settlements along the shore include Butiaba and Pakwach. Water characteristics Unlike the very deep Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Kivu, Lake Albert's water temperature is relatively stable throughout, typically around , and even its deeper sections contain oxygen. The water has a pH of around or just below 9 and an electric conductivity of around 720–780 μS/cm. These are both very high for a freshwater lake but nevertheless lower than Lake Edward. Animals Lake Albert is home to many aquatic and semi-aquatic animals, including the river hippopotamus, Ugandan kob, red as well as Nile lechwe, Nile crocodile, Nile monitor lizard, African softshell turtle, Central African mud turtle, and Williams' mud turtle. Also present is the giant African bullfrog and the rock python, which can be observed warming themselves on smooth rocks near the water’s edge. A number of terrestrial (but water-loving) snakes, lizards, and amphibians reside at the lake. Water birds are numerous, and include pink-backed pelican, goliath heron, white-faced whistling duck, African fish eagle, wattled plover, and greater flamingo. Several stork species are commonly seen patrolling the shallow areas; the saddle-billed, yellow-billed, open-billed, Hamerkop (hammerhead), European white, and the rare shoebill storks all frequent the lakeshore and shallows, and roost in surrounding tall trees. Fish and fishing There are 55 fish species in Lake Albert. After Nile crocodiles and larger carnivorous birds, the largest predator in the lake is the Nile perch (native; unlike in other Rift Valley lakes where it’s introduced & invasive), as well as the fearsome-looking elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, and the electric catfish. Additionally, there are a number of air-breathing marbled lungfish, reedfish,","title":"Lake Albert (Africa)"},{"docid":"297696","text":"Entebbe is a city in Central Uganda which is located on Lake Victoria peninsula, approximately southwest of the Ugandan capital city, Kampala. Entebbe was once the seat of government for the Protectorate of Uganda prior to independence, in 1962. The city is the location of Entebbe International Airport, Uganda's largest commercial and military airport, which gained worldwide attention in 1976 Israeli rescue of 100 hostages kidnapped by the militant group of the PFLP-EO and Revolutionary Cells (RZ) organizations. Entebbe is also the location of State House, the official office and residence of the President of Uganda. Etymology The word came from Luganda language e ntebe which means 'seat' / 'chair'. Entebbe was a cultural site for the Mamba clan and it was called \"entebbe za Mugula\" - Mugula was the title of a chief of a subdivision of the Mamba clan - and is now the location of the official office and residence of the President of Uganda, as it was for British governors before independence. Entebbe was the former seat of power in the country, but has now been replaced by Kampala. Location Entebbe sits on the northern shores of Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake. The town is situated in Wakiso District, approximately south of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The metropolis is located on a peninsula into Lake Victoria, covering a total area of , out of which is water. The coordinates of Entebbe are:0°03'00.0\"N, 32°27'36.0\"E (Latitude:0.0500; Longitude:32.4600). Neighborhoods within Entebbe City include Bugonga, Katabi, Nakiwogo, Nsamizi, Kitooro, Lunnyo and Lugonjo. Population During the 2002 national census, Entebbe's population was estimated at about 55,100 people. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population of the town at 76,500. In 2011, UBOS estimated the population of Entebbe at approximately 79,700. On 27 August 2014, the national population census put Entebbe's population at 69,958. History \"Entebbe\", in the local Luganda language, means a \"seat\" and was probably named that because it was the place where a Baganda chief sat to adjudicate legal cases. It first became a British colonial administrative and commercial centre in 1893 when Sir Gerald Portal, a colonial Commissioner, used it as a base. Port Bell went on to become Kampala's harbour. Although no ships dock there now, there is still a jetty, which was used by Lake Victoria ferries. Entebbe International Airport, the main international airport of Uganda, has been the site of some well known events, making it famous in Europe and abroad. It was from this airport that Queen Elizabeth II departed Africa to return to England in 1952 when she learned of her father's death and that she had become Queen. The airport was the scene of Operation Entebbe, a hostage rescue on 4 July 1976, when soldiers from the Sayeret Matkal, Paratroopers Brigade and Golani Brigade units of the Israeli Army freed over 100 hostages following a hijacking by a group of Palestinian and German militia. The city of Entebbe also hosted final resolution talks to end the","title":"Entebbe"},{"docid":"12624444","text":"Synodontis afrofischeri, known as Fischer's Victoria squeaker, the marbled Victoria squeaker, Fischer's catfish, or the Victoria synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. It was first described by German zoologist Franz Martin Hilgendorf in 1888, based upon a holotype discovered in Lake Victoria. The specific name \"afrofischeri\" is in honor of the German researcher Dr. Gustav Fischer, a German explorer of Africa. Description The body of the fish is a marbled yellowish brown, although the amount of marbling varies between individuals, with some a uniform brown. The fish has a dark to black band that traverses from the eye to the mouth, and two irregular light vertical bands on either side of the adipose fin. Juveniles have a very similar appearance to juvenile S. fuelleborni juveniles. Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening. The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. The caudal fin is forked. It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable. The fish has one pair of maxillary barbels of varying length, extending far beyond the operculum, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched. This species grows to a maximum known length of TL Habitat In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , a pH of 6.0 – 8.0, and dH range of 5-25. It is found at depths ranging from , usually . It is found in Lake Victoria, Lake Nagubago, the Victoria Nile, Lake Kyoga, the Kagera River, Lake Ihema, the Malagarasi River and possibly in the Kingani River. References External links afrofischeri Freshwater fish of Kenya Freshwater fish of Tanzania Fish of Rwanda Fish of Uganda Catfish of Africa Fish described in 1888 Taxa named by Franz Martin Hilgendorf Taxonomy articles created by Polbot","title":"Synodontis afrofischeri"},{"docid":"3377685","text":"Kisumu County is one of 47 counties in the Republic of Kenya. Its borders follow those of the original Kisumu District, one of the former administrative districts of the former Nyanza Province in western Kenya. Its headquarters is Kisumu City which is the third largest city in Kenya after the capital Nairobi and the coastal city of Mombasa. It has a population of 1,155,574 (according to the 2019 National Census). The land area of Kisumu County totals 2085.9 km2. Kisumu County's neighbours are Siaya County to the West, Vihiga County to the North, Nandi County to the North East and Kericho County to the East. Its neighbour to the South is Nyamira County and Homa Bay County is to the South West. The county has a shoreline on Lake Victoria, occupying northern, western and a part of the southern shores of the Winam Gulf. Etymology The name Kisumu comes from the Luo word \"Kisuma\"Kikelo. Generally, Kisuma means \"a place where people meet to exchange goods\" but it does not necessarily mean the same word as \"market\" (chiro in Luo). The term was especially used during famine where a person could \"visit\" relatives who had some sort of harvest where the \"visitor\", when going back to his/her place, could be \"escorted with\" or given some grains and dried meat (aliya in Luo). The word originally comes from the verb \"sumo\", which means \"getting material want through exchange\" or as an assistance when one has minimal ability. It should be differentiated from 'fulo' where one rummages through the farm of someone else after the harvest to pick dropped or omitted crops to collect and take home for consumption\". When Europeans and Indians came to the area of the present-day city of Kisumu, pronouncing the name \"Kisuma\" correctly proved difficult, and the name evolved into the current Kisumu. The local people however, now popularly call the place \"Kisumo\". Geography Kisumu County is located in western Kenya, far from the nation’s capital. (To the southwest, in neighboring Siaya County, lies the village of Nyang’oma Kogelo, birthplace of Barack Obama Sr.) The city of Kisumu, on the shores of Lake Victoria, has historically functioned as a major center of Western Kenya commerce. Because of its location along Africa’s largest lake, the area is ideally situated for fishing and fish processing, but the central government has long controlled key concessions on the lake, and economic development has left many of the inhabitants behind. Fishing, sugarcane farming, and rice farming are the county’s principal industries. Climate The climate of the whole county is modified by the presence of Lake Victoria. The county has an annual relief rainfall that ranges between 1200 mm and 1300 mm in different sectors. The rain mainly falls in two seasons. Kisumu is known for its thunderstorms, which are the major type of precipitation and normally occur in mid-afternoon during the rainy season. The temperature of the surrounding towns and regions can vary greatly. On the western side, which includes the constituencies of","title":"Kisumu County"},{"docid":"39294734","text":"The Congo–Nile Divide or the Nile–Congo Watershed is the continental divide that separates the drainage basins of the Congo and Nile rivers. It is about long. There are several geologically and geographically distinct sections between the point on the border between the Central African Republic and South Sudan where the Congo and Nile basins meet the Chad Basin, and the southern point in Tanzania to the southwest of Lake Victoria where the boundaries of the Nile and Congo basins diverge and border several endorheic basins in the Gregory Rift, of which the largest are Lake Eyasi in the north and Lake Rukwa in the south. The people who live along the divide are diverse, mainly speaking Central Sudanic languages in the northern parts and Bantu languages further south. The European colonialists used the Congo–Nile divide as a boundary between British-controlled territories to the east and territories controlled by the French and Belgians to the west. This was decided at a time when few Europeans had visited the area, which had yet to be mapped. It separated members of the ethnic groups that live on both sides of the divide. Location Northern section: Sudan The Congo–Nile divide starts at the triple divide where the Congo, Chad and Nile basins meet. This point is located on the boundary between the Central African Republic and the Sudan, at the limit between the Vakaga and Haute-Kotto prefectures. From this triple point: the Umbelasha River flows to the North East into the Nile, through the Bahr al-Arab and the Bahr el Ghazal River. the Kotto River flows to the South into the Congo River, through the Ubangi River. the Yata River flows to the North West into Lake Chad, through the Bahr Oulou, the Bahr Aouk River and the Chari River. The Congo–Nile divide runs southeast and then south along the border between South Sudan and Uganda to the east and the Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the west. The Ironstone Plateau region between South Sudan and the DRC is cut by many streams that have formed steep and narrow valleys. The vast Sudd wetlands in South Sudan are fed by the Bahr al Jabal river that drains Lake Albert and Lake Victoria in the south, and also from ten smaller rivers flowing from the Congo–Nile divide which together provide 20 billion cubic meters of water annually. The easily traveled northern section of the divide may have been the main route for Bantu expansion to the east and south in the Iron Age. The combination of deforestation due to seed agriculture, cattle ownership and changes in weapons technology with the introduction of iron may have allowed Bantu-speakers to migrate south through the region into Buganda no more than 1,500 years ago. From there, they would have continued yet further south. The people who now live along the Congo–Nile divide in South Sudan speak Central Sudanic languages, and include the Kresh people. They once lived to the west of the","title":"Congo–Nile Divide"},{"docid":"37105580","text":"The Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO) is an institution under the East African Community, with the aim to harmonise, develop and adopt conservation and management measures for the sustainable utilisation of living resources of Lake Victoria, and to optimise socio-economic benefits from the basin for the three partner states; Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The LVFO headquarters are in Jinja, Uganda. LVFO collaborates closely with the national fisheries research institutes in the three partner states. LVFO was established in June 1994, on the basis of the CIFA Sub-Committee for the Development and Management of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria. CIFA is the FAO Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa. External links Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Uganda National Fisheries Resources Research Institute Fisheries agencies Lake Victoria East African Community Environmental organisations based in Uganda 1994 establishments in Uganda Fisheries conservation organizations","title":"Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization"},{"docid":"76225087","text":"Deepa Pullanikkatil (born 1976) is an Indian engineer who has lived most of her life in Africa and worked in development and environmental management. She is currently the Commonwealth National Climate Finance Advisor for Fiji and previously worked in Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini on projects to alleviate poverty and effectively manage ecosystems. She holds a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Mahatma Gandhi University, a master's degree in environmental management from the University of the Free State, and a PhD in environmental science from North-West University in South Africa. Early life, education and family Deepa Pullanikkatil was born in 1976, in Kannur, Kerala, India, to Roopalekha Sukumaran and Rajagopalan Pullanikkatil. Her mother was the daughter of the writer Tatapuram Sukumaran and her father was a civil engineer. Her parents moved with Pullanikkatil and her older brother Deepak to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1978. The family relocated to Lesotho in 1988. Pullanikkatil completed her bachelor's degree in civil engineering at Mahatma Gandhi University in 1998 and earned a post-graduate diploma in management from the Amrita Schools of Business in 2000. Career Upon completing her studies, Pullanikkatil worked as a civil engineer on a hospital project in India and then on a water and sanitation project in rural Lesotho. In 2003, she was hired as a lecturer at Lerotholi Polytechnic, in Maseru, Lesotho, and worked her way up to head of the department. Her research work at the time focused on the impact of climate change on Lesotho's subsistence farming workers. While teaching at Lerotholi, Pullanikkatil earned a master's degree from the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa in 2009. The following year, she moved to Malawi and began working with the Rockefeller Foundation's programme, Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD). The programme was designed to allow interdisciplinary collaboration between academics and other partners, encouraging them to work together on initiatives for sustainable development. Pullanikkatil's partners within LEAD were undertaken with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to create a policy on climate change for the government of Malawi. During a presentation at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in 2014, Pullanikkatil and Doreen Othero of the Lake Victoria Basin Commission, argued in favor of development efforts which coordinated environmental conservation projects with health and economic initiatives. They pointed out that goals to protect resources were often unreachable because of the failure to address the impact on the livelihoods and well-being of the communities concerned. In 2015, Pullanikkatil was hired to carry out a needs assessment for the technology required to address climate change for the government of Swaziland (since 2018, Eswatini), in a project coordinated through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Environment Programme. She completed her PhD with the thesis, \"Ecosystem Services Mapping of Likangala River Catchment, Southern Malawi\" that year, at North-West University. The thesis explored the impact of human activity on water quality in the Likangala River, concluding that urban pollution from","title":"Deepa Pullanikkatil"},{"docid":"67033858","text":"Lake Kanyaboli is the largest oxbow lake in Kenya and the second largest in Africa,formed after River Yala disconnected from its course at the meander stage, leaving behind a U-shaped lake. The lake is found in Siaya County in western Kenya and is home to a variety of fish species that have almost disappeared from Lake Victoria, the country's largest freshwater lake. Location The Yala Swamp at the mouth of the Yala River covers about along the northern shore of Lake Victoria. The swamp contains Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland with an average depth of , which is fed by the floodwaters of the Nzoia and Yala rivers and by the backflow of water from Lake Victoria. In the past the Yala River flowed through the eastern 20% of the Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into the main swamp, and then through a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today the eastern part of the swamp has been drained, and the river flows directly into the main swamp. It is cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now receives its water from the surrounding catchment area and from back-seepage from the swamp. Ecological value Lake Kanyaboli provides a refuge for several species of fish, some of which are no longer present in Lake Victoria. The introduction of the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) to Lake Victoria caused an ecological disaster which threatens to destroy the ecosystem of the lake. In the past the lake fishermen caught hundreds of species of fish, many of which were endemic. Today they rely on the Silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) locally known as \"Omena\" or \"Dagaa\" among East African communities, the Nile Perch and the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In 1988 the World Conservation Union listed hundreds of the endemic fish species as Endangered. Some of these fish are still thriving in Lake Kanyaboli, including several unknown Haplochromis species, Singida tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus) and Victoria tilapia (Oreochromis variabilis). Threats and Conservation Lake Kanyaboli is among hundreds of ecosystems which are facing extinction threats in the country. Like its cousin oxbow lake in the Rift Valley, Lake Kamnarok, a game reserve which is currently at the edge of losing its value, Lake Kanyaboli is also underway to become an history. In early May, 2023, the lake broke all its dykes following the heavy rains in the region and lost its water at alarming rate for more than one week. The water swept everything on its way, destroying thousands of acres of farms and leaving hundreds of families homeless. According to the Nation Media report, the lake lost more than 50% of its volume, and if urgent action is not taken, then the lives of the communities that rely on it would be adversely affected. Notes Sources Kanyaboli","title":"Lake Kanyaboli"},{"docid":"51567537","text":"A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck Tanzania east northeast of Nsunga, Kagera Region on September 10 at a depth of . The shock had a maximum intensity of VII (Very strong). Nineteen people were killed and 253 injured in Tanzania, while four people were killed in Kamuli and seven others were injured in the Rakai District of neighbouring Uganda. Tectonic setting The 5.9 magnitude earthquake near the west shore of Lake Victoria in northern Tanzania occurred as the result of shallow oblique faulting within the lithosphere of the African plate. The focal mechanism solution for the earthquake indicates rupture occurred on a moderately dipping fault striking either northeast–southwest (right-lateral slip) or east–west (left-lateral slip). The location of the earthquake broadly places it in the East African Rift System, a 3,000-km-long Cenozoic age continental rift extending from the Afar Triple Junction (between the horn of Africa and the Middle East), to Mozambique. In this context, this earthquake is some 200 km or more to the east of the West Branch of the Rift System, which runs along the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and both Uganda (in the north) and Tanzania (to the south). The East Branch of the Rift System runs north-to-south through Kenya and Tanzania, several hundred kilometers to the east of the earthquake. The Victoria microplate lies between these two branches of the rift, and helps to accommodate the dominantly divergent (extensional) tectonics of the Rift System, where rift segments are connected by dominantly strike-slip transform faults. The earthquake is consistent with this mixed divergent and strike slip setting, and occurred somewhat centrally within that microplate, in an area with little to no recorded earthquakes over the past century. Historically, seismicity in the East African Rift is mainly concentrated along the branches of the rift system (i.e., at the edges of the Victoria microplate, and along the main rift running through Ethiopia in the north, and Malawi and Mozambique in the south). Over the preceding century, only one other earthquake has been recorded within 100 km of the earthquake – a M 4.3 event in Lake Victoria in December 2013. Further afield, 22 M6+ events have occurred within 500 km of the earthquake over the preceding century, most on the Western Branch of the Rift System to the west of this earthquake. These include a M 6.6 earthquake in March 1966 near Lake Edward on the Uganda-DRC border. Tanzania's largest historic earthquake over this time period was a M 7.2 event in July 1919, near Lake Tanganyika in the west of the country. A M 6.8 earthquake near the center of Lake Tanganyika in December 2005 resulted in half a dozen or more fatalities. Earthquake The 5.9 earthquake was located in the Tanzania-Uganda border, and was felt as far away as Rwanda and Burundi. It was the largest earthquake in Tanzania since 2000, and is one of the deadliest. Casualties and damage At least 19 people were killed and 253 others injured in Tanzania, with most","title":"2016 Tanzania earthquake"},{"docid":"1786688","text":"Mukono is one of the districts in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Mukono serves as the district headquarters and is home to the district's main commercial center. Location Mukono District is bordered by Kayunga District to the north, Jinja District to the east, Kalangala District to the south-west, Kira Town and Wakiso District to the west, and Luweero District to the north-west. The town of Mukono is about by road, east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. This is about west of the town of Njeru, where the Nalubaale Power Station is situated, on the Kampala–Jinja Highway. The geographical coordinates of Mukono District are 00°28'50.0\"N, 32°46'14.0\"E (Latitude:0.480567; Longitude:32.770567). Demographics The 1991 national population census estimated the district's population at 319,400. According to the 2002 census, the population was about 423,100, of whom 49.8 percent were males and 50.2 percent were females. At that time, its population growth rate was estimated at 2.7 percent per annum. In 2012, the population was estimated at 551,000. In August 2014, the national population census and household survey, enumerated the district inhabitants at 596,804. Tourist attractions The district has a favorable climate, abundant rainfall, rich flora and fauna, and proximity to urban areas. The major tourist attractions in the district include the following: Lake Victoria Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world. Many water sports are available there. Lakeside leisure sites are also available. Sezibwa Falls In the middle of the district runs the River Sezibwa, believed by Buganda legend to have been borne by Nakangu Tibatesa, the wife of Nsubuga Sebwaato in Kawuna, Ngongwe, around the time of the Christian biblical prophet Isaiah. The river flows into Lake Kyoga. The nature of its birth makes the river a cultural symbol of great importance to Buganda's heritage. The Sezibwa Falls are off the Kampala-Jinja Highway, east of the town of Mukono. The site also has a natural forest reserve, which has forest trails and nature walkways for birdwatching and forest exploration. Over 100 bird species and some wild animals, including rare species of monkeys, may be found at this location. The Sezibwa Falls are also a cultural site of the Baganda and have cultural artifacts, including caves, 100-year-old trees, and special rocks of deep cultural significance to the Baganda of Buganda in central Uganda. It is one of the official cultural sites of the Buganda Kingdom. See also River Nile Districts of Uganda References External links Website of Mukono District Local Government Home of Ssamba Foundation Districts of Uganda Central Region, Uganda Lake Victoria","title":"Mukono District"},{"docid":"73418756","text":"Biomphalaria choanomphala is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. Biomphalaria choanomphala has a discoidal, brownish-yellow shell with an approximate shell diameter of 6–10 mm. Biomphalaria choanomphala is a medically important pest, due to it being an intermediate host of the intravascular trematode genus, Schistosoma. Habitat and distribution Biomphalaria choanomphala is an African species found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, streams, and ponds. Their head has a pair of tentacles with eyes at the base, and a siphon for breathing and waste elimination. It is known to prefer slow-moving water with vegetation, where it feeds on algae and detritus. Distribution of Biomphalaria choanomphala include: East Africa: Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzanian and Uganda). Ecology and behavior Biomphalaria choanomphala is known to be an intermediate host for the parasitic flatworms Schistosoma mansoni, which is responsible for causing intestinal schistosomiasis in humans. The snail's role as an intermediate host allows the parasite to complete its life cycle and infect humans who come into contact with contaminated water sources where it inhabits. In addition to its role in transmitting parasites, Biomphalaria choanomphala also plays an important ecological role in its freshwater habitat. The snail feeds on algae and detritus, helping to regulate the nutrient balance of the ecosystem. It also serves as a food source for many predators, including fish, birds, and other invertebrates. Conservation status and biological importance Biomphalaria choanomphala is not considered a threatened species, and its population is stable in its native range. However, the species' role as an intermediate host for schistosomiasis makes it an important target for disease control programs. Constant efforts are underway to reduce the incidence of schistosomiasis by controlling the snail population through chemical treatments and biological control methods. Phylogeny Biomphalaria choanomphala is a part of the \"Nilotic Species Complex\" alongside B. alexandrina, B. angulosa, B. smithi, B. stanleyi and B. sudanica. Ecological phenotypes Biomphalaria choanomphala has been the subject of multiple ecological and genetic studies, which have revealed its shell morphology can vary as a result of environmental factors. Several studies have shown that B. choanomphala snails found within Lake Victoria have very different conchological morphologies, but are very similar genetically, suggesting these snails are likely a single species expressing two ecophenotypes. Previous conchological morphology studies of Biomphalaria snails have categorised their species based on whether they exhibited a “lacustrine” (found within a lake) or a “non-lacustrine” shell morphology (found elsewhere). In the case of B. choanomphala, its commonly associated with having a lacustrine morphotype (morphotype-B), while the non-lacustrine morphotype (morphotype-A) is commonly mistaken for another African Biomphalaria species, B. sudanica. References Gastropods described in 1879 choanomphala Molluscs of Africa","title":"Biomphalaria choanomphala"},{"docid":"60065008","text":"Albrecht Roscher (August 27, 1836 – March 19, 1860) was a German explorer of Africa. He was murdered near Lake Malawi in 1860. Life Roscher was born in Ottensen on August 27, 1836. He attended grammar school at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg and then went on to study geography, science and medicine at the University of Leipzig. In his 1857 dissertation, \"Ptolemy and the trade routes in Central Africa\", Roscher, with goal of pinpointing the source of the Nile, used information gleaned from Ptolemy's map of the world to reconstruct the geography of Central Africa. This achievement attracted the interest of eminent geographers such as Heinrich Barth, Alexander Humboldt, Carl Ritter and August Petermann. Roscher soon embarked on a multi-year scientific expedition to Africa, arriving in Zanzibar in 1858, where he conducted botanical investigations and learned Swahili. In early 1859, he traveled down the coastline of what is now mainland Tanzania, exploring the waters around modern-day Dar es Salaam and charting the Rufiji delta. In June he landed at Kilwa. He remained there for two months while ill. He then joined an Arab slave caravan heading inland, arriving at Lake Malawi in October 1859, two months after the famed British explorer David Livingstone. On departing the shores of Lake Malawi in March 1860, Roscher was attacked and killed. There is speculation that his death resulted from Arab slave traders' fears that he would expose the practices of the Arab slave trade. His journals along with his geographical and anthropological observations were lost. References 1836 births 1860 deaths 19th-century German people 19th-century explorers 19th-century geographers Explorers of Africa German explorers German geographers German people murdered abroad Murdered explorers People educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums 1860 murders in Africa","title":"Albrecht Roscher"},{"docid":"38964653","text":"The Central Africa Medal was a British campaign medal awarded for service from 1891 to 1894 in Eastern and Central Africa, and from 1894 to 1898 for service in British Central Africa. Criteria Award of the Central Africa Medal was approved by Queen Victoria in Army Order No. 66, 1 April 1895. The initial award was for various military expeditions from July 1891 to June 1894, subsequently extended to the Unyoro Expedition in 1895. It was later authorised for service in British Central Africa from 1895 to 1898. The main causes of these expeditions were to suppress slave-trading or to punish raids on neighbouring tribes. Most medals were awarded to members of the Indian Army and British-led local forces. No British Army units were present, although some British officers and non commissioned officers seconded to local units received the medal, as did a small number of Royal Navy personnel. Appearance The medal is in diameter. It was issued in silver to combatants, while native porters and authorised servants received the medal in bronze. The medal uses the same design as the Ashantee Medal and the East and West Africa Medal, although with a different ribbon. The obverse depicts the left facing effigy of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem with a veil behind. On either side is the inscription VICTORIA on the left and REGINA on the right. The designer was Leonard Charles Wyon. The reverse bears a scene, inspired by the Ashanti War, of British soldiers fighting the Ashanti in the jungle. It was designed by Sir Edward John Poynter. The ribbon, wide, has three equal stripes of black, white and pale brown, also described as copper or terra cotta, worn with the black to the left when facing the wearer. The colours symbolise the troops who took part – African, European and Indian. The recipient's name and unit were usually engraved or impressed on the rim of the medal, although some were issued unnamed. Suspension and clasp The first version of the medal, authorised in 1895, has a swivel ring suspension and was issued without a clasp. This covered ten small Central African campaigns between 1891 and 1895, eight in the vicinity of Lake Nyassa in what is now Malawi, and two in the Unyoro and Mruli districts in Uganda. A clasp, Central Africa 1894–98, was authorised in August 1899. When the medal was issued with the clasp, it hung from a straight bar suspension, with existing recipients of the medal having the ring suspension replaced. The medal and clasp were awarded for a number of small expeditions between 1894 and 1898 near Lake Nyassa, and one in 1897 against Chief Mpezeni in present-day Zambia. References British campaign medals","title":"Central Africa Medal"},{"docid":"14365011","text":"The Yala Swamp is a wetland region of about in Western Kenya. Location The Yala Swamp at the mouth of the Yala River covers about along the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria. The swamp contains the Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland with an average depth of , which is fed by the floodwaters of the Nzoia and Yala rivers and by the backflow of water from Lake Victoria. The wetland is in Siaya and Busia counties in Kenya. It acts as a filter for waters that flow into Lake Victoria from two major rivers, the Yala River and Nzoia River. It is sometimes considered the source of the Nile. In the past the Yala River flowed through the eastern 20% of the Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into the main swamp, and then through a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today the eastern part of the swamp has been drained, and the river flows directly into the main swamp. It is cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now receives its water from the surrounding catchment area and from back-seepage from the swamp. The river's gulf has been cut off from the lake by a culvert, which created the Lake Sare through back-flooding. Ecology The swamps harbour endangered fish species Oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis variabilis that have disappeared from Lake Victoria itself. The Sitatunga antelope (Tragecephalus spekii) still lives in the swamps’ papyrus. BirdLife International classifies the Yala Swamp among Kenya’s 60 Important Bird Areas. Some of the birds that live there are the blue-breasted bee-eater, the papyrus gonolek, the swamp flycatcher, the papyrus canary, the white-winged swamp warbler and the Baillon's crake. A 2005 report noted changes in Lake Sare that threatened the lake ecosystem through eutrophication and pollution. It recommended an inclusive management plan for the Yala swamp complex to prevent further degradation of the ecosystem. As of 2019 BirdLife International scored the threat to the swamp complex as high, and was pessimistic about action being taken. References Sources External links Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of a Tropical Wetland Lake Ecosystem:A Case Study of Lake Kanyaboli, Kenya by Romulus Abila more info at global response a case study of the Yala swamp by Romulus Abila of Maseno University Kenya Wetlands of Kenya Nature conservation in Kenya Swamps of Africa","title":"Yala Swamp"},{"docid":"43592587","text":"Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen (1879–1964), was a Seventh-day Adventist pastor, missionary, administrator, linguist, and publisher. Early years Born in Canada, Carscallen grew up in North Dakota, where he was baptized at age 20, just prior to starting studies at Union College from 1900 to 1901. He completed his Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) ministerial training in September 1906 at Duncombe Hall Training College in England. That same year, following his ordination, he embarked for Kenya, to begin missionary service for the SDA as superintendent of the British East Africa Mission, together with Peter Nyambo, an African Adventist worker from Nyasaland, now Malawi, who was a classmate of Carscallen at Duncombe Hall. Seventh-day Adventists in Kenya: Beginnings The first SDA missionaries to work in Kenya were Arthur Carscallen and Nyasaland native Peter Nyambo. Leaving England, the two traveled to Hamburg, Germany, sailing from there on 1 October 1906 to East Africa. Describing the journey to Africa, Carscallen wrote. \"After an exceedingly hot trip through the Red Sea, we arrived in Mombasa nearly three weeks later.\" By November 27, 1906, Carscallen and Nyambo were able to open the first British East Africa Mission station in Kenya at Gendia Hill near the eastern shore of Lake Victoria on Kendu Bay with the assistance of Abraham C. Enns, a German missionary and gardener stationed in Tanganyika, today Tanzania. Enns had arrived in Tanganyika in 1903 and was working among the Pare people. Together, they chose a five‑acre plot, about three kilometers (two miles) inland from Kendu Bay for the mission site, which was situated among the Luo people in what is now South Nyanza, about which Carscallen says, \"...we chose the site at Gendia among the primitive African tribe who spoke a Nilotic language.\" Carscallen and Nyambo worked quickly to construct the mission buildings. Nyambo remained at Gendia for about four years. Within 14 months Carscallen reported that he and Nyambo had erected the basic mission buildings and that he had learned the Luo language. As superintendent of the Mission, Carscallen and his staff established missionary stations along the eastern shore of Lake Victoria at Gendia Hill, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karung, Kisii (Nyanchwa), and Kamagambo. The first 10 Jaluo Adventist adherents in Kenya were baptized on 21 May 1911. Publishing was central to the mission of the early Adventist Church. Thus, in 1913, Carscallen acquired a small press for the Mission during a trip home to the United States and returned to set up African Herald Publishing at Gendia in order to publish books, papers, and a monthly journal. Carscallen was one of dozens of church leaders who helped expand their faith worldwide through publishing ministries. The Dholuo language had never before been reduced to writing. To advance the literacy of the Jaluo people so that they could read the Bible, Carscallen produced a grammar textbook for the mission. Then, over the course of more than two years, Carscallen and the Mission staff translated portions of the New Testament from English to Luo, the","title":"Arthur Carscallen"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"40502882\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Uniamési or the Uniamesi Sea was the name given by missionaries in the 1840s and 1850s to a huge lake or inland sea they supposed to lie within a region of Central East Africa with the same name. Three missionaries, confined to the coastal belt, heard of the region of Unyamwezi in the northwest of what is now Tanzania and exaggerated its size to include a large part of the continental interior. They heard of a great lake, and imagined an enormous lake that would be the source of the Benue, Nile, Zambezi and Congo rivers. They drew a map showing a huge \\\"Lake Uniamesi\\\" that was published in 1855. The map spurred the expedition of Burton and Speke to investigate the African Great Lakes region, where they found that lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Nyasa were separate bodies of water. It was not until 1877 that it was confirmed that these lakes did feed the Nile, Congo and Zambezi, albeit separately. Background The Great Lakes of East Africa include lakes Albert, Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika, all of which lie in the western or Albertine branch of the East African rift system, Lake Victoria to the east of this chain and Lake Nyasa (Malawi) to the south. Lake Victoria is the third largest lake in the world, and lies on the plateau between the west and east rifts. Unlike the long, narrow and deep lakes of the rift, Lake Victoria is wide and relatively shallow. Bantu peoples moved into the region between the Great Lakes and the Indian Ocean some time after 1000 BC and mingled with the local population. By the first century AD ships from the Arabian peninsula were trading along the East African coast. Muslim Arabs from Oman began to colonize the coast in the 8th century AD. The coastal Bantu peoples intermarried with the Arabs to form the Swahili people, with a language that combines Bantu, Arabic and Persian elements. The Swahili culture incorporated many Arabic and Islamic aspects, while remaining essentially Bantu in nature. The Unyamwezi region lies around the modern town of Tabora, between the coast and Lake Tanganyika, and includes the Tabora, Nzega and Kahama districts of the western plateau of modern Tanzania. In the 19th century the inhabitants were called Nyamwezi people by outsiders, although this term covered various different groups. Unyamwezi lay at a juncture where a trade route from the coast split, with one branch continuing west to the port of Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika while another branch led north to the kingdoms of Buganda and Bunyoro. Coastal traders settled in Unyamwezi, some with hundreds of well-armed retainers. The Nyamwezi provided most of the porters for the caravans organized by the coastal Arabs and Swahilis, and also conducted their own caravans. The Nyamwezi were long-distance traders throughout East Africa. Ivory was not widely used by the Nyamwezi, but at some point they became aware that there was an overseas market for the product, and began to carry ivory along the\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Uniamési\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60104192\",\n \"text\": \"The geology of Africa is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent. The African continent rests over two main plates. The African plate, accounting for the whole of north Africa, and the Somali plate, which accounts for the eastern side of mid and southern Africa. The Somali plate is moving away from the African plate in a split from Djibouti in the north, to Eswatini in the south. The parting of these two plates formed the southern part of what used to be known as The Great Rift Valley. In geological terms, the African and Somali plate separation has formed the East African Rift System (EARS), comprising two separate rifts systems - the Eastern Rift Valley, and a western branch known as the Albertine Rift. Two massive domes were formed, the Kenyan dome and the Ethiopian dome (known as the Ethiopian Highlands). The Albertine Rift follows the western edge of the Kenyan dome. This runs from Lake Malawi in the south, up into Lake Rukwa, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Albert in the north, where it ends. The Kenyan dome has the eastern branch of the EARS (known as The Gregory Rift) running through its middle, and contains most of what we historically saw as the Great Rift valley. Lake Victoria lies in the middle of the dome, with the Gregory Rift to the east of it. The Gregory rift has Lake Eyasi & Lake Manyara at its southern end, running north up to the west of Nairobi and continuing on through Kenya to Lake Turkana - which lies between the northern edge of the Kenyan dome and the southern edge of the Ethiopian dome. The Ethiopian dome is split down the middle by the Eastern Rift, formed by the developing plate boundary, and has formed a valley running from Lake Chamo and Lake Abaya in the south, widening through Lake Shala, Lake Ziwa and Lake Koku, until it reaches its widest point some from Djibouti. Major geological events Vredefort impact structure Geological features Central African Shear Zone Geologists of Africa Maria Wilman Hugo Dummett Geological maps See also :Category:Geologic groups of Africa :Category:Stratigraphy of Africa References Works cited Further reading Africa's Top Geological Sites (35th International Geological Congress Commemorative Volume), 2016 External links United States Geological Survey maps of the geology of Africa (PDF) Interactive map of the topography of Africa - five selectable sources, including; OpenTopoMap, ESRI Topo & CyclOSM\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18688772\",\n \"text\": \"Railway stations in Tanzania include: Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway Maps UN Map - Tanga and Kidatu lines not shown. Railways in southern Africa Official map UNHCR Map Look for the MSN Map at the bottom of pages of many towns, or look for the Map Button at the top and scroll down the MSN map. Towns served by rail Tanzania Railways Corporation ( all gauge) Central Line Dar es Salaam - ocean port - former national capital - 8 km from TAZARA line Ruvu (75m) - junction to Tanga line Morogoro (510m) - junction to north Kilosa (572m) - junction going south to TAZARA Gulwe (680m) Igandu (985m) Dodoma (1148m) - The national capital Manyoni (1244m) - junction going north to Singida Itigi (1306m) Ikungu (1289m) Tabora (1212m) - junction going north to Mwanza Kaliua (1112m) - junction going south to Mpanda Kigoma (775m) - terminal and port on Lake Tanganyika Kidatu Line (Not shown on map) Kilosa (572m) - junction Kidatu (294m) - branch terminus - also served with break of gauge by TAZARA, with a container trans-shipment facility to move freight containers between TAZARA and Tanzania Railways Corporation trains Mwanza Line Tabora (1212m) - junction Bukene (1188m) Isaka (1197m) - 'dry port' and proposed junction for lines to Rwanda and Burundi Shinyanga (1126m) Mwanza (1209m) - inland port on Lake Victoria Mpanda Line Kaliua (1112m) - junction Mpanda (1074m) - branch terminus Singida Line Manyoni (1244m) - junction Issuna (1423m) Ikungi (1532m) Puma Singida (1122m) - branch terminus Link Line Morogoro (510m) - junction with Central Line Ruvu (75m) Kitonga (65m) Sadani (1m) Hale (184m) - junction Korogwe (301m) - junction with Tanga Line Tanga line Tanga (1m) - ocean port Korogwe (301m) - junction to south Mkomazi (485m) Same (897m) Moshi (990m) - junction to north and Kenya Arusha (1254m) - soda ash mining Proposed extensions September 2007 Arusha (1254m) Musoma (1172m) on Lake Victoria. Tanga Mwambani Bay ( gauge) Tanga Singida Mutukula, Tanzania Mutukula, Uganda Kampala (branch) Mutukula Musoma - Lake Victoria port Standard Gauge Dar es Salaam Pugu (19 km) Soga (51 km) Ruvu (74 km) - junction on old line only. Freight Yard (93 km) Ngerengere (135 km) Morogoro (205 km) - end stage one - work started in April 2017. Dodoma - capital Makutupora - (336 km from previous station) Tabora - (294 km) Isaka - (133 km) - inland dry port Mwanza - (249 km) - port city on Lake Victoria Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika Mtwara Line (Southern Province Railway) - (defunct) In 1949 a line was built to link the Tanganyika groundnut scheme plantations around Nachingwea with the port of Mtwara. The scheme famously foundered and the railway was abandoned in 1962. Proposals have been made for a new railway to link Mtwara to iron ore deposits in the west, perhaps linking via Songea to Liganga. Island of Unguja A short line lasted from 1879 to 1888. Mtwara (rebuilt) Mtwara (1 m) - port for groundnut scheme Lindi (1 m) -\",\n \"title\": \"Railway stations in Tanzania\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17731014\",\n \"text\": \"Railway stations in Uganda include: Towns served by rail Existing Bungoma - last town in Kenya Malaba, Kenya (border) Malaba, Uganda Tororo - near Kenya border; junction for north line Main Line Iganga Jinja - bridge over Victoria Nile ; copper smelter Iganga - washed away culvert (2008) Busembatia Kampala - national capital Kamwenge Kasese - railhead in southwest; cement works ; copper mine Branch line from Kampala Port Bell - port on Lake Victoria North Line Tororo - junction Mbale Kumi Aloi Soroti Lira Gulu, Lira and Gulu. Pakwach - port in north west on Albert Nile Arua - railway does/used to extend to here. border Uganda South Sudan Juba - national capital missing link (ferry) Wau Nalukolongo - workshops Kilembe - copper mine Proposed (connection to South Sudan - South to North) Lamu - port Garissa - river town Tororo, Uganda Malaba - junction Pakwach - river port on White Nile Gulu Kampala - capital Malaba - junction Nimule, South Sudan - border Juba - national capital Waw - river port on Jur River - break of gauge with Sudan Westwards from Kasese to Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo; Northwards from Gulu to Nimule, continuing to Juba in South Sudan; North-eastwards from Pakwach to Juba in the Sudan, continuing to Wau; Southwards from Masaka to Biharamulo in Tanzania. Hoima - proposed oil refinery Standard gauge 2017 Naivasha Narok Bomet Nyamira Kisumu Yala Mumias Malaba border. Tororo Butaleja Namutumba Iganga Luuka Mayuge Jinja Buikwe Mukono Wakiso Kampala districts. 2015 SG construction starts 2014 CRBC Deal original proposal including train ferry across Lake Victoria Tanga, Tanzania - Ocean port Musoma - Lake Victoria port revised proposal avoiding train ferry across Lake Victoria Tanga, Tanzania - Singida - Mutukula - Kampala Hub Out of service Busoga See also Railway stations in Sudan Railway stations in Kenya Transport in Uganda Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor References External links Maps UN Map UN Map East Africa UNHCR Atlas Map UNHCR Railway stations Railway stations\",\n \"title\": \"Railway stations in Uganda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1786700\",\n \"text\": \"Wakiso District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda that partly encircles Kampala, Uganda's capital city. The town of Wakiso is the site of the district headquarters. Kira, the country's second largest city and suburb of Kampala, is in the district. Location Wakiso District lies in the Central Region of the country, bordering Nakaseke District and Luweero District to the north, Mukono District to the east, Kalangala District in Lake Victoria to the south, Mpigi District to the southwest and Mityana District to the northwest. Wakiso, where the district headquarters are located, lies approximately northwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in the country. The coordinates of the district are:00 24N, 32 29E. Demographics In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 562,887. According to the 2002 national census figures, Wakiso District had a population of 907,988, making it the second-most populated district in the country. At that time, 53 percent of the population were children below the age of 18 years and 17 percent of the population were orphans. The national census and household survey of 2014 enumerated 1,997,418 people in the district. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), estimated the total population in the district, as of mid-year 2020 at 2,915,000. UBOS also calculated that the district population increased at an average annual rate of 6.7 percent, between 2014 and 2020. Administrative units Wakiso District is made up of two counties and a municipality: Kyadondo County, Busiro County. Entebbe City was split off and granted city status in 2020. The district is further subdivided into the following administrative units: Busukuma Gombe Kakiri Town Katabi Kasanje Kira Town Ssabagabo Masuliita Nabweru Namayumba Nangabo (includes Gayaza and Kasangati) Nansana Town Nsangi Ssisa Wakiso Town The district headquarters are located in Wakiso Town, approximately northwest of Kampala on the highway to Hoima. Wakiso District has a total area of . District leadership The leadership is entrusted in the District Executive Council, composed of: District Chairman District Vice Chairman District Secretary for Finance District Secretary for Production & Natural Resources District Secretary for Works & Technical Services District secretary Gender Resident District Commissioner Deputy Resident District Commissioner Tourist attractions The tourist attractions in the district include: Buganda Cultural Sites and Kabaka's Palaces Old Entebbe Town Entebbe Botanical Gardens Uganda Wildlife Education Center (UWEC) - Entebbe Entebbe International Airport State House - Entebbe (the Official Residence of the President of Uganda) Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary on Lake Victoria - Sanctuary for chimpanzees Bulago Resort Island Lake Victoria - the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world Uganda Martyrs Basilica - Namugongo Mandela National Stadium - Namboole See also Districts of Uganda Lake Victoria References External links Wakiso District Profile at Ugandatravelguide.com Bulago Island Homepage Ngamba Island Homepage Google Map of the Wakiso District Districts of Uganda Central Region, Uganda Lake Victoria\",\n \"title\": \"Wakiso District\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49263\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Baringo is, after Lake Turkana, the most northern of the Kenyan Rift Valley lakes, with a surface area of and an elevation of . The lake is fed by several rivers: the Molo, Perkerra and Ol Arabel. It has no obvious outlet; the waters are assumed to seep through lake sediments into the faulted volcanic bedrock. It is one of the two freshwater lakes in the Rift Valley in Kenya, the other being Lake Naivasha. The lake is in a remote hot and dusty area with over 470 species of birds, occasionally including migrating flamingos. A Goliath heronry is located on a rocky islet in the lake known as Gibraltar. The existence of Lake Baringo was first reported in Europe by Ludwig Krapf and J. Rebmann, German missionaries stationed at Mombasa, about 1850; in J. H. Speke’s map of the Nile sources (1863) Baringo is confused with Kavirondo Gulf of Victoria Nyanza; it figures in Sir H. M. Stanley’s map (1877) as a large sheet of water N.E. of Victoria Nyanza. Joseph Thomson, in his journey through the Masai country in 1883, was the European to see the lake and to correct the exaggerated notions as to its size. Native tradition, however, asserts that the lake formerly covered a much larger area. Description The lake is part of the East African Rift system. The Tugen Hills, an uplifted fault block of volcanic and metamorphic rocks, lies west of the lake. The Laikipia Escarpment lies to the east. Water flows into the lake from the Mau Hills and Tugen Hills. It is a critical habitat and refuge for more than 500 species of birds and fauna, some of the migratory waterbird species being significant regionally and globally. The lake also provides a habitat for seven fresh water fish species. One, Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (a Nile tilapia subspecies), is endemic to the lake. Lake fishing is important to local social and economic development. Additionally the area is a habitat for many species of animals including the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and many other mammals, amphibians, reptiles and the invertebrate communities. While stocks of Nile tilapia in the lake are now low, the decline of this species has been mirrored by the success of another, the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) which was introduced to the lake in 1974 and which now provides the majority of fish from the lake. Water levels have been reduced by droughts and over-irrigation. The lake is commonly turbid with sediment, partly due to intense soil erosion in the catchment area, especially on the Loboi Plain south of the lake. A characteristic of the country in the neighbourhood of the lake are the “hills” of the termites (white ants). They are hollow columns 10 to 12 ft. high and from 1 ft. to 18 in. broad. The greater kudu, almost unknown elsewhere in East Africa, inhabits the flanks of the Laikipia escarpment to the east of the lake and comes to the foot-hills around Baringo\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Baringo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31543776\",\n \"text\": \"River Kafu is a river in Uganda, in East Africa. On some older maps, the river is labelled as River Kabi. Location The Kafu River is located in the western part of Uganda. It starts from a swamp approximately , northeast of the village of Kitoma, in Kibaale District, Western Uganda. It flows eastwards at first, then it turns north, to empty into the Victoria Nile, approximately , upstream of the town of Masindi Port, in Masindi District, also in Western Uganda. The source of River Kafu is located near Kitoma, with coordinates: Latitude:1.1500; Longitude:31.0820. River Kafu enters the Victoria Nile near Masindi Port, with coordinates: Latitude:1.6475; Longitude:32.0945. On its course eastwards, northeastwards and northwards, the river traverses or forms the borders of the following districts : Kibaale District, Hoima District, Kyankwanzi District, Nakaseke District, Nakasongola District and Masindi District. Overview The swamp, out of which River Kafu arises, is also transversed by another river system called River Nkusi. River Nkusi however, arises elsewhere and passes through the said swamp and flows westwards to empty into Lake Albert, along the International border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At its source, River Kafu is an altitude of approximately . At its point of entry into River Nile, the altitude is approximately . The length of River Kafu is approximately , from source to end. External links Rivers and Lakes of Uganda See also Lake Albert Victoria Nile Masindi Port References Kafu Kibaale District Hoima District Kyankwanzi District Nakaseke District Nakasongola District Masindi District\",\n \"title\": \"River Kafu\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"199885\",\n \"text\": \"The White Nile ( ) is a river in Africa, the minor of the two main tributaries of the Nile, the larger being the Blue Nile. The name \\\"White\\\" comes from the clay sediment carried in the water that changes the water to a pale color. In the strict meaning, \\\"White Nile\\\" refers to the river formed at Lake No, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers. In the wider sense, \\\"White Nile\\\" refers to all the stretches of river draining from Lake Victoria through to the merger with the Blue Nile: the \\\"Victoria Nile\\\" from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, then the \\\"Albert Nile\\\" to the South Sudan border, and then the \\\"Mountain Nile\\\" or \\\"Bahr-al-Jabal\\\" down to Lake No. \\\"White Nile\\\" may sometimes include the headwaters of Lake Victoria, the most remote of which being from the Blue Nile. The 19th-century search by Europeans for the source of the Nile was mainly focused on the White Nile, which disappeared into the depths of what was then known as \\\"Darkest Africa\\\". Course Headwaters The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba, is the longest feeder river for Lake Victoria, although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera, and hence the most distant source of the Nile. The source of the Nile can be considered to be either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi (near Bukirasaz), or the Nyabarongo, which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda. These two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the border between Rwanda and Tanzania. These waterfalls are known for an event on 28–29 April 1994, when 250,000 Rwandans crossed the bridge at Rusumo Falls into Ngara, Tanzania, in 24 hours, in what the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees called \\\"the largest and fastest refugee exodus in modern times\\\". The Kagera forms part of the Rwanda–Tanzania and Tanzania–Uganda borders before flowing into Lake Victoria. In Uganda The White Nile in Uganda goes under the name of \\\"Victoria Nile\\\" from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, and then as the \\\"Albert Nile\\\" from there to the border with South Sudan. Victoria Nile The Victoria Nile starts at the outlet of Lake Victoria, at Jinja, Uganda, on the northern shore of the lake. Downstream from the Nalubaale Power Station and the Kiira Power Station at the outlet of the lake, the river goes over Bujagali Falls (the location of the Bujagali Power Station) about downstream from Jinja. The river then flows northwest through Uganda to Lake Kyoga in the centre of the country, thence west to Lake Albert. At Karuma Falls, the river flows under Karuma Bridge () at the southeastern corner of Murchison Falls National Park. During much of the insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army, Karuma Bridge, built in 1963 to help the cotton industry, was the key stop on the way to Gulu, where vehicles gathered in\",\n \"title\": \"White Nile\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49944152\",\n \"text\": \"The emblem of the East African Community is the emblem used since 2008 by the East African Community, an intergovernmental organisation composed of seven countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa. Description The emblem features a map of Lake Victoria with the member states Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda around it. This is surrounded by an industrial wheel with a leave arch on either side with the letters 'EAC' at the top. At the bottom of the emblem is a pictogram of a handshake. Below this is written in Kiswahili is \\\"Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki\\\" which translates as 'East African Community'. The colours used on the emblem are the same as those used on the flag of the East African Community which also features the emblem in its centre. History The first version of the emblem was adopted in 2003 by the Community Emblem Act, 2003 when the Community only consisted of three members: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. In 2007 the Community expanded to include Burundi and Rwanda. In 2008 to take into account this expansion of membership the Community Emblems (Amendment) Act, 2008 was passed, which modified the emblem to include Burundi and Rwanda. Despite South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Somalia having joined the Community in 2016, 2022 and 2023 respectively, the emblem has not been modified to include them on the map. References Emblem\",\n \"title\": \"Emblem of the East African Community\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"510121\",\n \"text\": \"The Uganda Railway was a metre-gauge railway system and former British state-owned railway company. The line linked the interiors of Uganda and Kenya with the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa in Kenya. After a series of mergers and splits, the line is now in the hands of the Kenya Railways Corporation and the Uganda Railways Corporation. Construction Background Before the railway's construction, the Imperial British East Africa Company had begun the Mackinnon-Sclater road, a ox-cart track from Mombasa to Busia in Kenya, in 1890. In July 1890, Britain was party to a series of anti-slavery measures agreed at the Brussels Conference Act of 1890. In December 1890, a letter from the Foreign Office to the treasury proposed constructing a railway from Mombasa to Uganda to disrupt the traffic of slaves from its source in the interior to the coast. With steam-powered access to Uganda, the British could transport people and soldiers to ensure dominance of the African Great Lakes region. In December 1891 Captain James Macdonald began an extensive survey which lasted until November 1892. At the time there was only one caravan route across the length of the country, forcing Macdonald and his party to march across unknown routes with limited supplies of water or food. The survey led to the first general map of the region. The Uganda Railway was named after its ultimate destination, for its entire original length actually lay in what would become Kenya. Construction began at the port city of Mombasa in British East Africa in 1896 and finished at the line's terminus, Kisumu, on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria, in 1901. Engineering The railway is gauge and virtually all single-track with passing loops at stations. 200,000 individual rail-lengths and 1.2 million sleepers, 200,000 fish-plates, 400,000 fish-bolts and 4.8 million steel keys plus steel girders for viaducts and causeways had to be imported from India, necessitating the creation of a modern port at Kilindini Harbour in Mombasa. The railway was a huge logistical achievement and became strategically and economically vital for both Uganda and Kenya. It helped to suppress slavery, by removing the need for humans in the transport of goods. Management In August 1895, a bill was introduced at Westminster, becoming the Uganda Railway Act 1896, which authorised the construction of a railway from Mombasa to the shores of Lake Victoria. The man tasked with building the railway was George Whitehouse, an experienced civil engineer who had worked across the British Empire. Whitehouse acted as the Chief Engineer between 1895 and 1903, also serving as the railway's manager from its opening in 1901. The consulting engineers were Sir Alexander Rendel of Sir A. Rendel & Son and Frederick Ewart Robertson. Workers Nearly all the workers involved on the construction of the line came from British India. An agent was appointed in Karachi responsible for recruiting coolies, artisans and subordinate officers and a branch office was located in Lahore, the principal recruiting centre. Workers were sourced from villages in the Punjab and sent\",\n \"title\": \"Uganda Railway\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28451951\",\n \"text\": \"Gurdwara Makindu Sahib (Sikh Temple Makindu) is located about 104 miles (170km) from Nairobi on the main Nairobi to Mombasa Road. It was built in 1926 by the Sikhs who were working on the construction of the Uganda railway line from the coast (Mombasa) inland to Lake Victoria and beyond to Uganda. Background Set in the forest off the main road, the complex houses a dining facility which provides free langar 24 hours a day. Rooms with beds - several with attached bathrooms - are available for tourists to stay for up to two nights. History Although the Sikh Temple Makindu was built in 1926, its roots are believed to have been present way before then. When the Uganda Railway was completed in 1902 at Port Florence (which is now Kisumu, Kenya), Makindu played a prominent role as a service point on the railway's advance from Mombasa. Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims would gather together in the evenings and sing the praises of God. They did so under a tree, the spot where the current Gurdwara now stands. It is also believed that the Gurdwara was funded by non-Sikhs along with Sikhs. In the years before 1926, the Gurdwara was a tin-roof little hut where the Sikhs used to pray everyday, and the Guru, Guru Granth Sahib was housed there. But when the Railway moved on from Makindu, the service point went into disuse and became unimportant. Sikh devotees who passed along the Gurdwara would leave offerings of money by dropping it through the locked Gurdwara's window. Now the Makindu Sikh Temple is the first and the second biggest after Kericho Sikh Temple and the most famous in East Africa. See also Gurdwara Langar Makindu Mombasa Nairobi References External links Aerial view via satellite - Google maps Gurdwaras in Africa Indian-Kenyan culture Religious buildings and structures in Kenya\",\n \"title\": \"Sikh Temple Makindu, Makindu\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30862704\",\n \"text\": \"The Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) is a state-owned enterprise that runs one of Tanzania's two main railway networks. the Headquarters are located in Mchafukoge, Ilala District, Dar es Salaam Region. When the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation was dissolved in 1977 and its assets divided between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, TRC was formed to take over its operations in Tanzania. In 1997 the inland shipping division became a separate company. MGR In November 2021, TRC received the three modern locomotives (H10 series) worth Sh22 billion to strengthen their Metre-gauge railway (MGR) line, ordered from Malaysia. Rail network TRC's gauge is and the length about . Two east–west lines linking the coast and the hinterland were built under colonial rule as German East Africa: the Central Line runs from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma, and the Tanga Line from Tanga to Arusha. A north-south connection, from Korogwe to Ruvu, links the two lines. The main line runs to Lake Victoria where a connection operates via Lake Victoria train ferries with the Uganda Railway and Kenya Railways. From the Tanga line a line to Kenya is disused. There is a break-of-gauge at Dar es Salaam to the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) line to Zambia. A second link is at Kidatu, where the TAZARA line meets the Kidatu branch. Former Marine Division TRC inherited ferry and cargo ship services on Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa and some ships on Lake Victoria. TRC introduced on Lake Victoria in about 1979, on Lake Tanganyika in 1982 and passenger and cargo ship on Lake Victoria in 1988. On 21 May 1996 Bukoba sank in of water about off Mwanza. She had many more passengers aboard than she was certified to carry and at least 800 people were killed. After the disaster criminal charges were brought against nine TRC officials including Bukoba'''s master and the manager of the Marine Division. In 1997 the Marine Division became a separate company, Marine Services Company Limited. Rail accidents On 24 June 2002 the Igandu train disaster killed 281 people, the second highest number of deaths in a train disaster in Africa (the highest being the Awash rail disaster). Privatisation, re-nationalization and recent plans In 2007 RITES Ltd of India won a contract from the Parastatal Sector Reform Commission (PSRC) to operate passenger and freight trains on a concession basis for 25 years. The concession agreement was signed on 3 September 2007, to begin on 1 October 2007. The railway will be run as Tanzania Railway Ltd, with the government owning a 49% stake. There were moves to abandon the contract \\\"due in part, to the fact that the Indian investor failed to pay over USD 6 million in concession fees to the Tanzania government in 2008\\\" but RITES officials countered noting that the contract \\\"misled Rites officials by indicating that the Railway Assets Holding Company (Rahco) was in possession of 92 working locomotives when, in actuality, only 55 existed\\\"''. In 2010, the government terminated the contract and resumed control.\",\n \"title\": \"Tanzania Railways Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44318956\",\n \"text\": \"There are two major sources of fish in Uganda; one is from aquaculture, the other from fishing in rivers and lakes. Different types of fish flourish in different water sources. The waters of Uganda contain an impressive array of fish species—over 90 in all. This count does not include the Haplochromis complex, which itself is made up of more than 200 species. Fish that are the target of most commercial and subsistence exploitation include species like Nile perch (Lates niloticus), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Pebbly Fish or Silversides (Alestes baremoze), Bagrus Catfish (Bagrus), Clarias Catfish (Clarias), Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus), the Silver Cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea), Lungfish (Protopterus), and the Haplochromines (Haplochromis). Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) are the most common fish species in Uganda. Other fish types include spat, cat fish, silver fish. Nile Perch The Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) is locally known as \\\"Empuuta\\\", especially in the central region. It weighs up to 80 kilograms. In Uganda, it is a native species to Lake Albert where it is locally known as Gur, and the River Nile below Murchison Falls. It was introduced into Lakes Kyoga and Victoria basins in the mid-1950s, but its presence in Lake Victoria was first noted in 1960. Although 'the Nile Perch was introduced into Lake Victoria in the early 1960s, it took more than 10 years to get fully established in the new ecosystem. Singida Tilapia The Singida Tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus) is locally known as \\\"Ngege\\\". It is a critically endangered species of cichlid endemic to the Lake Victoria basin, including some of its satellite lakes such as Lake Kyoga. Its common name refers to Lake Singida, but this population is the result of an introduction that happened in the 1950s. It is among the oldest types of fish in Uganda. Due to the introduced predatory Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and the highly competitive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), it has become very rare. Nile Tilapia The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and the Levante area (Lowe-McConnell, 1988). Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range. The Nile Tilapia reaches up to 60 cm in length, and can exceed 5 kg. Semutundu Catfish The Semutundu Catfish (Bagrus docmak) is locally known as \\\"Semutundu\\\" and a species of the bagrid catfishes, i.e. the genus Bagrus. In Uganda, it is widely distributed in the Rift Valley Lakes Edward, George, Albert, Victoria and the Nile system. It is grey-black above, creamy white below. It lives in both shallow and deep water. It feeds on insects, crustaceans, mollusks and fish. Takes any live or dead bait fished on or near the bottom. Silver Cyprinid The Silver Cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea), also known as the Lake Victoria Sardine, is locally known as \\\"Mukene\\\". It is a small species of pelagic, freshwater ray-finned fish in the carp family (Cyprinidae) from East Africa, and can grow to a length of . Marbled Lungfish The Marbled Lungfish\",\n \"title\": \"Types of fish in Uganda\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1821120\",\n \"text\": \"The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) is a defunct company that operated railways and harbours in East Africa from 1948 to 1977. It was formed in 1948 for the new East African High Commission by merging the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours with the Tanganyika Railway of the Tanganyika Territory. As well as running railways and harbours in the three territories it ran inland shipping services on Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, the Victoria Nile and the Albert Nile. Railways The Malayan Railway sold the EAR&H eight metre gauge USATC S118 Class steam locomotives in 1948, and another eight in 1949. The EAR&H converted them to oil burners and numbered them 2701–2716, making them the 27 class and allocating them to its Tabora Depot on its Tanganyika section. They entered service in 1949 and 1950, working the lines to Mwanza, Kigoma and Mpanda where their light axle loading was an advantage and their high firebox enabled them to run through seasonal flooding on the Kigoma and Mpanda branches. EAR&H built further S118 from spare parts in 1953 and numbered it 2717. The EAR&H withdrew them from service in about 1965, and they were moved to Dar es Salaam for scrapping in 1966. In 1955 and 1956, the EAR&H introduced new and much more powerful steam locomotives for its Kenya and Uganda network: the 59 class Garratt locomotives. These were the mainstay of the section's heaviest traffic between Mombasa and Nairobi until they started to be withdrawn from service between 1973 and 1980. The EAR&H extended the Uganda Railway from Kampala to the copper mines at Kasese in 1956. In 1962, it completed the northern Uganda railway from Soroti to Pakwach and from there to Arua in 1964, thus superseding the Victoria Nile steamer service. International ferries Proposed ferries from East Africa Harbour (E.A.H): Lagos Cairo Canada (Int. Oveaseas) Inland ferries In 1961, the EAR&H introduced the new Lake Victoria ferry RMS Victoria. This faster vessel doubled the speed of the circular service around the lake, allowing EAR&H to increase sailings from once to twice a week. Elizabeth II designated her a Royal Mail Ship, making it the only EAR&H ship to receive this distinction. In 1965 and 1966, the EAR&H introduced a train ferry service across Lake Victoria with the and . In 1967, the EAR&H made harbour improvements at Kisumu on the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria by scuttling the disused ferry to form a breakwater. Dissolution In 1977, the High Commission's successor, the East African Community, was dissolved and EAR&H's rail network was broken up into three national railways: Kenya Railways Corporation, Tanzania Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation. In Culture Kenyan-born singer Roger Whittaker wrote and recorded the song The Good Old EAR&H in about 1982, after a return visit to Kenya. See also Central Line (Tanzania) Rift Valley Railways Consortium Uganda Railway East African Railway Master Plan References Further reading External links Malcolm McCrow's EAR web site Flags of the EAR&HC Archive\",\n \"title\": \"East African Railways and Harbours Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72979\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth-largest continental lake, containing about of water. Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa. The lake has an average depth of and a maximum depth of . Its catchment area covers . The lake has a shoreline of when digitized at the 1:25,000 level, with islands constituting 3.7% of this length. The lake's area is divided among three countries: Tanzania occupies 49% (), Uganda 45% (), and Kenya 6% (). Though having multiple local language names (; ; ; ), the lake was renamed after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, the first Briton to document it in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton. The lake is home to many species of fish which live nowhere else, especially cichlids. Invasive fish, such as the Nile perch, have driven many endemic species to extinction. Geology Geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young at about 400,000 years old. It was formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During the Miocene era, what is now the catchment area of the lake was on the western side of an uplifted area that functioned as a continental divide, with streams on the western side flowing into the Congo River basin and streams on the eastern side flowing to the Indian Ocean. As the East African Rift System formed, the eastern wall of the Albertine Rift (or Western Rift) rose, gradually reversing the drainage towards what is now Lake Victoria. The opening of the main East African Rift and the Albertine Rift down warped the area between them as the rift walls rose, creating the current Lake Victoria basin. During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, through to what may have been a series of much smaller lakes. Geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally. Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago as the African humid period began. Hydrology and limnology Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall. Average evaporation on the lake is between per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. Lake Victoria receives its water additionally from rivers, and thousands of small streams. The Kagera River is the largest river flowing into this lake, with its mouth on the lake's western shore. Lake Victoria is drained solely by the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, on the lake's northern shore. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Victoria\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34820883\",\n \"text\": \"Water hyacinth has become a major invasive plant species in Lake Victoria and while it is native to the continent of South America, human activity has introduced the greenery to Lake Victoria, where it is claimed to have negatively affected local ecosystems. History The exact time and place of introduction has been debated, but the plant is native to South America so it appears to have reached Lake Victoria due to human activity. As its flowers are reputed for their beauty, it might have been brought over as an ornamental for garden ponds by Belgian colonists in Rwanda and Burundi. The consensus is that water hyacinth entered Lake Victoria from Rwanda via the river Kagera, probably in the 1980s. The hyacinth has since spread prolifically, due to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of space, agreeable temperature conditions, and abundant nutrients, including increasing heavy metal pollution in the lake. Water hyacinths increased rapidly between 1992–1998, were greatly reduced by 2001, and have since resurged to a lesser degree. Management techniques include (hyacinth-eating) insect controls and manual beach cleanup efforts. A water hyacinth infestation is seldom totally eradicated. Instead, it is a situation that must be continually managed. Development Water hyacinth affects the Lake Victorian population in many negative ways. There are economic impacts when the weed blocks boat access. The effects on transportation and fishing are immediately felt. Where the weed is prolific, there is a general increase in several diseases, as the weed creates excellent breeding areas for mosquitoes and other insects. There are increased incidents of skin rash, cough, malaria, encephalitis, gastro-intestinal disorders, and bilharzia/schistosomiasis. Water hyacinth also interferes with water treatment, irrigation, and water supply. It can smother aquatic life by deoxygenating the water, and it reduces nutrients for young fish in sheltered bays. It has blocked supply intakes for the hydroelectric plant, interrupting electrical power for entire cities. The weed also interrupts local subsistence fishing, blocking access to the beaches. There are also indications that water hyacinths can provide benefits to the Lake Victoria Region. Water hyacinths have been planted in an attempt to purify eutrophicated water. Once established, the plants can be harvested and used for biogas production, fertilizer, and other things. In 2018 two biogas digesters were installed in the village of Dunga in Kenya, with many more slated to be installed in Kenya. References Environment of Africa Lake Victoria Pontederiaceae Invasive plant species by region\",\n \"title\": \"Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73354870\",\n \"text\": \"African pluvial periods are an obsolete system of climatic periods previously used by paleontologists working in East Africa. Background The sedimentary deposits left by ancient lakes in East Africa had enabled Louis Leakey and post-war paleontologists to define major climatic periods considered wet, interspersed with drier periods. Of progressively decreasing durations, they each bore the name of the site where the first clues had been collected: Kageran (Kagera), Kamasian, Kanjeran (Kanjera) and Gamblian. Paleontologists believed that the quasi-arid zones then became wooded savannahs where animals and prehistoric hunter-gatherers could thrive. Chronology These ancient climatic periods were only very approximately dated: Kageran: Calabrian (Early Pleistocene) The Kageran takes its name from the Kagera River, which flows through Rwanda and northwestern Tanzania before flowing into Lake Victoria. Kamasian: Early Middle or Central Pleistocene; the Kamasian was more or less related to the Mindel glaciation Kamasian is a district of Kenya located in the Great Rift Valley. Kanjeran: Late Middle Pleistocene; the Kanjerian was more or less related to the Riss glaciation Kanjera is a site in Kenya located on the shores of Lake Victoria. Gamblian: Late Pleistocene; the Gamblian was more or less related to the Würm glaciation The term Gamblian was introduced by Louis Leakey in the 1930s. New climatic division These ancient climatic periods have been gradually replaced in the scientific literature by the isotopic chronology in force since the end of the 20th century, which defines the alternation of glacial and interglacial periods on a global scale. Interglacial periods are warmer and, therefore, wetter on average than ice ages. The latter, however, themselves experience alternations of more or less heavy rainfall, but at a much faster rate (on a geological scale) than what had originally been imagined for East Africa. See also Interglacial Sahara pump theory Abbassia Pluvial Mousterian Pluvial References Bibliography Climate of Africa Paleoclimatology Pleistocene\",\n \"title\": \"African pluvial periods\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51293730\",\n \"text\": \"Mainland Tanzania refers to the part of Tanzania on the continent of Africa; excluding the islands of Zanzibar. It corresponds with the area of the former country of Tanganyika. 26 of Tanzania's 31 regions are located on the mainland. Geography Northeast Tanzania exhibits a mountainous terrain and includes Mount Meru, an active volcano, Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano, and the Usambara and Pare mountain ranges. Kilimanjaro attracts thousands of tourists each year. West of those mountains is the Gregory Rift, which is the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. On the floor of the rift are a number of large salt lakes, including Natron in the north, Manyara in the south, and Eyasi in the southwest. The rift also encompasses the Crater Highlands, which includes the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Ngorongoro Crater. Just to the south of Lake Natron is Ol Doinyo Lengai with an elevation of , the world's only active volcano to produce natrocarbonatite lava. To the west of the Crater Highlands lies Serengeti National Park, which is famous for its lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and buffalo plus the annual migration of millions of white bearded wildebeest. Just to the southeast of the park is Olduvai Gorge, where many of the oldest hominid fossils and artifacts have been found. Further northwest is Lake Victoria on the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by surface area and is traditionally named as the source of the Nile River. Southwest of this, separating Tanzania from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is Lake Tanganyika. This lake is estimated to be the second deepest lake in the world after Lake Baikal in Siberia. The western portion of the country between Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi consists of flat land that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion. Just upstream from the Kalambo Falls, there is one of the most important archaeological sites in Africa. Tanzania's Southern Highlands are in the southwestern part of the country, around the northern end of Lake Malawi. Mbeya is the largest city in the Southern Highlands. The centre of Tanzania is a large plateau, which is part of the East African Plateau. The southern half of this plateau is grassland within the Eastern miombo woodlands ecoregion, the majority of which is covered by the huge Selous National Park. Further north the plateau is arable land and includes the national capital, Dodoma. The eastern coast contains Tanzania's largest city and former capital, Dar es Salaam. Just north of this city lies the Zanzibar Archipelago, a semi-autonomous territory of Tanzania which is famous for its spices. The coast is home to areas of East African mangroves, mangrove swamps that are an important habitat for wildlife on land and in the water. History Tanganyika Tanganyika as a geographical and political entity did not take shape before the period of High Imperialism; its name only came into use after German East Africa was transferred to the\",\n \"title\": \"Mainland Tanzania\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1255221\",\n \"text\": \"Mountains of the Moon (Latin: Montes Lunae; , or Jibbel el Kumri) is a legendary mountain or mountain range in east Africa at the source of the Nile River. Various identifications have been made in modern times, the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo being the most celebrated. Ancient testimony People of the ancient world were long curious about the source of the Nile, especially ancient Greek geographers. A number of expeditions up the Nile failed to find the source. Eventually, a merchant named Diogenes reported that he had traveled inland from Rhapta in East Africa for twenty-five days and had found the source of the Nile. He reported that it flowed from a group of massive mountains into a series of large lakes. He reported the natives called this range the Mountains of the Moon because of their snowcapped whiteness. These reports were accepted as true by most Greek and Roman geographers, most notably by Ptolemy, who produced maps that indicated the reported location of the mountains. Late Arab geographers, despite having far more knowledge of Africa, also presumed the report was fact, and included the mountains in the same location given by Ptolemy. Modern identifications It was not until modern times that Europeans resumed their search for the source of the Nile. The Scottish explorer James Bruce, who travelled to Gojjam, Ethiopia, in 1770, investigated the source of the Blue Nile there. He identified the \\\"Mountains of the Moon\\\" with Mount Amedamit, which he described surrounded the source of the Lesser Abay \\\"in two semi-circles like a new moon ... and seem, by their shape, to deserve the name of mountains of the moon, such as was given by antiquity to mountains in the neighborhood of which the Nile was supposed to rise\\\". James Grant and John Speke in 1862 sought the source of the White Nile in the Great Lakes region. Henry Morton Stanley finally found glacier-capped mountains possibly fitting Diogenes's description in 1889 (they had eluded European explorers for so long due to often being shrouded in mist). Today known as the Rwenzori Mountains, the peaks are the source of some of the Nile's waters, but only a small fraction, and Diogenes would have crossed the Victoria Nile to reach them. Many modern scholars doubt that these were the Mountains of the Moon described by Diogenes, some holding that his reports were wholly fabricated. G.W.B. Huntingford suggested in 1940 that the Mountain of the Moon should be identified with Mount Kilimanjaro (despite Kilimanjaro being a solitary mountain rather than a mountain range and not feeding the Nile at all), and \\\"was subsequently ridiculed in J. Oliver Thompson's History of Ancient Geography published in 1948\\\". Huntingford later noted that he was not alone in this theory, citing Sir Harry Johnston in 1911 and Dr. Gervase Mathew later in 1963 having made the same identification. O. G. S. Crawford identified this range with the Mount Abuna Yosef area in the Amhara Region of\",\n \"title\": \"Mountains of the Moon (Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"88837\",\n \"text\": \"The Nile perch (Lates niloticus), also known as the African snook, Goliath perch, African barramundi, Goliath barramundi, Giant lates or the Victoria perch, is a species of freshwater fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. It is widespread throughout much of the Afrotropical realm, being native to the Congo, Nile, Senegal, Niger and Lake Chad, Volta, Lake Turkana, and other river basins. It also occurs in the brackish waters of Lake Maryut in Egypt. The Nile perch is a fish of substantial economic and food-security importance in East Africa. Originally described as Labrus niloticus, among the marine wrasses, the species has also been referred to as Centropomus niloticus. Common names include African snook, Victoria perch (a misleading trade name, as the species is not native to Lake Victoria, though they have been introduced there), and many local names in various African languages, such as the Luo name mbuta or mputa. In Tanzania, it is called sangara, sankara, or chenku. In Francophone African countries, it is known as capitaine. Its name in the Hausa language is giwan ruwa, meaning \\\"water elephant\\\". Description L. niloticus is silver in color with a blue tinge. It has distinctive dark-black eyes, with a bright-yellow outer ring. One of the largest freshwater fishes, it reaches a maximum length of nearly , weighing up to . Mature fish typically range from , although many fish are caught before they can grow this large. Adult Nile perch occupy all habitats of a lake with sufficient oxygen concentrations, while juveniles are restricted to shallow or nearshore environments. A fierce predator that dominates its surroundings, the Nile perch feeds on fish (including its own species), crustaceans, molluscs, and insects; the juveniles also feed on zooplankton. Nile perch use schooling as a mechanism to protect themselves from other predators. Invasive species Nile perch have been introduced to many other lakes in Africa, including Lake Victoria and the artificial Lake Nasser. The World Conservation Union's Invasive Species Specialist Group considers L. niloticus one of the world's 100 worst invasive species. The state of Queensland in Australia levies heavy fines on anyone found in possession of a living Nile perch, since it competes directly with the native barramundi, which is similar and grows to long, while the Nile perch grows to long. The species is of great commercial importance as a food fish. The Nile perch is also popular with sport anglers, as it attacks artificial fishing lures, and it is also raised in aquaculture. Lake Victoria introduction The introduction of this species to Lake Victoria is one of the most cited examples of the negative effects alien species can have on ecosystems. The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa in the 1950s, and has since been fished commercially. In 2003, Nile perch sales to the EU reached 169 million euros. Sport-fishing in the region of Uganda and Tanzania provided additional income from tourism. Its introduction was ecologically disruptive and is attributed with causing the extinction or near-extinction of\",\n \"title\": \"Nile perch\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12185148\",\n \"text\": \"The silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) also known as the Lake Victoria sardine, mukene, and omena (native language), dagaa (Swahili) is a species of pelagic, freshwater ray-finned fish in the carp family, Cyprinidae from East Africa. It is the only member of the genus Rastrineobola. Description A small silvery fish which has a strongly compressed body covered in large scales with a pearlescent sheen and a yellow tail, and can grow to a length of . The lateral line is below the midpoint of the body and runs to the lower part of the caudal peduncle. The cheek is covered by delicate suborbital bones. Distribution The silver cyprinid is known from the drainage basins of Lake Kyoga, Lake Nabugabo and the Victoria Nile that are located in Uganda, and Lake Victoria that is shared by Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Biology The silver cyprinid has a lake-wide distribution covering both inshore and offshore in Lake Victoria. It normally occurs between in depth, although both eggs and fry can be encountered as deep as . The adult fish stay close to the bottom in daytime and rise up towards the surface at night. The juvenile fish move away from the shore where they spend their larval stage in shallow water. In Lake Kyoga this species is found in open water apparently avoiding the water-lily swamps and it is normally caught in turbulent areas of the Victoria Nile. Its diet consists mainly of zooplankton and insects caught on the water surface. It is predated on by birds and the catfish Schilbe mystus, Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus docmak. It is thought that spawning occurs inshore and a mature female may have an estimated fecundity of >1,000 eggs. The eggs are planktonic. The silver cyprinid breeds throughout the year with two peaks, the first in August and the second in December-January. It is fast growing and reaches sexual maturity at ages which vary from 16 to 25 months. The silver cyprinid is parasitized by the fish cestode Ligula intestinalis and this parasite causes changes in the adult fishes behaviour in that they remain with the juveniles on the surface and undertake horizontal movements to and from the shores. In the mid-morning the parasitised fish have a tendency to move towards the shoreline, especially where there are sandy beaches, to search for food. The juveniles feed on zooplankton such as copepods and young stages of planktonic chironomids while the parasitised adults prefer insect larvae and shore dwelling adult insects such as corixid bugs. After nightfall the surface dwelling parasitised fish mix with the health adults when they move up the water column to top waters of the lake. The silver cyprinid is the only native fish species which has remained abundant in Lake Victoria since the introduction of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to the lake. These two species have almost wiped out the ende zooplankton eating haplochromine cichlids thus reducing competition for this species. Fishery Dagaa/mukene/omena is an important fish for\",\n \"title\": \"Silver cyprinid\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"341943\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Albert, originally known as Lake Mwitanzige by the Banyoro, Nam Ovoyo Bonyo by the Alur, and temporarily as Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, is a lake located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is Africa's seventh-largest lake, as well as the second biggest of Uganda's Great Lakes. Geography Lake Albert is located on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the northernmost of the chain of lakes in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift. It is about long and across at its widest, with a maximum depth of , and a surface elevation of above sea level. Lake Albert is part of the complicated system of the upper Nile. Its main sources are the White Nile, ultimately coming from Lake Victoria to the southeast, and the Semliki River, which issues from Lake Edward to the southwest. The water of the Victoria Nile is much less saline than that of Lake Albert. The lake's outlet, at its northernmost tip, is the Albert Nile section of the White Nile. The river later becomes known as the Mountain Nile when its course enters South Sudan. At the southern end of the lake, where the Semliki comes in, there are swamps. The Rwenzori Mountains are to the south of the lake and to the northwest, the Blue Mountains. The few settlements along the shore include Butiaba and Pakwach. Water characteristics Unlike the very deep Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Kivu, Lake Albert's water temperature is relatively stable throughout, typically around , and even its deeper sections contain oxygen. The water has a pH of around or just below 9 and an electric conductivity of around 720–780 μS/cm. These are both very high for a freshwater lake but nevertheless lower than Lake Edward. Animals Lake Albert is home to many aquatic and semi-aquatic animals, including the river hippopotamus, Ugandan kob, red as well as Nile lechwe, Nile crocodile, Nile monitor lizard, African softshell turtle, Central African mud turtle, and Williams' mud turtle. Also present is the giant African bullfrog and the rock python, which can be observed warming themselves on smooth rocks near the water’s edge. A number of terrestrial (but water-loving) snakes, lizards, and amphibians reside at the lake. Water birds are numerous, and include pink-backed pelican, goliath heron, white-faced whistling duck, African fish eagle, wattled plover, and greater flamingo. Several stork species are commonly seen patrolling the shallow areas; the saddle-billed, yellow-billed, open-billed, Hamerkop (hammerhead), European white, and the rare shoebill storks all frequent the lakeshore and shallows, and roost in surrounding tall trees. Fish and fishing There are 55 fish species in Lake Albert. After Nile crocodiles and larger carnivorous birds, the largest predator in the lake is the Nile perch (native; unlike in other Rift Valley lakes where it’s introduced & invasive), as well as the fearsome-looking elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, and the electric catfish. Additionally, there are a number of air-breathing marbled lungfish, reedfish,\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Albert (Africa)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"297696\",\n \"text\": \"Entebbe is a city in Central Uganda which is located on Lake Victoria peninsula, approximately southwest of the Ugandan capital city, Kampala. Entebbe was once the seat of government for the Protectorate of Uganda prior to independence, in 1962. The city is the location of Entebbe International Airport, Uganda's largest commercial and military airport, which gained worldwide attention in 1976 Israeli rescue of 100 hostages kidnapped by the militant group of the PFLP-EO and Revolutionary Cells (RZ) organizations. Entebbe is also the location of State House, the official office and residence of the President of Uganda. Etymology The word came from Luganda language e ntebe which means 'seat' / 'chair'. Entebbe was a cultural site for the Mamba clan and it was called \\\"entebbe za Mugula\\\" - Mugula was the title of a chief of a subdivision of the Mamba clan - and is now the location of the official office and residence of the President of Uganda, as it was for British governors before independence. Entebbe was the former seat of power in the country, but has now been replaced by Kampala. Location Entebbe sits on the northern shores of Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake. The town is situated in Wakiso District, approximately south of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The metropolis is located on a peninsula into Lake Victoria, covering a total area of , out of which is water. The coordinates of Entebbe are:0°03'00.0\\\"N, 32°27'36.0\\\"E (Latitude:0.0500; Longitude:32.4600). Neighborhoods within Entebbe City include Bugonga, Katabi, Nakiwogo, Nsamizi, Kitooro, Lunnyo and Lugonjo. Population During the 2002 national census, Entebbe's population was estimated at about 55,100 people. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population of the town at 76,500. In 2011, UBOS estimated the population of Entebbe at approximately 79,700. On 27 August 2014, the national population census put Entebbe's population at 69,958. History \\\"Entebbe\\\", in the local Luganda language, means a \\\"seat\\\" and was probably named that because it was the place where a Baganda chief sat to adjudicate legal cases. It first became a British colonial administrative and commercial centre in 1893 when Sir Gerald Portal, a colonial Commissioner, used it as a base. Port Bell went on to become Kampala's harbour. Although no ships dock there now, there is still a jetty, which was used by Lake Victoria ferries. Entebbe International Airport, the main international airport of Uganda, has been the site of some well known events, making it famous in Europe and abroad. It was from this airport that Queen Elizabeth II departed Africa to return to England in 1952 when she learned of her father's death and that she had become Queen. The airport was the scene of Operation Entebbe, a hostage rescue on 4 July 1976, when soldiers from the Sayeret Matkal, Paratroopers Brigade and Golani Brigade units of the Israeli Army freed over 100 hostages following a hijacking by a group of Palestinian and German militia. The city of Entebbe also hosted final resolution talks to end the\",\n \"title\": \"Entebbe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12624444\",\n \"text\": \"Synodontis afrofischeri, known as Fischer's Victoria squeaker, the marbled Victoria squeaker, Fischer's catfish, or the Victoria synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. It was first described by German zoologist Franz Martin Hilgendorf in 1888, based upon a holotype discovered in Lake Victoria. The specific name \\\"afrofischeri\\\" is in honor of the German researcher Dr. Gustav Fischer, a German explorer of Africa. Description The body of the fish is a marbled yellowish brown, although the amount of marbling varies between individuals, with some a uniform brown. The fish has a dark to black band that traverses from the eye to the mouth, and two irregular light vertical bands on either side of the adipose fin. Juveniles have a very similar appearance to juvenile S. fuelleborni juveniles. Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening. The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. The caudal fin is forked. It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable. The fish has one pair of maxillary barbels of varying length, extending far beyond the operculum, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched. This species grows to a maximum known length of TL Habitat In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , a pH of 6.0 – 8.0, and dH range of 5-25. It is found at depths ranging from , usually . It is found in Lake Victoria, Lake Nagubago, the Victoria Nile, Lake Kyoga, the Kagera River, Lake Ihema, the Malagarasi River and possibly in the Kingani River. References External links afrofischeri Freshwater fish of Kenya Freshwater fish of Tanzania Fish of Rwanda Fish of Uganda Catfish of Africa Fish described in 1888 Taxa named by Franz Martin Hilgendorf Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\",\n \"title\": \"Synodontis afrofischeri\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3377685\",\n \"text\": \"Kisumu County is one of 47 counties in the Republic of Kenya. Its borders follow those of the original Kisumu District, one of the former administrative districts of the former Nyanza Province in western Kenya. Its headquarters is Kisumu City which is the third largest city in Kenya after the capital Nairobi and the coastal city of Mombasa. It has a population of 1,155,574 (according to the 2019 National Census). The land area of Kisumu County totals 2085.9 km2. Kisumu County's neighbours are Siaya County to the West, Vihiga County to the North, Nandi County to the North East and Kericho County to the East. Its neighbour to the South is Nyamira County and Homa Bay County is to the South West. The county has a shoreline on Lake Victoria, occupying northern, western and a part of the southern shores of the Winam Gulf. Etymology The name Kisumu comes from the Luo word \\\"Kisuma\\\"Kikelo. Generally, Kisuma means \\\"a place where people meet to exchange goods\\\" but it does not necessarily mean the same word as \\\"market\\\" (chiro in Luo). The term was especially used during famine where a person could \\\"visit\\\" relatives who had some sort of harvest where the \\\"visitor\\\", when going back to his/her place, could be \\\"escorted with\\\" or given some grains and dried meat (aliya in Luo). The word originally comes from the verb \\\"sumo\\\", which means \\\"getting material want through exchange\\\" or as an assistance when one has minimal ability. It should be differentiated from 'fulo' where one rummages through the farm of someone else after the harvest to pick dropped or omitted crops to collect and take home for consumption\\\". When Europeans and Indians came to the area of the present-day city of Kisumu, pronouncing the name \\\"Kisuma\\\" correctly proved difficult, and the name evolved into the current Kisumu. The local people however, now popularly call the place \\\"Kisumo\\\". Geography Kisumu County is located in western Kenya, far from the nation’s capital. (To the southwest, in neighboring Siaya County, lies the village of Nyang’oma Kogelo, birthplace of Barack Obama Sr.) The city of Kisumu, on the shores of Lake Victoria, has historically functioned as a major center of Western Kenya commerce. Because of its location along Africa’s largest lake, the area is ideally situated for fishing and fish processing, but the central government has long controlled key concessions on the lake, and economic development has left many of the inhabitants behind. Fishing, sugarcane farming, and rice farming are the county’s principal industries. Climate The climate of the whole county is modified by the presence of Lake Victoria. The county has an annual relief rainfall that ranges between 1200 mm and 1300 mm in different sectors. The rain mainly falls in two seasons. Kisumu is known for its thunderstorms, which are the major type of precipitation and normally occur in mid-afternoon during the rainy season. The temperature of the surrounding towns and regions can vary greatly. On the western side, which includes the constituencies of\",\n \"title\": \"Kisumu County\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39294734\",\n \"text\": \"The Congo–Nile Divide or the Nile–Congo Watershed is the continental divide that separates the drainage basins of the Congo and Nile rivers. It is about long. There are several geologically and geographically distinct sections between the point on the border between the Central African Republic and South Sudan where the Congo and Nile basins meet the Chad Basin, and the southern point in Tanzania to the southwest of Lake Victoria where the boundaries of the Nile and Congo basins diverge and border several endorheic basins in the Gregory Rift, of which the largest are Lake Eyasi in the north and Lake Rukwa in the south. The people who live along the divide are diverse, mainly speaking Central Sudanic languages in the northern parts and Bantu languages further south. The European colonialists used the Congo–Nile divide as a boundary between British-controlled territories to the east and territories controlled by the French and Belgians to the west. This was decided at a time when few Europeans had visited the area, which had yet to be mapped. It separated members of the ethnic groups that live on both sides of the divide. Location Northern section: Sudan The Congo–Nile divide starts at the triple divide where the Congo, Chad and Nile basins meet. This point is located on the boundary between the Central African Republic and the Sudan, at the limit between the Vakaga and Haute-Kotto prefectures. From this triple point: the Umbelasha River flows to the North East into the Nile, through the Bahr al-Arab and the Bahr el Ghazal River. the Kotto River flows to the South into the Congo River, through the Ubangi River. the Yata River flows to the North West into Lake Chad, through the Bahr Oulou, the Bahr Aouk River and the Chari River. The Congo–Nile divide runs southeast and then south along the border between South Sudan and Uganda to the east and the Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the west. The Ironstone Plateau region between South Sudan and the DRC is cut by many streams that have formed steep and narrow valleys. The vast Sudd wetlands in South Sudan are fed by the Bahr al Jabal river that drains Lake Albert and Lake Victoria in the south, and also from ten smaller rivers flowing from the Congo–Nile divide which together provide 20 billion cubic meters of water annually. The easily traveled northern section of the divide may have been the main route for Bantu expansion to the east and south in the Iron Age. The combination of deforestation due to seed agriculture, cattle ownership and changes in weapons technology with the introduction of iron may have allowed Bantu-speakers to migrate south through the region into Buganda no more than 1,500 years ago. From there, they would have continued yet further south. The people who now live along the Congo–Nile divide in South Sudan speak Central Sudanic languages, and include the Kresh people. They once lived to the west of the\",\n \"title\": \"Congo–Nile Divide\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37105580\",\n \"text\": \"The Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO) is an institution under the East African Community, with the aim to harmonise, develop and adopt conservation and management measures for the sustainable utilisation of living resources of Lake Victoria, and to optimise socio-economic benefits from the basin for the three partner states; Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The LVFO headquarters are in Jinja, Uganda. LVFO collaborates closely with the national fisheries research institutes in the three partner states. LVFO was established in June 1994, on the basis of the CIFA Sub-Committee for the Development and Management of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria. CIFA is the FAO Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa. External links Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Uganda National Fisheries Resources Research Institute Fisheries agencies Lake Victoria East African Community Environmental organisations based in Uganda 1994 establishments in Uganda Fisheries conservation organizations\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76225087\",\n \"text\": \"Deepa Pullanikkatil (born 1976) is an Indian engineer who has lived most of her life in Africa and worked in development and environmental management. She is currently the Commonwealth National Climate Finance Advisor for Fiji and previously worked in Malawi, Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini on projects to alleviate poverty and effectively manage ecosystems. She holds a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Mahatma Gandhi University, a master's degree in environmental management from the University of the Free State, and a PhD in environmental science from North-West University in South Africa. Early life, education and family Deepa Pullanikkatil was born in 1976, in Kannur, Kerala, India, to Roopalekha Sukumaran and Rajagopalan Pullanikkatil. Her mother was the daughter of the writer Tatapuram Sukumaran and her father was a civil engineer. Her parents moved with Pullanikkatil and her older brother Deepak to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1978. The family relocated to Lesotho in 1988. Pullanikkatil completed her bachelor's degree in civil engineering at Mahatma Gandhi University in 1998 and earned a post-graduate diploma in management from the Amrita Schools of Business in 2000. Career Upon completing her studies, Pullanikkatil worked as a civil engineer on a hospital project in India and then on a water and sanitation project in rural Lesotho. In 2003, she was hired as a lecturer at Lerotholi Polytechnic, in Maseru, Lesotho, and worked her way up to head of the department. Her research work at the time focused on the impact of climate change on Lesotho's subsistence farming workers. While teaching at Lerotholi, Pullanikkatil earned a master's degree from the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa in 2009. The following year, she moved to Malawi and began working with the Rockefeller Foundation's programme, Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD). The programme was designed to allow interdisciplinary collaboration between academics and other partners, encouraging them to work together on initiatives for sustainable development. Pullanikkatil's partners within LEAD were undertaken with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to create a policy on climate change for the government of Malawi. During a presentation at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in 2014, Pullanikkatil and Doreen Othero of the Lake Victoria Basin Commission, argued in favor of development efforts which coordinated environmental conservation projects with health and economic initiatives. They pointed out that goals to protect resources were often unreachable because of the failure to address the impact on the livelihoods and well-being of the communities concerned. In 2015, Pullanikkatil was hired to carry out a needs assessment for the technology required to address climate change for the government of Swaziland (since 2018, Eswatini), in a project coordinated through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Environment Programme. She completed her PhD with the thesis, \\\"Ecosystem Services Mapping of Likangala River Catchment, Southern Malawi\\\" that year, at North-West University. The thesis explored the impact of human activity on water quality in the Likangala River, concluding that urban pollution from\",\n \"title\": \"Deepa Pullanikkatil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67033858\",\n \"text\": \"Lake Kanyaboli is the largest oxbow lake in Kenya and the second largest in Africa,formed after River Yala disconnected from its course at the meander stage, leaving behind a U-shaped lake. The lake is found in Siaya County in western Kenya and is home to a variety of fish species that have almost disappeared from Lake Victoria, the country's largest freshwater lake. Location The Yala Swamp at the mouth of the Yala River covers about along the northern shore of Lake Victoria. The swamp contains Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland with an average depth of , which is fed by the floodwaters of the Nzoia and Yala rivers and by the backflow of water from Lake Victoria. In the past the Yala River flowed through the eastern 20% of the Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into the main swamp, and then through a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today the eastern part of the swamp has been drained, and the river flows directly into the main swamp. It is cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now receives its water from the surrounding catchment area and from back-seepage from the swamp. Ecological value Lake Kanyaboli provides a refuge for several species of fish, some of which are no longer present in Lake Victoria. The introduction of the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) to Lake Victoria caused an ecological disaster which threatens to destroy the ecosystem of the lake. In the past the lake fishermen caught hundreds of species of fish, many of which were endemic. Today they rely on the Silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) locally known as \\\"Omena\\\" or \\\"Dagaa\\\" among East African communities, the Nile Perch and the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In 1988 the World Conservation Union listed hundreds of the endemic fish species as Endangered. Some of these fish are still thriving in Lake Kanyaboli, including several unknown Haplochromis species, Singida tilapia (Oreochromis esculentus) and Victoria tilapia (Oreochromis variabilis). Threats and Conservation Lake Kanyaboli is among hundreds of ecosystems which are facing extinction threats in the country. Like its cousin oxbow lake in the Rift Valley, Lake Kamnarok, a game reserve which is currently at the edge of losing its value, Lake Kanyaboli is also underway to become an history. In early May, 2023, the lake broke all its dykes following the heavy rains in the region and lost its water at alarming rate for more than one week. The water swept everything on its way, destroying thousands of acres of farms and leaving hundreds of families homeless. According to the Nation Media report, the lake lost more than 50% of its volume, and if urgent action is not taken, then the lives of the communities that rely on it would be adversely affected. Notes Sources Kanyaboli\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Kanyaboli\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51567537\",\n \"text\": \"A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck Tanzania east northeast of Nsunga, Kagera Region on September 10 at a depth of . The shock had a maximum intensity of VII (Very strong). Nineteen people were killed and 253 injured in Tanzania, while four people were killed in Kamuli and seven others were injured in the Rakai District of neighbouring Uganda. Tectonic setting The 5.9 magnitude earthquake near the west shore of Lake Victoria in northern Tanzania occurred as the result of shallow oblique faulting within the lithosphere of the African plate. The focal mechanism solution for the earthquake indicates rupture occurred on a moderately dipping fault striking either northeast–southwest (right-lateral slip) or east–west (left-lateral slip). The location of the earthquake broadly places it in the East African Rift System, a 3,000-km-long Cenozoic age continental rift extending from the Afar Triple Junction (between the horn of Africa and the Middle East), to Mozambique. In this context, this earthquake is some 200 km or more to the east of the West Branch of the Rift System, which runs along the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and both Uganda (in the north) and Tanzania (to the south). The East Branch of the Rift System runs north-to-south through Kenya and Tanzania, several hundred kilometers to the east of the earthquake. The Victoria microplate lies between these two branches of the rift, and helps to accommodate the dominantly divergent (extensional) tectonics of the Rift System, where rift segments are connected by dominantly strike-slip transform faults. The earthquake is consistent with this mixed divergent and strike slip setting, and occurred somewhat centrally within that microplate, in an area with little to no recorded earthquakes over the past century. Historically, seismicity in the East African Rift is mainly concentrated along the branches of the rift system (i.e., at the edges of the Victoria microplate, and along the main rift running through Ethiopia in the north, and Malawi and Mozambique in the south). Over the preceding century, only one other earthquake has been recorded within 100 km of the earthquake – a M 4.3 event in Lake Victoria in December 2013. Further afield, 22 M6+ events have occurred within 500 km of the earthquake over the preceding century, most on the Western Branch of the Rift System to the west of this earthquake. These include a M 6.6 earthquake in March 1966 near Lake Edward on the Uganda-DRC border. Tanzania's largest historic earthquake over this time period was a M 7.2 event in July 1919, near Lake Tanganyika in the west of the country. A M 6.8 earthquake near the center of Lake Tanganyika in December 2005 resulted in half a dozen or more fatalities. Earthquake The 5.9 earthquake was located in the Tanzania-Uganda border, and was felt as far away as Rwanda and Burundi. It was the largest earthquake in Tanzania since 2000, and is one of the deadliest. Casualties and damage At least 19 people were killed and 253 others injured in Tanzania, with most\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Tanzania earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1786688\",\n \"text\": \"Mukono is one of the districts in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Mukono serves as the district headquarters and is home to the district's main commercial center. Location Mukono District is bordered by Kayunga District to the north, Jinja District to the east, Kalangala District to the south-west, Kira Town and Wakiso District to the west, and Luweero District to the north-west. The town of Mukono is about by road, east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. This is about west of the town of Njeru, where the Nalubaale Power Station is situated, on the Kampala–Jinja Highway. The geographical coordinates of Mukono District are 00°28'50.0\\\"N, 32°46'14.0\\\"E (Latitude:0.480567; Longitude:32.770567). Demographics The 1991 national population census estimated the district's population at 319,400. According to the 2002 census, the population was about 423,100, of whom 49.8 percent were males and 50.2 percent were females. At that time, its population growth rate was estimated at 2.7 percent per annum. In 2012, the population was estimated at 551,000. In August 2014, the national population census and household survey, enumerated the district inhabitants at 596,804. Tourist attractions The district has a favorable climate, abundant rainfall, rich flora and fauna, and proximity to urban areas. The major tourist attractions in the district include the following: Lake Victoria Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest fresh-water lake in the world. Many water sports are available there. Lakeside leisure sites are also available. Sezibwa Falls In the middle of the district runs the River Sezibwa, believed by Buganda legend to have been borne by Nakangu Tibatesa, the wife of Nsubuga Sebwaato in Kawuna, Ngongwe, around the time of the Christian biblical prophet Isaiah. The river flows into Lake Kyoga. The nature of its birth makes the river a cultural symbol of great importance to Buganda's heritage. The Sezibwa Falls are off the Kampala-Jinja Highway, east of the town of Mukono. The site also has a natural forest reserve, which has forest trails and nature walkways for birdwatching and forest exploration. Over 100 bird species and some wild animals, including rare species of monkeys, may be found at this location. The Sezibwa Falls are also a cultural site of the Baganda and have cultural artifacts, including caves, 100-year-old trees, and special rocks of deep cultural significance to the Baganda of Buganda in central Uganda. It is one of the official cultural sites of the Buganda Kingdom. See also River Nile Districts of Uganda References External links Website of Mukono District Local Government Home of Ssamba Foundation Districts of Uganda Central Region, Uganda Lake Victoria\",\n \"title\": \"Mukono District\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"73418756\",\n \"text\": \"Biomphalaria choanomphala is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. Biomphalaria choanomphala has a discoidal, brownish-yellow shell with an approximate shell diameter of 6–10 mm. Biomphalaria choanomphala is a medically important pest, due to it being an intermediate host of the intravascular trematode genus, Schistosoma. Habitat and distribution Biomphalaria choanomphala is an African species found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, streams, and ponds. Their head has a pair of tentacles with eyes at the base, and a siphon for breathing and waste elimination. It is known to prefer slow-moving water with vegetation, where it feeds on algae and detritus. Distribution of Biomphalaria choanomphala include: East Africa: Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzanian and Uganda). Ecology and behavior Biomphalaria choanomphala is known to be an intermediate host for the parasitic flatworms Schistosoma mansoni, which is responsible for causing intestinal schistosomiasis in humans. The snail's role as an intermediate host allows the parasite to complete its life cycle and infect humans who come into contact with contaminated water sources where it inhabits. In addition to its role in transmitting parasites, Biomphalaria choanomphala also plays an important ecological role in its freshwater habitat. The snail feeds on algae and detritus, helping to regulate the nutrient balance of the ecosystem. It also serves as a food source for many predators, including fish, birds, and other invertebrates. Conservation status and biological importance Biomphalaria choanomphala is not considered a threatened species, and its population is stable in its native range. However, the species' role as an intermediate host for schistosomiasis makes it an important target for disease control programs. Constant efforts are underway to reduce the incidence of schistosomiasis by controlling the snail population through chemical treatments and biological control methods. Phylogeny Biomphalaria choanomphala is a part of the \\\"Nilotic Species Complex\\\" alongside B. alexandrina, B. angulosa, B. smithi, B. stanleyi and B. sudanica. Ecological phenotypes Biomphalaria choanomphala has been the subject of multiple ecological and genetic studies, which have revealed its shell morphology can vary as a result of environmental factors. Several studies have shown that B. choanomphala snails found within Lake Victoria have very different conchological morphologies, but are very similar genetically, suggesting these snails are likely a single species expressing two ecophenotypes. Previous conchological morphology studies of Biomphalaria snails have categorised their species based on whether they exhibited a “lacustrine” (found within a lake) or a “non-lacustrine” shell morphology (found elsewhere). In the case of B. choanomphala, its commonly associated with having a lacustrine morphotype (morphotype-B), while the non-lacustrine morphotype (morphotype-A) is commonly mistaken for another African Biomphalaria species, B. sudanica. References Gastropods described in 1879 choanomphala Molluscs of Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Biomphalaria choanomphala\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60065008\",\n \"text\": \"Albrecht Roscher (August 27, 1836 – March 19, 1860) was a German explorer of Africa. He was murdered near Lake Malawi in 1860. Life Roscher was born in Ottensen on August 27, 1836. He attended grammar school at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg and then went on to study geography, science and medicine at the University of Leipzig. In his 1857 dissertation, \\\"Ptolemy and the trade routes in Central Africa\\\", Roscher, with goal of pinpointing the source of the Nile, used information gleaned from Ptolemy's map of the world to reconstruct the geography of Central Africa. This achievement attracted the interest of eminent geographers such as Heinrich Barth, Alexander Humboldt, Carl Ritter and August Petermann. Roscher soon embarked on a multi-year scientific expedition to Africa, arriving in Zanzibar in 1858, where he conducted botanical investigations and learned Swahili. In early 1859, he traveled down the coastline of what is now mainland Tanzania, exploring the waters around modern-day Dar es Salaam and charting the Rufiji delta. In June he landed at Kilwa. He remained there for two months while ill. He then joined an Arab slave caravan heading inland, arriving at Lake Malawi in October 1859, two months after the famed British explorer David Livingstone. On departing the shores of Lake Malawi in March 1860, Roscher was attacked and killed. There is speculation that his death resulted from Arab slave traders' fears that he would expose the practices of the Arab slave trade. His journals along with his geographical and anthropological observations were lost. References 1836 births 1860 deaths 19th-century German people 19th-century explorers 19th-century geographers Explorers of Africa German explorers German geographers German people murdered abroad Murdered explorers People educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums 1860 murders in Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Albrecht Roscher\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38964653\",\n \"text\": \"The Central Africa Medal was a British campaign medal awarded for service from 1891 to 1894 in Eastern and Central Africa, and from 1894 to 1898 for service in British Central Africa. Criteria Award of the Central Africa Medal was approved by Queen Victoria in Army Order No. 66, 1 April 1895. The initial award was for various military expeditions from July 1891 to June 1894, subsequently extended to the Unyoro Expedition in 1895. It was later authorised for service in British Central Africa from 1895 to 1898. The main causes of these expeditions were to suppress slave-trading or to punish raids on neighbouring tribes. Most medals were awarded to members of the Indian Army and British-led local forces. No British Army units were present, although some British officers and non commissioned officers seconded to local units received the medal, as did a small number of Royal Navy personnel. Appearance The medal is in diameter. It was issued in silver to combatants, while native porters and authorised servants received the medal in bronze. The medal uses the same design as the Ashantee Medal and the East and West Africa Medal, although with a different ribbon. The obverse depicts the left facing effigy of Queen Victoria wearing a diadem with a veil behind. On either side is the inscription VICTORIA on the left and REGINA on the right. The designer was Leonard Charles Wyon. The reverse bears a scene, inspired by the Ashanti War, of British soldiers fighting the Ashanti in the jungle. It was designed by Sir Edward John Poynter. The ribbon, wide, has three equal stripes of black, white and pale brown, also described as copper or terra cotta, worn with the black to the left when facing the wearer. The colours symbolise the troops who took part – African, European and Indian. The recipient's name and unit were usually engraved or impressed on the rim of the medal, although some were issued unnamed. Suspension and clasp The first version of the medal, authorised in 1895, has a swivel ring suspension and was issued without a clasp. This covered ten small Central African campaigns between 1891 and 1895, eight in the vicinity of Lake Nyassa in what is now Malawi, and two in the Unyoro and Mruli districts in Uganda. A clasp, Central Africa 1894–98, was authorised in August 1899. When the medal was issued with the clasp, it hung from a straight bar suspension, with existing recipients of the medal having the ring suspension replaced. The medal and clasp were awarded for a number of small expeditions between 1894 and 1898 near Lake Nyassa, and one in 1897 against Chief Mpezeni in present-day Zambia. References British campaign medals\",\n \"title\": \"Central Africa Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14365011\",\n \"text\": \"The Yala Swamp is a wetland region of about in Western Kenya. Location The Yala Swamp at the mouth of the Yala River covers about along the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria. The swamp contains the Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland with an average depth of , which is fed by the floodwaters of the Nzoia and Yala rivers and by the backflow of water from Lake Victoria. The wetland is in Siaya and Busia counties in Kenya. It acts as a filter for waters that flow into Lake Victoria from two major rivers, the Yala River and Nzoia River. It is sometimes considered the source of the Nile. In the past the Yala River flowed through the eastern 20% of the Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into the main swamp, and then through a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today the eastern part of the swamp has been drained, and the river flows directly into the main swamp. It is cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now receives its water from the surrounding catchment area and from back-seepage from the swamp. The river's gulf has been cut off from the lake by a culvert, which created the Lake Sare through back-flooding. Ecology The swamps harbour endangered fish species Oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis variabilis that have disappeared from Lake Victoria itself. The Sitatunga antelope (Tragecephalus spekii) still lives in the swamps’ papyrus. BirdLife International classifies the Yala Swamp among Kenya’s 60 Important Bird Areas. Some of the birds that live there are the blue-breasted bee-eater, the papyrus gonolek, the swamp flycatcher, the papyrus canary, the white-winged swamp warbler and the Baillon's crake. A 2005 report noted changes in Lake Sare that threatened the lake ecosystem through eutrophication and pollution. It recommended an inclusive management plan for the Yala swamp complex to prevent further degradation of the ecosystem. As of 2019 BirdLife International scored the threat to the swamp complex as high, and was pessimistic about action being taken. References Sources External links Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of a Tropical Wetland Lake Ecosystem:A Case Study of Lake Kanyaboli, Kenya by Romulus Abila more info at global response a case study of the Yala swamp by Romulus Abila of Maseno University Kenya Wetlands of Kenya Nature conservation in Kenya Swamps of Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Yala Swamp\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43592587\",\n \"text\": \"Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen (1879–1964), was a Seventh-day Adventist pastor, missionary, administrator, linguist, and publisher. Early years Born in Canada, Carscallen grew up in North Dakota, where he was baptized at age 20, just prior to starting studies at Union College from 1900 to 1901. He completed his Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) ministerial training in September 1906 at Duncombe Hall Training College in England. That same year, following his ordination, he embarked for Kenya, to begin missionary service for the SDA as superintendent of the British East Africa Mission, together with Peter Nyambo, an African Adventist worker from Nyasaland, now Malawi, who was a classmate of Carscallen at Duncombe Hall. Seventh-day Adventists in Kenya: Beginnings The first SDA missionaries to work in Kenya were Arthur Carscallen and Nyasaland native Peter Nyambo. Leaving England, the two traveled to Hamburg, Germany, sailing from there on 1 October 1906 to East Africa. Describing the journey to Africa, Carscallen wrote. \\\"After an exceedingly hot trip through the Red Sea, we arrived in Mombasa nearly three weeks later.\\\" By November 27, 1906, Carscallen and Nyambo were able to open the first British East Africa Mission station in Kenya at Gendia Hill near the eastern shore of Lake Victoria on Kendu Bay with the assistance of Abraham C. Enns, a German missionary and gardener stationed in Tanganyika, today Tanzania. Enns had arrived in Tanganyika in 1903 and was working among the Pare people. Together, they chose a five‑acre plot, about three kilometers (two miles) inland from Kendu Bay for the mission site, which was situated among the Luo people in what is now South Nyanza, about which Carscallen says, \\\"...we chose the site at Gendia among the primitive African tribe who spoke a Nilotic language.\\\" Carscallen and Nyambo worked quickly to construct the mission buildings. Nyambo remained at Gendia for about four years. Within 14 months Carscallen reported that he and Nyambo had erected the basic mission buildings and that he had learned the Luo language. As superintendent of the Mission, Carscallen and his staff established missionary stations along the eastern shore of Lake Victoria at Gendia Hill, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karung, Kisii (Nyanchwa), and Kamagambo. The first 10 Jaluo Adventist adherents in Kenya were baptized on 21 May 1911. Publishing was central to the mission of the early Adventist Church. Thus, in 1913, Carscallen acquired a small press for the Mission during a trip home to the United States and returned to set up African Herald Publishing at Gendia in order to publish books, papers, and a monthly journal. Carscallen was one of dozens of church leaders who helped expand their faith worldwide through publishing ministries. The Dholuo language had never before been reduced to writing. To advance the literacy of the Jaluo people so that they could read the Bible, Carscallen produced a grammar textbook for the mission. Then, over the course of more than two years, Carscallen and the Mission staff translated portions of the New Testament from English to Luo, the\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Carscallen\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"1995975","text":"Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de Serpa Pinto, Viscount of Serpa Pinto (aka Serpa Pinto; 20 April 184628 December 1900) was a Portuguese explorer of southern Africa and a colonial administrator. Early life Serpa Pinto was born at the Quinta das Poldras (Tendais) in Cinfães, a Portuguese village on the river Douro. He joined Colégio Militar at age 10. There he became the first student Battalion Commander in 1864, when he joined the Portuguese army and was sent to Portuguese Mozambique. In 1869 he took part in suppressing tribes in revolt around the lower Zambezi. Exploration Also in 1869, Pinto went to eastern Africa on an exploration of the Zambezi River. Eight years later he led an expedition from Benguela, Portuguese Angola, into the basins of the Congo and Zambezi rivers. The town of Menongue was named Serpa Pinto, after him, up to 1975. In 1877, he and Lieutenant Commander Capelo and Lieutenant Ivens, both of the Portuguese navy, were sent to explore the southern African interior. All three had African experience and seemed to be the right age and temperament for the work. They left Benguela in November. Soon after their departure, however, they parted company at Bié, Capello and Ivens turning northward whilst Serpa Pinto continued eastward, gradually shifting his course to the south. He crossed the Cuando (Kwando) river in June 1878 and in August reached Lealui, the Barotse capital on the Zambezi. There he received assistance from the missionary François Coillard, enabling him to continue his journey along the Zambezi to the Victoria Falls. He then turned south and arrived at Pretoria in northern South Africa on 12 February 1879. Capelo and Ivens emerged at Dondo, on the Cuanza River in northern Angola. Serpa Pinto was the fourth explorer to cross Africa from west to east, and the first to lay down a reasonably accurate route between Bié (in present-day Angola) and Lealui. In 1881 the Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal, \"for his journey across Africa ... during which he explored five hundred miles of new country\". In 1881 Serpa Pinto published his 2-volume Como eu atravessei a África, translated by Alfred Elwes and published in English as How I crossed Africa. In the same year French and German translations were also published. Nyasa Region In 1879 the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the Ruo River (which currently forms the southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance of their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance of the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as","title":"Alexandre de Serpa Pinto"},{"docid":"50899170","text":"Santucci's armillary sphere is a Ptolemaic armillary sphere at the Museo Galileo in Florence, the largest existing in the world. Begun on March 4, 1588, and completed on May 6, 1593, this large armillary sphere was built under the supervision of Antonio Santucci at the request of Ferdinand I de' Medici. The sphere represents the \"universal machine\" of the world according to the concepts developed by Aristotle and perfected by Ptolemy. The terrestrial globe is placed at the center, and it also displays territories that were still relatively little known at the time: notably, it includes both Lake Albert and Lake Victoria in central Africa, which were apparently forgotten again until the explorations of Samuel Baker and John Hanning Speke over 250 years later. The device was restored in the 19th century but is now incomplete and some of its parts are mismatched. The wooden parts of the sphere are elaborately painted and covered with fine gold leaf. The sphere rests on a stand with four sirens. This model is similar to a smaller one built by Santucci in 1582 for King Philip II of Spain, now in the Escorial Library. References Further reading Meucci, Ferdinando. La sfera armillare di Tolomeo. Tipografia del Vocabolario, 1876. Astronomical instruments 1593 works 1590s sculptures 16th-century maps and globes","title":"Santucci's Armillary Sphere"},{"docid":"59338634","text":"The African humid period (AHP; also known by other names) is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in the Earth's axial tilt; changes in vegetation and dust in the Sahara which strengthened the African monsoon; and increased greenhouse gases. During the preceding Last Glacial Maximum, the Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited. It was much larger than today, and its lakes and rivers such as Lake Victoria and the White Nile were either dry or at low levels. The humid period began about 14,600–14,500 years ago at the end of Heinrich event 1, simultaneously to the Bølling–Allerød warming. Rivers and lakes such as Lake Chad formed or expanded, glaciers grew on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Sahara retreated. Two major dry fluctuations occurred; during the Younger Dryas and the short 8.2 kiloyear event. The African humid period ended 6,000–5,000 years ago during the Piora Oscillation cold period. While some evidence points to an end 5,500 years ago, in the Sahel, Arabia and East Africa, the end of the period appears to have taken place in several steps, such as the 4.2-kiloyear event. The AHP led to a widespread settlement of the Sahara and the Arabian Deserts, and had a profound effect on African cultures, such as the birth of the Ancient Egyptian civilization. People in the Sahara lived as hunter-gatherers and domesticated cattle, goats and sheep. They left archaeological sites and artifacts such as one of the oldest ships in the world, and rock paintings such as those in the Cave of Swimmers and in the Acacus Mountains. Earlier humid periods in Africa were postulated after the discovery of these rock paintings in now-inhospitable parts of the Sahara. When the period ended, humans gradually abandoned the desert in favour of regions with more secure water supplies, such as the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia, where they gave rise to early complex societies. Research history Herodotus in 440 BC and Strabo in 23 AD discussed the existence of a greener Sahara, although their reports were at first questioned owing to their anecdotal nature. In 1850 the researcher Heinrich Barth discussed the possibility of past climate change leading to increased wetness in the Sahara after discovering petroglyphs in the Murzuq Desert, and further discoveries of petroglyphs led desert explorer László Almásy to coin the concept of a Green Sahara in the 1930s. Later in the 20th century, conclusive evidence of a past greener Sahara, the existence of lakes and higher Nile flow levels was increasingly reported and it was recognized that the Holocene featured a humid period in the Sahara. The idea that changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun influence the strength of the monsoons was already advanced in 1921, and while the original description was partly inaccurate, later widespread evidence for such orbital controls on climate was found.","title":"African humid period"},{"docid":"68972","text":"Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north–south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Its latitude ranges from 6°30 N to 12°30 N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40 E. It is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. It extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance of . Although the coastline measures , the country measures about at its widest point. It is one of the smaller countries in West Africa, about one eighth the size of Nigeria, its neighbor to the east. It is, however, twice as large as Togo, its neighbor to the west. A relief map of Benin shows that it has little variation in elevation, averaging in elevation. Biogeography The country can be divided into four main areas from the south to the north. The low-lying, sandy, coastal plain, which has a highest elevation of is, at most, wide. It is marshy and dotted with lakes and lagoons connected to the ocean. The plateaus of southern Benin, with an altitude ranging between , are split by valleys running north to south along the Couffo, Zou, and Oueme Rivers, an area that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion. Then an area of flat lands dotted with rocky hills whose altitude seldom reaches extends around Nikki and Savé. Finally, the Atacora mountain range extends along the northwest border and into Togo with the highest point, Mont Sokbaro, at . Benin has fields lying fallow, mangroves, and remnants of large sacred forests. In the rest of the country, the savanna is covered with thorny scrubs and dotted with huge baobab trees. Some forests line the banks of rivers. In the north and the northwest of Benin the Reserve du W du Niger and Pendjari National Park attract tourists eager to see elephants, lions, antelopes, hippos and monkeys. The country formerly offered habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, although this canid is considered to have been extirpated from Benin due to human population expansion. Woodlands comprise approximately 31 percent of Benin's land area. Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Nigeria and Togo Geographic coordinates: Continent: Africa Area: total: 112 622 km2 country comparison to the world: 102 land: 110 622 km2 water: 2 000 km2 Area comparative Australia comparative: slightly less than the size of Victoria Canada comparative: approximately 1 times the size of New Brunswick United Kingdom comparative: approximately smaller than England United States comparative: slightly larger than Virginia EU comparative: slightly larger than Bulgaria Land boundaries: total: 2 123 km border countries: Burkina Faso 386 km, Niger 277 km, Nigeria 809 km, Togo 651 km Coastline: 121 km Maritime claims: territorial","title":"Geography of Benin"},{"docid":"40494801","text":"Johann Jakob Erhardt, or John James Erhardt, (17 April 1823 – 14 August 1901) was a German missionary and explorer who worked in East Africa and India. Although he remained on or near the coast of East Africa, he contributed to European knowledge of the interior through gathering descriptions from local people who had traveled there. His map of the region stimulated dispatch of the expedition of Burton and Speke. Early life Erhardt was born on 17 April 1823 in Bönnigheim, then in the Kingdom of Württemberg. He was the son of a master tailor, and was apprenticed to a cooper. He worked with the Boennigheim Pietists, then joined the Basel Mission, where he was trained as a missionary until 1846. From 1846 to 1848, he studied with the Church Mission Society in London, where he was ordained in 1848. East Africa Erhardt was dispatched by the Church Mission Society to East Africa. On 10 June 1849 Erhardt and John Wagner arrived at the Rabbai Mpia mission station near Mombasa, where they joined Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann. However, Wagner died on 1 August 1849. In the spring of 1850, Erhardt and Krapf travelled by dhow down the East African coast from Mombasa. The boat was small and food was scarce, poor quality and difficult to prepare due to the rain. However, they collected much information about the interior. Erhardt and Krapf went via Tanga, Kilwa, Lindi and Mikindani to Cape Delgado. The two missionaries, the first Europeans to investigate the coast in such detail, went unarmed and with few escorts, and were generally given a good reception by the Arabs, Swahilis, and local people they met. They mapped the Pangani River's mouth, the delta of the Rufiji River and the Ruvuma River. After the voyage, the two returned to the mission station, and in 1851 Krapf left for Europe to recuperate. In September 1853, Erhardt visited Vugha in the Usambara Mountains, capital of the Shambaa ruler Kimweri ye Nyumbai, where he saw two witches brought in and executed. Erhardt recorded the repulse of a Maasai raid at Mazinde by an allied army of Shambaa under Semboja, Kimweri's son, and of Wazigua, Parakuyo and \"Arabs\" (most likely Swahili). Erhardt's journey took from 9 August 1853 to December 1853, and he spent three months with the king. Erhadt spent six months in Tanga in 1854, where he studied the Shambala language. At Tanga, where caravans assembled before leaving for the interior, he learned of Ukerewe (Lake Victoria), Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa, and heard of the city of Ujiji. However, he was told by ivory traders that the great inland \"Sea of Uniamesi\" was just a westward extension of Lake Nyasa, reaching close to the mountains that formed the spine of the continent. Erhardt was struck by the fact that various travellers who had gone inland from different points on the coast had all come to an inland sea, and made a map based on available information, including the findings","title":"Jakob Erhardt"},{"docid":"2413065","text":"Zorkul (; ; ) is a lake in the Pamir Mountains that runs along the border between the Wakhan District in Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region of Tajikistan. It is part of both the Wakhan National Park of Afghanistan and the Tajik National Park. Geography Lake Zorkul extends east to west for about . The Afghanistan–Tajikistan border runs along the lake from east to west, turning south towards Concord Peak (), about south of the lake. The lake's northern part lies in Gorno-Badakhshan where it is protected as part of the Zorkul Nature Reserve. Out of the lake, towards the west, flows the Pamir River, tracing the Afghan–Tajik border. It is therefore a source of the Amu Darya (Amu River). The Great Pamir extends to the south of the lake. History The lake is on the path of the Silk Road. It was referred to as \"Great Dragon Pool\" () in Chinese historical records. The territory was conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1750 and became part of the Durrani Empire. The lake and river were established in 1895 as the new frontier between the Russian Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan. A general treaty of friendship was signed between the two powers, agreeing that the lake area would be a nature reserve, and that neither empires will post national or international military forces within a certain distance of the frontier, nor establish settled communities in the area. Although there is a probable reference to the lake in Marco Polo's account, the first European known to have visited the lake was the British naval officer John Wood in 1838. Sir-i-kol became known to the British as Lake Victoria, after the British queen, although Wood declined to name it so. It was also known as \"Lake Victoria in the Pamirs\" to distinguish it from the much larger Lake Victoria in Africa. See also Chaqmaqtin Lake Sarikol Range References Lakes of Afghanistan Lakes of Tajikistan Afghanistan–Tajikistan border International lakes of Asia Landforms of Badakhshan Province Wakhan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Ramsar sites in Tajikistan","title":"Zorkul"},{"docid":"3862981","text":"The Hackney Brook is one of the subterranean rivers of London. Rising in Holloway, it crossed the northern parts of the current London boroughs of Islington and Hackney, before emptying into the River Lea at Old Ford. Course of the river The brook rose in two sources, both close to Holloway Road in Islington, travelled past the old Arsenal stadium and then along Riversdale Road immediately to the west of Clissold Park. In Hackney, the river ran through the northern part of Clissold Park, where its course is now marked by two lakes. It crossed the artificial New River, which flowed at right angles to the brook and left the park to the south (until the 1940s when the New River flow was terminated at the East Reservoir). The two Clissold Park lakes are now fed from the main water supply, not the brook. It then wandered through Abney Park Cemetery to cross at the bottom of the road Stamford Hill to run along the north side of Stoke Newington Common. In the 1860s, at this point, builders found very early evidence of human occupation in the form of 200,000-year-old palaeolithic flint axes, which were being made on the banks of the brook. These are among the earliest human artifacts found in Britain. From here, the brook followed the western side of Hackney Downs, then ran south-east to cross Dalston Lane and Mare Street in Hackney Central near Bohemia Place. Many 18th- and 19th-century illustrations show the ford here, which was at the bend in the road where the North London Railway bridge now crosses Mare Street. In central Hackney, the brook was joined by the Pigwell Brook which flowed down from Dalston, roughly following the line of Graham Road. From Hackney Central it ran through Homerton, reaching Hackney Wick where it turned south, parallel to the Lea, before reaching Old Ford, where Victorian OS maps show a confluence with the Lea immediately south of the Northern Outfall Sewer and immediately north of what the maps show as the location of the former 'Old Ford' across the Lea. In its heyday, until the late 1830s, the brook was a substantial river, 10 metres wide in full flood at Stoke Newington and perhaps 30 metres wide at its junction with the Lea. Its course can be seen on some old maps . Disappearance Although much of the Hackney Brook had already been covered over by 1856, local population growth in the area had turned the open portions into little more than an open sewer. In response to this, the Metropolitan Board of Works constructed its northern high-level sewer in 1860 to a design by Sir Joseph Bazalgette to contain the brook and its many tributaries and help flush sewage towards processing plants in the east of London. The sewer followed the course of the brook as far as Hackney Church Street (now Mare Street), but then struck south to cross Victoria Park, joining the larger sewer network at Old Ford. Proposed","title":"Hackney Brook"},{"docid":"19226976","text":"Shawnigan Lake is a lake on southern Vancouver Island, located to the west of Saanich Inlet and to the south of the Cowichan Valley region. Its aboriginal name in the Hul'qumi'num language is Showe'luqun. Geology and soils Bedrock around the southern two-thirds of the lake is meta-igneous rock of Lower Paleozoic age which is rich in mafic minerals except along southeastern shores where felsic minerals dominate. Bands of marble up to several meters thick are scattered within this metamorphic complex. Around northern shores are volcanic rocks of variable composition from the Jurassic period. Soils around the lake are mostly well drained or rapidly drained gravelly sandy loams or gravelly loamy sands with brown podzolic profile development. Some meet the definition of podzols under the current Canadian system of soil classification. A small area of peat lies near the southern end of the community of Shawnigan Lake. Ecology Fish in the lake include rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, kokanee salmon and smallmouth bass. Their populations are sufficient to support a recreational fishery. Features Memory Island Provincial Park, a small islet in the lake, was founded in memorial to two Lake residents lost during the Second World War. Also, a local park (Old Mill Park) contains the remains of a lumber mill that was built to support the fledgling village when it was founded nearly one hundred years ago. The mill burned in a fire several years after construction, and the old wooden supports from the mill are still visible in the lake. Climate See also List of lakes of British Columbia References Day, J.H., Farstad,L. and Laird, D.G. (1959). Soil Survey of Southeast Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, British Columbia. B.C. Soil Survey, Rept. No. 6, Can. Dept. Agric. Muller, J.E. (1980). Geology Victoria Map 1553A. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. Jungen, J.R. (1985). Soils of Southern Vancouver Island. Victoria: Ministry of Environment Technical Report 17. Shawnigan Lake at VancouverIsland.com Lakes of Vancouver Island Southern Vancouver Island Malahat Land District","title":"Shawnigan Lake (British Columbia)"},{"docid":"22309312","text":"Between 1874 and 1877 Henry Morton Stanley traveled Central Africa east to west, exploring Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and the Lualaba and Congo rivers. He covered from Zanzibar in the east to Boma at the mouth of the Congo in the west. The expedition resolved several open questions concerning the geography of Central Africa, including identifying the source of the Nile, which he proved was not the Lualaba and is in fact the source of the Congo River. Previous African journey This was Stanley's second journey in central Africa. In 1871–72 he had searched for and successfully found the missionary and explorer David Livingstone. In his publications, Stanley described greeting him with the famous words: \"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?\", but his report in this is disputed. Objectives Stanley's journey had four principal aims, to: Explore Lake Victoria and its inflowing and outflowing rivers Explore Lake Albert and its inflowing and outflowing rivers Explore Lake Tanganyika, determining the direction of flow of the Ruzizi River at the north end of the lake Explore the Lualaba River downstream towards its outflow There was controversy among earlier explorers as to whether these lakes and rivers were connected to each other and the Nile. Richard Burton thought that Lake Victoria might have a southern inlet, possibly from Lake Albert, meaning that the source of the Nile was not Lake Victoria as explorer John Speke had argued. Samuel Baker thought that Lake Albert might have an inlet from Lake Tanganyika. Livingstone thought that Lualaba was the source of the Nile. Being sponsored by the New York Herald—at the instigation of editor James Gordon Bennett Jr.—and The Daily Telegraph newspapers, Stanley he was expected to write dispatches for them. He subsequently wrote a book of his experiences, Through the Dark Continent. Preparations On September 21, 1874, Stanley arrived in Zanzibar. He took with him three young Englishmen, Frederick Barker and the brothers Francis and Edward Pocock, and Kalulu, an African he had taken to England on his earlier trip and who was educated briefly in England. He also took 60 pounds of cloth, copper wire and beads (Sami Sami) for trading, a barometer, watches and chronometers, sextant, compasses, photographic equipment, Snider rifles and elephant gun(s), and the parts of a boat with single sail built by James Messenger. He named it the Lady Alice after his fiancée. In Zanzibar he recruited African porters to a total of 230 people, including 36 women and 10 boys. He recruited mainly from the Wangwana, Wanyamwezi and coast people from Mombasa. Circumnavigation of Lake Victoria On March 8 Stanley, with ten sailors and a steersman, left his camp site near Kageghi in Lady Alice. They explored and named Speke Bay, after the first European to see the lake. They also discovered the Simiyu River inlet in the south. Passing Ukerewe Island, he was attacked by Wavuma people in canoes but escaped after firing at his attackers. On April 4 he landed on the northern bank near the Ripon Falls, the","title":"Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition"},{"docid":"32049539","text":"This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series The history of rail transport in Zambia began at the start of the twentieth century. Northern Rhodesia The British South Africa Company (BSAC) was responsible for building the Rhodesian railway system in the period of primary construction which ended in 1911, when the main line through Northern Rhodesia reached the Congo border and the Katanga copper mines. Railway construction in British South Africa Company-administered Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) was undertaken by Rhodesian Railways, established in 1899, as an extension of the system in Southern Rhodesia. Railway development was driven by Cecil Rhodes, whose original intention was for a railway extending across the Zambesi to Lake Tanganyika, popularly considered as part of a great Cape-Cairo railway linking all the British colonies of Africa. However, Rhodes was as much a capitalist in his motivation as a visionary, and when little gold was found in Mashonaland in Southern Rhodesia, he accepted that the scheme to reach Lake Tanganyika had no economic justification. Railways built by private companies without government subsidies need enough of the type of traffic that can pay high freight rates to recover their construction costs. The agricultural products that fueled much of Rhodesia's early economic growth could not provide this traffic; large quantities of minerals could. Most early railways in Africa were built by the British government rather than Chartered Companies. The need to raise capital and produce dividends prevented most Chartered Companies from undertaking such infrastructure investments. However, in the early period of railway construction, BSAC obtained finance from South African companies including Consolidated Gold Fields and De Beers in which Rhodes was a dominant force. BSAC also benefited from the personal fortunes of Rhodes before his death. The railway reached Bulawayo in 1897, and was extended to the Victoria Falls in 1902. Lines were built in the or Cape gauge. The railway arrived in the future Zambia early in 1905, when the long Livingstone–Kalomo line was built in advance of completion in September of that year of the Victoria Falls Bridge from the then Southern Rhodesia to Livingstone. The first wagons on the line were hauled by oxen, then a single locomotive was conveyed in pieces by cableway across the gorge where the bridge was being built to start up operations to Kalomo in advance of the main line connection. The next section was to Broken Hill, (now Kabwe), which the railway reached in 1906. BSAC was assured that there would be much traffic from its lead and zinc mines, but this did not materialize because technical mining problems. The railway could not meet the costs of the construction loans, and the company faced major financial problems. The only area likely to generate sufficient mineral traffic to relieve these debts was Katanga. Another major bridge was required to cross the Kafue River and the long Kafue Railway Bridge, the longest on the Rhodesian Railways or Zambian Railways network, was completed in 1906. Initially, the Congo","title":"History of rail transport in Zambia"},{"docid":"516995","text":"The Cuando River (or Kwando in the non-colonial spelling) is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. Course The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern bank of this floodplain, not the river channel). As with all rivers in south-central Africa, its flow varies enormously between the rainy season when it floods and may be several kilometres wide, and the dry season when it may disappear into marshes. The Cuando continues in its marshy channel across the neck of the Caprivi Strip of Namibia (map, 2) and then forms the border between Namibia and Botswana as it continues southeast. Some 10,000 years ago, the Cuando merged with the Okavango River and they flowed south to Lake Makgadikgadi (which is a seasonal wetland in current times), but the land in that area was uplifted. As a consequence the Cuando now meets slightly higher ground (map, 4) and breaks up into many channels and swamps (called the Linyanti Swamp) dotted with alluvial islands, nearly disappearing into the Kalahari sands like the Okavango (map, 5). But instead it has diverted east and has been captured by the Zambezi. The flow turns sharply east, still forming the border with Botswana. In the dry season there are few open channels through the swamps and marshes. Beginning at this point it is known as the Linyanti (map, 6), and after it flows through a seasonal lake, Lake Liambesi (map, 7), it is called the Chobe (map, 8). The river then flows into the Zambezi just above the former Kazungula Ferry (map, 9), now replaced by the Kazungula Bridge. In years when the Okavango experiences a good flood some of the water escapes east along the normally dry channel of the Magwekwana River (also known as Selinda Spillway) into the Linyanti Swamp, thus entering the Zambezi basin. The Selinda Spillway and the Boteti River are the only outlets of the Okavango basin. On the north side of the Chobe River are the Caprivi Swamps, on the edge of which is the ruined capital of the Kololo people who conquered Barotseland in the 19th century. So much of the water of the Cuando, Linyanti and Chobe is lost to evaporation in the various swamps that its contribution to the flow of the Zambezi is very small except in occasional years when it floods excessively. The perennial river bifurcation of Selinda Spillway (or Magweggana River), on the Cuando River, connects the Kalahari Basin to the Zambezi Basin. Wildlife The Cuando system is noted for its wildlife and for most of","title":"Cuando River"},{"docid":"995450","text":"The Opeongo River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river is entirely within Algonquin Provincial Park and Opeongo River Provincial Park, except for a small portion around Victoria Lake, and is a left tributary of the Madawaska River. Course The river begins in Algonquin Provincial Park at the outflow from Annie Bay on the East Arm of Opeongo Lake in geographic Preston Township, in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District, controlled by the Opeongo Lake Dam and flows southeast to Booth Lake. It exits the lake east controlled by the Booth Lake Dam, enters geographic Clancy Township, exits Algonquin Provincial Park into Opeongo River Provincial Park and reaches Victoria Lake. The river leaves the lake at the northeast over a dam and continues southeast, passes from Unorganized South Nipissing District into the geographic Dickens Township in the municipality of South Algonquin, passes through a series of rapids, takes in the left tributary Aylen River, turns southwest, and empties into Bark Lake on the Madawaska River, at the Ontario Highway 60 bridge and east of the community of Madawaska. The Madawaska River flows via the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River. Recreation The river is used for recreational canoeing and kayaking. Tributaries Aylen River (left) Victoria Lake McNevin Creek (right) Shall Lake Oram Creek (right) Shall Creek (left) Crotch Lake Shirley Creek (left) Robin Creek (left) Bridle Creek (left) Booth Lake Rumley Creek (right) Cob Creek (right) McCarthy Creek (right) Chipmunk Creek (left) Tip Up Creek (left) See also List of rivers of Ontario References Other map sources: Rivers of Nipissing District Tributaries of the Ottawa River","title":"Opeongo River"},{"docid":"986347","text":"Emil Holub (7 October 1847 – 21 February 1902) was a Czech physician, explorer, cartographer, and ethnographer in Africa. Early life Holub was born in Holice in eastern Bohemia (then within the Austrian Empire, now the Czech Republic), to the family of a municipal doctor. After studying at a German-language grammar school in Žatec (Saaz), he was admitted at Prague University where he obtained a degree as a doctor of medicine (1872). Expeditions in Africa Inspired to visit Africa by the diaries of David Livingstone, Holub travelled to Cape Town, South Africa, shortly after graduation and eventually settled in Dutoitspan near Kimberley to practise medicine. After eight months, Holub set out in a convoy of local hunters on a two-month experimental expedition, or \"scientific safari\", where he began to assemble a large natural history collection. In 1873, Holub set out on his second scientific safari, devoting his attention to the collection of ethnographic material. On his third expedition in 1875, he ventured all the way to the Zambezi river and made the first detailed map of the region surrounding Victoria Falls. Holub also wrote and published the first book account of the Victoria Falls published in English in Grahamstown in 1879. After returning to Prague for several years, Holub made plans for a bold African expedition. In 1883, Holub, along with his new wife Rosa (1865–1958) and six European guides, set out to do what no one had done before: explore the entire length of Africa from Cape Town all the way to Egypt. However, the expedition was troubled by illness and the uncooperative Ila tribesmen and Holub's team was forced to turn back in 1886. Holub mounted two exhibitions, highly attended but ending up in financial loss, in 1891 in Vienna and in 1892 in Prague. Frustrated that he was unable to find a permanent home for his large collection of artefacts, he gradually sold or gave away parts of it to museums, scientific institutions and schools. Later Holub published a series of documents, contributing to papers and magazines, and delivering lectures. His early death came in Vienna on 21 February 1902, from lingering complications of malaria and other diseases he had acquired while in Africa. Commemorations of Holub's legacy In 1884, Daniel Oliver published and described in Hooker's book Icones Plantarum (Hooker's Icon. Pl.) Vol.15 in table 1475, the plant Holubia saccata, a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. It was named in Holub's honour. In 1949, a monument to Holub by Jindřich Soukup was unveiled in his hometown of Holice. In 1952, Czech movie Velké dobrodružství (Great Adventure) was filmed about Holub's expeditions. In 1970, the town of Holice opened a museum dedicated to Emil Holub near the main post office with an associated monument nearby. Since 1999 the gymnasium in the town bears explorer's name. On 20 February 2002 the Czech National Bank issued a CZK 200 silver coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of Dr. Emil Holub's death Between 2002 and 2006,","title":"Emil Holub"},{"docid":"23479408","text":"El Djouf () is a desert, an arid natural region of sand dunes and rock salt which covers northeastern Mauritania and part of northwestern Mali. El Djouf is a part of the Sahara Desert in the north. El Djouf is 320 meters (1,050 feet) above sea level. A meteorite of a rare type of carbonaceous chondrite was found in El Djouf in October 1989. Geographic features The El Djouf consists in a typical African type of broad shallow sedimentary basin, separated by divides formed by fault blocks, plateaus and mountain ranges, where rock waste eroded from higher surfaces has been deposited at the base. Other significant basins of this type are those of Lake Chad and the Victoria - Kyoga lake basin, as well as the Congo and Zambezi rivers. See also Geography of Mauritania Sahara Desert References External links El Djouf 001 in the World Meteorite Catalogue Database Sedimentary basins of Africa Geology of Mali Geology of Mauritania Landforms of Mali Landforms of Mauritania Deserts of Africa Ergs of Africa Basins of Africa Sahara","title":"El Djouf"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"1995975\",\n \"text\": \"Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de Serpa Pinto, Viscount of Serpa Pinto (aka Serpa Pinto; 20 April 184628 December 1900) was a Portuguese explorer of southern Africa and a colonial administrator. Early life Serpa Pinto was born at the Quinta das Poldras (Tendais) in Cinfães, a Portuguese village on the river Douro. He joined Colégio Militar at age 10. There he became the first student Battalion Commander in 1864, when he joined the Portuguese army and was sent to Portuguese Mozambique. In 1869 he took part in suppressing tribes in revolt around the lower Zambezi. Exploration Also in 1869, Pinto went to eastern Africa on an exploration of the Zambezi River. Eight years later he led an expedition from Benguela, Portuguese Angola, into the basins of the Congo and Zambezi rivers. The town of Menongue was named Serpa Pinto, after him, up to 1975. In 1877, he and Lieutenant Commander Capelo and Lieutenant Ivens, both of the Portuguese navy, were sent to explore the southern African interior. All three had African experience and seemed to be the right age and temperament for the work. They left Benguela in November. Soon after their departure, however, they parted company at Bié, Capello and Ivens turning northward whilst Serpa Pinto continued eastward, gradually shifting his course to the south. He crossed the Cuando (Kwando) river in June 1878 and in August reached Lealui, the Barotse capital on the Zambezi. There he received assistance from the missionary François Coillard, enabling him to continue his journey along the Zambezi to the Victoria Falls. He then turned south and arrived at Pretoria in northern South Africa on 12 February 1879. Capelo and Ivens emerged at Dondo, on the Cuanza River in northern Angola. Serpa Pinto was the fourth explorer to cross Africa from west to east, and the first to lay down a reasonably accurate route between Bié (in present-day Angola) and Lealui. In 1881 the Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal, \\\"for his journey across Africa ... during which he explored five hundred miles of new country\\\". In 1881 Serpa Pinto published his 2-volume Como eu atravessei a África, translated by Alfred Elwes and published in English as How I crossed Africa. In the same year French and German translations were also published. Nyasa Region In 1879 the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the Ruo River (which currently forms the southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance of their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance of the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandre de Serpa Pinto\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50899170\",\n \"text\": \"Santucci's armillary sphere is a Ptolemaic armillary sphere at the Museo Galileo in Florence, the largest existing in the world. Begun on March 4, 1588, and completed on May 6, 1593, this large armillary sphere was built under the supervision of Antonio Santucci at the request of Ferdinand I de' Medici. The sphere represents the \\\"universal machine\\\" of the world according to the concepts developed by Aristotle and perfected by Ptolemy. The terrestrial globe is placed at the center, and it also displays territories that were still relatively little known at the time: notably, it includes both Lake Albert and Lake Victoria in central Africa, which were apparently forgotten again until the explorations of Samuel Baker and John Hanning Speke over 250 years later. The device was restored in the 19th century but is now incomplete and some of its parts are mismatched. The wooden parts of the sphere are elaborately painted and covered with fine gold leaf. The sphere rests on a stand with four sirens. This model is similar to a smaller one built by Santucci in 1582 for King Philip II of Spain, now in the Escorial Library. References Further reading Meucci, Ferdinando. La sfera armillare di Tolomeo. Tipografia del Vocabolario, 1876. Astronomical instruments 1593 works 1590s sculptures 16th-century maps and globes\",\n \"title\": \"Santucci's Armillary Sphere\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59338634\",\n \"text\": \"The African humid period (AHP; also known by other names) is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in the Earth's axial tilt; changes in vegetation and dust in the Sahara which strengthened the African monsoon; and increased greenhouse gases. During the preceding Last Glacial Maximum, the Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited. It was much larger than today, and its lakes and rivers such as Lake Victoria and the White Nile were either dry or at low levels. The humid period began about 14,600–14,500 years ago at the end of Heinrich event 1, simultaneously to the Bølling–Allerød warming. Rivers and lakes such as Lake Chad formed or expanded, glaciers grew on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Sahara retreated. Two major dry fluctuations occurred; during the Younger Dryas and the short 8.2 kiloyear event. The African humid period ended 6,000–5,000 years ago during the Piora Oscillation cold period. While some evidence points to an end 5,500 years ago, in the Sahel, Arabia and East Africa, the end of the period appears to have taken place in several steps, such as the 4.2-kiloyear event. The AHP led to a widespread settlement of the Sahara and the Arabian Deserts, and had a profound effect on African cultures, such as the birth of the Ancient Egyptian civilization. People in the Sahara lived as hunter-gatherers and domesticated cattle, goats and sheep. They left archaeological sites and artifacts such as one of the oldest ships in the world, and rock paintings such as those in the Cave of Swimmers and in the Acacus Mountains. Earlier humid periods in Africa were postulated after the discovery of these rock paintings in now-inhospitable parts of the Sahara. When the period ended, humans gradually abandoned the desert in favour of regions with more secure water supplies, such as the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia, where they gave rise to early complex societies. Research history Herodotus in 440 BC and Strabo in 23 AD discussed the existence of a greener Sahara, although their reports were at first questioned owing to their anecdotal nature. In 1850 the researcher Heinrich Barth discussed the possibility of past climate change leading to increased wetness in the Sahara after discovering petroglyphs in the Murzuq Desert, and further discoveries of petroglyphs led desert explorer László Almásy to coin the concept of a Green Sahara in the 1930s. Later in the 20th century, conclusive evidence of a past greener Sahara, the existence of lakes and higher Nile flow levels was increasingly reported and it was recognized that the Holocene featured a humid period in the Sahara. The idea that changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun influence the strength of the monsoons was already advanced in 1921, and while the original description was partly inaccurate, later widespread evidence for such orbital controls on climate was found.\",\n \"title\": \"African humid period\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68972\",\n \"text\": \"Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north–south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Its latitude ranges from 6°30 N to 12°30 N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40 E. It is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. It extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance of . Although the coastline measures , the country measures about at its widest point. It is one of the smaller countries in West Africa, about one eighth the size of Nigeria, its neighbor to the east. It is, however, twice as large as Togo, its neighbor to the west. A relief map of Benin shows that it has little variation in elevation, averaging in elevation. Biogeography The country can be divided into four main areas from the south to the north. The low-lying, sandy, coastal plain, which has a highest elevation of is, at most, wide. It is marshy and dotted with lakes and lagoons connected to the ocean. The plateaus of southern Benin, with an altitude ranging between , are split by valleys running north to south along the Couffo, Zou, and Oueme Rivers, an area that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion. Then an area of flat lands dotted with rocky hills whose altitude seldom reaches extends around Nikki and Savé. Finally, the Atacora mountain range extends along the northwest border and into Togo with the highest point, Mont Sokbaro, at . Benin has fields lying fallow, mangroves, and remnants of large sacred forests. In the rest of the country, the savanna is covered with thorny scrubs and dotted with huge baobab trees. Some forests line the banks of rivers. In the north and the northwest of Benin the Reserve du W du Niger and Pendjari National Park attract tourists eager to see elephants, lions, antelopes, hippos and monkeys. The country formerly offered habitat for the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, although this canid is considered to have been extirpated from Benin due to human population expansion. Woodlands comprise approximately 31 percent of Benin's land area. Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Nigeria and Togo Geographic coordinates: Continent: Africa Area: total: 112 622 km2 country comparison to the world: 102 land: 110 622 km2 water: 2 000 km2 Area comparative Australia comparative: slightly less than the size of Victoria Canada comparative: approximately 1 times the size of New Brunswick United Kingdom comparative: approximately smaller than England United States comparative: slightly larger than Virginia EU comparative: slightly larger than Bulgaria Land boundaries: total: 2 123 km border countries: Burkina Faso 386 km, Niger 277 km, Nigeria 809 km, Togo 651 km Coastline: 121 km Maritime claims: territorial\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40494801\",\n \"text\": \"Johann Jakob Erhardt, or John James Erhardt, (17 April 1823 – 14 August 1901) was a German missionary and explorer who worked in East Africa and India. Although he remained on or near the coast of East Africa, he contributed to European knowledge of the interior through gathering descriptions from local people who had traveled there. His map of the region stimulated dispatch of the expedition of Burton and Speke. Early life Erhardt was born on 17 April 1823 in Bönnigheim, then in the Kingdom of Württemberg. He was the son of a master tailor, and was apprenticed to a cooper. He worked with the Boennigheim Pietists, then joined the Basel Mission, where he was trained as a missionary until 1846. From 1846 to 1848, he studied with the Church Mission Society in London, where he was ordained in 1848. East Africa Erhardt was dispatched by the Church Mission Society to East Africa. On 10 June 1849 Erhardt and John Wagner arrived at the Rabbai Mpia mission station near Mombasa, where they joined Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann. However, Wagner died on 1 August 1849. In the spring of 1850, Erhardt and Krapf travelled by dhow down the East African coast from Mombasa. The boat was small and food was scarce, poor quality and difficult to prepare due to the rain. However, they collected much information about the interior. Erhardt and Krapf went via Tanga, Kilwa, Lindi and Mikindani to Cape Delgado. The two missionaries, the first Europeans to investigate the coast in such detail, went unarmed and with few escorts, and were generally given a good reception by the Arabs, Swahilis, and local people they met. They mapped the Pangani River's mouth, the delta of the Rufiji River and the Ruvuma River. After the voyage, the two returned to the mission station, and in 1851 Krapf left for Europe to recuperate. In September 1853, Erhardt visited Vugha in the Usambara Mountains, capital of the Shambaa ruler Kimweri ye Nyumbai, where he saw two witches brought in and executed. Erhardt recorded the repulse of a Maasai raid at Mazinde by an allied army of Shambaa under Semboja, Kimweri's son, and of Wazigua, Parakuyo and \\\"Arabs\\\" (most likely Swahili). Erhardt's journey took from 9 August 1853 to December 1853, and he spent three months with the king. Erhadt spent six months in Tanga in 1854, where he studied the Shambala language. At Tanga, where caravans assembled before leaving for the interior, he learned of Ukerewe (Lake Victoria), Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa, and heard of the city of Ujiji. However, he was told by ivory traders that the great inland \\\"Sea of Uniamesi\\\" was just a westward extension of Lake Nyasa, reaching close to the mountains that formed the spine of the continent. Erhardt was struck by the fact that various travellers who had gone inland from different points on the coast had all come to an inland sea, and made a map based on available information, including the findings\",\n \"title\": \"Jakob Erhardt\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2413065\",\n \"text\": \"Zorkul (; ; ) is a lake in the Pamir Mountains that runs along the border between the Wakhan District in Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region of Tajikistan. It is part of both the Wakhan National Park of Afghanistan and the Tajik National Park. Geography Lake Zorkul extends east to west for about . The Afghanistan–Tajikistan border runs along the lake from east to west, turning south towards Concord Peak (), about south of the lake. The lake's northern part lies in Gorno-Badakhshan where it is protected as part of the Zorkul Nature Reserve. Out of the lake, towards the west, flows the Pamir River, tracing the Afghan–Tajik border. It is therefore a source of the Amu Darya (Amu River). The Great Pamir extends to the south of the lake. History The lake is on the path of the Silk Road. It was referred to as \\\"Great Dragon Pool\\\" () in Chinese historical records. The territory was conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1750 and became part of the Durrani Empire. The lake and river were established in 1895 as the new frontier between the Russian Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan. A general treaty of friendship was signed between the two powers, agreeing that the lake area would be a nature reserve, and that neither empires will post national or international military forces within a certain distance of the frontier, nor establish settled communities in the area. Although there is a probable reference to the lake in Marco Polo's account, the first European known to have visited the lake was the British naval officer John Wood in 1838. Sir-i-kol became known to the British as Lake Victoria, after the British queen, although Wood declined to name it so. It was also known as \\\"Lake Victoria in the Pamirs\\\" to distinguish it from the much larger Lake Victoria in Africa. See also Chaqmaqtin Lake Sarikol Range References Lakes of Afghanistan Lakes of Tajikistan Afghanistan–Tajikistan border International lakes of Asia Landforms of Badakhshan Province Wakhan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Ramsar sites in Tajikistan\",\n \"title\": \"Zorkul\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3862981\",\n \"text\": \"The Hackney Brook is one of the subterranean rivers of London. Rising in Holloway, it crossed the northern parts of the current London boroughs of Islington and Hackney, before emptying into the River Lea at Old Ford. Course of the river The brook rose in two sources, both close to Holloway Road in Islington, travelled past the old Arsenal stadium and then along Riversdale Road immediately to the west of Clissold Park. In Hackney, the river ran through the northern part of Clissold Park, where its course is now marked by two lakes. It crossed the artificial New River, which flowed at right angles to the brook and left the park to the south (until the 1940s when the New River flow was terminated at the East Reservoir). The two Clissold Park lakes are now fed from the main water supply, not the brook. It then wandered through Abney Park Cemetery to cross at the bottom of the road Stamford Hill to run along the north side of Stoke Newington Common. In the 1860s, at this point, builders found very early evidence of human occupation in the form of 200,000-year-old palaeolithic flint axes, which were being made on the banks of the brook. These are among the earliest human artifacts found in Britain. From here, the brook followed the western side of Hackney Downs, then ran south-east to cross Dalston Lane and Mare Street in Hackney Central near Bohemia Place. Many 18th- and 19th-century illustrations show the ford here, which was at the bend in the road where the North London Railway bridge now crosses Mare Street. In central Hackney, the brook was joined by the Pigwell Brook which flowed down from Dalston, roughly following the line of Graham Road. From Hackney Central it ran through Homerton, reaching Hackney Wick where it turned south, parallel to the Lea, before reaching Old Ford, where Victorian OS maps show a confluence with the Lea immediately south of the Northern Outfall Sewer and immediately north of what the maps show as the location of the former 'Old Ford' across the Lea. In its heyday, until the late 1830s, the brook was a substantial river, 10 metres wide in full flood at Stoke Newington and perhaps 30 metres wide at its junction with the Lea. Its course can be seen on some old maps . Disappearance Although much of the Hackney Brook had already been covered over by 1856, local population growth in the area had turned the open portions into little more than an open sewer. In response to this, the Metropolitan Board of Works constructed its northern high-level sewer in 1860 to a design by Sir Joseph Bazalgette to contain the brook and its many tributaries and help flush sewage towards processing plants in the east of London. The sewer followed the course of the brook as far as Hackney Church Street (now Mare Street), but then struck south to cross Victoria Park, joining the larger sewer network at Old Ford. Proposed\",\n \"title\": \"Hackney Brook\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19226976\",\n \"text\": \"Shawnigan Lake is a lake on southern Vancouver Island, located to the west of Saanich Inlet and to the south of the Cowichan Valley region. Its aboriginal name in the Hul'qumi'num language is Showe'luqun. Geology and soils Bedrock around the southern two-thirds of the lake is meta-igneous rock of Lower Paleozoic age which is rich in mafic minerals except along southeastern shores where felsic minerals dominate. Bands of marble up to several meters thick are scattered within this metamorphic complex. Around northern shores are volcanic rocks of variable composition from the Jurassic period. Soils around the lake are mostly well drained or rapidly drained gravelly sandy loams or gravelly loamy sands with brown podzolic profile development. Some meet the definition of podzols under the current Canadian system of soil classification. A small area of peat lies near the southern end of the community of Shawnigan Lake. Ecology Fish in the lake include rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, kokanee salmon and smallmouth bass. Their populations are sufficient to support a recreational fishery. Features Memory Island Provincial Park, a small islet in the lake, was founded in memorial to two Lake residents lost during the Second World War. Also, a local park (Old Mill Park) contains the remains of a lumber mill that was built to support the fledgling village when it was founded nearly one hundred years ago. The mill burned in a fire several years after construction, and the old wooden supports from the mill are still visible in the lake. Climate See also List of lakes of British Columbia References Day, J.H., Farstad,L. and Laird, D.G. (1959). Soil Survey of Southeast Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, British Columbia. B.C. Soil Survey, Rept. No. 6, Can. Dept. Agric. Muller, J.E. (1980). Geology Victoria Map 1553A. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. Jungen, J.R. (1985). Soils of Southern Vancouver Island. Victoria: Ministry of Environment Technical Report 17. Shawnigan Lake at VancouverIsland.com Lakes of Vancouver Island Southern Vancouver Island Malahat Land District\",\n \"title\": \"Shawnigan Lake (British Columbia)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22309312\",\n \"text\": \"Between 1874 and 1877 Henry Morton Stanley traveled Central Africa east to west, exploring Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and the Lualaba and Congo rivers. He covered from Zanzibar in the east to Boma at the mouth of the Congo in the west. The expedition resolved several open questions concerning the geography of Central Africa, including identifying the source of the Nile, which he proved was not the Lualaba and is in fact the source of the Congo River. Previous African journey This was Stanley's second journey in central Africa. In 1871–72 he had searched for and successfully found the missionary and explorer David Livingstone. In his publications, Stanley described greeting him with the famous words: \\\"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?\\\", but his report in this is disputed. Objectives Stanley's journey had four principal aims, to: Explore Lake Victoria and its inflowing and outflowing rivers Explore Lake Albert and its inflowing and outflowing rivers Explore Lake Tanganyika, determining the direction of flow of the Ruzizi River at the north end of the lake Explore the Lualaba River downstream towards its outflow There was controversy among earlier explorers as to whether these lakes and rivers were connected to each other and the Nile. Richard Burton thought that Lake Victoria might have a southern inlet, possibly from Lake Albert, meaning that the source of the Nile was not Lake Victoria as explorer John Speke had argued. Samuel Baker thought that Lake Albert might have an inlet from Lake Tanganyika. Livingstone thought that Lualaba was the source of the Nile. Being sponsored by the New York Herald—at the instigation of editor James Gordon Bennett Jr.—and The Daily Telegraph newspapers, Stanley he was expected to write dispatches for them. He subsequently wrote a book of his experiences, Through the Dark Continent. Preparations On September 21, 1874, Stanley arrived in Zanzibar. He took with him three young Englishmen, Frederick Barker and the brothers Francis and Edward Pocock, and Kalulu, an African he had taken to England on his earlier trip and who was educated briefly in England. He also took 60 pounds of cloth, copper wire and beads (Sami Sami) for trading, a barometer, watches and chronometers, sextant, compasses, photographic equipment, Snider rifles and elephant gun(s), and the parts of a boat with single sail built by James Messenger. He named it the Lady Alice after his fiancée. In Zanzibar he recruited African porters to a total of 230 people, including 36 women and 10 boys. He recruited mainly from the Wangwana, Wanyamwezi and coast people from Mombasa. Circumnavigation of Lake Victoria On March 8 Stanley, with ten sailors and a steersman, left his camp site near Kageghi in Lady Alice. They explored and named Speke Bay, after the first European to see the lake. They also discovered the Simiyu River inlet in the south. Passing Ukerewe Island, he was attacked by Wavuma people in canoes but escaped after firing at his attackers. On April 4 he landed on the northern bank near the Ripon Falls, the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32049539\",\n \"text\": \"This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series The history of rail transport in Zambia began at the start of the twentieth century. Northern Rhodesia The British South Africa Company (BSAC) was responsible for building the Rhodesian railway system in the period of primary construction which ended in 1911, when the main line through Northern Rhodesia reached the Congo border and the Katanga copper mines. Railway construction in British South Africa Company-administered Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) was undertaken by Rhodesian Railways, established in 1899, as an extension of the system in Southern Rhodesia. Railway development was driven by Cecil Rhodes, whose original intention was for a railway extending across the Zambesi to Lake Tanganyika, popularly considered as part of a great Cape-Cairo railway linking all the British colonies of Africa. However, Rhodes was as much a capitalist in his motivation as a visionary, and when little gold was found in Mashonaland in Southern Rhodesia, he accepted that the scheme to reach Lake Tanganyika had no economic justification. Railways built by private companies without government subsidies need enough of the type of traffic that can pay high freight rates to recover their construction costs. The agricultural products that fueled much of Rhodesia's early economic growth could not provide this traffic; large quantities of minerals could. Most early railways in Africa were built by the British government rather than Chartered Companies. The need to raise capital and produce dividends prevented most Chartered Companies from undertaking such infrastructure investments. However, in the early period of railway construction, BSAC obtained finance from South African companies including Consolidated Gold Fields and De Beers in which Rhodes was a dominant force. BSAC also benefited from the personal fortunes of Rhodes before his death. The railway reached Bulawayo in 1897, and was extended to the Victoria Falls in 1902. Lines were built in the or Cape gauge. The railway arrived in the future Zambia early in 1905, when the long Livingstone–Kalomo line was built in advance of completion in September of that year of the Victoria Falls Bridge from the then Southern Rhodesia to Livingstone. The first wagons on the line were hauled by oxen, then a single locomotive was conveyed in pieces by cableway across the gorge where the bridge was being built to start up operations to Kalomo in advance of the main line connection. The next section was to Broken Hill, (now Kabwe), which the railway reached in 1906. BSAC was assured that there would be much traffic from its lead and zinc mines, but this did not materialize because technical mining problems. The railway could not meet the costs of the construction loans, and the company faced major financial problems. The only area likely to generate sufficient mineral traffic to relieve these debts was Katanga. Another major bridge was required to cross the Kafue River and the long Kafue Railway Bridge, the longest on the Rhodesian Railways or Zambian Railways network, was completed in 1906. Initially, the Congo\",\n \"title\": \"History of rail transport in Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"516995\",\n \"text\": \"The Cuando River (or Kwando in the non-colonial spelling) is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. Course The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern bank of this floodplain, not the river channel). As with all rivers in south-central Africa, its flow varies enormously between the rainy season when it floods and may be several kilometres wide, and the dry season when it may disappear into marshes. The Cuando continues in its marshy channel across the neck of the Caprivi Strip of Namibia (map, 2) and then forms the border between Namibia and Botswana as it continues southeast. Some 10,000 years ago, the Cuando merged with the Okavango River and they flowed south to Lake Makgadikgadi (which is a seasonal wetland in current times), but the land in that area was uplifted. As a consequence the Cuando now meets slightly higher ground (map, 4) and breaks up into many channels and swamps (called the Linyanti Swamp) dotted with alluvial islands, nearly disappearing into the Kalahari sands like the Okavango (map, 5). But instead it has diverted east and has been captured by the Zambezi. The flow turns sharply east, still forming the border with Botswana. In the dry season there are few open channels through the swamps and marshes. Beginning at this point it is known as the Linyanti (map, 6), and after it flows through a seasonal lake, Lake Liambesi (map, 7), it is called the Chobe (map, 8). The river then flows into the Zambezi just above the former Kazungula Ferry (map, 9), now replaced by the Kazungula Bridge. In years when the Okavango experiences a good flood some of the water escapes east along the normally dry channel of the Magwekwana River (also known as Selinda Spillway) into the Linyanti Swamp, thus entering the Zambezi basin. The Selinda Spillway and the Boteti River are the only outlets of the Okavango basin. On the north side of the Chobe River are the Caprivi Swamps, on the edge of which is the ruined capital of the Kololo people who conquered Barotseland in the 19th century. So much of the water of the Cuando, Linyanti and Chobe is lost to evaporation in the various swamps that its contribution to the flow of the Zambezi is very small except in occasional years when it floods excessively. The perennial river bifurcation of Selinda Spillway (or Magweggana River), on the Cuando River, connects the Kalahari Basin to the Zambezi Basin. Wildlife The Cuando system is noted for its wildlife and for most of\",\n \"title\": \"Cuando River\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"995450\",\n \"text\": \"The Opeongo River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river is entirely within Algonquin Provincial Park and Opeongo River Provincial Park, except for a small portion around Victoria Lake, and is a left tributary of the Madawaska River. Course The river begins in Algonquin Provincial Park at the outflow from Annie Bay on the East Arm of Opeongo Lake in geographic Preston Township, in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District, controlled by the Opeongo Lake Dam and flows southeast to Booth Lake. It exits the lake east controlled by the Booth Lake Dam, enters geographic Clancy Township, exits Algonquin Provincial Park into Opeongo River Provincial Park and reaches Victoria Lake. The river leaves the lake at the northeast over a dam and continues southeast, passes from Unorganized South Nipissing District into the geographic Dickens Township in the municipality of South Algonquin, passes through a series of rapids, takes in the left tributary Aylen River, turns southwest, and empties into Bark Lake on the Madawaska River, at the Ontario Highway 60 bridge and east of the community of Madawaska. The Madawaska River flows via the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River. Recreation The river is used for recreational canoeing and kayaking. Tributaries Aylen River (left) Victoria Lake McNevin Creek (right) Shall Lake Oram Creek (right) Shall Creek (left) Crotch Lake Shirley Creek (left) Robin Creek (left) Bridle Creek (left) Booth Lake Rumley Creek (right) Cob Creek (right) McCarthy Creek (right) Chipmunk Creek (left) Tip Up Creek (left) See also List of rivers of Ontario References Other map sources: Rivers of Nipissing District Tributaries of the Ottawa River\",\n \"title\": \"Opeongo River\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"986347\",\n \"text\": \"Emil Holub (7 October 1847 – 21 February 1902) was a Czech physician, explorer, cartographer, and ethnographer in Africa. Early life Holub was born in Holice in eastern Bohemia (then within the Austrian Empire, now the Czech Republic), to the family of a municipal doctor. After studying at a German-language grammar school in Žatec (Saaz), he was admitted at Prague University where he obtained a degree as a doctor of medicine (1872). Expeditions in Africa Inspired to visit Africa by the diaries of David Livingstone, Holub travelled to Cape Town, South Africa, shortly after graduation and eventually settled in Dutoitspan near Kimberley to practise medicine. After eight months, Holub set out in a convoy of local hunters on a two-month experimental expedition, or \\\"scientific safari\\\", where he began to assemble a large natural history collection. In 1873, Holub set out on his second scientific safari, devoting his attention to the collection of ethnographic material. On his third expedition in 1875, he ventured all the way to the Zambezi river and made the first detailed map of the region surrounding Victoria Falls. Holub also wrote and published the first book account of the Victoria Falls published in English in Grahamstown in 1879. After returning to Prague for several years, Holub made plans for a bold African expedition. In 1883, Holub, along with his new wife Rosa (1865–1958) and six European guides, set out to do what no one had done before: explore the entire length of Africa from Cape Town all the way to Egypt. However, the expedition was troubled by illness and the uncooperative Ila tribesmen and Holub's team was forced to turn back in 1886. Holub mounted two exhibitions, highly attended but ending up in financial loss, in 1891 in Vienna and in 1892 in Prague. Frustrated that he was unable to find a permanent home for his large collection of artefacts, he gradually sold or gave away parts of it to museums, scientific institutions and schools. Later Holub published a series of documents, contributing to papers and magazines, and delivering lectures. His early death came in Vienna on 21 February 1902, from lingering complications of malaria and other diseases he had acquired while in Africa. Commemorations of Holub's legacy In 1884, Daniel Oliver published and described in Hooker's book Icones Plantarum (Hooker's Icon. Pl.) Vol.15 in table 1475, the plant Holubia saccata, a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. It was named in Holub's honour. In 1949, a monument to Holub by Jindřich Soukup was unveiled in his hometown of Holice. In 1952, Czech movie Velké dobrodružství (Great Adventure) was filmed about Holub's expeditions. In 1970, the town of Holice opened a museum dedicated to Emil Holub near the main post office with an associated monument nearby. Since 1999 the gymnasium in the town bears explorer's name. On 20 February 2002 the Czech National Bank issued a CZK 200 silver coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of Dr. Emil Holub's death Between 2002 and 2006,\",\n \"title\": \"Emil Holub\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23479408\",\n \"text\": \"El Djouf () is a desert, an arid natural region of sand dunes and rock salt which covers northeastern Mauritania and part of northwestern Mali. El Djouf is a part of the Sahara Desert in the north. El Djouf is 320 meters (1,050 feet) above sea level. A meteorite of a rare type of carbonaceous chondrite was found in El Djouf in October 1989. Geographic features The El Djouf consists in a typical African type of broad shallow sedimentary basin, separated by divides formed by fault blocks, plateaus and mountain ranges, where rock waste eroded from higher surfaces has been deposited at the base. Other significant basins of this type are those of Lake Chad and the Victoria - Kyoga lake basin, as well as the Congo and Zambezi rivers. See also Geography of Mauritania Sahara Desert References External links El Djouf 001 in the World Meteorite Catalogue Database Sedimentary basins of Africa Geology of Mali Geology of Mauritania Landforms of Mali Landforms of Mauritania Deserts of Africa Ergs of Africa Basins of Africa Sahara\",\n \"title\": \"El Djouf\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Kenya","Tanzania","Uganda"],"string":"[\n \"Kenya\",\n \"Tanzania\",\n \"Uganda\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":73,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45994"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays lord renly in game of thrones"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"35307593","text":"Gethin David L. Anthony (born 9 October 1983) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon for the first two seasons of Game of Thrones Early life and education Anthony was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. He attended Ashton Hayes Primary School in Ashton Hayes, Cheshire, Christ Church Primary School in New Malden, and the Tiffin School in Kingston-Upon-Thames. He received a scholarship for a summer programme at the British American Drama Academy in London from July to August 2004. Anthony went on to study English Literature at Oxford University's Balliol College, appeared in numerous student productions (notably in the title role of Cyrano de Bergerac at the Oxford Playhouse), and was President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society, before training at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Anthony played Grigory in Boris Godunov at the Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon from November 2012 to March 2013. He had guest roles in the series Ten Days to War and Doctors, and played William in the 2014 film Copenhagen. His most notable roles are Renly Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones and Charles Manson in the NBC series Aquarius. In 2017, he voiced the character of Gil Brodie in the video game Mass Effect: Andromeda, and appeared in a play A Lie of the Mind at Southwark Playhouse in London with Robert Lonsdale and Kate Fahy. Filmography Films Television Video games Stage Theatre 503/Latitude's Carrot as Alex Theatre Royal Northampton's In Praise of Love as Joey High Tide/Old Vic Tunnels's Ditch as James Birmingham Rep Theatre's Cling to Me Like Ivy as Patrick Hampstead Theatre's What Fatima Did as George The Old Red Lion's Fairytale Tristan Bates Theatre's Death of Cool as Richie Old Vic's 24 Hour Plays Old Fire Station Theatre's Some Voices as Ray Oxford Playhouse's Cyrano de Bergerac as Cyrano Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon's Boris Godunov as Grigoriy Otrepyev, later Dmitriy, the Pretender Audio BBC Radio 4's Small Acts of Kindness as Charlie BBC Radio 4's Severed Threads as Jones Radio Static's The Minister of Chance as Sutu BBC's Legsy Gets a Break as John Big Finish Productions's The Year of Martha Jones as Mr Strand References External links Interview with Shadowlocked.com Living people 1983 births 21st-century English male actors Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art English male film actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Male actors from Stratford-upon-Avon","title":"Gethin Anthony"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"35307593\",\n \"text\": \"Gethin David L. Anthony (born 9 October 1983) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon for the first two seasons of Game of Thrones Early life and education Anthony was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. He attended Ashton Hayes Primary School in Ashton Hayes, Cheshire, Christ Church Primary School in New Malden, and the Tiffin School in Kingston-Upon-Thames. He received a scholarship for a summer programme at the British American Drama Academy in London from July to August 2004. Anthony went on to study English Literature at Oxford University's Balliol College, appeared in numerous student productions (notably in the title role of Cyrano de Bergerac at the Oxford Playhouse), and was President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society, before training at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Career Anthony played Grigory in Boris Godunov at the Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon from November 2012 to March 2013. He had guest roles in the series Ten Days to War and Doctors, and played William in the 2014 film Copenhagen. His most notable roles are Renly Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones and Charles Manson in the NBC series Aquarius. In 2017, he voiced the character of Gil Brodie in the video game Mass Effect: Andromeda, and appeared in a play A Lie of the Mind at Southwark Playhouse in London with Robert Lonsdale and Kate Fahy. Filmography Films Television Video games Stage Theatre 503/Latitude's Carrot as Alex Theatre Royal Northampton's In Praise of Love as Joey High Tide/Old Vic Tunnels's Ditch as James Birmingham Rep Theatre's Cling to Me Like Ivy as Patrick Hampstead Theatre's What Fatima Did as George The Old Red Lion's Fairytale Tristan Bates Theatre's Death of Cool as Richie Old Vic's 24 Hour Plays Old Fire Station Theatre's Some Voices as Ray Oxford Playhouse's Cyrano de Bergerac as Cyrano Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon's Boris Godunov as Grigoriy Otrepyev, later Dmitriy, the Pretender Audio BBC Radio 4's Small Acts of Kindness as Charlie BBC Radio 4's Severed Threads as Jones Radio Static's The Minister of Chance as Sutu BBC's Legsy Gets a Break as John Big Finish Productions's The Year of Martha Jones as Mr Strand References External links Interview with Shadowlocked.com Living people 1983 births 21st-century English male actors Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art English male film actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Male actors from Stratford-upon-Avon\",\n \"title\": \"Gethin Anthony\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"9919699","text":"Gendry is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones. First appearing in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Gendry is a blacksmith apprentice in King's Landing, and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert Baratheon. He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). After Queen Cersei Lannister orders the execution of all of King Robert's bastards, Gendry is forced to flee King's Landing alongside Arya Stark under the protection of Yoren, a recruiter for the Night's Watch. He later joins the outlaw group Brotherhood Without Banners and is knighted by its leader Beric Dondarrion, and becomes a follower of R'hllor. Gendry is portrayed by English actor Joe Dempsie in the HBO television adaptation. Character description Gendry was conceived and born in King's Landing after Robert's Rebellion ended and is one of sixteen (twenty in the television series) bastard children of King Robert Baratheon. He is fourteen years old when introduced in the first book, and is portrayed as tall and very muscled, having blue eyes and thick black hair, very similar to his biological father Robert in youth. He also looks hauntingly like a younger version of Renly Baratheon, though with a squarer jaw, bushier brows and tangled hair, but resembles his biological uncle enough that for a moment Brienne of Tarth almost mistook him for the deceased Renly. Gendry is an intelligent boy despite being born into poverty, but is also stubborn, sullen, suspicious, easily confused and shy around women, and Arya Stark commented that he looks pained when he tries to think. Gendry is a biological (though illegitimate) first cousin to Shireen Baratheon, the heiress of House Baratheon on Dragonstone and King Stannis' claim to the Iron Throne. Through Robert's grandmother Princess Rhaelle Targaryen, King Aegon V's youngest daughter, he is actually also a third cousin (once removed) to Rhaegar, Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen. Despite being one of the only four surviving biological children of King Robert (along with Mya Stone, Edric Storm and Bella Rivers), Gendry never knew who his father was, though he did see Robert from afar multiple times and was once nearly trampled by a drunken Robert's horse while playing near the city gate. His mother was reported to have been an alehouse worker who died when Gendry was still a young boy, and all he remembers of her was that she had blonde hair. Later on, Tobho Mott, a master armourer from Qohor working in King's Landing, was offered double the customary fee by a \"lord\" with concealed identity to take Gendry in as a smith apprentice, but accepted him for free after being impressed by the boy's physique. Gendry turns out to be a talented apprentice, and likes to spend time polishing a bull head helmet that he proudly made for himself, which earned him the nickname \"Bull\"","title":"Gendry"},{"docid":"1888712","text":"Stannis Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. He is the second son of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, as well as the brother of Robert – lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Renly – lord of Storm's End. He is the Lord of Dragonstone, and after his elder brother's death, becomes a claimant to the Iron Throne of Westeros and a key player in the subsequent civil war. Stannis's goals are frequently impeded by his lack of manpower and resources, owing to his unpopularity with other noble houses. He must therefore rely on the counsel of the foreign priestess Melisandre and his right-hand man, lowborn smuggler Davos Seaworth, who he later promotes to Hand of the King. Stannis often struggles to escape the shadow of his two more overtly charismatic brothers, particularly Robert. Though first mentioned in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Stannis formally appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). In December 2011, Martin posted a sample chapter from the yet-unfinished The Winds of Winter, told from Theon Greyjoy's viewpoint, which confirmed Stannis' return in the sixth book. Stannis is portrayed by English actor Stephen Dillane in the HBO television adaptation of the series, who has received significant critical praise for his performance. Stannis is a divisive character among fans of the books and television show alike, enjoying both great popularity for his dedication to justice and dark horse status, as well as opposition for his unrelenting attitude towards the Iron Throne. He has earned particular attention for the differences in his characterization between the novels and show, particularly during season five. Character description Stannis Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and older brother of Renly. He is portrayed as a brooding and humorless man with a harsh but fair sense of duty and justice whose dour demeanor is often off-putting in comparison to his two more charismatic brothers. He is renowned as a skilled and prescient military commander. Although he is initially said to be extremely stubborn and inflexible, in later books he has shown some ability to use diplomacy and deception to achieve his goals. Background Stannis was born the second of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont's three sons and in his youth was constantly overshadowed by Robert. When Stannis was 14, he witnessed his parents' death in a shipwreck off the coast of House Baratheon's castle, Storm's End, and subsequently lost his faith in the Seven Gods. During Robert's Rebellion, a teenage Stannis holds Storm's End in Robert's absence, successfully defending the besieged castle from the Reach forces of Mace Tyrell and Paxter Redwyne for the best part of the year. Stannis' garrison avoids starvation thanks only to the smuggler Davos Seaworth, who evades the blockade by the Redwyne fleet to bring the Baratheon soldiers a cargo","title":"Stannis Baratheon"},{"docid":"54281805","text":"Throne of Fire is an action strategy video game. It was designed by Mike Singleton, developed by Consult Computer Systems, and published by Melbourne House. The game was released for the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum in 1987. Throne of Fire is set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano. The game focuses on three princes in the Burning Citadel where they and their men-at-arms fight to the death to gain the Throne of Fire after their father's death. Throne of Fire received positive reviews from industry critics, with some reviewers speaking positive of the graphics while other criticized the lack of difficulty in the single player mode, instead recommending playing with two players. Gameplay Throne of Fire is an action strategy game. Set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano, the player assumes the role of one of the three princes of the recently deceased King Atherik: Alorn the Lion Prince, Cordrin the Sun Prince, and Karag the Wolf Prince. As one of the princes, the player can play against two computer players or a second player and a computer player, who play the role of the other two princes. Each prince and their men-at-arms must fight the other princes and their army to the death. The player must also fight against the King's Guard, the protectors of the Throne of Fire. Weapons with their own strengths and weaknesses can be found around the castle, along with magical objects that can increase or decrease a character's strength. Each army group are distinguished by color, with Prince Alorn and his men as red, Cordrin as yellow, Karag as purple, and the King's Guard as green. The castle has one hundred rooms to enter through. If any characters enters a room, their group color will light up the room. Each of the princes starts with nine men-at-arms. Reinforcements will join the side of whoever last visit Gate Rooms. If no one entered a Gate Room before the man-at-arms appears, they will join the King's Guard. Once the player enters the Throne Room with their prince, they become the king and takes control of the King's Guard. The other players lose the ability to control their men-at-arms, with their men staying in their rooms to defend themselves. If the new king dies, the King's Guard will return to being neutral and the other princes regain their men. Development Throne of Fire was designed by Mike Singleton, known for designing other fantasy games such as Lords of Midnight, Doomdark's Revenge, and Dark Sceptre. It was developed under Consult Computer Systems, who worked on the programming, graphics, and music and was published by Melbourne House. This was the first game Singleton made in association with Melbourne House. Jim Bagley was given the position of programmer for the game, the first game he ever worked on. The game was released in April 1987 on the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. A Commodore 64 port was also planned,","title":"Throne of Fire"},{"docid":"50362699","text":"\"The Door\" is the fifth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 55th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jack Bender. Bran Stark learns the origin of the White Walkers, Jon Snow plans to unite the north against the Boltons, Euron Greyjoy reveals his return to the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot, Tyrion Lannister meets with the Red Priestess Kinvara, and Daenerys Targaryen sees the depths of Jorah Mormont's devotion to her. \"The Door\" received universal acclaim from critics, who found the episode to be emotional with effective action sequences involving the White Walkers and Hodor, in addition to providing \"important answers regarding [the show]'s mythos.\" The adaptation of the Kingsmoot as well as Daenerys's farewell to Jorah were also listed as high points of the episode. Hodor's origin story was presented to the series co-creators by George R. R. Martin. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 7.89 million in its initial broadcast. For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, Jack Bender was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, among the episode's five nominations. This episode marks the final appearance for Kristian Nairn (Hodor) and Max von Sydow (the Three Eyed Raven). Plot In Braavos Jaqen offers Arya the assignment of killing an actress named Lady Crane, who is playing Cersei in a play recounting the War of the Five Kings. In The Dothraki Sea Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys. He admits his love for her, and Daenerys orders him to find a cure and return to her so he can be by her side when she conquers Westeros. In Meereen Tyrion summons the red priestess Kinvara, who agrees to preach to the people that Daenerys is the chosen one of the Lord of Light. She also claims to know what originally happened to Varys and why, unnerving the eunuch. On the Iron Islands The members of House Greyjoy argue over the Salt Throne, with Euron being chosen as King. He intends to sail to Slaver's Bay, bring Daenerys Targaryen back to Westeros as his wife, and conquer the Seven Kingdoms with their combined forces. Theon and Yara, realizing Euron will have them put to death, flee with the best ships of the Iron Fleet. Euron orders the Ironborn to begin construction of a new, better fleet. At The Wall Sansa confronts Littlefinger about his decision to marry her to Ramsay. Littlefinger reveals that her great-uncle, the Blackfish, has retaken Riverrun with the Tully army. Sansa orders Brienne to go and recruit the Blackfish for their cause. At a war meeting at Castle Black, Sansa and Jon discuss which of the Northern houses they can rely on to support them. As the Karstarks and Umbers have already sided with House Bolton, Ser Davos suggests asking House Manderly. When Jon decides to rally the two dozen houses still loyal to the Starks, Sansa informs him they","title":"The Door (Game of Thrones)"},{"docid":"1174910","text":"Robert Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by English actor Mark Addy. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Robert is the eldest son and heir of Lord Steffon Baratheon. He is a close friend to Ned Stark, both being wards of Lord Jon Arryn. After his betrothed Lyanna Stark was allegedly kidnapped by prince Rhaegar Targaryen, Robert, Ned and Jon started a rebellion against the \"Mad King\" Aerys II Targaryen. After crushing the Targaryen dynasty and winning the war, during which Lyanna died, Robert took the Iron Throne. He married Tywin Lannister's daughter Cersei to ensure political stability. Although Robert's reign is relatively peaceful, he proves to be an ineffective ruler. He is unhappy in both his marriage to Cersei, whom he abuses, and his responsibilities as king, and lives a life of infidelity and wanton excess. He fathers many bastards, and is unaware that his three children with Cersei had been fathered by her twin brother Jaime Lannister. Although Robert dies in the first novel, the legacy of his rebellion and reign continues to have a great impact on the contemporary events of Westeros. His death creates a power vacuum in which his brothers and Cersei's eldest son Joffrey fight for control of the Seven Kingdoms while Robb Stark and Balon Greyjoy fight for secession, known as the War of Five Kings. Character background Robert Baratheon was the oldest son and heir of Lord Steffon Baratheon and Lady Cassana Estermont. In his youth, he was the ward of Jon Arryn and was raised at the Eyrie alongside Eddard Stark, with whom he was closer than his brothers. When he was 16, his parents drowned and died during a storm, and he became the Lord of Storm's End. He was betrothed to Ned's younger sister Lyanna, with whom he was madly (and unrequitedly) in love. After Lyanna disappeared with Rhaegar Targaryen, and the execution of Eddard's father, Rickard and brother, Brandon Stark King Aerys II called for Robert and Ned's heads. Jon Arryn refused and began what is now called Robert's Rebellion. Robert played a key role in the downfall of the Targaryen dynasty and killed Rhaegar in single combat. He married Cersei Lannister to ensure House Lannister's support for his rule. Personality and description Robert is in his mid-thirties when the events of the books begin. Although being a quarter Targaryen (through his paternal grandmother Rhaelle), Robert has the classical Baratheon look: black hair and bright blue eyes, with dense black body hair on his chest and around his sex. He is a very tall man, with Eddard estimating his height to be . As a young adult, Robert was handsome, clean-shaven, strong and powerful, and muscled \"like a maiden's fantasy\". However, after he won the Iron Throne, Robert becomes very obese due to excessive feasting and drinking,","title":"Robert Baratheon"},{"docid":"42765829","text":"Olenna Tyrell (née Redwyne) is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of high fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones. Olenna is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones (1996) and appears in A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). She is the matriarch of the powerful House Tyrell, the largest and second wealthiest of the eight Great Houses of Westeros. Olenna is characterized by her cunning, ambition and sharp wit (the latter of which being the foundation for her title, the Queen of Thorns, with the Tyrell sigil of a rose). Although her family is allied with the Lannisters in King's Landing, she often finds her machinations at odds with theirs, especially those of Tywin Lannister. She, along with Petyr Baelish, is responsible for the death of King Joffrey Baratheon during his wedding to her granddaughter and protégé, Margaery. In the HBO television adaptation, Olenna was portrayed by veteran English actress Diana Rigg, who received significant critical praise for her portrayal. Rigg received Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performances in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018. Character profile Olenna Tyrell, also known as the Queen of Thorns, is the mother of Mace Tyrell, the lord of Highgarden and the lord paramount of the Reach. She is described as a wizened and cunning old woman with a wicked wit and a sharp tongue, and is known for openly stating her opinion. Olenna is not a point of view character in the novels, so her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Sansa Stark and Cersei Lannister. Olenna is mostly a background character in the novels. Storylines In A Storm of Swords, she plots to have Sansa taken to Highgarden to marry her grandson Willas. This plan is foiled by the Lannisters, who force Sansa to marry Tyrion Lannister. According to Littlefinger later in A Storm of Swords, in order to shield Margaery from King Joffrey's cruelty, Olenna had actually been the one who murdered Joffrey at his wedding. Margaery would later go on to marry the younger brother, Tommen Baratheon. TV adaptation Lady Olenna, better known as \"The Queen of Thorns\", is the sharp-witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery. In the adaptation, Olenna is the matriarch of, and the true power behind, House Tyrell. She is also aware of and is generally unconcerned with her grandson Loras's homosexuality. Olenna implies that both closet matriarchy and tolerance of \"sword-swallowers\" are considered relatively normal in the Reach. She is notably one of the few characters that Tywin Lannister treats as an equal. Olenna was played by the British actress Diana Rigg in the television adaption of the series of books. Commenting on the casting of Diana Rigg, David Benioff said “you don’t audition Dames, they audition you”. Rigg highly praised the show after being cast as Olenna, saying that she","title":"Olenna Tyrell"},{"docid":"47894242","text":"\"Entirely Beloved\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \"Entirely Beloved\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \"Entirely Beloved\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529","title":"Entirely Beloved"},{"docid":"65279492","text":"Erech and the Paths of the Dead is a supplement published by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) in 1985 for the fantasy role-playing game Middle-earth Role Playing, which is itself based on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Contents Background In Tolkien's published history of Middle Earth, a people called the Daen Coentis ruled a kingdom on either side of the White Mountains at the end of the Second Age, and built a subterranean passage under the mountains to join the two provinces. They swore an oath of allegiance to Elendil and Isildur, but when called upon to join the Last Alliance against Sauron, they refused. The oath-breakers were cursed for their treachery, their spirits unable to depart from Middle Earth until they fulfill their oath to the True King. In The Lord of the Rings, after the fall of Saruman, Aragorn looks into the palantír of Orthanc and foresees that the Corsairs of Umbar will aid the siege of Minas Tirith unless he can immediately intervene. He doesn't have time to take the road around the White Mountains from Rohan to Gondor, so he and his companions dare to take the ancient subterranean passage now known as the Paths of the Dead and guarded by the spirits of the oath-breakers. Once he emerges at the other end of the path, Aragorn calls the spirits to the Stone of Erech, and as Isildur's heir, demands that they fulfill their oath. They acquiesce, and Aragorn leads them into battle against the Corsairs of Umbar. Setting The role-playing supplement Erech and the Paths of the Dead is set in 1640 of the Third Age, about mid way between the time of the broken oath and the events of The Lord of the Rings. The kingdom of the oath-breakers is long gone, replaced by Rohan and Gondor, and the supplement describes in detail the Vale of Erech at the southern end of the Paths of the Dead, now Gondor's province of Morthond. The city Sarn Erech and the fortress of Morthondost are described. The text includes notable buildings and people, and a table of sample prices for goods. The forbidden Paths of the Dead linking Rohan to Gondor are described. As well as providing advice on how to set up adventures in this area, two adventures are sketched out. Prince Arador of Morthond wants to loot the tombs in the Paths of the Dead, and seeks a party of those willing to risk the dangers in order to provide him with a map to the richest treasures. Prince Arador has recently taken the throne after a plague killed his father and the heir to the throne, his older sister Aranwen. But rumours have surfaced that Arador faked his sister's death, and that she is being held in captivity. Publication history ICE published the licensed game Middle Earth Role-Playing in 1982, and then released many supplements for it over the next 17 years, until the Tolkien Estate withdrew their license in 1999. Erech and the Paths","title":"Erech and the Paths of the Dead"},{"docid":"11189811","text":"\"Lord Snow\" is the third episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It first aired on May 1, 2011. It was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by series regular Brian Kirk, his directorial debut for the series. The plot follows Jon Snow's training at The Wall; Eddard's arrival at King's Landing, followed by Catelyn, looking for Bran's would-be murderer; Arya reveals her desire to learn sword fighting to her father; Joffrey is given a lesson in ruling the Kingdom by Cersei, and Robert longs for the glory of his past. Meanwhile, Daenerys learns she is pregnant. The episode was the first to feature Old Nan, played by Margaret John, who died before the series was broadcast; the episode is dedicated to her memory in the final credit. The title of the episode is the demeaning nickname given to Jon Snow by Ser Alliser Thorne, the sadistic trainer of Night's Watch recruits, referring to his highborn origins. Critical reception was generally positive, with critics praising Maisie Williams for her portrayal of Arya Stark, and her sword lesson scenes, as well as the introduction of the Small Council, and further character development for the series. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.4 million in its initial broadcast. Plot In the Dothraki Sea Daenerys gains confidence and earns the respect of Ser Jorah Mormont. After assaulting her, Viserys is nearly killed by one of Daenerys's bloodriders. Irri notices that Daenerys is pregnant and Jorah, upon being told, departs for Qohor for supplies. Later, Daenerys reveals to Drogo that their child is a boy. At the Wall Jon easily beats his fellow recruits in combat. Master-at-arms Ser Alliser berates them all for their poor performance, even Jon, nicknaming him \"Lord Snow\" to mock his bastard heritage. Jon asks Benjen to take him north of the Wall, but he tells Jon that he must earn it. Jon makes amends by giving his fellow recruits proper sword training. Tyrion is asked to provide more men from Cersei and Jaime for the outnumbered Night's Watch for the threat of the White Walkers to the north. Though skeptical, Tyrion agrees to do so; he departs the Wall and says goodbye to Jon, who finally accepts Tyrion as a friend. At Winterfell With Bran now awake, Robb tells him that he will never walk again. Bran, saying he is unable to remember anything about his fall, wishes he was dead. In King's Landing Ned Stark and his daughters arrive at King's Landing. On his way to a meeting of the king's Small Council, Ned encounters Jaime Lannister. It is revealed that Jaime killed the Mad King Aerys Targaryen, father of Daenerys and Viserys. Ned remains dissatisfied that Jaime broke his oath as knight of the Kingsguard. Ned joins the Small Council, consisting of Robert's brother Lord Renly, Lord Varys, Grand Maester Pycelle, and Lord Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish. Renly announces Robert's","title":"Lord Snow"},{"docid":"35888445","text":"\"Valar Morghulis\" is the tenth and final episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 20th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by Alan Taylor. It first aired on June 3, 2012. The episode concludes many storylines featured throughout the second season, such as Tyrion Lannister's position as Hand of the King, Stannis Baratheon's impending invasion, and Sansa Stark's betrothal to Joffrey Baratheon. In the episode, citizens of King's Landing deal with the aftermath of Stannis's failed attack on the city, with Tywin Lannister being named Hand of the King in Tyrion's stead; Sansa's engagement to Joffrey is annulled, and Margaery Tyrell is betrothed in her place; and Stannis broods in defeat at Dragonstone. Other plotlines include Brienne of Tarth escorting Jaime Lannister south, Jon Snow earning the trust of the Free Folk, and Daenerys Targaryen reuniting with her dragons in the House of the Undying. The episode's title is a code phrase spoken by Jaqen H'ghar to Arya Stark, but its meaning, \"all men must die\", is not explained until the next season. \"Valar Morghulis\" received positive reviews from critics and audiences, and achieved a viewership of 4.20 million during its initial airing in the United States, setting a new record for the series. At the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the episode won the award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects and was nominated for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup. The episode marks the final appearance of Jason Momoa (Khal Drogo). Plot In King's Landing Tywin is named Hand of the King and Baelish is awarded Harrenhal. Ser Loras asks Joffrey to wed Lady Margaery, with Cersei and Pycelle's agreement. Baelish offers to smuggle Sansa home but she declines. Scarred and without allies except Podrick, Tyrion suspects his sister Cersei was behind the attempt on his life. Bronn is dismissed from his position as captain of the City Watch. Shae tries to convince Tyrion to leave for Pentos, but he refuses. At Dragonstone Stannis tries to strangle Melisandre for his defeat but relents after truly comprehending her involvement in Renly's death. His faith in her is restored when he sees visions in the flames. In the Westerlands Escorting Jaime to King's Landing, Brienne finds three women lynched by Stark soldiers for sleeping with Lannister soldiers. She kills the Stark soldiers before burying the women. Brienne reminds Jaime that she serves Catelyn, not House Stark. Robb confides in Catelyn that he loves Talisa and will not proceed with the arranged marriage to House Frey. Despite Catelyn's warning, Robb marries Talisa. At Winterfell Under siege, Theon rejects Luwin's advice to leave for the Night's Watch, believing Jon will kill him. Theon tries to rally his men, but is knocked out by Dagmer and brought to the Bolton forces. Luwin is stabbed by Dagmer. Bran and his party find Winterfell burned and Luwin dying in the Godswood, advising them to head for the Wall before","title":"Valar Morghulis"},{"docid":"713590","text":"A Clash of Kings is the second of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, an epic fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on November 16, 1998 in the United Kingdom; the first United States edition followed on February 2, 1999. Like its predecessor, A Game of Thrones, it won the Locus Award (in 1999) for best novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award (also in 1999) for best novel. In May 2005, Meisha Merlin released a limited edition of the novel, fully illustrated by John Howe. The novel has been adapted for television by HBO as the second season of the TV series Game of Thrones. A Clash of Kings is also the name of the first expansion to the Game of Thrones board game. Plot summary A Clash of Kings depicts the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros in civil war, while the Night's Watch mounts a reconnaissance to investigate the mysterious people known as wildlings. Meanwhile, Daenerys Targaryen continues her plan to conquer the Seven Kingdoms. In the Seven Kingdoms With King Robert Baratheon dead, his purported son Joffrey sits on the Iron Throne. His reign is far from stable, as both of Robert's brothers, Renly and Stannis, have claimed the throne as well. Two regions attempt to secede from the realm: Robb Stark is declared \"King in the North\" while Balon Greyjoy declares himself king of the Iron Islands. The war among these contenders is dubbed the War of the Five Kings. Stannis Baratheon, publicizing the claim that Joffrey and his siblings are bastards, claims the throne as Robert's eldest brother and therefore heir. He is supported by Melisandre, a foreign priestess who believes Stannis a prophesied messianic figure. Renly is supported by the wealthy Lord Mace Tyrell, and has married Mace's daughter Margaery. Robb's mother Catelyn Stark meets with Renly and Stannis to discuss an alliance against Joffrey's family, the Lannisters, but she is unable to reach an agreement with them. Melisandre uses magic to send a shadow to assassinate Renly in the middle of the night, and Stannis besieges Storm’s End, Renly’s castle; after witnessing Renly's death, Catelyn and Renly's bodyguard, Brienne of Tarth, flee the scene. Tyrion Lannister, Joffrey's uncle, arrives at the capital city of King's Landing as acting Hand of the King, the senior adviser to Joffrey's reign. Tyrion improves the defenses of the city while jockeying for power against Joffrey's mother, the Queen Regent Cersei. Learning of Renly's death, Tyrion sends the crown's treasurer Petyr “Littlefinger” Baelish to win the Tyrells' support for Joffrey. Catelyn's daughter Sansa, a hostage of the Lannisters, is regularly abused by Joffrey. Riots break out in the city due to Joffrey's cruelty and food shortages caused by the ongoing war. Robb wins several victories against the Lannisters while his younger brother Bran rules the Northern stronghold of Winterfell in his absence. Against Catelyn's advice, Robb sends his friend Theon Greyjoy, Balon Greyjoy's son, to negotiate an","title":"A Clash of Kings"},{"docid":"52760839","text":"Throne of Evil is an adventure for fantasy role-playing games published by Mayfair Games in 1984. Plot summary Throne of Evil is an adventure scenario intended for player characters of levels 4-6 that takes place in 12th-century England. The characters are sent by the Norman court to Castle Wraithstone to capture the evil March Lord. The book details a castle and dungeons. In Throne Of Evil, the characters join up at an inn and go to a castle to eliminate an evil lord, which they are only able to access by way a cavern inhabited by monsters. Publication history Throne of Evil was written by Stephen Bourne, with a cover by Rowena Morrill, and was published by Mayfair Games in 1984 as a 32-page book. The adventure module was part of the Role Aids line. Reception Rick Swan reviewed the adventure in The Space Gamer No. 75. He called the adventure \"little more than a by-the-numbers rewrite of a typical TSR hack-and-slasher circa 1978\". Swan added: \"Anyone who's even casually experienced with fantasy roleplaying will be in familiar territory with Throne of Evil [...] For what it's worth, there are plenty of well-rendered maps, including one just for the players (always a nice touch). At least you can sense the hand of a good editor at work as there is very little superfluous material to distract from the [...] adventure.\" He continued: \"If Mayfair indeed felt compelled to add a simple hack-and-slasher to their RoleAids line, you'd think they'd have at least insisted on some new monsters or some new treasures or at least an interesting trap or two. Instead, we get the usual assortment of snoozers [...] the 'political intrigue' referred to in the introduction is little more than an uninvolving fluctuation of loyalties among some of the NPCs. Somebody ought to tell these guys that this approach to fantasy modules is hopelessly old-fashioned. Sure, it's got its place – it's a nice way to introduce young players to the hobby, if nothing else. But it's already been done to death and done much better elsewhere.\" Swan concluded the review by saying, \"If you have an opening for a product of this kind, my suggestion is to pick up an old TSR D&D module. Just for old time's sake, I bought a half dozen of 'em at a book store recently for a buck and a half each. As for Throne of Evil, let's let it go as an unfortunate misfire from the usually excellent RoleAids series. I mean, nobody's perfect.\" Reviews Game News #4 (Jun 1985) References Fantasy role-playing game adventures Role Aids Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1984","title":"Throne of Evil"},{"docid":"33241653","text":"Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones. Career He also played Albert Flood in The Awakening, Margaret's Father in The Magdalene Sisters, Lord Ruthven in Mary Queen of Scots and Father Angelo in the 2006 Doctor Who episode \"Tooth and Claw\". He played the Guide in James Graham's site specific piece \"The Tour Guide\" and has performed in a number of other stage productions including Chris Lee's \"The Fall of the Peacock Throne\" where he played Mohammad Mosaddeq. His most recent role was that of Joe Necchi in Untitled Production's adaptation of Alexander Trocchi's \"Cain's Book\". He has voiced the Audiobook versions of a number of crime novels including work by James Oswald and Stuart MacBride. Filmography Film Television References External links Scottish male film actors Scottish male stage actors Scottish male television actors Living people Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Ian Hanmore"},{"docid":"32149175","text":"Game of Thrones is a 2012 action role-playing game developed by Cyanide and published by Atlus USA in North America and Focus Home Interactive in Europe and Australia. It is based on the television series of the same name. James Cosmo and Conleth Hill reprise their roles from the television series as Jeor Mormont and Varys, respectively. A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin has a cameo appearance as Maester Martin in Castlewood. Plot summary The game takes place concurrently with season 1 of Game of Thrones, and switches between two characters, Alester Sarwyck and Mors Westford. Alester, a knight, was the heir to Sarwyck, a lordly house under Lannister, but had fled to Essos 15 years before, being traumatized by an unspecified event at the end of Robert's Rebellion. During that time, he became a priest of R'hllor. He returns to Riverspring, his home, after hearing of his father's death. Mors Westford is one of the best rangers of the Night's Watch, and prior to that, he was one of the best knights serving House Lannister. Near the end of Robert's Rebellion, he refused a direct order to kill Elia Martell and her two infants, thereby putting his family's lives in danger. He sent his wife and daughter into hiding and was persuaded to join the Night's Watch to avoid execution. Mors is also a skinchanger, and has a dog which he can control at will. Alester, at his father's funeral, learns that his younger brother Gawen was recently disinherited, and has gone missing following his father's death. Gawen is suspected of murdering his father with poison. Meanwhile, Alester's half-brother, Valarr Hill, a bastard and a knight of the queen's guard, is engaged to Alester's sister, Elyana, and is set to become Riverspring's next lord, which Alester is determined to stop. As the funeral ends, a riot occurs among starving peasants. Alester takes command of the city guard and uses either force or negotiation to end the riot. Alester then leaves for King's Landing to search for clues about Gawen's disappearance. While there, he is arrested by the City Watch at Valarr's instigation. Varys helps him escape and meet with Queen Cersei, who decides to hire him for secret missions, and to make him compete against Valarr. The two are sent to kill a bastard named Harry Waters, who is protected by Jon Arryn's knights, led by Godric Donnerly. With Godric dead, they learn that Arryn was protecting another woman and sent her to the Wall. Valarr sends his lieutenant Yohn to impersonate Godric and find this woman. Alester then encounters Lord Arwood Harlton, who offers to help find Gawen. They find a genealogical book which proves that the queen's children are illegitimate. Alester searches the sewers for Gawen but finds bandits sent by Janos Slynt. Alester infiltrates the City Watch and finds a Gawen's corpse, and a letter showing that Slynt was hired by Valarr. At this point, Harlton reveals that he is part","title":"Game of Thrones (2012 video game)"},{"docid":"713625","text":"A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 8, 2000, in the United Kingdom, with a United States edition following in November 2000. Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon, which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book. At the time of its publication, A Storm of Swords was the longest novel in the series. It was so long that in the UK, Ireland, Australia, Serbia and Israel, its paperback edition was split in half, Part 1 being published as Steel and Snow in June 2001 (with the one-volume cover) and Part 2 as Blood and Gold in August 2001 (with a specially-commissioned new cover). The same division was used in the Polish and Greek editions. In France, the decision was made to cut the novel into four separate volumes. A Storm of Swords won the 2001 Locus Award, the 2002 Geffen Award for Best Novel and was nominated for the 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel. It was the first novel in the series to be nominated for the Hugo Award, one of the two most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy publishing, although it lost to J. K. Rowling's novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Meisha Merlin Publishing, which had previously issued limited, illustrated editions of both A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings, was planning to release a similar version for A Storm of Swords in two volumes; however, lengthy delays in the release of A Clash of Kings caused it to lose its publishing rights, which were picked up by Subterranean Press. This edition, illustrated by Charles Vess, was released in the summer of 2006. A Storm of Swords is also the name of the second expansion to the board game A Game of Thrones, released in July 2006. Approximately the first half of the novel was adapted for television as the third season of the HBO show Game of Thrones, while the second half became the basis for the series' fourth season, and some elements for the series' fifth season. Plot summary A Storm of Swords picks up the story slightly before the end of its predecessor, A Clash of Kings. The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros are still in the grip of the War of the Five Kings, wherein Joffrey Baratheon and his uncle Stannis Baratheon compete for the Iron Throne, while Robb Stark of the North and Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands declare their independence (Stannis's brother Renly Baratheon, the fifth \"king\", has already been killed). Meanwhile, a large host of wildlings, the tribes from beyond the Seven Kingdoms' northern border, approach the Wall that marks the border, under the leadership of Mance Rayder, the self-proclaimed \"King Beyond the Wall\", with only the undermanned Night's Watch in opposition. Finally, Daenerys","title":"A Storm of Swords"},{"docid":"1289409","text":"Roose Bolton is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is depicted by actor Michael McElhatton. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Roose is lord of House Bolton, the second most powerful Northern house behind the Starks. The Boltons are notorious for their cruelty and custom of flaying their enemies. He also appears in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000), and A Dance with Dragons (2011). Roose joins Robb Stark's rebellion as one of his chief lieutenants. However, he secretly orchestrates the Red Wedding alongside Lord Tywin Lannister and Lord Walder Frey, receiving the title of Warden of the North and dominion over the Northern kingdom after personally murdering Robb. His rule is punctuated by unrest and several forces conspire to unseat him. Character Description At the beginning of A Game of Thrones, Roose is a bannerman of Lord Eddard Stark whose seat is at the Dreadfort. He is known as the Leech Lord due to regular leechings meant to improve his health. He served House Stark in Robert's Rebellion and the Greyjoy Rebellion. Roose is often described as an unassuming-looking man, ageless, clean-shaven with pallid skin, with an apathetic demeanor. His most prominent feature are his strangely pale and cold eyes, so light as to almost blend with the sclera. He is described as mild-mannered, but also remorseless and unforgiving. While his voice is small and soft, he does not need to raise it in order to inspire silence and attention; Ser Jaime Lannister and Robb Stark both remark that even just his silence is threatening. His personal motto is \"A peaceful land, a quiet people\". He often dresses in a pale pink fur cloak embroidered in blood red to symbolize his family's custom of flaying. Roose illicitly practices the ancient and banned tradition of the first night, in which a lord has the right to have sexual intercourse with female subjects on their wedding night. This practice resulted in the birth of his bastard son, Ramsay. He ordered his depraved servant Reek to help raise the child. Roose had only one trueborn son, Domeric, and Roose suspects that Ramsay poisoned Domeric to become his heir. Left without a trueborn heir, Roose brings Ramsay to the Dreadfort to serve as the castellan. Storylines Novels Roose is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Catelyn Stark, Arya Stark and Theon Greyjoy. A Game of Thrones Roose answers Robb Stark's call to arms in his campaign against the Iron Throne and House Lannister. Robb gives Roose command of part of the Northern army when the host splits up at The Twins, and he leads the attack on Tywin Lannister's forces in the Battle of the Green Fork. The battle ends in a Lannister victory","title":"Roose Bolton"},{"docid":"55053248","text":"The Outsider is a fictional supernatural being in Arkane Studios' Dishonored franchise, residing in an empty otherworldly dimension called the Void. After appearing in promotional webisodes, the character made his game debut in Dishonored (2012), where he grants magical powers to the player character. He serves a similar role in the game's sequel, Dishonored 2 (2016), though he may be rejected. The Outsider reappears in Dishonored: Death of the Outsider (2017), which follows former-assassin Billie Lurk as she attempts to kill him, though his ultimate fate is up to the player. Within the series, the Outsider is one of many representations of the Void that have existed, and was originally a street urchin before being sacrificed by a cult. Voiced by Billy Lush in the first game, the actor was replaced by Robin Lord Taylor from Dishonored 2 onwards. The character has often been viewed as a sort of trickster god, though director Harvey Smith has denied this interpretation. His sacrifice drew comparisons with the ancient Greek pharmakos by one writer, who would be brought to work on Death of the Outsider. Others commented on the Outsider and the Void as figures of choice, or related them to the open-ended gameplay of the series. The character has been praised by some critics, though he received negative reception from others. Appearances Dishonored (2012) In the lead-up to Dishonoreds release, the Outsider was introduced in more detail in The Tales from Dunwall, a series of webisodes giving more information on the game's lore. \"The Hand that Feeds\", the second episode, tells of one character the Outsider gifted powers to. An unnamed boy is ostracized and beaten by the other boys he knows, his only friend a white rat. One night while the boy is hiding in an alley, the Outsider appears and grants the boy his mark. Emboldened by his new powers, the boy finds his \"tormentors\" and uses the mark to unleash a swarm of rats over them, but one of the rats bites him in the process and infects him with the plague. In his last days, succumbing to the sickness, the boy searches in vain for the Outsider to thank him, as he \"would no longer have to live in fear, for what little life he had left\". The Outsider then made his game debut in Dishonored, voiced by Billy Lush. In Dishonored, the player plays as Corvo Attano, bodyguard to the Empress. After the Empress is murdered and her daughter Emily kidnapped by Daud, an assassin marked by the Outsider, Corvo is framed for her murder by the new Lord Regent. Corvo escapes six months after and joins with the Loyalists, who wish to rescue the Empress's daughter, use Corvo to systematically eliminate the Lord Regent's core allies and then the Regent himself, then restore Emily to the throne. The night after Corvo meets the Loyalists, the Outsider visits Corvo in a dream and marks him, granting him magical powers. He also gifts Corvo a living heart, which","title":"The Outsider (Dishonored)"},{"docid":"7594380","text":"is a fantasy action role-playing game developed by K2 LLC and published by Marvelous Entertainment for Sony PlayStation Portable. Story In a realm forgotten by history, humans, elves, halflings and other assorted races lived together in harmony in an untainted paradise surrounded by thick green forests and crystal clear streams. However, this tranquility was abruptly shattered by the roar of demons as the Dark Lord returned to reclaim his throne as the ruler of these lands. This set off a series of bloody battles as all races become ensnared in the violent conflict. After years of fierce fighting, the Dark Lord was eventually sealed away by the hands of as hero named Rulzult. However, the damage had been done. All the demon blood spilled during the war caused the land to become cursed and the sky lost its light. This once serene paradise became known as \"the Cursed Land.\" It entrapped its inhabitants and filled them with despair, causing each waking moment to feel like an eternity. One day, a brave youth awakens in this land, unable to recall who he/she is and having no recollection of his/her past. The story continues, following the unknown youth on a journey of discovery to find his/her lost memories and determine the future of this forsaken land. Gameplay The player fights against monsters to obtain new items and equipment. Five races are available for your character: human, dwarf, halfling, elf, and machine. Additionally, four initial job classes are available—Fighter, Mage, Priest, and Thief. Additional job classes can be acquired through job cards dropped by monsters in certain areas; these include Anchor, Knight, Samurai, and Ninja. At any time, each character may pick up to two job subclasses in addition to their main job class, and certain attributes of that subclass will carry over into gameplay (such as a Fighter being able to cast spells with a Mage or Priest subclass). Actions during combat will change depending on the weapons equipped, and each of the numerous weapon types is only equipable to a certain subset of job classes. After building up a gauge through combat actions, a character can perform a special attack. Different special attacks can be performed when equipping different weapons. Reception The game received \"mixed or average\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot gave the game 5.9 and IGN 6.5, citing the lack of in game story and the lack of clarity in the side quest. Sequels Valhalla Knights 2 released for the PlayStation Portable in North America on October 1, 2008, this installment expanded on the previous game by adding more races and improving the combat system. Valhalla Knights: Eldar Saga was released for Wii in North America on September 29, 2009. The game featured online cooperative play. Valhalla Knights 3 was released on the PlayStation Vita in May 2013. References External links Valhalla Knights official website 2006 video games PlayStation Portable games PlayStation Portable-only games Role-playing video games Marvelous Entertainment Marvelous Entertainment franchises Video games developed","title":"Valhalla Knights"},{"docid":"713577","text":"A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 1, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award. The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011, the novel became a New York Times Bestseller and reached No. 1 on the list in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Ihsan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |title=The New York Times Bestseller List |date=10 July 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2011-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124451/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A paperback TV tie-in re-edition was published in March 2013, titled Game of Thrones. PlotA Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously. In the Seven Kingdoms Upon the death of Lord Jon Arryn, the principal advisor to King Robert Baratheon, Robert recruits his childhood friend Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, now Warden of the North, to replace Arryn as Hand of the King, and to betroth his daughter Sansa to Robert's son Joffrey. Ned accepts the position when he learns that Arryn's widow Lysa believes he was poisoned by Robert's wife Queen Cersei Lannister and her family. Shortly thereafter, Ned's son Bran discovers Cersei having sex with her twin brother Jaime Lannister, who throws Bran from the tower to conceal their affair, leaving him comatose and paralyzing his legs. Ned leaves his castle Winterfell and departs for the capital city, King's Landing, bringing along his daughters Sansa and Arya. Upon arriving in King's Landing to take his post as Hand, Ned finds that Robert is an ineffective king whose only interests are hunting, drinking, and womanizing. At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran while he is unconscious, and Ned's wife Catelyn travels to King's Landing to bring word to Ned. Catelyn's childhood friend, Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish, implicates Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, in the assassination attempt. On the road back to Winterfell, Catelyn encounters Tyrion by chance, arrests him, and takes him to the Vale, where her sister Lysa Arryn is regent, to stand trial for the attempt on Bran's life. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid the Riverlands, Catelyn's home region. Tyrion regains his freedom by recruiting a mercenary named Bronn to defend him in trial by combat. Ned investigates Jon Arryn's death and eventually discovers that Robert's legal heirs, including Joffrey, are in fact Cersei's children by Jaime, and that Jon Arryn was","title":"A Game of Thrones"},{"docid":"4189186","text":"Rupert Nicholas Vansittart (born 10 February 1958) is an English character actor. He has appeared in a variety of roles in film, television, stage and radio, often playing comic characters. He is best known for his role as Lord Ashfordly in the ITV drama Heartbeat and for playing Lord Yohn Royce in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2014–2019). Early life and education Vansittart was raised in Cranleigh, Surrey, and is of partial Dutch ancestry. He trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama. Career Vansittart started his acting career in an episode of Bulman in 1985. In 1995, he starred in the serial Pride and Prejudice, as Mr Hurst, the brother-in-law of Charles and Caroline Bingley. He has also worked with Rowan Atkinson on a number of occasions, appearing as a guest star in two episodes of Mr. Bean in addition to The Thin Blue Line, and Johnny English Reborn. In 1993, he appeared in Remains of the Day as Sir Geoffrey Wren, a character based on the 1930s British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley. In 1994, he appeared in the film Braveheart as Lord Bottoms. He worked in Four Weddings and a Funeral, as George the Boor at the Boatman in 1995. In 2002, he appeared in the Midsomer Murders episode \"Market for Murder\". He also portrayed General Asquith in the Doctor Who episodes \"Aliens of London\" and \"World War Three\". In 2003, he appeared in the West End adaptation of Arsenic and Old Lace. In 2006, Vansittart portrayed Thomas J. Dodd in the BBC three-part drama documentary Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial. In 2007, he appeared in another episode of Midsomer Murders, \"The Axeman Cometh\". He also appeared in the 2008 BBC serial Spartacus as Consul Lentulus. In 2009, he was asked to play Peter Morrison in Margaret. Two years later in the critically acclaimed The Iron Lady with Meryl Streep he played Cabinet minister John Biffen. He has also played political characters on stage: in 2014 he was one of the main actors in the cast of Great Britain at the National Theatre. 2009 also saw his third appearance in Midsomer Murders, in the episode \"The Dogleg Murders\". In 2010, he appeared in Doctors as Anthony Chippington, a friend of Charlie's. He played Harrison Ashton Lard, the \"posh girl's father\", in How Not to Live Your Life. He provided additional voice-over for World's Craziest Fools. He appeared in the final two seasons of Foyle's War as Sir Alec Myerson, the title character's boss at MI5. Vansittart also appeared in the BBC Three comedy Bad Education, playing Mr. Humpage. In 2014, Vansittart started playing Lord Yohn Royce in the HBO series Game of Thrones, making recurring appearances in season 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. In 2016, he appears in the BBC TV series Father Brown as Arthur Le Broc in episode 4.7 \"The Missing Man\". In January 2016, he played Peter Jennings in an episode of the BBC series Casualty. Personal life Vansittart has been married to","title":"Rupert Vansittart"},{"docid":"8734487","text":"is a Japanese language epic fantasy role-playing game released in 1999. Its setting is similar to medieval Europe, including a strong church of monotheism, religious wars and knight-errants. Player characters, called Engraveds have engraved on their bodies the three stigmatas of 22 Arcaeus (apostles of the light) and can use miracles three times every a session. There are 22 classes (called arcanas) corresponding to Major Arcana of tarot divination. The names of arcanas are same as Arcaeus' ones and named with Latin, for example: Mater (clergy), Adamas (knight), Dextra (alchemist) and Ignis (archer). Players choose three arcanas during character creation. Three arcanas represent character's past, present and future. For instance, he might have lost the throne in the past if his past arcana is Corona (represent royal). In contrast, He may have the destiny that he will ascend to the throne if his future arcana is Corona. The person who has more than three stigmatas is called Marauder and slain by Engraveds because he has the sin of arrogance and unbelief. But every player character also will become Marauder if his Dignity Point (DP) is lost. At the game's climax, Marauders always shout that \"Dedicate Stigmata! We shall hold Lammas tonight.\" as a traditional statement. The game system uses only 20 sided dice and special tarot cards. Peculiar settings The pope of Ostia Sinistralic that is the most traditional sect is a woman, and a lot of clergy are also women. The messiah called Mater and her nine apostles were also women. Nine apostles are often taken falcons that run after the person as an analogy. Because the messiah's mother was a falconer. There are many demon lords are hostile to God. The strongest demon lord is Aerglyph lex thunderous. He is blind in one eye and has infinite wisdom. Obviously Aerglyph is modeled on the Norse God Odin. External links FarEast Amusement Research Japanese role-playing games Fantasy role-playing games Role-playing games introduced in 1999 Kadokawa Dwango franchises","title":"Blade of Arcana"},{"docid":"2337481","text":"Patrick Gerald Duggan (born 24 March 1945), known professionally as Patrick Malahide, is a British actor of stage and screen. His acting credits include The New Avengers (1976), ITV Playhouse (1977), The Eagle of the Ninth (1977), Sweeney 2 (1978), Comfort and Joy (1984), The Singing Detective (1986), A Month in the Country (1987), Minder (1979–1988), Middlemarch (1994), The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries (1993–1994), Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001), The World Is Not Enough (1999), Brideshead Revisited (film) (2008), The Paradise (2012), Luther (2015–2019), Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), Game of Thrones (2012–2016), and Mortal Engines (2018), The Protégé (2021), and Liaison (2023). Early life Malahide was born in Reading, Berkshire, England, the son of Irish immigrants; his mother was a cook, and his father secretary of the bursar at The Nautical College of Pangbourne. His education began at St Anne's Primary School, Caversham, Reading, then at Douai School in Woolhampton, Berkshire. He furthered his education at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, studying experimental psychology. Here, he began to develop his skills in acting, after joining the University's Dramatic Society, and making two appearances at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Acting career He made his television debut in 1976, in an episode of The Flight of the Heron, then in single episodes of Sutherland's Law, and The New Avengers (1976), and ITV Playhouse (1977). He was then in an adaptation of The Eagle of the Ninth, and his first film was Sweeney 2 in the following year. In 1979, he began a nine-year stint as Detective Sergeant Albert \"Cheerful Charlie\" Chisholm in the popular TV series Minder. His television appearances have included playing Alfred Jingle in The Pickwick Papers (1985), he starred in The Singing Detective (1986), Middlemarch (1994), and played Ngaio Marsh's Inspector Roderick Alleyn in a 1993–94 series. His films include Comfort and Joy (1984), A Month in the Country (1987), and Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001), alongside Nicolas Cage and Penélope Cruz. In 1999, he made an appearance in the introduction to the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, alongside Pierce Brosnan as a Swiss banker named Lachaise working in Bilbao. He played Mr. Ryder in Brideshead Revisited (2008). From 2012 to 2016 portrayed Balon Greyjoy, Lord of the Iron Islands, and the father of Theon and Yara, of House Greyjoy, in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones. In 2012, He played Lord Glendenning in The Paradise. He was a recurring character in Luther (2015–2019), and appeared in Bridget Jones's Baby (2016). In 2018, He portrayed Magnus Crome in the Mortal Engines. In 2021, he starred as Vohl in the Martin Campbell directed action film The Protégé, alongside Maggie Q, Michael Keaton and Samuel L. Jackson. In 2023, he played the role of Alison's father Jack Rowdy, in Liaison, in a cast that included Vincent Cassel, Eva Green and Peter Mullan. Filmography References External links 1945 births 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Living people English male film actors English male stage actors English male television","title":"Patrick Malahide"},{"docid":"1289464","text":"Eddard \"Ned\" Stark known as The Quiet Wolf is a fictional character in the 1996 fantasy novel A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin, and Game of Thrones, HBO's adaptation of Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. In the storyline, Ned is the lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Though the character is established as the main character in the novel and the first season of the TV adaptation, a plot twist involving Ned near the end of the novel and the end of the first season shocked both readers of the book and viewers of the TV series. Ned is portrayed by veteran English actor Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones, as a child by Sebastian Croft in the sixth season and as a young adult by Robert Aramayo in the sixth and seventh seasons. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011. Character Description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark is introduced as the virtuous and honorable patriarch of House Stark and the father of six children. The moral compass of the story, he is content to remain far from courtly intrigues and is unwavering in his view of loyalty and honor. His family name, Stark, serves as an indication of his resistance to moral compromise, but his boundaries are increasingly tested over the course of the novel. Finding himself a key player in the escalating political intrigue of King's Landing, Ned struggles as his own sense of honor draws him into corrupt goings-on at court. As the story progresses, he begins to see the importance of moral and practical compromises to achieve a just end, and is ultimately forced to choose between the safety of his family and doing what is right. Sean Bean said of the character, \"He's a good man trying to do his best in the middle of this corruption, he's a fish out of water, he's used to being up north in Winterfell where people are pretty straight and pragmatic, and he comes down to a place where people are playing games and backstabbing ... he's a principled man who tries to hold things together. This is a journey that he makes where ultimately his loyalty causes his downfall.\" Development and overview Publishers Weekly noted in 1996 that, despite the honest Ned Stark's intervention in court politics, \"no amount of heroism or good intentions can keep the realm under control.\" From his very first introduction, Ned is portrayed as a noble hero and set up to be the heart of the story. With fifteen chapters devoted to his point of view, more than any single character in the novel, he is presented as","title":"Ned Stark"},{"docid":"7852083","text":"Donald Sumpter (born 13 February 1943) is an English actor who has appeared in film and television since the mid-1960s. His credits include Doctor Who episode The Wheel in Space (1968), The Black Panther (1977), Bleak House (1985), The Queen's Nose (1995-1998), Great Expectations (1999), Nicholas Nickleby (2001), Enigma (2001), K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), The Constant Gardener (2005), Being Human (2009-2010), Ultramarines: The Movie (2010), Black Mirror (2011), Game of Thrones (2011-2012), Endeavour (2018), (2018), and Chernobyl (2019). Career Sumpter was born on 13 February 1943, in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, England. One of his early television appearances was the 1968 Doctor Who serial The Wheel in Space with Patrick Troughton as the Doctor. Sumpter appeared in Doctor Who again, in the 1972 serial The Sea Devils with Jon Pertwee. Sumpter also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2015, he appeared as the Time Lord President Rassilon in the Doctor Who episode \"Hell Bent\". His early film work included a lead role as real life criminal Donald Neilson in the 1977 film The Black Panther. Sumpter also appeared in many television films and serials, including adaptations of Dickens' novels: Nicholas Nickleby in 2001, Great Expectations in 1999, and Bleak House in 1985. Sumpter played the part of villain Ronnie Day in Big Deal (1985). He took the role of the suspected serial killer Alexander Bonaparte Cust in the 1992 Agatha Christie's Poirot adaptation of The ABC Murders. He has also appeared in episodes of Midsomer Murders, The Bill, Holby City, Black Mirror, and A Touch of Frost. From 1995 - 1998, Sumpter had a recurring role as Uncle Ginger in the Children's BBC series The Queen's Nose. He played Harold Chapple in Our Friends in the North, and portrayed the physicist Max Planck in Einstein and Eddington. He has also been seen as Kemp in the horror-drama series Being Human. In seasons 1 and 2, he portrayed Maester Luwin in the HBO series Game of Thrones. His film appearances include The Constant Gardener (2005), K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), Enigma (2001) and Ultramarines: The Movie (2010). In 2018, he played film star Emil Valdemar in Endeavour, Series 5, Episode 2: \"Cartouche. The same year, he appeared as Monsieur Mabeuf in the BBC adaption of . Filmography Films Television References External links 1943 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people Place of birth missing (living people) 21st-century British male actors 20th-century British male actors English male stage actors English male Shakespearean actors","title":"Donald Sumpter"},{"docid":"35813562","text":"\"The Prince of Winterfell\" is the eighth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 18th overall. The episode was directed by Alan Taylor and written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It first aired on May 20, 2012. The title of the episode refers to Theon Greyjoy as ruler of Winterfell after disposing of the Stark children. Plot In King's Landing Tyrion and Bronn plan the defense of King's Landing with the aid of old texts. Varys arrives to compliment Bronn on his leadership of the gold cloaks When Tyrion is accused of plotting to kill King Joffrey, Cersei mistakenly kidnaps Ros instead of Shae, and Tyrion swears to Cersei that she will pay for her actions. Joffrey's inexperience and arrogance leave Tyrion fearful for the coming battle. Varys informs Tyrion that Daenerys is alive with three dragons but Tyrion suggests to focus on one problem at a time. In The Narrow Sea Planning the siege of King's Landing, Stannis and Davos reminisce about Robert's Rebellion. Stannis remains bitter that Renly was given Storm's End, and vows to make Davos his Hand once he takes the Iron Throne. At Harrenhal Tywin meeting with his council discusses the siege of King's Landing and what will be done about Stannis and the Starks attacking Casterly Rock. As Tywin departs to face Robb's army, Arya is unable to find Jaqen H'ghar in time for him to kill Tywin, and instead forces him to help her escape. That night, Jaqen kills the castle's guards, allowing Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie to escape. In the Westerlands Robb returns from the Crag with Talisa to learn Jaime has escaped. Catelyn admits that Brienne is escorting Jaime to King's Landing to trade for Sansa and Arya, and Robb has Catelyn placed under guard. Roose Bolton assures Robb that Bolton's bastard son is nearing Winterfell; Robb orders mercy be shown to any Ironborn except Theon to persuade Theon's men to betray him. Talisa enters Robb's tent and talks at length about her brother and leaving highborn society in Volantis. Robb confesses to Talisa that he does not want to marry Frey's daughter, and they have sex in his tent. Beyond the Wall Ygritte and her companions present Jon to the Lord of Bones, whom she convinces to spare Jon's life, saying Mance Rayder will want to meet Eddard Stark's bastard. Captured Qhorin Halfhand tells Jon to “defect” to Mance's army to learn his plans. At the Fist of the First Men, Sam and Grenn discover an ancient Night's Watch cloak, containing a strange horn and a cache of dragonglass weapons. In Qarth Daenerys refuses to flee Qarth for Astapor without her dragons, and Jorah reluctantly takes her to the House of the Undying. At Winterfell Theon orders the messenger ravens killed to conceal Bran and Rickon's deaths. Yara Greyjoy arrives to bring Theon home, but he refuses to abandon Winterfell. Following Osha to the crypts beneath","title":"The Prince of Winterfell"},{"docid":"35299130","text":"\"The North Remembers\" is the second season premiere episode of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on April 1, 2012, it was written by the show creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by returning director Alan Taylor. With a war on the horizon, the Seven Kingdoms are witnessing an ever-growing clash of kings. The boy king Joffrey Baratheon (Jack Gleeson) sits on the Iron Throne guided by cruelty and deceit, while his honorable counterpart Robb Stark (Richard Madden) of the North heads south to avenge his father's death. Meanwhile, the late king Robert Baratheon's estranged brother Stannis (Stephen Dillane) emerges as yet another claimant to the throne. A frantic search for King Robert's bastard sons ensues, while the Queen sets to find the missing Arya Stark (Maisie Williams) in order to retrieve her lover and brother Jaime, now a captive to the Starks. The title refers to Robb Stark vowing revenge against the Lannisters for his father's murder. \"The North Remembers\" received universal acclaim from critics, who noted Tyrion Lannister's development as a key player as a highlight of the episode. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 3.86 million in its initial broadcast. The episode introduced a number of new cast members, including Stephen Dillane's Stannis Baratheon, Carice van Houten's Melisandre and Liam Cunningham as \"the onion knight\" Davos Seaworth. It also featured a number of new locations, both fictional and real, most notably the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, which served as the capital city of King's Landing. It received a great amount of critical praise, with critics welcoming the new set of characters, which they saw as a great addition. The episode went on to win an American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One-Hour Episodic Television Series. Plot On Dragonstone From the island of Dragonstone, the late King Robert's brother Stannis Baratheon declares himself rightful heir to the Iron Throne. He sends a message across the Seven Kingdoms that Robert's supposed heirs are the products of incest between Cersei Lannister and her brother Jaime. Despite Ser Davos Seaworth's advice, Stannis refuses to ally with King in the North Robb Stark or rival claimant Renly Baratheon. Fearing the influence that the Red Priestess Melisandre holds over Stannis, Maester Cressen attempts to kill Melisandre in a murder-suicide with poisoned wine, but Melisandre drinks the entire cup unaffected. In the Red Waste With the remnants of Khal Drogo's khalasar, Daenerys Targaryen makes a difficult journey across the Red Waste, and sends three riders to find shelter. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch ranging party reaches Craster's Keep beyond the Wall. Craster claims that the wildlings' leader Mance Rayder is amassing an army to move south. Lord Commander Jeor Mormont offers leadership advice to Jon Snow. At Winterfell After a prophetic dream, Bran visits the Godswood with Osha. Noticing a red comet, Bran declares it an omen of victory in the war, but Osha insists it","title":"The North Remembers"},{"docid":"50347029","text":"\"Book of the Stranger\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 54th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Sackheim. Sansa Stark arrives at the Wall and reunites with Jon Snow, and later receives a message from Ramsay Bolton challenging Jon to come take back Winterfell and rescue Rickon Stark; Margaery Tyrell is reunited with her brother, Loras; Cersei and Jaime Lannister plot with their uncle Kevan and Olenna Tyrell to have them released; and Daenerys Targaryen faces the khals. \"Book of the Stranger\" received widespread acclaim from critics, who noted the reunion of Jon Snow and Sansa Stark, and Daenerys Targaryen taking charge of all the khalasars as high points of the episode, one calling them \"huge, forward moving story elements that harkened back to season 1.\" Filming of the episode's closing scene was shot at two different locations. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 7.82 million in its initial broadcast. The episode was Emilia Clarke's selection for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards to support her nomination. This episode marks the final appearance for Natalia Tena (Osha). Plot At the Wall Jon, released from the Night's Watch by his death, states his desires to head south, as he is disillusioned by the betrayal of his fellow Night's Watchmen and tired of endless fighting. Sansa, Brienne, and Podrick arrive at Castle Black and Sansa is reunited with Jon. After telling each other their stories, Sansa tries to convince Jon to help her retake Winterfell. However, Jon is still reluctant to fight. Frustrated, Sansa declares to Jon that she will take back Winterfell whether he helps her or not. Meanwhile, Brienne confronts Davos and Melisandre, and informs them that she killed Stannis to avenge Renly Baratheon. She warns Davos and Melisandre that even though that was in the past, she does not forget or forgive. Brienne also attracts the unrequited romantic attentions of Tormund. Some time later, a letter from Ramsay to Jon arrives. Ramsay boasts that he has Rickon in his custody and demands Sansa's return, threatening to have the Bolton army exterminate the wildlings, kill Rickon and gang-rape Sansa while forcing Jon to watch before they kill him. Jon agrees to help Sansa retake Winterfell. When Tormund warns him that the wildlings are outnumbered by Ramsay's army, Sansa points out that Jon can use his status as the son of Eddard Stark to unite the North against Ramsay. In Winterfell Osha is brought before Ramsay, who asks her why she was helping Rickon. Osha claims that she intended to betray Rickon and attempts to seduce Ramsay while reaching for a nearby knife. However, Ramsay tells her that he is aware Osha used a similar ruse to escape Theon, and stabs her in the neck, killing her. In King's Landing Margaery is brought to meet the High Sparrow, who warns her to stay away","title":"Book of the Stranger"},{"docid":"26380560","text":"Brienne of Tarth is a fictional character in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones. She is a prominent point of view character in the novels. Brienne is introduced in the second novel of the series, 1998's A Clash of Kings, as a warrior fighting for the honor of serving in the Kingsguard of Renly Baratheon. She later swears her loyalty to Catelyn Stark and vows to return the captive Jaime Lannister to King's Landing in exchange for Sansa and Arya Stark, whom Catelyn believes are being held by the Lannisters. She additionally appears in A Feast for Crows (2005) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). Because she is a woman, Brienne is barred from serving as a knight, even though she is one of the most honorable and skilled warriors in all of Westeros. Her personal struggle towards honor, justice, and recognition has received significant critical attention, as has her complex relationship with Jaime, and she is one of the more popular characters in both the novels and television show. In the television series, Brienne is portrayed by English actress Gwendoline Christie and is introduced in season two. After appearing as a recurring cast member for two seasons, Christie was promoted to the main cast from season four onwards. Christie has received significant critical praise for her portrayal. For her performance in season three, she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television and for two Screen Actors Guild Awards, alongside the rest of the cast, for the third and fourth seasons. In 2019, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in the series's final season. Character Background Brienne is the daughter and only surviving child of Lord Selwyn Tarth, Lord of Evenfall Hall on the island of Tarth. House Tarth is a bannerman to House Baratheon, the lord paramount of the Stormlands. Brienne's mother died when she was a child, and she had a single older brother, Galladon, who drowned when she was 8, and two younger sisters, both of whom died in infancy. Brienne as a child was under the tutelage of Septa Roelle, who found fault in everything about Brienne and destroyed her self-esteem. She told Brienne that although a man would marry her, as she is heiress to her father's land, he could never desire her. Brienne's father tried to find her a suitor to wed. This proved to be difficult, however, due to both Brienne's resistance and her ungainly appearance. Nonetheless, three successive but ultimately unsuccessful betrothals were attempted. The first was when she was 7 and her fiancé was 10, but he died of an illness. Next, a betrothal was brokered by the lord of the land-poor house Connington, to his young newly knighted heir Ronnet, but young Ser Ronnet broke the betrothal the first time he met Brienne. Brienne's father's last attempt","title":"Brienne of Tarth"},{"docid":"38988791","text":"\"Dark Wings, Dark Words\" is the second episode of the third season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 22nd episode of the series overall, it was directed by Daniel Minahan and written by Vanessa Taylor. It first aired on HBO on April 7, 2013. In the episode, Robb Stark receives word that Winterfell has been razed by the Ironborn, and learns that Bran and Rickon have disappeared. Robb's army takes a detour to Riverrun to attend the funeral of Hoster Tully. Theon Greyjoy is taken captive and tortured at Winterfell. Brienne of Tarth continues to escort an imprisoned Jaime Lannister to King's Landing. In the North, Jon Snow struggles to gain the trust of Mance Rayder, as the Night's Watch march back to the Wall. The title of the episode refers to an in-universe proverb about messenger ravens, referring to the fact that urgently delivered messages are often bad news. The episode marks the first appearance of Olenna Tyrell (Diana Rigg), Jojen Reed (Thomas Brodie Sangster), and Meera Reed (Ellie Kendrick). Plot In King's Landing Margaery and her grandmother Lady Olenna persuade Sansa to tell them the truth of King Joffrey's cruelty. After discussing his bride-to-be with Cersei, Joffrey invites Margaery to his chamber and questions her about her last husband, Renly Baratheon, and shows off his new crossbow. Shae warns Tyrion that Lord Baelish has taken an interest in Sansa. Beyond the Wall Mance Rayder continues to be distrustful of Jon, and speaks with Orell, a 'warg' capable of seeing through the eyes of animals, who tells him that he has seen the aftermath of the battle at the Fist of the First Men. Marching to the Wall, Sam falls from exhaustion, and Jeor Mormont orders Rast, who had been taunting Sam, to ensure he reaches the Wall alive and if he doesn't, Jeor will have him killed. In the North Heading north with Hodor, Osha, and Rickon, Bran has another strange dream. While Hodor and Rickon are away, Osha suspects someone is following them and leaves to investigate. Bran is confronted by Jojen Reed, the boy from his dream and a seer like Bran. Accompanied by his sister, Meera, Jojen says they have been searching for Bran. While travelling, Bran and Jojen discuss him being a warg and what the three eyed raven is. Theon Greyjoy has been taken captive, and despite answering all questions truthfully, continues to be tortured. A young man, who claims to be sent by Yara, promises to aid Theon. In the Riverlands Robb receives news of the death of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully, and that Winterfell has been razed by the Iron Islanders but Bran and Rickon have not been found. He and Catelyn depart for Riverrun for her father's funeral; Lord Karstark voices his displeasure with the funeral distraction. Catelyn discusses her children with Talisa, and admits that she feels responsible for what is happening to them all. Traveling north, Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie are brought","title":"Dark Wings, Dark Words"},{"docid":"761835","text":"A Game of Thrones: The Card Game (or AGoT, for short) is an out-of-print collectible card game produced by Fantasy Flight Games. It is based on A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of novels written by George R. R. Martin. The first set was Westeros Edition and was released in August 2002. It has since won two Origins Awards. The game's primary designer is Eric Lang, the lead developer is Nate French, with Damon Stone serving as associate designer. In the game, players assume the leadership of one of the great houses of Westeros vying for control of King's Landing and the Iron Throne. To accomplish this, players launch military attacks against their opponents, undermine their opponents’ plans with intrigues of their own, and make power plays to win the support of the realm. Factions Each house represents one of the main factions involved in the struggle for the Iron Throne emulated by the AGoT LCG. Each house provides different strengths and weaknesses, allowing for various play styles to interact within the same game. Certain cards are restricted to one or two houses, giving each house a unique flavor. Currently, there are eight playable factions in the AGoT LCG. Each is identified by a shield bearing the arms of the house, located in the upper right corner of the card. Great houses House Stark, the honorable rulers of the cold North. The Stark shield is a grey direwolf on an ice-white field. Prominent Stark characters include Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Catelyn, their son Robb, as well as Maester Luwin, Ser Rodrik Cassel, and Brynden \"The Blackfish\" Tully. Common game mechanics include direct kill, deck searching, and improved defense. Many Stark effects are themed around military challenges. House Lannister, the rich and treacherous residents of Casterly Rock. The Lannister shield is a gold lion on a crimson field. Prominent Lannister characters include Jaime, Cersei, and Tyrion Lannister, as well as Ser Gregor Clegane, Ser Addam Marbrand, and Grand Maester Pycelle. Common game mechanics include card draw, kneeling effects, and trait manipulation. Many Lannister effects are themed around intrigue challenges. House Baratheon, the royal blood of King Robert, rulers of Dragonstone and Storm's End. The Baratheon shield is a black crowned stag on a gold field. Prominent Baratheon characters include Robert, his brothers Stannis and Renly, as well as Melisandre, Ser Davos Seaworth, and the Loras Tyrell, the Knight of Flowers. Common game mechanics include power manipulation, standing effects, and retrieval of cards from the dead and discard piles. Many House Baratheon effects are themed around power challenges. House Greyjoy, the rulers of the Iron Islands and the Ironborn raiders who prey on the rest of Westeros. The Greyjoy shield is a gold kraken on a black field. Prominent Greyjoy characters include Theon, Asha, and their father Balon Greyjoy, as well Balon's brothers Euron Crow's Eye and Aeron Damphair. Common game mechanics include location control, the ability to save characters, event cancels, and boosting the strength of attacking","title":"A Game of Thrones (card game)"},{"docid":"60810065","text":"\"The Iron Throne\" is the series finale of the HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 73rd and final episode overall, \"The Iron Throne\" is the sixth episode of the eighth season, and was written and directed by executive producers and series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It first aired on May 19, 2019. In the episode, the characters deal with the aftermath of Daenerys Targaryen's (Emilia Clarke) devastation of King's Landing and determine who will finally rule Westeros. The episode garnered mixed responses from critics and audiences. Although most critics took issue with the episode's story arcs, pacing and tone, some others deemed it a satisfying conclusion to the series, praising the acting and visuals. Benioff and Weiss received directing and writing nominations for the episode at the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, whilst Kit Harington and Peter Dinklage selected the episodes to support their nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, respectively. Dinklage won in his category. Plot Jon and Davos survey the destruction that Daenerys brought on King's Landing. Tyrion finds the crushed corpses of Cersei and Jaime in the ruins of the Red Keep. Grey Worm and his men execute Lannister soldiers; Jon attempts to intervene, but Grey Worm insists he is acting on Daenerys' orders. Daenerys declares to the Unsullied and Dothraki that they \"liberated\" the people of King's Landing, and she will soon \"liberate\" the entire world. Tyrion publicly resigns as Daenerys' Hand in protest, and she has him arrested for treason. Jon visits Tyrion in captivity, who tells Jon that despite the love they both have for Daenerys, it is Jon's duty to kill her for being the people's greatest threat. Tyrion also warns Jon that Arya and Sansa will not bend the knee to Daenerys, putting all of House Stark in danger. Jon confronts Daenerys in the destroyed throne room. Daenerys blames Cersei for the deaths of the civilians and refuses to forgive Tyrion or the Lannister prisoners, arguing that their executions – and a continued \"liberation\" campaign – are necessary to establish her vision of a good world. Unable to dissuade Daenerys, a conflicted Jon fatally stabs her as they kiss. As Jon grieves, Drogon arrives. After discovering that Daenerys has been murdered, an anguished Drogon melts the Iron Throne before carrying her body away to the east. Weeks later, the lords and ladies of the Seven Kingdoms convene at the Dragonpit to discuss the fates of Tyrion and Jon, still imprisoned by the Unsullied. Tyrion suggests that future monarchs be chosen by a council of lords and ladies, instead of inheriting the crown. The council agrees and elects Bran as the new king of the Seven Kingdoms. Sansa declares the North's independence from the Seven Kingdoms, which Bran accepts. Bran appoints Tyrion as his Hand so that Tyrion can make amends for his various wrongs and sentences Jon to rejoin the Night's Watch for life to appease","title":"The Iron Throne (Game of Thrones)"},{"docid":"47980779","text":"Robert Aramayo (born 6 November 1992) is an English actor. From 2016 to 2017, he played the role of young Eddard Stark in the sixth and seventh season of the HBO series Game of Thrones. In 2021, he starred in the Netflix psychological thriller miniseries, Behind Her Eyes. In 2022, he played Elrond in the Amazon series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. Life and career Aramayo's acting career began at the age of seven when he played the role of Bugsy Malone in a primary school production. When he was ten he joined the Hull Truck Youth Theatre, performing in about three plays a year. His older sister Laura also began an acting career at the Hull Truck Youth Theatre and studied drama at the Oxford School of Drama in Oxford. He attended Hull's Wyke College and in 2011 won a place at the prestigious Juilliard School in New York City. His performance in a Juilliard production of Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange as Alex, the lead character, earned him his first film role in the Italian-American production Lost in Florence. From 2016 to 2017 he played the role of young Eddard Stark in the sixth and seventh season of the HBO series Game of Thrones. Aramayo played the role of mechanical engineer and Harley-Davidson co-founder William S. Harley in the Discovery Channel miniseries Harley and the Davidsons, which premiered September 5–7, 2016, on Discovery. Also that year, he appeared in the Tom Ford film Nocturnal Animals. He has a role in the HBO miniseries Lewis and Clark. He appeared in The Empty Man, directed by David Prior, The Incident at Sparrow Creek Lumber directed by Henry Dunham, and Eternal Beauty, directed by Craig Roberts. In August 2019, it was announced that Aramayo had been cast on the Netflix psychological thriller miniseries, Behind Her Eyes. On 7 January 2020, it was announced that Aramayo had been cast as a character referred to as \"Beldor\", later revealed to be Elrond in Amazon's television series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. Personal life Born in England, the son of Mike Aramayo, he is of Spanish descent. Filmography Film Television References External links Juilliard School résumé 1992 births Living people English male film actors English people of Spanish descent 21st-century British male actors Male actors from Kingston upon Hull Juilliard School alumni","title":"Robert Aramayo"},{"docid":"3908549","text":"Time Lord — Adventures through Time and Space is a Doctor Who role-playing game, written by Ian Marsh and Peter Darvill-Evans and published in 1991 by Virgin Publishing. This game is totally unrelated to the previously released Doctor Who RPG by FASA, having different and simpler mechanics that often seemed arbitrary. For example, the companion Polly is a secretary yet according to her statistics, she can hardly read or write. The system lacked any method for creating original player characters: it was suggested that the referee give the players a particular Doctor and his associated companions, or a group of Doctors. A later on-line supplement, \"Timelord: Journeys\", written by Nathaniel Torson, provided a system for creating original player characters. A variety of basic templates were provided (\"The Soldier,\" \"The Specialist,\" The Alien\") and die roll ranges provided for determining attribute and skill values. Rules for purchasing alien abilities, generating random adventures, and using \"Drama Points\" to increase abilities and use Genre Tropes to simulate standard situations from the series were also provided. The game was marketed with other Doctor Who books instead of other role-playing games. It was printed in paperback novel format, unlike other RPGs. In addition, Virgin was unknown in the gaming market. As a result, it did not sell well and aside from a few articles in Doctor Who Magazine, no supplements were published. The system revolves around the concept of \"beating the difference\" - Actions have a difficulty rating, from which the relevant attribute and skill is subtracted; the remaining number is the difference. Players roll two six-sided dice, and then take the difference of the two rolls; if that number is higher than the difference, the action is successful. The game includes many skills which are especially appropriate to the tone of Doctor Who, such as cheat death and macguffin. The original game book includes extensive biographical information on all the companions of the TV series, as well as many of the villains. Also included is an incomplete original short story, \"The Necromancers\", with the idea the story could be completed as part of a game campaign. The text includes a solo adventure, Switchback. A full campaign, The Templar Throne, is also included. It takes place in a shopping mall. In 1996, the game was made available for free on the internet, along with updates for the game to include the Eighth Doctor. In the electronic version, the adventure The Templar Throne has been replaced with another campaign, The Curse of the Cyclops. Reviews White Wolf #49 (Nov., 1994) External links Time Lord RPG for download along with expansions. Time Lord in PDF and HTML formats Curse of the Conqueror adventure by Marcus Rowland British role-playing games Role-playing games based on television series Novels based on Doctor Who 1991 books Games based on Doctor Who Gamebooks by Peter Darvill-Evans Role-playing games introduced in 1991 Science fantasy role-playing games","title":"Time Lord (role-playing game)"},{"docid":"60559065","text":"\"Jenny of Oldstones\", alternatively titled \"My Jenny's Song\", is a song appearing in the HBO epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was included in two separate parts in the second episode of the series' eighth season, \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\". In the first instance of the song, it was performed during the episode by character Podrick Payne, portrayed by Scottish actor Daniel Portman. The song then played during the episode's end credits, performed by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine. Florence and the Machine released the song as a single the day after the episode aired, on 22 April 2019. The song was released by HBO and record label Universal Music Group. Background \"Jenny of Oldstones\" is an adaptation of a fictional folk song mentioned in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, on which Game of Thrones is based. In the third novel in the series, A Storm of Swords, a mysterious elderly woods witch nicknamed \"the Ghost of High Heart\" asks the singer Tom of Sevenstreams to perform \"my Jenny's song\" as payment for her prophecies. Only one line of the song, \"High in the halls of the kings who are gone, Jenny would dance with her ghosts\", is quoted in the novel series, appearing in the epilogue chapter of A Storm of Swords. In the fictional history of A Song of Ice and Fire, the titular Jenny of Oldstones was a peasant girl whom the prince Duncan Targaryen gave up his inheritance to marry. The television version of the song is a folk ballad with influences of Celtic music. The song was written by German composer Ramin Djawadi, who composed all the music for Game of Thrones; and screenwriters D. B. Weiss and David Benioff, who added more lyrics to the fragment written by Martin in A Storm of Swords. Florence and the Machine's recording of it was produced by American musician Doveman and Florence and the Machine frontwoman Florence Welch. Weiss and Benioff reportedly approached Welch in 2012 to record the song \"The Rains of Castamere\", although she had turned down their request. Following the release of \"Jenny of Oldstones\", Welch stated in an interview with The New York Times that this was during her \"wild years\", when she was \"less focused\". In the episode \"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\", the studio version of the song by Welch was played over the closing credits. The song was however first heard from the character Podrick Payne (played by Daniel Portman), who sang a verse in a sequence reminiscent of the scene in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King when Pippin sang \"The Edge of Night\" before the battle of Minas Tirith. The version sung by Portman is simplified in its harmonies, while the version by Welch is close to how Djawadi originally wrote it with more chord changes. Commercial performance \"Jenny of Oldstones\" debuted at number 75 in the UK","title":"Jenny of Oldstones"},{"docid":"1888711","text":"Renly Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Renly is the youngest of the three sons of Lord Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, and the younger brother of Robert and Stannis Baratheon. He is Lord of Storm's End and Lord Paramount of the Stormlands. He served as master of laws in his eldest brother's small council, before crowning himself king in the wake of Robert's death with the support of the Reach and the Stormlands, an act that helps kick off the War of Five Kings. This brings him into conflict with his older brother Stannis, whose claim is greater. Renly's homosexual relationship with Loras Tyrell is alluded to in the books and is made clearly evident in the television show. Both men are among Martin's most prominent LGBTQ characters, although Renly and Loras' adapted relationship and the show's portrayal of the latter has received mixed criticism. Renly Baratheon is portrayed by Gethin Anthony in the HBO television adaptation. Character description Renly Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and of King Stannis. He is a handsome and charismatic man that wins friends easily, which makes him popular with the smallfolk. He is thought to look extremely similar to his older brother Robert, albeit smaller and slimmer, inheriting the Baratheon height and long black hair. Although he is well-liked and charismatic, many powerful lords at court secretly consider him to be vain and frivolous. He is described as disdainful of reading, although he enjoys hunting and jousting. Renly is also a closeted gay engaged in a relationship with Loras Tyrell. Renly is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Ned and Catelyn Stark. He is also often mentioned and remembered by Brienne of Tarth, who had fallen in love with him at a young age. Renly is mostly a background character in the novels. Storylines Renly Baratheon is the youngest of the Baratheon brothers and Lord of Storm's End. He is described as handsome and charismatic, winning friends easily. Renly serves on Robert's council as Master of Laws. After Robert dies, Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms in A Clash of Kings, wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen as he is their Lord Paramount, and seals an alliance with House Tyrell by marrying Margaery Tyrell. Before he can march on the capital though, he hears Stannis is besieging Storm's End. Renly marches there, intending to kill his brother in battle, and turning down an offer to become Stannis' heir. Before the battle he is assassinated by a shadow conjured by Melisandre, though it is unclear if Stannis is aware of this or not. TV adaptation Renly Baratheon is played by the British actor Gethin Anthony in the television","title":"Renly Baratheon"},{"docid":"6195351","text":"\"Chains\" is the final episode of the BBC sitcom Blackadder II, the second series of Blackadder, which was set in Elizabethan England from 1558 to 1603. Power-mad and self-professed \"master of disguise\", Prince Ludwig the Indestructible kidnaps Lord Blackadder and Lord Melchett. They escape his clutches but Prince Ludwig infiltrates the palace during a fancy dress ball. The episode was recorded 14 July 1985. Plot In the throne room, Blackadder informs Queenie and Nursie of an unspecified incident that saw Blackadder insulting the unidentified individual before he pulled up his tights and jumped out of the privy window. Melchett arrives, telling Queenie that his former tutor's son has been kidnapped and begs for her to pay the hefty ransom. Queenie consults Lord Blackadder on the matter – he tells her to tell Melchett's tutor's son to \"get stuffed\", stating that \"only an idiot\" would be so foolish as to be kidnapped. However, literally seconds later, after he has left the room, Blackadder meets two men, one of whom asks him something while another hits Blackadder over the head and knocks him unconcious with Melchett suffering the same fate after he has convinced Queenie to pay the ransom. The two then awaken in a damp cell in a dungeon accompanied by a deranged Spanish torturer. Blackadder does not speak Spanish, so after Melchett has translated that he is to be tortured, Blackadder and the torturer engage in a lengthy game of charades to determine the exact insults, threats, and mode of torture. Prince Ludwig the Indestructible, a German pretender to the throne with poor English skills, intervenes just as the torturer is about to get started on Blackadder, stopping the other man with his whip. When Edmund does not recognise him, Ludwig reveals that he was once disguised as \"Big Sally\", a waitress at a pub in Dover that Blackadder frequented while meeting a black marketeer named Otto. Blackadder is horrified as he had an affair with Big Sally, unaware that it was Ludwig in disguise. Ludwig and Blackadder also trade insults, Blackadder loses his patience and rants about Ludwig's voices, with Ludwig snapping, telling Edmund to be quiet. After that, Ludwig reveals he has sent Queenie a message and that she has a week to pay up, with Blackadder confidently believing Queenie will do so. At Ludwig's request, Lord Melchett is dragged in by Ludwig's two guards, screaming. Melchett does not recognise Ludwig, until Ludwig tells him that he once impersonated Flossie, a sheep at a monastery in Cornwall. Melchett is also aghast, having unknowingly had a sexual encounter with the madman, with an amused Ludwig adding in a \"Baaa\". Ludwig departs the dungeon with his two guards, laughing evilly, as Blackadder and Melchett remain in the dungeon. Percy then reads a message back to Queenie, informing her she only has a week to decide as to who will be freed: Melchett or Blackadder. At Queenie's suggestion, with Baldrick's help, Percy plays a quick singing game to help influence Queenie's","title":"Chains (Blackadder)"},{"docid":"31770905","text":"Lino Schmidek Machado Facioli (born 29 July 2000) is a Brazilian-British actor. He is best known for portraying Lord Robin Arryn in Game of Thrones and Naples in Get Him to the Greek. Biography Facioli was born in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state. He is of Austrian, Portuguese, Italian and German descent. Lino's maternal grandfather, Werner Robert Schmidek, was born in Vienna, Austria, and emigrated to Brazil in 1960. He moved to the United Kingdom with his family when he was 4 years old. Career He showed an interest in an acting career at age 7 when he was enrolled in a theater school in London. In 2010, he began his career with appearances in short metrages and television series. His first professional work was in the British short film Awfully Deep in 2010 from director Daniel Florêncio. In the same year, he joined the cast of Get Him to the Greek, acting as the son of actor Russell Brand. He played the troublesome Robin Arryn, Lord of a noble family in the series Game of Thrones. In 2014, he starred the Brazilian film O Menino no Espelho, working alongside the Brazilian actors Mateus Solano, Regiane Alves and Laura Neiva. In 2019 he played a minor role in the British teen comedy Netflix series Sex Education. Filmography Film Television References External links Living people 2000 births 21st-century Brazilian male actors 21st-century British male actors Brazilian people of Austrian descent Brazilian people of Italian descent Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian male child actors Brazilian male film actors Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom British male child actors British male film actors Male actors from São Paulo (state) Male actors from London People from Ribeirão Preto","title":"Lino Facioli"},{"docid":"35555286","text":"\"The Ghost of Harrenhal\" is the fifth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by David Petrarca, his second episode this season. It premiered on April 29, 2012. “The Ghost of Harrenhal” is how Arya Stark describes herself while at Harrenhal in A Clash of Kings, the novel on which the season is based, although the phrase is not heard in the episode. This episode marks the final appearance of Gethin Anthony (Renly Baratheon). Plot In the Stormlands As Renly and Catelyn negotiate an alliance, Melisandre's shadow creature kills Renly and disappears. Brienne, mistaken for the murderer, is forced to slay Renly's guards and escape with Catelyn. Brienne and Catelyn stop beside a river to discuss her return to Winterfell and Renly's death. Brienne swears allegiance to Catelyn, who promises not to interfere with Brienne's vengeance against Stannis. Loras also blames Stannis, but Littlefinger and Margaery convince him to flee. Stannis arrives, and his dead brother's bannermen swear fealty to him. Following Davos' advice, Melisandre's blood magic is not used for the King's Landing assault; Stannis gives a reluctant Davos command of the fleet. In King's Landing Tyrion learns from Lancel that Cersei is stockpiling King Aerys's dangerously flammable \"wildfire\", and visits the royal pyromancer, Wisdom Hallyne, who reveals a massive cache of wildfire Joffrey intends to catapult at Stannis' forces. Bronn doubts the logistics and odds of Joffrey's idea, so Tyrion claims the cache for his own plan. In Qarth Daenerys holds court at Qarth as her dragons grow. The warlock Pyat Pree invites Daenerys to visit the \"House of the Undying\", while the masked Quaithe warns Ser Jorah of dangers facing Daenerys. Xaro asks to marry Daenerys in exchange for resources to take King's Landing. Jorah argues that Daenerys must win the Iron Throne on her own, and she eventually agrees. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch meet legendary ranger Qhorin Halfhand at the Fist of the First Men, an ancient fortification. Qhorin warns that the wildlings have become more organized and dangerous under former ranger Mance Rayder. Jon volunteers to join Qhorin in eliminating a wildling watchpost. At Winterfell Receiving news that Torrhen's Square is under attack, Bran urges Ser Rodrik to raise defenders. He tells Osha of his dreams featuring a \"three-eyed raven\" but she deflects his inquiries. On The Iron Islands Despite Theon's lineage and title, his new ship's crew have little respect for him. Yara comes to make jokes at him. First mate Dagmer Cleftjaw explains Theon must win their respect. When Dagmer proposes assaulting the Northern town of Torrhen's Square, Theon realizes that will leave Winterfell poorly defended for a takeover. At Harrenhal Tywin holds council to discuss Robb Stark. Tywin deduces Arya is a Northerner, but remains unaware of her true identity. Jaqen H'ghar, disguised as a Lannister guardsman, offers Arya \"three lives\" in return for saving him and two others","title":"The Ghost of Harrenhal"},{"docid":"11258880","text":"Brian Kirk is an Irish film and television director who has directed episodes of Game of Thrones, FX's The Riches and Showtime's Brotherhood and The Tudors. He also directed the television film My Boy Jack starring David Haig and Daniel Radcliffe and based on the play of the same name. Career Kirk has been named to direct the thriller Midnight Delivery for Universal Pictures. Guillermo del Toro will produce the film. In July 2013, Kevin Costner was in talks to star in the film. Filmography Film Middletown (2006) 21 Bridges (2019) The Fisherwoman (TBA) Television Pulling Moves (2004) Episode #1.01: \"Claimitis\" Episode #1.02: \"Meat Is Murder\" Episode #1.03: \"The Quiz\" Episode #1.04: \"Dog Eat Dog\" Episode #1.05: \"Spousal Arousal\" Murphy's Law (2004–2005): Episode #2.01: \"Jack's Back\" Episode #2.02: \"Bent Moon on the Rise\" Episode #3.01: \"The Goodbye Look\" Episode #3.03: \"Strongbox\" Donovan (2005) Funland (2005) Episode #1.08 Episode #1.09 Episode #1.10 Episode #1.11 The Riches (2007): Episode #1.05: \"The Big Floss\" Episode #1.07 \"Virgin Territory\" The Tudors (2007): Episode #1.05: \"Arise, My Lord\" Episode #1.06 \"True Love\" Brotherhood (2006–2007) Episode #1.10 \"Vivekchaudamani\" 51 (2006) Episode #2.02: \"Down in the Flood 3:5-6\" My Boy Jack (2007) (TV movie) Father & Son (2009) Dexter (2009): Episode #4.02: \"Remains to Be Seen\" Luther (2010): Episode #1.01: \"Episode 1\" Episode #1.02: \"Episode 2\" Boardwalk Empire (2010): Episode #1.08: \"Hold Me in Paradise\" Game of Thrones (2011): Episode #1.03: \"Lord Snow\" Episode #1.04: \"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things\" Episode #1.05: \"The Wolf and the Lion\" Great Expectations (2011) Luck (2012): Episode #1.05 \"Episode Five\" Episode #1.07 \"Episode Seven\" Hard Sun (2018) Episode #1.01: \"The Sun, The Moon, The Truth\" Episode #1.02: \"One Thousand, Eight Hundred Days\" References External links Living people Television directors from Northern Ireland British film directors Hugo Award winners People from Armagh (city) Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Brian Kirk"},{"docid":"35412428","text":"\"What Is Dead May Never Die\" is the third episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, first airing on April 15, 2012. The episode is written by Bryan Cogman and directed by Alik Sakharov, who worked previously as the director of photography on four season one episodes. The plot continues events built up in previous episodes: the aftermath of Jon Snow's investigation into Craster, Catelyn Stark's journey to the Stormlands in order to ask for Renly Baratheon's assistance in fighting the Lannisters, Theon's internal conflict as to where his allegiance lies, Tyrion Lannister uses his cunning to find his sister's spy within the Small Council, and Arya is consoled by Yoren before being confronted by soldiers looking for Gendry. The episode's title is taken from a prayer used on the Iron Islands, by worshippers of the Drowned God. Plot Beyond The Wall Craster returns with Jon Snow and orders the Night's Watch off his lands. Lord Commander Jeor Mormont admits to Jon that he already knew of Craster's sacrifice of his sons, but argues that Craster is indispensable to the Night's Watch's campaign. Samwell Tarly promises to come back for Gilly when the Night's Watch returns to the Wall. At Winterfell Bran Stark dreams again that he is his direwolf, Summer. Maester Luwin assures him the time of magic and dragons is over. In King's Landing Dining with her children and Sansa, Cersei discusses the war and Sansa's betrothal to Joffrey. Afterward, Sansa is greeted by Shae, posing as her new handmaiden. Tyrion separately shares plans with Grand Maester Pycelle, Varys, and Petyr Baelish, to marry Myrcella off, but suggests a different husband to each of them. Cersei confronts Tyrion over the plan Tyrion gave to Pycelle, confirming Pycelle is her spy. Tyrion sends him to the dungeons, but not before Pycelle confesses that he told Cersei that Jon Arryn knew of her incest with Jaime. Tyrion convinces Baelish to meet Catelyn Stark in the Stormlands and persuade her to release Jaime. On the Iron Islands Balon Greyjoy plans war on the North with Yara, who tells Theon he must choose between the Starks or the Greyjoys. Theon considers warning Robb Stark, but decides to serve under his father. In The Stormlands Catelyn arrives at self-crowned King Renly Baratheon's camp, where he and his new wife Margaery Tyrell watch imposing female warrior Brienne of Tarth win a tournament against Margaery's brother Loras. Renly grants Brienne a place in his Kingsguard, and is confident his army can defeat the Lannisters, but Catelyn reminds him his men are inexperienced. When Renly is unable to consummate their marriage, Margaery reveals she knows of his relationship with Loras, but insists her pregnancy must secure their families’ alliance. On the Kingsroad Yoren tells Arya Stark how he joined the Night's Watch. Lannister men led by Ser Amory Lorch arrive and demand Gendry, and the ensuing battle leaves the Night's Watch men dead. Arya rescues the prisoners, including Jaqen","title":"What Is Dead May Never Die"},{"docid":"45611219","text":"\"High Sparrow\" is the third episode of the fifth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 43rd episode of the series overall, \"High Sparrow\" was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod, his directorial debut for the series. It first aired on HBO on April 26, 2015. In the episode, Cersei Lannister meets with the High Sparrow, the leader of a growing religious movement; Tommen Baratheon marries Margaery Tyrell; Petyr Baelish reveals to Sansa Stark that he has betrothed her to Ramsay Bolton; and Jon Snow chooses to stay at the Wall and rule as Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. Across the Narrow Sea, Arya Stark proves her loyalty to the Faceless Men, and Tyrion Lannister and Varys travel through Volantis. The episode achieved a viewership of 6.71 million in the United States, and received positive reviews from critics. Prior to airing, the episode, along with the other first four episodes of the season, were leaked online. Plot In Braavos Jaqen helps a man drink from a pool of water. The man dies and Arya realizes that the pool of water is poison for those who seek a quick death. After Arya has an altercation with fellow acolyte the Waif, Jaqen asks her how she came to be surrounded by things owned by Arya Stark if she is no one. She throws her possessions into water, but does not want to discard Needle and instead hides it. In King's Landing Tommen marries Margaery Tyrell, who manipulates Tommen to persuade Cersei to return to Casterly Rock, but she declines. Cersei goes to visit Margaery and finds her telling her handmaidens about her wedding night, and leaves defeated. After being attacked by Lancel and the Sparrows in a brothel, the High Septon asks the Small Council to execute their leader, the High Sparrow. Cersei instead meets the High Sparrow and tells him that he will replace the High Septon as head of the Faith. Cersei has Qyburn send a message to Baelish. In the North Roose Bolton tells his son Ramsay that they cannot rely on the Lannisters now that Tywin is dead, and that they will cement House Bolton's position by having Ramsay marry Sansa. Sansa is horrified, but agrees after Baelish tells her that this will be an opportunity to take revenge for Robb and Catelyn Stark's murders. At Winterfell, Baelish tells Roose that they have no reason to fear the Lannisters. Roose shows him Cersei's letter. Baelish reassures him of their alliance, but Roose requests to read his reply. Meanwhile, Reek goes out of his way to avoid being seen by Sansa. Baelish and Sansa have been secretly followed by Brienne and Podrick. Stopping at Moat Cailin, Brienne recalls Renly Baratheon's assassination and her intent to kill Stannis, whom she holds responsible. Brienne also tells Pod how she was tormented as a girl whilst revealing where her love for Renly Baratheon came from. At the Wall","title":"High Sparrow (Game of Thrones episode)"},{"docid":"1888758","text":"Margaery Tyrell is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by English actress Natalie Dormer. Margaery is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones (1996) and first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998). She subsequently appeared in A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). Margaery is a member of the House Tyrell, the second wealthiest and largest of the eight Great Houses in Westeros. She is the younger sister of Lord Willas Tyrell, the heir to Highgarden, Ser Garlan the Gallant, as well as Ser Loras Tyrell, the Knight of Flowers. She is close to her paternal grandmother Lady Olenna, the Queen of Thorns, originally of House Redwyne. Like her grandmother, Margaery is shrewd, ambitious and adaptable, and uses her beauty, generosity and family influence to secure power for herself. Having wed herself to three kings over the course of the narrative, she becomes an influential political figure in Westeros, which often brings her into conflict with her chief rival at court, Cersei Lannister. Character overview Book series Margaery is the only daughter of Alerie Hightower and Mace Tyrell, the Lord of Highgarden in the Reach. Her older brothers are the heir Willas, Garlan and Loras the Knight of Flowers, who is a member of the Kingsguard. One of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, House Tyrell is actually guided by the willful Lady Olenna, Mace's mother, who has arranged Margaery's marriages and mentors her in politics and court intrigue. Margaery Tyrell is not a point of view character in the novels, so her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of Sansa Stark and Cersei Lannister. Television series In HBO's Game of Thrones, Margaery's backstory and plotline in the early seasons remain largely unchanged from the novels, though the character is more prominent in the series and this version of Margaery is an adult as opposed to a teenager. Margaery first appears in the second season, following her marriage to Renly; she is well aware that her marriage is a political one, and displays pragmatism regarding Renly's homosexuality and his relationship with her brother Loras. Storylines A Clash of Kings Margaery first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998), having married Renly Baratheon and supporting his claim to the Iron Throne. After Renly's assassination, the Tyrells switch allegiance and Margaery is instead offered to wed King Joffrey Baratheon. A Storm of Swords In A Storm of Swords (2000), she becomes popular among the citizens of King's Landing through her various charitable activities. Margaery forms an amiable relationship with the King's ex-fiancée Sansa Stark and through Sansa she learns much about Joffrey's true nature. Margaery weds Joffrey, but he is poisoned at their wedding feast. A Feast for Crows In A Feast for Crows (2005) Margaery marries Joffrey's younger brother, Tommen, and encourages him to","title":"Margaery Tyrell"},{"docid":"43952321","text":"Christian T. Petersen is a game designer who has worked primarily on board games and role-playing games. Early life Christian T. Petersen was born in the United States, but spent his childhood in Denmark; while he was still only just in high school there he founded the company Pegasus Spil Import which imported games from Avalon Hill into Scandinavia, and he also founded Games Weekend, the second games convention in Denmark. Petersen came back to live in the United States in 1991 and started studies for his BA degree in Economics at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. Fantasy Flight Games Petersen founded Fantasy Flight Publishing in June 1995 after completing four years of college. Petersen at first wanted to call this company Pegasus Publishing but he found that aside from his own first company \"Pegasus\" had been used as a company name too often so he chose a name evocative of the fantasy flight that a pegasus would take. Petersen loved European comics and originally intended to use the company to republish three comics for which he had obtained the rights negotiations with European publishers: Lucky Luke, Spirou & Fantasio and Percevan. Petersen started by publishing those licensed comics, and he began importing and distributing more popular titles such as Asterix and Tintin when he found out people wanted them, and he creating Downtown Distribution and started distributing even more titles when he learned people wanted him to do that. Petersen read Comics & Games Retailer, which also printed data regularly about the gaming field, so he took his experience with Danish gaming and started with game publication by designing Twilight Imperium (1997). Fantasy Flight Publishing became known as Fantasy Flight Games (FFG), and sold Downtown Distribution by early 1998, the last part of its comic book business, to focus on the gaming market instead. Petersen had been a fan of Call of Cthulhu for many years, and this interest led Petersen to get a license from Chaosium to have his company produce a series of supplements for Call of Cthulhu. Petersen and Darrell Hardy wrote the Nocturnum adventure trilogy for Call of Cthulhu: Long Shades (1997), Hollow Winds (1998) and Deep Secrets (1999). Petersen and Kevin Wilson designed the Game of Thrones (2003) wargame, and Doom: The Boardgame (2004). As CEO of Fantasy Flight Games, Petersen led the company to publish more than 400 titles, making it one of the most successful publishers in the hobby games industry. In addition to his responsibilities as CEO, Petersen managed the day-to-day operations of Fantasy Flight's development and design department. Petersen designed many of Fantasy Flight's games throughout the years, including Twilight Imperium (all editions), the A Game of Thrones board game, World of Warcraft: The Board Game, and The Lord of the Rings Trivia Game, and his credits as co-designer include Diskwars and Vortex (also entitled Maelstrom) with Tom Jolly, the A Game of Thrones CCG with Eric Lang, and The StarCraft Board Game with Corey Konieczka. Christian T. Petersen","title":"Christian T. Petersen"},{"docid":"26161313","text":"Destiny of Kings is a 1986 adventure module for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. Plot summary Destiny of Kings is an adventure in which an assassin murders the King of Andevar, and his brother takes the throne. A retainer loyal to the previous king hires the player characters to rescue the missing prince, who is held captive by minions of the usurper. The characters are charged with bringing him back to claim the throne. The module contains descriptions of locations including a citadel, a castle, an abbey and an inn. King Halfred of Dunador has died as a result of a mysterious accident. As the heir has disappeared, the evil Lord Edrin intends to seize the throne. Hollend, head of the Royal Council, tasks the player characters with finding the missing Prince. The characters must contend with Dukes and their schemes, raiders and corpses as they trace the pilgrimage the Prince took before the King was killed. They must uncover and rectify terrible deeds, and send traitors to justice. Publication history N3 Destiny of Kings was published by TSR in 1986, as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder. The module was written by Stephen Bourne, with cover art by Keith Parkinson and interior art by James Roslof. The module includes a fold-out cover containing a color map of the area. In 1998 the module was re-released for 2nd Edition AD&D. Reception Graham Staplehurst reviewed Destiny of Kings for White Dwarf #80, calling it \"a well-planned adventure for a medium-sized, low-level AD&D party”. He considered the adventure particularly appropriate for an inexperienced or novice party, as very experienced players \"may find it a little sparse on the intrigue and cloak-and-dagger side\". Staplehurst found a few bugs in the text, although he felt the module was well introduced, with useful aids such as a glossary of names and places and a plot synopsis. He felt that the random encounters were overpowered, and noted a walled town of \"ludicrous design, containing a jousting field just 130' long\". He concluded the review by describing the module as, \"Overall, a well-thought out adventure that shouldn't be too hard to slot into an existing campaign, and would make a very good introduction for new players.\" Reviews Envoyer #21 References Dungeons & Dragons modules Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1986","title":"Destiny of Kings"},{"docid":"46235949","text":"Ross O'Hennessy (born 1974) is a Welsh actor. He is best known for his role of Lord of Bones in Game of Thrones. He played roles in Hollyoaks Later, Da Vinci's Demons, The Musketeers, and playing the blood thirsty role of Sir Locke in Kurt Sutter's international television series The Bastard Executioner. In 2015, he replaced Edward Dogliani as Lord of Bones in Season 5 of the HBO series Game of Thrones. Since appearing in Game of Thrones Ross O'Hennessy has been cast to play the vicious character of Carnage Cliff in the feature film adaption of the comic book Accident Man. Early life O'Hennessy was born into a working class Welsh family but by the age 16 knew he wanted to spend his time acting. At the age of 18 he left Wales and moved to London to chase his career. He was accepted into the National Youth Theatre, where he was tutored by actor Hakeem Kae-Kazim and performed in Maggie May, The Tempest and Macbeth in London. From these plays Ross won a scholarship from Sir John Mills and The Stage newspaper which enabled him to attend a three-year acting course at the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts. Early career O'Hennessy picked up a career in the theatre and gained his first appearance at Chichester Festival Theatre in a play called The Visit in which he acted opposite Hollywood actress Lauren Bacall which was directed by Terry Hands. With such a big production came a lot of attention for Ross and so he was asked the join The Royal Shakespeare Company where he performed in As You Like It directed by Steven Pimlott, Three Hours After Marriage directed by Richard Cottrell and Troilus and Cressida directed by Ian Judge. Television and film appearances O'Hennessy very quickly moved into the world of television and film with his first television appearance being as Cpl Dando on Soldier Soldier in 1995 to 1997. He continued to work as a typical television jobbing actor until he got his big break in 2011 playing the role of Bruce Maverick in Hollyoaks Later. He was asked to play the role of Commander Quattrone in Da Vinci's Demons. having played this powerful role in such a big budget production allowed O'Hennessy to move into performances like Rattle Shirt - The Lord of Bones in Game of Thrones. O'Hennessy has completed work in 2015 on the BBC Musketeers and has begun working on Kurt Sutter's new show all about the medieval times. O'Hennessy plays Sir Locke in this new FX production called The Bastard Executioner. Charity Work O'Hennessy is an active supporter of the arts and took part in a charity campaign to save his local theatre where he first started acting at the age of 15. O'Hennessy hosted a 'Game of Thrones' event where he came to auction Game of Thrones memorabilia and photos. He hosted a charity signing plus a question and answer session. The theatre was successful in its campaign and the Blackwood","title":"Ross O'Hennessy"},{"docid":"31884710","text":"\"You Win or You Die\" is the seventh episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. It first aired on May 29, 2011, and was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of \"A Golden Crown\" to HBO customers with access to HBO Go. The episode furthers the story line of deterioration of the political balance of the Seven Kingdoms, with Eddard Stark revealing what he has discovered to Cersei Lannister while King Robert is still away on a hunt. The title of the episode is part of a quote from Cersei Lannister during the final confrontation with Eddard: \"When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground.\" The catchphrase has been frequently used during the promotion of both the books and the television series. The episode was generally well received by critics for its well-acted dramatic tension, but with several criticizing the coupling of exposition and nudity as \"sexposition\". In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.4 million in its initial broadcast. This episode marks the first appearance of Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister, as well as the final appearance of Mark Addy (King Robert Baratheon). Plot In the Westerlands Lord Tywin gives half his forces to his son Jaime to attack Riverrun, seat of House Tully and Lady Catelyn's childhood home, believing war with the Starks will allow the Lannisters to rule the Seven Kingdoms. At Winterfell Osha, now a servant of Winterfell, reveals that she and her fellow wildlings were fleeing the White Walkers. At the Wall Benjen's horse returns from north of the Wall without him. Sam believes Jon, assigned as a steward to the Lord Commander instead of a ranger, is being groomed for command. As Jon and Sam take their vows near a heart tree, Jon's direwolf Ghost brings him a dismembered hand. In Vaes Dothrak Daenerys fails to convince Khal Drogo to invade her homeland. Ser Jorah receives a royal pardon and realizes Daenerys’ assassination has been ordered. He saves her from an attempted poisoning, and Drogo vows to lead his people to reclaim the Iron Throne for his unborn son. In King's Landing Ned confronts Queen Cersei with the knowledge that her children were incestuously fathered by her brother Jaime. Cersei defends her affair and reveals Robert was still in love with Ned's deceased sister, Lyanna. Ned tells Cersei to leave the capital with her children before he tells Robert the truth. Mortally wounded by a boar, Robert dictates his will and testament to Ned, naming him regent until Joffrey comes of age; instead of \"Joffrey,\" Ned writes \"my rightful heir.\" Robert begs Ned to make Joffrey a better man, and tells him to let Daenerys live. Renly tries to convince Ned to launch a coup d'état against the Lannisters, but Ned refuses and dispatches a letter","title":"You Win or You Die"},{"docid":"2201101","text":"Heroes of Might and Magic: A Strategic Quest is a turn-based strategy game developed and published by New World Computing in 1995 for DOS. A spin-off of New World Computing's Might and Magic series of role-playing video games, the success of Heroes of Might and Magic led to a number of sequels. In 1996, NWC released an updated version of the game, ported to Windows 95. This new version included a map editor, random map generator, CD audio, and new scenarios. As a bonus, King's Bounty was also included on the CD. Story Heroes of Might and Magic tells the story of Lord Morglin Ironfist, who is forced to flee his homeland through a magical portal, because his cousin, Ragnar, had usurped the throne after his uncle, Ragnar's father, killed Ironfist's father, the legitimate owner of the throne. He finds himself along with his few followers in a strange and uncharted land, called Enroth. The land is unruled but contested by Ironfist and three other warlords: the barbarian Lord Slayer, the sorceress Queen Lamanda, and the warlock Lord Alamar. In the canonical storyline, Lord Ironfist defeats his three opponents and founds a new kingdom in Enroth. It is possible for the player to lead the other factions to victory, however this is not reflected in the following games of the Heroes of Might and Magic series. Gameplay Heroes of Might and Magic takes place in a medieval fantasy world filled with creatures frequently associated with myth and legend. These creatures compose the military forces (troops) with which the player attempts to conquer opponents. The player leads generals through the game world at the head of armies of troops. These generals, called \"heroes,\" provide a means to explore, attack, defeat, and acquire, the four basic principles in the game. The ultimate goal of the game is usually to capture all enemy castles and defeat all enemy heroes. However, the game comes with many different play scenarios, and some of these scenarios have unique victory conditions, such as accumulating a certain amount of gold, or finding a particular artifact. There are four different classes of heroes and castles, each with their own units and strengths/weaknesses. The two \"might\" classes, Knight and Barbarian, earn skill points in attack or defense more often than in spell power or knowledge. The two \"magic\" classes, Sorceress and Warlock, earn skill points in spell power or knowledge more often than in attack or defense. There is also a neutral, \"wandering\" class of troops, including Rogues, Nomads, Ghosts (the only one that cannot be hired) and Genies. Development Heroes of Might and Magic was first released near the end of September 1995. Reception In mid-November 1995, New World Computing reported that Heroes of Might and Magic had shipped 100,000 copies to retailers and that sell-through was strong. The company announced that the game was \"set to top the 100,000 mark in unit sales\". By October 1997, the combined sales of Heroes of Might and Magic, Heroes II and","title":"Heroes of Might and Magic: A Strategic Quest"},{"docid":"59162859","text":"The He Jiankui affair is a scientific and bioethical controversy concerning the use of genome editing following its first use on humans by Chinese scientist He Jiankui, who edited the genomes of human embryos in 2018. He became widely known on 26 November 2018 after he announced that he had created the first human genetically edited babies. He was listed in Time magazine's 100 most influential people of 2019. The affair led to ethical and legal controversies, resulting in the indictment of He and two of his collaborators, Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou. He eventually received widespread international condemnation. He Jiankui, working at the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China, started a project to help people with HIV-related fertility problems, specifically involving HIV-positive fathers and HIV-negative mothers. The subjects were offered standard in vitro fertilisation services and in addition, use of CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR/Cas9), a technology for modifying DNA. The embryos' genomes were edited to remove the CCR5 gene in an attempt to confer genetic resistance to HIV. The clinical project was conducted secretly until 25 November 2018, when MIT Technology Review broke the story of the human experiment based on information from the Chinese clinical trials registry. Compelled by the situation, he immediately announced the birth of genome-edited babies in a series of five YouTube videos the same day. The first babies, known by their pseudonyms Lulu () and Nana (), are twin girls born in October 2018, and the second birth or the third baby born was in 2019, named Amy. He reported that the babies were born healthy. His actions received widespread criticism, and included concern for the girls' well-being. After his presentation on the research at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong on 28 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended his research activities the following day. On 30 December 2019, Chinese authorities announced that he was found guilty of forging documents and unethical conduct; he was sentenced to three years in prison with a three-million-yuan fine (US$430,000). Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou received an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000-yuan fine, and were banned from working in assisted reproductive technology for life. He Jiankui has been variously referred to as a \"rogue scientist\", \"China's Dr Frankenstein\", and a \"mad genius\". The impact of human gene editing on resistance to HIV infection and other body functions in experimental infants remains controversial. The World Health Organization has issued three reports on the guidelines of human genome editing since 2019, and the Chinese government has prepared regulations since May 2019. Origin Since 2016, Han Seo-jun, then associate professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, with Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou, have used human embryo in gene-editing technology for assisted reproductive medicine. On 10 June 2017, a Chinese couple, an HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother, pseudonymously called Mark and Grace, attended a conference held by He at SUSTech. They were offered in vitro","title":"He Jiankui affair"},{"docid":"2432007","text":"PvPGN (Player vs Player Gaming Network) is a free and open source software project offering emulation of various gaming network servers. It is published under the GPL and based upon bnetd. It supports most features for Blizzard Entertainment's Battle.net \"classic\" games (Diablo, Diablo II, Diablo II: Lord of Destruction, StarCraft, StarCraft: Brood War, Warcraft II: Battle.net Edition, Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne). It also offers basic support for Westwood Online clients (Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun, Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge). Westwood support is still at an experimental state. Typical uses A PvPGN Server can be used: When wanting to host a local tournament with local users and ladders. When wanting to maintain a local community of friends rather than playing on Battle.net. For people who want to play on a LAN but with Battle.net-like statistics. Various cyber cafes use a PvPGN server for this purpose. For people who want to play on a server within their country or local area, so as to reduce lag. Supported protocols The list of supported clients and their minimum version required is: Battle.net Diablo I 1.09 StarCraft 1.16.1.1 Starcraft: Brood War 1.16.1.1 Warcraft II Battle.Net Edition 2.02 Diablo II 1.09 and 1.10 (and unofficially 1.11b, 1.12a) Diablo II: Lord of Destruction 1.09 and 1.10 (and unofficially 1.11b, 1.12a, 1.13c) Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos 1.21 Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne 1.21 (and 1.22.0.6328) Westwood Online Command & Conquer Win95 edition v1.04a (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Red Alert Win95 edition v2.00 and v3.03 (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun v2.03 ST-10 (Alpha in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun Firestorm (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 1.006 (Alpha in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge v1.001 (Alpha in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Renegade (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Nox v1.02b (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Nox Quest v1.02b (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Dune 2000 v1.06 (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Emperor: Battle for Dune v1.09 (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Supported platforms BeOS FreeBSD 4.x 5.x 6.x 7.x 8.x Linux 2.4 and later Mac OS X 10.2 and up Microsoft Windows 5x/6x kernel, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Home Server Solaris Platform support should be easy on any POSIX compatible system. (Tested on 32 and 64 bit platforms, various integer byte endings, etc.) Code style and development PvPGN is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License version 2. It is written in the C programming language; its source code is hosted in a CVS repository. PvPGN is mature and highly scalable - a single server","title":"PvPGN"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"9919699\",\n \"text\": \"Gendry is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones. First appearing in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Gendry is a blacksmith apprentice in King's Landing, and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert Baratheon. He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). After Queen Cersei Lannister orders the execution of all of King Robert's bastards, Gendry is forced to flee King's Landing alongside Arya Stark under the protection of Yoren, a recruiter for the Night's Watch. He later joins the outlaw group Brotherhood Without Banners and is knighted by its leader Beric Dondarrion, and becomes a follower of R'hllor. Gendry is portrayed by English actor Joe Dempsie in the HBO television adaptation. Character description Gendry was conceived and born in King's Landing after Robert's Rebellion ended and is one of sixteen (twenty in the television series) bastard children of King Robert Baratheon. He is fourteen years old when introduced in the first book, and is portrayed as tall and very muscled, having blue eyes and thick black hair, very similar to his biological father Robert in youth. He also looks hauntingly like a younger version of Renly Baratheon, though with a squarer jaw, bushier brows and tangled hair, but resembles his biological uncle enough that for a moment Brienne of Tarth almost mistook him for the deceased Renly. Gendry is an intelligent boy despite being born into poverty, but is also stubborn, sullen, suspicious, easily confused and shy around women, and Arya Stark commented that he looks pained when he tries to think. Gendry is a biological (though illegitimate) first cousin to Shireen Baratheon, the heiress of House Baratheon on Dragonstone and King Stannis' claim to the Iron Throne. Through Robert's grandmother Princess Rhaelle Targaryen, King Aegon V's youngest daughter, he is actually also a third cousin (once removed) to Rhaegar, Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen. Despite being one of the only four surviving biological children of King Robert (along with Mya Stone, Edric Storm and Bella Rivers), Gendry never knew who his father was, though he did see Robert from afar multiple times and was once nearly trampled by a drunken Robert's horse while playing near the city gate. His mother was reported to have been an alehouse worker who died when Gendry was still a young boy, and all he remembers of her was that she had blonde hair. Later on, Tobho Mott, a master armourer from Qohor working in King's Landing, was offered double the customary fee by a \\\"lord\\\" with concealed identity to take Gendry in as a smith apprentice, but accepted him for free after being impressed by the boy's physique. Gendry turns out to be a talented apprentice, and likes to spend time polishing a bull head helmet that he proudly made for himself, which earned him the nickname \\\"Bull\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Gendry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1888712\",\n \"text\": \"Stannis Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. He is the second son of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, as well as the brother of Robert – lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Renly – lord of Storm's End. He is the Lord of Dragonstone, and after his elder brother's death, becomes a claimant to the Iron Throne of Westeros and a key player in the subsequent civil war. Stannis's goals are frequently impeded by his lack of manpower and resources, owing to his unpopularity with other noble houses. He must therefore rely on the counsel of the foreign priestess Melisandre and his right-hand man, lowborn smuggler Davos Seaworth, who he later promotes to Hand of the King. Stannis often struggles to escape the shadow of his two more overtly charismatic brothers, particularly Robert. Though first mentioned in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Stannis formally appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). In December 2011, Martin posted a sample chapter from the yet-unfinished The Winds of Winter, told from Theon Greyjoy's viewpoint, which confirmed Stannis' return in the sixth book. Stannis is portrayed by English actor Stephen Dillane in the HBO television adaptation of the series, who has received significant critical praise for his performance. Stannis is a divisive character among fans of the books and television show alike, enjoying both great popularity for his dedication to justice and dark horse status, as well as opposition for his unrelenting attitude towards the Iron Throne. He has earned particular attention for the differences in his characterization between the novels and show, particularly during season five. Character description Stannis Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and older brother of Renly. He is portrayed as a brooding and humorless man with a harsh but fair sense of duty and justice whose dour demeanor is often off-putting in comparison to his two more charismatic brothers. He is renowned as a skilled and prescient military commander. Although he is initially said to be extremely stubborn and inflexible, in later books he has shown some ability to use diplomacy and deception to achieve his goals. Background Stannis was born the second of Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont's three sons and in his youth was constantly overshadowed by Robert. When Stannis was 14, he witnessed his parents' death in a shipwreck off the coast of House Baratheon's castle, Storm's End, and subsequently lost his faith in the Seven Gods. During Robert's Rebellion, a teenage Stannis holds Storm's End in Robert's absence, successfully defending the besieged castle from the Reach forces of Mace Tyrell and Paxter Redwyne for the best part of the year. Stannis' garrison avoids starvation thanks only to the smuggler Davos Seaworth, who evades the blockade by the Redwyne fleet to bring the Baratheon soldiers a cargo\",\n \"title\": \"Stannis Baratheon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54281805\",\n \"text\": \"Throne of Fire is an action strategy video game. It was designed by Mike Singleton, developed by Consult Computer Systems, and published by Melbourne House. The game was released for the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum in 1987. Throne of Fire is set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano. The game focuses on three princes in the Burning Citadel where they and their men-at-arms fight to the death to gain the Throne of Fire after their father's death. Throne of Fire received positive reviews from industry critics, with some reviewers speaking positive of the graphics while other criticized the lack of difficulty in the single player mode, instead recommending playing with two players. Gameplay Throne of Fire is an action strategy game. Set in the Burning Citadel, located around the rim of a volcano, the player assumes the role of one of the three princes of the recently deceased King Atherik: Alorn the Lion Prince, Cordrin the Sun Prince, and Karag the Wolf Prince. As one of the princes, the player can play against two computer players or a second player and a computer player, who play the role of the other two princes. Each prince and their men-at-arms must fight the other princes and their army to the death. The player must also fight against the King's Guard, the protectors of the Throne of Fire. Weapons with their own strengths and weaknesses can be found around the castle, along with magical objects that can increase or decrease a character's strength. Each army group are distinguished by color, with Prince Alorn and his men as red, Cordrin as yellow, Karag as purple, and the King's Guard as green. The castle has one hundred rooms to enter through. If any characters enters a room, their group color will light up the room. Each of the princes starts with nine men-at-arms. Reinforcements will join the side of whoever last visit Gate Rooms. If no one entered a Gate Room before the man-at-arms appears, they will join the King's Guard. Once the player enters the Throne Room with their prince, they become the king and takes control of the King's Guard. The other players lose the ability to control their men-at-arms, with their men staying in their rooms to defend themselves. If the new king dies, the King's Guard will return to being neutral and the other princes regain their men. Development Throne of Fire was designed by Mike Singleton, known for designing other fantasy games such as Lords of Midnight, Doomdark's Revenge, and Dark Sceptre. It was developed under Consult Computer Systems, who worked on the programming, graphics, and music and was published by Melbourne House. This was the first game Singleton made in association with Melbourne House. Jim Bagley was given the position of programmer for the game, the first game he ever worked on. The game was released in April 1987 on the Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. A Commodore 64 port was also planned,\",\n \"title\": \"Throne of Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50362699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Door\\\" is the fifth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 55th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jack Bender. Bran Stark learns the origin of the White Walkers, Jon Snow plans to unite the north against the Boltons, Euron Greyjoy reveals his return to the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot, Tyrion Lannister meets with the Red Priestess Kinvara, and Daenerys Targaryen sees the depths of Jorah Mormont's devotion to her. \\\"The Door\\\" received universal acclaim from critics, who found the episode to be emotional with effective action sequences involving the White Walkers and Hodor, in addition to providing \\\"important answers regarding [the show]'s mythos.\\\" The adaptation of the Kingsmoot as well as Daenerys's farewell to Jorah were also listed as high points of the episode. Hodor's origin story was presented to the series co-creators by George R. R. Martin. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 7.89 million in its initial broadcast. For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards, Jack Bender was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, among the episode's five nominations. This episode marks the final appearance for Kristian Nairn (Hodor) and Max von Sydow (the Three Eyed Raven). Plot In Braavos Jaqen offers Arya the assignment of killing an actress named Lady Crane, who is playing Cersei in a play recounting the War of the Five Kings. In The Dothraki Sea Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys. He admits his love for her, and Daenerys orders him to find a cure and return to her so he can be by her side when she conquers Westeros. In Meereen Tyrion summons the red priestess Kinvara, who agrees to preach to the people that Daenerys is the chosen one of the Lord of Light. She also claims to know what originally happened to Varys and why, unnerving the eunuch. On the Iron Islands The members of House Greyjoy argue over the Salt Throne, with Euron being chosen as King. He intends to sail to Slaver's Bay, bring Daenerys Targaryen back to Westeros as his wife, and conquer the Seven Kingdoms with their combined forces. Theon and Yara, realizing Euron will have them put to death, flee with the best ships of the Iron Fleet. Euron orders the Ironborn to begin construction of a new, better fleet. At The Wall Sansa confronts Littlefinger about his decision to marry her to Ramsay. Littlefinger reveals that her great-uncle, the Blackfish, has retaken Riverrun with the Tully army. Sansa orders Brienne to go and recruit the Blackfish for their cause. At a war meeting at Castle Black, Sansa and Jon discuss which of the Northern houses they can rely on to support them. As the Karstarks and Umbers have already sided with House Bolton, Ser Davos suggests asking House Manderly. When Jon decides to rally the two dozen houses still loyal to the Starks, Sansa informs him they\",\n \"title\": \"The Door (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1174910\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by English actor Mark Addy. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Robert is the eldest son and heir of Lord Steffon Baratheon. He is a close friend to Ned Stark, both being wards of Lord Jon Arryn. After his betrothed Lyanna Stark was allegedly kidnapped by prince Rhaegar Targaryen, Robert, Ned and Jon started a rebellion against the \\\"Mad King\\\" Aerys II Targaryen. After crushing the Targaryen dynasty and winning the war, during which Lyanna died, Robert took the Iron Throne. He married Tywin Lannister's daughter Cersei to ensure political stability. Although Robert's reign is relatively peaceful, he proves to be an ineffective ruler. He is unhappy in both his marriage to Cersei, whom he abuses, and his responsibilities as king, and lives a life of infidelity and wanton excess. He fathers many bastards, and is unaware that his three children with Cersei had been fathered by her twin brother Jaime Lannister. Although Robert dies in the first novel, the legacy of his rebellion and reign continues to have a great impact on the contemporary events of Westeros. His death creates a power vacuum in which his brothers and Cersei's eldest son Joffrey fight for control of the Seven Kingdoms while Robb Stark and Balon Greyjoy fight for secession, known as the War of Five Kings. Character background Robert Baratheon was the oldest son and heir of Lord Steffon Baratheon and Lady Cassana Estermont. In his youth, he was the ward of Jon Arryn and was raised at the Eyrie alongside Eddard Stark, with whom he was closer than his brothers. When he was 16, his parents drowned and died during a storm, and he became the Lord of Storm's End. He was betrothed to Ned's younger sister Lyanna, with whom he was madly (and unrequitedly) in love. After Lyanna disappeared with Rhaegar Targaryen, and the execution of Eddard's father, Rickard and brother, Brandon Stark King Aerys II called for Robert and Ned's heads. Jon Arryn refused and began what is now called Robert's Rebellion. Robert played a key role in the downfall of the Targaryen dynasty and killed Rhaegar in single combat. He married Cersei Lannister to ensure House Lannister's support for his rule. Personality and description Robert is in his mid-thirties when the events of the books begin. Although being a quarter Targaryen (through his paternal grandmother Rhaelle), Robert has the classical Baratheon look: black hair and bright blue eyes, with dense black body hair on his chest and around his sex. He is a very tall man, with Eddard estimating his height to be . As a young adult, Robert was handsome, clean-shaven, strong and powerful, and muscled \\\"like a maiden's fantasy\\\". However, after he won the Iron Throne, Robert becomes very obese due to excessive feasting and drinking,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Baratheon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42765829\",\n \"text\": \"Olenna Tyrell (née Redwyne) is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of high fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones. Olenna is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones (1996) and appears in A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). She is the matriarch of the powerful House Tyrell, the largest and second wealthiest of the eight Great Houses of Westeros. Olenna is characterized by her cunning, ambition and sharp wit (the latter of which being the foundation for her title, the Queen of Thorns, with the Tyrell sigil of a rose). Although her family is allied with the Lannisters in King's Landing, she often finds her machinations at odds with theirs, especially those of Tywin Lannister. She, along with Petyr Baelish, is responsible for the death of King Joffrey Baratheon during his wedding to her granddaughter and protégé, Margaery. In the HBO television adaptation, Olenna was portrayed by veteran English actress Diana Rigg, who received significant critical praise for her portrayal. Rigg received Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performances in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018. Character profile Olenna Tyrell, also known as the Queen of Thorns, is the mother of Mace Tyrell, the lord of Highgarden and the lord paramount of the Reach. She is described as a wizened and cunning old woman with a wicked wit and a sharp tongue, and is known for openly stating her opinion. Olenna is not a point of view character in the novels, so her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Sansa Stark and Cersei Lannister. Olenna is mostly a background character in the novels. Storylines In A Storm of Swords, she plots to have Sansa taken to Highgarden to marry her grandson Willas. This plan is foiled by the Lannisters, who force Sansa to marry Tyrion Lannister. According to Littlefinger later in A Storm of Swords, in order to shield Margaery from King Joffrey's cruelty, Olenna had actually been the one who murdered Joffrey at his wedding. Margaery would later go on to marry the younger brother, Tommen Baratheon. TV adaptation Lady Olenna, better known as \\\"The Queen of Thorns\\\", is the sharp-witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery. In the adaptation, Olenna is the matriarch of, and the true power behind, House Tyrell. She is also aware of and is generally unconcerned with her grandson Loras's homosexuality. Olenna implies that both closet matriarchy and tolerance of \\\"sword-swallowers\\\" are considered relatively normal in the Reach. She is notably one of the few characters that Tywin Lannister treats as an equal. Olenna was played by the British actress Diana Rigg in the television adaption of the series of books. Commenting on the casting of Diana Rigg, David Benioff said “you don’t audition Dames, they audition you”. Rigg highly praised the show after being cast as Olenna, saying that she\",\n \"title\": \"Olenna Tyrell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47894242\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" is the second episode of the BBC Two series Wolf Hall. It was first broadcast on 28 January 2015. Plot summary In December 1529, following Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's departure as Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell gains favour from King Henry VIII and is sworn into the king's Privy Council. Cast Critical reception \\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" received positive reviews. The Daily Telegraph again gave the episode 5/5; Reviewer Jasper Reeves also praised Straughan's dialogue and Peter Kosminsky's directing, writing, \\\"It's like watching a chess grandmaster go around a room playing 20 challengers at once. The spectacle is dizzying, and the acting magnificent.\\\" Neela Debnath, writing for The Independent, compared the intrigue and scheming in Wolf Hall to that of Game of Thrones, writing, \\\"Game of Thrones fans tuning in to watch Wolf Hall might notice similarities between the politicking in King's Landing and Henry VIII's court – and they wouldn't be wrong.\\\" Debnath praised the lead actor, writing, \\\"Rylance continues to mesmerize as the man of questionable birth rising to become the king's right-hand man. His calm, collected and measured performance really has the audience rooting for him.\\\" In his review for The Guardian, John Sutherland praised writer Peter Straughan, who wrote the teleplay based on Hilary Mantel's original book: \\\"Straughan ... has been commendably faithful to Mantel while infusing new televisual life into the narrative. References External links \\\"Entirely Beloved\\\" at the BBC Wolf Hall (miniseries) episodes 2015 British television episodes Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Fiction set in 1529\",\n \"title\": \"Entirely Beloved\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"65279492\",\n \"text\": \"Erech and the Paths of the Dead is a supplement published by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) in 1985 for the fantasy role-playing game Middle-earth Role Playing, which is itself based on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Contents Background In Tolkien's published history of Middle Earth, a people called the Daen Coentis ruled a kingdom on either side of the White Mountains at the end of the Second Age, and built a subterranean passage under the mountains to join the two provinces. They swore an oath of allegiance to Elendil and Isildur, but when called upon to join the Last Alliance against Sauron, they refused. The oath-breakers were cursed for their treachery, their spirits unable to depart from Middle Earth until they fulfill their oath to the True King. In The Lord of the Rings, after the fall of Saruman, Aragorn looks into the palantír of Orthanc and foresees that the Corsairs of Umbar will aid the siege of Minas Tirith unless he can immediately intervene. He doesn't have time to take the road around the White Mountains from Rohan to Gondor, so he and his companions dare to take the ancient subterranean passage now known as the Paths of the Dead and guarded by the spirits of the oath-breakers. Once he emerges at the other end of the path, Aragorn calls the spirits to the Stone of Erech, and as Isildur's heir, demands that they fulfill their oath. They acquiesce, and Aragorn leads them into battle against the Corsairs of Umbar. Setting The role-playing supplement Erech and the Paths of the Dead is set in 1640 of the Third Age, about mid way between the time of the broken oath and the events of The Lord of the Rings. The kingdom of the oath-breakers is long gone, replaced by Rohan and Gondor, and the supplement describes in detail the Vale of Erech at the southern end of the Paths of the Dead, now Gondor's province of Morthond. The city Sarn Erech and the fortress of Morthondost are described. The text includes notable buildings and people, and a table of sample prices for goods. The forbidden Paths of the Dead linking Rohan to Gondor are described. As well as providing advice on how to set up adventures in this area, two adventures are sketched out. Prince Arador of Morthond wants to loot the tombs in the Paths of the Dead, and seeks a party of those willing to risk the dangers in order to provide him with a map to the richest treasures. Prince Arador has recently taken the throne after a plague killed his father and the heir to the throne, his older sister Aranwen. But rumours have surfaced that Arador faked his sister's death, and that she is being held in captivity. Publication history ICE published the licensed game Middle Earth Role-Playing in 1982, and then released many supplements for it over the next 17 years, until the Tolkien Estate withdrew their license in 1999. Erech and the Paths\",\n \"title\": \"Erech and the Paths of the Dead\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11189811\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lord Snow\\\" is the third episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It first aired on May 1, 2011. It was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by series regular Brian Kirk, his directorial debut for the series. The plot follows Jon Snow's training at The Wall; Eddard's arrival at King's Landing, followed by Catelyn, looking for Bran's would-be murderer; Arya reveals her desire to learn sword fighting to her father; Joffrey is given a lesson in ruling the Kingdom by Cersei, and Robert longs for the glory of his past. Meanwhile, Daenerys learns she is pregnant. The episode was the first to feature Old Nan, played by Margaret John, who died before the series was broadcast; the episode is dedicated to her memory in the final credit. The title of the episode is the demeaning nickname given to Jon Snow by Ser Alliser Thorne, the sadistic trainer of Night's Watch recruits, referring to his highborn origins. Critical reception was generally positive, with critics praising Maisie Williams for her portrayal of Arya Stark, and her sword lesson scenes, as well as the introduction of the Small Council, and further character development for the series. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.4 million in its initial broadcast. Plot In the Dothraki Sea Daenerys gains confidence and earns the respect of Ser Jorah Mormont. After assaulting her, Viserys is nearly killed by one of Daenerys's bloodriders. Irri notices that Daenerys is pregnant and Jorah, upon being told, departs for Qohor for supplies. Later, Daenerys reveals to Drogo that their child is a boy. At the Wall Jon easily beats his fellow recruits in combat. Master-at-arms Ser Alliser berates them all for their poor performance, even Jon, nicknaming him \\\"Lord Snow\\\" to mock his bastard heritage. Jon asks Benjen to take him north of the Wall, but he tells Jon that he must earn it. Jon makes amends by giving his fellow recruits proper sword training. Tyrion is asked to provide more men from Cersei and Jaime for the outnumbered Night's Watch for the threat of the White Walkers to the north. Though skeptical, Tyrion agrees to do so; he departs the Wall and says goodbye to Jon, who finally accepts Tyrion as a friend. At Winterfell With Bran now awake, Robb tells him that he will never walk again. Bran, saying he is unable to remember anything about his fall, wishes he was dead. In King's Landing Ned Stark and his daughters arrive at King's Landing. On his way to a meeting of the king's Small Council, Ned encounters Jaime Lannister. It is revealed that Jaime killed the Mad King Aerys Targaryen, father of Daenerys and Viserys. Ned remains dissatisfied that Jaime broke his oath as knight of the Kingsguard. Ned joins the Small Council, consisting of Robert's brother Lord Renly, Lord Varys, Grand Maester Pycelle, and Lord Petyr \\\"Littlefinger\\\" Baelish. Renly announces Robert's\",\n \"title\": \"Lord Snow\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35888445\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Valar Morghulis\\\" is the tenth and final episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 20th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by Alan Taylor. It first aired on June 3, 2012. The episode concludes many storylines featured throughout the second season, such as Tyrion Lannister's position as Hand of the King, Stannis Baratheon's impending invasion, and Sansa Stark's betrothal to Joffrey Baratheon. In the episode, citizens of King's Landing deal with the aftermath of Stannis's failed attack on the city, with Tywin Lannister being named Hand of the King in Tyrion's stead; Sansa's engagement to Joffrey is annulled, and Margaery Tyrell is betrothed in her place; and Stannis broods in defeat at Dragonstone. Other plotlines include Brienne of Tarth escorting Jaime Lannister south, Jon Snow earning the trust of the Free Folk, and Daenerys Targaryen reuniting with her dragons in the House of the Undying. The episode's title is a code phrase spoken by Jaqen H'ghar to Arya Stark, but its meaning, \\\"all men must die\\\", is not explained until the next season. \\\"Valar Morghulis\\\" received positive reviews from critics and audiences, and achieved a viewership of 4.20 million during its initial airing in the United States, setting a new record for the series. At the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the episode won the award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects and was nominated for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup. The episode marks the final appearance of Jason Momoa (Khal Drogo). Plot In King's Landing Tywin is named Hand of the King and Baelish is awarded Harrenhal. Ser Loras asks Joffrey to wed Lady Margaery, with Cersei and Pycelle's agreement. Baelish offers to smuggle Sansa home but she declines. Scarred and without allies except Podrick, Tyrion suspects his sister Cersei was behind the attempt on his life. Bronn is dismissed from his position as captain of the City Watch. Shae tries to convince Tyrion to leave for Pentos, but he refuses. At Dragonstone Stannis tries to strangle Melisandre for his defeat but relents after truly comprehending her involvement in Renly's death. His faith in her is restored when he sees visions in the flames. In the Westerlands Escorting Jaime to King's Landing, Brienne finds three women lynched by Stark soldiers for sleeping with Lannister soldiers. She kills the Stark soldiers before burying the women. Brienne reminds Jaime that she serves Catelyn, not House Stark. Robb confides in Catelyn that he loves Talisa and will not proceed with the arranged marriage to House Frey. Despite Catelyn's warning, Robb marries Talisa. At Winterfell Under siege, Theon rejects Luwin's advice to leave for the Night's Watch, believing Jon will kill him. Theon tries to rally his men, but is knocked out by Dagmer and brought to the Bolton forces. Luwin is stabbed by Dagmer. Bran and his party find Winterfell burned and Luwin dying in the Godswood, advising them to head for the Wall before\",\n \"title\": \"Valar Morghulis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"713590\",\n \"text\": \"A Clash of Kings is the second of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, an epic fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on November 16, 1998 in the United Kingdom; the first United States edition followed on February 2, 1999. Like its predecessor, A Game of Thrones, it won the Locus Award (in 1999) for best novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award (also in 1999) for best novel. In May 2005, Meisha Merlin released a limited edition of the novel, fully illustrated by John Howe. The novel has been adapted for television by HBO as the second season of the TV series Game of Thrones. A Clash of Kings is also the name of the first expansion to the Game of Thrones board game. Plot summary A Clash of Kings depicts the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros in civil war, while the Night's Watch mounts a reconnaissance to investigate the mysterious people known as wildlings. Meanwhile, Daenerys Targaryen continues her plan to conquer the Seven Kingdoms. In the Seven Kingdoms With King Robert Baratheon dead, his purported son Joffrey sits on the Iron Throne. His reign is far from stable, as both of Robert's brothers, Renly and Stannis, have claimed the throne as well. Two regions attempt to secede from the realm: Robb Stark is declared \\\"King in the North\\\" while Balon Greyjoy declares himself king of the Iron Islands. The war among these contenders is dubbed the War of the Five Kings. Stannis Baratheon, publicizing the claim that Joffrey and his siblings are bastards, claims the throne as Robert's eldest brother and therefore heir. He is supported by Melisandre, a foreign priestess who believes Stannis a prophesied messianic figure. Renly is supported by the wealthy Lord Mace Tyrell, and has married Mace's daughter Margaery. Robb's mother Catelyn Stark meets with Renly and Stannis to discuss an alliance against Joffrey's family, the Lannisters, but she is unable to reach an agreement with them. Melisandre uses magic to send a shadow to assassinate Renly in the middle of the night, and Stannis besieges Storm’s End, Renly’s castle; after witnessing Renly's death, Catelyn and Renly's bodyguard, Brienne of Tarth, flee the scene. Tyrion Lannister, Joffrey's uncle, arrives at the capital city of King's Landing as acting Hand of the King, the senior adviser to Joffrey's reign. Tyrion improves the defenses of the city while jockeying for power against Joffrey's mother, the Queen Regent Cersei. Learning of Renly's death, Tyrion sends the crown's treasurer Petyr “Littlefinger” Baelish to win the Tyrells' support for Joffrey. Catelyn's daughter Sansa, a hostage of the Lannisters, is regularly abused by Joffrey. Riots break out in the city due to Joffrey's cruelty and food shortages caused by the ongoing war. Robb wins several victories against the Lannisters while his younger brother Bran rules the Northern stronghold of Winterfell in his absence. Against Catelyn's advice, Robb sends his friend Theon Greyjoy, Balon Greyjoy's son, to negotiate an\",\n \"title\": \"A Clash of Kings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52760839\",\n \"text\": \"Throne of Evil is an adventure for fantasy role-playing games published by Mayfair Games in 1984. Plot summary Throne of Evil is an adventure scenario intended for player characters of levels 4-6 that takes place in 12th-century England. The characters are sent by the Norman court to Castle Wraithstone to capture the evil March Lord. The book details a castle and dungeons. In Throne Of Evil, the characters join up at an inn and go to a castle to eliminate an evil lord, which they are only able to access by way a cavern inhabited by monsters. Publication history Throne of Evil was written by Stephen Bourne, with a cover by Rowena Morrill, and was published by Mayfair Games in 1984 as a 32-page book. The adventure module was part of the Role Aids line. Reception Rick Swan reviewed the adventure in The Space Gamer No. 75. He called the adventure \\\"little more than a by-the-numbers rewrite of a typical TSR hack-and-slasher circa 1978\\\". Swan added: \\\"Anyone who's even casually experienced with fantasy roleplaying will be in familiar territory with Throne of Evil [...] For what it's worth, there are plenty of well-rendered maps, including one just for the players (always a nice touch). At least you can sense the hand of a good editor at work as there is very little superfluous material to distract from the [...] adventure.\\\" He continued: \\\"If Mayfair indeed felt compelled to add a simple hack-and-slasher to their RoleAids line, you'd think they'd have at least insisted on some new monsters or some new treasures or at least an interesting trap or two. Instead, we get the usual assortment of snoozers [...] the 'political intrigue' referred to in the introduction is little more than an uninvolving fluctuation of loyalties among some of the NPCs. Somebody ought to tell these guys that this approach to fantasy modules is hopelessly old-fashioned. Sure, it's got its place – it's a nice way to introduce young players to the hobby, if nothing else. But it's already been done to death and done much better elsewhere.\\\" Swan concluded the review by saying, \\\"If you have an opening for a product of this kind, my suggestion is to pick up an old TSR D&D module. Just for old time's sake, I bought a half dozen of 'em at a book store recently for a buck and a half each. As for Throne of Evil, let's let it go as an unfortunate misfire from the usually excellent RoleAids series. I mean, nobody's perfect.\\\" Reviews Game News #4 (Jun 1985) References Fantasy role-playing game adventures Role Aids Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1984\",\n \"title\": \"Throne of Evil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33241653\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Hanmore is a Scottish actor known for his role as the warlock Pyat Pree in the second season of the HBO series Game of Thrones. Career He also played Albert Flood in The Awakening, Margaret's Father in The Magdalene Sisters, Lord Ruthven in Mary Queen of Scots and Father Angelo in the 2006 Doctor Who episode \\\"Tooth and Claw\\\". He played the Guide in James Graham's site specific piece \\\"The Tour Guide\\\" and has performed in a number of other stage productions including Chris Lee's \\\"The Fall of the Peacock Throne\\\" where he played Mohammad Mosaddeq. His most recent role was that of Joe Necchi in Untitled Production's adaptation of Alexander Trocchi's \\\"Cain's Book\\\". He has voiced the Audiobook versions of a number of crime novels including work by James Oswald and Stuart MacBride. Filmography Film Television References External links Scottish male film actors Scottish male stage actors Scottish male television actors Living people Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Hanmore\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32149175\",\n \"text\": \"Game of Thrones is a 2012 action role-playing game developed by Cyanide and published by Atlus USA in North America and Focus Home Interactive in Europe and Australia. It is based on the television series of the same name. James Cosmo and Conleth Hill reprise their roles from the television series as Jeor Mormont and Varys, respectively. A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin has a cameo appearance as Maester Martin in Castlewood. Plot summary The game takes place concurrently with season 1 of Game of Thrones, and switches between two characters, Alester Sarwyck and Mors Westford. Alester, a knight, was the heir to Sarwyck, a lordly house under Lannister, but had fled to Essos 15 years before, being traumatized by an unspecified event at the end of Robert's Rebellion. During that time, he became a priest of R'hllor. He returns to Riverspring, his home, after hearing of his father's death. Mors Westford is one of the best rangers of the Night's Watch, and prior to that, he was one of the best knights serving House Lannister. Near the end of Robert's Rebellion, he refused a direct order to kill Elia Martell and her two infants, thereby putting his family's lives in danger. He sent his wife and daughter into hiding and was persuaded to join the Night's Watch to avoid execution. Mors is also a skinchanger, and has a dog which he can control at will. Alester, at his father's funeral, learns that his younger brother Gawen was recently disinherited, and has gone missing following his father's death. Gawen is suspected of murdering his father with poison. Meanwhile, Alester's half-brother, Valarr Hill, a bastard and a knight of the queen's guard, is engaged to Alester's sister, Elyana, and is set to become Riverspring's next lord, which Alester is determined to stop. As the funeral ends, a riot occurs among starving peasants. Alester takes command of the city guard and uses either force or negotiation to end the riot. Alester then leaves for King's Landing to search for clues about Gawen's disappearance. While there, he is arrested by the City Watch at Valarr's instigation. Varys helps him escape and meet with Queen Cersei, who decides to hire him for secret missions, and to make him compete against Valarr. The two are sent to kill a bastard named Harry Waters, who is protected by Jon Arryn's knights, led by Godric Donnerly. With Godric dead, they learn that Arryn was protecting another woman and sent her to the Wall. Valarr sends his lieutenant Yohn to impersonate Godric and find this woman. Alester then encounters Lord Arwood Harlton, who offers to help find Gawen. They find a genealogical book which proves that the queen's children are illegitimate. Alester searches the sewers for Gawen but finds bandits sent by Janos Slynt. Alester infiltrates the City Watch and finds a Gawen's corpse, and a letter showing that Slynt was hired by Valarr. At this point, Harlton reveals that he is part\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (2012 video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"713625\",\n \"text\": \"A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 8, 2000, in the United Kingdom, with a United States edition following in November 2000. Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon, which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book. At the time of its publication, A Storm of Swords was the longest novel in the series. It was so long that in the UK, Ireland, Australia, Serbia and Israel, its paperback edition was split in half, Part 1 being published as Steel and Snow in June 2001 (with the one-volume cover) and Part 2 as Blood and Gold in August 2001 (with a specially-commissioned new cover). The same division was used in the Polish and Greek editions. In France, the decision was made to cut the novel into four separate volumes. A Storm of Swords won the 2001 Locus Award, the 2002 Geffen Award for Best Novel and was nominated for the 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel. It was the first novel in the series to be nominated for the Hugo Award, one of the two most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy publishing, although it lost to J. K. Rowling's novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Meisha Merlin Publishing, which had previously issued limited, illustrated editions of both A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings, was planning to release a similar version for A Storm of Swords in two volumes; however, lengthy delays in the release of A Clash of Kings caused it to lose its publishing rights, which were picked up by Subterranean Press. This edition, illustrated by Charles Vess, was released in the summer of 2006. A Storm of Swords is also the name of the second expansion to the board game A Game of Thrones, released in July 2006. Approximately the first half of the novel was adapted for television as the third season of the HBO show Game of Thrones, while the second half became the basis for the series' fourth season, and some elements for the series' fifth season. Plot summary A Storm of Swords picks up the story slightly before the end of its predecessor, A Clash of Kings. The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros are still in the grip of the War of the Five Kings, wherein Joffrey Baratheon and his uncle Stannis Baratheon compete for the Iron Throne, while Robb Stark of the North and Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands declare their independence (Stannis's brother Renly Baratheon, the fifth \\\"king\\\", has already been killed). Meanwhile, a large host of wildlings, the tribes from beyond the Seven Kingdoms' northern border, approach the Wall that marks the border, under the leadership of Mance Rayder, the self-proclaimed \\\"King Beyond the Wall\\\", with only the undermanned Night's Watch in opposition. Finally, Daenerys\",\n \"title\": \"A Storm of Swords\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1289409\",\n \"text\": \"Roose Bolton is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is depicted by actor Michael McElhatton. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Roose is lord of House Bolton, the second most powerful Northern house behind the Starks. The Boltons are notorious for their cruelty and custom of flaying their enemies. He also appears in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000), and A Dance with Dragons (2011). Roose joins Robb Stark's rebellion as one of his chief lieutenants. However, he secretly orchestrates the Red Wedding alongside Lord Tywin Lannister and Lord Walder Frey, receiving the title of Warden of the North and dominion over the Northern kingdom after personally murdering Robb. His rule is punctuated by unrest and several forces conspire to unseat him. Character Description At the beginning of A Game of Thrones, Roose is a bannerman of Lord Eddard Stark whose seat is at the Dreadfort. He is known as the Leech Lord due to regular leechings meant to improve his health. He served House Stark in Robert's Rebellion and the Greyjoy Rebellion. Roose is often described as an unassuming-looking man, ageless, clean-shaven with pallid skin, with an apathetic demeanor. His most prominent feature are his strangely pale and cold eyes, so light as to almost blend with the sclera. He is described as mild-mannered, but also remorseless and unforgiving. While his voice is small and soft, he does not need to raise it in order to inspire silence and attention; Ser Jaime Lannister and Robb Stark both remark that even just his silence is threatening. His personal motto is \\\"A peaceful land, a quiet people\\\". He often dresses in a pale pink fur cloak embroidered in blood red to symbolize his family's custom of flaying. Roose illicitly practices the ancient and banned tradition of the first night, in which a lord has the right to have sexual intercourse with female subjects on their wedding night. This practice resulted in the birth of his bastard son, Ramsay. He ordered his depraved servant Reek to help raise the child. Roose had only one trueborn son, Domeric, and Roose suspects that Ramsay poisoned Domeric to become his heir. Left without a trueborn heir, Roose brings Ramsay to the Dreadfort to serve as the castellan. Storylines Novels Roose is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Catelyn Stark, Arya Stark and Theon Greyjoy. A Game of Thrones Roose answers Robb Stark's call to arms in his campaign against the Iron Throne and House Lannister. Robb gives Roose command of part of the Northern army when the host splits up at The Twins, and he leads the attack on Tywin Lannister's forces in the Battle of the Green Fork. The battle ends in a Lannister victory\",\n \"title\": \"Roose Bolton\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55053248\",\n \"text\": \"The Outsider is a fictional supernatural being in Arkane Studios' Dishonored franchise, residing in an empty otherworldly dimension called the Void. After appearing in promotional webisodes, the character made his game debut in Dishonored (2012), where he grants magical powers to the player character. He serves a similar role in the game's sequel, Dishonored 2 (2016), though he may be rejected. The Outsider reappears in Dishonored: Death of the Outsider (2017), which follows former-assassin Billie Lurk as she attempts to kill him, though his ultimate fate is up to the player. Within the series, the Outsider is one of many representations of the Void that have existed, and was originally a street urchin before being sacrificed by a cult. Voiced by Billy Lush in the first game, the actor was replaced by Robin Lord Taylor from Dishonored 2 onwards. The character has often been viewed as a sort of trickster god, though director Harvey Smith has denied this interpretation. His sacrifice drew comparisons with the ancient Greek pharmakos by one writer, who would be brought to work on Death of the Outsider. Others commented on the Outsider and the Void as figures of choice, or related them to the open-ended gameplay of the series. The character has been praised by some critics, though he received negative reception from others. Appearances Dishonored (2012) In the lead-up to Dishonoreds release, the Outsider was introduced in more detail in The Tales from Dunwall, a series of webisodes giving more information on the game's lore. \\\"The Hand that Feeds\\\", the second episode, tells of one character the Outsider gifted powers to. An unnamed boy is ostracized and beaten by the other boys he knows, his only friend a white rat. One night while the boy is hiding in an alley, the Outsider appears and grants the boy his mark. Emboldened by his new powers, the boy finds his \\\"tormentors\\\" and uses the mark to unleash a swarm of rats over them, but one of the rats bites him in the process and infects him with the plague. In his last days, succumbing to the sickness, the boy searches in vain for the Outsider to thank him, as he \\\"would no longer have to live in fear, for what little life he had left\\\". The Outsider then made his game debut in Dishonored, voiced by Billy Lush. In Dishonored, the player plays as Corvo Attano, bodyguard to the Empress. After the Empress is murdered and her daughter Emily kidnapped by Daud, an assassin marked by the Outsider, Corvo is framed for her murder by the new Lord Regent. Corvo escapes six months after and joins with the Loyalists, who wish to rescue the Empress's daughter, use Corvo to systematically eliminate the Lord Regent's core allies and then the Regent himself, then restore Emily to the throne. The night after Corvo meets the Loyalists, the Outsider visits Corvo in a dream and marks him, granting him magical powers. He also gifts Corvo a living heart, which\",\n \"title\": \"The Outsider (Dishonored)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7594380\",\n \"text\": \"is a fantasy action role-playing game developed by K2 LLC and published by Marvelous Entertainment for Sony PlayStation Portable. Story In a realm forgotten by history, humans, elves, halflings and other assorted races lived together in harmony in an untainted paradise surrounded by thick green forests and crystal clear streams. However, this tranquility was abruptly shattered by the roar of demons as the Dark Lord returned to reclaim his throne as the ruler of these lands. This set off a series of bloody battles as all races become ensnared in the violent conflict. After years of fierce fighting, the Dark Lord was eventually sealed away by the hands of as hero named Rulzult. However, the damage had been done. All the demon blood spilled during the war caused the land to become cursed and the sky lost its light. This once serene paradise became known as \\\"the Cursed Land.\\\" It entrapped its inhabitants and filled them with despair, causing each waking moment to feel like an eternity. One day, a brave youth awakens in this land, unable to recall who he/she is and having no recollection of his/her past. The story continues, following the unknown youth on a journey of discovery to find his/her lost memories and determine the future of this forsaken land. Gameplay The player fights against monsters to obtain new items and equipment. Five races are available for your character: human, dwarf, halfling, elf, and machine. Additionally, four initial job classes are available—Fighter, Mage, Priest, and Thief. Additional job classes can be acquired through job cards dropped by monsters in certain areas; these include Anchor, Knight, Samurai, and Ninja. At any time, each character may pick up to two job subclasses in addition to their main job class, and certain attributes of that subclass will carry over into gameplay (such as a Fighter being able to cast spells with a Mage or Priest subclass). Actions during combat will change depending on the weapons equipped, and each of the numerous weapon types is only equipable to a certain subset of job classes. After building up a gauge through combat actions, a character can perform a special attack. Different special attacks can be performed when equipping different weapons. Reception The game received \\\"mixed or average\\\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot gave the game 5.9 and IGN 6.5, citing the lack of in game story and the lack of clarity in the side quest. Sequels Valhalla Knights 2 released for the PlayStation Portable in North America on October 1, 2008, this installment expanded on the previous game by adding more races and improving the combat system. Valhalla Knights: Eldar Saga was released for Wii in North America on September 29, 2009. The game featured online cooperative play. Valhalla Knights 3 was released on the PlayStation Vita in May 2013. References External links Valhalla Knights official website 2006 video games PlayStation Portable games PlayStation Portable-only games Role-playing video games Marvelous Entertainment Marvelous Entertainment franchises Video games developed\",\n \"title\": \"Valhalla Knights\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"713577\",\n \"text\": \"A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 1, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award. The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011, the novel became a New York Times Bestseller and reached No. 1 on the list in July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Ihsan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |title=The New York Times Bestseller List |date=10 July 2011 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2011-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124451/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A paperback TV tie-in re-edition was published in March 2013, titled Game of Thrones. PlotA Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously. In the Seven Kingdoms Upon the death of Lord Jon Arryn, the principal advisor to King Robert Baratheon, Robert recruits his childhood friend Eddard \\\"Ned\\\" Stark, now Warden of the North, to replace Arryn as Hand of the King, and to betroth his daughter Sansa to Robert's son Joffrey. Ned accepts the position when he learns that Arryn's widow Lysa believes he was poisoned by Robert's wife Queen Cersei Lannister and her family. Shortly thereafter, Ned's son Bran discovers Cersei having sex with her twin brother Jaime Lannister, who throws Bran from the tower to conceal their affair, leaving him comatose and paralyzing his legs. Ned leaves his castle Winterfell and departs for the capital city, King's Landing, bringing along his daughters Sansa and Arya. Upon arriving in King's Landing to take his post as Hand, Ned finds that Robert is an ineffective king whose only interests are hunting, drinking, and womanizing. At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran while he is unconscious, and Ned's wife Catelyn travels to King's Landing to bring word to Ned. Catelyn's childhood friend, Petyr \\\"Littlefinger\\\" Baelish, implicates Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, in the assassination attempt. On the road back to Winterfell, Catelyn encounters Tyrion by chance, arrests him, and takes him to the Vale, where her sister Lysa Arryn is regent, to stand trial for the attempt on Bran's life. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid the Riverlands, Catelyn's home region. Tyrion regains his freedom by recruiting a mercenary named Bronn to defend him in trial by combat. Ned investigates Jon Arryn's death and eventually discovers that Robert's legal heirs, including Joffrey, are in fact Cersei's children by Jaime, and that Jon Arryn was\",\n \"title\": \"A Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4189186\",\n \"text\": \"Rupert Nicholas Vansittart (born 10 February 1958) is an English character actor. He has appeared in a variety of roles in film, television, stage and radio, often playing comic characters. He is best known for his role as Lord Ashfordly in the ITV drama Heartbeat and for playing Lord Yohn Royce in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2014–2019). Early life and education Vansittart was raised in Cranleigh, Surrey, and is of partial Dutch ancestry. He trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama. Career Vansittart started his acting career in an episode of Bulman in 1985. In 1995, he starred in the serial Pride and Prejudice, as Mr Hurst, the brother-in-law of Charles and Caroline Bingley. He has also worked with Rowan Atkinson on a number of occasions, appearing as a guest star in two episodes of Mr. Bean in addition to The Thin Blue Line, and Johnny English Reborn. In 1993, he appeared in Remains of the Day as Sir Geoffrey Wren, a character based on the 1930s British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley. In 1994, he appeared in the film Braveheart as Lord Bottoms. He worked in Four Weddings and a Funeral, as George the Boor at the Boatman in 1995. In 2002, he appeared in the Midsomer Murders episode \\\"Market for Murder\\\". He also portrayed General Asquith in the Doctor Who episodes \\\"Aliens of London\\\" and \\\"World War Three\\\". In 2003, he appeared in the West End adaptation of Arsenic and Old Lace. In 2006, Vansittart portrayed Thomas J. Dodd in the BBC three-part drama documentary Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial. In 2007, he appeared in another episode of Midsomer Murders, \\\"The Axeman Cometh\\\". He also appeared in the 2008 BBC serial Spartacus as Consul Lentulus. In 2009, he was asked to play Peter Morrison in Margaret. Two years later in the critically acclaimed The Iron Lady with Meryl Streep he played Cabinet minister John Biffen. He has also played political characters on stage: in 2014 he was one of the main actors in the cast of Great Britain at the National Theatre. 2009 also saw his third appearance in Midsomer Murders, in the episode \\\"The Dogleg Murders\\\". In 2010, he appeared in Doctors as Anthony Chippington, a friend of Charlie's. He played Harrison Ashton Lard, the \\\"posh girl's father\\\", in How Not to Live Your Life. He provided additional voice-over for World's Craziest Fools. He appeared in the final two seasons of Foyle's War as Sir Alec Myerson, the title character's boss at MI5. Vansittart also appeared in the BBC Three comedy Bad Education, playing Mr. Humpage. In 2014, Vansittart started playing Lord Yohn Royce in the HBO series Game of Thrones, making recurring appearances in season 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. In 2016, he appears in the BBC TV series Father Brown as Arthur Le Broc in episode 4.7 \\\"The Missing Man\\\". In January 2016, he played Peter Jennings in an episode of the BBC series Casualty. Personal life Vansittart has been married to\",\n \"title\": \"Rupert Vansittart\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8734487\",\n \"text\": \"is a Japanese language epic fantasy role-playing game released in 1999. Its setting is similar to medieval Europe, including a strong church of monotheism, religious wars and knight-errants. Player characters, called Engraveds have engraved on their bodies the three stigmatas of 22 Arcaeus (apostles of the light) and can use miracles three times every a session. There are 22 classes (called arcanas) corresponding to Major Arcana of tarot divination. The names of arcanas are same as Arcaeus' ones and named with Latin, for example: Mater (clergy), Adamas (knight), Dextra (alchemist) and Ignis (archer). Players choose three arcanas during character creation. Three arcanas represent character's past, present and future. For instance, he might have lost the throne in the past if his past arcana is Corona (represent royal). In contrast, He may have the destiny that he will ascend to the throne if his future arcana is Corona. The person who has more than three stigmatas is called Marauder and slain by Engraveds because he has the sin of arrogance and unbelief. But every player character also will become Marauder if his Dignity Point (DP) is lost. At the game's climax, Marauders always shout that \\\"Dedicate Stigmata! We shall hold Lammas tonight.\\\" as a traditional statement. The game system uses only 20 sided dice and special tarot cards. Peculiar settings The pope of Ostia Sinistralic that is the most traditional sect is a woman, and a lot of clergy are also women. The messiah called Mater and her nine apostles were also women. Nine apostles are often taken falcons that run after the person as an analogy. Because the messiah's mother was a falconer. There are many demon lords are hostile to God. The strongest demon lord is Aerglyph lex thunderous. He is blind in one eye and has infinite wisdom. Obviously Aerglyph is modeled on the Norse God Odin. External links FarEast Amusement Research Japanese role-playing games Fantasy role-playing games Role-playing games introduced in 1999 Kadokawa Dwango franchises\",\n \"title\": \"Blade of Arcana\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2337481\",\n \"text\": \"Patrick Gerald Duggan (born 24 March 1945), known professionally as Patrick Malahide, is a British actor of stage and screen. His acting credits include The New Avengers (1976), ITV Playhouse (1977), The Eagle of the Ninth (1977), Sweeney 2 (1978), Comfort and Joy (1984), The Singing Detective (1986), A Month in the Country (1987), Minder (1979–1988), Middlemarch (1994), The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries (1993–1994), Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001), The World Is Not Enough (1999), Brideshead Revisited (film) (2008), The Paradise (2012), Luther (2015–2019), Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), Game of Thrones (2012–2016), and Mortal Engines (2018), The Protégé (2021), and Liaison (2023). Early life Malahide was born in Reading, Berkshire, England, the son of Irish immigrants; his mother was a cook, and his father secretary of the bursar at The Nautical College of Pangbourne. His education began at St Anne's Primary School, Caversham, Reading, then at Douai School in Woolhampton, Berkshire. He furthered his education at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, studying experimental psychology. Here, he began to develop his skills in acting, after joining the University's Dramatic Society, and making two appearances at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Acting career He made his television debut in 1976, in an episode of The Flight of the Heron, then in single episodes of Sutherland's Law, and The New Avengers (1976), and ITV Playhouse (1977). He was then in an adaptation of The Eagle of the Ninth, and his first film was Sweeney 2 in the following year. In 1979, he began a nine-year stint as Detective Sergeant Albert \\\"Cheerful Charlie\\\" Chisholm in the popular TV series Minder. His television appearances have included playing Alfred Jingle in The Pickwick Papers (1985), he starred in The Singing Detective (1986), Middlemarch (1994), and played Ngaio Marsh's Inspector Roderick Alleyn in a 1993–94 series. His films include Comfort and Joy (1984), A Month in the Country (1987), and Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001), alongside Nicolas Cage and Penélope Cruz. In 1999, he made an appearance in the introduction to the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, alongside Pierce Brosnan as a Swiss banker named Lachaise working in Bilbao. He played Mr. Ryder in Brideshead Revisited (2008). From 2012 to 2016 portrayed Balon Greyjoy, Lord of the Iron Islands, and the father of Theon and Yara, of House Greyjoy, in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones. In 2012, He played Lord Glendenning in The Paradise. He was a recurring character in Luther (2015–2019), and appeared in Bridget Jones's Baby (2016). In 2018, He portrayed Magnus Crome in the Mortal Engines. In 2021, he starred as Vohl in the Martin Campbell directed action film The Protégé, alongside Maggie Q, Michael Keaton and Samuel L. Jackson. In 2023, he played the role of Alison's father Jack Rowdy, in Liaison, in a cast that included Vincent Cassel, Eva Green and Peter Mullan. Filmography References External links 1945 births 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Living people English male film actors English male stage actors English male television\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Malahide\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1289464\",\n \"text\": \"Eddard \\\"Ned\\\" Stark known as The Quiet Wolf is a fictional character in the 1996 fantasy novel A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin, and Game of Thrones, HBO's adaptation of Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. In the storyline, Ned is the lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Though the character is established as the main character in the novel and the first season of the TV adaptation, a plot twist involving Ned near the end of the novel and the end of the first season shocked both readers of the book and viewers of the TV series. Ned is portrayed by veteran English actor Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones, as a child by Sebastian Croft in the sixth season and as a young adult by Robert Aramayo in the sixth and seventh seasons. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011. Character Description In A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark is introduced as the virtuous and honorable patriarch of House Stark and the father of six children. The moral compass of the story, he is content to remain far from courtly intrigues and is unwavering in his view of loyalty and honor. His family name, Stark, serves as an indication of his resistance to moral compromise, but his boundaries are increasingly tested over the course of the novel. Finding himself a key player in the escalating political intrigue of King's Landing, Ned struggles as his own sense of honor draws him into corrupt goings-on at court. As the story progresses, he begins to see the importance of moral and practical compromises to achieve a just end, and is ultimately forced to choose between the safety of his family and doing what is right. Sean Bean said of the character, \\\"He's a good man trying to do his best in the middle of this corruption, he's a fish out of water, he's used to being up north in Winterfell where people are pretty straight and pragmatic, and he comes down to a place where people are playing games and backstabbing ... he's a principled man who tries to hold things together. This is a journey that he makes where ultimately his loyalty causes his downfall.\\\" Development and overview Publishers Weekly noted in 1996 that, despite the honest Ned Stark's intervention in court politics, \\\"no amount of heroism or good intentions can keep the realm under control.\\\" From his very first introduction, Ned is portrayed as a noble hero and set up to be the heart of the story. With fifteen chapters devoted to his point of view, more than any single character in the novel, he is presented as\",\n \"title\": \"Ned Stark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7852083\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Sumpter (born 13 February 1943) is an English actor who has appeared in film and television since the mid-1960s. His credits include Doctor Who episode The Wheel in Space (1968), The Black Panther (1977), Bleak House (1985), The Queen's Nose (1995-1998), Great Expectations (1999), Nicholas Nickleby (2001), Enigma (2001), K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), The Constant Gardener (2005), Being Human (2009-2010), Ultramarines: The Movie (2010), Black Mirror (2011), Game of Thrones (2011-2012), Endeavour (2018), (2018), and Chernobyl (2019). Career Sumpter was born on 13 February 1943, in Brixworth, Northamptonshire, England. One of his early television appearances was the 1968 Doctor Who serial The Wheel in Space with Patrick Troughton as the Doctor. Sumpter appeared in Doctor Who again, in the 1972 serial The Sea Devils with Jon Pertwee. Sumpter also appeared in the Doctor Who spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures. In 2015, he appeared as the Time Lord President Rassilon in the Doctor Who episode \\\"Hell Bent\\\". His early film work included a lead role as real life criminal Donald Neilson in the 1977 film The Black Panther. Sumpter also appeared in many television films and serials, including adaptations of Dickens' novels: Nicholas Nickleby in 2001, Great Expectations in 1999, and Bleak House in 1985. Sumpter played the part of villain Ronnie Day in Big Deal (1985). He took the role of the suspected serial killer Alexander Bonaparte Cust in the 1992 Agatha Christie's Poirot adaptation of The ABC Murders. He has also appeared in episodes of Midsomer Murders, The Bill, Holby City, Black Mirror, and A Touch of Frost. From 1995 - 1998, Sumpter had a recurring role as Uncle Ginger in the Children's BBC series The Queen's Nose. He played Harold Chapple in Our Friends in the North, and portrayed the physicist Max Planck in Einstein and Eddington. He has also been seen as Kemp in the horror-drama series Being Human. In seasons 1 and 2, he portrayed Maester Luwin in the HBO series Game of Thrones. His film appearances include The Constant Gardener (2005), K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), Enigma (2001) and Ultramarines: The Movie (2010). In 2018, he played film star Emil Valdemar in Endeavour, Series 5, Episode 2: \\\"Cartouche. The same year, he appeared as Monsieur Mabeuf in the BBC adaption of . Filmography Films Television References External links 1943 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people Place of birth missing (living people) 21st-century British male actors 20th-century British male actors English male stage actors English male Shakespearean actors\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Sumpter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35813562\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Prince of Winterfell\\\" is the eighth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 18th overall. The episode was directed by Alan Taylor and written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It first aired on May 20, 2012. The title of the episode refers to Theon Greyjoy as ruler of Winterfell after disposing of the Stark children. Plot In King's Landing Tyrion and Bronn plan the defense of King's Landing with the aid of old texts. Varys arrives to compliment Bronn on his leadership of the gold cloaks When Tyrion is accused of plotting to kill King Joffrey, Cersei mistakenly kidnaps Ros instead of Shae, and Tyrion swears to Cersei that she will pay for her actions. Joffrey's inexperience and arrogance leave Tyrion fearful for the coming battle. Varys informs Tyrion that Daenerys is alive with three dragons but Tyrion suggests to focus on one problem at a time. In The Narrow Sea Planning the siege of King's Landing, Stannis and Davos reminisce about Robert's Rebellion. Stannis remains bitter that Renly was given Storm's End, and vows to make Davos his Hand once he takes the Iron Throne. At Harrenhal Tywin meeting with his council discusses the siege of King's Landing and what will be done about Stannis and the Starks attacking Casterly Rock. As Tywin departs to face Robb's army, Arya is unable to find Jaqen H'ghar in time for him to kill Tywin, and instead forces him to help her escape. That night, Jaqen kills the castle's guards, allowing Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie to escape. In the Westerlands Robb returns from the Crag with Talisa to learn Jaime has escaped. Catelyn admits that Brienne is escorting Jaime to King's Landing to trade for Sansa and Arya, and Robb has Catelyn placed under guard. Roose Bolton assures Robb that Bolton's bastard son is nearing Winterfell; Robb orders mercy be shown to any Ironborn except Theon to persuade Theon's men to betray him. Talisa enters Robb's tent and talks at length about her brother and leaving highborn society in Volantis. Robb confesses to Talisa that he does not want to marry Frey's daughter, and they have sex in his tent. Beyond the Wall Ygritte and her companions present Jon to the Lord of Bones, whom she convinces to spare Jon's life, saying Mance Rayder will want to meet Eddard Stark's bastard. Captured Qhorin Halfhand tells Jon to “defect” to Mance's army to learn his plans. At the Fist of the First Men, Sam and Grenn discover an ancient Night's Watch cloak, containing a strange horn and a cache of dragonglass weapons. In Qarth Daenerys refuses to flee Qarth for Astapor without her dragons, and Jorah reluctantly takes her to the House of the Undying. At Winterfell Theon orders the messenger ravens killed to conceal Bran and Rickon's deaths. Yara Greyjoy arrives to bring Theon home, but he refuses to abandon Winterfell. Following Osha to the crypts beneath\",\n \"title\": \"The Prince of Winterfell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35299130\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The North Remembers\\\" is the second season premiere episode of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on April 1, 2012, it was written by the show creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by returning director Alan Taylor. With a war on the horizon, the Seven Kingdoms are witnessing an ever-growing clash of kings. The boy king Joffrey Baratheon (Jack Gleeson) sits on the Iron Throne guided by cruelty and deceit, while his honorable counterpart Robb Stark (Richard Madden) of the North heads south to avenge his father's death. Meanwhile, the late king Robert Baratheon's estranged brother Stannis (Stephen Dillane) emerges as yet another claimant to the throne. A frantic search for King Robert's bastard sons ensues, while the Queen sets to find the missing Arya Stark (Maisie Williams) in order to retrieve her lover and brother Jaime, now a captive to the Starks. The title refers to Robb Stark vowing revenge against the Lannisters for his father's murder. \\\"The North Remembers\\\" received universal acclaim from critics, who noted Tyrion Lannister's development as a key player as a highlight of the episode. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 3.86 million in its initial broadcast. The episode introduced a number of new cast members, including Stephen Dillane's Stannis Baratheon, Carice van Houten's Melisandre and Liam Cunningham as \\\"the onion knight\\\" Davos Seaworth. It also featured a number of new locations, both fictional and real, most notably the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, which served as the capital city of King's Landing. It received a great amount of critical praise, with critics welcoming the new set of characters, which they saw as a great addition. The episode went on to win an American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One-Hour Episodic Television Series. Plot On Dragonstone From the island of Dragonstone, the late King Robert's brother Stannis Baratheon declares himself rightful heir to the Iron Throne. He sends a message across the Seven Kingdoms that Robert's supposed heirs are the products of incest between Cersei Lannister and her brother Jaime. Despite Ser Davos Seaworth's advice, Stannis refuses to ally with King in the North Robb Stark or rival claimant Renly Baratheon. Fearing the influence that the Red Priestess Melisandre holds over Stannis, Maester Cressen attempts to kill Melisandre in a murder-suicide with poisoned wine, but Melisandre drinks the entire cup unaffected. In the Red Waste With the remnants of Khal Drogo's khalasar, Daenerys Targaryen makes a difficult journey across the Red Waste, and sends three riders to find shelter. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch ranging party reaches Craster's Keep beyond the Wall. Craster claims that the wildlings' leader Mance Rayder is amassing an army to move south. Lord Commander Jeor Mormont offers leadership advice to Jon Snow. At Winterfell After a prophetic dream, Bran visits the Godswood with Osha. Noticing a red comet, Bran declares it an omen of victory in the war, but Osha insists it\",\n \"title\": \"The North Remembers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"50347029\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Book of the Stranger\\\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 54th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Sackheim. Sansa Stark arrives at the Wall and reunites with Jon Snow, and later receives a message from Ramsay Bolton challenging Jon to come take back Winterfell and rescue Rickon Stark; Margaery Tyrell is reunited with her brother, Loras; Cersei and Jaime Lannister plot with their uncle Kevan and Olenna Tyrell to have them released; and Daenerys Targaryen faces the khals. \\\"Book of the Stranger\\\" received widespread acclaim from critics, who noted the reunion of Jon Snow and Sansa Stark, and Daenerys Targaryen taking charge of all the khalasars as high points of the episode, one calling them \\\"huge, forward moving story elements that harkened back to season 1.\\\" Filming of the episode's closing scene was shot at two different locations. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 7.82 million in its initial broadcast. The episode was Emilia Clarke's selection for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards to support her nomination. This episode marks the final appearance for Natalia Tena (Osha). Plot At the Wall Jon, released from the Night's Watch by his death, states his desires to head south, as he is disillusioned by the betrayal of his fellow Night's Watchmen and tired of endless fighting. Sansa, Brienne, and Podrick arrive at Castle Black and Sansa is reunited with Jon. After telling each other their stories, Sansa tries to convince Jon to help her retake Winterfell. However, Jon is still reluctant to fight. Frustrated, Sansa declares to Jon that she will take back Winterfell whether he helps her or not. Meanwhile, Brienne confronts Davos and Melisandre, and informs them that she killed Stannis to avenge Renly Baratheon. She warns Davos and Melisandre that even though that was in the past, she does not forget or forgive. Brienne also attracts the unrequited romantic attentions of Tormund. Some time later, a letter from Ramsay to Jon arrives. Ramsay boasts that he has Rickon in his custody and demands Sansa's return, threatening to have the Bolton army exterminate the wildlings, kill Rickon and gang-rape Sansa while forcing Jon to watch before they kill him. Jon agrees to help Sansa retake Winterfell. When Tormund warns him that the wildlings are outnumbered by Ramsay's army, Sansa points out that Jon can use his status as the son of Eddard Stark to unite the North against Ramsay. In Winterfell Osha is brought before Ramsay, who asks her why she was helping Rickon. Osha claims that she intended to betray Rickon and attempts to seduce Ramsay while reaching for a nearby knife. However, Ramsay tells her that he is aware Osha used a similar ruse to escape Theon, and stabs her in the neck, killing her. In King's Landing Margaery is brought to meet the High Sparrow, who warns her to stay away\",\n \"title\": \"Book of the Stranger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26380560\",\n \"text\": \"Brienne of Tarth is a fictional character in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones. She is a prominent point of view character in the novels. Brienne is introduced in the second novel of the series, 1998's A Clash of Kings, as a warrior fighting for the honor of serving in the Kingsguard of Renly Baratheon. She later swears her loyalty to Catelyn Stark and vows to return the captive Jaime Lannister to King's Landing in exchange for Sansa and Arya Stark, whom Catelyn believes are being held by the Lannisters. She additionally appears in A Feast for Crows (2005) and A Dance with Dragons (2011). Because she is a woman, Brienne is barred from serving as a knight, even though she is one of the most honorable and skilled warriors in all of Westeros. Her personal struggle towards honor, justice, and recognition has received significant critical attention, as has her complex relationship with Jaime, and she is one of the more popular characters in both the novels and television show. In the television series, Brienne is portrayed by English actress Gwendoline Christie and is introduced in season two. After appearing as a recurring cast member for two seasons, Christie was promoted to the main cast from season four onwards. Christie has received significant critical praise for her portrayal. For her performance in season three, she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television and for two Screen Actors Guild Awards, alongside the rest of the cast, for the third and fourth seasons. In 2019, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in the series's final season. Character Background Brienne is the daughter and only surviving child of Lord Selwyn Tarth, Lord of Evenfall Hall on the island of Tarth. House Tarth is a bannerman to House Baratheon, the lord paramount of the Stormlands. Brienne's mother died when she was a child, and she had a single older brother, Galladon, who drowned when she was 8, and two younger sisters, both of whom died in infancy. Brienne as a child was under the tutelage of Septa Roelle, who found fault in everything about Brienne and destroyed her self-esteem. She told Brienne that although a man would marry her, as she is heiress to her father's land, he could never desire her. Brienne's father tried to find her a suitor to wed. This proved to be difficult, however, due to both Brienne's resistance and her ungainly appearance. Nonetheless, three successive but ultimately unsuccessful betrothals were attempted. The first was when she was 7 and her fiancé was 10, but he died of an illness. Next, a betrothal was brokered by the lord of the land-poor house Connington, to his young newly knighted heir Ronnet, but young Ser Ronnet broke the betrothal the first time he met Brienne. Brienne's father's last attempt\",\n \"title\": \"Brienne of Tarth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38988791\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dark Wings, Dark Words\\\" is the second episode of the third season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 22nd episode of the series overall, it was directed by Daniel Minahan and written by Vanessa Taylor. It first aired on HBO on April 7, 2013. In the episode, Robb Stark receives word that Winterfell has been razed by the Ironborn, and learns that Bran and Rickon have disappeared. Robb's army takes a detour to Riverrun to attend the funeral of Hoster Tully. Theon Greyjoy is taken captive and tortured at Winterfell. Brienne of Tarth continues to escort an imprisoned Jaime Lannister to King's Landing. In the North, Jon Snow struggles to gain the trust of Mance Rayder, as the Night's Watch march back to the Wall. The title of the episode refers to an in-universe proverb about messenger ravens, referring to the fact that urgently delivered messages are often bad news. The episode marks the first appearance of Olenna Tyrell (Diana Rigg), Jojen Reed (Thomas Brodie Sangster), and Meera Reed (Ellie Kendrick). Plot In King's Landing Margaery and her grandmother Lady Olenna persuade Sansa to tell them the truth of King Joffrey's cruelty. After discussing his bride-to-be with Cersei, Joffrey invites Margaery to his chamber and questions her about her last husband, Renly Baratheon, and shows off his new crossbow. Shae warns Tyrion that Lord Baelish has taken an interest in Sansa. Beyond the Wall Mance Rayder continues to be distrustful of Jon, and speaks with Orell, a 'warg' capable of seeing through the eyes of animals, who tells him that he has seen the aftermath of the battle at the Fist of the First Men. Marching to the Wall, Sam falls from exhaustion, and Jeor Mormont orders Rast, who had been taunting Sam, to ensure he reaches the Wall alive and if he doesn't, Jeor will have him killed. In the North Heading north with Hodor, Osha, and Rickon, Bran has another strange dream. While Hodor and Rickon are away, Osha suspects someone is following them and leaves to investigate. Bran is confronted by Jojen Reed, the boy from his dream and a seer like Bran. Accompanied by his sister, Meera, Jojen says they have been searching for Bran. While travelling, Bran and Jojen discuss him being a warg and what the three eyed raven is. Theon Greyjoy has been taken captive, and despite answering all questions truthfully, continues to be tortured. A young man, who claims to be sent by Yara, promises to aid Theon. In the Riverlands Robb receives news of the death of his grandfather, Lord Hoster Tully, and that Winterfell has been razed by the Iron Islanders but Bran and Rickon have not been found. He and Catelyn depart for Riverrun for her father's funeral; Lord Karstark voices his displeasure with the funeral distraction. Catelyn discusses her children with Talisa, and admits that she feels responsible for what is happening to them all. Traveling north, Arya, Gendry, and Hot Pie are brought\",\n \"title\": \"Dark Wings, Dark Words\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"761835\",\n \"text\": \"A Game of Thrones: The Card Game (or AGoT, for short) is an out-of-print collectible card game produced by Fantasy Flight Games. It is based on A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of novels written by George R. R. Martin. The first set was Westeros Edition and was released in August 2002. It has since won two Origins Awards. The game's primary designer is Eric Lang, the lead developer is Nate French, with Damon Stone serving as associate designer. In the game, players assume the leadership of one of the great houses of Westeros vying for control of King's Landing and the Iron Throne. To accomplish this, players launch military attacks against their opponents, undermine their opponents’ plans with intrigues of their own, and make power plays to win the support of the realm. Factions Each house represents one of the main factions involved in the struggle for the Iron Throne emulated by the AGoT LCG. Each house provides different strengths and weaknesses, allowing for various play styles to interact within the same game. Certain cards are restricted to one or two houses, giving each house a unique flavor. Currently, there are eight playable factions in the AGoT LCG. Each is identified by a shield bearing the arms of the house, located in the upper right corner of the card. Great houses House Stark, the honorable rulers of the cold North. The Stark shield is a grey direwolf on an ice-white field. Prominent Stark characters include Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Catelyn, their son Robb, as well as Maester Luwin, Ser Rodrik Cassel, and Brynden \\\"The Blackfish\\\" Tully. Common game mechanics include direct kill, deck searching, and improved defense. Many Stark effects are themed around military challenges. House Lannister, the rich and treacherous residents of Casterly Rock. The Lannister shield is a gold lion on a crimson field. Prominent Lannister characters include Jaime, Cersei, and Tyrion Lannister, as well as Ser Gregor Clegane, Ser Addam Marbrand, and Grand Maester Pycelle. Common game mechanics include card draw, kneeling effects, and trait manipulation. Many Lannister effects are themed around intrigue challenges. House Baratheon, the royal blood of King Robert, rulers of Dragonstone and Storm's End. The Baratheon shield is a black crowned stag on a gold field. Prominent Baratheon characters include Robert, his brothers Stannis and Renly, as well as Melisandre, Ser Davos Seaworth, and the Loras Tyrell, the Knight of Flowers. Common game mechanics include power manipulation, standing effects, and retrieval of cards from the dead and discard piles. Many House Baratheon effects are themed around power challenges. House Greyjoy, the rulers of the Iron Islands and the Ironborn raiders who prey on the rest of Westeros. The Greyjoy shield is a gold kraken on a black field. Prominent Greyjoy characters include Theon, Asha, and their father Balon Greyjoy, as well Balon's brothers Euron Crow's Eye and Aeron Damphair. Common game mechanics include location control, the ability to save characters, event cancels, and boosting the strength of attacking\",\n \"title\": \"A Game of Thrones (card game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60810065\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Iron Throne\\\" is the series finale of the HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 73rd and final episode overall, \\\"The Iron Throne\\\" is the sixth episode of the eighth season, and was written and directed by executive producers and series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It first aired on May 19, 2019. In the episode, the characters deal with the aftermath of Daenerys Targaryen's (Emilia Clarke) devastation of King's Landing and determine who will finally rule Westeros. The episode garnered mixed responses from critics and audiences. Although most critics took issue with the episode's story arcs, pacing and tone, some others deemed it a satisfying conclusion to the series, praising the acting and visuals. Benioff and Weiss received directing and writing nominations for the episode at the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, whilst Kit Harington and Peter Dinklage selected the episodes to support their nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, respectively. Dinklage won in his category. Plot Jon and Davos survey the destruction that Daenerys brought on King's Landing. Tyrion finds the crushed corpses of Cersei and Jaime in the ruins of the Red Keep. Grey Worm and his men execute Lannister soldiers; Jon attempts to intervene, but Grey Worm insists he is acting on Daenerys' orders. Daenerys declares to the Unsullied and Dothraki that they \\\"liberated\\\" the people of King's Landing, and she will soon \\\"liberate\\\" the entire world. Tyrion publicly resigns as Daenerys' Hand in protest, and she has him arrested for treason. Jon visits Tyrion in captivity, who tells Jon that despite the love they both have for Daenerys, it is Jon's duty to kill her for being the people's greatest threat. Tyrion also warns Jon that Arya and Sansa will not bend the knee to Daenerys, putting all of House Stark in danger. Jon confronts Daenerys in the destroyed throne room. Daenerys blames Cersei for the deaths of the civilians and refuses to forgive Tyrion or the Lannister prisoners, arguing that their executions – and a continued \\\"liberation\\\" campaign – are necessary to establish her vision of a good world. Unable to dissuade Daenerys, a conflicted Jon fatally stabs her as they kiss. As Jon grieves, Drogon arrives. After discovering that Daenerys has been murdered, an anguished Drogon melts the Iron Throne before carrying her body away to the east. Weeks later, the lords and ladies of the Seven Kingdoms convene at the Dragonpit to discuss the fates of Tyrion and Jon, still imprisoned by the Unsullied. Tyrion suggests that future monarchs be chosen by a council of lords and ladies, instead of inheriting the crown. The council agrees and elects Bran as the new king of the Seven Kingdoms. Sansa declares the North's independence from the Seven Kingdoms, which Bran accepts. Bran appoints Tyrion as his Hand so that Tyrion can make amends for his various wrongs and sentences Jon to rejoin the Night's Watch for life to appease\",\n \"title\": \"The Iron Throne (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"47980779\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Aramayo (born 6 November 1992) is an English actor. From 2016 to 2017, he played the role of young Eddard Stark in the sixth and seventh season of the HBO series Game of Thrones. In 2021, he starred in the Netflix psychological thriller miniseries, Behind Her Eyes. In 2022, he played Elrond in the Amazon series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. Life and career Aramayo's acting career began at the age of seven when he played the role of Bugsy Malone in a primary school production. When he was ten he joined the Hull Truck Youth Theatre, performing in about three plays a year. His older sister Laura also began an acting career at the Hull Truck Youth Theatre and studied drama at the Oxford School of Drama in Oxford. He attended Hull's Wyke College and in 2011 won a place at the prestigious Juilliard School in New York City. His performance in a Juilliard production of Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange as Alex, the lead character, earned him his first film role in the Italian-American production Lost in Florence. From 2016 to 2017 he played the role of young Eddard Stark in the sixth and seventh season of the HBO series Game of Thrones. Aramayo played the role of mechanical engineer and Harley-Davidson co-founder William S. Harley in the Discovery Channel miniseries Harley and the Davidsons, which premiered September 5–7, 2016, on Discovery. Also that year, he appeared in the Tom Ford film Nocturnal Animals. He has a role in the HBO miniseries Lewis and Clark. He appeared in The Empty Man, directed by David Prior, The Incident at Sparrow Creek Lumber directed by Henry Dunham, and Eternal Beauty, directed by Craig Roberts. In August 2019, it was announced that Aramayo had been cast on the Netflix psychological thriller miniseries, Behind Her Eyes. On 7 January 2020, it was announced that Aramayo had been cast as a character referred to as \\\"Beldor\\\", later revealed to be Elrond in Amazon's television series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. Personal life Born in England, the son of Mike Aramayo, he is of Spanish descent. Filmography Film Television References External links Juilliard School résumé 1992 births Living people English male film actors English people of Spanish descent 21st-century British male actors Male actors from Kingston upon Hull Juilliard School alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Aramayo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3908549\",\n \"text\": \"Time Lord — Adventures through Time and Space is a Doctor Who role-playing game, written by Ian Marsh and Peter Darvill-Evans and published in 1991 by Virgin Publishing. This game is totally unrelated to the previously released Doctor Who RPG by FASA, having different and simpler mechanics that often seemed arbitrary. For example, the companion Polly is a secretary yet according to her statistics, she can hardly read or write. The system lacked any method for creating original player characters: it was suggested that the referee give the players a particular Doctor and his associated companions, or a group of Doctors. A later on-line supplement, \\\"Timelord: Journeys\\\", written by Nathaniel Torson, provided a system for creating original player characters. A variety of basic templates were provided (\\\"The Soldier,\\\" \\\"The Specialist,\\\" The Alien\\\") and die roll ranges provided for determining attribute and skill values. Rules for purchasing alien abilities, generating random adventures, and using \\\"Drama Points\\\" to increase abilities and use Genre Tropes to simulate standard situations from the series were also provided. The game was marketed with other Doctor Who books instead of other role-playing games. It was printed in paperback novel format, unlike other RPGs. In addition, Virgin was unknown in the gaming market. As a result, it did not sell well and aside from a few articles in Doctor Who Magazine, no supplements were published. The system revolves around the concept of \\\"beating the difference\\\" - Actions have a difficulty rating, from which the relevant attribute and skill is subtracted; the remaining number is the difference. Players roll two six-sided dice, and then take the difference of the two rolls; if that number is higher than the difference, the action is successful. The game includes many skills which are especially appropriate to the tone of Doctor Who, such as cheat death and macguffin. The original game book includes extensive biographical information on all the companions of the TV series, as well as many of the villains. Also included is an incomplete original short story, \\\"The Necromancers\\\", with the idea the story could be completed as part of a game campaign. The text includes a solo adventure, Switchback. A full campaign, The Templar Throne, is also included. It takes place in a shopping mall. In 1996, the game was made available for free on the internet, along with updates for the game to include the Eighth Doctor. In the electronic version, the adventure The Templar Throne has been replaced with another campaign, The Curse of the Cyclops. Reviews White Wolf #49 (Nov., 1994) External links Time Lord RPG for download along with expansions. Time Lord in PDF and HTML formats Curse of the Conqueror adventure by Marcus Rowland British role-playing games Role-playing games based on television series Novels based on Doctor Who 1991 books Games based on Doctor Who Gamebooks by Peter Darvill-Evans Role-playing games introduced in 1991 Science fantasy role-playing games\",\n \"title\": \"Time Lord (role-playing game)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60559065\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\", alternatively titled \\\"My Jenny's Song\\\", is a song appearing in the HBO epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was included in two separate parts in the second episode of the series' eighth season, \\\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\\\". In the first instance of the song, it was performed during the episode by character Podrick Payne, portrayed by Scottish actor Daniel Portman. The song then played during the episode's end credits, performed by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine. Florence and the Machine released the song as a single the day after the episode aired, on 22 April 2019. The song was released by HBO and record label Universal Music Group. Background \\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\" is an adaptation of a fictional folk song mentioned in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, on which Game of Thrones is based. In the third novel in the series, A Storm of Swords, a mysterious elderly woods witch nicknamed \\\"the Ghost of High Heart\\\" asks the singer Tom of Sevenstreams to perform \\\"my Jenny's song\\\" as payment for her prophecies. Only one line of the song, \\\"High in the halls of the kings who are gone, Jenny would dance with her ghosts\\\", is quoted in the novel series, appearing in the epilogue chapter of A Storm of Swords. In the fictional history of A Song of Ice and Fire, the titular Jenny of Oldstones was a peasant girl whom the prince Duncan Targaryen gave up his inheritance to marry. The television version of the song is a folk ballad with influences of Celtic music. The song was written by German composer Ramin Djawadi, who composed all the music for Game of Thrones; and screenwriters D. B. Weiss and David Benioff, who added more lyrics to the fragment written by Martin in A Storm of Swords. Florence and the Machine's recording of it was produced by American musician Doveman and Florence and the Machine frontwoman Florence Welch. Weiss and Benioff reportedly approached Welch in 2012 to record the song \\\"The Rains of Castamere\\\", although she had turned down their request. Following the release of \\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\", Welch stated in an interview with The New York Times that this was during her \\\"wild years\\\", when she was \\\"less focused\\\". In the episode \\\"A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms\\\", the studio version of the song by Welch was played over the closing credits. The song was however first heard from the character Podrick Payne (played by Daniel Portman), who sang a verse in a sequence reminiscent of the scene in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King when Pippin sang \\\"The Edge of Night\\\" before the battle of Minas Tirith. The version sung by Portman is simplified in its harmonies, while the version by Welch is close to how Djawadi originally wrote it with more chord changes. Commercial performance \\\"Jenny of Oldstones\\\" debuted at number 75 in the UK\",\n \"title\": \"Jenny of Oldstones\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1888711\",\n \"text\": \"Renly Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Renly is the youngest of the three sons of Lord Steffon Baratheon and Cassana Estermont, and the younger brother of Robert and Stannis Baratheon. He is Lord of Storm's End and Lord Paramount of the Stormlands. He served as master of laws in his eldest brother's small council, before crowning himself king in the wake of Robert's death with the support of the Reach and the Stormlands, an act that helps kick off the War of Five Kings. This brings him into conflict with his older brother Stannis, whose claim is greater. Renly's homosexual relationship with Loras Tyrell is alluded to in the books and is made clearly evident in the television show. Both men are among Martin's most prominent LGBTQ characters, although Renly and Loras' adapted relationship and the show's portrayal of the latter has received mixed criticism. Renly Baratheon is portrayed by Gethin Anthony in the HBO television adaptation. Character description Renly Baratheon is the younger brother of King Robert and of King Stannis. He is a handsome and charismatic man that wins friends easily, which makes him popular with the smallfolk. He is thought to look extremely similar to his older brother Robert, albeit smaller and slimmer, inheriting the Baratheon height and long black hair. Although he is well-liked and charismatic, many powerful lords at court secretly consider him to be vain and frivolous. He is described as disdainful of reading, although he enjoys hunting and jousting. Renly is also a closeted gay engaged in a relationship with Loras Tyrell. Renly is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as Ned and Catelyn Stark. He is also often mentioned and remembered by Brienne of Tarth, who had fallen in love with him at a young age. Renly is mostly a background character in the novels. Storylines Renly Baratheon is the youngest of the Baratheon brothers and Lord of Storm's End. He is described as handsome and charismatic, winning friends easily. Renly serves on Robert's council as Master of Laws. After Robert dies, Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms in A Clash of Kings, wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen as he is their Lord Paramount, and seals an alliance with House Tyrell by marrying Margaery Tyrell. Before he can march on the capital though, he hears Stannis is besieging Storm's End. Renly marches there, intending to kill his brother in battle, and turning down an offer to become Stannis' heir. Before the battle he is assassinated by a shadow conjured by Melisandre, though it is unclear if Stannis is aware of this or not. TV adaptation Renly Baratheon is played by the British actor Gethin Anthony in the television\",\n \"title\": \"Renly Baratheon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6195351\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Chains\\\" is the final episode of the BBC sitcom Blackadder II, the second series of Blackadder, which was set in Elizabethan England from 1558 to 1603. Power-mad and self-professed \\\"master of disguise\\\", Prince Ludwig the Indestructible kidnaps Lord Blackadder and Lord Melchett. They escape his clutches but Prince Ludwig infiltrates the palace during a fancy dress ball. The episode was recorded 14 July 1985. Plot In the throne room, Blackadder informs Queenie and Nursie of an unspecified incident that saw Blackadder insulting the unidentified individual before he pulled up his tights and jumped out of the privy window. Melchett arrives, telling Queenie that his former tutor's son has been kidnapped and begs for her to pay the hefty ransom. Queenie consults Lord Blackadder on the matter – he tells her to tell Melchett's tutor's son to \\\"get stuffed\\\", stating that \\\"only an idiot\\\" would be so foolish as to be kidnapped. However, literally seconds later, after he has left the room, Blackadder meets two men, one of whom asks him something while another hits Blackadder over the head and knocks him unconcious with Melchett suffering the same fate after he has convinced Queenie to pay the ransom. The two then awaken in a damp cell in a dungeon accompanied by a deranged Spanish torturer. Blackadder does not speak Spanish, so after Melchett has translated that he is to be tortured, Blackadder and the torturer engage in a lengthy game of charades to determine the exact insults, threats, and mode of torture. Prince Ludwig the Indestructible, a German pretender to the throne with poor English skills, intervenes just as the torturer is about to get started on Blackadder, stopping the other man with his whip. When Edmund does not recognise him, Ludwig reveals that he was once disguised as \\\"Big Sally\\\", a waitress at a pub in Dover that Blackadder frequented while meeting a black marketeer named Otto. Blackadder is horrified as he had an affair with Big Sally, unaware that it was Ludwig in disguise. Ludwig and Blackadder also trade insults, Blackadder loses his patience and rants about Ludwig's voices, with Ludwig snapping, telling Edmund to be quiet. After that, Ludwig reveals he has sent Queenie a message and that she has a week to pay up, with Blackadder confidently believing Queenie will do so. At Ludwig's request, Lord Melchett is dragged in by Ludwig's two guards, screaming. Melchett does not recognise Ludwig, until Ludwig tells him that he once impersonated Flossie, a sheep at a monastery in Cornwall. Melchett is also aghast, having unknowingly had a sexual encounter with the madman, with an amused Ludwig adding in a \\\"Baaa\\\". Ludwig departs the dungeon with his two guards, laughing evilly, as Blackadder and Melchett remain in the dungeon. Percy then reads a message back to Queenie, informing her she only has a week to decide as to who will be freed: Melchett or Blackadder. At Queenie's suggestion, with Baldrick's help, Percy plays a quick singing game to help influence Queenie's\",\n \"title\": \"Chains (Blackadder)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31770905\",\n \"text\": \"Lino Schmidek Machado Facioli (born 29 July 2000) is a Brazilian-British actor. He is best known for portraying Lord Robin Arryn in Game of Thrones and Naples in Get Him to the Greek. Biography Facioli was born in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state. He is of Austrian, Portuguese, Italian and German descent. Lino's maternal grandfather, Werner Robert Schmidek, was born in Vienna, Austria, and emigrated to Brazil in 1960. He moved to the United Kingdom with his family when he was 4 years old. Career He showed an interest in an acting career at age 7 when he was enrolled in a theater school in London. In 2010, he began his career with appearances in short metrages and television series. His first professional work was in the British short film Awfully Deep in 2010 from director Daniel Florêncio. In the same year, he joined the cast of Get Him to the Greek, acting as the son of actor Russell Brand. He played the troublesome Robin Arryn, Lord of a noble family in the series Game of Thrones. In 2014, he starred the Brazilian film O Menino no Espelho, working alongside the Brazilian actors Mateus Solano, Regiane Alves and Laura Neiva. In 2019 he played a minor role in the British teen comedy Netflix series Sex Education. Filmography Film Television References External links Living people 2000 births 21st-century Brazilian male actors 21st-century British male actors Brazilian people of Austrian descent Brazilian people of Italian descent Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian male child actors Brazilian male film actors Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom British male child actors British male film actors Male actors from São Paulo (state) Male actors from London People from Ribeirão Preto\",\n \"title\": \"Lino Facioli\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35555286\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Ghost of Harrenhal\\\" is the fifth episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by David Petrarca, his second episode this season. It premiered on April 29, 2012. “The Ghost of Harrenhal” is how Arya Stark describes herself while at Harrenhal in A Clash of Kings, the novel on which the season is based, although the phrase is not heard in the episode. This episode marks the final appearance of Gethin Anthony (Renly Baratheon). Plot In the Stormlands As Renly and Catelyn negotiate an alliance, Melisandre's shadow creature kills Renly and disappears. Brienne, mistaken for the murderer, is forced to slay Renly's guards and escape with Catelyn. Brienne and Catelyn stop beside a river to discuss her return to Winterfell and Renly's death. Brienne swears allegiance to Catelyn, who promises not to interfere with Brienne's vengeance against Stannis. Loras also blames Stannis, but Littlefinger and Margaery convince him to flee. Stannis arrives, and his dead brother's bannermen swear fealty to him. Following Davos' advice, Melisandre's blood magic is not used for the King's Landing assault; Stannis gives a reluctant Davos command of the fleet. In King's Landing Tyrion learns from Lancel that Cersei is stockpiling King Aerys's dangerously flammable \\\"wildfire\\\", and visits the royal pyromancer, Wisdom Hallyne, who reveals a massive cache of wildfire Joffrey intends to catapult at Stannis' forces. Bronn doubts the logistics and odds of Joffrey's idea, so Tyrion claims the cache for his own plan. In Qarth Daenerys holds court at Qarth as her dragons grow. The warlock Pyat Pree invites Daenerys to visit the \\\"House of the Undying\\\", while the masked Quaithe warns Ser Jorah of dangers facing Daenerys. Xaro asks to marry Daenerys in exchange for resources to take King's Landing. Jorah argues that Daenerys must win the Iron Throne on her own, and she eventually agrees. Beyond The Wall The Night's Watch meet legendary ranger Qhorin Halfhand at the Fist of the First Men, an ancient fortification. Qhorin warns that the wildlings have become more organized and dangerous under former ranger Mance Rayder. Jon volunteers to join Qhorin in eliminating a wildling watchpost. At Winterfell Receiving news that Torrhen's Square is under attack, Bran urges Ser Rodrik to raise defenders. He tells Osha of his dreams featuring a \\\"three-eyed raven\\\" but she deflects his inquiries. On The Iron Islands Despite Theon's lineage and title, his new ship's crew have little respect for him. Yara comes to make jokes at him. First mate Dagmer Cleftjaw explains Theon must win their respect. When Dagmer proposes assaulting the Northern town of Torrhen's Square, Theon realizes that will leave Winterfell poorly defended for a takeover. At Harrenhal Tywin holds council to discuss Robb Stark. Tywin deduces Arya is a Northerner, but remains unaware of her true identity. Jaqen H'ghar, disguised as a Lannister guardsman, offers Arya \\\"three lives\\\" in return for saving him and two others\",\n \"title\": \"The Ghost of Harrenhal\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"11258880\",\n \"text\": \"Brian Kirk is an Irish film and television director who has directed episodes of Game of Thrones, FX's The Riches and Showtime's Brotherhood and The Tudors. He also directed the television film My Boy Jack starring David Haig and Daniel Radcliffe and based on the play of the same name. Career Kirk has been named to direct the thriller Midnight Delivery for Universal Pictures. Guillermo del Toro will produce the film. In July 2013, Kevin Costner was in talks to star in the film. Filmography Film Middletown (2006) 21 Bridges (2019) The Fisherwoman (TBA) Television Pulling Moves (2004) Episode #1.01: \\\"Claimitis\\\" Episode #1.02: \\\"Meat Is Murder\\\" Episode #1.03: \\\"The Quiz\\\" Episode #1.04: \\\"Dog Eat Dog\\\" Episode #1.05: \\\"Spousal Arousal\\\" Murphy's Law (2004–2005): Episode #2.01: \\\"Jack's Back\\\" Episode #2.02: \\\"Bent Moon on the Rise\\\" Episode #3.01: \\\"The Goodbye Look\\\" Episode #3.03: \\\"Strongbox\\\" Donovan (2005) Funland (2005) Episode #1.08 Episode #1.09 Episode #1.10 Episode #1.11 The Riches (2007): Episode #1.05: \\\"The Big Floss\\\" Episode #1.07 \\\"Virgin Territory\\\" The Tudors (2007): Episode #1.05: \\\"Arise, My Lord\\\" Episode #1.06 \\\"True Love\\\" Brotherhood (2006–2007) Episode #1.10 \\\"Vivekchaudamani\\\" 51 (2006) Episode #2.02: \\\"Down in the Flood 3:5-6\\\" My Boy Jack (2007) (TV movie) Father & Son (2009) Dexter (2009): Episode #4.02: \\\"Remains to Be Seen\\\" Luther (2010): Episode #1.01: \\\"Episode 1\\\" Episode #1.02: \\\"Episode 2\\\" Boardwalk Empire (2010): Episode #1.08: \\\"Hold Me in Paradise\\\" Game of Thrones (2011): Episode #1.03: \\\"Lord Snow\\\" Episode #1.04: \\\"Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things\\\" Episode #1.05: \\\"The Wolf and the Lion\\\" Great Expectations (2011) Luck (2012): Episode #1.05 \\\"Episode Five\\\" Episode #1.07 \\\"Episode Seven\\\" Hard Sun (2018) Episode #1.01: \\\"The Sun, The Moon, The Truth\\\" Episode #1.02: \\\"One Thousand, Eight Hundred Days\\\" References External links Living people Television directors from Northern Ireland British film directors Hugo Award winners People from Armagh (city) Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Kirk\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35412428\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"What Is Dead May Never Die\\\" is the third episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones, first airing on April 15, 2012. The episode is written by Bryan Cogman and directed by Alik Sakharov, who worked previously as the director of photography on four season one episodes. The plot continues events built up in previous episodes: the aftermath of Jon Snow's investigation into Craster, Catelyn Stark's journey to the Stormlands in order to ask for Renly Baratheon's assistance in fighting the Lannisters, Theon's internal conflict as to where his allegiance lies, Tyrion Lannister uses his cunning to find his sister's spy within the Small Council, and Arya is consoled by Yoren before being confronted by soldiers looking for Gendry. The episode's title is taken from a prayer used on the Iron Islands, by worshippers of the Drowned God. Plot Beyond The Wall Craster returns with Jon Snow and orders the Night's Watch off his lands. Lord Commander Jeor Mormont admits to Jon that he already knew of Craster's sacrifice of his sons, but argues that Craster is indispensable to the Night's Watch's campaign. Samwell Tarly promises to come back for Gilly when the Night's Watch returns to the Wall. At Winterfell Bran Stark dreams again that he is his direwolf, Summer. Maester Luwin assures him the time of magic and dragons is over. In King's Landing Dining with her children and Sansa, Cersei discusses the war and Sansa's betrothal to Joffrey. Afterward, Sansa is greeted by Shae, posing as her new handmaiden. Tyrion separately shares plans with Grand Maester Pycelle, Varys, and Petyr Baelish, to marry Myrcella off, but suggests a different husband to each of them. Cersei confronts Tyrion over the plan Tyrion gave to Pycelle, confirming Pycelle is her spy. Tyrion sends him to the dungeons, but not before Pycelle confesses that he told Cersei that Jon Arryn knew of her incest with Jaime. Tyrion convinces Baelish to meet Catelyn Stark in the Stormlands and persuade her to release Jaime. On the Iron Islands Balon Greyjoy plans war on the North with Yara, who tells Theon he must choose between the Starks or the Greyjoys. Theon considers warning Robb Stark, but decides to serve under his father. In The Stormlands Catelyn arrives at self-crowned King Renly Baratheon's camp, where he and his new wife Margaery Tyrell watch imposing female warrior Brienne of Tarth win a tournament against Margaery's brother Loras. Renly grants Brienne a place in his Kingsguard, and is confident his army can defeat the Lannisters, but Catelyn reminds him his men are inexperienced. When Renly is unable to consummate their marriage, Margaery reveals she knows of his relationship with Loras, but insists her pregnancy must secure their families’ alliance. On the Kingsroad Yoren tells Arya Stark how he joined the Night's Watch. Lannister men led by Ser Amory Lorch arrive and demand Gendry, and the ensuing battle leaves the Night's Watch men dead. Arya rescues the prisoners, including Jaqen\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Dead May Never Die\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45611219\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"High Sparrow\\\" is the third episode of the fifth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. The 43rd episode of the series overall, \\\"High Sparrow\\\" was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod, his directorial debut for the series. It first aired on HBO on April 26, 2015. In the episode, Cersei Lannister meets with the High Sparrow, the leader of a growing religious movement; Tommen Baratheon marries Margaery Tyrell; Petyr Baelish reveals to Sansa Stark that he has betrothed her to Ramsay Bolton; and Jon Snow chooses to stay at the Wall and rule as Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. Across the Narrow Sea, Arya Stark proves her loyalty to the Faceless Men, and Tyrion Lannister and Varys travel through Volantis. The episode achieved a viewership of 6.71 million in the United States, and received positive reviews from critics. Prior to airing, the episode, along with the other first four episodes of the season, were leaked online. Plot In Braavos Jaqen helps a man drink from a pool of water. The man dies and Arya realizes that the pool of water is poison for those who seek a quick death. After Arya has an altercation with fellow acolyte the Waif, Jaqen asks her how she came to be surrounded by things owned by Arya Stark if she is no one. She throws her possessions into water, but does not want to discard Needle and instead hides it. In King's Landing Tommen marries Margaery Tyrell, who manipulates Tommen to persuade Cersei to return to Casterly Rock, but she declines. Cersei goes to visit Margaery and finds her telling her handmaidens about her wedding night, and leaves defeated. After being attacked by Lancel and the Sparrows in a brothel, the High Septon asks the Small Council to execute their leader, the High Sparrow. Cersei instead meets the High Sparrow and tells him that he will replace the High Septon as head of the Faith. Cersei has Qyburn send a message to Baelish. In the North Roose Bolton tells his son Ramsay that they cannot rely on the Lannisters now that Tywin is dead, and that they will cement House Bolton's position by having Ramsay marry Sansa. Sansa is horrified, but agrees after Baelish tells her that this will be an opportunity to take revenge for Robb and Catelyn Stark's murders. At Winterfell, Baelish tells Roose that they have no reason to fear the Lannisters. Roose shows him Cersei's letter. Baelish reassures him of their alliance, but Roose requests to read his reply. Meanwhile, Reek goes out of his way to avoid being seen by Sansa. Baelish and Sansa have been secretly followed by Brienne and Podrick. Stopping at Moat Cailin, Brienne recalls Renly Baratheon's assassination and her intent to kill Stannis, whom she holds responsible. Brienne also tells Pod how she was tormented as a girl whilst revealing where her love for Renly Baratheon came from. At the Wall\",\n \"title\": \"High Sparrow (Game of Thrones episode)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1888758\",\n \"text\": \"Margaery Tyrell is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, where she is portrayed by English actress Natalie Dormer. Margaery is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones (1996) and first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998). She subsequently appeared in A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). Margaery is a member of the House Tyrell, the second wealthiest and largest of the eight Great Houses in Westeros. She is the younger sister of Lord Willas Tyrell, the heir to Highgarden, Ser Garlan the Gallant, as well as Ser Loras Tyrell, the Knight of Flowers. She is close to her paternal grandmother Lady Olenna, the Queen of Thorns, originally of House Redwyne. Like her grandmother, Margaery is shrewd, ambitious and adaptable, and uses her beauty, generosity and family influence to secure power for herself. Having wed herself to three kings over the course of the narrative, she becomes an influential political figure in Westeros, which often brings her into conflict with her chief rival at court, Cersei Lannister. Character overview Book series Margaery is the only daughter of Alerie Hightower and Mace Tyrell, the Lord of Highgarden in the Reach. Her older brothers are the heir Willas, Garlan and Loras the Knight of Flowers, who is a member of the Kingsguard. One of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, House Tyrell is actually guided by the willful Lady Olenna, Mace's mother, who has arranged Margaery's marriages and mentors her in politics and court intrigue. Margaery Tyrell is not a point of view character in the novels, so her actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of Sansa Stark and Cersei Lannister. Television series In HBO's Game of Thrones, Margaery's backstory and plotline in the early seasons remain largely unchanged from the novels, though the character is more prominent in the series and this version of Margaery is an adult as opposed to a teenager. Margaery first appears in the second season, following her marriage to Renly; she is well aware that her marriage is a political one, and displays pragmatism regarding Renly's homosexuality and his relationship with her brother Loras. Storylines A Clash of Kings Margaery first appears in A Clash of Kings (1998), having married Renly Baratheon and supporting his claim to the Iron Throne. After Renly's assassination, the Tyrells switch allegiance and Margaery is instead offered to wed King Joffrey Baratheon. A Storm of Swords In A Storm of Swords (2000), she becomes popular among the citizens of King's Landing through her various charitable activities. Margaery forms an amiable relationship with the King's ex-fiancée Sansa Stark and through Sansa she learns much about Joffrey's true nature. Margaery weds Joffrey, but he is poisoned at their wedding feast. A Feast for Crows In A Feast for Crows (2005) Margaery marries Joffrey's younger brother, Tommen, and encourages him to\",\n \"title\": \"Margaery Tyrell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43952321\",\n \"text\": \"Christian T. Petersen is a game designer who has worked primarily on board games and role-playing games. Early life Christian T. Petersen was born in the United States, but spent his childhood in Denmark; while he was still only just in high school there he founded the company Pegasus Spil Import which imported games from Avalon Hill into Scandinavia, and he also founded Games Weekend, the second games convention in Denmark. Petersen came back to live in the United States in 1991 and started studies for his BA degree in Economics at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. Fantasy Flight Games Petersen founded Fantasy Flight Publishing in June 1995 after completing four years of college. Petersen at first wanted to call this company Pegasus Publishing but he found that aside from his own first company \\\"Pegasus\\\" had been used as a company name too often so he chose a name evocative of the fantasy flight that a pegasus would take. Petersen loved European comics and originally intended to use the company to republish three comics for which he had obtained the rights negotiations with European publishers: Lucky Luke, Spirou & Fantasio and Percevan. Petersen started by publishing those licensed comics, and he began importing and distributing more popular titles such as Asterix and Tintin when he found out people wanted them, and he creating Downtown Distribution and started distributing even more titles when he learned people wanted him to do that. Petersen read Comics & Games Retailer, which also printed data regularly about the gaming field, so he took his experience with Danish gaming and started with game publication by designing Twilight Imperium (1997). Fantasy Flight Publishing became known as Fantasy Flight Games (FFG), and sold Downtown Distribution by early 1998, the last part of its comic book business, to focus on the gaming market instead. Petersen had been a fan of Call of Cthulhu for many years, and this interest led Petersen to get a license from Chaosium to have his company produce a series of supplements for Call of Cthulhu. Petersen and Darrell Hardy wrote the Nocturnum adventure trilogy for Call of Cthulhu: Long Shades (1997), Hollow Winds (1998) and Deep Secrets (1999). Petersen and Kevin Wilson designed the Game of Thrones (2003) wargame, and Doom: The Boardgame (2004). As CEO of Fantasy Flight Games, Petersen led the company to publish more than 400 titles, making it one of the most successful publishers in the hobby games industry. In addition to his responsibilities as CEO, Petersen managed the day-to-day operations of Fantasy Flight's development and design department. Petersen designed many of Fantasy Flight's games throughout the years, including Twilight Imperium (all editions), the A Game of Thrones board game, World of Warcraft: The Board Game, and The Lord of the Rings Trivia Game, and his credits as co-designer include Diskwars and Vortex (also entitled Maelstrom) with Tom Jolly, the A Game of Thrones CCG with Eric Lang, and The StarCraft Board Game with Corey Konieczka. Christian T. Petersen\",\n \"title\": \"Christian T. Petersen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26161313\",\n \"text\": \"Destiny of Kings is a 1986 adventure module for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. Plot summary Destiny of Kings is an adventure in which an assassin murders the King of Andevar, and his brother takes the throne. A retainer loyal to the previous king hires the player characters to rescue the missing prince, who is held captive by minions of the usurper. The characters are charged with bringing him back to claim the throne. The module contains descriptions of locations including a citadel, a castle, an abbey and an inn. King Halfred of Dunador has died as a result of a mysterious accident. As the heir has disappeared, the evil Lord Edrin intends to seize the throne. Hollend, head of the Royal Council, tasks the player characters with finding the missing Prince. The characters must contend with Dukes and their schemes, raiders and corpses as they trace the pilgrimage the Prince took before the King was killed. They must uncover and rectify terrible deeds, and send traitors to justice. Publication history N3 Destiny of Kings was published by TSR in 1986, as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder. The module was written by Stephen Bourne, with cover art by Keith Parkinson and interior art by James Roslof. The module includes a fold-out cover containing a color map of the area. In 1998 the module was re-released for 2nd Edition AD&D. Reception Graham Staplehurst reviewed Destiny of Kings for White Dwarf #80, calling it \\\"a well-planned adventure for a medium-sized, low-level AD&D party”. He considered the adventure particularly appropriate for an inexperienced or novice party, as very experienced players \\\"may find it a little sparse on the intrigue and cloak-and-dagger side\\\". Staplehurst found a few bugs in the text, although he felt the module was well introduced, with useful aids such as a glossary of names and places and a plot synopsis. He felt that the random encounters were overpowered, and noted a walled town of \\\"ludicrous design, containing a jousting field just 130' long\\\". He concluded the review by describing the module as, \\\"Overall, a well-thought out adventure that shouldn't be too hard to slot into an existing campaign, and would make a very good introduction for new players.\\\" Reviews Envoyer #21 References Dungeons & Dragons modules Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1986\",\n \"title\": \"Destiny of Kings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"46235949\",\n \"text\": \"Ross O'Hennessy (born 1974) is a Welsh actor. He is best known for his role of Lord of Bones in Game of Thrones. He played roles in Hollyoaks Later, Da Vinci's Demons, The Musketeers, and playing the blood thirsty role of Sir Locke in Kurt Sutter's international television series The Bastard Executioner. In 2015, he replaced Edward Dogliani as Lord of Bones in Season 5 of the HBO series Game of Thrones. Since appearing in Game of Thrones Ross O'Hennessy has been cast to play the vicious character of Carnage Cliff in the feature film adaption of the comic book Accident Man. Early life O'Hennessy was born into a working class Welsh family but by the age 16 knew he wanted to spend his time acting. At the age of 18 he left Wales and moved to London to chase his career. He was accepted into the National Youth Theatre, where he was tutored by actor Hakeem Kae-Kazim and performed in Maggie May, The Tempest and Macbeth in London. From these plays Ross won a scholarship from Sir John Mills and The Stage newspaper which enabled him to attend a three-year acting course at the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts. Early career O'Hennessy picked up a career in the theatre and gained his first appearance at Chichester Festival Theatre in a play called The Visit in which he acted opposite Hollywood actress Lauren Bacall which was directed by Terry Hands. With such a big production came a lot of attention for Ross and so he was asked the join The Royal Shakespeare Company where he performed in As You Like It directed by Steven Pimlott, Three Hours After Marriage directed by Richard Cottrell and Troilus and Cressida directed by Ian Judge. Television and film appearances O'Hennessy very quickly moved into the world of television and film with his first television appearance being as Cpl Dando on Soldier Soldier in 1995 to 1997. He continued to work as a typical television jobbing actor until he got his big break in 2011 playing the role of Bruce Maverick in Hollyoaks Later. He was asked to play the role of Commander Quattrone in Da Vinci's Demons. having played this powerful role in such a big budget production allowed O'Hennessy to move into performances like Rattle Shirt - The Lord of Bones in Game of Thrones. O'Hennessy has completed work in 2015 on the BBC Musketeers and has begun working on Kurt Sutter's new show all about the medieval times. O'Hennessy plays Sir Locke in this new FX production called The Bastard Executioner. Charity Work O'Hennessy is an active supporter of the arts and took part in a charity campaign to save his local theatre where he first started acting at the age of 15. O'Hennessy hosted a 'Game of Thrones' event where he came to auction Game of Thrones memorabilia and photos. He hosted a charity signing plus a question and answer session. The theatre was successful in its campaign and the Blackwood\",\n \"title\": \"Ross O'Hennessy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31884710\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"You Win or You Die\\\" is the seventh episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. It was written by series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. It first aired on May 29, 2011, and was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of \\\"A Golden Crown\\\" to HBO customers with access to HBO Go. The episode furthers the story line of deterioration of the political balance of the Seven Kingdoms, with Eddard Stark revealing what he has discovered to Cersei Lannister while King Robert is still away on a hunt. The title of the episode is part of a quote from Cersei Lannister during the final confrontation with Eddard: \\\"When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground.\\\" The catchphrase has been frequently used during the promotion of both the books and the television series. The episode was generally well received by critics for its well-acted dramatic tension, but with several criticizing the coupling of exposition and nudity as \\\"sexposition\\\". In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.4 million in its initial broadcast. This episode marks the first appearance of Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister, as well as the final appearance of Mark Addy (King Robert Baratheon). Plot In the Westerlands Lord Tywin gives half his forces to his son Jaime to attack Riverrun, seat of House Tully and Lady Catelyn's childhood home, believing war with the Starks will allow the Lannisters to rule the Seven Kingdoms. At Winterfell Osha, now a servant of Winterfell, reveals that she and her fellow wildlings were fleeing the White Walkers. At the Wall Benjen's horse returns from north of the Wall without him. Sam believes Jon, assigned as a steward to the Lord Commander instead of a ranger, is being groomed for command. As Jon and Sam take their vows near a heart tree, Jon's direwolf Ghost brings him a dismembered hand. In Vaes Dothrak Daenerys fails to convince Khal Drogo to invade her homeland. Ser Jorah receives a royal pardon and realizes Daenerys’ assassination has been ordered. He saves her from an attempted poisoning, and Drogo vows to lead his people to reclaim the Iron Throne for his unborn son. In King's Landing Ned confronts Queen Cersei with the knowledge that her children were incestuously fathered by her brother Jaime. Cersei defends her affair and reveals Robert was still in love with Ned's deceased sister, Lyanna. Ned tells Cersei to leave the capital with her children before he tells Robert the truth. Mortally wounded by a boar, Robert dictates his will and testament to Ned, naming him regent until Joffrey comes of age; instead of \\\"Joffrey,\\\" Ned writes \\\"my rightful heir.\\\" Robert begs Ned to make Joffrey a better man, and tells him to let Daenerys live. Renly tries to convince Ned to launch a coup d'état against the Lannisters, but Ned refuses and dispatches a letter\",\n \"title\": \"You Win or You Die\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2201101\",\n \"text\": \"Heroes of Might and Magic: A Strategic Quest is a turn-based strategy game developed and published by New World Computing in 1995 for DOS. A spin-off of New World Computing's Might and Magic series of role-playing video games, the success of Heroes of Might and Magic led to a number of sequels. In 1996, NWC released an updated version of the game, ported to Windows 95. This new version included a map editor, random map generator, CD audio, and new scenarios. As a bonus, King's Bounty was also included on the CD. Story Heroes of Might and Magic tells the story of Lord Morglin Ironfist, who is forced to flee his homeland through a magical portal, because his cousin, Ragnar, had usurped the throne after his uncle, Ragnar's father, killed Ironfist's father, the legitimate owner of the throne. He finds himself along with his few followers in a strange and uncharted land, called Enroth. The land is unruled but contested by Ironfist and three other warlords: the barbarian Lord Slayer, the sorceress Queen Lamanda, and the warlock Lord Alamar. In the canonical storyline, Lord Ironfist defeats his three opponents and founds a new kingdom in Enroth. It is possible for the player to lead the other factions to victory, however this is not reflected in the following games of the Heroes of Might and Magic series. Gameplay Heroes of Might and Magic takes place in a medieval fantasy world filled with creatures frequently associated with myth and legend. These creatures compose the military forces (troops) with which the player attempts to conquer opponents. The player leads generals through the game world at the head of armies of troops. These generals, called \\\"heroes,\\\" provide a means to explore, attack, defeat, and acquire, the four basic principles in the game. The ultimate goal of the game is usually to capture all enemy castles and defeat all enemy heroes. However, the game comes with many different play scenarios, and some of these scenarios have unique victory conditions, such as accumulating a certain amount of gold, or finding a particular artifact. There are four different classes of heroes and castles, each with their own units and strengths/weaknesses. The two \\\"might\\\" classes, Knight and Barbarian, earn skill points in attack or defense more often than in spell power or knowledge. The two \\\"magic\\\" classes, Sorceress and Warlock, earn skill points in spell power or knowledge more often than in attack or defense. There is also a neutral, \\\"wandering\\\" class of troops, including Rogues, Nomads, Ghosts (the only one that cannot be hired) and Genies. Development Heroes of Might and Magic was first released near the end of September 1995. Reception In mid-November 1995, New World Computing reported that Heroes of Might and Magic had shipped 100,000 copies to retailers and that sell-through was strong. The company announced that the game was \\\"set to top the 100,000 mark in unit sales\\\". By October 1997, the combined sales of Heroes of Might and Magic, Heroes II and\",\n \"title\": \"Heroes of Might and Magic: A Strategic Quest\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59162859\",\n \"text\": \"The He Jiankui affair is a scientific and bioethical controversy concerning the use of genome editing following its first use on humans by Chinese scientist He Jiankui, who edited the genomes of human embryos in 2018. He became widely known on 26 November 2018 after he announced that he had created the first human genetically edited babies. He was listed in Time magazine's 100 most influential people of 2019. The affair led to ethical and legal controversies, resulting in the indictment of He and two of his collaborators, Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou. He eventually received widespread international condemnation. He Jiankui, working at the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China, started a project to help people with HIV-related fertility problems, specifically involving HIV-positive fathers and HIV-negative mothers. The subjects were offered standard in vitro fertilisation services and in addition, use of CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR/Cas9), a technology for modifying DNA. The embryos' genomes were edited to remove the CCR5 gene in an attempt to confer genetic resistance to HIV. The clinical project was conducted secretly until 25 November 2018, when MIT Technology Review broke the story of the human experiment based on information from the Chinese clinical trials registry. Compelled by the situation, he immediately announced the birth of genome-edited babies in a series of five YouTube videos the same day. The first babies, known by their pseudonyms Lulu () and Nana (), are twin girls born in October 2018, and the second birth or the third baby born was in 2019, named Amy. He reported that the babies were born healthy. His actions received widespread criticism, and included concern for the girls' well-being. After his presentation on the research at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong on 28 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended his research activities the following day. On 30 December 2019, Chinese authorities announced that he was found guilty of forging documents and unethical conduct; he was sentenced to three years in prison with a three-million-yuan fine (US$430,000). Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou received an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000-yuan fine, and were banned from working in assisted reproductive technology for life. He Jiankui has been variously referred to as a \\\"rogue scientist\\\", \\\"China's Dr Frankenstein\\\", and a \\\"mad genius\\\". The impact of human gene editing on resistance to HIV infection and other body functions in experimental infants remains controversial. The World Health Organization has issued three reports on the guidelines of human genome editing since 2019, and the Chinese government has prepared regulations since May 2019. Origin Since 2016, Han Seo-jun, then associate professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, with Zhang Renli and Qin Jinzhou, have used human embryo in gene-editing technology for assisted reproductive medicine. On 10 June 2017, a Chinese couple, an HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother, pseudonymously called Mark and Grace, attended a conference held by He at SUSTech. They were offered in vitro\",\n \"title\": \"He Jiankui affair\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2432007\",\n \"text\": \"PvPGN (Player vs Player Gaming Network) is a free and open source software project offering emulation of various gaming network servers. It is published under the GPL and based upon bnetd. It supports most features for Blizzard Entertainment's Battle.net \\\"classic\\\" games (Diablo, Diablo II, Diablo II: Lord of Destruction, StarCraft, StarCraft: Brood War, Warcraft II: Battle.net Edition, Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne). It also offers basic support for Westwood Online clients (Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun, Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge). Westwood support is still at an experimental state. Typical uses A PvPGN Server can be used: When wanting to host a local tournament with local users and ladders. When wanting to maintain a local community of friends rather than playing on Battle.net. For people who want to play on a LAN but with Battle.net-like statistics. Various cyber cafes use a PvPGN server for this purpose. For people who want to play on a server within their country or local area, so as to reduce lag. Supported protocols The list of supported clients and their minimum version required is: Battle.net Diablo I 1.09 StarCraft 1.16.1.1 Starcraft: Brood War 1.16.1.1 Warcraft II Battle.Net Edition 2.02 Diablo II 1.09 and 1.10 (and unofficially 1.11b, 1.12a) Diablo II: Lord of Destruction 1.09 and 1.10 (and unofficially 1.11b, 1.12a, 1.13c) Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos 1.21 Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne 1.21 (and 1.22.0.6328) Westwood Online Command & Conquer Win95 edition v1.04a (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Red Alert Win95 edition v2.00 and v3.03 (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun v2.03 ST-10 (Alpha in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun Firestorm (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 1.006 (Alpha in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge v1.001 (Alpha in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Command & Conquer: Renegade (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Nox v1.02b (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Nox Quest v1.02b (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Dune 2000 v1.06 (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Emperor: Battle for Dune v1.09 (not supported in PvPGN 1.8.2, Beta in PvPGN 1.99) Supported platforms BeOS FreeBSD 4.x 5.x 6.x 7.x 8.x Linux 2.4 and later Mac OS X 10.2 and up Microsoft Windows 5x/6x kernel, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Home Server Solaris Platform support should be easy on any POSIX compatible system. (Tested on 32 and 64 bit platforms, various integer byte endings, etc.) Code style and development PvPGN is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License version 2. It is written in the C programming language; its source code is hosted in a CVS repository. PvPGN is mature and highly scalable - a single server\",\n \"title\": \"PvPGN\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Gethin David L. Anthony"],"string":"[\n \"Gethin David L. Anthony\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":74,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45995"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who sang how do you talk to an angel"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26925778","text":"James Leland Walters Jr. (born June 13, 1969) is an American actor and singer, best known for his roles on Beverly Hills, 90210 and The Heights and singing lead vocal on \"How Do You Talk to an Angel\". Career Walters was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in Marblehead, Massachusetts. After graduating from high school, he attended New York University and studied film for two years and studied acting at The Actors Space in New York City. While attending college, he was discovered at a bank by a casting agent who placed him in three high-profile commercials for Levi's 501 Jeans. He then moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting and musical career. He played a bit role on Everyday Heroes. His film debut came in 1991 with the movie Shout, alongside John Travolta, Heather Graham, and Gwyneth Paltrow. Walters performed the song \"Rockin' the Pad\" on the Shout soundtrack album. In 1992, Aaron Spelling cast Walters as the lead on the Fox series The Heights, in which he also sang the theme song \"How Do You Talk to an Angel?.\" The single reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 14, 1992. It was also nominated for an Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics\". (The award went to Liza Minnelli.) The show was canceled by Fox, but it launched his music career when Atlantic Records took an interest in Walters and signed him to a recording contract. In October 1994, he started playing Ray Pruit on Beverly Hills, 90210; he was the musician-boyfriend of Donna (played by Tori Spelling), a role he played for one season. On September 20, 1994, Walters released his self-titled debut album Jamie Walters. The first single from the album, \"Hold On\", peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 76 in Australia. The album sold over 1 million copies and was certified platinum. In 1997, he released his second album Ride. It was certified gold. A third album, Believed, followed in 2002. In 2009, he appeared in the VH1 reality show Confessions of a Teen Idol, in which former teen idols attempt to resurrect their careers. He became a firefighter and paramedic in 2002. Personal life In 2002, Walters married Patricia Walters; they have three children. She filed for divorce in 2015. Filmography Discography Studio albums Jamie Walters (1994) Ride (1997) Believed (2002) Singles References External links 1969 births Living people American male film actors American male singers American male television actors People from Marblehead, Massachusetts Musicians from Los Angeles County, California Actors from Los Angeles County, California Male actors from Massachusetts 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors Singers from Massachusetts 21st-century American firefighters","title":"Jamie Walters"},{"docid":"12759362","text":"The Heights is an American musical drama series that aired Thursday at 9:00 pm on Fox from August 27 to November 26, 1992. Synopsis The Heights centered on a fictional band (also called the Heights) made up of mostly working-class young adults. Episodes regularly featured one of their songs. The eventual theme song for the show, \"How Do You Talk to an Angel\" (sung by cast member Jamie Walters), went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and was the first song from a television show to top the Hot 100 since 1985, as well as the first song by a fictional band to top the Hot 100 since 1969. The Heights premiered on August 27, 1992, to low ratings, and never gained a substantial audience. Fox canceled the series less than a week after the theme song fell from the number one spot. Cast Ray Aranha as Mr. Mike Lee, Stan's father Alex Désert as Stan Lee, bass player Ken Garito as Arthur \"Dizzy\" Mazelli, drummer Cheryl Pollak as Rita MacDougal, sax player Donnelly Rhodes as Harry Abramowitz, Jodie's father Charlotte Ross as Hope Linden, guitarist Shawn David Thompson as J.T. Banks, lead singer Zachary Throne as Lenny Wieckowski, keyboardist Tasia Valenza as Jodie Abramowitz, Dizzy's girlfriend Jamie Walters as Alex O'Brien, singer-songwriter On the soundtrack album, session musicians played most of the backing tracks, although the cast sang their own vocals. On the single \"How Do You Talk To An Angel\", the instrumentation was entirely performed by session musicians, while the vocals were entirely performed by all seven \"Heights\" members (with Jamie Walters on lead). However, some of the actors were actually also musicians, and on a few album tracks, Jamie Walters played guitar, Zachary Throne guitars, keyboards and bass, Cheryl Pollak saxophone and Ken Garito drums, percussion and guitar. Episodes Awards and nominations See also Catwalk, a 1992–94 TV series about a fictional band, with several of the same songwriters called the Heights. The Monkees, a 1966–68 comedy television series about a band who achieved huge success in real life. California Dreams, a 1992-96 Saturday morning series about a fictional band which also had music by Steve Tyrell and which used Heights theme co-writer Barry Coffing and cast member Zachary Thorne as singing voices for two of the characters. References External links 1992 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1990s American drama television series 1990s American music television series American English-language television shows Fictional musical groups Television series about fictional musicians Television series by CBS Studios Television series by Spelling Television Television shows set in New York City Fox Broadcasting Company television dramas","title":"The Heights (American TV series)"},{"docid":"8777898","text":"Steve Tyrell (born Stephen Louis Bilao III, December 19, 1944) is an American singer and record producer. He won a 2004 Grammy Award as the producer of the Rod Stewart studio album Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III. He also hosts a jazz radio program on KKJZ at Cal State, Long Beach (California). Tyrell was head of A&R and promotion at Scepter Records. He produced B. J. Thomas' hits \"Hooked on a Feeling,\" \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head,\" and \"Rock and Roll Lullaby.\" He wrote \"How Do You Talk to an Angel\" for the TV show The Heights, \"Hold On\" for Jamie Walters, \"It's Only Love\" for B. J. and Elvis Presley, and all the songs in the teen sitcom California Dreams. He sang \"The Way You Look Tonight\" on the soundtrack for Father of the Bride (1991). Tyrell inherited the annual holiday residency at the Carlyle Hotel from cabaret singer Bobby Short. Discography A New Standard (Atlantic, 1999) Standard Time (Columbia, 2001) This Time of the Year (Columbia, 2002) This Guy's in Love (Columbia, 2003) Songs of Sinatra (Hollywood, 2005) The Disney Standards (Walt Disney, 2006) Back to Bacharach (Koch, 2008) It's Magic: The Songs of Sammy Cahn (Concord, 2013) That Lovin' Feeling (Concord, 2015) A Song for You (EastWest, 2018) Shades of Ray: The Songs of Ray Charles (Arts Music/Warner, 2019) References External links Official site 1944 births Living people People from Palo Pinto County, Texas Jazz musicians from Texas Singers from Texas American film score composers American jazz singers Grammy Award winners American male film score composers American male jazz musicians St. Thomas High School (Houston, Texas) alumni","title":"Steve Tyrell"},{"docid":"4914936","text":"\"How Do You Talk to an Angel\" is a song written by Steve Tyrell, Barry Coffing, and Stephanie Tyrell. It was the theme for the American TV series The Heights. The single was released with Jamie Walters as the lead singer, and it reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 on November 14, 1992, but the series was canceled exactly one week after the song fell from its number one position. Vocalists on the single included Shawn David Thompson, Cheryl Pollak, and Charlotte Ross, as well as Zachary Throne from the Las Vegas rock band Sin City Sinners. In 1993, the song was nominated for an Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics\". The Emmy went to the song \"Sorry I Asked\" by Kander and Ebb from Liza Minnelli Live from Radio City Music Hall. No follow-up singles under The Heights name were ever commercially released. Promo CDs were issued to radio for a follow-up \"I'm Still On Your Side\", but there was no commercial issue for this track as a single. Walters, the lead singer on the single and the lead actor on the show, later had a number-16 Hot 100 hit with his single \"Hold On\" in 1994. It was his only subsequent chart appearance. Personnel Jamie Walters: lead vocals Steve Tyrell: producer, arranger Bob Mann: arranger, acoustic/electric guitar (inc. solo) Michael Landau: electric guitars Mike Finnigan: piano John \"JR\" Robinson: drums Leland Sklar: bass Brandon Fields: saxophone Barry Coffing, Guy Moon: keyboards Alex Desert, Charlotte Ross, Cheryl Pollak, Jamie Walters, Ken Garito, Shawn Thompson, Zachary Throne: background vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts All-time charts Certifications References 1992 songs 1992 singles Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Capitol Records singles Rock ballads Songs written for television series Songs written by Steve Tyrell Music television series theme songs Television drama theme songs","title":"How Do You Talk to an Angel"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26925778\",\n \"text\": \"James Leland Walters Jr. (born June 13, 1969) is an American actor and singer, best known for his roles on Beverly Hills, 90210 and The Heights and singing lead vocal on \\\"How Do You Talk to an Angel\\\". Career Walters was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in Marblehead, Massachusetts. After graduating from high school, he attended New York University and studied film for two years and studied acting at The Actors Space in New York City. While attending college, he was discovered at a bank by a casting agent who placed him in three high-profile commercials for Levi's 501 Jeans. He then moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting and musical career. He played a bit role on Everyday Heroes. His film debut came in 1991 with the movie Shout, alongside John Travolta, Heather Graham, and Gwyneth Paltrow. Walters performed the song \\\"Rockin' the Pad\\\" on the Shout soundtrack album. In 1992, Aaron Spelling cast Walters as the lead on the Fox series The Heights, in which he also sang the theme song \\\"How Do You Talk to an Angel?.\\\" The single reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 14, 1992. It was also nominated for an Emmy Award for \\\"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics\\\". (The award went to Liza Minnelli.) The show was canceled by Fox, but it launched his music career when Atlantic Records took an interest in Walters and signed him to a recording contract. In October 1994, he started playing Ray Pruit on Beverly Hills, 90210; he was the musician-boyfriend of Donna (played by Tori Spelling), a role he played for one season. On September 20, 1994, Walters released his self-titled debut album Jamie Walters. The first single from the album, \\\"Hold On\\\", peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 76 in Australia. The album sold over 1 million copies and was certified platinum. In 1997, he released his second album Ride. It was certified gold. A third album, Believed, followed in 2002. In 2009, he appeared in the VH1 reality show Confessions of a Teen Idol, in which former teen idols attempt to resurrect their careers. He became a firefighter and paramedic in 2002. Personal life In 2002, Walters married Patricia Walters; they have three children. She filed for divorce in 2015. Filmography Discography Studio albums Jamie Walters (1994) Ride (1997) Believed (2002) Singles References External links 1969 births Living people American male film actors American male singers American male television actors People from Marblehead, Massachusetts Musicians from Los Angeles County, California Actors from Los Angeles County, California Male actors from Massachusetts 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors Singers from Massachusetts 21st-century American firefighters\",\n \"title\": \"Jamie Walters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12759362\",\n \"text\": \"The Heights is an American musical drama series that aired Thursday at 9:00 pm on Fox from August 27 to November 26, 1992. Synopsis The Heights centered on a fictional band (also called the Heights) made up of mostly working-class young adults. Episodes regularly featured one of their songs. The eventual theme song for the show, \\\"How Do You Talk to an Angel\\\" (sung by cast member Jamie Walters), went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and was the first song from a television show to top the Hot 100 since 1985, as well as the first song by a fictional band to top the Hot 100 since 1969. The Heights premiered on August 27, 1992, to low ratings, and never gained a substantial audience. Fox canceled the series less than a week after the theme song fell from the number one spot. Cast Ray Aranha as Mr. Mike Lee, Stan's father Alex Désert as Stan Lee, bass player Ken Garito as Arthur \\\"Dizzy\\\" Mazelli, drummer Cheryl Pollak as Rita MacDougal, sax player Donnelly Rhodes as Harry Abramowitz, Jodie's father Charlotte Ross as Hope Linden, guitarist Shawn David Thompson as J.T. Banks, lead singer Zachary Throne as Lenny Wieckowski, keyboardist Tasia Valenza as Jodie Abramowitz, Dizzy's girlfriend Jamie Walters as Alex O'Brien, singer-songwriter On the soundtrack album, session musicians played most of the backing tracks, although the cast sang their own vocals. On the single \\\"How Do You Talk To An Angel\\\", the instrumentation was entirely performed by session musicians, while the vocals were entirely performed by all seven \\\"Heights\\\" members (with Jamie Walters on lead). However, some of the actors were actually also musicians, and on a few album tracks, Jamie Walters played guitar, Zachary Throne guitars, keyboards and bass, Cheryl Pollak saxophone and Ken Garito drums, percussion and guitar. Episodes Awards and nominations See also Catwalk, a 1992–94 TV series about a fictional band, with several of the same songwriters called the Heights. The Monkees, a 1966–68 comedy television series about a band who achieved huge success in real life. California Dreams, a 1992-96 Saturday morning series about a fictional band which also had music by Steve Tyrell and which used Heights theme co-writer Barry Coffing and cast member Zachary Thorne as singing voices for two of the characters. References External links 1992 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1990s American drama television series 1990s American music television series American English-language television shows Fictional musical groups Television series about fictional musicians Television series by CBS Studios Television series by Spelling Television Television shows set in New York City Fox Broadcasting Company television dramas\",\n \"title\": \"The Heights (American TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8777898\",\n \"text\": \"Steve Tyrell (born Stephen Louis Bilao III, December 19, 1944) is an American singer and record producer. He won a 2004 Grammy Award as the producer of the Rod Stewart studio album Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III. He also hosts a jazz radio program on KKJZ at Cal State, Long Beach (California). Tyrell was head of A&R and promotion at Scepter Records. He produced B. J. Thomas' hits \\\"Hooked on a Feeling,\\\" \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head,\\\" and \\\"Rock and Roll Lullaby.\\\" He wrote \\\"How Do You Talk to an Angel\\\" for the TV show The Heights, \\\"Hold On\\\" for Jamie Walters, \\\"It's Only Love\\\" for B. J. and Elvis Presley, and all the songs in the teen sitcom California Dreams. He sang \\\"The Way You Look Tonight\\\" on the soundtrack for Father of the Bride (1991). Tyrell inherited the annual holiday residency at the Carlyle Hotel from cabaret singer Bobby Short. Discography A New Standard (Atlantic, 1999) Standard Time (Columbia, 2001) This Time of the Year (Columbia, 2002) This Guy's in Love (Columbia, 2003) Songs of Sinatra (Hollywood, 2005) The Disney Standards (Walt Disney, 2006) Back to Bacharach (Koch, 2008) It's Magic: The Songs of Sammy Cahn (Concord, 2013) That Lovin' Feeling (Concord, 2015) A Song for You (EastWest, 2018) Shades of Ray: The Songs of Ray Charles (Arts Music/Warner, 2019) References External links Official site 1944 births Living people People from Palo Pinto County, Texas Jazz musicians from Texas Singers from Texas American film score composers American jazz singers Grammy Award winners American male film score composers American male jazz musicians St. Thomas High School (Houston, Texas) alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Tyrell\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4914936\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"How Do You Talk to an Angel\\\" is a song written by Steve Tyrell, Barry Coffing, and Stephanie Tyrell. It was the theme for the American TV series The Heights. The single was released with Jamie Walters as the lead singer, and it reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 on November 14, 1992, but the series was canceled exactly one week after the song fell from its number one position. Vocalists on the single included Shawn David Thompson, Cheryl Pollak, and Charlotte Ross, as well as Zachary Throne from the Las Vegas rock band Sin City Sinners. In 1993, the song was nominated for an Emmy Award for \\\"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics\\\". The Emmy went to the song \\\"Sorry I Asked\\\" by Kander and Ebb from Liza Minnelli Live from Radio City Music Hall. No follow-up singles under The Heights name were ever commercially released. Promo CDs were issued to radio for a follow-up \\\"I'm Still On Your Side\\\", but there was no commercial issue for this track as a single. Walters, the lead singer on the single and the lead actor on the show, later had a number-16 Hot 100 hit with his single \\\"Hold On\\\" in 1994. It was his only subsequent chart appearance. Personnel Jamie Walters: lead vocals Steve Tyrell: producer, arranger Bob Mann: arranger, acoustic/electric guitar (inc. solo) Michael Landau: electric guitars Mike Finnigan: piano John \\\"JR\\\" Robinson: drums Leland Sklar: bass Brandon Fields: saxophone Barry Coffing, Guy Moon: keyboards Alex Desert, Charlotte Ross, Cheryl Pollak, Jamie Walters, Ken Garito, Shawn Thompson, Zachary Throne: background vocals Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts All-time charts Certifications References 1992 songs 1992 singles Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Capitol Records singles Rock ballads Songs written for television series Songs written by Steve Tyrell Music television series theme songs Television drama theme songs\",\n \"title\": \"How Do You Talk to an Angel\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4908106","text":"\"Boys\" is a song written by Luther Dixon and Wes Farrell, originally recorded by the Shirelles at Bell Sound Studios in New York City and released as the B-side of their \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" single in November 1960. It was recorded more than two years later by the Beatles and included on their debut album in the United Kingdom, Please Please Me (1963). The Shirelles' version In 1960, the American girl group the Shirelles released \"Boys\" as B-side of \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" (Scepter single 1211), published by Ludix Pub. Inc. (BMI). The Beatles' version The Beatles' version was recorded at Abbey Road Studios on February 11, 1963, in a single take. It is Ringo Starr's first recorded lead vocal with the Beatles and, as the fifth track on the Beatles' first album, Please Please Me, represents the first time many fans heard Starr singing a lead vocal. This version bears many similarities to Ray Charles's hit \"What'd I Say\", particularly during the chorus verses. February 11 was a marathon day for the Beatles, because they recorded 10 of the 14 tracks they needed for Please Please Me. The band also included another song by the Shirelles, \"Baby It's You\" on the album. The Beatles did not concern themselves about possible homosexual undertones that go with singing a song about boys, although they altered the gender pronouns employed on the Shirelles' version (e.g. \"My girl says when I kiss her lips...\"). In an October 2005 Rolling Stone interview, Paul McCartney stated: \"Any one of us could hold the audience. Ringo would do 'Boys', which was a fan favourite with the crowd. And it was great — though if you think about it, here's us doing a song and it was really a girls' song. 'I talk about boys now!' Or it was a gay song. But we never even listened. It's just a great song. I think that's one of the things about youth — you just don't give a shit. I love the innocence of those days.\" McCartney also said: \"Ringo always used to do a song in the show. Back then he had 'Boys'. It was a little embarrassing because it went, 'I'm talking about boys - yeah, yeah - boys'. It was a Shirelles hit and they were girls singing it, but we never thought we should call it Girls, just because Ringo was a boy. We just sang it the way they'd sung it and never considered any implications.\" (Paul McCartney. From Anthology.) \"Boys\" had always been the Beatles' \"drummer\" song during their Cavern days − Pete Best sang it at that time – and it was their main \"drummer\" song until 1964. Coincidentally, Starr also sang the song for his solo spot with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, and Cilla Black would sometimes join him on stage, sharing the microphone. Best released his own version of the song in 1965. A live version of the song was included on the Beatles live","title":"Boys (The Shirelles song)"},{"docid":"44424732","text":"Mark Derek Foster (born February 29, 1984) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead singer of the band Foster the People. After struggling to create a successful band in his early twenties, Foster finally had his big break as the founder and frontman of Foster the People in 2009, which he formed alongside his two friends Mark Pontius and Cubbie Fink. The band has since released three studio albums: Torches in 2011, Supermodel in 2014, and Sacred Hearts Club in 2017. Early life Mark Foster was born on February 29, 1984, in Milpitas, California, and grew up outside Cleveland, Ohio. As a boy, he sang in the Cleveland Orchestra Children’s Chorus and played the drums, guitar, and piano. As a teenager he played in garage bands. His first gig came in 2001, when his high-school band competed in a local Battle of the Bands. In 2002, he graduated from Nordonia High School in Macedonia, Ohio. Career Early career (2002–2008) After graduating from high school in 2002, Foster followed on his father's advice and moved out to live with an uncle in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Sylmar, Los Angeles. As a result he would be closer to pursuing his musical dreams. In an interview with NPR's David Greene, Foster detailed his reaction to the intimidating city into which he had thrown himself, reflecting: \"You really got to have a strong sixth sense to be able to kind of navigate the waters because the weird thing about LA is just—especially in Hollywood—is just like, the entertainment industry is kind of bizarre. It was the first time that I realized that people that were mentally ill also happened to be in like, powerful positions.\" Foster's early years in Los Angeles were very difficult for him; of that time, he said \"For eight years, I just scraped by as a starving artist delivering pizzas, sleeping on couches, sleeping in my car and all of those things.\" Foster worked various odd jobs during his first several years on his own while trying to grow his own social network. These included waiting tables, painting houses, telemarketing, and bartending. In a 2012 interview with The Baltimore Sun, he talked about how he particularly valued bartending and encouraged aspiring musicians to follow in his footsteps: \"Kids hit me up on Twitter and I tell them to learn how to bar-tend. There are career waiters in Los Angeles and they're making over $100,000 a year.\" In his first six years in Los Angeles, Foster did not have much success with breaking into the music business as a solo artist. At age 21 his band almost secured a record deal in New York. About two years later, he was given the opportunity to work with Dr. Dre's record label, Aftermath Entertainment. However, the deal fell through and he was left without solid footing for a solo musical career. Foster co-composed and performed lead vocals on the Toques' song \"Breakdown\", featured in the 2006","title":"Mark Foster (musician)"},{"docid":"6718091","text":"Siobhan Patricia Dillon (born 1 September 1984) is an English actress and singer, who rose to fame when she performed in the British talent show-themed television series How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? on BBC One in 2006. Since then, Dillon has performed in the West End, playing the roles of Sandy in Grease at the Piccadilly Theatre, Vivienne Kensington in Legally Blonde at the Savoy Theatre, Sally Bowles in Cabaret, Molly in Ghost the Musical at the Piccadilly Theatre, Ellen in Miss Saigon, and Betty Schaefer in Sunset Boulevard with the English National Opera. Siobhan reprised this role at the Palace Theatre in New York City. Background Dillon's mother owned her own business in advertising after being a drama teacher. Her father is Irish from Dún Laoghaire. For her ninth birthday Dillon asked her parents for singing lessons, and had vocal training with singing teacher Richard Paul up to the age of 16. Siobhan attended The Friary School in Lichfield where she performed in shows, but as she did not think she would become a singer, she turned to the fashion world. She was a member of Lichfield Operatic Society and in October 2001 performed the title song from the musical Whistle Down the Wind as part of the society's show, Whistle Down the West End at The Friary School Theatre in Lichfield. After Michael Parkinson heard a tape of her singing, he asked her to sing at his charity cricket ball in 2003, where she got a standing ovation. Prior to appearing on How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? Dillon was in the middle of a BA Hons degree in Product Design and Development for the Fashion Industry, Accessories pathway at Cordwainers College, University of the Arts London. Career How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria? Dillon was 21 years old when she appeared on the BBC television show, How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria?. She reached the final of the show and finished in third place behind Helena Blackman and winner Connie Fisher. Despite being one of the favourites during the first round of auditions, Dillon initially did not make the final ten after an illness had affected her vocals during the final stages. However, after finalist Emilie Alford dropped out of the competition, Dillon, being the last person eliminated during the selection process returned to the show and was given the nickname, \"Second Chance Maria\". In week one of the live shows Dillon sang the Shania Twain hit, \"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\". In week two she sang the Tina Arena song, \"Chains\". In the lead up to the third week's show, David Ian talked to the girls about fitness and stamina and sent them on a fitness test mission with Olympic track and field athlete Iwan Thomas, requiring the Marias to complete an assault course. Dillon completed the course in the fastest time of under two minutes. On the show she sang the Pointer Sisters hit, \"Jump!\".","title":"Siobhan Dillon"},{"docid":"57675697","text":"The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony took place on Thursday, 14 June 2018, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia at 3:30 (BST), about a half hour before the opening match which Russia won 5–0 over Saudi Arabia. Mascots Zabivaka (English: \"The one who scores\"), was the official mascot for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and was voted for by a 53% margin. The design is of a wolf who represents fun, charm, and character. Former world cup winning, Brazilian striker Ronaldo was another mascot of the tournament. Ronaldo was the intended man to deliver the ceremonial first kick of the tournament but instead, he gave that honor to the child mascot who passed the official match ball to Zabivaka in order to start the tournament. The match ball (an Adidas Telstar 18) was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June. Speeches Russian President Vladimir Putin gave the opening speech of the tournament in which he talked about an \"open, hospitable and friendly\" Russia hosting the tournament. He also described Russia's love for football, calling the tournament and the game \"a unity which cannot be affected by a different language, ideology or faith\". Putin ended by saying: Putin's speech was immediately followed by a short speech from FIFA President Gianni Infantino who said: Following the two speeches the performance of the ceremony were allowed to commence before the opening match between Russia and Saudi Arabia. Performances British pop singer Robbie Williams took centre stage at the end of the ceremony with a rendition of \"Let Me Entertain You\" before Russian soprano Aida Garifullina was carried out on to the pitch on the back of a \"firebird\" float. Williams sang a section of \"Feel\" before he and Garifullina performed a duet of \"Angels\" as performers emerged, dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation. Williams then sang \"Rock DJ\" in an encore as the pitch was being cleared for the first match. Controversy During the encore, Williams gave the middle finger. Fox in the US apologised for the incident. The incident was not shown on ITV in the UK who had cut away prior to the encore. In addition, while singing Rock DJ, Williams sung, \"Pimpin' ain't easy. Most of them fleece me, but I did this for free.\" The lyrics \"But I did this for free\" replaced the lyrics \"Every night\". Williams appeared on This Morning on 19 June and explained what happened, “It was one minute to kick off, I was under a lot of pressure, because there was one minute left and I didn't know how I was going to do half a minute, so I just did a one-minute countdown [using his middle finger].” Asked by presenter Phillip Schofield whether he regrets it, he said: \"Yeah, of course, yeah. I cannot trust me. And the last thing I said to my manager before we","title":"2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony"},{"docid":"18290876","text":"Terra Deva McNair is an American singer, actress, and dancer, best known for her contributions to seasons 4 and 5 of the Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Club. She has achieved continued success as both a solo artist and collaborator. Deva was born in Northern California. She lived for several years in New York and London and currently resides in Los Angeles. Early career During her early years, Deva landed her first job starring in the television show The Mickey Mouse Club for two seasons. She sang, acted, danced, and interviewed celebrities five days a week. At 16, she left Disney. Around 1993, Terra started going to raves and clubs. After meeting several British DJs and producers, she traveled back and forth to the United Kingdom to write and perform small shows. She also did jazz shows, funk shows, television and radio commercials, and industrial films in San Francisco. Influences Deva's work was influenced by Prince, Al Green, Bob Marley, michael jackson, Cocteau Twins, PJ Harvey, Tori Amos, Björk, Seal, Joyce, Lenny Kravitz, and Nick Drake. She also appreciates the work of The Brand New Heavies, Deee-Lite, and underground dance vinyl. Discography Studio albums Pulled Apart (1998) Singles Fresh Start (1997) Inside (1998) NRK ReMasters 003 (2005) NRK ReMasters 007 (2005) Easy / Sniff (unknown) Guest appearances Furry Phreaks: Want me (Like Water) (1995), Soothe (1998), and All Over The World (2007) Colorful Karma: For the Music (1999) Junior Jack: Thrill me / How you Thrill Me (2002) AK1200: Fake (2002) Pete Moss - After 2 (2002) Who Da Funk - Sting Me Red (Clever) (2002) Charles Webster - Ready (2002) Jimmy Van M & Young American Primitive - Forget Time (2002) Morillo - What Do You Want (2004) Bang On! Productions - Plush City (unknown) Successful singles Terra's most successful singles are: \"At Night\" with Shakedown, which reached number 6 in the United Kingdom and was in the top ten in Europe \"Sting Me Red (Clever)\" with Who Da Funk \"How You Thrill Me\" with Junior Jack and Erick Morillo \"Less Talk More Action\" with Tim Deluxe References External links Terra Deva on Facebook Terra Deva on Instagram Terra Deva on Twitter Terra Deva on YouTube Singers from California Living people American child actresses Mouseketeers 1976 births American child singers","title":"Terra Deva"},{"docid":"19636400","text":"Satsangi Jivan is the authorised biography of Swaminarayan. The book contains information on the life and teachings of Swaminarayan. It is written by Shatanand Swami and completed in 1829.Swaminarayan decided to make Gadhada his permanent residence on the insistence of Dada Khachar and his sisters. Upon completion of the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada in 1828, Swaminarayan instructed Shatanand Swami to write a book on his life and pastimes. The book Satsangi Jivan comprises 19,387 Shlokas among 360 Chapters, in 5 Volumes. To enable Shatanand swami to write from His childhood, Swaminarayan had blessed Shatanand Swami with Sanjay Drishti - special power to see the entire past right from His childhood. Once written by Shatanand Swami, this book was verified and authenticated by Swaminarayan. He was much pleased to read the book. Swaminarayan then asked his disciples to do Katha of Satsangi Jivan. Volume 1 narrates the prologue and the circumstances leading to Swaminarayan taking birth. This volume then goes on to speak of His childhood, His journey across India as a teenager and the meeting of Swaminarayan (then known as Neelkanth Varni) with his guru, Ramanand Swami. The volume ends with Swaminarayan being appointed head of the Swaminarayan Sampraday. In volume 2, Shatanand Swami describes Swaminarayan’s social upliftment of the masses, spiritual / religious / social guidance for their personal well being and visiting followers whilst moving through villages, towns & cities. Volume 3 continues the narrations of Swaminarayan’s movements to teach the depths of Devotion with true observance of Dharma. It is in this volume that the construction of temples by Swaminarayan is first talked about. Volume 4 commences with narrations of the scriptural recitals that Swaminarayan instructed. However, this volume is primarily revered for its intricate explanation of the Shikshapatri, the establishing of the Acharyaship and teachings specifically to the Acharyas. Volume 5 is dedicated to personal religious activities of Swaminarayan in minute detail. Meaning of Satsang In Satsangi Jivan, Shatanand Swami mentions that merging the two terms, the meaning of Satsang is derived. The term Sat implies four significances: 1. God 2. Saints who has entirely surrendered to God 3. Dharma asserted by God Himself and his favorite saints, and 4. The Scriptures wherein these three above mentioned are prescribed. In Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan commented on the term \"sang\". The association which is made by body, action, and mind is called \"sang\". When you put the two together you get Satsang. Jivan means life, therefore the meaning of the title, Satsangi Jivan is way of life for a Satsangi. Other useful links The Ahmedabad Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday The Vadtal Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday How Swaminarayan Sampraday is Vaidic with citations Miraculous acts by Swaminarayan in Hindi - Charitra in Hindi Swaminarayan Non Stop Prabhatiya by Nand Santo Swaminarayan Nitya Niyam Cheshta- Daily night Prartha to sung by all Satsangies References Satsangi Jeevan Swaminarayan Sampradaya Books about Hinduism","title":"Satsangi Jivan"},{"docid":"26530953","text":"Portia Nelson (born Betty Mae Nelson; May 27, 1920 – March 6, 2001) was an American popular singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She was best known for her appearances in 1950s cabarets, where she sang soprano. In 1965, she portrayed the cantankerous Sister Berthe in the film version of The Sound of Music; she also had a minor role as Sarah in the musical Doctor Dolittle; on TV's All My Children Nelson played the long-running role of nanny Mrs. Gurney. Her book of poetic musings, There's a Hole in My Sidewalk: The Romance of Self-Discovery, became a mainstay of twelve-step programs. Early life and education Nelson was born in Brigham City, Utah on May 27, 1920. Early career Back home in Los Angeles in early 1946, Nelson worked briefly as secretary to film director André de Toth; she held another secretarial job in the publicity department of United Artists Pictures. Around that time she adopted the name Portia, a nickname that friends gave her based on her love of the popular radio soap opera Portia Faces Life. She was known for occasionally sitting at pianos on the lot and demonstrating songs, and word of her vocal talents spread. Jane Russell was then on the lot making a film, Young Widow; one day they talked about songs they both liked, and Nelson performed one at the piano. \"What the hell are you doing pounding a typewriter? ... You should be singing,\" said Russell. Nelson would later work for Russell as a vocal coach. After Nelson's death, Russell said that she \"had a high, clear voice, with such intonation and shading! Her lyrics were sung with such understanding that you felt you'd heard a poem sung.\" Early cabaret work After leaving Nick Arden's, Nelson continued to work day jobs, while singing sporadically. In 1949 she performed at the Café Gala, a cabaret on Hollywood's Sunset Strip; singer-pianist Bobby Short entertained. Recalled Short in his 1995 autobiography Bobby Short: The Life and Times of a Saloon Singer: \"Portia walked onto the floor of the Gala, tall, poised, goddesslike in floating chiffon – and singing in a way that was all her own. She was a smash.\" It was at the Café Gala that Nelson was heard by Herbert Jacoby, the owner (with Max Gordon) of Manhattan's preeminent cabaret, the Blue Angel. Jacoby invited her to sing there. In January 1950, Nelson moved to New York; soon after she was performing on one of the Blue Angel's four-act bills. She would sing there on and off until 1959, sharing rosters with Carol Channing, Pearl Bailey, Imogene Coca, Orson Bean, Wally Cox, Harry Belafonte, Johnny Mathis, and other budding stars. Nelson sometimes performed in the front lounge, where her accompanist was William Roy, a young pianist and composer who was just beginning a fifty-year career as a musical director for many of cabaret's greatest performers. In 1951 Nelson would also appear at the New York lounge Celeste, accompanied by songwriter and pianist Bart Howard, who","title":"Portia Nelson"},{"docid":"71588418","text":"Cheekface is an American indie rock band based in Los Angeles, California. Formed in 2017, the group consists of guitarist and lead vocalist Greg Katz, bassist and backup vocalist Amanda Tannen, and drummer Mark Edwards. Cheekface has released four studio albums, two EPs, and one live album, all on Katz's own label, New Professor Music. The group's songs, characterized by Katz's talk-singing, are typically short and lyrics-driven with a dry sense of humor and tend to share a thematic interest in anxiety and sociopolitical unease. Some of Cheekface's fans refer to themselves as Cheek Freaks. History Cheekface consists of three members: Greg Katz (guitar), Amanda Tannen (bass), and Mark Edwards (drums). After graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles, during the Great Recession, Katz began working in artists and repertoire for record labels. Katz, who played bass in the band LA Font, lost his job in 2011 and thereafter began his own label, New Professor Music. Tannen, meanwhile, had trained in classical cello in her youth and had played bass with the Brooklyn, New York-based indie rock band Stellastarr in the 2000s. After the band's dissolution, Tannen worked in graphic design and moved to Los Angeles. She was connected with Katz through a graphic design friend who was dating him around 2017, and the pair decided to begin writing songs together. Cheekface formed in Los Angeles in 2017 with the recruitment of Edwards, with whom Katz was familiar from the city's music scene. Tannen stated that she wanted to \"be in a band that is not cool\"; the group considered other names before Cheekface including Ryan Gosling's Huge Freakin' Delts and Plumping. Cheekface's first year was dedicated to songwriting; Tannen and Katz described the writing process as attempts to make one another laugh, with lyrics that successfully accomplished this ending up in the songs. Katz and Tannen wrote what would become the group's breakout single, \"Dry Heat/Nice Town\" (2018), after attending the 2017 Women's March. The band began to play live in 2018, generally as an opening act. The band did not expect an enthusiastic response to their music. However, in 2019 while playing a set at The Satellite in Los Angeles, Katz was startled when a small group of attendees sang along to every word in one of the band's tracks, temporarily causing him to forget several lines of his own lyrics. After releasing several more singles on Bandcamp in 2018, including \"Sexy National Anthem\", \"Glendale\", and \"I Only Say I'm Sorry When I'm Wrong Now\", the band released their first album, Therapy Island, in March 2019. Amidst the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Cheekface contributed a cover of \"That Thing You Do!\" to the tribute album Saving for a Custom Van, honoring the track's songwriter, Adam Schlesinger, who died of COVID-19 complications earlier in the year. In January 2021, the band released its second album, Emphatically No., followed by an EP of B-sides from that record, titled Emphatically Mo'''. Emphatically No. was listed as","title":"Cheekface"},{"docid":"42849771","text":"Grant Kitchings was a singer who was a member of the Ravens then, in the 1970s, a member of the Drifters. History 1950s Kitchings was a tenor who joined a group that was going to become the King Toppers in 1955 or 1956. The group at the time consisted of Dave Colter, Don Turner, Louis Day and Jesse Hines. They had heard about him and thought he'd fit into the group. They got in touch with Kitchings via his uncle, the local barber shop owner. In 1956, the band was called the Corvettes and they had an audition and recording session with RCA Victor. The group recorded two songs with Kitchings as lead singer. One was a Tex Cornelius composition, \"Angel Mine\". RCA never released the recordings. Later the group changed its name to the King Toppers. In November 1956, the group had a session at Jubilee Records. They recorded a couple of songs: \"You Were Waiting For Me\" which featured Kitchings on lead and \"Walkin' And Talkin' The Blues\" which featured Welton Young as lead. Later he was drafted into the army. After getting out in 1958 he joined the Ravens. Later he was in various versions or successions of the Ink Spots. Early to mid-1970s In the 1970s, he was a member of the Drifters, which were led by Johnny Moore. Prior to his joining the group they had already relocated to England. In 1972, the Drifters line-up consisted of Moore, Bill Fredericks, Kitchings, and Butch Leake. In the same year, Atlantic records released the album Saturday Night at the Club. Kitchings along with Johnny Moore, Butch Leake and Bill Fredericks was credited as co-writer on \"Country to the City\", \"She Never Talked To Me That Way\" and \"Beautiful Music\". Kitchings was most visible in the Drifters between 1972 and 1975. He sang, backing Johnny Moore, on their hits \"Kissin' in the Back Row of the Movies\" and Down on the Beach Tonight\". He left the group in 1975 and was replaced by Billy Lewis. Mid-1970s to 1990s After leaving the Drifters in 1975 and having moved back to New York, he worked with various New York groups. 1990s to 2005 In the mid-1990s he was in a version of the Ink Spots. He was with Harold Winley's Ink Spots, having replaced Jim Nabbie, who suddenly died in September 1992. Shortly before he died, he named Grant Hitchings to be his successor as lead tenor. Around 1994, the group consisted of Sonny Hatchett, Kitchings, Morris Dow and Harold Winley. Later on, health problems saw him leave the group. He had become ill while the group was doing a show on the Mississippi Queen. He was replaced by Herman Denby. He died in 2005 from complications related to diabetes at 66 years of age. Recordings As lead singer The Corvettes Angel Mine – RCA (Unreleased) – 1956 Unknown track – RCA (Unreleased) – 1956 The King Toppers \"You Were Waiting for Me\" – JOSIE 811 – 1957 References 2005","title":"Grant Kitchings"},{"docid":"29126276","text":"Mike Clifford (born 5 November 1943), is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He is known for his 1962 pop hit, \"Close To Cathy\", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. Early life Mike Clifford was born in Los Angeles, California. His father, Cal Clifford, was a professional trumpeter who took him to his engagements. Clifford developed an interest in music and began taking voice lessons. While in school, he began to perform at school and community functions, and by the age of 16 he was performing at local nightclubs in Los Angeles. In 1959 he signed with Liberty Records and recorded his first single, titled \"Should I\". The song was written and produced by Mark McIntyre and featured additional vocals from Patience and Prudence and guitar from Eddie Cochran. Helen Noga, who with her husband John managed the career of Johnny Mathis, became Clifford's personal manager and signed him to Columbia Records. She took Clifford to meet Ed Sullivan, who was impressed with his poise and stage presence and booked him for a TV debut, the first of three appearances, on The Ed Sullivan Show. Initial success Clifford's first taste of success came at age 18 when \"Bombay\", became a hit in Venezuela. He appeared on the state owned Venevision in his own TV special. However, Clifford's recordings for Columbia received little buyer’s attention, and in July 1962, Clifford signed with United Artists Records. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller produced several songs for Clifford, including his biggest hit \"Close To Cathy\", written by Earl Shuman and composed by Bob Goodman. The song reached number 12 in September of that year, and stayed there for two weeks and remained on the charts for 12 weeks. On December 29, 1962, \"What To Do With Laurie\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number No. 67. \"One Boy Too Late\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 on May 11, 1963 and was to be his last nationally charted record. He subsequently, had several songs that were regional hits in the U.S. He had hit records in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany as well as \"It Had Better Be Tonight\" in Chile, \"See You In September\" in the Philippines, and \"How To Murder Your Wife\" in Japan. In 1965, United Artists released Clifford's debut album, For The Love Of Mike, which was reviewed and a spotlight pick in the February 13, 1965 issue of Billboard. Clifford appeared in the films Village of the Giants in 1965, and also sang the love theme of the film, The Glass Sphinx in 1967, the title song to Dagmar's Hot Pants, \"You Say Love\" in 1971, The love theme for the film Necromancy , \"The Morning After\" in 1972, and for The Lord Of The Rings in 1978. In the 1978 film Sextette, Clifford sang \"Love Will Keep Us Together\", with Mae West, while actor Timothy Dalton lip synched the words. Tours Clifford toured over one hundred cities during 1964 and 1965, with the Dick Clark","title":"Mike Clifford"},{"docid":"265684","text":"Van and Schenck were popular American entertainers in the 1910s and 1920s: Gus Van (born August Von Glahn, August 12, 1886 – March 12, 1968), baritone, and Joe Schenck (pronounced \"skenk\"; born Joseph Thuma Schenck, (June 2, 1891– June 28, 1930), tenor. They were vaudeville stars and made appearances in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. They made numerous phonograph records for the Emerson, Victor, and Columbia record companies. History With Schenck on piano, the duo sang and performed comedy routines. Van was especially adept at dialect humor, and could imitate any number of regional and continental accents. One of the team's typical novelty hits was Pastafazoola, in praise of Italian food and sung in the appropriate style. Van's hearty baritone and Schenck's high tenor harmonized well, and the team became known as \"the pennant-winning battery of songland.\" They performed on radio shows and appeared in early talking motion pictures, including several musical shorts—in both Vitaphone and MGM Movietone—and one feature, the MGM film They Learned About Women (1930). During World War I, they recorded humorous songs such as \"I Don't Want to Get Well\" which told the tale of a wounded soldier who did not want to recover, as he was comfortable in hospital and in love with a nurse. After Schenck's death in 1930 of heart disease, Van continued to perform as a solo artist on stage, screen, and radio. He appeared in many New York-produced Soundies in 1941. Schenck was buried in The Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn. Van and Schenck gained a modern-day resurgence after their 1920 recording of Irving Berlin's \"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want It\" was sampled in the soundtrack of the indie video game Pizza Tower. Selected discography \"It's Been a Long, Long Time Since I've Been Home\" (1916) \"Hawaiian Sunshine\" (1916) \"For Me and My Gal\" (1917) \"Yaddie Kaddie Kiddie Kaddie Koo\" (1917) \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1917) \"That's How You Can Tell They're Irish\" (1917) \"My Little China Doll\" (1917) \"Mother, May I Go in to Swim?\" (1917) \"Dance and Grow Thin\" (1917) \"There's Something Nice about the South\" (1917) \"Far Away in Honolulu\" (1917) \"Mulberry Rose\" (1917) \"The Ragtime Volunteers are Off to War\" (1917) \"I Don't Want to Get Well\" (1917) \"Southern Gals\" (1917) \"I Miss the Old Folks Now\" (1917) \"In the Land O' Yamo Yamo\" (1917) \"Where Do They Get 'Em and How Do They Get 'Em?\" (1918) \"My Mind's Made Up to Marry Carolina\" (1918) \"Ragtime Moses Old-Time Bomboshay\" (1918) \"I Always Think I'm Up in Heaven\" (1918) \"Tackin 'Em Down\" (1918) \"They Were All Out of Step But Jim\" (1918) \"Why Do They Call Them Babies?\" (1918) \"You'll Always Find A Lot of Sunshine in My Old Kentucky Home\" (1918) \"You'll Find Old Dixieland in France\" (1918) \"Oh, How She Can Sing\" (1919) \"Mandy\" (1919) \"Open Up The Golden Gates To Dixieland\" (1919) \"Sweet Kisses\" (1919) \"They're All Sweeties\" (1919) \"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want","title":"Van and Schenck"},{"docid":"35753007","text":"Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying is the first EP by Nick Jonas, released on May 8, 2012. The EP contains 5 songs which are available as a digital download on iTunes. The 5 songs on the EP are tunes that Nick performs on stage during the Broadway musical, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Background and development On February 19, 2012 Nick recorded 5 songs (\"How to Succeed,\" \"I Believe in You,\" and \"Brotherhood of Man.\" In addition, he will be joined by Rob Bartlett for \"The Company Way,\" by Rob Bartlett & Ellen Harvey for \"Brotherhood of Man\", and by Rose Hemingway for \"Rosemary.\") for the How To Succeed In Business soundtrack. The album is produced by six-time Grammy nominee Robert Sher, who also produced the revival’s How to Succeed cast album. On February 27 it was announced that the EP will be released during the Spring. As of April 17, the EP was available for pre-order and also on that same day the track list was revealed. It was announced on April 19 that the EP will be released on May 8, 2012. On April 30, 2012 the song \"I Believe in You\" was released online. Reception Ian Gude said about the EP: The last thing I expected to enjoy was an EP of songs from How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, featuring the current lead on Broadway, Nick Jonas from another 'bubble gum pop' band, The Jonas Brothers. But enjoy it I did. Judging by this EP by Broadway Records, he should pop by more often. The EP is too short (5 tracks) - oh how I would have loved to have heard more. Jonas is totally at home with the style, melodies and lyrics of the piece, and is certainly one to watch in future Broadway productions. It would be great to hear him do a Broadway album, or songs from the Great American Songbook, as he clearly has the voice, and the intelligence, to give them the treatments they deserve. The CD design and production is top notch, and puts many full recordings to shame. It's clear a lot of thought has gone into this release and its design, and Broadway Records should be pleased with the final product. I know I was. Promotion On January 26, 2012 Nick stopped by Live! with Kelly to talk about his role as J Pierrepont Finch in How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying. He also sang the song \"I Believe In You\". On February 14 he performed the song live for the soundcheck live chat show. Nick Jonas stopped by Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on February 20 to perform on the first night of Fallon's annual Broadway Week. He closed the show by singing a jazzy rendition of “I Believe in You,” a signature song from the classic Frank Loesser musical. On April 1, 2012 Nick performed songs from the musical with the musical cast &","title":"Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying"},{"docid":"2311980","text":"Dolores Gray (June 7, 1924 – June 26, 2002) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical twice, winning once. Early life Both her mother and father were vaudeville actors, which is how they met. Gray's parents divorced when she was a young child. She had an older brother, Richard Gray who also had a career in Hollywood. While attending Polytechnic High School she was in the Girls' Glee Club. She was discovered by Rudy Vallee, who gave her a guest spot on his nationwide radio show. Career Her career commenced as a cabaret artist in restaurants and supper clubs in California and in Reno, Nevada. In Los Angeles in 1941 she appeared at the Pirate’s Den and Hollywood Playhouse. Later that year San Francisco engagements included one at Stairway to the Stars. Gray returned to Los Angeles in early April 1942; she headlined at Slapsy Maxie’s late that year. In Los Angeles, on 1 April 1943, she was the vicitim of a drive-by sidewalk shooting, fracturing her left humerus. That July, she sang at the city’s Biltmore Bowl. In 1945 she appeared in her own radio program. While she was appearing in Annie Get Your Gun in London (1947–1950), she studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1948. As a fundraiser to help rebuild the RADA theatre, she appeared as Nell Gwyn in In Good King Charles's Golden Days at Drury Lane Theatre (Oct 1948). Gray was briefly signed with MGM, appearing in Kismet (1955), It's Always Fair Weather (1955) and The Opposite Sex (1956). Portraying a singing and dancing stage actress, she appeared with Gregory Peck and Lauren Bacall in the film Designing Woman (1957), as his former romantic interest. During her music career, she sang Marilyn Monroe's part on the Decca Records soundtrack album of There's No Business Like Show Business (1954). She appeared at the London Palladium in 1958 while doing a concert tour of Europe and in cabaret at The Talk of the Town in February 1963. Among her many stage roles, she appeared in Two on the Aisle (1951), Carnival In Flanders (1953); Destry Rides Again (1959); Sherry! (1967); and 42nd Street (1986). She also performed the lead role in Annie Get Your Gun in its first London production (1947). Gray won the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical for her role in Carnival in Flanders, even though this Broadway musical, with a script by Preston Sturges, ran for only six performances. She therefore holds a record that is unlikely to be broken: briefest run in a performance which still earned a Tony. She is the first person to have sung the English version of the French song “C'est si bon”, for the short film Holiday in Paris: Paris directed by John Nasht. She was best known for her theatre roles. In 1973 she took over from Angela Lansbury in the London production of Gypsy at the","title":"Dolores Gray"},{"docid":"17373320","text":"Mimi Hines (born July 17, 1933) is a Canadian actress, singer, and comedian, best known for her appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show and her work on Broadway. She succeeded Barbra Streisand in the original production of Funny Girl. Life and career Hines was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and resides in the United States. She worked for a time in Anchorage, Alaska, where she met comedian Phil Ford in 1952 while they were working at different night clubs. They married in 1954 and divorced in 1972. On August 28, 1958, she and Ford appeared on The Tonight Show for the first time. Hines sang \"Till There Was You\". In a later stand-up routine on The Tonight Show, she portrayed the NBC peacock. In 1959 she sang several of the numbers on the Esquivel-Ray Martin Christmas song collaboration, The Merriest of Pops (RCA Victor). In 1964, Hines and Ford filmed a pilot episode for a potential sitcom, Mimi, that would have starred the two as owners of a resort hotel, but the series was not picked up for airing. In 1966, Hines succeeded Barbra Streisand on Broadway in Funny Girl, performing the role for eighteen months, after which she starred in touring companies of I Do! I Do! and The Prisoner of Second Avenue, as well as productions of Anything Goes, Never Too Late, The Pajama Game, The Unsinkable Molly Brown, No, No, Nanette and Sugar. She played at Feinstein's at the Regency in New York City. She appeared with the Los Angeles Pops Orchestra and starred in national tours of Sugar Babies and Nite Club Confidential and on a recorded salute to Johnny Mercer called Mostly Mercer. She toured the world for a year in the title role of Hello, Dolly! and starred in productions of A Majority of One and Can-Can in Florida and in revues featuring the songs of Alan and Marilyn Bergman, How Do You Keep the Music Playing? in Los Angeles, as well as the songs of Rodgers and Hart titled This Funny World at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and the songs of Jerry Herman at the Schoenberg Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Hines appeared as Mrs. Latimer on the television program Frasier and returned to Broadway in 1994 for the Tommy Tune production of Grease, in which she appeared as Miss Lynch. She also co-starred in the off-Broadway revival of Kander and Ebb's 70, Girls, 70, with Jane Powell, Charlotte Rae and Helen Gallagher, and was a guest in the final week of The Rosie O'Donnell Show. She performed for L.A.'s reprise, as Letitia Primrose in On The Twentieth Century, and in 2005 as Berthe in Pippin. She co-starred in 2002 as Sister Mary Amnesia in the National Tour of the 20th Anniversary production of Nunsense, along with Kaye Ballard, Georgia Engel, Lee Meriwether and Darlene Love. In 2007, Hines starred in the City Center Encores! production of Follies. Discography Mimi Hines Sings (Decca Records, 1966) Mimi Hines","title":"Mimi Hines"},{"docid":"68773522","text":"\"Orwellian\" is a song by Manic Street Preachers, released as the lead single from their 14th studio album, The Ultra Vivid Lament, on 14 May 2021, alongside a YouTube lyric video. Background Announced as a departure from the sound of their 2018 previous effort Resistance Is Futile, the single tries to capture the essence of the new album, musically and lyrically. Wire stated that \"the track is about the battle to claim meaning, the erasing of context within debate, the overriding sense of factional conflict driven by digital platforms leading to a perpetual state of culture war... It felt like the perfect sonic and lyrical introduction to The Ultra Vivid Lament\". The meaning of the song has been seen as political, much due to the social context in which the song was released, musically it echoes ABBA, Talk Talk and Fleetwood Mac. In an interview with The Quietus Nicky Wire said that the song was the rejection of digital coercion, much like their previous 2010 song from Postcards from a Young Man, \"Don't Be Evil\", the single focuses on how the tech platforms overload information and lack the capacity for nuance that have fostered so many of people's insecurities, including Wire's. “Every time I put anything on, Peloton’s just fucking staring at me. Or fucking Park Run. What happened to the loneliness of the long-distance runner?” The magazine goes further saying that \"It raises a complex issue, and there are plenty of holes you could pick in Wire's arguments, yet it still feels articulate and focussed, the words in perfect step with Bradfield’s pumping pop piano chords and bracing crescendo chorus\". Later, on June 10 the band showed a new video, adding to the previous lyrical one, directed by Kieran Evans, about the video, the latter said that \"For this album project, Nicky Wire and myself decided there should be more experimentation to the visual approach to both the promos and short films we have planned\", concluding that \"We’ve called this clip of 'Orwellian' a 'visualised' version because it's not strictly a promo, it’s much more of a visual interpretation of the song by me.\" Release The song was released as a download on 14 May 2021. After its launch, The Guardian reported on the song, questioning if we do indeed live in Orwellian times. Giving a negative answer to this question it goes on to say that \"People who ought to know better, including people who once sang about how “libraries gave us power”, have long used the word Orwellian as shorthand for a bit like Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four”, finishing with \"This is very much not the normal function of eponyms: after all, Orwell was not recommending that we adopt his Orwellian vision. It’s as if we were to use Shakespearean to mean “approving of rape, murder, and cannibalism”, simply because such things happen in Titus Andronicus. An Orwellian practice indeed\". About the song The Quietus stated that \"it can be weaponised by the left and the righ\", going","title":"Orwellian (song)"},{"docid":"66989362","text":"Jam Tronik was a German Eurodance group which consisted of Anja Lukaseder (also known as Nikita Warren), Ulrich Fischer and Volkmar Kalff. Charlie Glass was the founder and producer of the project. The group released dance cover versions, several of which were hits in Europe. They were signed to ZYX Music. Their first single, in 1989, was a cover version of the Phil Collins hit \"Another Day in Paradise\", and was a top 20 hit in Germany and the United Kingdom in 1990. A cover version of Meat Loaf's \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" was a top 20 hit Austria in 1994. The 1993 release \"Bee G-Esque\" contained four cover versions of Bee Gees songs: \"Staying Alive\", \"Tragedy\", \"How Deep Is Your Love\" and \"Jive Talking\". Discography Compilation albums 1993: Best Of... 2008: The Very Best Of 2010: Complete Hit Collection Singles 1989: \"Another Day in Paradise\" - UK #19, GER #17, BEL #30 1991: \"Yesterday Once More (Every Sha La La La)\" - (Turntablist Mel \"Herbie\" Kent) 1992: \"Stand by Me\" 1992: \"End of the Road\" 1993: \"Bee G-Esque\" (four tracks: \"Staying Alive\", \"Tragedy\", \"How Deep Is Your Love\" and \"Jive Talking\") 1994: \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" - AUST #15 1994: \"An Angel\" 1994: \"Without You\" 1995: \"Wish You Were Here\" 1996: \"Forever Love\" References German dance music groups German Eurodance groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups disestablished in 1996 Cover bands ZYX Music artists","title":"Jam Tronik"},{"docid":"56783505","text":"Jeffrey Clay Erlanger (November 30, 1970 – June 10, 2007) was an American advocate and activist for disability rights. He is known for appearing on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood when he was 10 years old, talking about his electric wheelchair and why he needed it. Erlanger's philosophy was summarized in a 2002 Wisconsin Public Television ad: \"It doesn't matter what I can't do—what matters is what I can do.\" Early life and education Jeffrey Clay Erlanger was born in Madison, Wisconsin, on November 30, 1970, to Howard and Pam Erlanger, joining his older sister, Lisa. His father is a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Law. When Erlanger was 7 months old, he was diagnosed with a spinal tumor. Surgery was used to remove it, but he was left as a quadriplegic. He received his first electric wheelchair when he was 4 years old. He required many additional surgeries while growing up. Erlanger graduated from Memorial High School and from Edgewood College with a degree in political science. Mister Rogers' Neighborhood Before Erlanger underwent spinal surgery at age 5, his parents asked him what he wanted. He said he wanted to meet \"Mister Rogers\". His sister wrote Fred Rogers about her brother's wishes. Rogers happened to be traveling to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, so the Erlangers drove to meet him for breakfast in a restaurant. Several years later, Erlanger was invited to be on Rogers' show. Erlanger appeared in Season 11, Episode 4 (#1478), which aired on February 18, 1981. The ten-year-old showed Rogers how his electric wheelchair worked and explained why he needed it. They talked about his parents, doctors, recent surgery and what you can do when you're sad. Together they sang one of Rogers' popular songs, \"It's You I Like\". The two of them continued to communicate. In speeches Rogers gave, he told of Erlanger's example of \"overcoming obstacles and feeling comfortable about yourself.\" Career Political career and activism Erlanger worked as an intern for Representative Tammy Baldwin and Senator Russ Feingold, who honored Erlanger in the Senate. Erlanger became very active in Madison, Wisconsin municipal politics, holding a number of positions in the community including as a member of the Economic Development Commission, chair of the Commission on People with Disabilities, and chair of the Board of Directors of the Community Living Alliance. In 2003, he ran for the Madison Common Council for the 8th District, losing to UW student Austin King almost 2-to-1 in the heavily student district. He helped gain the accessible taxicab service in Madison today. In 2004 Erlanger flew to Boston to attend the Democratic National Convention, although he did not have a ticket. Dane County Executive Kathleen Falk, whose campaign Erlanger had worked on, was on his flight and got him in. Falk said after his death, \"Jeff was passionate about our nation on a big-scale level and equally passionate about our community,\" adding, \"This is a man who devoted so many countless hours to making things better for other people.\" In","title":"Jeff Erlanger"},{"docid":"26798149","text":"\"Babyfather\" is the second single from English band Sade on their sixth studio album, Soldier of Love. The song was released for radio broadcast on 13 April 2010, single artwork was revealed on 27 April, and a music video premiered on 4 May. The song was nominated in the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal category at the 53rd Grammy Awards. Background and writing In this reggae-flavoured song, Adu sings of a male figure who can be the father of a woman's child and a strong male role model, without necessarily being a lifemate. Frontwoman Sade Adu told People that \"Babyfather,\" is \"about how great it is to be a parent, what a great honor and privilege that is, and what a terrible thing that is to waste. As long as you feel good about yourself, you can be a good parent, and then it becomes an endless fruitful cycle\". As for the sound of the new song, \"I wanted it to sound quite rough and scrappy, not too honed,\" says the Grammy-winning singer, 51. \"The beginning,\" says Sade, \"feels like the ice cream van coming down the street\". Thirteen years old at the time, Sade Adu's child sang backing vocals on the track, along with Clay, the teenage son of veteran Sade band-member Stuart Matthewman, who co-wrote the song. Sade’s child later transitioned to male and took the name Izaak. Reception A preview of the song was teased online by People in late January 2010, before the album was released. Entertainment reporter Mayer Nassim from Digital Spy gave the song three out of five stars and said, \"'Babyfather' it's not as striking as its sultry predecessor, possessing a much friendlier, summery vibe. Twanging acoustic guitars combine with that still-rich voice, so-laidback-they're-horizontal drums and positive lyrics about fatherhood and family love. It's not the most exciting thing to hit our ears this year, but it's still nice enough stuff that should keep things ticking on for Sade fans\". Frank Guan of Vulture commented \"The sunnier side of Soldier of Love is on glorious display here, as Sade describes to a child how its parents first met. Some dads are good dads.\" Music video The music video, which featured people wearing bright-coloured outfits, is directed by Sophie Muller, who also photographed and designed the single's cover art. It premiered on 4 May 2010 and featured frontwoman Adu as a home-maker who is doing daily chores from cooking to washing dishes and laundry. Promotion The band performed the song on many talk shows. They appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 12 April 2010; Dancing with the Stars on 14 April 2010; and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on 15 April 2010. Charts References 2010 singles Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Sade (band) songs Songs written by Sade (singer) Songs written by Stuart Matthewman 2010 songs Songs about fathers","title":"Babyfather (song)"},{"docid":"13005472","text":"\"Work\" is a song by Jimmy Eat World from their 2004 album, Futures. It was the second single released from that album. The song was written by Jim Adkins and features backing vocals by Liz Phair. \"Work\" was released to radio on December 7, 2004. \"Work\" received positive reviews from critics, and it appeared on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and the UK Singles Chart. A music video was released for the song; it featured interviews with high school students. Since the song's release, Jimmy Eat World have included it in their live performances. Background \"Work\" was written by Jimmy Eat World's frontman, Jim Adkins. According to Adkins, \"'Work' is about doing something you know you shouldn't be doing ... It's about walking into an unhealthy situation, on purpose. Which could mean it's about an interoffice romance.\" Liz Phair agreed to sing backing vocals on the song after the band played it for her. Adkins later said, \"We're all fans of [Phair's album Exile in Guyville], so maybe a bit of a crush thing was happening. She definitely brings the sexiness. An unquantifiable sexiness, sure, but she definitely brings it. She was super cool to work with. 'Work' sounded like something she would sing, so we hunted her down through people we knew in Los Angeles. We showed her the song, she really liked it, so she came down and sang on it.\" Reception Critical reception \"Work\" received praise from music critics. It has been called a \"classic\" and has also been described as \"a song tailor-made for teenage runaway fantasies.\" Tim Sendra of Allmusic noted that the song \"display[s] the sweetly melodic side of the band.\" However, The Trades' Tony Pascarella called it \"a more emo-geared track that stays shrouded on the dark side of Jimmy Eat World.\" Carrie Pierce of The Battalion wrote: \"The gem of [Futures] is 'Work,' a catchy song featuring backup vocals by Liz Phair. It's too bad that you can barely hear Phair over the guitar riffs. The lyrics make up for this flaw. Though not as deep and brooding as other tracks, 'Work' will replay in your head.\" Chart performance \"Work\" was the second single from the 2004 album Futures. In the U.S., it stayed on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart for 21 weeks, peaking at number six on March 19, 2005. The song made two appearances on the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 49 on April 9, 2005. In popular media The song has been featured on the television shows One Tree Hill and Gossip Girl. Music video The music video for \"Work\" was filmed at Madison West High School in Madison, Wisconsin. It features interviews with some of the school's students, who talk about their futures and their lives after graduation. The students are shown during the school day and also after school, doing things such as skateboarding, smashing television sets, and going to parties. The video also features the band playing under a tree in a field. The","title":"Work (Jimmy Eat World song)"},{"docid":"38184767","text":"Gary R. King (born November 15, 1972) is an American director and writer. Films King's feature film, a musical entitled How Do You Write A Joe Schermann Song (2012) won the Jury Prize for \"Film of the Festival\" at the Raindance Film Festival, as well as the Cox Audience Award and the Dan Harkins Breakthrough Filmmaker Award at the Phoenix Film Festival. The film also won Best Feature, Best Trailer, Best Soundtrack and Best Director at the Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema. The film was also shortlisted for an IFP Gotham Audience Award. The film has also received positive reviews from indieWire, Empire and Twitch. The film stars Christina Rose (who also appeared in King's previous film, Death of the Dead (2011)), Joe Schermann, and Mark DiConzo (who appeared in King's previous film, New York Lately (2009)). Aside from How Do You Write A Joe Schermann Song, King has directed four other feature films: Death of the Dead (2011), What's Up Lovely (2010), Dismal (2009), and New York Lately (2009). The zombie action-comedy film Death of the Dead (2011) received positive reviews from Ain't It Cool News as well as Sound on Sight magazine. King's other horror film, Dismal (2009), was picked up by Showtime, The Movie Channel, Time Warner OnDemand (VOD) and DVD. King's film, What's Up Lovely (2010), the first film in his self-described \"Loneliness\" trilogy, received positive reviews from /Film as well as other sources. King's feature film debut, the ensemble drama New York Lately (2009), received a positive review from The Independent Critic and was named one of Row Three's Top 10 Films of 2009. King frequently collaborates with composer Kenneth Lampl who has scored King's films \"Dismal\",\"Death of the Dead\". \"What's Up Lovely\", \"How Do You Write a Joe Schermann Song\" and \"Unnerved\". Background King actually spent several years working in the corporate world of Silicon Valley/The Bay Area before deciding to move to New York and pursue a career in filmmaking. King also studied Psychology in college and began his career in Human Resources. King currently blogs and writes articles on film from his official site, \"The Indie Life.\" Further reading IndieWire Review of How Do You Write a Joe Schermann Song Twitch Film Review of How Do You Write a Joe Schermann Song Filmmaking Stuff, Gary King Talks Filmmaking Gary King, An Indie Life (Official Site) Idyllwild CinemaFest Featured Director: Gary King References External links (Alternate) 1972 births Living people American film directors of Chinese descent American male screenwriters American writers of Chinese descent People from Rochester, Minnesota Film directors from Los Angeles Film directors from Minnesota Screenwriters from Minnesota Screenwriters from California","title":"Gary King (director)"},{"docid":"25530134","text":"Songs by the German band Modern Talking, listed in chronological order (current through 2009). Some songs may be known by more than one title (like Brother Louie is known also as No te pertenece (Spanish language version) or Brother Tuki). 1984 - 1987 \"You're My Heart, You're My Soul\" (The 1st Album) \"You Can Win If You Want\" (The 1st Album) \"There's Too Much Blue in Missing You\" (The 1st Album) \"Diamonds Never Made a Lady\" (The 1st Album) \"The Night is Yours - The Night is Mine\" (The 1st Album) \"Do You Wanna\" (The 1st Album) \"Lucky Guy\" (The 1st Album) \"One in a Million\" (The 1st Album) \"Bells of Paris\" (The 1st Album) \"Cheri, Cheri Lady\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"With a Little Love\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Wild Wild Water\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"You're The Lady of My Heart\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Just Like an Angel\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Heaven Will Know\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Why Did You Do It Just Tonight\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Don't Give Up\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Let's Talk About Love\" (Let's Talk About Love) \"Brother Louie\" (Ready for Romance) \"Just We Two (Mona Lisa)\" (Ready for Romance) \"Lady Lai\" (Ready for Romance) \"Doctor for My Heart\" (Ready for Romance) \"Save Me - Don't Break Me\" (Ready for Romance) \"Atlantis is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)\" (Ready for Romance) \"Keep Love Alive\" (Ready for Romance) \"Hey You\" (Ready for Romance) \"Angie's Heart\" (Ready for Romance) \"Only Love Can Break My Heart\" (Ready for Romance) \"Geronimo's Cadillac\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Riding on a White Swan\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Give Me Peace on Earth\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Sweet Little Sheila\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Ten Thousand Lonely Drums\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Lonely Tears in Chinatown\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"In Shaire\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Stranded in the Middle of Nowhere\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"The Angels Sing in New York City\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Princess of the Night\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \"Jet Airliner\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Like a Hero\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Don't Worry\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Blinded by Your Love\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Romantic Warriors\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Arabian Gold\" (Romantic Warriors) \"We Still Have Dreams\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Operator Gimme 6-0-9\" (Romantic Warriors) \"You and Me\" (Romantic Warriors) \"Charlene\" (Romantic Warriors) \"In 100 Years\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"Don't Let It Get You Down\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"Who Will Save the World\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"A Telegram to Your Heart\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"It's Christmas\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"Don't Lose My Number\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"Slow Motion\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"Locomotion Tango\" (In the Garden of Venus) \"Good Girls Go to Heaven - Bad Girls Go Everywhere\" (In the Garden of Venus) 1998 - 2003 \"I Will Follow You\" (Back for Good) \"Don't Play With","title":"List of songs recorded by Modern Talking"},{"docid":"33749505","text":"The Stronger Tour was the sixth headlining tour by American pop recording artist Kelly Clarkson. Beginning on January 13, 2012, the tour supported her fifth studio album, Stronger (2011). With over fifty dates, the tour traveled to the Americas, Australia and Europe. It ended on October 20, 2012, in London, England. The tour grossed $7.4M in the US with 43 dates. Background During an interview with MTV News, Clarkson stated a tour was being planned for \"sometime in 2012\". The tour was officially announced on November 14, 2011 with over 30 shows in the United States and Canada. Joining the singer on tour is Matt Nathanson as the opening act on select shows. Clarkson mentioned she was looking forward to performing \"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\". She explained, \"I can't wait to perform What Doesn't Kill You. We've already rehearsed it, and it's so much fun. It's like this big dance anthem\". For the show, Clarkson asked her fans to votes to requests on Twitter. Opening acts Matt Nathanson (North America) (select dates) Carolina Liar (North America) (select dates) The Fray (Australia) Sarah De Bono (Australia) Cover Drive (Europe) Setlist {{hidden | headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = North America | content = January 13 – April 14, 2012 \"Dark Side\" \"Behind These Hazel Eyes\" \"Since U Been Gone\" \"Gone\" \"You Love Me\" \"Heavy in Your Arms\" Fan Request Medley: \"The Trouble With Love Is\" / \"Walk Away\" / \"How I Feel\" / \"I Want You\" \"I Know You Won't\" \"Einstein\" \"Don't You Wanna Stay\" \"Let Me Down\" \"I Forgive You\" \"Already Gone\" \"Breakaway\" \"You Still Won't Know What It's Like\" \"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\" \"Never Again\" \"Because of You\" Encore \"My Life Would Suck Without You\" \"Mr. Know It All\" \"Miss Independent\" Source: Notes During the concert at the Radio City Music Hall, Clarkson performed \"I'd Rather Go Blind\". During her concert in Grand Prairie, Clarkson sang Bonnie Raitt's \"Something To Talk About\" with her friend April Beck. During the concert in Los Angeles Clarkson performed \"When You Believe\" with Tamyra Gray, \"Leave the Pieces\" with Michelle Branch, \"Don't You Wanna Stay\" with Blake Shelton and \"Because of You\" with Reba McEntire. }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Australia/Europe | content = September 25 – October 20, 2012 \"My Life Would Suck Without You\" Behind These Hazel Eyes\" \"I Forgive You\" \"Dark Side\" \"Walk Away\" \"You Love Me\" \"We Are Young\" Already Gone\" Don't You Wanna Stay\" Fan request \"Because of You\" \"Catch My Breath\" \"Let Me Down\" \"Breakaway\" \"Since U Been Gone\" Encore \"Never Again\" \"Mr. Know It All\" \"Miss Independent\" \"What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)\" Notes In Perth, Clarkson, The Fray & Sarah De Bono all sang fun.'s \"Some Nights\". \"Catch My Breath\" was only performed in Europe. }} Fan requests Tour dates {| class=\"wikitable\"","title":"Stronger Tour"},{"docid":"20365270","text":"Warren Eckstein (born April 6, 1949) is an American \"pet behaviorist\", animal trainer, animal rights activist, humorist, author, director of the Hugs & Kisses Animal Fund, and broadcaster in the United States who hosts The Pet Show, a radio talk show syndicated by Radio America. Prior to that, Eckstein was resident animal expert for Saturday Morning Live, a local New York City-based series hosted by Gene Rayburn, which aired on WNEW-TV from 1982 to 1983. Eckstein was born in Oceanside, New York, the son of Ruth and Charles Eckstein. His nephew (his sister's son) is actor Michael Rosenbaum. Bibliography Books Books authored by Warren Eckstein include: 1980: Yes, Dog, That's Right! (with Fay Eckstein) Alpine Pubns () 1984: Pet Aerobics: How to Solve Your Pets' Behavior Problems, Improve Their Health, Lengthen Their Lives and Have Fun Doing It (with Fay Eckstein) Holt, Rinehart and Winston (ASIN: B001I4QRZO) 1985: Understanding Your Pet: The Eckstein Method of Pet Therapy and Behavior Training (with Fay Eckstein) Henry Holt & Company () 1990: How to Get Your Cat to Do What You Want (With Fay Eckstein) Villard () 1990: The Illustrated Cat's Life Fawcett Publications () 1992: How to Get Your Dog to Do What You Want Ballantine Books () 1996: Understanding Your Pet Random House (ASIN: B001LNK0A0) 1995: The Illustrated Dog's Life Fawcett Publications () 1998: Memoirs of a Pet Therapist: A Tail All Book (with Denise Madden), Fawcett Publications () References External links Warren Eckstein's website. The Pet Show - Audio Archive. . Living people 1949 births American radio personalities American animal rights activists Place of birth missing (living people) American male writers People from Oceanside, New York People from Los Angeles 20th-century American LGBT people","title":"Warren Eckstein"},{"docid":"44746335","text":"Beauty is the eighth solo studio album by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. Both a Japanese and an international version were released by Virgin Records in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The international release contains the track \"You Do Me (Edit)\" featuring singer Jill Jones, a song previously released as a single. Overview Beauty is notable for its \"collage of styles\" that range from rock, techno, and classical to flamenco, African, and Japanese traditional. In discussing whether music is narrative and illustrative or an abstract medium, Sakamoto said, \"I have visions sometimes when I'm writing contemporary music, even when it's very logical. For example, for one of my songs on the album Beauty, I was always having visions of Amazonian rainforests, a little plane flying very low over the trees. Trees, trees, trees, and some birds. But the title of the song is 'Calling from Tokyo'.\" Recorded at various sound studios throughout Tokyo, New York, and Los Angeles, Beauty features many collaborators that include Arto Lindsay, Brian Wilson, Robbie Robertson, and Sly Dunbar. On his time working with Wilson, Sakamoto said, \"I had asked Brian Wilson to sing on the album so I went to Los Angeles and we recorded with him. I had been informed that he had had a difficult time, some kind of mental illness, and I could sense that, even though he wasn't that surprising in the studio. But then the following day, I flew from LA back to New York to continue recording and he showed up without telling me, with his whole family in tow. The schedule was already tightly planned, but I was so grateful he'd come, so we made some time to work with him. It was a beautiful moment – one I won't forget for the rest of my life.\" Track listing Personnel Performers Ryuichi Sakamoto – composer, producer, mixing, engineering, arranger, keyboards, piano, vocals Arto Lindsay – vocals, rap Brian Wilson – vocals Kazumi Tamaki – vocals, shamisen Misako Koja – vocals, shamisen Nicky Holland – vocals Yoriko Ganeko – vocals, shamisen, castanets Youssou N'Dour – vocals Laura Shaheen – vocals Robert Wyatt – vocals Jill Jones – vocals (\"You Do Me\") Alex Brown – backing vocals (\"You Do Me\") Angel Rogers – backing vocals (\"You Do Me\") Anita Sherman – backing vocals (\"You Do Me\") Kirk Crumpler – keyboards, programmer (\"You Do Me\") Carlos Lomas – guitar Bun Itakura – guitar Dali Kimoko-N’Dala – guitar Eddie Martinez – guitar, soloist Robbie Robertson – guitar Pino Palladino – bass Mark Johnson – bass Larry White – bass (\"You Do Me\") Sly Dunbar – drums Pandit Dinesh – tabla Naná Vasconcelos – percussion Paco Yé – percussion Seidou \"Baba\" Outtara – percussion Sibiri Outtara – percussion Magatie Fall – talking drum Milton Cardona – shekere L. Shankar – double violin Sang Won Park – zither Sham Guibbory – string section leader Jiang Jian Huo – erhu Technical Greg Calbi – engineer, mastering Jason Corsaro – engineer, mixing Ikuo Honma – engineer Kinji Yoshino","title":"Beauty (Ryuichi Sakamoto album)"},{"docid":"6488941","text":"Down from the Mountain is a 2000 documentary and concert film featuring a live performance by country and traditional music artists who participated in the Grammy-winning soundtrack recording for the Joel and Ethan Coen film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? The concert, held at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee on May 24, 2000, was a benefit for the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. The documentary was directed by Nick Doob, Chris Hegedus and D. A. Pennebaker. The artists in the concert also participated in a Down from the Mountain concert tour. Summary The concert portion of the film is preceded by a 30-minute section in which the various artists are seen rehearsing for the show, doing soundchecks, and talking backstage at the Ryman Auditorium. Time is spent with bluegrass star Ralph Stanley, who rides in a limousine to Nashville, Tennessee, and is interviewed on radio station WSM, whose DJ introduces him as \"the newest member of WSM's Grand Ole Opry\", despite his having performed professionally as a country musician since the 1960s. John Hartford, who acts as master of ceremonies for the concert, is interviewed while piloting a paddlewheeler riverboat, and he talks about his time as a towboat pilot on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois rivers. He mentions that he had to stop when his cancer got too bad, and, indeed, this film marks Hartford's last filmed appearance before his death on June 4, 2001, of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. T-Bone Burnett is seen working with the girl trio, The Peasall Sisters, instructing guitarist Chris Sharp to increase the tempo on their number, \"In the Highways\", and \"do it like a rock and roll song\". When Sharp has trouble understanding him, Burnett asks the musician, \"You can't relate to rock and roll?\" Emmylou Harris reveals her obsession with Major League Baseball, showing that she carries a Motorola \"Sports Trax\" pager that tracks the action in all the games being played that day. Gillian Welch explains that Harris and Alison Krauss take delight in making her sing the highest part in their trio, \"Didn't Leave Nobody but the Baby\", even though both Harris and Krauss have higher-register voices. Harris sang the bass part on the song, which is unusual for the singer, who is well known for her role as the \"angel\" vocalist in her duets and backing vocals with other artists. Tim Blake Nelson, a member of the O Brother, Where Art Thou? cast who can be seen on stage during the finale of the concert (\"Angel Band\"), is seen backstage talking to Emmylou Harris. He recalls a performance of hers that he attended, which was on her birthday, and Harris remembers that she had remarked she was \"38 with a bullet\". The concert is introduced by Holly Hunter, another cast member of the film. She explains the presence of cameramen on the stage by making a joke about it being \"dress-down Wednesday\" at the FBI and saying that several agents have joined the performance that night. The","title":"Down from the Mountain"},{"docid":"5685567","text":"Meg Giry is one of the fictional characters from Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera. In the story, she is Madame Giry's oldest daughter. Description In the novel she is described as having “eyes black as sloes, hair black as ink, a swarthy complexion and a poor little skin stretched over poor little bones\". She is also, in the novel, portrayed as a young girl who adores having her own way and attention. Due to her mother's role as the keeper of Box Five, Meg occasionally acts as a source of information about the ghost to the other ballet girls. She is described by the author in the prologue as \"the most charming star of our admirable corps de ballet.\" Madame Giry is compelled to work for the Phantom because he left her a letter that told her that Meg (should she deserve it) would become Empress. Early in the novel, it is explained in the Prologue that Meg Giry, after the story's events, had indeed become the Baroness de Castelot-Barbezac. In the Andrew Lloyd Webber adaptation, she is Christine's good friend and her personality is much sweeter, caring and innocent showing genuine concern for Christine's claim of an Angel of Music (really the Phantom) coaching her. Meg is more curvaceous and has blonde hair and blue eyes. In contrast to the musical version, in the novel, it is never mentioned that she is friends with Christine Daaé, and the only reference she makes about Christine is when confronted with the news that Christine was singing in the opening Gala, she tells Count Phillipe de Chagny that it was impossible for her to have a \"divine voice\" let alone become a success, that \"six months ago she sang like a crock/rusty hinge\". In Susan Kay's novel Phantom, she is mentioned briefly through Erik’s point of view; as she is telling Christine of the Opera Ghost he listens to her story. \"Never you mind how I know. I just do, that’s all. We know a lot about the Opera Ghost, Ma and I, but it isn’t safe to talk about it here. And you’d better believe me for your own good- he doesn’t like people who don’t know how to show a proper respect, and when he’s angry terrible things happen.\" \"What sort of things?\" I heard real alarm enter the other voice now. \"Awful things!\" said Meg cheerfully, \"truly awful. The floor in our dressing room starts to run with blood...\" Up in box five I blinked in surprised amusement. That was a new one! Little Giry should be writing Gothic novels, not prancing around the stage dressed as a water nymph! \"...disembodied hands come out of the wall and crawl across the stage,\" continued Meg with glee, \"and people just disappear and are never seen again. Like Joseph Buquet.\" Musical In the musical Meg Giry is the one who suggests to the theatre managers to put Christine in the leading role of the opera Hannibal once","title":"Meg Giry"},{"docid":"589966","text":"Foreign Affairs is the fifth studio album by singer and songwriter Tom Waits, released on September 13, 1977, on Asylum Records. It was produced by Bones Howe, and featured Bette Midler singing a duet with Waits on \"I Never Talk to Strangers\". Production Bones Howe, the album's producer and engineer, remembers the album's original concept and production approach thus: \"[Waits] talked to me about doing this other material [...] He said, 'I'm going to do the demos first, and then I'm gonna let you listen to them. Then we should talk about what it should be.' I listened to the material and said, 'It's like a black-and-white movie.' That's where the cover came from. The whole idea that it was going to be a black-and-white movie. It's the way it seemed to me when we were putting it together. Whether or not it came out that way, I don't have any idea, because there's such metamorphosis when you're working on [records]. They change and change.\" Artwork Pictured on the cover with Waits is a Native American woman named Marsheila Cockrell, who worked at the box office of The Troubadour in Los Angeles. \"She was a girl who was... not a girlfriend but she thought she was a girlfriend.\" \"For the album cover Waits wanted to convey the film-noir mood that coloured so many of the songs. Veteran Hollywood portraitist George Hurrell was hired to shoot Waits, both alone and in a clutch with a shadowy female whose ring-encrusted right hand clamped a passport to his chest. The back-cover shot of Tom was particularly good, casting him as a slicked-back hoodlum—half matinee idol, half hair-trigger psychopath. The inner sleeve depicted the soused singer clawing at the keys of his Tropicana upright.\" Critical reception Village Voice critic Robert Christgau gave a mixed review of Foreign Affairs. He appreciated the Bette Midler duet \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", \"Jack & Neal\"'s combination of poetry and jazz, the \"mumbled monologue\" of \"Barber Shop\", and the title track, which he described as \"Anglophile\", but lamented \"Potter's Field\" for its theatrical music and narrative following \"a high-rolling nightstick\". He critiqued the album further in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): Track listing All tracks written by Tom Waits, except where noted. Side one Side two Personnel Tom Waits - vocals, piano Gene Cipriano – clarinet solos on \"Potter's Field\" Jim Hughart – bass Shelly Manne – drums Bette Midler – vocals on \"I Never Talk to Strangers\" Jack Sheldon – trumpet solos Frank Vicari – tenor saxophone solos Notes Tom Waits albums 1977 albums Asylum Records albums Albums produced by Bones Howe Albums with cover art by George Hurrell","title":"Foreign Affairs (Tom Waits album)"},{"docid":"20735750","text":"Robert Joseph Sheen (May 17, 1941 – November 23, 2000) was an American rhythm and blues singer. Biography Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Sheen is best known for singing with Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans who had their biggest hit \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" in 1962 (which was produced by Phil Spector). Sheen also recorded with other groups including The Robins, The Lovables, The Ding Dongs, and The Alley Cats. He would later join Bobby Nunn's group of The Coasters and recorded an album with the group called Coasting in 1979, which was released on Sheen's own record label, Salsa Picante Records. When Bobby Nunn died in 1986, Nunn's group of The Coasters still toured with Sheen and Billy Richards, Jr. as members. Sheen died of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California at the age of 59. Discography Solo singles \"How Many Nights\" / \"How Can We Ever Be Together\" (Liberty #55459) (1962) \"My Shoes Keep Walking Back To You\" / \"I Want You For My Sweetheart\" (Dimension #1043) (1965) \"Come On And Love Me\" / \"Love Stealing\" (Chelsea #3034) \"Dr. Love\" / \"Sweet Sweet Love\" (Capitol #5672) (1966) \"I Shook The World\" / \"Cloud Nine\" (Capitol #5827) (1967) \"The Way Of Love\" / \"Shelter Of Your Arms\" (Capitol #5984) (1967) \"I Don't Have To Dream\" / \"She Taught Me What Love Really Is\" (Capitol #2507) (1969) \"Something New To Do\" / \"I May Not Be What You Want\" (Warner Brothers #7662) (1972) \"If I Ever Dreamed I Hurt You\" / \"It Ain't Easy Being Your Fool\" (Warner Brothers #7701) (1973) \"Payback\" / \"Don't Make Me Do Wrong\" (Warner Brothers #7732) (1973) Various group singles and recordings \"A Quarter To Twelve\" / \"Pretty Little Dolly\" (Knight #2001) (1958) (The Robins) \"A Little Bird Told Me\" / \"It's Never Too Late\" (Knight #2008) (1959) (The Robins) \"Talk, Talk, Talk\" (Knight) (1959) (unreleased) (The Robins) \"Sufferin'\" (Knight) (1959) (unreleased) (The Robins) \"Just Like That\" / \"Whole Lot Of Imagination\" (Arvee #5001) (1959) (The Robins) \"Live Wire Susie\" / \"Oh No\" (Arvee #5013) (1960) (The Robins) \"Ding Dong (Saw Wood Mountain)\" / \"Sweet Thing\" (Eldo #109) (1960) (The Ding Dongs) \"Lassie Come Home\" / \"Late Last Night\" (Todd #1043) (1960) (The Ding Dongs) \"The White Cliffs of Dover\" / \"How Many More Times\" (Lavender #001) (1961) (The Robins) \"Magic Of A Dream\" / \"Mary Lou Loves To Hootchy Kootchy Koo\" (Lavender #002) (1961) (The Robins) \"Short Skirt\" / \"Bread 'n Butter\" (Eastman #9801) (1961) (The Lovables) \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" / \"Flip And Nitty\" (Philles #107) (1962) (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans) \"Puddin 'n' Tain\" / \"Feels So Good\" (Philles #108) (1963) (The Alley Cats) \"Why Do Lovers Break Each Other’s Heart?\" / \"Dr. Kaplan's Office\" (Philles #110) (1963) (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans) \"Not Too Young To Get Married\" / \"Annette\" (Philles #113) (1963) (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans) Albums Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans: Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah (Phillies #4002) (1963) Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans: Spector Wall Of","title":"Bobby Sheen"},{"docid":"4105885","text":"Bernie Taupin is an English lyricist, poet, and singer. In his long-term collaboration with Elton John, he has written the lyrics for most of John's songs. Over the years, he has written songs for a variety of other artists, including Alice Cooper, Heart, Melissa Manchester, Starship, Rod Stewart and Richie Sambora. Taupin and John began writing together in 1967 and, aside from brief periods apart working on other projects, the two have been collaborating ever since. Their newest album, Wonderful Crazy Night, was released in early 2016. Taupin has also released three solo albums and was a member of the short-lived group Farm Dogs, which released two albums in the mid-late 1990s. List of songs This is a list of titles whose lyrics Bernie Taupin has written or co-written. Big Picture B-sides Immigrant Sons Other songs 10 Soldater 12 1965 Accents Across the River Thames Act of War Adult Music Aftermath Ain't We Bad in the Big City All I Want to do is Make Love to You All Or Nothing All That I'm Allowed (I'm Thankful) American Triangle An Angel's Wing And the House Fell Down Anitta Answer in the Sky Are You Alright? Bad News Baby Darling Ball Ballad of the Boy in Red Shoes Bed of Nails Birds Black Cat Crossing the Road Black on Blue Blood in the Dust Blues Never Fade Away Bobbie on the Backburner Bobby Goes Electric Bonnie's Gone Away Bring Back the Magic Building a Bird But Then Again Calling it Christmas Caminaga Ella Tan Linda Cherokee D.J Child Chiquita Cowboy Cry Willow Cry Culture Shock/Counter Clock Damn My Eyes Dance With Life (The Brilliant Light) Dark Diamond Deal for Life Dear Ground Destiny Diamonds Won't Do it (But I Will) Did Anybody Sleep with Joan of Arc? Don't Be the Last to Know Du Far Ej Fa Du Far Ej Ga Dub Till You Drop Dup Songs Emery Green En Sorgsen Sang First Verse Freaks in Love Free to Believe Giardino Dell 'Amore Gimme Eight Seconds Ginseng Woman God Never Came Here Goin' North Going Blind Heart of an Angel Heart of Glass Hell How Long Lord (Before the Night Is Over?) How's Tomorrow? Hungry Eyes I Am Not the Enemy I Am the Hunter I Came to Dance I Can't Keep This From You I Have Slipped I Hypnotise I Must Have Lost It on the Wind I Stop and I Breathe I Want Love If I Was a Country I'm a Working Man I'm Not the Enemy In the Name of Dark Angels It's Getting Dark in Here It's Me that You Need It's Only Rain It's Your Game Jazz Girl Jealousy Regrets Josephine Just Like Noah's Ark Keep It a Mystery Keep Me Le Dernier Mot Leaves Leaving at Midnight Leaving the Fair Light in Your Heart Little Casanova A Little Peace Little Quick Draw Llora Al Cielo Long-Legged Women Look At What We've Done Look Ma No Hands Love Love and Greed Love Cuts Like a Dangerous","title":"List of songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin"},{"docid":"4635135","text":"\"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)\" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1966 album Pet Sounds. Written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher, it is a ballad about nonverbal communication between lovers. Musically, the song is distinguished for its chromaticism, the use of a string sextet, and its key ambiguity. It is among the most harmonically complex songs that Wilson ever composed. Wilson sang lead and produced the track in early 1966 with the aid of 14 session musicians who variously played guitars, vibraphone, timpani, organ, piano, upright bass, a ride cymbal, and strings. It is one of three tracks on Pet Sounds where he is the only Beach Boy featured. Acts who have covered the song include Linda Ronstadt, Fennesz, Anne Sofie von Otter with Elvis Costello, and Jeff Beck with Johnny Depp. Background and lyrics \"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)\" was written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher about nonverbal communication between lovers. In the lyrics, the narrator observes of his lover, \"I can hear so much in your sighs / and I can see so much in your eyes / There are words we both can say / But don't talk, put your head on my shoulder\". The narrator is generally celebratory of the time that the couple are spending together, although the line \"let's not think about tomorrow\" implies that he is also feeling a sense of desperation. According to Asher, \"It's strange to sit down and write a song about not talking ... but we managed to do it and it came off well.\" Wilson thought that \"Don't Talk\" had an overall mood similar to his 1963 song \"Lonely Sea\", explaining, \"It's a different setting, but the emotion is the same.\" His then-wife Marilyn opined that the lyrics demonstrated Wilson at his most \"romantic\", and that \"[o]ther people would have thought [the message] was sissyish, but he was very romantic, and that was just coming from two people just being close.\" In reference to the line \"Listen to my heartbeat\", Brian reflected, \"I felt very deeply about that line. One of the sweetest songs I ever sang. I have to say I'm proud of it. The innocence of youth in my voice, of being young and childlike. I think that's what people liked.\" Music journalist Geoffrey Himes describes the song as a \"ballad that featured Brian singing in a devotional high tenor about the romantic moment when words fail.\" Biographer Timothy White suggests that the lyrics can be interpreted as both \"a peaceful meditation on romantic tranquility\" and \"a song of reunion for any loved ones.\" Conversely, author Jim Fusilli felt that the lyrics suggest \"the way you express your love for someone who is ready to go ... it's what you say when you know it's the last time you'll hold her in your arms.\" Composition Harmonic structure \"Don't Talk\" is among the most harmonically complex songs that Wilson ever composed. The key","title":"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)"},{"docid":"890710","text":"Charlotte Ross (born January 21, 1968) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Eve Donovan on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1991, and as Detective Connie McDowell on the ABC police procedural drama series NYPD Blue from 2001 to 2004. Early life Ross was born in the Chicago suburb of Winnetka, Illinois, on January 21, 1968, and grew up there. Her parents are Debbie Ross Kullby, and Peter Ross (died 2009), who was a financial advisor. She has one sibling, younger brother George, an NYC-based triathlete and hedge fund-analyst. Her first on-screen performance was in My First Mouthpiece when she was eight years old. She moved on to performing in various theater productions around metropolitan Chicago. Career After graduating from New Trier High School, Ross moved to Los Angeles, which her father opposed. She auditioned for the role of Kelly Bundy in the Fox comedy series Married... with Children, but was the producers' second choice behind Christina Applegate to whom she lost the role, before being cast as Eve Donovan on Days of Our Lives. Four years later, Ross co-starred with Katey Sagal in the television film Violation of Trust (aka She Says She's Innocent). The year after that, she guest starred on Married... with Children as one of Bud Bundy's sexier classmates. Ross's run on Days of Our Lives lasted from 1987 to 1991, earning her two Emmy Award nominations. Her other television credits include the musical drama series The Heights (where she sang on the Billboard Number One hit \"How Do You Talk to an Angel\"), The 5 Mrs. Buchanans, Drexell's Class, Pauly, Law & Order, Trinity, Beggars and Choosers, Frasier, Savage Land, Jake in Progress, Fall Into Darkness, and A Kiss So Deadly (which reunited with her Days co-star Charles Shaughnessy). She also co-starred in the Lifetime original films Montana Sky and Christmas in Paradise (both 2007). She earned a Gold record in 1992 for her work as a singer on the soundtrack album to The Heights. Ross also played Connie McDowell in the ABC police procedural drama series NYPD Blue from 2001 to 2004. On February 25, 2003, Ross appeared in an NYPD Blue episode entitled \"Nude Awakening\", which featured shots of her buttocks as she prepared to step into the shower. As a result, the FCC fined each of the 52 ABC stations with a $27,500 fine (a combined $1,430,000) for broadcasting \"indecent material\" between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. However, on January 4, 2011, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously revoked the fine, stating that the FCC's enforcement of its indecency rules was \"unconstitutionally vague and chilling.\" ABC, Inc., et al. v. Federal Communications Commission, No. 08-0841-ag(L) (2nd Cir.). In 2006, Ross joined Billy Blanks to co-host a series of Tae-Bo infomercials. In 2011, Ross appeared as Candy in Summit's 3D film Drive Angry, alongside Nicolas Cage and Amber Heard. From 2009 to 2012, Ross began a recurring role on the","title":"Charlotte Ross"},{"docid":"19428227","text":"Andrew Logan is an American performer, songwriter, and director. Solo album Logan released his debut solo album, Show Me Your Heart, on Motown Records in 1993. Work Fall Out Boy, Young Wild Things US Tour, Director Fall Out Boy, Honda Civic US Tour, Director Panic! at the Disco, Nothing Rhymes with Disco US Tour, Director Toni Braxton, Revealed at the Flamingo Hilton, Las Vegas, Director Dave Koz, A Smooth Jazz Christmas, US Tour, Director Toni Braxton, Libra US Tour, Director Dave Koz, At the Movies US Tour, Director Nobody's Angel, Can't Help Myself US Tour, Director Toni Braxton, \"Talking in His Sleep\" Music Video, Director Nights on Broadway II & III, Musical Director/Vocal Arranger Garth Brooks, \"Snow In July\", Writer. Paula Abdul, \"Ooh La La La\", Producer. Dakota Moon, \"Dakota Moon\", Album Producer. Aaron Carter, \"A Dream About You\", Producer. Orfeh, What Do You Want from Me, Writer/Producer/Co-Executive Producer. Director 2008/2009 HOW SWEET THE SOUND U.S Tour FALL OUT BOY \"Young Wild Things Tour\"/U.S Tour TONI BRAXTON \"Revealed\" Flamingo Hilton, Las Vegas PANIC! AT THE DISCO \"Nothing Rhymes With Disco\"/ U.S Tour\" 2010 STELLAR AWARDS \"Featuring Donald Lawrence & The Atlanta West Pentecostal Choir\" 2010 NAACP AWARDS \"Mary Mary Performance\" MARY MARY \"The Sound\"/U.S Tour\" TONI BRAXTON \"Libra Tour\"/ U.S Tour\" FALL OUT BOY \"Honda Civic Tour\"/U.S Tour\" DAVE KOZ \"A Smooth Jazz Christmas\"/U.S Tour\" \"At The Movies\"/U.S Tour\" \"Greatest Hits\"/U.S Tour\" TONI BRAXTON \"Fox’s New Year's Eve\"/Fox T.V.\" \"NBA All Star Game\"/ Half Time Show TNT\" \"The White Party\"/Palm Springs\" NOBODY'S ANGEL \"Can't Help Myself\"/ U.S Tour\" DAKOTA MOON \"A Place To Land\"/U.S Tour\" NIGHTS ON BROADWAY 2 & 3 /Caesars, Atlantic City(Musical Director/Vocal Arranger) MUSIC VIDEOS DENNIS LOGAN \"The Whole Things Going Down\" TONI BRAXTON \"Talking In His Sleep\"/Revealed Las Vegas\" DONALD LAWRENCE \"Let The Word Do The Work\"/ How Sweet The Sound\" INDUSTRIALS Lea Michele, \"Dove's Favorite Things\" LEXUS, TOYOTA, AXE BODY SPRAY, DOVE, WHIRLPOOL, BURGER KING References American male songwriters American rhythm and blues musicians American rock musicians American male pop singers Motown artists Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American gay musicians American LGBT singers American LGBT songwriters Gay singers Gay songwriters","title":"Andrew Logan (songwriter)"},{"docid":"693813","text":"Wendy Joan Matthews (born 13 January 1960) is a Canadian-born Australian singer-songwriter who has been a member of Models and Absent Friends and is a solo artist. She released Top 20 hit singles in the 1990s including \"Token Angels\", \"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)\", \"The Day You Went Away\" and \"Friday's Child\" with Top 20 albums, You've Always Got The Blues (duet album with Kate Ceberano), Émigré, Lily, The Witness Tree and her compilation, Stepping Stones. She has won six Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Awards. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane she provides \"extraordinary, crystal-clear vocals [...] a soulfulness that was the mark of a truly gifted singer\". Matthews appeared on three series of It Takes Two—an Australian TV celebrity singing competition—partnered with Richard Champion (2006), Russell Gilbert (2007) and John Mangos (2008). On 27 October 2010, Models were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame by Matthews. Biography 1960-1981: Early years Wendy Joan Matthews was born in 1960 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with Abenaki (First Nations tribe), Spanish and Scottish ancestry. Peter and Joan Matthews already had a son, Gary born a year earlier and another son, Glenn followed a year after Matthews. She listened and sang along to Joni Mitchell, Linda Ronstadt and Barbra Streisand records. Her parents separated when she was 14, Peter became a Vancouver advertising executive and Joan took up yoga instructing near Quebec. At the age of 15 Matthews joined friends in the Little Benny Blues Band (named after Little Benny Park where they hung out). She left school at 16 and went busking across North America including south to Mexico with friends. By 1978, she was in Los Angeles where she busked, made jewellery and worked as a session singer. In February 1981, Matthews sang lead vocal for \"Willow Pattern\" on Osamu Kitajima's album Dragon King (1982). She met Japanese musician, Hiroshi Sato, and travelled to Japan to record lead vocals for his fourth album, Awakening, which was released in June on Alfa Records. 1982–1990: Soundtracks, Rockmelons and Absent Friends Back in Los Angeles, Australian singer Glenn Shorrock (ex-Little River Band) asked her to provide backing vocals on his solo album Villain of the Peace (1982) and to join him on his subsequent six-week tour of Australia in 1983. Matthews decided to stay in Sydney at the tour's completion and found herself in demand as a session vocalist and singing jingles. She sang on albums by Jimmy Barnes, Richard Clapton, Tim Finn and Icehouse. After singing backing vocals on Models' 1985 album Out of Mind, Out of Sight, she became a regular vocalist for the band. Matthews and Models' guitarist and vocalist, Sean Kelly, had an 11-year personal relationship. Other backing singers for Models included Kate Ceberano and Zan Abeyratne, both members of I'm Talking – the two bands often toured together. In 1986, Matthews joined Peter Blakeley and The Resurrection, with Blakeley (ex-Rockmelons) on lead vocals, Chris Abrahams on bass guitar and piano (ex-The Benders), Jim Benjamin on drums and","title":"Wendy Matthews"},{"docid":"2105783","text":"Patricia Ann Cole (born October 3, 1946), known professionally as P. P. Arnold, is an American soul singer. Arnold began her career as an Ikette with the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1965. The following year she relocated to London to pursue a solo career. Arnold enjoyed considerable success in the United Kingdom with her singles \"The First Cut Is the Deepest\" (1967) and \"Angel of the Morning\" (1968). Early life Arnold was born into a family of gospel singers, and performed as a vocal soloist for the first time when she was four years old. Her family lived in the African-American Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. She married early and had two children, Kevin and Debbie. Arnold worked two jobs, one in an office and the other in food manufacturing. Career 1960s Arnold credited her friendship from 1964 onwards with Tina Turner for helping to kick start her ultimately successful singing career and for acting as her mentor. Speaking with Jools Holland on BBC Two in December 2023 she gave an insight into the loss of Turner. In 1965, Maxine Smith, an ex-girlfriend of her brother had contacted her with an offer. Smith and her friend Gloria Scott had arranged an audition for the three of them to replace the original Ikettes, the dancer/singer troupe that had provided the vocal and dance accompaniments for the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Smith encouraged Arnold, whom she knew to be a singer to attend the audition. The three young women were offered the job on the spot, Smith persuaded Arnold to attend a concert in Fresno that night before making a final decision. When she arrived home at 6:00 the next morning, Arnold's furious husband hit her. She left him immediately, and after placing her children in the care of her parents, joined the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. As an Ikette, Arnold sang lead on the 1966 single \"What'cha Gonna Do (When I Leave You)\", backed by Brenda Holloway and Patrice Holloway for Phil Spector's Phi-Dan Records. Arnold sang backing vocals on the Ike Turner produced side of the album River Deep – Mountain High. She also appeared in the 1966 concert film, The Big T.N.T Show. Arnold quit the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in the fall of 1966 after their tour with the Rolling Stones in the UK. She remained in London to establish a solo career, with the encouragement of Mick Jagger. Arnold noted the difference between how she had been treated in America and how she was received in England, saying, \"A young black woman on her own in America in a white environment would not have been treated as well as I was in England.\" Her friendship with Jagger helped her land a solo contract with Immediate Records, a label founded by Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham. Arnold enjoyed several major British hits on Immediate Records, including songs written for her by Paul Korda, who wrote \"The Time Has Come\" and released the","title":"P. P. Arnold"},{"docid":"18149438","text":"Did You Know People Can Fly? is the first full-length album by Kaddisfly. It was released in 2003 under a self-titled independent record label. In interviews about the album, the group's musicians commented that they were trying to a new style to stay fresh and differentiate themselves from their prior works. Production The album was released December 12, 2003, under the label Kaddisfly. Aaron Tollefson, a musician who played guitar on the album, commented about the writing of the music, \"when it came to writing this record, we wanted to wipe away everything people knew of us and resurface with a composition that couldn't be boxed, labeled, or formulaically packaged.\" Beau Kuther, a fellow member of the group who contributed percussive talent to the album, observed, \"We wanted to really challenge ourselves and write a record where every noise, texture, and color fit into the composition on a whole.\" Kile Brewer, who contributed bass on the piece, emphasized the importance of the group's music staying original, \"We are all of the same mind that if we are going to exist in this business for life, we will have to perpetually challenge ourselves, take risks, and never create the same record twice. The moment you grow static is the moment your music needs eyes.\" Christopher Ruff, who sang and played piano, later talked about how the album was done \"entirely in a studio out in L.A., it felt a lot staler, it didn’t feel like there was as much depth or as much of an overall vibe to the album. We thought we were able to catch more of a vibe back in Oregon and doing it there.\" Track listing Personnel Christopher Ruff – vocals, piano Aaron Tollefson – guitars Beau Kuther – drums, percussion Kile Brewer – bass, vocals See also Alternative rock Caddisfly Experimental rock Four Seasons EP Set Sail the Prairie Timeline of progressive rock References Further reading External links Did You Know People Can Fly?, CDBaby 2003 debut albums","title":"Did You Know People Can Fly?"},{"docid":"44443450","text":"Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. B.B. King is a box set compilation album by B. B. King. It traces King's career from his first singles for Bullet Records in 1949 to material on his last recorded album in 2008. Crowdfunded by Pledge Music in 2012, it was available in a full ten-disc box exclusive through Amazon.com, and a four-disc \"highlights\" box available everywhere else. People who pledged money also got a digital copy of the out-of-print 1975 album Lucille Talks Back. Both versions of the box are physically out of print; the four disc edition is bundled along with Lucille Talks Back digitally, although this version removes King's first single. Track listing Ten disc edition Disc oneThree O'Clock Blues (1949-1956) \"Miss Martha King\" (2:42) \"When Your Baby Packs Up and Goes\" (2:29) \"Got the Blues\" (2:47) \"Take a Swing with Me\" (2:33) \"B.B. Boogie\" (3:11) Don’t You Want a Man Like Me\" (2:21) Fine Looking Woman\" (2:23) \"She’s Dynamite\" (2:30) \"Three O’Clock Blues\" (3:02) \"That Ain’t the Way to Do It (2:17) \"You Know I Love You\" (3:05) \"Woke Up This Morning\" (2:57) \"Please Love Me\" (2:51) \"Blind Love\" (3:05) \"The Woman I Love\" (2:41) \"Whole Lotta’ Love\" (3:09) \"Everyday I Have the Blues\" (2:49) \"Love You Baby\" (AKA \"Take a Swing with Me\") (2:40) \"When My Heart Beats Like a Hammer\" (2:54) \"You Upset Me Baby\" (3:02) \"Sneakin’ Around\" (3:02) \"Shut Your Mouth\" (2:41) \"Boogie Rock\" (3:05) \"Ten Long Years\" (2:47) \"Crying Won’t Help You\" (3:00) \"Bad Luck\" (2.54) \"Troubles, Troubles, Troubles\" (2:54) Disc twoRock Me Baby (1957-1962) \"Sweet Little Angel\" (3:12) \"Early in the Morning\" (2:34) \"(I’m Gonna) Quit My Baby\" (2:32) \"On My Word of Honor\" (2:54) \"Days of Old\" (2:28) \"Recession Blues\" (2:21) \"Please Accept My Love\" (2:33) \"Everyday I Have the Blues\" (5:05) \"Precious Lord\" (3:22) \"Sweet Sixteen, Parts 1 & 2\" (6:15) \"Don’t Get Around Much Anymore\" (3:15) \"I’ll Survive\" (2:40) \"(I’ve) Got a Right to Love My Baby\" (3:14) \"It’s My Own Fault\" (3:33) \"You Done Lost Your Good Thing Now\" (5:09) \"Walking Dr. Bill\" (3:40) \"Catfish Blues (Fishin’ After Me)\" (2:31) \"Partin’ Time\" (3:00) \"You’re Breaking My Heart\" (4:13) \"Rock Me Baby\" (3:00) \"Blue Shadows\" (3:47) \"The Jungle\" (3:14) \"That Evil Child\" (3:51) Disc threeHow Blue Can You Get (1962-1966) \"You Ask Me\" (2:10) \"I’m Gonna Sit In 'Til You Give In\" (2:13) \"Blues at Midnight\" (2:58) \"My Baby’s Coming Home\" (2:08) \"Chains of Love\" (2:35) \"Sneakin’ Around\" (2:07) \"Slowly Losing My Mind\" (2:32) \"How Blue Can You Get?\" (2:42) \"Whole Lotta Lovin'\" (2:26) \"I Wonder Why\" (3:06) \"Please Accept My Love\" (2:57) \"Help the Poor\" (2:37) \"Never Trust a Woman\" (2:36) \"Worryin’ Blues\" (2:55) \"Stop Leadin’ Me On\" (2:24) \"Everyday I Have the Blues\" (3:08) \"Sweet Little Angel\" (4:10) \"It’s My Own Fault\" (3:06) \"How Blue Can You Get?\" (3:35) \"Please Love Me\" (3:00) \"Tired Of Your Jive\" (2:10) \"All Over Again\" (2:35) \"I’d Rather Drink Muddy Water\" (2:21) \"Cherry Red\" (2:26) \"You’re Still a Square\" (2:23) \"Don’t Answer the Door, Parts","title":"Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. B.B. King"},{"docid":"33323183","text":"How Do You Do is the second studio album by American singer Mayer Hawthorne. It was released on October 11, 2011, by Universal Republic Records. The limited edition box set of the album gave Hawthorne his first Grammy Award nomination for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package in 2014. Singles The album's lead single, \"A Long Time\", was released on May 23, 2011, its music video was released on September 5, 2011. The album's second single, \"The Walk\", was released on August 29, 2011, its music video was released on October 5, 2011, the song peaked at number 32 on the US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs. Critical reception How Do You Do was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 78, based on 19 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.7 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. AllMusic editor David Jeffries commented that Hawthorne's songwriting ability compliments his \"adherence to an aesthetic\" and \"love of nostalgic soul\", and stated, \"that the man sounds more natural and loose than on his debut might be this album's greatest asset, making the vulgar drops and other nods to the present feel less mannered than before\". Barry Walters of Spin called Hawthorne a \"credible crooner\" and commented that \"his increasingly confident cries and grooves and songwriting aplomb are undeniably pro\". Colin McGuire of PopMatters dubbed it \"Hawthorne's masterpiece to date\" and stated, \"What makes How Do You Do so much better than the singer's debut [...] is his foray into up-tempo groove-happy soul music\". Los Angeles Times writer August Brown complimented its \"fantastic pillow talk\" and wrote that the album \"splits the difference between the well-ironed soul revivalism of Adele and R. Kelly's baroquely dirty mind\". Brown added that Hawthorne \"comes into his own as a vocal powerhouse\" and commended the production as \"refined and dynamic in a way that's wholly missing from pop radio\". However, Slant Magazines Jonathan Keefe found Hawthorne's singing \"technically poor\" and marred by a \"shaky sense of pitch\". Keefe noted its musicianship as \"simply flawless in recreating a '70s-era R&B groove\" and stated, \"Hawthorne just doesn't have the vocal chops to pull off an otherwise solid album\". Rolling Stone writer Chuck Eddy found \"Hawthorne's oldschool pop-R&B homages [...] so meticulous that it's tempting to overrate his pipes\", and concluded, \"Don't expect emotion for the ages, and you'll have fun with this\". In his consumer guide, critic Robert Christgau indicating \"the kind of garden-variety good record that is the great luxury of musical micromarketing and overproduction\". He called the album a \"civically revivalist Motown / Ford homage\" and stated, \"What we're hearing here is the Temptations turning into the Delfonics—the way his midrange gives up the verse and his falsetto takes the chorus is as nice as his boyish sexism\". Industry awards Track listing Notes \"A Long Time\" features additional vocals by Noelle Scaggs","title":"How Do You Do (Mayer Hawthorne album)"},{"docid":"20383355","text":"Mike Howe (August 21, 1965 – July 26, 2021) was an American heavy metal singer who performed with Metal Church, Heretic and briefly with mid 80s Los Angeles metal band Snair. Career Howe began his career as the singer for a Detroit band called Hellion (later renamed Snair after moving to Los Angeles) before joining the band Heretic, who were formed in 1986. Heretic released its sole full-length album, Breaking Point in 1988 before Howe departed to join Metal Church and Heretic disbanded. From 1988 until 1996 Howe sang in Metal Church, replacing David Wayne. After Howe joined Metal Church the subject matter deepened. The band's lyrics tackled political and social issues of the day with the releases of Blessing in Disguise and The Human Factor. Howe recorded three albums with Metal Church before the group split up in 1996. Although he had rarely recorded or performed outside of Heretic and Metal Church, Howe provided guest vocals on Hall Aflame's 1991 album Guaranteed Forever and Megora's 1997 EP Illusions. On why he left Metal Church in 1995, Mike Howe stated in an interview in 2017: \"I left Metal Church because of managerial and record company and outside pressures that were putting Metal Church in a position that was not to my liking. They were ruining the band for me business-wise. Small examples like the record cover of [1993's] 'Hanging In The Balance', which was something that I did not approve of and something I did not like at all. And so… [Laughs] It's okay if you like it, but for me, it was not something that I liked. Things like that, the way it was recorded and mixed and the pressures put on me and to push me in ways that I didn't want to be pushed, so things like that. It came to a head to where this is not the band I envisioned and Kurdt envisions and we're basically being bullied around by a management company that doesn't understand us. They think they know better than us. I was like, 'This is it. I'm getting off the ship before it goes down.' Metal Church founder Kurdt Vanderhoof reported in 1998 that Howe had retired and was living in Tennessee with his family. Outside music, he had a full-time job in carpentry and was a father to two sons born in 1997 and 2002, respectively. On April 30, 2015, Metal Church announced that Howe had rejoined the band, and he appeared on two more albums with them – XI (2016) and Damned If You Do (2018), as well as their 2017 live album Classic Live and the 2020 compilation album From The Vault. Death On July 26, 2021, Metal Church announced via the band's Facebook page that Howe had died that morning at his home in Eureka, California, aged 55. The cause of death was ruled suicide. He was the second singer of Metal Church to have died following David Wayne in 2005. Discography With Heretic Breaking Point (1988,","title":"Mike Howe"},{"docid":"27261357","text":"Yoon Joo-sang (born June 25, 1949) is a South Korean actor. In 2009, he won the Best Supporting Actor award during the 2009 KBS Drama Awards for his role in Iris. Filmography Film Cane (Hoichori) (2011) Miss Gold Digger (2007) Happy Killing (2007) Radio Star (2006) King and the Clown (2005) Diary of June (2005) Duelist (2005) Thomas Ahn Jung-geun (2004) Spider Forest (2004) The President's Barber (2004) Arahan (2004) The Circle (2003) Natural City (2003) No Comment (2002) Amygdala (2002) This Is Law (2001) Guns & Talks (2001) Dream of a Warrior (2001) General Hospital the Movie: A Thousand Days (2000) Phantom: The Submarine (1999) The Ring Virus (1999) Shiri (1999) The Happenings (1998) Bitter and Sweet (1995) The Taebaek Mountains (1994) Television series Mental Coach Jegal (2022) Extraordinary Attorney Woo (2022) (cameo, ep. 2) Move to Heaven (2021) (cameo, ep. 8) Revolutionary Sisters (2021) Hello, Me! (2021) The Uncanny Counter (2020) Memorials (2020) 365: Repeat the Year (2020) Doctor John (2019) Hide and Seek (2018) Your House Helper (2018) Radio Romance (2018) The Secret of My Love (2017–2018) Live Up to Your Name (2017) Second to Last Love (2016) The Good Wife (2016) High Society (2015) My Unfortunate Boyfriend (2015) EXO Next Door (2015) Drama Festival – \"4teen\" (2014) (cameo) Tears of Heaven (2014) Trot Lovers (2014) KBS Drama Special – \"The Reason I'm Getting Married\" (2014) Emergency Couple (2014) (cameo, ep. 1) One Warm Word (2013) Drama Special Series – \"Puberty Medley\" (2013) I Can Hear Your Voice (2013) Iris II: New Generation (2013) School 2013 (2012–2013) The King of Dramas (2012–2013) Arang and the Magistrate (2012) Big (2012) I Do, I Do (2012) Can't Live Without You (2012) The Wedding Scheme (tvN, 2012) Korean Peninsula (2012) Padam Padam (2011–2012) KBS Drama Special – \"Sorry I'm Late\" (2011) Ojakgyo Family (2011) Baby Faced Beauty (2011) Sign (2011) (cameo) Drama Special Series – \"Special Crime Squad MSS\" (2011) Smile, Mom (2010–2011) KBS Drama Special – \"Family Secrets\" (2010) Big Thing (2010) Kim Su-ro, The Iron King (2010) Becoming a Billionaire (2010) Iris (2009) Smile, You (2009–2010) The Accidental Couple (2009) My Too Perfect Sons (2009) Ja Myung Go (2009) Star's Lover (2008–2009) Drama City – \"Love Hunt, Thirty Minus Three\" (2008) Painter of the Wind (2008) Matchmaker's Lover (2008) Working Mom (2008) Lawyers of the Great Republic of Korea (2008) Women in the Sun (2008) Who Are You? (2008) Lobbyist (2007) Auction House (2007) Drama City – \"Sky Lovers\" (2007) MBC Best Theater – \"Red Dream\" (MBC, 2007) Daughters-in-Law (2007–2008) Kimchi Cheese Smile (2007) Capital Scandal (2007) Drama City – \"Crazy Love\" (2007) Air City (2007) MBC Best Theater – \"There is Soup\" (2006) Korea Secret Agency (2006) The Invisible Man (2006) MBC Best Theater – \"Hello Angel\" (2006) Drama City – \"San-sa's Morning\" (2005) Sweet Spy (2005–2006) Drama City – \"Accompany\" (2004) Drama City – \"A Flower at the Tip of the Knife\" (2004) Drama City – \"Our Ham\" (2004) Jang Gil-san (2004) My 19 Year Old","title":"Yoon Joo-sang"},{"docid":"71307","text":"\"Me and a Gun\" is a song by American singer-songwriter and musician Tori Amos. It was released as the first single from her debut studio album Little Earthquakes and is her debut single under the name Tori Amos. It was released on October 21, 1991 by Atlantic Records in North America and EastWest Records in the UK. Background The song is three minutes and 44 seconds long. Amos wrote the song about being raped in Los Angeles when she was 21. After she performed at a bar, a patron asked her if he could have a ride home. She obliged, and he raped her at knifepoint. Years later, in London, she saw the film Thelma and Louise and was stirred. Amos discussed the attack in a 1994 interview: \"I'll never talk about it at this level again but let me ask you. Why have I survived that kind of night, when other women didn't? How am I alive to tell you this tale when he was ready to slice me up? In the song I say it was 'Me and a Gun' but it wasn't a gun. It was a knife he had. And the idea was to take me to his friends and cut me up, and he kept telling me that, for hours. And if he hadn't needed more drugs I would have been just one more news report, where you see the parents grieving for their daughter. And I was singing hymns, as I say in the song, because he told me to. I sang to stay alive. Yet I survived that torture, which left me urinating all over myself and left me paralyzed for years. That's what that night was all about, mutilation, more than violation through sex. I really do feel as though I was psychologically mutilated that night and that now I'm trying to put the pieces back together again. Through love, not hatred. And through my music. My strength has been to open again, to life, and my victory is the fact that, despite it all, I kept alive my vulnerability.\" When released as a single, the track was not the A-side: \"Silent All These Years,\" another song from Little Earthquakes, was the first track, with \"Me and a Gun\" appearing third (or as the B-side on the 7\" release). \"Silent All These Years\" was a more accessible song, and radio stations began to play that instead. Ultimately the single was re-released with nearly identical packaging but retitled as Silent All These Years. Amos made a habit of singing this song during live appearances. In 1994, the DC Rape Crisis Center awarded her a Visionary award for the song and the co-creation of RAINN. Amos stopped singing the song live in December 2001 and did not sing it live again until September 2007 (with the exception of one performance in Istanbul in August 2005). Effect on rape myths The lyrics of Me and a Gun address the rape myth where some people believe","title":"Me and a Gun"},{"docid":"63217039","text":"Lee Hicken (born 1981) is a media entrepreneur, film, television and documentary director/producer and owner of award-winning film company The City Talking, based in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. His most recent project was a documentary series about Leeds United during the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons available on Amazon Prime and ESPN. Early life Lee Hicken was born in Leeds in 1981. He studied Film and Television at University in England and then later studied Fashion Marketing and Communication at the European Institute of Design in Barcelona during his early/mid twenties. Hicken returned to England in 2009. Career Music in Leeds (2015) Hicken's first film was Music in Leeds, a documentary made in conjunction with the BBC in 2015 examining the history of the music scene in the city. The film was premiered on December 8, 2015 at Belgrave Music Hall in Leeds with many of the artists who inspired and featured in the film in attendance including the Kaiser Chiefs, Utah Saints, Pigeon Detectives, the Sisters of Mercy and Bridewell Taxis. The City Talking's synopsis of the film read: ‘he City Talking: Music in Leeds, Vol.1, applies the storytelling sensibilities of The City Talking to a thirty-five year period when music made Leeds a city where you didn't want to miss a note, a beat, a synth stab or a chord.’ Do You Want To Win? (2017) A documentary about Leeds United's renaissance in the early 1990s under Howard Wilkinson entitled Do You Want To Win?, released in 2017, continued The City Talking's shift more towards becoming more a film-based media company. The one-off documentary feature, Do You Want To Win? documents how, in October 1988, Howard Wilkinson laid down a simple challenge to Leeds United, the players and the city. The City Talking's synopsis of the film is: ‘Do You Want To Win? is the story of how Leeds United emerged from the shadows of history and reputation, and by 1992 got back not only what it wanted, but what it deserved. It stars Vinnie Jones, Gordon Strachan, Gary McAllister and Howard Wilkinson.‘, which in the summer of 2018 became available to watch for Prime Video customers across the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. As Good As It Gets? (2018) As Good As It Gets? is the story of the most successful period in Leeds Rhinos’ history, and how a tight knit group of people won multiple Super League Titles, Challenge Cups and World Club Challenges, culminating in the historic treble of 2015. The film stars Kevin Sinfield, Jamie Peacock, Jamie Jones-Buchanan, Brian McDermott, Gary Hetherington and is narrated by actor Matthew Lewis. Lee Hicken, an ardent Rhinos supporter, directed the film and carried out the key interviews himself. Take Us Home: Leeds United (2019 & 2020) At the start of the 2018–19 season, it was agreed that The City Talking would produce a season-long behind-the-scenes docu-series about Leeds United, entitled Take Us Home: Leeds United. The six-part docuseries debuted on Amazon Prime in August 2019","title":"Lee Hicken"},{"docid":"36046198","text":"S.H.E Is the one () was released on 4 March 2011 on Blu-ray and DVD and features the Taipei stop of their S.H.E Is the One Concert Tour. It also includes a bonus DVD of behind the scenes, video messages from their mothers, Selina's wedding proposal and their KTV music videos. The live album received \"Top 1 Selling Mandarin Albums of the Year\" in the IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards 2012. Track listing The concert had each member perform two solos. Selina and Hebe sang English songs for one of their solos while Ella sang a self-penned song. They performed different versions on some of their songs and the concert also featured songs from their Shero album. Song List Overture:\"S. H. E Is the one\" \"Super Star\" \"Boom\" \"Super Model\" \"Miss Universe\" (宇宙小姐) \"Planet 612\" (612星球) \"Tropical Rainforest\" (熱帶雨林) \"Grey Sky\" (天灰) \"Mayday\" (五月天) \"How are you doing recently\" (最近還好嗎) \"Flowers Have Blossomed\" (花都開好了) \"I Love Rainy Night Flower\" (我愛雨夜花) \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\" (倫敦大橋垮下來) \"How to do\" (怎麼辦) \"Long Live Adorableness\" (可愛萬歲) \"VCR of Ella's Adventure Story\" (Ella的冒險故事VCR) \"Dream a little dream of me\" (Hebe solo) \"Wake me up before you go-go\" (Selina solo) \"I am who I am\" (我就是我) (Ella solo) \"Electric Shock\" (觸電)(Broadway Version) \"Love So Right\" (愛就對了) \"Daybreak\" (天亮了) \"Half Sugarism\" (半糖主義) \"I Love Trouble\" (我愛煩惱) \"Piquancy\" (痛快) \"VCR of Three Little Girls' Wishes\" (三個小女孩的願望VCR) \"The Angel is Singing Intro\"+\"Golden Shield, Iron Cloth\"+\"Dreamland\" (天使在唱歌Intro+金鐘罩鐵布衫＋夢田) \"Happy Birthday to ELLA\" \"Wife\" (老婆) \"Simple love\" (簡單愛) (Ella solo) \"Admiration\" (崇拜) (Selina solo) \"Book of Exhilaration\" (笑忘書) (Hebe solo) \"Loneliness Terminator\"＋\"Three Days and Nights\" (終結孤單＋三天三夜) Taiwanese Hokkien Suite:\"Tea\"＋\"Mother, Please Take Care\"＋\"Farewell to the Seacoast\"＋\"Huan Xi Jiu Hao\"＋\"S.H.E's Mothers' Debuts\" (台語組曲:茶噢＋媽媽請妳也保重＋惜別的海岸＋歡喜就好+熟女版S. H. E的初登場) \"Magic\" (魔力) (S. H. E with you) \"I. O. I. O\" \"Persian Cat\" (波斯貓) \"Don't Wanna Grow Up\" (不想長大) \"Beauty Up My Life\" \"Remember\" \"Genesis\" (美麗新世界) Encore \"Chinese\" (中國話) \"SHERO\" Encore Again \"You Won't Be\" (你不會) \"Where's Love\" (愛呢) \"Loving You\" (愛上你) \"Faraway\" (遠方) \"It's Quiet Now\" (安靜了) \"Not Yet Lovers\" (戀人未滿) Credit References S.H.E albums HIM International Music albums 2011 video albums","title":"S.H.E Is the One"},{"docid":"74942375","text":"The Young Forever Tour was singer-songwriter Nessa Barret's first tour. Barrett sang a mixture of songs off her EP, \"Pretty Poison\", and debut album,Young Forever. The tour was announced on December 13, 2022, and kicked off in Phoenix, Arizona on February 22, 2023. The North American leg of the tour also included performances in Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Nashville, Washington, DC, Philadelphia, Boston, New York City, Toronto, Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco, before ending in Los Angeles on March 21. The European leg of the tour, which included shows in London, brought the total number of performances to 23 shows. Isabel LaRosa opened for the tour in North America. She sang songs from her catalogue, including her viral hit that gained traction on TikTok, \"I'm Yours.\" For the European leg of the tour, Daniel Briskin opened the shows. Critical reception Overall, reviews by critics were positive on the \"Young Forever\" tour. Alessandra Guarneri of Celeb Mix said \"Barrett effortlessly captured each attendee’s attention from the moment she stepped on stage\". Alex West of The Aquarian said that Nessa's performance at Terminal 5 in New York City \"radiated confidence, power, and raw emotion\". Catherine Goodman of The Emory Wheel was \"astonished by her grace, her gratitude, and above all, her talent,\" and declared she was \"now, without shame, a full-fledged Nessa Barrett fan\". Emma Hiebert of The PCM Outlook complimented Barret's transitions between songs. Set list Nessa Barrett curated the setlist with the help of music director Asaf Rodeh. Barrett wanted to tell a story with the setlist and did so by transitioning songs together. Barrett said her favorite songs to perform are \"gaslight\", \"lovebomb\", and \"BANG BANG!\". North America madhouse talk to myself decay too hot to cry god's favorite scare myself dear god tired of California deathmatch American jesus lovebomb lucky star do you really want to hurt me? gaslight die first bang bang! unnecessary violence i hope ur miserable until your dead Europe madhouse talk to myself too hot to cry god's favorite scare myself dear god tired of California 505 American jesus lovebomb lucky star noose do your really want to hurt me? gaslight dying on the inside die first bang bang i hope ur miserable until your dead References 2023 concert tours Concert tours of the United States","title":"Young Forever Tour"},{"docid":"70710272","text":"\"Supermodel\" is a song by Italian rock band Måneskin. It was released on 13 May 2022 through Epic Records and Sony Music, as the second single of their third studio album, Rush! (2023). It was written by Måneskin members Damiano David, Victoria De Angelis, Thomas Raggi and Ethan Torchio, alongside Justin Tranter and the song's producers Max Martin, Rami Yacoub and Sylvester Sivertsen. It is a California-inspired pop rock track with a grunge intro. Inspired by the group's stay in Los Angeles, they created a fictional character named \"Supermodel\", and the song talks about her life–what she does for a living, how she spends her life and that she would not love anyone back. The single was mostly met with positive reviews; however, in a review posted by Jenesaispop, Max Martin's production was deemed as damaging to the band's personality. \"Supermodel\" was released ahead of the band's interval performance in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, where they debuted the song live. Additionally, they performed it on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon one week later. To further promote the track, its music video was published on 31 May. Directed by Bedroom Projects and Ben Chappel, the video pays homage to 1990s cinema, while its plotline involves the titular \"Supermodel\", portrayed by Nina Marker, who stole De Angelis' purse. The band is seen trying to capture her to reclaim the stolen object. Commercially, the single peaked within top ten of five countries, and charted at number 11 in Italy, where it was certified platinum. Background and development Following Måneskin's win at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song \"Zitti e buoni\", the band achieved global success. In February 2022, they moved to Los Angeles to record their third studio album. In the city, they met many people obsessed with an idea of \"celebrity\" status or trying really hard to dress up for parties. According to the group's frontman, Damiano David, the band members were thinking that this obsession with status and appearance must be an exaggeration made by TV and movies, but it turned out to be real. This caused them to wonder whether or not these types of people are happy, leading to the creation of a fictional character called \"Supermodel\". \"Supermodel\" was written by the members of Måneskin, Justin Tranter, and the song's producers Max Martin, Rami Yacoub, and Sly. Måneskin first met Martin after their performance in Los Angeles in November 2021, and decided to work with him. In an interview with Billboard, David described experience of working with Martin as \"cool\", and said that he and his team \"never tried to force us to do something that we didn't want to do [instead] he basically wanted to understand how we work and how we're used to making music and what makes us happy about music.\" \"Supermodel\" came from a jamming session that the band had, when the producer asked \"How can I help you to make it global?\". The song depicts","title":"Supermodel (Måneskin song)"},{"docid":"76280249","text":"Jet Lady is a 1982 album by Angela Masson, released under the name Tangela Tricoli. Masson is an accomplished pilot who flew with American Airlines, set several speed records, and was the first woman cleared to fly Boeing 747s. The album included songs that originated on her 1980s public access talk show Tangela Tonight. Only 1,000 copies of the album were pressed, and it loitered in obscurity until its inclusion in the 2002 outsider music compilation Songs in the Key of Z. Masson's singing on the album has been described as off-key and \"deranged\". The song \"Stinky Poodle\" from the album has been noted for its resemblance to \"Smelly Cat\", sung by Lisa Kudrow on the sitcom Friends. Jet Lady was reissued with bonus tracks in 2004 by Arf! Arf! Records. Background Angela Masson (Tangela Tricoli) is a pioneering aviator who captained flights with American Airlines for 20 years. She was the first woman to be authorized to fly the Boeing 747 and set several world speed records with the Boeing 777. She earned her PhD from the University of Southern California in aerospace safety, teaches aeronautics, and patented the first true electronic flight bag. In the early 1980s, Masson had a public access talk-variety show in Los Angeles called Tangela Tonight. Some of the songs that Masson recorded for Jet Lady originated on the show. The song \"Stinky Poodle\" was a theme song for the show and honored the poodles that appeared in each episode. Music and recording Masson composed, arranged and sang all of the songs on Jet Lady. She provided her own accompaniment on acoustic guitar, tablas, piano, and synthesizer. On some of the songs, including \"Stinky Poodle\", she doubles her vocal track and uses reverb and echo. Masson addresses various topics in her songs, such as love, flying jets, looking for cheese at the supermarket, space women, and the life of a housewife. Masson said that she created the 11-track album \"just for fun\" as a way for her to be creative. Jet Lady was Masson's sole album and only 1,000 copies were pressed. According to Masson, at one point she put the remaining 200 copies of the album in a Texas storage facility where they disappeared. They were distributed through Tower Records. The cover of the album depicts Masson wearing her officer insignia and pilot's cap. The title track from the album, \"Jet Lady\", was included in the second volume of the outsider music compilation Songs in the Key of Z in 2002. An expanded edition of Jet Lady was released by Arf! Arf! Records in 2004. It included six bonus tracks and several multimedia files with video footage of Tricoli in the early 1980s. For the reissue, Masson re-recorded a version of \"Stinky Poodle\" in 2003 along with her nieces and her daughter. Also included were two duets she made with Ed Howes, one a cover of \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\". The album includes a 40-page booklet with photographs, an","title":"Jet Lady"},{"docid":"5725077","text":"\"Talk to Me\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Stevie Nicks for her third solo studio album Rock a Little (1985). Written by Chas Sandford, the song was released as the lead single from the album in October 1985, through Modern Records. The single became a big hit for Nicks, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks and peaking at number one on the Billboard Top Mainstream Rock Songs chart for two weeks in 1985. Background and composition The song was written by Chas Sandford, who co-wrote John Waite's 1984 hit \"Missing You\". Sandford also plays most of the instruments on \"Talk to Me\". The song was brought to Nicks' attention by producer Jimmy Iovine, \"who was always on the hunt for a hit song.\" Nicks said she didn't like the song at first because she had trouble with the vocals, but Iovine persisted and she eventually recorded it. Jim Keltner was in the studio next door doing some drum overdubs during the recording process. After Nicks explained her dilemma, Keltner gave her some words of encouragement and offered to stay with her and be her audience. Nicks sang the song twice during the session and then it was finished. Reception Cash Box called it \"a mid-tempo rocker which makes good uses of Nicks’ throaty lead and harmony vocals.\" Billboard said that it \"packs a real wallop.\" Music video The promotional music video shows Nicks performing the song direct to camera in a variety of different sets in what looks like a grand house. One of the sets is a long white room that looks like an art gallery and has three steps in the middle which Nicks, her backing singers Sharon Celani and Lori Perry, and two male dancers, perform choreographed dance steps together. Nicks' brother, Christopher, features in the video playing the saxophone. Live performances \"Talk to Me\" made its live debut on the Rock a Little world tour in 1986. It was also included on the Canadian leg of The Other Side of the Mirror tour set in 1989. Nicks also performed on the 1991 \"Whole Lotta Trouble Tour\" to promote her greatest hits album Timespace: The Best of Stevie Nicks. The last time it was played live was on the Street Angel Tour in 1994. Single release formats \"Talk to Me\" was released as a 7-inch vinyl in many territories in the picture sleeve featured above, with \"One More Big Time Rock and Roll Star\" as its non-album B-side. Promo 7-inch singles with picture sleeve were also released in some countries, including the U.S., and featured the title track on both sides of the disc. Picture sleeves varied country by country in its European 7\" release, with Spain and Germany using sleeves which featured the artist name and title but no photograph, and the UK used a picture sleeve which featured the black-and-white photograph of Nicks which was used for the back cover of the Rock a","title":"Talk to Me (Stevie Nicks song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4908106\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Boys\\\" is a song written by Luther Dixon and Wes Farrell, originally recorded by the Shirelles at Bell Sound Studios in New York City and released as the B-side of their \\\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\\\" single in November 1960. It was recorded more than two years later by the Beatles and included on their debut album in the United Kingdom, Please Please Me (1963). The Shirelles' version In 1960, the American girl group the Shirelles released \\\"Boys\\\" as B-side of \\\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\\\" (Scepter single 1211), published by Ludix Pub. Inc. (BMI). The Beatles' version The Beatles' version was recorded at Abbey Road Studios on February 11, 1963, in a single take. It is Ringo Starr's first recorded lead vocal with the Beatles and, as the fifth track on the Beatles' first album, Please Please Me, represents the first time many fans heard Starr singing a lead vocal. This version bears many similarities to Ray Charles's hit \\\"What'd I Say\\\", particularly during the chorus verses. February 11 was a marathon day for the Beatles, because they recorded 10 of the 14 tracks they needed for Please Please Me. The band also included another song by the Shirelles, \\\"Baby It's You\\\" on the album. The Beatles did not concern themselves about possible homosexual undertones that go with singing a song about boys, although they altered the gender pronouns employed on the Shirelles' version (e.g. \\\"My girl says when I kiss her lips...\\\"). In an October 2005 Rolling Stone interview, Paul McCartney stated: \\\"Any one of us could hold the audience. Ringo would do 'Boys', which was a fan favourite with the crowd. And it was great — though if you think about it, here's us doing a song and it was really a girls' song. 'I talk about boys now!' Or it was a gay song. But we never even listened. It's just a great song. I think that's one of the things about youth — you just don't give a shit. I love the innocence of those days.\\\" McCartney also said: \\\"Ringo always used to do a song in the show. Back then he had 'Boys'. It was a little embarrassing because it went, 'I'm talking about boys - yeah, yeah - boys'. It was a Shirelles hit and they were girls singing it, but we never thought we should call it Girls, just because Ringo was a boy. We just sang it the way they'd sung it and never considered any implications.\\\" (Paul McCartney. From Anthology.) \\\"Boys\\\" had always been the Beatles' \\\"drummer\\\" song during their Cavern days − Pete Best sang it at that time – and it was their main \\\"drummer\\\" song until 1964. Coincidentally, Starr also sang the song for his solo spot with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, and Cilla Black would sometimes join him on stage, sharing the microphone. Best released his own version of the song in 1965. A live version of the song was included on the Beatles live\",\n \"title\": \"Boys (The Shirelles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44424732\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Derek Foster (born February 29, 1984) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead singer of the band Foster the People. After struggling to create a successful band in his early twenties, Foster finally had his big break as the founder and frontman of Foster the People in 2009, which he formed alongside his two friends Mark Pontius and Cubbie Fink. The band has since released three studio albums: Torches in 2011, Supermodel in 2014, and Sacred Hearts Club in 2017. Early life Mark Foster was born on February 29, 1984, in Milpitas, California, and grew up outside Cleveland, Ohio. As a boy, he sang in the Cleveland Orchestra Children’s Chorus and played the drums, guitar, and piano. As a teenager he played in garage bands. His first gig came in 2001, when his high-school band competed in a local Battle of the Bands. In 2002, he graduated from Nordonia High School in Macedonia, Ohio. Career Early career (2002–2008) After graduating from high school in 2002, Foster followed on his father's advice and moved out to live with an uncle in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Sylmar, Los Angeles. As a result he would be closer to pursuing his musical dreams. In an interview with NPR's David Greene, Foster detailed his reaction to the intimidating city into which he had thrown himself, reflecting: \\\"You really got to have a strong sixth sense to be able to kind of navigate the waters because the weird thing about LA is just—especially in Hollywood—is just like, the entertainment industry is kind of bizarre. It was the first time that I realized that people that were mentally ill also happened to be in like, powerful positions.\\\" Foster's early years in Los Angeles were very difficult for him; of that time, he said \\\"For eight years, I just scraped by as a starving artist delivering pizzas, sleeping on couches, sleeping in my car and all of those things.\\\" Foster worked various odd jobs during his first several years on his own while trying to grow his own social network. These included waiting tables, painting houses, telemarketing, and bartending. In a 2012 interview with The Baltimore Sun, he talked about how he particularly valued bartending and encouraged aspiring musicians to follow in his footsteps: \\\"Kids hit me up on Twitter and I tell them to learn how to bar-tend. There are career waiters in Los Angeles and they're making over $100,000 a year.\\\" In his first six years in Los Angeles, Foster did not have much success with breaking into the music business as a solo artist. At age 21 his band almost secured a record deal in New York. About two years later, he was given the opportunity to work with Dr. Dre's record label, Aftermath Entertainment. However, the deal fell through and he was left without solid footing for a solo musical career. Foster co-composed and performed lead vocals on the Toques' song \\\"Breakdown\\\", featured in the 2006\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Foster (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6718091\",\n \"text\": \"Siobhan Patricia Dillon (born 1 September 1984) is an English actress and singer, who rose to fame when she performed in the British talent show-themed television series How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? on BBC One in 2006. Since then, Dillon has performed in the West End, playing the roles of Sandy in Grease at the Piccadilly Theatre, Vivienne Kensington in Legally Blonde at the Savoy Theatre, Sally Bowles in Cabaret, Molly in Ghost the Musical at the Piccadilly Theatre, Ellen in Miss Saigon, and Betty Schaefer in Sunset Boulevard with the English National Opera. Siobhan reprised this role at the Palace Theatre in New York City. Background Dillon's mother owned her own business in advertising after being a drama teacher. Her father is Irish from Dún Laoghaire. For her ninth birthday Dillon asked her parents for singing lessons, and had vocal training with singing teacher Richard Paul up to the age of 16. Siobhan attended The Friary School in Lichfield where she performed in shows, but as she did not think she would become a singer, she turned to the fashion world. She was a member of Lichfield Operatic Society and in October 2001 performed the title song from the musical Whistle Down the Wind as part of the society's show, Whistle Down the West End at The Friary School Theatre in Lichfield. After Michael Parkinson heard a tape of her singing, he asked her to sing at his charity cricket ball in 2003, where she got a standing ovation. Prior to appearing on How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? Dillon was in the middle of a BA Hons degree in Product Design and Development for the Fashion Industry, Accessories pathway at Cordwainers College, University of the Arts London. Career How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria? Dillon was 21 years old when she appeared on the BBC television show, How Do You Solve A Problem Like Maria?. She reached the final of the show and finished in third place behind Helena Blackman and winner Connie Fisher. Despite being one of the favourites during the first round of auditions, Dillon initially did not make the final ten after an illness had affected her vocals during the final stages. However, after finalist Emilie Alford dropped out of the competition, Dillon, being the last person eliminated during the selection process returned to the show and was given the nickname, \\\"Second Chance Maria\\\". In week one of the live shows Dillon sang the Shania Twain hit, \\\"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\\\". In week two she sang the Tina Arena song, \\\"Chains\\\". In the lead up to the third week's show, David Ian talked to the girls about fitness and stamina and sent them on a fitness test mission with Olympic track and field athlete Iwan Thomas, requiring the Marias to complete an assault course. Dillon completed the course in the fastest time of under two minutes. On the show she sang the Pointer Sisters hit, \\\"Jump!\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Siobhan Dillon\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57675697\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony took place on Thursday, 14 June 2018, at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia at 3:30 (BST), about a half hour before the opening match which Russia won 5–0 over Saudi Arabia. Mascots Zabivaka (English: \\\"The one who scores\\\"), was the official mascot for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and was voted for by a 53% margin. The design is of a wolf who represents fun, charm, and character. Former world cup winning, Brazilian striker Ronaldo was another mascot of the tournament. Ronaldo was the intended man to deliver the ceremonial first kick of the tournament but instead, he gave that honor to the child mascot who passed the official match ball to Zabivaka in order to start the tournament. The match ball (an Adidas Telstar 18) was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June. Speeches Russian President Vladimir Putin gave the opening speech of the tournament in which he talked about an \\\"open, hospitable and friendly\\\" Russia hosting the tournament. He also described Russia's love for football, calling the tournament and the game \\\"a unity which cannot be affected by a different language, ideology or faith\\\". Putin ended by saying: Putin's speech was immediately followed by a short speech from FIFA President Gianni Infantino who said: Following the two speeches the performance of the ceremony were allowed to commence before the opening match between Russia and Saudi Arabia. Performances British pop singer Robbie Williams took centre stage at the end of the ceremony with a rendition of \\\"Let Me Entertain You\\\" before Russian soprano Aida Garifullina was carried out on to the pitch on the back of a \\\"firebird\\\" float. Williams sang a section of \\\"Feel\\\" before he and Garifullina performed a duet of \\\"Angels\\\" as performers emerged, dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation. Williams then sang \\\"Rock DJ\\\" in an encore as the pitch was being cleared for the first match. Controversy During the encore, Williams gave the middle finger. Fox in the US apologised for the incident. The incident was not shown on ITV in the UK who had cut away prior to the encore. In addition, while singing Rock DJ, Williams sung, \\\"Pimpin' ain't easy. Most of them fleece me, but I did this for free.\\\" The lyrics \\\"But I did this for free\\\" replaced the lyrics \\\"Every night\\\". Williams appeared on This Morning on 19 June and explained what happened, “It was one minute to kick off, I was under a lot of pressure, because there was one minute left and I didn't know how I was going to do half a minute, so I just did a one-minute countdown [using his middle finger].” Asked by presenter Phillip Schofield whether he regrets it, he said: \\\"Yeah, of course, yeah. I cannot trust me. And the last thing I said to my manager before we\",\n \"title\": \"2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18290876\",\n \"text\": \"Terra Deva McNair is an American singer, actress, and dancer, best known for her contributions to seasons 4 and 5 of the Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Club. She has achieved continued success as both a solo artist and collaborator. Deva was born in Northern California. She lived for several years in New York and London and currently resides in Los Angeles. Early career During her early years, Deva landed her first job starring in the television show The Mickey Mouse Club for two seasons. She sang, acted, danced, and interviewed celebrities five days a week. At 16, she left Disney. Around 1993, Terra started going to raves and clubs. After meeting several British DJs and producers, she traveled back and forth to the United Kingdom to write and perform small shows. She also did jazz shows, funk shows, television and radio commercials, and industrial films in San Francisco. Influences Deva's work was influenced by Prince, Al Green, Bob Marley, michael jackson, Cocteau Twins, PJ Harvey, Tori Amos, Björk, Seal, Joyce, Lenny Kravitz, and Nick Drake. She also appreciates the work of The Brand New Heavies, Deee-Lite, and underground dance vinyl. Discography Studio albums Pulled Apart (1998) Singles Fresh Start (1997) Inside (1998) NRK ReMasters 003 (2005) NRK ReMasters 007 (2005) Easy / Sniff (unknown) Guest appearances Furry Phreaks: Want me (Like Water) (1995), Soothe (1998), and All Over The World (2007) Colorful Karma: For the Music (1999) Junior Jack: Thrill me / How you Thrill Me (2002) AK1200: Fake (2002) Pete Moss - After 2 (2002) Who Da Funk - Sting Me Red (Clever) (2002) Charles Webster - Ready (2002) Jimmy Van M & Young American Primitive - Forget Time (2002) Morillo - What Do You Want (2004) Bang On! Productions - Plush City (unknown) Successful singles Terra's most successful singles are: \\\"At Night\\\" with Shakedown, which reached number 6 in the United Kingdom and was in the top ten in Europe \\\"Sting Me Red (Clever)\\\" with Who Da Funk \\\"How You Thrill Me\\\" with Junior Jack and Erick Morillo \\\"Less Talk More Action\\\" with Tim Deluxe References External links Terra Deva on Facebook Terra Deva on Instagram Terra Deva on Twitter Terra Deva on YouTube Singers from California Living people American child actresses Mouseketeers 1976 births American child singers\",\n \"title\": \"Terra Deva\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19636400\",\n \"text\": \"Satsangi Jivan is the authorised biography of Swaminarayan. The book contains information on the life and teachings of Swaminarayan. It is written by Shatanand Swami and completed in 1829.Swaminarayan decided to make Gadhada his permanent residence on the insistence of Dada Khachar and his sisters. Upon completion of the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada in 1828, Swaminarayan instructed Shatanand Swami to write a book on his life and pastimes. The book Satsangi Jivan comprises 19,387 Shlokas among 360 Chapters, in 5 Volumes. To enable Shatanand swami to write from His childhood, Swaminarayan had blessed Shatanand Swami with Sanjay Drishti - special power to see the entire past right from His childhood. Once written by Shatanand Swami, this book was verified and authenticated by Swaminarayan. He was much pleased to read the book. Swaminarayan then asked his disciples to do Katha of Satsangi Jivan. Volume 1 narrates the prologue and the circumstances leading to Swaminarayan taking birth. This volume then goes on to speak of His childhood, His journey across India as a teenager and the meeting of Swaminarayan (then known as Neelkanth Varni) with his guru, Ramanand Swami. The volume ends with Swaminarayan being appointed head of the Swaminarayan Sampraday. In volume 2, Shatanand Swami describes Swaminarayan’s social upliftment of the masses, spiritual / religious / social guidance for their personal well being and visiting followers whilst moving through villages, towns & cities. Volume 3 continues the narrations of Swaminarayan’s movements to teach the depths of Devotion with true observance of Dharma. It is in this volume that the construction of temples by Swaminarayan is first talked about. Volume 4 commences with narrations of the scriptural recitals that Swaminarayan instructed. However, this volume is primarily revered for its intricate explanation of the Shikshapatri, the establishing of the Acharyaship and teachings specifically to the Acharyas. Volume 5 is dedicated to personal religious activities of Swaminarayan in minute detail. Meaning of Satsang In Satsangi Jivan, Shatanand Swami mentions that merging the two terms, the meaning of Satsang is derived. The term Sat implies four significances: 1. God 2. Saints who has entirely surrendered to God 3. Dharma asserted by God Himself and his favorite saints, and 4. The Scriptures wherein these three above mentioned are prescribed. In Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan commented on the term \\\"sang\\\". The association which is made by body, action, and mind is called \\\"sang\\\". When you put the two together you get Satsang. Jivan means life, therefore the meaning of the title, Satsangi Jivan is way of life for a Satsangi. Other useful links The Ahmedabad Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday The Vadtal Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday How Swaminarayan Sampraday is Vaidic with citations Miraculous acts by Swaminarayan in Hindi - Charitra in Hindi Swaminarayan Non Stop Prabhatiya by Nand Santo Swaminarayan Nitya Niyam Cheshta- Daily night Prartha to sung by all Satsangies References Satsangi Jeevan Swaminarayan Sampradaya Books about Hinduism\",\n \"title\": \"Satsangi Jivan\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26530953\",\n \"text\": \"Portia Nelson (born Betty Mae Nelson; May 27, 1920 – March 6, 2001) was an American popular singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She was best known for her appearances in 1950s cabarets, where she sang soprano. In 1965, she portrayed the cantankerous Sister Berthe in the film version of The Sound of Music; she also had a minor role as Sarah in the musical Doctor Dolittle; on TV's All My Children Nelson played the long-running role of nanny Mrs. Gurney. Her book of poetic musings, There's a Hole in My Sidewalk: The Romance of Self-Discovery, became a mainstay of twelve-step programs. Early life and education Nelson was born in Brigham City, Utah on May 27, 1920. Early career Back home in Los Angeles in early 1946, Nelson worked briefly as secretary to film director André de Toth; she held another secretarial job in the publicity department of United Artists Pictures. Around that time she adopted the name Portia, a nickname that friends gave her based on her love of the popular radio soap opera Portia Faces Life. She was known for occasionally sitting at pianos on the lot and demonstrating songs, and word of her vocal talents spread. Jane Russell was then on the lot making a film, Young Widow; one day they talked about songs they both liked, and Nelson performed one at the piano. \\\"What the hell are you doing pounding a typewriter? ... You should be singing,\\\" said Russell. Nelson would later work for Russell as a vocal coach. After Nelson's death, Russell said that she \\\"had a high, clear voice, with such intonation and shading! Her lyrics were sung with such understanding that you felt you'd heard a poem sung.\\\" Early cabaret work After leaving Nick Arden's, Nelson continued to work day jobs, while singing sporadically. In 1949 she performed at the Café Gala, a cabaret on Hollywood's Sunset Strip; singer-pianist Bobby Short entertained. Recalled Short in his 1995 autobiography Bobby Short: The Life and Times of a Saloon Singer: \\\"Portia walked onto the floor of the Gala, tall, poised, goddesslike in floating chiffon – and singing in a way that was all her own. She was a smash.\\\" It was at the Café Gala that Nelson was heard by Herbert Jacoby, the owner (with Max Gordon) of Manhattan's preeminent cabaret, the Blue Angel. Jacoby invited her to sing there. In January 1950, Nelson moved to New York; soon after she was performing on one of the Blue Angel's four-act bills. She would sing there on and off until 1959, sharing rosters with Carol Channing, Pearl Bailey, Imogene Coca, Orson Bean, Wally Cox, Harry Belafonte, Johnny Mathis, and other budding stars. Nelson sometimes performed in the front lounge, where her accompanist was William Roy, a young pianist and composer who was just beginning a fifty-year career as a musical director for many of cabaret's greatest performers. In 1951 Nelson would also appear at the New York lounge Celeste, accompanied by songwriter and pianist Bart Howard, who\",\n \"title\": \"Portia Nelson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71588418\",\n \"text\": \"Cheekface is an American indie rock band based in Los Angeles, California. Formed in 2017, the group consists of guitarist and lead vocalist Greg Katz, bassist and backup vocalist Amanda Tannen, and drummer Mark Edwards. Cheekface has released four studio albums, two EPs, and one live album, all on Katz's own label, New Professor Music. The group's songs, characterized by Katz's talk-singing, are typically short and lyrics-driven with a dry sense of humor and tend to share a thematic interest in anxiety and sociopolitical unease. Some of Cheekface's fans refer to themselves as Cheek Freaks. History Cheekface consists of three members: Greg Katz (guitar), Amanda Tannen (bass), and Mark Edwards (drums). After graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles, during the Great Recession, Katz began working in artists and repertoire for record labels. Katz, who played bass in the band LA Font, lost his job in 2011 and thereafter began his own label, New Professor Music. Tannen, meanwhile, had trained in classical cello in her youth and had played bass with the Brooklyn, New York-based indie rock band Stellastarr in the 2000s. After the band's dissolution, Tannen worked in graphic design and moved to Los Angeles. She was connected with Katz through a graphic design friend who was dating him around 2017, and the pair decided to begin writing songs together. Cheekface formed in Los Angeles in 2017 with the recruitment of Edwards, with whom Katz was familiar from the city's music scene. Tannen stated that she wanted to \\\"be in a band that is not cool\\\"; the group considered other names before Cheekface including Ryan Gosling's Huge Freakin' Delts and Plumping. Cheekface's first year was dedicated to songwriting; Tannen and Katz described the writing process as attempts to make one another laugh, with lyrics that successfully accomplished this ending up in the songs. Katz and Tannen wrote what would become the group's breakout single, \\\"Dry Heat/Nice Town\\\" (2018), after attending the 2017 Women's March. The band began to play live in 2018, generally as an opening act. The band did not expect an enthusiastic response to their music. However, in 2019 while playing a set at The Satellite in Los Angeles, Katz was startled when a small group of attendees sang along to every word in one of the band's tracks, temporarily causing him to forget several lines of his own lyrics. After releasing several more singles on Bandcamp in 2018, including \\\"Sexy National Anthem\\\", \\\"Glendale\\\", and \\\"I Only Say I'm Sorry When I'm Wrong Now\\\", the band released their first album, Therapy Island, in March 2019. Amidst the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Cheekface contributed a cover of \\\"That Thing You Do!\\\" to the tribute album Saving for a Custom Van, honoring the track's songwriter, Adam Schlesinger, who died of COVID-19 complications earlier in the year. In January 2021, the band released its second album, Emphatically No., followed by an EP of B-sides from that record, titled Emphatically Mo'''. Emphatically No. was listed as\",\n \"title\": \"Cheekface\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42849771\",\n \"text\": \"Grant Kitchings was a singer who was a member of the Ravens then, in the 1970s, a member of the Drifters. History 1950s Kitchings was a tenor who joined a group that was going to become the King Toppers in 1955 or 1956. The group at the time consisted of Dave Colter, Don Turner, Louis Day and Jesse Hines. They had heard about him and thought he'd fit into the group. They got in touch with Kitchings via his uncle, the local barber shop owner. In 1956, the band was called the Corvettes and they had an audition and recording session with RCA Victor. The group recorded two songs with Kitchings as lead singer. One was a Tex Cornelius composition, \\\"Angel Mine\\\". RCA never released the recordings. Later the group changed its name to the King Toppers. In November 1956, the group had a session at Jubilee Records. They recorded a couple of songs: \\\"You Were Waiting For Me\\\" which featured Kitchings on lead and \\\"Walkin' And Talkin' The Blues\\\" which featured Welton Young as lead. Later he was drafted into the army. After getting out in 1958 he joined the Ravens. Later he was in various versions or successions of the Ink Spots. Early to mid-1970s In the 1970s, he was a member of the Drifters, which were led by Johnny Moore. Prior to his joining the group they had already relocated to England. In 1972, the Drifters line-up consisted of Moore, Bill Fredericks, Kitchings, and Butch Leake. In the same year, Atlantic records released the album Saturday Night at the Club. Kitchings along with Johnny Moore, Butch Leake and Bill Fredericks was credited as co-writer on \\\"Country to the City\\\", \\\"She Never Talked To Me That Way\\\" and \\\"Beautiful Music\\\". Kitchings was most visible in the Drifters between 1972 and 1975. He sang, backing Johnny Moore, on their hits \\\"Kissin' in the Back Row of the Movies\\\" and Down on the Beach Tonight\\\". He left the group in 1975 and was replaced by Billy Lewis. Mid-1970s to 1990s After leaving the Drifters in 1975 and having moved back to New York, he worked with various New York groups. 1990s to 2005 In the mid-1990s he was in a version of the Ink Spots. He was with Harold Winley's Ink Spots, having replaced Jim Nabbie, who suddenly died in September 1992. Shortly before he died, he named Grant Hitchings to be his successor as lead tenor. Around 1994, the group consisted of Sonny Hatchett, Kitchings, Morris Dow and Harold Winley. Later on, health problems saw him leave the group. He had become ill while the group was doing a show on the Mississippi Queen. He was replaced by Herman Denby. He died in 2005 from complications related to diabetes at 66 years of age. Recordings As lead singer The Corvettes Angel Mine – RCA (Unreleased) – 1956 Unknown track – RCA (Unreleased) – 1956 The King Toppers \\\"You Were Waiting for Me\\\" – JOSIE 811 – 1957 References 2005\",\n \"title\": \"Grant Kitchings\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"29126276\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Clifford (born 5 November 1943), is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He is known for his 1962 pop hit, \\\"Close To Cathy\\\", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. Early life Mike Clifford was born in Los Angeles, California. His father, Cal Clifford, was a professional trumpeter who took him to his engagements. Clifford developed an interest in music and began taking voice lessons. While in school, he began to perform at school and community functions, and by the age of 16 he was performing at local nightclubs in Los Angeles. In 1959 he signed with Liberty Records and recorded his first single, titled \\\"Should I\\\". The song was written and produced by Mark McIntyre and featured additional vocals from Patience and Prudence and guitar from Eddie Cochran. Helen Noga, who with her husband John managed the career of Johnny Mathis, became Clifford's personal manager and signed him to Columbia Records. She took Clifford to meet Ed Sullivan, who was impressed with his poise and stage presence and booked him for a TV debut, the first of three appearances, on The Ed Sullivan Show. Initial success Clifford's first taste of success came at age 18 when \\\"Bombay\\\", became a hit in Venezuela. He appeared on the state owned Venevision in his own TV special. However, Clifford's recordings for Columbia received little buyer’s attention, and in July 1962, Clifford signed with United Artists Records. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller produced several songs for Clifford, including his biggest hit \\\"Close To Cathy\\\", written by Earl Shuman and composed by Bob Goodman. The song reached number 12 in September of that year, and stayed there for two weeks and remained on the charts for 12 weeks. On December 29, 1962, \\\"What To Do With Laurie\\\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number No. 67. \\\"One Boy Too Late\\\" entered the Billboard Hot 100 on May 11, 1963 and was to be his last nationally charted record. He subsequently, had several songs that were regional hits in the U.S. He had hit records in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany as well as \\\"It Had Better Be Tonight\\\" in Chile, \\\"See You In September\\\" in the Philippines, and \\\"How To Murder Your Wife\\\" in Japan. In 1965, United Artists released Clifford's debut album, For The Love Of Mike, which was reviewed and a spotlight pick in the February 13, 1965 issue of Billboard. Clifford appeared in the films Village of the Giants in 1965, and also sang the love theme of the film, The Glass Sphinx in 1967, the title song to Dagmar's Hot Pants, \\\"You Say Love\\\" in 1971, The love theme for the film Necromancy , \\\"The Morning After\\\" in 1972, and for The Lord Of The Rings in 1978. In the 1978 film Sextette, Clifford sang \\\"Love Will Keep Us Together\\\", with Mae West, while actor Timothy Dalton lip synched the words. Tours Clifford toured over one hundred cities during 1964 and 1965, with the Dick Clark\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Clifford\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"265684\",\n \"text\": \"Van and Schenck were popular American entertainers in the 1910s and 1920s: Gus Van (born August Von Glahn, August 12, 1886 – March 12, 1968), baritone, and Joe Schenck (pronounced \\\"skenk\\\"; born Joseph Thuma Schenck, (June 2, 1891– June 28, 1930), tenor. They were vaudeville stars and made appearances in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. They made numerous phonograph records for the Emerson, Victor, and Columbia record companies. History With Schenck on piano, the duo sang and performed comedy routines. Van was especially adept at dialect humor, and could imitate any number of regional and continental accents. One of the team's typical novelty hits was Pastafazoola, in praise of Italian food and sung in the appropriate style. Van's hearty baritone and Schenck's high tenor harmonized well, and the team became known as \\\"the pennant-winning battery of songland.\\\" They performed on radio shows and appeared in early talking motion pictures, including several musical shorts—in both Vitaphone and MGM Movietone—and one feature, the MGM film They Learned About Women (1930). During World War I, they recorded humorous songs such as \\\"I Don't Want to Get Well\\\" which told the tale of a wounded soldier who did not want to recover, as he was comfortable in hospital and in love with a nurse. After Schenck's death in 1930 of heart disease, Van continued to perform as a solo artist on stage, screen, and radio. He appeared in many New York-produced Soundies in 1941. Schenck was buried in The Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn. Van and Schenck gained a modern-day resurgence after their 1920 recording of Irving Berlin's \\\"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want It\\\" was sampled in the soundtrack of the indie video game Pizza Tower. Selected discography \\\"It's Been a Long, Long Time Since I've Been Home\\\" (1916) \\\"Hawaiian Sunshine\\\" (1916) \\\"For Me and My Gal\\\" (1917) \\\"Yaddie Kaddie Kiddie Kaddie Koo\\\" (1917) \\\"Huckleberry Finn\\\" (1917) \\\"That's How You Can Tell They're Irish\\\" (1917) \\\"My Little China Doll\\\" (1917) \\\"Mother, May I Go in to Swim?\\\" (1917) \\\"Dance and Grow Thin\\\" (1917) \\\"There's Something Nice about the South\\\" (1917) \\\"Far Away in Honolulu\\\" (1917) \\\"Mulberry Rose\\\" (1917) \\\"The Ragtime Volunteers are Off to War\\\" (1917) \\\"I Don't Want to Get Well\\\" (1917) \\\"Southern Gals\\\" (1917) \\\"I Miss the Old Folks Now\\\" (1917) \\\"In the Land O' Yamo Yamo\\\" (1917) \\\"Where Do They Get 'Em and How Do They Get 'Em?\\\" (1918) \\\"My Mind's Made Up to Marry Carolina\\\" (1918) \\\"Ragtime Moses Old-Time Bomboshay\\\" (1918) \\\"I Always Think I'm Up in Heaven\\\" (1918) \\\"Tackin 'Em Down\\\" (1918) \\\"They Were All Out of Step But Jim\\\" (1918) \\\"Why Do They Call Them Babies?\\\" (1918) \\\"You'll Always Find A Lot of Sunshine in My Old Kentucky Home\\\" (1918) \\\"You'll Find Old Dixieland in France\\\" (1918) \\\"Oh, How She Can Sing\\\" (1919) \\\"Mandy\\\" (1919) \\\"Open Up The Golden Gates To Dixieland\\\" (1919) \\\"Sweet Kisses\\\" (1919) \\\"They're All Sweeties\\\" (1919) \\\"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want\",\n \"title\": \"Van and Schenck\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35753007\",\n \"text\": \"Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying is the first EP by Nick Jonas, released on May 8, 2012. The EP contains 5 songs which are available as a digital download on iTunes. The 5 songs on the EP are tunes that Nick performs on stage during the Broadway musical, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Background and development On February 19, 2012 Nick recorded 5 songs (\\\"How to Succeed,\\\" \\\"I Believe in You,\\\" and \\\"Brotherhood of Man.\\\" In addition, he will be joined by Rob Bartlett for \\\"The Company Way,\\\" by Rob Bartlett & Ellen Harvey for \\\"Brotherhood of Man\\\", and by Rose Hemingway for \\\"Rosemary.\\\") for the How To Succeed In Business soundtrack. The album is produced by six-time Grammy nominee Robert Sher, who also produced the revival’s How to Succeed cast album. On February 27 it was announced that the EP will be released during the Spring. As of April 17, the EP was available for pre-order and also on that same day the track list was revealed. It was announced on April 19 that the EP will be released on May 8, 2012. On April 30, 2012 the song \\\"I Believe in You\\\" was released online. Reception Ian Gude said about the EP: The last thing I expected to enjoy was an EP of songs from How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, featuring the current lead on Broadway, Nick Jonas from another 'bubble gum pop' band, The Jonas Brothers. But enjoy it I did. Judging by this EP by Broadway Records, he should pop by more often. The EP is too short (5 tracks) - oh how I would have loved to have heard more. Jonas is totally at home with the style, melodies and lyrics of the piece, and is certainly one to watch in future Broadway productions. It would be great to hear him do a Broadway album, or songs from the Great American Songbook, as he clearly has the voice, and the intelligence, to give them the treatments they deserve. The CD design and production is top notch, and puts many full recordings to shame. It's clear a lot of thought has gone into this release and its design, and Broadway Records should be pleased with the final product. I know I was. Promotion On January 26, 2012 Nick stopped by Live! with Kelly to talk about his role as J Pierrepont Finch in How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying. He also sang the song \\\"I Believe In You\\\". On February 14 he performed the song live for the soundcheck live chat show. Nick Jonas stopped by Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on February 20 to perform on the first night of Fallon's annual Broadway Week. He closed the show by singing a jazzy rendition of “I Believe in You,” a signature song from the classic Frank Loesser musical. On April 1, 2012 Nick performed songs from the musical with the musical cast &\",\n \"title\": \"Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2311980\",\n \"text\": \"Dolores Gray (June 7, 1924 – June 26, 2002) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical twice, winning once. Early life Both her mother and father were vaudeville actors, which is how they met. Gray's parents divorced when she was a young child. She had an older brother, Richard Gray who also had a career in Hollywood. While attending Polytechnic High School she was in the Girls' Glee Club. She was discovered by Rudy Vallee, who gave her a guest spot on his nationwide radio show. Career Her career commenced as a cabaret artist in restaurants and supper clubs in California and in Reno, Nevada. In Los Angeles in 1941 she appeared at the Pirate’s Den and Hollywood Playhouse. Later that year San Francisco engagements included one at Stairway to the Stars. Gray returned to Los Angeles in early April 1942; she headlined at Slapsy Maxie’s late that year. In Los Angeles, on 1 April 1943, she was the vicitim of a drive-by sidewalk shooting, fracturing her left humerus. That July, she sang at the city’s Biltmore Bowl. In 1945 she appeared in her own radio program. While she was appearing in Annie Get Your Gun in London (1947–1950), she studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1948. As a fundraiser to help rebuild the RADA theatre, she appeared as Nell Gwyn in In Good King Charles's Golden Days at Drury Lane Theatre (Oct 1948). Gray was briefly signed with MGM, appearing in Kismet (1955), It's Always Fair Weather (1955) and The Opposite Sex (1956). Portraying a singing and dancing stage actress, she appeared with Gregory Peck and Lauren Bacall in the film Designing Woman (1957), as his former romantic interest. During her music career, she sang Marilyn Monroe's part on the Decca Records soundtrack album of There's No Business Like Show Business (1954). She appeared at the London Palladium in 1958 while doing a concert tour of Europe and in cabaret at The Talk of the Town in February 1963. Among her many stage roles, she appeared in Two on the Aisle (1951), Carnival In Flanders (1953); Destry Rides Again (1959); Sherry! (1967); and 42nd Street (1986). She also performed the lead role in Annie Get Your Gun in its first London production (1947). Gray won the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical for her role in Carnival in Flanders, even though this Broadway musical, with a script by Preston Sturges, ran for only six performances. She therefore holds a record that is unlikely to be broken: briefest run in a performance which still earned a Tony. She is the first person to have sung the English version of the French song “C'est si bon”, for the short film Holiday in Paris: Paris directed by John Nasht. She was best known for her theatre roles. In 1973 she took over from Angela Lansbury in the London production of Gypsy at the\",\n \"title\": \"Dolores Gray\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17373320\",\n \"text\": \"Mimi Hines (born July 17, 1933) is a Canadian actress, singer, and comedian, best known for her appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show and her work on Broadway. She succeeded Barbra Streisand in the original production of Funny Girl. Life and career Hines was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and resides in the United States. She worked for a time in Anchorage, Alaska, where she met comedian Phil Ford in 1952 while they were working at different night clubs. They married in 1954 and divorced in 1972. On August 28, 1958, she and Ford appeared on The Tonight Show for the first time. Hines sang \\\"Till There Was You\\\". In a later stand-up routine on The Tonight Show, she portrayed the NBC peacock. In 1959 she sang several of the numbers on the Esquivel-Ray Martin Christmas song collaboration, The Merriest of Pops (RCA Victor). In 1964, Hines and Ford filmed a pilot episode for a potential sitcom, Mimi, that would have starred the two as owners of a resort hotel, but the series was not picked up for airing. In 1966, Hines succeeded Barbra Streisand on Broadway in Funny Girl, performing the role for eighteen months, after which she starred in touring companies of I Do! I Do! and The Prisoner of Second Avenue, as well as productions of Anything Goes, Never Too Late, The Pajama Game, The Unsinkable Molly Brown, No, No, Nanette and Sugar. She played at Feinstein's at the Regency in New York City. She appeared with the Los Angeles Pops Orchestra and starred in national tours of Sugar Babies and Nite Club Confidential and on a recorded salute to Johnny Mercer called Mostly Mercer. She toured the world for a year in the title role of Hello, Dolly! and starred in productions of A Majority of One and Can-Can in Florida and in revues featuring the songs of Alan and Marilyn Bergman, How Do You Keep the Music Playing? in Los Angeles, as well as the songs of Rodgers and Hart titled This Funny World at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and the songs of Jerry Herman at the Schoenberg Theatre in Los Angeles, California. Hines appeared as Mrs. Latimer on the television program Frasier and returned to Broadway in 1994 for the Tommy Tune production of Grease, in which she appeared as Miss Lynch. She also co-starred in the off-Broadway revival of Kander and Ebb's 70, Girls, 70, with Jane Powell, Charlotte Rae and Helen Gallagher, and was a guest in the final week of The Rosie O'Donnell Show. She performed for L.A.'s reprise, as Letitia Primrose in On The Twentieth Century, and in 2005 as Berthe in Pippin. She co-starred in 2002 as Sister Mary Amnesia in the National Tour of the 20th Anniversary production of Nunsense, along with Kaye Ballard, Georgia Engel, Lee Meriwether and Darlene Love. In 2007, Hines starred in the City Center Encores! production of Follies. Discography Mimi Hines Sings (Decca Records, 1966) Mimi Hines\",\n \"title\": \"Mimi Hines\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68773522\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Orwellian\\\" is a song by Manic Street Preachers, released as the lead single from their 14th studio album, The Ultra Vivid Lament, on 14 May 2021, alongside a YouTube lyric video. Background Announced as a departure from the sound of their 2018 previous effort Resistance Is Futile, the single tries to capture the essence of the new album, musically and lyrically. Wire stated that \\\"the track is about the battle to claim meaning, the erasing of context within debate, the overriding sense of factional conflict driven by digital platforms leading to a perpetual state of culture war... It felt like the perfect sonic and lyrical introduction to The Ultra Vivid Lament\\\". The meaning of the song has been seen as political, much due to the social context in which the song was released, musically it echoes ABBA, Talk Talk and Fleetwood Mac. In an interview with The Quietus Nicky Wire said that the song was the rejection of digital coercion, much like their previous 2010 song from Postcards from a Young Man, \\\"Don't Be Evil\\\", the single focuses on how the tech platforms overload information and lack the capacity for nuance that have fostered so many of people's insecurities, including Wire's. “Every time I put anything on, Peloton’s just fucking staring at me. Or fucking Park Run. What happened to the loneliness of the long-distance runner?” The magazine goes further saying that \\\"It raises a complex issue, and there are plenty of holes you could pick in Wire's arguments, yet it still feels articulate and focussed, the words in perfect step with Bradfield’s pumping pop piano chords and bracing crescendo chorus\\\". Later, on June 10 the band showed a new video, adding to the previous lyrical one, directed by Kieran Evans, about the video, the latter said that \\\"For this album project, Nicky Wire and myself decided there should be more experimentation to the visual approach to both the promos and short films we have planned\\\", concluding that \\\"We’ve called this clip of 'Orwellian' a 'visualised' version because it's not strictly a promo, it’s much more of a visual interpretation of the song by me.\\\" Release The song was released as a download on 14 May 2021. After its launch, The Guardian reported on the song, questioning if we do indeed live in Orwellian times. Giving a negative answer to this question it goes on to say that \\\"People who ought to know better, including people who once sang about how “libraries gave us power”, have long used the word Orwellian as shorthand for a bit like Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four”, finishing with \\\"This is very much not the normal function of eponyms: after all, Orwell was not recommending that we adopt his Orwellian vision. It’s as if we were to use Shakespearean to mean “approving of rape, murder, and cannibalism”, simply because such things happen in Titus Andronicus. An Orwellian practice indeed\\\". About the song The Quietus stated that \\\"it can be weaponised by the left and the righ\\\", going\",\n \"title\": \"Orwellian (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66989362\",\n \"text\": \"Jam Tronik was a German Eurodance group which consisted of Anja Lukaseder (also known as Nikita Warren), Ulrich Fischer and Volkmar Kalff. Charlie Glass was the founder and producer of the project. The group released dance cover versions, several of which were hits in Europe. They were signed to ZYX Music. Their first single, in 1989, was a cover version of the Phil Collins hit \\\"Another Day in Paradise\\\", and was a top 20 hit in Germany and the United Kingdom in 1990. A cover version of Meat Loaf's \\\"I'd Do Anything for Love\\\" was a top 20 hit Austria in 1994. The 1993 release \\\"Bee G-Esque\\\" contained four cover versions of Bee Gees songs: \\\"Staying Alive\\\", \\\"Tragedy\\\", \\\"How Deep Is Your Love\\\" and \\\"Jive Talking\\\". Discography Compilation albums 1993: Best Of... 2008: The Very Best Of 2010: Complete Hit Collection Singles 1989: \\\"Another Day in Paradise\\\" - UK #19, GER #17, BEL #30 1991: \\\"Yesterday Once More (Every Sha La La La)\\\" - (Turntablist Mel \\\"Herbie\\\" Kent) 1992: \\\"Stand by Me\\\" 1992: \\\"End of the Road\\\" 1993: \\\"Bee G-Esque\\\" (four tracks: \\\"Staying Alive\\\", \\\"Tragedy\\\", \\\"How Deep Is Your Love\\\" and \\\"Jive Talking\\\") 1994: \\\"I'd Do Anything for Love\\\" - AUST #15 1994: \\\"An Angel\\\" 1994: \\\"Without You\\\" 1995: \\\"Wish You Were Here\\\" 1996: \\\"Forever Love\\\" References German dance music groups German Eurodance groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups disestablished in 1996 Cover bands ZYX Music artists\",\n \"title\": \"Jam Tronik\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56783505\",\n \"text\": \"Jeffrey Clay Erlanger (November 30, 1970 – June 10, 2007) was an American advocate and activist for disability rights. He is known for appearing on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood when he was 10 years old, talking about his electric wheelchair and why he needed it. Erlanger's philosophy was summarized in a 2002 Wisconsin Public Television ad: \\\"It doesn't matter what I can't do—what matters is what I can do.\\\" Early life and education Jeffrey Clay Erlanger was born in Madison, Wisconsin, on November 30, 1970, to Howard and Pam Erlanger, joining his older sister, Lisa. His father is a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Law. When Erlanger was 7 months old, he was diagnosed with a spinal tumor. Surgery was used to remove it, but he was left as a quadriplegic. He received his first electric wheelchair when he was 4 years old. He required many additional surgeries while growing up. Erlanger graduated from Memorial High School and from Edgewood College with a degree in political science. Mister Rogers' Neighborhood Before Erlanger underwent spinal surgery at age 5, his parents asked him what he wanted. He said he wanted to meet \\\"Mister Rogers\\\". His sister wrote Fred Rogers about her brother's wishes. Rogers happened to be traveling to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, so the Erlangers drove to meet him for breakfast in a restaurant. Several years later, Erlanger was invited to be on Rogers' show. Erlanger appeared in Season 11, Episode 4 (#1478), which aired on February 18, 1981. The ten-year-old showed Rogers how his electric wheelchair worked and explained why he needed it. They talked about his parents, doctors, recent surgery and what you can do when you're sad. Together they sang one of Rogers' popular songs, \\\"It's You I Like\\\". The two of them continued to communicate. In speeches Rogers gave, he told of Erlanger's example of \\\"overcoming obstacles and feeling comfortable about yourself.\\\" Career Political career and activism Erlanger worked as an intern for Representative Tammy Baldwin and Senator Russ Feingold, who honored Erlanger in the Senate. Erlanger became very active in Madison, Wisconsin municipal politics, holding a number of positions in the community including as a member of the Economic Development Commission, chair of the Commission on People with Disabilities, and chair of the Board of Directors of the Community Living Alliance. In 2003, he ran for the Madison Common Council for the 8th District, losing to UW student Austin King almost 2-to-1 in the heavily student district. He helped gain the accessible taxicab service in Madison today. In 2004 Erlanger flew to Boston to attend the Democratic National Convention, although he did not have a ticket. Dane County Executive Kathleen Falk, whose campaign Erlanger had worked on, was on his flight and got him in. Falk said after his death, \\\"Jeff was passionate about our nation on a big-scale level and equally passionate about our community,\\\" adding, \\\"This is a man who devoted so many countless hours to making things better for other people.\\\" In\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Erlanger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26798149\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Babyfather\\\" is the second single from English band Sade on their sixth studio album, Soldier of Love. The song was released for radio broadcast on 13 April 2010, single artwork was revealed on 27 April, and a music video premiered on 4 May. The song was nominated in the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal category at the 53rd Grammy Awards. Background and writing In this reggae-flavoured song, Adu sings of a male figure who can be the father of a woman's child and a strong male role model, without necessarily being a lifemate. Frontwoman Sade Adu told People that \\\"Babyfather,\\\" is \\\"about how great it is to be a parent, what a great honor and privilege that is, and what a terrible thing that is to waste. As long as you feel good about yourself, you can be a good parent, and then it becomes an endless fruitful cycle\\\". As for the sound of the new song, \\\"I wanted it to sound quite rough and scrappy, not too honed,\\\" says the Grammy-winning singer, 51. \\\"The beginning,\\\" says Sade, \\\"feels like the ice cream van coming down the street\\\". Thirteen years old at the time, Sade Adu's child sang backing vocals on the track, along with Clay, the teenage son of veteran Sade band-member Stuart Matthewman, who co-wrote the song. Sade’s child later transitioned to male and took the name Izaak. Reception A preview of the song was teased online by People in late January 2010, before the album was released. Entertainment reporter Mayer Nassim from Digital Spy gave the song three out of five stars and said, \\\"'Babyfather' it's not as striking as its sultry predecessor, possessing a much friendlier, summery vibe. Twanging acoustic guitars combine with that still-rich voice, so-laidback-they're-horizontal drums and positive lyrics about fatherhood and family love. It's not the most exciting thing to hit our ears this year, but it's still nice enough stuff that should keep things ticking on for Sade fans\\\". Frank Guan of Vulture commented \\\"The sunnier side of Soldier of Love is on glorious display here, as Sade describes to a child how its parents first met. Some dads are good dads.\\\" Music video The music video, which featured people wearing bright-coloured outfits, is directed by Sophie Muller, who also photographed and designed the single's cover art. It premiered on 4 May 2010 and featured frontwoman Adu as a home-maker who is doing daily chores from cooking to washing dishes and laundry. Promotion The band performed the song on many talk shows. They appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 12 April 2010; Dancing with the Stars on 14 April 2010; and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on 15 April 2010. Charts References 2010 singles Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Sade (band) songs Songs written by Sade (singer) Songs written by Stuart Matthewman 2010 songs Songs about fathers\",\n \"title\": \"Babyfather (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13005472\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Work\\\" is a song by Jimmy Eat World from their 2004 album, Futures. It was the second single released from that album. The song was written by Jim Adkins and features backing vocals by Liz Phair. \\\"Work\\\" was released to radio on December 7, 2004. \\\"Work\\\" received positive reviews from critics, and it appeared on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and the UK Singles Chart. A music video was released for the song; it featured interviews with high school students. Since the song's release, Jimmy Eat World have included it in their live performances. Background \\\"Work\\\" was written by Jimmy Eat World's frontman, Jim Adkins. According to Adkins, \\\"'Work' is about doing something you know you shouldn't be doing ... It's about walking into an unhealthy situation, on purpose. Which could mean it's about an interoffice romance.\\\" Liz Phair agreed to sing backing vocals on the song after the band played it for her. Adkins later said, \\\"We're all fans of [Phair's album Exile in Guyville], so maybe a bit of a crush thing was happening. She definitely brings the sexiness. An unquantifiable sexiness, sure, but she definitely brings it. She was super cool to work with. 'Work' sounded like something she would sing, so we hunted her down through people we knew in Los Angeles. We showed her the song, she really liked it, so she came down and sang on it.\\\" Reception Critical reception \\\"Work\\\" received praise from music critics. It has been called a \\\"classic\\\" and has also been described as \\\"a song tailor-made for teenage runaway fantasies.\\\" Tim Sendra of Allmusic noted that the song \\\"display[s] the sweetly melodic side of the band.\\\" However, The Trades' Tony Pascarella called it \\\"a more emo-geared track that stays shrouded on the dark side of Jimmy Eat World.\\\" Carrie Pierce of The Battalion wrote: \\\"The gem of [Futures] is 'Work,' a catchy song featuring backup vocals by Liz Phair. It's too bad that you can barely hear Phair over the guitar riffs. The lyrics make up for this flaw. Though not as deep and brooding as other tracks, 'Work' will replay in your head.\\\" Chart performance \\\"Work\\\" was the second single from the 2004 album Futures. In the U.S., it stayed on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart for 21 weeks, peaking at number six on March 19, 2005. The song made two appearances on the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 49 on April 9, 2005. In popular media The song has been featured on the television shows One Tree Hill and Gossip Girl. Music video The music video for \\\"Work\\\" was filmed at Madison West High School in Madison, Wisconsin. It features interviews with some of the school's students, who talk about their futures and their lives after graduation. The students are shown during the school day and also after school, doing things such as skateboarding, smashing television sets, and going to parties. The video also features the band playing under a tree in a field. The\",\n \"title\": \"Work (Jimmy Eat World song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38184767\",\n \"text\": \"Gary R. King (born November 15, 1972) is an American director and writer. Films King's feature film, a musical entitled How Do You Write A Joe Schermann Song (2012) won the Jury Prize for \\\"Film of the Festival\\\" at the Raindance Film Festival, as well as the Cox Audience Award and the Dan Harkins Breakthrough Filmmaker Award at the Phoenix Film Festival. The film also won Best Feature, Best Trailer, Best Soundtrack and Best Director at the Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema. The film was also shortlisted for an IFP Gotham Audience Award. The film has also received positive reviews from indieWire, Empire and Twitch. The film stars Christina Rose (who also appeared in King's previous film, Death of the Dead (2011)), Joe Schermann, and Mark DiConzo (who appeared in King's previous film, New York Lately (2009)). Aside from How Do You Write A Joe Schermann Song, King has directed four other feature films: Death of the Dead (2011), What's Up Lovely (2010), Dismal (2009), and New York Lately (2009). The zombie action-comedy film Death of the Dead (2011) received positive reviews from Ain't It Cool News as well as Sound on Sight magazine. King's other horror film, Dismal (2009), was picked up by Showtime, The Movie Channel, Time Warner OnDemand (VOD) and DVD. King's film, What's Up Lovely (2010), the first film in his self-described \\\"Loneliness\\\" trilogy, received positive reviews from /Film as well as other sources. King's feature film debut, the ensemble drama New York Lately (2009), received a positive review from The Independent Critic and was named one of Row Three's Top 10 Films of 2009. King frequently collaborates with composer Kenneth Lampl who has scored King's films \\\"Dismal\\\",\\\"Death of the Dead\\\". \\\"What's Up Lovely\\\", \\\"How Do You Write a Joe Schermann Song\\\" and \\\"Unnerved\\\". Background King actually spent several years working in the corporate world of Silicon Valley/The Bay Area before deciding to move to New York and pursue a career in filmmaking. King also studied Psychology in college and began his career in Human Resources. King currently blogs and writes articles on film from his official site, \\\"The Indie Life.\\\" Further reading IndieWire Review of How Do You Write a Joe Schermann Song Twitch Film Review of How Do You Write a Joe Schermann Song Filmmaking Stuff, Gary King Talks Filmmaking Gary King, An Indie Life (Official Site) Idyllwild CinemaFest Featured Director: Gary King References External links (Alternate) 1972 births Living people American film directors of Chinese descent American male screenwriters American writers of Chinese descent People from Rochester, Minnesota Film directors from Los Angeles Film directors from Minnesota Screenwriters from Minnesota Screenwriters from California\",\n \"title\": \"Gary King (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25530134\",\n \"text\": \"Songs by the German band Modern Talking, listed in chronological order (current through 2009). Some songs may be known by more than one title (like Brother Louie is known also as No te pertenece (Spanish language version) or Brother Tuki). 1984 - 1987 \\\"You're My Heart, You're My Soul\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"You Can Win If You Want\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"There's Too Much Blue in Missing You\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"Diamonds Never Made a Lady\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"The Night is Yours - The Night is Mine\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"Do You Wanna\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"Lucky Guy\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"One in a Million\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"Bells of Paris\\\" (The 1st Album) \\\"Cheri, Cheri Lady\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"With a Little Love\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Wild Wild Water\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"You're The Lady of My Heart\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Just Like an Angel\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Heaven Will Know\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Why Did You Do It Just Tonight\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Don't Give Up\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Let's Talk About Love\\\" (Let's Talk About Love) \\\"Brother Louie\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Just We Two (Mona Lisa)\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Lady Lai\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Doctor for My Heart\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Save Me - Don't Break Me\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Atlantis is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Keep Love Alive\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Hey You\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Angie's Heart\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Only Love Can Break My Heart\\\" (Ready for Romance) \\\"Geronimo's Cadillac\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Riding on a White Swan\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Give Me Peace on Earth\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Sweet Little Sheila\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Ten Thousand Lonely Drums\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Lonely Tears in Chinatown\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"In Shaire\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Stranded in the Middle of Nowhere\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"The Angels Sing in New York City\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Princess of the Night\\\" (In the Middle of Nowhere) \\\"Jet Airliner\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Like a Hero\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Don't Worry\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Blinded by Your Love\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Romantic Warriors\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Arabian Gold\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"We Still Have Dreams\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Operator Gimme 6-0-9\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"You and Me\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"Charlene\\\" (Romantic Warriors) \\\"In 100 Years\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"Don't Let It Get You Down\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"Who Will Save the World\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"A Telegram to Your Heart\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"It's Christmas\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"Don't Lose My Number\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"Slow Motion\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"Locomotion Tango\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) \\\"Good Girls Go to Heaven - Bad Girls Go Everywhere\\\" (In the Garden of Venus) 1998 - 2003 \\\"I Will Follow You\\\" (Back for Good) \\\"Don't Play With\",\n \"title\": \"List of songs recorded by Modern Talking\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33749505\",\n \"text\": \"The Stronger Tour was the sixth headlining tour by American pop recording artist Kelly Clarkson. Beginning on January 13, 2012, the tour supported her fifth studio album, Stronger (2011). With over fifty dates, the tour traveled to the Americas, Australia and Europe. It ended on October 20, 2012, in London, England. The tour grossed $7.4M in the US with 43 dates. Background During an interview with MTV News, Clarkson stated a tour was being planned for \\\"sometime in 2012\\\". The tour was officially announced on November 14, 2011 with over 30 shows in the United States and Canada. Joining the singer on tour is Matt Nathanson as the opening act on select shows. Clarkson mentioned she was looking forward to performing \\\"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\\\". She explained, \\\"I can't wait to perform What Doesn't Kill You. We've already rehearsed it, and it's so much fun. It's like this big dance anthem\\\". For the show, Clarkson asked her fans to votes to requests on Twitter. Opening acts Matt Nathanson (North America) (select dates) Carolina Liar (North America) (select dates) The Fray (Australia) Sarah De Bono (Australia) Cover Drive (Europe) Setlist {{hidden | headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = North America | content = January 13 – April 14, 2012 \\\"Dark Side\\\" \\\"Behind These Hazel Eyes\\\" \\\"Since U Been Gone\\\" \\\"Gone\\\" \\\"You Love Me\\\" \\\"Heavy in Your Arms\\\" Fan Request Medley: \\\"The Trouble With Love Is\\\" / \\\"Walk Away\\\" / \\\"How I Feel\\\" / \\\"I Want You\\\" \\\"I Know You Won't\\\" \\\"Einstein\\\" \\\"Don't You Wanna Stay\\\" \\\"Let Me Down\\\" \\\"I Forgive You\\\" \\\"Already Gone\\\" \\\"Breakaway\\\" \\\"You Still Won't Know What It's Like\\\" \\\"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\\\" \\\"Never Again\\\" \\\"Because of You\\\" Encore \\\"My Life Would Suck Without You\\\" \\\"Mr. Know It All\\\" \\\"Miss Independent\\\" Source: Notes During the concert at the Radio City Music Hall, Clarkson performed \\\"I'd Rather Go Blind\\\". During her concert in Grand Prairie, Clarkson sang Bonnie Raitt's \\\"Something To Talk About\\\" with her friend April Beck. During the concert in Los Angeles Clarkson performed \\\"When You Believe\\\" with Tamyra Gray, \\\"Leave the Pieces\\\" with Michelle Branch, \\\"Don't You Wanna Stay\\\" with Blake Shelton and \\\"Because of You\\\" with Reba McEntire. }} {{hidden | headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 59%; | contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%; | header = Australia/Europe | content = September 25 – October 20, 2012 \\\"My Life Would Suck Without You\\\" Behind These Hazel Eyes\\\" \\\"I Forgive You\\\" \\\"Dark Side\\\" \\\"Walk Away\\\" \\\"You Love Me\\\" \\\"We Are Young\\\" Already Gone\\\" Don't You Wanna Stay\\\" Fan request \\\"Because of You\\\" \\\"Catch My Breath\\\" \\\"Let Me Down\\\" \\\"Breakaway\\\" \\\"Since U Been Gone\\\" Encore \\\"Never Again\\\" \\\"Mr. Know It All\\\" \\\"Miss Independent\\\" \\\"What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)\\\" Notes In Perth, Clarkson, The Fray & Sarah De Bono all sang fun.'s \\\"Some Nights\\\". \\\"Catch My Breath\\\" was only performed in Europe. }} Fan requests Tour dates {| class=\\\"wikitable\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Stronger Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20365270\",\n \"text\": \"Warren Eckstein (born April 6, 1949) is an American \\\"pet behaviorist\\\", animal trainer, animal rights activist, humorist, author, director of the Hugs & Kisses Animal Fund, and broadcaster in the United States who hosts The Pet Show, a radio talk show syndicated by Radio America. Prior to that, Eckstein was resident animal expert for Saturday Morning Live, a local New York City-based series hosted by Gene Rayburn, which aired on WNEW-TV from 1982 to 1983. Eckstein was born in Oceanside, New York, the son of Ruth and Charles Eckstein. His nephew (his sister's son) is actor Michael Rosenbaum. Bibliography Books Books authored by Warren Eckstein include: 1980: Yes, Dog, That's Right! (with Fay Eckstein) Alpine Pubns () 1984: Pet Aerobics: How to Solve Your Pets' Behavior Problems, Improve Their Health, Lengthen Their Lives and Have Fun Doing It (with Fay Eckstein) Holt, Rinehart and Winston (ASIN: B001I4QRZO) 1985: Understanding Your Pet: The Eckstein Method of Pet Therapy and Behavior Training (with Fay Eckstein) Henry Holt & Company () 1990: How to Get Your Cat to Do What You Want (With Fay Eckstein) Villard () 1990: The Illustrated Cat's Life Fawcett Publications () 1992: How to Get Your Dog to Do What You Want Ballantine Books () 1996: Understanding Your Pet Random House (ASIN: B001LNK0A0) 1995: The Illustrated Dog's Life Fawcett Publications () 1998: Memoirs of a Pet Therapist: A Tail All Book (with Denise Madden), Fawcett Publications () References External links Warren Eckstein's website. The Pet Show - Audio Archive. . Living people 1949 births American radio personalities American animal rights activists Place of birth missing (living people) American male writers People from Oceanside, New York People from Los Angeles 20th-century American LGBT people\",\n \"title\": \"Warren Eckstein\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44746335\",\n \"text\": \"Beauty is the eighth solo studio album by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. Both a Japanese and an international version were released by Virgin Records in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The international release contains the track \\\"You Do Me (Edit)\\\" featuring singer Jill Jones, a song previously released as a single. Overview Beauty is notable for its \\\"collage of styles\\\" that range from rock, techno, and classical to flamenco, African, and Japanese traditional. In discussing whether music is narrative and illustrative or an abstract medium, Sakamoto said, \\\"I have visions sometimes when I'm writing contemporary music, even when it's very logical. For example, for one of my songs on the album Beauty, I was always having visions of Amazonian rainforests, a little plane flying very low over the trees. Trees, trees, trees, and some birds. But the title of the song is 'Calling from Tokyo'.\\\" Recorded at various sound studios throughout Tokyo, New York, and Los Angeles, Beauty features many collaborators that include Arto Lindsay, Brian Wilson, Robbie Robertson, and Sly Dunbar. On his time working with Wilson, Sakamoto said, \\\"I had asked Brian Wilson to sing on the album so I went to Los Angeles and we recorded with him. I had been informed that he had had a difficult time, some kind of mental illness, and I could sense that, even though he wasn't that surprising in the studio. But then the following day, I flew from LA back to New York to continue recording and he showed up without telling me, with his whole family in tow. The schedule was already tightly planned, but I was so grateful he'd come, so we made some time to work with him. It was a beautiful moment – one I won't forget for the rest of my life.\\\" Track listing Personnel Performers Ryuichi Sakamoto – composer, producer, mixing, engineering, arranger, keyboards, piano, vocals Arto Lindsay – vocals, rap Brian Wilson – vocals Kazumi Tamaki – vocals, shamisen Misako Koja – vocals, shamisen Nicky Holland – vocals Yoriko Ganeko – vocals, shamisen, castanets Youssou N'Dour – vocals Laura Shaheen – vocals Robert Wyatt – vocals Jill Jones – vocals (\\\"You Do Me\\\") Alex Brown – backing vocals (\\\"You Do Me\\\") Angel Rogers – backing vocals (\\\"You Do Me\\\") Anita Sherman – backing vocals (\\\"You Do Me\\\") Kirk Crumpler – keyboards, programmer (\\\"You Do Me\\\") Carlos Lomas – guitar Bun Itakura – guitar Dali Kimoko-N’Dala – guitar Eddie Martinez – guitar, soloist Robbie Robertson – guitar Pino Palladino – bass Mark Johnson – bass Larry White – bass (\\\"You Do Me\\\") Sly Dunbar – drums Pandit Dinesh – tabla Naná Vasconcelos – percussion Paco Yé – percussion Seidou \\\"Baba\\\" Outtara – percussion Sibiri Outtara – percussion Magatie Fall – talking drum Milton Cardona – shekere L. Shankar – double violin Sang Won Park – zither Sham Guibbory – string section leader Jiang Jian Huo – erhu Technical Greg Calbi – engineer, mastering Jason Corsaro – engineer, mixing Ikuo Honma – engineer Kinji Yoshino\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty (Ryuichi Sakamoto album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6488941\",\n \"text\": \"Down from the Mountain is a 2000 documentary and concert film featuring a live performance by country and traditional music artists who participated in the Grammy-winning soundtrack recording for the Joel and Ethan Coen film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? The concert, held at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee on May 24, 2000, was a benefit for the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. The documentary was directed by Nick Doob, Chris Hegedus and D. A. Pennebaker. The artists in the concert also participated in a Down from the Mountain concert tour. Summary The concert portion of the film is preceded by a 30-minute section in which the various artists are seen rehearsing for the show, doing soundchecks, and talking backstage at the Ryman Auditorium. Time is spent with bluegrass star Ralph Stanley, who rides in a limousine to Nashville, Tennessee, and is interviewed on radio station WSM, whose DJ introduces him as \\\"the newest member of WSM's Grand Ole Opry\\\", despite his having performed professionally as a country musician since the 1960s. John Hartford, who acts as master of ceremonies for the concert, is interviewed while piloting a paddlewheeler riverboat, and he talks about his time as a towboat pilot on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois rivers. He mentions that he had to stop when his cancer got too bad, and, indeed, this film marks Hartford's last filmed appearance before his death on June 4, 2001, of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. T-Bone Burnett is seen working with the girl trio, The Peasall Sisters, instructing guitarist Chris Sharp to increase the tempo on their number, \\\"In the Highways\\\", and \\\"do it like a rock and roll song\\\". When Sharp has trouble understanding him, Burnett asks the musician, \\\"You can't relate to rock and roll?\\\" Emmylou Harris reveals her obsession with Major League Baseball, showing that she carries a Motorola \\\"Sports Trax\\\" pager that tracks the action in all the games being played that day. Gillian Welch explains that Harris and Alison Krauss take delight in making her sing the highest part in their trio, \\\"Didn't Leave Nobody but the Baby\\\", even though both Harris and Krauss have higher-register voices. Harris sang the bass part on the song, which is unusual for the singer, who is well known for her role as the \\\"angel\\\" vocalist in her duets and backing vocals with other artists. Tim Blake Nelson, a member of the O Brother, Where Art Thou? cast who can be seen on stage during the finale of the concert (\\\"Angel Band\\\"), is seen backstage talking to Emmylou Harris. He recalls a performance of hers that he attended, which was on her birthday, and Harris remembers that she had remarked she was \\\"38 with a bullet\\\". The concert is introduced by Holly Hunter, another cast member of the film. She explains the presence of cameramen on the stage by making a joke about it being \\\"dress-down Wednesday\\\" at the FBI and saying that several agents have joined the performance that night. The\",\n \"title\": \"Down from the Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5685567\",\n \"text\": \"Meg Giry is one of the fictional characters from Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera. In the story, she is Madame Giry's oldest daughter. Description In the novel she is described as having “eyes black as sloes, hair black as ink, a swarthy complexion and a poor little skin stretched over poor little bones\\\". She is also, in the novel, portrayed as a young girl who adores having her own way and attention. Due to her mother's role as the keeper of Box Five, Meg occasionally acts as a source of information about the ghost to the other ballet girls. She is described by the author in the prologue as \\\"the most charming star of our admirable corps de ballet.\\\" Madame Giry is compelled to work for the Phantom because he left her a letter that told her that Meg (should she deserve it) would become Empress. Early in the novel, it is explained in the Prologue that Meg Giry, after the story's events, had indeed become the Baroness de Castelot-Barbezac. In the Andrew Lloyd Webber adaptation, she is Christine's good friend and her personality is much sweeter, caring and innocent showing genuine concern for Christine's claim of an Angel of Music (really the Phantom) coaching her. Meg is more curvaceous and has blonde hair and blue eyes. In contrast to the musical version, in the novel, it is never mentioned that she is friends with Christine Daaé, and the only reference she makes about Christine is when confronted with the news that Christine was singing in the opening Gala, she tells Count Phillipe de Chagny that it was impossible for her to have a \\\"divine voice\\\" let alone become a success, that \\\"six months ago she sang like a crock/rusty hinge\\\". In Susan Kay's novel Phantom, she is mentioned briefly through Erik’s point of view; as she is telling Christine of the Opera Ghost he listens to her story. \\\"Never you mind how I know. I just do, that’s all. We know a lot about the Opera Ghost, Ma and I, but it isn’t safe to talk about it here. And you’d better believe me for your own good- he doesn’t like people who don’t know how to show a proper respect, and when he’s angry terrible things happen.\\\" \\\"What sort of things?\\\" I heard real alarm enter the other voice now. \\\"Awful things!\\\" said Meg cheerfully, \\\"truly awful. The floor in our dressing room starts to run with blood...\\\" Up in box five I blinked in surprised amusement. That was a new one! Little Giry should be writing Gothic novels, not prancing around the stage dressed as a water nymph! \\\"...disembodied hands come out of the wall and crawl across the stage,\\\" continued Meg with glee, \\\"and people just disappear and are never seen again. Like Joseph Buquet.\\\" Musical In the musical Meg Giry is the one who suggests to the theatre managers to put Christine in the leading role of the opera Hannibal once\",\n \"title\": \"Meg Giry\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"589966\",\n \"text\": \"Foreign Affairs is the fifth studio album by singer and songwriter Tom Waits, released on September 13, 1977, on Asylum Records. It was produced by Bones Howe, and featured Bette Midler singing a duet with Waits on \\\"I Never Talk to Strangers\\\". Production Bones Howe, the album's producer and engineer, remembers the album's original concept and production approach thus: \\\"[Waits] talked to me about doing this other material [...] He said, 'I'm going to do the demos first, and then I'm gonna let you listen to them. Then we should talk about what it should be.' I listened to the material and said, 'It's like a black-and-white movie.' That's where the cover came from. The whole idea that it was going to be a black-and-white movie. It's the way it seemed to me when we were putting it together. Whether or not it came out that way, I don't have any idea, because there's such metamorphosis when you're working on [records]. They change and change.\\\" Artwork Pictured on the cover with Waits is a Native American woman named Marsheila Cockrell, who worked at the box office of The Troubadour in Los Angeles. \\\"She was a girl who was... not a girlfriend but she thought she was a girlfriend.\\\" \\\"For the album cover Waits wanted to convey the film-noir mood that coloured so many of the songs. Veteran Hollywood portraitist George Hurrell was hired to shoot Waits, both alone and in a clutch with a shadowy female whose ring-encrusted right hand clamped a passport to his chest. The back-cover shot of Tom was particularly good, casting him as a slicked-back hoodlum—half matinee idol, half hair-trigger psychopath. The inner sleeve depicted the soused singer clawing at the keys of his Tropicana upright.\\\" Critical reception Village Voice critic Robert Christgau gave a mixed review of Foreign Affairs. He appreciated the Bette Midler duet \\\"I Never Talk to Strangers\\\", \\\"Jack & Neal\\\"'s combination of poetry and jazz, the \\\"mumbled monologue\\\" of \\\"Barber Shop\\\", and the title track, which he described as \\\"Anglophile\\\", but lamented \\\"Potter's Field\\\" for its theatrical music and narrative following \\\"a high-rolling nightstick\\\". He critiqued the album further in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): Track listing All tracks written by Tom Waits, except where noted. Side one Side two Personnel Tom Waits - vocals, piano Gene Cipriano – clarinet solos on \\\"Potter's Field\\\" Jim Hughart – bass Shelly Manne – drums Bette Midler – vocals on \\\"I Never Talk to Strangers\\\" Jack Sheldon – trumpet solos Frank Vicari – tenor saxophone solos Notes Tom Waits albums 1977 albums Asylum Records albums Albums produced by Bones Howe Albums with cover art by George Hurrell\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign Affairs (Tom Waits album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20735750\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Joseph Sheen (May 17, 1941 – November 23, 2000) was an American rhythm and blues singer. Biography Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Sheen is best known for singing with Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans who had their biggest hit \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" in 1962 (which was produced by Phil Spector). Sheen also recorded with other groups including The Robins, The Lovables, The Ding Dongs, and The Alley Cats. He would later join Bobby Nunn's group of The Coasters and recorded an album with the group called Coasting in 1979, which was released on Sheen's own record label, Salsa Picante Records. When Bobby Nunn died in 1986, Nunn's group of The Coasters still toured with Sheen and Billy Richards, Jr. as members. Sheen died of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California at the age of 59. Discography Solo singles \\\"How Many Nights\\\" / \\\"How Can We Ever Be Together\\\" (Liberty #55459) (1962) \\\"My Shoes Keep Walking Back To You\\\" / \\\"I Want You For My Sweetheart\\\" (Dimension #1043) (1965) \\\"Come On And Love Me\\\" / \\\"Love Stealing\\\" (Chelsea #3034) \\\"Dr. Love\\\" / \\\"Sweet Sweet Love\\\" (Capitol #5672) (1966) \\\"I Shook The World\\\" / \\\"Cloud Nine\\\" (Capitol #5827) (1967) \\\"The Way Of Love\\\" / \\\"Shelter Of Your Arms\\\" (Capitol #5984) (1967) \\\"I Don't Have To Dream\\\" / \\\"She Taught Me What Love Really Is\\\" (Capitol #2507) (1969) \\\"Something New To Do\\\" / \\\"I May Not Be What You Want\\\" (Warner Brothers #7662) (1972) \\\"If I Ever Dreamed I Hurt You\\\" / \\\"It Ain't Easy Being Your Fool\\\" (Warner Brothers #7701) (1973) \\\"Payback\\\" / \\\"Don't Make Me Do Wrong\\\" (Warner Brothers #7732) (1973) Various group singles and recordings \\\"A Quarter To Twelve\\\" / \\\"Pretty Little Dolly\\\" (Knight #2001) (1958) (The Robins) \\\"A Little Bird Told Me\\\" / \\\"It's Never Too Late\\\" (Knight #2008) (1959) (The Robins) \\\"Talk, Talk, Talk\\\" (Knight) (1959) (unreleased) (The Robins) \\\"Sufferin'\\\" (Knight) (1959) (unreleased) (The Robins) \\\"Just Like That\\\" / \\\"Whole Lot Of Imagination\\\" (Arvee #5001) (1959) (The Robins) \\\"Live Wire Susie\\\" / \\\"Oh No\\\" (Arvee #5013) (1960) (The Robins) \\\"Ding Dong (Saw Wood Mountain)\\\" / \\\"Sweet Thing\\\" (Eldo #109) (1960) (The Ding Dongs) \\\"Lassie Come Home\\\" / \\\"Late Last Night\\\" (Todd #1043) (1960) (The Ding Dongs) \\\"The White Cliffs of Dover\\\" / \\\"How Many More Times\\\" (Lavender #001) (1961) (The Robins) \\\"Magic Of A Dream\\\" / \\\"Mary Lou Loves To Hootchy Kootchy Koo\\\" (Lavender #002) (1961) (The Robins) \\\"Short Skirt\\\" / \\\"Bread 'n Butter\\\" (Eastman #9801) (1961) (The Lovables) \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" / \\\"Flip And Nitty\\\" (Philles #107) (1962) (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans) \\\"Puddin 'n' Tain\\\" / \\\"Feels So Good\\\" (Philles #108) (1963) (The Alley Cats) \\\"Why Do Lovers Break Each Other’s Heart?\\\" / \\\"Dr. Kaplan's Office\\\" (Philles #110) (1963) (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans) \\\"Not Too Young To Get Married\\\" / \\\"Annette\\\" (Philles #113) (1963) (Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans) Albums Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans: Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah (Phillies #4002) (1963) Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans: Spector Wall Of\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Sheen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4105885\",\n \"text\": \"Bernie Taupin is an English lyricist, poet, and singer. In his long-term collaboration with Elton John, he has written the lyrics for most of John's songs. Over the years, he has written songs for a variety of other artists, including Alice Cooper, Heart, Melissa Manchester, Starship, Rod Stewart and Richie Sambora. Taupin and John began writing together in 1967 and, aside from brief periods apart working on other projects, the two have been collaborating ever since. Their newest album, Wonderful Crazy Night, was released in early 2016. Taupin has also released three solo albums and was a member of the short-lived group Farm Dogs, which released two albums in the mid-late 1990s. List of songs This is a list of titles whose lyrics Bernie Taupin has written or co-written. Big Picture B-sides Immigrant Sons Other songs 10 Soldater 12 1965 Accents Across the River Thames Act of War Adult Music Aftermath Ain't We Bad in the Big City All I Want to do is Make Love to You All Or Nothing All That I'm Allowed (I'm Thankful) American Triangle An Angel's Wing And the House Fell Down Anitta Answer in the Sky Are You Alright? Bad News Baby Darling Ball Ballad of the Boy in Red Shoes Bed of Nails Birds Black Cat Crossing the Road Black on Blue Blood in the Dust Blues Never Fade Away Bobbie on the Backburner Bobby Goes Electric Bonnie's Gone Away Bring Back the Magic Building a Bird But Then Again Calling it Christmas Caminaga Ella Tan Linda Cherokee D.J Child Chiquita Cowboy Cry Willow Cry Culture Shock/Counter Clock Damn My Eyes Dance With Life (The Brilliant Light) Dark Diamond Deal for Life Dear Ground Destiny Diamonds Won't Do it (But I Will) Did Anybody Sleep with Joan of Arc? Don't Be the Last to Know Du Far Ej Fa Du Far Ej Ga Dub Till You Drop Dup Songs Emery Green En Sorgsen Sang First Verse Freaks in Love Free to Believe Giardino Dell 'Amore Gimme Eight Seconds Ginseng Woman God Never Came Here Goin' North Going Blind Heart of an Angel Heart of Glass Hell How Long Lord (Before the Night Is Over?) How's Tomorrow? Hungry Eyes I Am Not the Enemy I Am the Hunter I Came to Dance I Can't Keep This From You I Have Slipped I Hypnotise I Must Have Lost It on the Wind I Stop and I Breathe I Want Love If I Was a Country I'm a Working Man I'm Not the Enemy In the Name of Dark Angels It's Getting Dark in Here It's Me that You Need It's Only Rain It's Your Game Jazz Girl Jealousy Regrets Josephine Just Like Noah's Ark Keep It a Mystery Keep Me Le Dernier Mot Leaves Leaving at Midnight Leaving the Fair Light in Your Heart Little Casanova A Little Peace Little Quick Draw Llora Al Cielo Long-Legged Women Look At What We've Done Look Ma No Hands Love Love and Greed Love Cuts Like a Dangerous\",\n \"title\": \"List of songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4635135\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)\\\" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1966 album Pet Sounds. Written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher, it is a ballad about nonverbal communication between lovers. Musically, the song is distinguished for its chromaticism, the use of a string sextet, and its key ambiguity. It is among the most harmonically complex songs that Wilson ever composed. Wilson sang lead and produced the track in early 1966 with the aid of 14 session musicians who variously played guitars, vibraphone, timpani, organ, piano, upright bass, a ride cymbal, and strings. It is one of three tracks on Pet Sounds where he is the only Beach Boy featured. Acts who have covered the song include Linda Ronstadt, Fennesz, Anne Sofie von Otter with Elvis Costello, and Jeff Beck with Johnny Depp. Background and lyrics \\\"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)\\\" was written by Brian Wilson and Tony Asher about nonverbal communication between lovers. In the lyrics, the narrator observes of his lover, \\\"I can hear so much in your sighs / and I can see so much in your eyes / There are words we both can say / But don't talk, put your head on my shoulder\\\". The narrator is generally celebratory of the time that the couple are spending together, although the line \\\"let's not think about tomorrow\\\" implies that he is also feeling a sense of desperation. According to Asher, \\\"It's strange to sit down and write a song about not talking ... but we managed to do it and it came off well.\\\" Wilson thought that \\\"Don't Talk\\\" had an overall mood similar to his 1963 song \\\"Lonely Sea\\\", explaining, \\\"It's a different setting, but the emotion is the same.\\\" His then-wife Marilyn opined that the lyrics demonstrated Wilson at his most \\\"romantic\\\", and that \\\"[o]ther people would have thought [the message] was sissyish, but he was very romantic, and that was just coming from two people just being close.\\\" In reference to the line \\\"Listen to my heartbeat\\\", Brian reflected, \\\"I felt very deeply about that line. One of the sweetest songs I ever sang. I have to say I'm proud of it. The innocence of youth in my voice, of being young and childlike. I think that's what people liked.\\\" Music journalist Geoffrey Himes describes the song as a \\\"ballad that featured Brian singing in a devotional high tenor about the romantic moment when words fail.\\\" Biographer Timothy White suggests that the lyrics can be interpreted as both \\\"a peaceful meditation on romantic tranquility\\\" and \\\"a song of reunion for any loved ones.\\\" Conversely, author Jim Fusilli felt that the lyrics suggest \\\"the way you express your love for someone who is ready to go ... it's what you say when you know it's the last time you'll hold her in your arms.\\\" Composition Harmonic structure \\\"Don't Talk\\\" is among the most harmonically complex songs that Wilson ever composed. The key\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"890710\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte Ross (born January 21, 1968) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Eve Donovan on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1991, and as Detective Connie McDowell on the ABC police procedural drama series NYPD Blue from 2001 to 2004. Early life Ross was born in the Chicago suburb of Winnetka, Illinois, on January 21, 1968, and grew up there. Her parents are Debbie Ross Kullby, and Peter Ross (died 2009), who was a financial advisor. She has one sibling, younger brother George, an NYC-based triathlete and hedge fund-analyst. Her first on-screen performance was in My First Mouthpiece when she was eight years old. She moved on to performing in various theater productions around metropolitan Chicago. Career After graduating from New Trier High School, Ross moved to Los Angeles, which her father opposed. She auditioned for the role of Kelly Bundy in the Fox comedy series Married... with Children, but was the producers' second choice behind Christina Applegate to whom she lost the role, before being cast as Eve Donovan on Days of Our Lives. Four years later, Ross co-starred with Katey Sagal in the television film Violation of Trust (aka She Says She's Innocent). The year after that, she guest starred on Married... with Children as one of Bud Bundy's sexier classmates. Ross's run on Days of Our Lives lasted from 1987 to 1991, earning her two Emmy Award nominations. Her other television credits include the musical drama series The Heights (where she sang on the Billboard Number One hit \\\"How Do You Talk to an Angel\\\"), The 5 Mrs. Buchanans, Drexell's Class, Pauly, Law & Order, Trinity, Beggars and Choosers, Frasier, Savage Land, Jake in Progress, Fall Into Darkness, and A Kiss So Deadly (which reunited with her Days co-star Charles Shaughnessy). She also co-starred in the Lifetime original films Montana Sky and Christmas in Paradise (both 2007). She earned a Gold record in 1992 for her work as a singer on the soundtrack album to The Heights. Ross also played Connie McDowell in the ABC police procedural drama series NYPD Blue from 2001 to 2004. On February 25, 2003, Ross appeared in an NYPD Blue episode entitled \\\"Nude Awakening\\\", which featured shots of her buttocks as she prepared to step into the shower. As a result, the FCC fined each of the 52 ABC stations with a $27,500 fine (a combined $1,430,000) for broadcasting \\\"indecent material\\\" between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. However, on January 4, 2011, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously revoked the fine, stating that the FCC's enforcement of its indecency rules was \\\"unconstitutionally vague and chilling.\\\" ABC, Inc., et al. v. Federal Communications Commission, No. 08-0841-ag(L) (2nd Cir.). In 2006, Ross joined Billy Blanks to co-host a series of Tae-Bo infomercials. In 2011, Ross appeared as Candy in Summit's 3D film Drive Angry, alongside Nicolas Cage and Amber Heard. From 2009 to 2012, Ross began a recurring role on the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19428227\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew Logan is an American performer, songwriter, and director. Solo album Logan released his debut solo album, Show Me Your Heart, on Motown Records in 1993. Work Fall Out Boy, Young Wild Things US Tour, Director Fall Out Boy, Honda Civic US Tour, Director Panic! at the Disco, Nothing Rhymes with Disco US Tour, Director Toni Braxton, Revealed at the Flamingo Hilton, Las Vegas, Director Dave Koz, A Smooth Jazz Christmas, US Tour, Director Toni Braxton, Libra US Tour, Director Dave Koz, At the Movies US Tour, Director Nobody's Angel, Can't Help Myself US Tour, Director Toni Braxton, \\\"Talking in His Sleep\\\" Music Video, Director Nights on Broadway II & III, Musical Director/Vocal Arranger Garth Brooks, \\\"Snow In July\\\", Writer. Paula Abdul, \\\"Ooh La La La\\\", Producer. Dakota Moon, \\\"Dakota Moon\\\", Album Producer. Aaron Carter, \\\"A Dream About You\\\", Producer. Orfeh, What Do You Want from Me, Writer/Producer/Co-Executive Producer. Director 2008/2009 HOW SWEET THE SOUND U.S Tour FALL OUT BOY \\\"Young Wild Things Tour\\\"/U.S Tour TONI BRAXTON \\\"Revealed\\\" Flamingo Hilton, Las Vegas PANIC! AT THE DISCO \\\"Nothing Rhymes With Disco\\\"/ U.S Tour\\\" 2010 STELLAR AWARDS \\\"Featuring Donald Lawrence & The Atlanta West Pentecostal Choir\\\" 2010 NAACP AWARDS \\\"Mary Mary Performance\\\" MARY MARY \\\"The Sound\\\"/U.S Tour\\\" TONI BRAXTON \\\"Libra Tour\\\"/ U.S Tour\\\" FALL OUT BOY \\\"Honda Civic Tour\\\"/U.S Tour\\\" DAVE KOZ \\\"A Smooth Jazz Christmas\\\"/U.S Tour\\\" \\\"At The Movies\\\"/U.S Tour\\\" \\\"Greatest Hits\\\"/U.S Tour\\\" TONI BRAXTON \\\"Fox’s New Year's Eve\\\"/Fox T.V.\\\" \\\"NBA All Star Game\\\"/ Half Time Show TNT\\\" \\\"The White Party\\\"/Palm Springs\\\" NOBODY'S ANGEL \\\"Can't Help Myself\\\"/ U.S Tour\\\" DAKOTA MOON \\\"A Place To Land\\\"/U.S Tour\\\" NIGHTS ON BROADWAY 2 & 3 /Caesars, Atlantic City(Musical Director/Vocal Arranger) MUSIC VIDEOS DENNIS LOGAN \\\"The Whole Things Going Down\\\" TONI BRAXTON \\\"Talking In His Sleep\\\"/Revealed Las Vegas\\\" DONALD LAWRENCE \\\"Let The Word Do The Work\\\"/ How Sweet The Sound\\\" INDUSTRIALS Lea Michele, \\\"Dove's Favorite Things\\\" LEXUS, TOYOTA, AXE BODY SPRAY, DOVE, WHIRLPOOL, BURGER KING References American male songwriters American rhythm and blues musicians American rock musicians American male pop singers Motown artists Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American gay musicians American LGBT singers American LGBT songwriters Gay singers Gay songwriters\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Logan (songwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"693813\",\n \"text\": \"Wendy Joan Matthews (born 13 January 1960) is a Canadian-born Australian singer-songwriter who has been a member of Models and Absent Friends and is a solo artist. She released Top 20 hit singles in the 1990s including \\\"Token Angels\\\", \\\"Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)\\\", \\\"The Day You Went Away\\\" and \\\"Friday's Child\\\" with Top 20 albums, You've Always Got The Blues (duet album with Kate Ceberano), Émigré, Lily, The Witness Tree and her compilation, Stepping Stones. She has won six Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Awards. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane she provides \\\"extraordinary, crystal-clear vocals [...] a soulfulness that was the mark of a truly gifted singer\\\". Matthews appeared on three series of It Takes Two—an Australian TV celebrity singing competition—partnered with Richard Champion (2006), Russell Gilbert (2007) and John Mangos (2008). On 27 October 2010, Models were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame by Matthews. Biography 1960-1981: Early years Wendy Joan Matthews was born in 1960 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with Abenaki (First Nations tribe), Spanish and Scottish ancestry. Peter and Joan Matthews already had a son, Gary born a year earlier and another son, Glenn followed a year after Matthews. She listened and sang along to Joni Mitchell, Linda Ronstadt and Barbra Streisand records. Her parents separated when she was 14, Peter became a Vancouver advertising executive and Joan took up yoga instructing near Quebec. At the age of 15 Matthews joined friends in the Little Benny Blues Band (named after Little Benny Park where they hung out). She left school at 16 and went busking across North America including south to Mexico with friends. By 1978, she was in Los Angeles where she busked, made jewellery and worked as a session singer. In February 1981, Matthews sang lead vocal for \\\"Willow Pattern\\\" on Osamu Kitajima's album Dragon King (1982). She met Japanese musician, Hiroshi Sato, and travelled to Japan to record lead vocals for his fourth album, Awakening, which was released in June on Alfa Records. 1982–1990: Soundtracks, Rockmelons and Absent Friends Back in Los Angeles, Australian singer Glenn Shorrock (ex-Little River Band) asked her to provide backing vocals on his solo album Villain of the Peace (1982) and to join him on his subsequent six-week tour of Australia in 1983. Matthews decided to stay in Sydney at the tour's completion and found herself in demand as a session vocalist and singing jingles. She sang on albums by Jimmy Barnes, Richard Clapton, Tim Finn and Icehouse. After singing backing vocals on Models' 1985 album Out of Mind, Out of Sight, she became a regular vocalist for the band. Matthews and Models' guitarist and vocalist, Sean Kelly, had an 11-year personal relationship. Other backing singers for Models included Kate Ceberano and Zan Abeyratne, both members of I'm Talking – the two bands often toured together. In 1986, Matthews joined Peter Blakeley and The Resurrection, with Blakeley (ex-Rockmelons) on lead vocals, Chris Abrahams on bass guitar and piano (ex-The Benders), Jim Benjamin on drums and\",\n \"title\": \"Wendy Matthews\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2105783\",\n \"text\": \"Patricia Ann Cole (born October 3, 1946), known professionally as P. P. Arnold, is an American soul singer. Arnold began her career as an Ikette with the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1965. The following year she relocated to London to pursue a solo career. Arnold enjoyed considerable success in the United Kingdom with her singles \\\"The First Cut Is the Deepest\\\" (1967) and \\\"Angel of the Morning\\\" (1968). Early life Arnold was born into a family of gospel singers, and performed as a vocal soloist for the first time when she was four years old. Her family lived in the African-American Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. She married early and had two children, Kevin and Debbie. Arnold worked two jobs, one in an office and the other in food manufacturing. Career 1960s Arnold credited her friendship from 1964 onwards with Tina Turner for helping to kick start her ultimately successful singing career and for acting as her mentor. Speaking with Jools Holland on BBC Two in December 2023 she gave an insight into the loss of Turner. In 1965, Maxine Smith, an ex-girlfriend of her brother had contacted her with an offer. Smith and her friend Gloria Scott had arranged an audition for the three of them to replace the original Ikettes, the dancer/singer troupe that had provided the vocal and dance accompaniments for the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Smith encouraged Arnold, whom she knew to be a singer to attend the audition. The three young women were offered the job on the spot, Smith persuaded Arnold to attend a concert in Fresno that night before making a final decision. When she arrived home at 6:00 the next morning, Arnold's furious husband hit her. She left him immediately, and after placing her children in the care of her parents, joined the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. As an Ikette, Arnold sang lead on the 1966 single \\\"What'cha Gonna Do (When I Leave You)\\\", backed by Brenda Holloway and Patrice Holloway for Phil Spector's Phi-Dan Records. Arnold sang backing vocals on the Ike Turner produced side of the album River Deep – Mountain High. She also appeared in the 1966 concert film, The Big T.N.T Show. Arnold quit the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in the fall of 1966 after their tour with the Rolling Stones in the UK. She remained in London to establish a solo career, with the encouragement of Mick Jagger. Arnold noted the difference between how she had been treated in America and how she was received in England, saying, \\\"A young black woman on her own in America in a white environment would not have been treated as well as I was in England.\\\" Her friendship with Jagger helped her land a solo contract with Immediate Records, a label founded by Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham. Arnold enjoyed several major British hits on Immediate Records, including songs written for her by Paul Korda, who wrote \\\"The Time Has Come\\\" and released the\",\n \"title\": \"P. P. Arnold\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18149438\",\n \"text\": \"Did You Know People Can Fly? is the first full-length album by Kaddisfly. It was released in 2003 under a self-titled independent record label. In interviews about the album, the group's musicians commented that they were trying to a new style to stay fresh and differentiate themselves from their prior works. Production The album was released December 12, 2003, under the label Kaddisfly. Aaron Tollefson, a musician who played guitar on the album, commented about the writing of the music, \\\"when it came to writing this record, we wanted to wipe away everything people knew of us and resurface with a composition that couldn't be boxed, labeled, or formulaically packaged.\\\" Beau Kuther, a fellow member of the group who contributed percussive talent to the album, observed, \\\"We wanted to really challenge ourselves and write a record where every noise, texture, and color fit into the composition on a whole.\\\" Kile Brewer, who contributed bass on the piece, emphasized the importance of the group's music staying original, \\\"We are all of the same mind that if we are going to exist in this business for life, we will have to perpetually challenge ourselves, take risks, and never create the same record twice. The moment you grow static is the moment your music needs eyes.\\\" Christopher Ruff, who sang and played piano, later talked about how the album was done \\\"entirely in a studio out in L.A., it felt a lot staler, it didn’t feel like there was as much depth or as much of an overall vibe to the album. We thought we were able to catch more of a vibe back in Oregon and doing it there.\\\" Track listing Personnel Christopher Ruff – vocals, piano Aaron Tollefson – guitars Beau Kuther – drums, percussion Kile Brewer – bass, vocals See also Alternative rock Caddisfly Experimental rock Four Seasons EP Set Sail the Prairie Timeline of progressive rock References Further reading External links Did You Know People Can Fly?, CDBaby 2003 debut albums\",\n \"title\": \"Did You Know People Can Fly?\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44443450\",\n \"text\": \"Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. B.B. King is a box set compilation album by B. B. King. It traces King's career from his first singles for Bullet Records in 1949 to material on his last recorded album in 2008. Crowdfunded by Pledge Music in 2012, it was available in a full ten-disc box exclusive through Amazon.com, and a four-disc \\\"highlights\\\" box available everywhere else. People who pledged money also got a digital copy of the out-of-print 1975 album Lucille Talks Back. Both versions of the box are physically out of print; the four disc edition is bundled along with Lucille Talks Back digitally, although this version removes King's first single. Track listing Ten disc edition Disc oneThree O'Clock Blues (1949-1956) \\\"Miss Martha King\\\" (2:42) \\\"When Your Baby Packs Up and Goes\\\" (2:29) \\\"Got the Blues\\\" (2:47) \\\"Take a Swing with Me\\\" (2:33) \\\"B.B. Boogie\\\" (3:11) Don’t You Want a Man Like Me\\\" (2:21) Fine Looking Woman\\\" (2:23) \\\"She’s Dynamite\\\" (2:30) \\\"Three O’Clock Blues\\\" (3:02) \\\"That Ain’t the Way to Do It (2:17) \\\"You Know I Love You\\\" (3:05) \\\"Woke Up This Morning\\\" (2:57) \\\"Please Love Me\\\" (2:51) \\\"Blind Love\\\" (3:05) \\\"The Woman I Love\\\" (2:41) \\\"Whole Lotta’ Love\\\" (3:09) \\\"Everyday I Have the Blues\\\" (2:49) \\\"Love You Baby\\\" (AKA \\\"Take a Swing with Me\\\") (2:40) \\\"When My Heart Beats Like a Hammer\\\" (2:54) \\\"You Upset Me Baby\\\" (3:02) \\\"Sneakin’ Around\\\" (3:02) \\\"Shut Your Mouth\\\" (2:41) \\\"Boogie Rock\\\" (3:05) \\\"Ten Long Years\\\" (2:47) \\\"Crying Won’t Help You\\\" (3:00) \\\"Bad Luck\\\" (2.54) \\\"Troubles, Troubles, Troubles\\\" (2:54) Disc twoRock Me Baby (1957-1962) \\\"Sweet Little Angel\\\" (3:12) \\\"Early in the Morning\\\" (2:34) \\\"(I’m Gonna) Quit My Baby\\\" (2:32) \\\"On My Word of Honor\\\" (2:54) \\\"Days of Old\\\" (2:28) \\\"Recession Blues\\\" (2:21) \\\"Please Accept My Love\\\" (2:33) \\\"Everyday I Have the Blues\\\" (5:05) \\\"Precious Lord\\\" (3:22) \\\"Sweet Sixteen, Parts 1 & 2\\\" (6:15) \\\"Don’t Get Around Much Anymore\\\" (3:15) \\\"I’ll Survive\\\" (2:40) \\\"(I’ve) Got a Right to Love My Baby\\\" (3:14) \\\"It’s My Own Fault\\\" (3:33) \\\"You Done Lost Your Good Thing Now\\\" (5:09) \\\"Walking Dr. Bill\\\" (3:40) \\\"Catfish Blues (Fishin’ After Me)\\\" (2:31) \\\"Partin’ Time\\\" (3:00) \\\"You’re Breaking My Heart\\\" (4:13) \\\"Rock Me Baby\\\" (3:00) \\\"Blue Shadows\\\" (3:47) \\\"The Jungle\\\" (3:14) \\\"That Evil Child\\\" (3:51) Disc threeHow Blue Can You Get (1962-1966) \\\"You Ask Me\\\" (2:10) \\\"I’m Gonna Sit In 'Til You Give In\\\" (2:13) \\\"Blues at Midnight\\\" (2:58) \\\"My Baby’s Coming Home\\\" (2:08) \\\"Chains of Love\\\" (2:35) \\\"Sneakin’ Around\\\" (2:07) \\\"Slowly Losing My Mind\\\" (2:32) \\\"How Blue Can You Get?\\\" (2:42) \\\"Whole Lotta Lovin'\\\" (2:26) \\\"I Wonder Why\\\" (3:06) \\\"Please Accept My Love\\\" (2:57) \\\"Help the Poor\\\" (2:37) \\\"Never Trust a Woman\\\" (2:36) \\\"Worryin’ Blues\\\" (2:55) \\\"Stop Leadin’ Me On\\\" (2:24) \\\"Everyday I Have the Blues\\\" (3:08) \\\"Sweet Little Angel\\\" (4:10) \\\"It’s My Own Fault\\\" (3:06) \\\"How Blue Can You Get?\\\" (3:35) \\\"Please Love Me\\\" (3:00) \\\"Tired Of Your Jive\\\" (2:10) \\\"All Over Again\\\" (2:35) \\\"I’d Rather Drink Muddy Water\\\" (2:21) \\\"Cherry Red\\\" (2:26) \\\"You’re Still a Square\\\" (2:23) \\\"Don’t Answer the Door, Parts\",\n \"title\": \"Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. B.B. King\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33323183\",\n \"text\": \"How Do You Do is the second studio album by American singer Mayer Hawthorne. It was released on October 11, 2011, by Universal Republic Records. The limited edition box set of the album gave Hawthorne his first Grammy Award nomination for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package in 2014. Singles The album's lead single, \\\"A Long Time\\\", was released on May 23, 2011, its music video was released on September 5, 2011. The album's second single, \\\"The Walk\\\", was released on August 29, 2011, its music video was released on October 5, 2011, the song peaked at number 32 on the US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs. Critical reception How Do You Do was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 78, based on 19 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.7 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. AllMusic editor David Jeffries commented that Hawthorne's songwriting ability compliments his \\\"adherence to an aesthetic\\\" and \\\"love of nostalgic soul\\\", and stated, \\\"that the man sounds more natural and loose than on his debut might be this album's greatest asset, making the vulgar drops and other nods to the present feel less mannered than before\\\". Barry Walters of Spin called Hawthorne a \\\"credible crooner\\\" and commented that \\\"his increasingly confident cries and grooves and songwriting aplomb are undeniably pro\\\". Colin McGuire of PopMatters dubbed it \\\"Hawthorne's masterpiece to date\\\" and stated, \\\"What makes How Do You Do so much better than the singer's debut [...] is his foray into up-tempo groove-happy soul music\\\". Los Angeles Times writer August Brown complimented its \\\"fantastic pillow talk\\\" and wrote that the album \\\"splits the difference between the well-ironed soul revivalism of Adele and R. Kelly's baroquely dirty mind\\\". Brown added that Hawthorne \\\"comes into his own as a vocal powerhouse\\\" and commended the production as \\\"refined and dynamic in a way that's wholly missing from pop radio\\\". However, Slant Magazines Jonathan Keefe found Hawthorne's singing \\\"technically poor\\\" and marred by a \\\"shaky sense of pitch\\\". Keefe noted its musicianship as \\\"simply flawless in recreating a '70s-era R&B groove\\\" and stated, \\\"Hawthorne just doesn't have the vocal chops to pull off an otherwise solid album\\\". Rolling Stone writer Chuck Eddy found \\\"Hawthorne's oldschool pop-R&B homages [...] so meticulous that it's tempting to overrate his pipes\\\", and concluded, \\\"Don't expect emotion for the ages, and you'll have fun with this\\\". In his consumer guide, critic Robert Christgau indicating \\\"the kind of garden-variety good record that is the great luxury of musical micromarketing and overproduction\\\". He called the album a \\\"civically revivalist Motown / Ford homage\\\" and stated, \\\"What we're hearing here is the Temptations turning into the Delfonics—the way his midrange gives up the verse and his falsetto takes the chorus is as nice as his boyish sexism\\\". Industry awards Track listing Notes \\\"A Long Time\\\" features additional vocals by Noelle Scaggs\",\n \"title\": \"How Do You Do (Mayer Hawthorne album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20383355\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Howe (August 21, 1965 – July 26, 2021) was an American heavy metal singer who performed with Metal Church, Heretic and briefly with mid 80s Los Angeles metal band Snair. Career Howe began his career as the singer for a Detroit band called Hellion (later renamed Snair after moving to Los Angeles) before joining the band Heretic, who were formed in 1986. Heretic released its sole full-length album, Breaking Point in 1988 before Howe departed to join Metal Church and Heretic disbanded. From 1988 until 1996 Howe sang in Metal Church, replacing David Wayne. After Howe joined Metal Church the subject matter deepened. The band's lyrics tackled political and social issues of the day with the releases of Blessing in Disguise and The Human Factor. Howe recorded three albums with Metal Church before the group split up in 1996. Although he had rarely recorded or performed outside of Heretic and Metal Church, Howe provided guest vocals on Hall Aflame's 1991 album Guaranteed Forever and Megora's 1997 EP Illusions. On why he left Metal Church in 1995, Mike Howe stated in an interview in 2017: \\\"I left Metal Church because of managerial and record company and outside pressures that were putting Metal Church in a position that was not to my liking. They were ruining the band for me business-wise. Small examples like the record cover of [1993's] 'Hanging In The Balance', which was something that I did not approve of and something I did not like at all. And so… [Laughs] It's okay if you like it, but for me, it was not something that I liked. Things like that, the way it was recorded and mixed and the pressures put on me and to push me in ways that I didn't want to be pushed, so things like that. It came to a head to where this is not the band I envisioned and Kurdt envisions and we're basically being bullied around by a management company that doesn't understand us. They think they know better than us. I was like, 'This is it. I'm getting off the ship before it goes down.' Metal Church founder Kurdt Vanderhoof reported in 1998 that Howe had retired and was living in Tennessee with his family. Outside music, he had a full-time job in carpentry and was a father to two sons born in 1997 and 2002, respectively. On April 30, 2015, Metal Church announced that Howe had rejoined the band, and he appeared on two more albums with them – XI (2016) and Damned If You Do (2018), as well as their 2017 live album Classic Live and the 2020 compilation album From The Vault. Death On July 26, 2021, Metal Church announced via the band's Facebook page that Howe had died that morning at his home in Eureka, California, aged 55. The cause of death was ruled suicide. He was the second singer of Metal Church to have died following David Wayne in 2005. Discography With Heretic Breaking Point (1988,\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Howe\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27261357\",\n \"text\": \"Yoon Joo-sang (born June 25, 1949) is a South Korean actor. In 2009, he won the Best Supporting Actor award during the 2009 KBS Drama Awards for his role in Iris. Filmography Film Cane (Hoichori) (2011) Miss Gold Digger (2007) Happy Killing (2007) Radio Star (2006) King and the Clown (2005) Diary of June (2005) Duelist (2005) Thomas Ahn Jung-geun (2004) Spider Forest (2004) The President's Barber (2004) Arahan (2004) The Circle (2003) Natural City (2003) No Comment (2002) Amygdala (2002) This Is Law (2001) Guns & Talks (2001) Dream of a Warrior (2001) General Hospital the Movie: A Thousand Days (2000) Phantom: The Submarine (1999) The Ring Virus (1999) Shiri (1999) The Happenings (1998) Bitter and Sweet (1995) The Taebaek Mountains (1994) Television series Mental Coach Jegal (2022) Extraordinary Attorney Woo (2022) (cameo, ep. 2) Move to Heaven (2021) (cameo, ep. 8) Revolutionary Sisters (2021) Hello, Me! (2021) The Uncanny Counter (2020) Memorials (2020) 365: Repeat the Year (2020) Doctor John (2019) Hide and Seek (2018) Your House Helper (2018) Radio Romance (2018) The Secret of My Love (2017–2018) Live Up to Your Name (2017) Second to Last Love (2016) The Good Wife (2016) High Society (2015) My Unfortunate Boyfriend (2015) EXO Next Door (2015) Drama Festival – \\\"4teen\\\" (2014) (cameo) Tears of Heaven (2014) Trot Lovers (2014) KBS Drama Special – \\\"The Reason I'm Getting Married\\\" (2014) Emergency Couple (2014) (cameo, ep. 1) One Warm Word (2013) Drama Special Series – \\\"Puberty Medley\\\" (2013) I Can Hear Your Voice (2013) Iris II: New Generation (2013) School 2013 (2012–2013) The King of Dramas (2012–2013) Arang and the Magistrate (2012) Big (2012) I Do, I Do (2012) Can't Live Without You (2012) The Wedding Scheme (tvN, 2012) Korean Peninsula (2012) Padam Padam (2011–2012) KBS Drama Special – \\\"Sorry I'm Late\\\" (2011) Ojakgyo Family (2011) Baby Faced Beauty (2011) Sign (2011) (cameo) Drama Special Series – \\\"Special Crime Squad MSS\\\" (2011) Smile, Mom (2010–2011) KBS Drama Special – \\\"Family Secrets\\\" (2010) Big Thing (2010) Kim Su-ro, The Iron King (2010) Becoming a Billionaire (2010) Iris (2009) Smile, You (2009–2010) The Accidental Couple (2009) My Too Perfect Sons (2009) Ja Myung Go (2009) Star's Lover (2008–2009) Drama City – \\\"Love Hunt, Thirty Minus Three\\\" (2008) Painter of the Wind (2008) Matchmaker's Lover (2008) Working Mom (2008) Lawyers of the Great Republic of Korea (2008) Women in the Sun (2008) Who Are You? (2008) Lobbyist (2007) Auction House (2007) Drama City – \\\"Sky Lovers\\\" (2007) MBC Best Theater – \\\"Red Dream\\\" (MBC, 2007) Daughters-in-Law (2007–2008) Kimchi Cheese Smile (2007) Capital Scandal (2007) Drama City – \\\"Crazy Love\\\" (2007) Air City (2007) MBC Best Theater – \\\"There is Soup\\\" (2006) Korea Secret Agency (2006) The Invisible Man (2006) MBC Best Theater – \\\"Hello Angel\\\" (2006) Drama City – \\\"San-sa's Morning\\\" (2005) Sweet Spy (2005–2006) Drama City – \\\"Accompany\\\" (2004) Drama City – \\\"A Flower at the Tip of the Knife\\\" (2004) Drama City – \\\"Our Ham\\\" (2004) Jang Gil-san (2004) My 19 Year Old\",\n \"title\": \"Yoon Joo-sang\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71307\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Me and a Gun\\\" is a song by American singer-songwriter and musician Tori Amos. It was released as the first single from her debut studio album Little Earthquakes and is her debut single under the name Tori Amos. It was released on October 21, 1991 by Atlantic Records in North America and EastWest Records in the UK. Background The song is three minutes and 44 seconds long. Amos wrote the song about being raped in Los Angeles when she was 21. After she performed at a bar, a patron asked her if he could have a ride home. She obliged, and he raped her at knifepoint. Years later, in London, she saw the film Thelma and Louise and was stirred. Amos discussed the attack in a 1994 interview: \\\"I'll never talk about it at this level again but let me ask you. Why have I survived that kind of night, when other women didn't? How am I alive to tell you this tale when he was ready to slice me up? In the song I say it was 'Me and a Gun' but it wasn't a gun. It was a knife he had. And the idea was to take me to his friends and cut me up, and he kept telling me that, for hours. And if he hadn't needed more drugs I would have been just one more news report, where you see the parents grieving for their daughter. And I was singing hymns, as I say in the song, because he told me to. I sang to stay alive. Yet I survived that torture, which left me urinating all over myself and left me paralyzed for years. That's what that night was all about, mutilation, more than violation through sex. I really do feel as though I was psychologically mutilated that night and that now I'm trying to put the pieces back together again. Through love, not hatred. And through my music. My strength has been to open again, to life, and my victory is the fact that, despite it all, I kept alive my vulnerability.\\\" When released as a single, the track was not the A-side: \\\"Silent All These Years,\\\" another song from Little Earthquakes, was the first track, with \\\"Me and a Gun\\\" appearing third (or as the B-side on the 7\\\" release). \\\"Silent All These Years\\\" was a more accessible song, and radio stations began to play that instead. Ultimately the single was re-released with nearly identical packaging but retitled as Silent All These Years. Amos made a habit of singing this song during live appearances. In 1994, the DC Rape Crisis Center awarded her a Visionary award for the song and the co-creation of RAINN. Amos stopped singing the song live in December 2001 and did not sing it live again until September 2007 (with the exception of one performance in Istanbul in August 2005). Effect on rape myths The lyrics of Me and a Gun address the rape myth where some people believe\",\n \"title\": \"Me and a Gun\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"63217039\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Hicken (born 1981) is a media entrepreneur, film, television and documentary director/producer and owner of award-winning film company The City Talking, based in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. His most recent project was a documentary series about Leeds United during the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons available on Amazon Prime and ESPN. Early life Lee Hicken was born in Leeds in 1981. He studied Film and Television at University in England and then later studied Fashion Marketing and Communication at the European Institute of Design in Barcelona during his early/mid twenties. Hicken returned to England in 2009. Career Music in Leeds (2015) Hicken's first film was Music in Leeds, a documentary made in conjunction with the BBC in 2015 examining the history of the music scene in the city. The film was premiered on December 8, 2015 at Belgrave Music Hall in Leeds with many of the artists who inspired and featured in the film in attendance including the Kaiser Chiefs, Utah Saints, Pigeon Detectives, the Sisters of Mercy and Bridewell Taxis. The City Talking's synopsis of the film read: ‘he City Talking: Music in Leeds, Vol.1, applies the storytelling sensibilities of The City Talking to a thirty-five year period when music made Leeds a city where you didn't want to miss a note, a beat, a synth stab or a chord.’ Do You Want To Win? (2017) A documentary about Leeds United's renaissance in the early 1990s under Howard Wilkinson entitled Do You Want To Win?, released in 2017, continued The City Talking's shift more towards becoming more a film-based media company. The one-off documentary feature, Do You Want To Win? documents how, in October 1988, Howard Wilkinson laid down a simple challenge to Leeds United, the players and the city. The City Talking's synopsis of the film is: ‘Do You Want To Win? is the story of how Leeds United emerged from the shadows of history and reputation, and by 1992 got back not only what it wanted, but what it deserved. It stars Vinnie Jones, Gordon Strachan, Gary McAllister and Howard Wilkinson.‘, which in the summer of 2018 became available to watch for Prime Video customers across the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. As Good As It Gets? (2018) As Good As It Gets? is the story of the most successful period in Leeds Rhinos’ history, and how a tight knit group of people won multiple Super League Titles, Challenge Cups and World Club Challenges, culminating in the historic treble of 2015. The film stars Kevin Sinfield, Jamie Peacock, Jamie Jones-Buchanan, Brian McDermott, Gary Hetherington and is narrated by actor Matthew Lewis. Lee Hicken, an ardent Rhinos supporter, directed the film and carried out the key interviews himself. Take Us Home: Leeds United (2019 & 2020) At the start of the 2018–19 season, it was agreed that The City Talking would produce a season-long behind-the-scenes docu-series about Leeds United, entitled Take Us Home: Leeds United. The six-part docuseries debuted on Amazon Prime in August 2019\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Hicken\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36046198\",\n \"text\": \"S.H.E Is the one () was released on 4 March 2011 on Blu-ray and DVD and features the Taipei stop of their S.H.E Is the One Concert Tour. It also includes a bonus DVD of behind the scenes, video messages from their mothers, Selina's wedding proposal and their KTV music videos. The live album received \\\"Top 1 Selling Mandarin Albums of the Year\\\" in the IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards 2012. Track listing The concert had each member perform two solos. Selina and Hebe sang English songs for one of their solos while Ella sang a self-penned song. They performed different versions on some of their songs and the concert also featured songs from their Shero album. Song List Overture:\\\"S. H. E Is the one\\\" \\\"Super Star\\\" \\\"Boom\\\" \\\"Super Model\\\" \\\"Miss Universe\\\" (宇宙小姐) \\\"Planet 612\\\" (612星球) \\\"Tropical Rainforest\\\" (熱帶雨林) \\\"Grey Sky\\\" (天灰) \\\"Mayday\\\" (五月天) \\\"How are you doing recently\\\" (最近還好嗎) \\\"Flowers Have Blossomed\\\" (花都開好了) \\\"I Love Rainy Night Flower\\\" (我愛雨夜花) \\\"London Bridge Is Falling Down\\\" (倫敦大橋垮下來) \\\"How to do\\\" (怎麼辦) \\\"Long Live Adorableness\\\" (可愛萬歲) \\\"VCR of Ella's Adventure Story\\\" (Ella的冒險故事VCR) \\\"Dream a little dream of me\\\" (Hebe solo) \\\"Wake me up before you go-go\\\" (Selina solo) \\\"I am who I am\\\" (我就是我) (Ella solo) \\\"Electric Shock\\\" (觸電)(Broadway Version) \\\"Love So Right\\\" (愛就對了) \\\"Daybreak\\\" (天亮了) \\\"Half Sugarism\\\" (半糖主義) \\\"I Love Trouble\\\" (我愛煩惱) \\\"Piquancy\\\" (痛快) \\\"VCR of Three Little Girls' Wishes\\\" (三個小女孩的願望VCR) \\\"The Angel is Singing Intro\\\"+\\\"Golden Shield, Iron Cloth\\\"+\\\"Dreamland\\\" (天使在唱歌Intro+金鐘罩鐵布衫＋夢田) \\\"Happy Birthday to ELLA\\\" \\\"Wife\\\" (老婆) \\\"Simple love\\\" (簡單愛) (Ella solo) \\\"Admiration\\\" (崇拜) (Selina solo) \\\"Book of Exhilaration\\\" (笑忘書) (Hebe solo) \\\"Loneliness Terminator\\\"＋\\\"Three Days and Nights\\\" (終結孤單＋三天三夜) Taiwanese Hokkien Suite:\\\"Tea\\\"＋\\\"Mother, Please Take Care\\\"＋\\\"Farewell to the Seacoast\\\"＋\\\"Huan Xi Jiu Hao\\\"＋\\\"S.H.E's Mothers' Debuts\\\" (台語組曲:茶噢＋媽媽請妳也保重＋惜別的海岸＋歡喜就好+熟女版S. H. E的初登場) \\\"Magic\\\" (魔力) (S. H. E with you) \\\"I. O. I. O\\\" \\\"Persian Cat\\\" (波斯貓) \\\"Don't Wanna Grow Up\\\" (不想長大) \\\"Beauty Up My Life\\\" \\\"Remember\\\" \\\"Genesis\\\" (美麗新世界) Encore \\\"Chinese\\\" (中國話) \\\"SHERO\\\" Encore Again \\\"You Won't Be\\\" (你不會) \\\"Where's Love\\\" (愛呢) \\\"Loving You\\\" (愛上你) \\\"Faraway\\\" (遠方) \\\"It's Quiet Now\\\" (安靜了) \\\"Not Yet Lovers\\\" (戀人未滿) Credit References S.H.E albums HIM International Music albums 2011 video albums\",\n \"title\": \"S.H.E Is the One\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"74942375\",\n \"text\": \"The Young Forever Tour was singer-songwriter Nessa Barret's first tour. Barrett sang a mixture of songs off her EP, \\\"Pretty Poison\\\", and debut album,Young Forever. The tour was announced on December 13, 2022, and kicked off in Phoenix, Arizona on February 22, 2023. The North American leg of the tour also included performances in Houston, Dallas, Atlanta, Nashville, Washington, DC, Philadelphia, Boston, New York City, Toronto, Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco, before ending in Los Angeles on March 21. The European leg of the tour, which included shows in London, brought the total number of performances to 23 shows. Isabel LaRosa opened for the tour in North America. She sang songs from her catalogue, including her viral hit that gained traction on TikTok, \\\"I'm Yours.\\\" For the European leg of the tour, Daniel Briskin opened the shows. Critical reception Overall, reviews by critics were positive on the \\\"Young Forever\\\" tour. Alessandra Guarneri of Celeb Mix said \\\"Barrett effortlessly captured each attendee’s attention from the moment she stepped on stage\\\". Alex West of The Aquarian said that Nessa's performance at Terminal 5 in New York City \\\"radiated confidence, power, and raw emotion\\\". Catherine Goodman of The Emory Wheel was \\\"astonished by her grace, her gratitude, and above all, her talent,\\\" and declared she was \\\"now, without shame, a full-fledged Nessa Barrett fan\\\". Emma Hiebert of The PCM Outlook complimented Barret's transitions between songs. Set list Nessa Barrett curated the setlist with the help of music director Asaf Rodeh. Barrett wanted to tell a story with the setlist and did so by transitioning songs together. Barrett said her favorite songs to perform are \\\"gaslight\\\", \\\"lovebomb\\\", and \\\"BANG BANG!\\\". North America madhouse talk to myself decay too hot to cry god's favorite scare myself dear god tired of California deathmatch American jesus lovebomb lucky star do you really want to hurt me? gaslight die first bang bang! unnecessary violence i hope ur miserable until your dead Europe madhouse talk to myself too hot to cry god's favorite scare myself dear god tired of California 505 American jesus lovebomb lucky star noose do your really want to hurt me? gaslight dying on the inside die first bang bang i hope ur miserable until your dead References 2023 concert tours Concert tours of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Young Forever Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"70710272\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Supermodel\\\" is a song by Italian rock band Måneskin. It was released on 13 May 2022 through Epic Records and Sony Music, as the second single of their third studio album, Rush! (2023). It was written by Måneskin members Damiano David, Victoria De Angelis, Thomas Raggi and Ethan Torchio, alongside Justin Tranter and the song's producers Max Martin, Rami Yacoub and Sylvester Sivertsen. It is a California-inspired pop rock track with a grunge intro. Inspired by the group's stay in Los Angeles, they created a fictional character named \\\"Supermodel\\\", and the song talks about her life–what she does for a living, how she spends her life and that she would not love anyone back. The single was mostly met with positive reviews; however, in a review posted by Jenesaispop, Max Martin's production was deemed as damaging to the band's personality. \\\"Supermodel\\\" was released ahead of the band's interval performance in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, where they debuted the song live. Additionally, they performed it on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon one week later. To further promote the track, its music video was published on 31 May. Directed by Bedroom Projects and Ben Chappel, the video pays homage to 1990s cinema, while its plotline involves the titular \\\"Supermodel\\\", portrayed by Nina Marker, who stole De Angelis' purse. The band is seen trying to capture her to reclaim the stolen object. Commercially, the single peaked within top ten of five countries, and charted at number 11 in Italy, where it was certified platinum. Background and development Following Måneskin's win at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song \\\"Zitti e buoni\\\", the band achieved global success. In February 2022, they moved to Los Angeles to record their third studio album. In the city, they met many people obsessed with an idea of \\\"celebrity\\\" status or trying really hard to dress up for parties. According to the group's frontman, Damiano David, the band members were thinking that this obsession with status and appearance must be an exaggeration made by TV and movies, but it turned out to be real. This caused them to wonder whether or not these types of people are happy, leading to the creation of a fictional character called \\\"Supermodel\\\". \\\"Supermodel\\\" was written by the members of Måneskin, Justin Tranter, and the song's producers Max Martin, Rami Yacoub, and Sly. Måneskin first met Martin after their performance in Los Angeles in November 2021, and decided to work with him. In an interview with Billboard, David described experience of working with Martin as \\\"cool\\\", and said that he and his team \\\"never tried to force us to do something that we didn't want to do [instead] he basically wanted to understand how we work and how we're used to making music and what makes us happy about music.\\\" \\\"Supermodel\\\" came from a jamming session that the band had, when the producer asked \\\"How can I help you to make it global?\\\". The song depicts\",\n \"title\": \"Supermodel (Måneskin song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76280249\",\n \"text\": \"Jet Lady is a 1982 album by Angela Masson, released under the name Tangela Tricoli. Masson is an accomplished pilot who flew with American Airlines, set several speed records, and was the first woman cleared to fly Boeing 747s. The album included songs that originated on her 1980s public access talk show Tangela Tonight. Only 1,000 copies of the album were pressed, and it loitered in obscurity until its inclusion in the 2002 outsider music compilation Songs in the Key of Z. Masson's singing on the album has been described as off-key and \\\"deranged\\\". The song \\\"Stinky Poodle\\\" from the album has been noted for its resemblance to \\\"Smelly Cat\\\", sung by Lisa Kudrow on the sitcom Friends. Jet Lady was reissued with bonus tracks in 2004 by Arf! Arf! Records. Background Angela Masson (Tangela Tricoli) is a pioneering aviator who captained flights with American Airlines for 20 years. She was the first woman to be authorized to fly the Boeing 747 and set several world speed records with the Boeing 777. She earned her PhD from the University of Southern California in aerospace safety, teaches aeronautics, and patented the first true electronic flight bag. In the early 1980s, Masson had a public access talk-variety show in Los Angeles called Tangela Tonight. Some of the songs that Masson recorded for Jet Lady originated on the show. The song \\\"Stinky Poodle\\\" was a theme song for the show and honored the poodles that appeared in each episode. Music and recording Masson composed, arranged and sang all of the songs on Jet Lady. She provided her own accompaniment on acoustic guitar, tablas, piano, and synthesizer. On some of the songs, including \\\"Stinky Poodle\\\", she doubles her vocal track and uses reverb and echo. Masson addresses various topics in her songs, such as love, flying jets, looking for cheese at the supermarket, space women, and the life of a housewife. Masson said that she created the 11-track album \\\"just for fun\\\" as a way for her to be creative. Jet Lady was Masson's sole album and only 1,000 copies were pressed. According to Masson, at one point she put the remaining 200 copies of the album in a Texas storage facility where they disappeared. They were distributed through Tower Records. The cover of the album depicts Masson wearing her officer insignia and pilot's cap. The title track from the album, \\\"Jet Lady\\\", was included in the second volume of the outsider music compilation Songs in the Key of Z in 2002. An expanded edition of Jet Lady was released by Arf! Arf! Records in 2004. It included six bonus tracks and several multimedia files with video footage of Tricoli in the early 1980s. For the reissue, Masson re-recorded a version of \\\"Stinky Poodle\\\" in 2003 along with her nieces and her daughter. Also included were two duets she made with Ed Howes, one a cover of \\\"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\\\". The album includes a 40-page booklet with photographs, an\",\n \"title\": \"Jet Lady\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5725077\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Talk to Me\\\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Stevie Nicks for her third solo studio album Rock a Little (1985). Written by Chas Sandford, the song was released as the lead single from the album in October 1985, through Modern Records. The single became a big hit for Nicks, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks and peaking at number one on the Billboard Top Mainstream Rock Songs chart for two weeks in 1985. Background and composition The song was written by Chas Sandford, who co-wrote John Waite's 1984 hit \\\"Missing You\\\". Sandford also plays most of the instruments on \\\"Talk to Me\\\". The song was brought to Nicks' attention by producer Jimmy Iovine, \\\"who was always on the hunt for a hit song.\\\" Nicks said she didn't like the song at first because she had trouble with the vocals, but Iovine persisted and she eventually recorded it. Jim Keltner was in the studio next door doing some drum overdubs during the recording process. After Nicks explained her dilemma, Keltner gave her some words of encouragement and offered to stay with her and be her audience. Nicks sang the song twice during the session and then it was finished. Reception Cash Box called it \\\"a mid-tempo rocker which makes good uses of Nicks’ throaty lead and harmony vocals.\\\" Billboard said that it \\\"packs a real wallop.\\\" Music video The promotional music video shows Nicks performing the song direct to camera in a variety of different sets in what looks like a grand house. One of the sets is a long white room that looks like an art gallery and has three steps in the middle which Nicks, her backing singers Sharon Celani and Lori Perry, and two male dancers, perform choreographed dance steps together. Nicks' brother, Christopher, features in the video playing the saxophone. Live performances \\\"Talk to Me\\\" made its live debut on the Rock a Little world tour in 1986. It was also included on the Canadian leg of The Other Side of the Mirror tour set in 1989. Nicks also performed on the 1991 \\\"Whole Lotta Trouble Tour\\\" to promote her greatest hits album Timespace: The Best of Stevie Nicks. The last time it was played live was on the Street Angel Tour in 1994. Single release formats \\\"Talk to Me\\\" was released as a 7-inch vinyl in many territories in the picture sleeve featured above, with \\\"One More Big Time Rock and Roll Star\\\" as its non-album B-side. Promo 7-inch singles with picture sleeve were also released in some countries, including the U.S., and featured the title track on both sides of the disc. Picture sleeves varied country by country in its European 7\\\" release, with Spain and Germany using sleeves which featured the artist name and title but no photograph, and the UK used a picture sleeve which featured the black-and-white photograph of Nicks which was used for the back cover of the Rock a\",\n \"title\": \"Talk to Me (Stevie Nicks song)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Jamie Walters"],"string":"[\n \"Jamie Walters\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":75,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45993"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote chestnuts roasting on an open fire"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"31774940","text":"Christmas with Sinatra & Friends is a 2009 compilation album by Frank Sinatra. Eight Sinatra songs are taken from A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra and 12 Songs of Christmas. The remaining four tracks feature Rosemary Clooney (\"White Christmas\"), Mel Tormé (\"The Christmas Song [Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire]\"), Tony Bennett and Bill Evans (\"A Child Is Born\"), and Ray Charles and Betty Carter (\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\"). Track listing \"The Christmas Waltz\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (John Frederick Coots, Haven Gillespie) \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Bob Wells, Mel Tormé) \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Johnny Marks) \"The Little Drummer Boy\" (Katherine K. Davis) \"A Child Is Born\" (Thad Jones, Mel Lewis) \"Mistletoe and Holly\" (Hank Sanicola, Frank Sinatra, Doc Stanford) \"An Old-Fashioned Christmas\" (Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) \"White Christmas\" (Irving Berlin) \"Whatever Happened to Christmas?\" (Jimmy Webb) \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Frank Loesser) \"Christmas Memories\" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Don Costa) Personnel Tony Bennett - Track 6 Betty Carter - Track 11 Ray Charles - Track 11 Rosemary Clooney - Track 9 Bill Evans - Track 6 Frank Sinatra - Tracks 1-2, 4-5, 7-8, 10, 12 Mel Tormé - Track 3 Fred Waring & His Pennsylvanians - 4-5, 8 The Jimmy Joyce Singers - Tracks 1, 10 References 2009 compilation albums Frank Sinatra compilation albums Pop Christmas albums","title":"Christmas with Sinatra & Friends"},{"docid":"376223","text":"Melvin Howard Tormé (September 13, 1925 – June 5, 1999), nicknamed \"The Velvet Fog\", was an American musician, singer, composer, arranger, drummer, actor, and author. He composed the music for \"The Christmas Song\" (\"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\") and co-wrote the lyrics with Bob Wells. Tormé won two Grammy Awards and was nominated a total of 14 times. Early life Melvin Howard Tormé was born in Chicago, Illinois, to William David Tormé, a Jewish immigrant from Poland, and Betty Tormé (née Sopkin), a New York City native. He graduated from Hyde Park High School. A child prodigy, he first performed professionally at age four with the Coon-Sanders Orchestra, singing \"You're Driving Me Crazy\" at Chicago's Blackhawk restaurant. He played drums in the drum-and-bugle corps at Shakespeare Elementary School. From 1933 to 1941, he acted in the radio programs The Romance of Helen Trent and Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy. He wrote his first song at 13. Three years later his first published song, \"Lament to Love\", became a hit for bandleader Harry James. Career Jazz music From 1942 to 1943, he was a member of a band led by Chico Marx of the Marx Brothers. He was the singer and drummer and also created some arrangements. In 1943, Tormé made his movie debut in Frank Sinatra's first film, the musical Higher and Higher. His appearance in the 1947 film musical Good News made him a teen idol. In 1944, he formed the vocal quintet Mel Tormé and His Mel-Tones, modeled on Frank Sinatra and The Pied Pipers. The Mel-Tones, which included Les Baxter and Ginny O'Connor, had several hits fronting Artie Shaw's band and on their own, including Cole Porter's \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" The Mel-Tones were among the first jazz-influenced vocal groups, blazing a path later followed by The Hi-Lo's, The Four Freshmen, and The Manhattan Transfer. Tormé was discharged from the United States Army in 1946, and soon returned to a life of radio, television, movies, and music. In 1947, he started a solo singing career. His appearances at New York's Copacabana led local disc jockey Fred Robbins to give him the nickname \"The Velvet Fog\" in honor of his high tenor and smooth vocal style. Tormé detested the nickname. He self-deprecatingly referred to it as \"this Velvet Frog voice\". As a solo singer, he recorded several romantic hits for Decca and with the Artie Shaw Orchestra for Musicraft (1946–1948). In 1949, he moved to Capitol, where his first record, \"Careless Hands\", became his only number-one hit. His versions of \"Again\" and \"Blue Moon\" became signature songs. His composition California Suite, prompted by Gordon Jenkins's \"Manhattan Tower\", became Capitol's first 12-inch LP album. Around this time, he helped pioneer cool jazz. He had a radio program, Mel Tormé Time, which appeared on the short-lived Progressive Broadcasting System in the 1950s. From 1955 to 1957, he recorded seven vocal jazz albums for Red Clyde's Bethlehem Records, all with groups led by Marty Paich, most notably Mel","title":"Mel Tormé"},{"docid":"6392235","text":"The Doris Day Christmas Album is an album of Christmas songs performed by Doris Day with an orchestra conducted by Pete King, released by Columbia Records on September 14, 1964, as a monophonic LP album (catalog number CL-2226) and a stereophonic LP album (catalog CS-9026). Track listing \"Silver Bells\" (Jay Livingston, Ray Evans) \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\" (Kim Gannon, Walter Kent, Buck Ram) \"Snowfall\" (Claude Thornhill, Ray Charles) \"Toyland\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) \"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) \"Be a Child at Christmas Time\" (Martin Broones, William A. Luce) \"Winter Wonderland\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Mel Tormé, Bob Wells) \"Christmas Present\" (Sydney Robin) \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) \"The Christmas Waltz\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) \"White Christmas\" (Irving Berlin) Doris Day albums 1964 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Columbia Records Christmas albums Covers albums Pop Christmas albums","title":"The Doris Day Christmas Album"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"31774940\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas with Sinatra & Friends is a 2009 compilation album by Frank Sinatra. Eight Sinatra songs are taken from A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra and 12 Songs of Christmas. The remaining four tracks feature Rosemary Clooney (\\\"White Christmas\\\"), Mel Tormé (\\\"The Christmas Song [Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire]\\\"), Tony Bennett and Bill Evans (\\\"A Child Is Born\\\"), and Ray Charles and Betty Carter (\\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\"). Track listing \\\"The Christmas Waltz\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" (John Frederick Coots, Haven Gillespie) \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Bob Wells, Mel Tormé) \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\" (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Johnny Marks) \\\"The Little Drummer Boy\\\" (Katherine K. Davis) \\\"A Child Is Born\\\" (Thad Jones, Mel Lewis) \\\"Mistletoe and Holly\\\" (Hank Sanicola, Frank Sinatra, Doc Stanford) \\\"An Old-Fashioned Christmas\\\" (Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) \\\"White Christmas\\\" (Irving Berlin) \\\"Whatever Happened to Christmas?\\\" (Jimmy Webb) \\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\" (Frank Loesser) \\\"Christmas Memories\\\" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Don Costa) Personnel Tony Bennett - Track 6 Betty Carter - Track 11 Ray Charles - Track 11 Rosemary Clooney - Track 9 Bill Evans - Track 6 Frank Sinatra - Tracks 1-2, 4-5, 7-8, 10, 12 Mel Tormé - Track 3 Fred Waring & His Pennsylvanians - 4-5, 8 The Jimmy Joyce Singers - Tracks 1, 10 References 2009 compilation albums Frank Sinatra compilation albums Pop Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas with Sinatra & Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"376223\",\n \"text\": \"Melvin Howard Tormé (September 13, 1925 – June 5, 1999), nicknamed \\\"The Velvet Fog\\\", was an American musician, singer, composer, arranger, drummer, actor, and author. He composed the music for \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" (\\\"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\\\") and co-wrote the lyrics with Bob Wells. Tormé won two Grammy Awards and was nominated a total of 14 times. Early life Melvin Howard Tormé was born in Chicago, Illinois, to William David Tormé, a Jewish immigrant from Poland, and Betty Tormé (née Sopkin), a New York City native. He graduated from Hyde Park High School. A child prodigy, he first performed professionally at age four with the Coon-Sanders Orchestra, singing \\\"You're Driving Me Crazy\\\" at Chicago's Blackhawk restaurant. He played drums in the drum-and-bugle corps at Shakespeare Elementary School. From 1933 to 1941, he acted in the radio programs The Romance of Helen Trent and Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy. He wrote his first song at 13. Three years later his first published song, \\\"Lament to Love\\\", became a hit for bandleader Harry James. Career Jazz music From 1942 to 1943, he was a member of a band led by Chico Marx of the Marx Brothers. He was the singer and drummer and also created some arrangements. In 1943, Tormé made his movie debut in Frank Sinatra's first film, the musical Higher and Higher. His appearance in the 1947 film musical Good News made him a teen idol. In 1944, he formed the vocal quintet Mel Tormé and His Mel-Tones, modeled on Frank Sinatra and The Pied Pipers. The Mel-Tones, which included Les Baxter and Ginny O'Connor, had several hits fronting Artie Shaw's band and on their own, including Cole Porter's \\\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\\\" The Mel-Tones were among the first jazz-influenced vocal groups, blazing a path later followed by The Hi-Lo's, The Four Freshmen, and The Manhattan Transfer. Tormé was discharged from the United States Army in 1946, and soon returned to a life of radio, television, movies, and music. In 1947, he started a solo singing career. His appearances at New York's Copacabana led local disc jockey Fred Robbins to give him the nickname \\\"The Velvet Fog\\\" in honor of his high tenor and smooth vocal style. Tormé detested the nickname. He self-deprecatingly referred to it as \\\"this Velvet Frog voice\\\". As a solo singer, he recorded several romantic hits for Decca and with the Artie Shaw Orchestra for Musicraft (1946–1948). In 1949, he moved to Capitol, where his first record, \\\"Careless Hands\\\", became his only number-one hit. His versions of \\\"Again\\\" and \\\"Blue Moon\\\" became signature songs. His composition California Suite, prompted by Gordon Jenkins's \\\"Manhattan Tower\\\", became Capitol's first 12-inch LP album. Around this time, he helped pioneer cool jazz. He had a radio program, Mel Tormé Time, which appeared on the short-lived Progressive Broadcasting System in the 1950s. From 1955 to 1957, he recorded seven vocal jazz albums for Red Clyde's Bethlehem Records, all with groups led by Marty Paich, most notably Mel\",\n \"title\": \"Mel Tormé\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6392235\",\n \"text\": \"The Doris Day Christmas Album is an album of Christmas songs performed by Doris Day with an orchestra conducted by Pete King, released by Columbia Records on September 14, 1964, as a monophonic LP album (catalog number CL-2226) and a stereophonic LP album (catalog CS-9026). Track listing \\\"Silver Bells\\\" (Jay Livingston, Ray Evans) \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\" (Kim Gannon, Walter Kent, Buck Ram) \\\"Snowfall\\\" (Claude Thornhill, Ray Charles) \\\"Toyland\\\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) \\\"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) \\\"Be a Child at Christmas Time\\\" (Martin Broones, William A. Luce) \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Mel Tormé, Bob Wells) \\\"Christmas Present\\\" (Sydney Robin) \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) \\\"The Christmas Waltz\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) \\\"White Christmas\\\" (Irving Berlin) Doris Day albums 1964 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Columbia Records Christmas albums Covers albums Pop Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Doris Day Christmas Album\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"29400992","text":"Castañada, Magosta, Magosto or Magusto, is a traditional festival on the Iberian Peninsula. It is popular in Portugal, Galicia and some areas of northern Spain, such as Cantabria, Asturias, Catalonia, and the provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca and Cáceres, but also in some parts of the Canary Islands. The festival is also celebrated in both sides of the French-Spanish border. It has also spread internationally as a 'chestnut party'. Etymological origins are unknown, but there are several theories for the Magosto name: Magnus Ustus (great fire) or Magum Ustum (highlighting the magical character of fire). It is a festival with Celtic roots that celebrates the end of summer and the beginning of winter. In all the regions where it is celebrated, and especially in Galicia, it is deeply related to the cult of the dead. It is customary to leave the fire of the house lit and place food around the fireplace to welcome back the spirits of deceased members of the family. Numerous traditional rituals are celebrated throughout this feast related to purification, healing, remembering ancestors, attending mass or visiting the local healer. Galicia and Portugal The \"Magosto\" or \"Magusto\" is the essential Galician and Portuguese autumn pagan origin festival similar to the Gaelic Samhain (or \"Samaín\" word adapted to the Galician from the Irish Gaelic). In addition to chestnuts and local young wine, various foods have been incorporated such as sausages and other products made from the pig slaughter, which occurs at the same time of year. Traditionally, grilled sardines are also served, a great delicacy in this region. Chestnut festival is traditionally celebrated in the same grove (souto), starting early in the afternoon to collect firewood and chestnuts. One or more bonfires are lit with sticks and pine needles. Young people take to the streets. It was customary for the girls to bring the chestnuts, and for the boys to bring the wine. Chestnuts are roasted on the floor, directly in the fire. Children play and are donned with soot and ash. The adults dance and sing, jumping over the remains of the fire. In the case of Ourense, the festival is celebrated coinciding with the festivity of its patron, St. Martin of Tours, on November 11 known as St. Martin's Day. It is a widespread custom to go to a nearby mountain (in the case of the city one of the most used for this purpose is Monte Alegre) and light a bonfire in which the pork, sausages and chestnuts will be roasted. The occasion is used to taste the new wine of the harvest. Catalonia In Catalonia, celebrations involve eating castanyes (roasted chestnuts), panellets (special almond balls covered in pine nuts), moniatos (roast or baked sweet potato), Ossos de Sant cake and preserved fruit (candied or glazed fruit). Moscatell (Muscat) is drunk from porrons. Around the time of this celebration, it is common for street vendors to sell hot toasted chestnuts wrapped in newspaper. In many places, confectioners often organise raffles of chestnuts and","title":"Castañada"},{"docid":"32886018","text":"12 Songs of Christmas is the twenty-second studio album and the first Christmas album by American blues singer Etta James. Private Music released the album in October 1998. Produced by John Snyder, the album includes standards arranged mostly by pianist Cedar Walton and solos by Walton, George Bohanon on trombone, and Red Holloway on tenor saxophone. Critical reception of the album was positive overall. Following its release, 12 Songs reached a peak position of number five on Billboard Top Blues Albums chart. Composition 12 Songs of Christmas consists of twelve standard holiday songs with arrangements mostly by pianist Cedar Walton and solos by Walton, George Bohanon on trombone and Red Holloway on tenor saxophone. 12 Songs was recorded during May and June 1998 and produced by John Snyder with Lupe DeLeon serving as executive producer. The album opens with \"Winter Wonderland\", originally by Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith, followed by James Pierpont's \"Jingle Bells\". A \"bluesy\" rendition of Lou Baxter and Johnny Moore's \"Merry Christmas, Baby\" trails \"This Time of Year\" (Hollis, Owens). Other holiday standards appearing on the album include: \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin), John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie's \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", and \"White Christmas\", originally by Irving Berlin. \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\", originally by Mel Tormé and Robert Wells, \"The Little Drummer Boy (Carol of the Drum)\" (Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone), Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr's \"Silent Night\", and \"Joy to the World\" (George Frideric Handel, Lowell Mason, Isaac Watts) follow. The album closes with a rendition of Adolphe Adam and John Sullivan Dwight's \"O Holy Night\". Reception Critical reception of the album was positive overall. Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote a positive review of the album, claiming that James turned standards into \"suave after-hours jazz arrangements\" that seemed \"cozy and intimate\". He wrote that James was \"surprisingly reverent\" and sounded \"downright devout\" on \"Joy to the World\". Entertainment Weekly Matt Diehl felt that James' performances brought both \"sass and class\" and \"ooze[d] passionately with old-school soul\". David Hinckley of New York City's Daily News awarded 12 Songs \"two-and-a-half bells\" out of four. Rolling Stone called 12 Songs a \"tour de force of interpretive rethinking\" with \"scintillating, bluesy spins on Yuletide evergreens\". The Spartanburg Herald-Journal Dan DeLuca also complimented the set. The album received some negative criticism. Larry Nager of The Cincinnati Enquirer awarded the album two out of four stars and wrote that James had the ability to make \"the ultimate blue Christmas disc\" but failed to do so. Nager complimented \"Merry Christmas, Baby\" but considered the performance to be a \"rare bit of juke joint\" among \"supper club sounds\" that left him \"wanting more\". Track listing \"Winter Wonderland\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 4:26 \"Jingle Bells\" (James Pierpont, traditional) – 5:26 \"This Time of Year\" (Jesse Hollis, Cliff Owens) – 5:47 \"Merry Christmas, Baby\" (Lou Baxter, Johnny Moore) – 6:10 \"Have Yourself","title":"12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album)"},{"docid":"53229837","text":"The Church of St Martin () is the main church in the Freguesia (Parish in English) of São Martinho (Funchal), Madeira. Dedicated to St. Martin of Tours. History The old church at the bottom of the hill had become too small for the area and so construction started on July 8, 1883 on the current church of the same name, with the first stone being laid. Lack of founds halted construction until August 2, 1907, when the local parishioner José de Abreu died leaving almost all of his fortune, which for the time was large, to the continuation of the works of the same church. Festival The main festival that is celebrated is St Martin's day (Festa de São Martinho or Arraial de São Martinho in Portuguese) celebrated on the 10 and 11 November in the grounds of the church, where fires are made by locals and local food is made such as roasted chestnuts (Marking the beginning of the new chestnut harvest season), Espetada, Bolo do caco, and Bacalhau. The grapes that were harvested a few months before and made into wine, are first tasted on this day. References External links Catholic Church in Madeira Roman Catholic churches completed in 1918 Churches in Madeira 20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Portugal","title":"Igreja de São Martinho"},{"docid":"13780363","text":"A nut roast or roasted nut loaf is a vegetarian dish consisting of nuts, grains, vegetable oils, broth or butter, and seasonings formed into a firm loaf shape or long casserole dish before roasting and often eaten as an alternative to a traditional British style roast dinner. It is popular with vegetarians at Christmas, as well as part of a traditional Sunday roast. Nut roasts are also made by Canadian and American vegetarians and vegans as the main dish for Thanksgiving or other harvest festival meals. Ingredients Nut roasts are commonly made with any single type or complementary combination of nuts and legumes desired such as walnuts, hazelnuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, cashew nuts, pistachios, chestnuts, sunflower seeds and peanuts and even lentils. The nuts may be whole, chopped up, or ground and are typically combined with one or several starches such as breadcrumbs or day-old bread, cooked rice, buckwheat kasha, groats, barley, rye or millet. The nuts and the starches are bound together with aromatics such as onions, garlic, or leeks, with fresh vegetable broth or bouillon cubes used and olive oil or butter. Seasoning is provided by complementary herbs of the cook's choosing. Sautéed mushrooms or truffle shavings or flavored oil, or tomatoes or cheese may be added for extra flavour and variety of texture. Vegemite, Marmite, or soy sauce is sometimes used as one of the stocks or what the onions are fried in. Some recipes call for a chicken's egg to bind the ingredients together. The whole mixture is roasted or baked in a loaf pan or other baking dish until firm or a crust forms, and then served with side dishes. Whole nuts may be used as a garnish or decoration for the completed roast. Instant varieties are also available in the UK, Ireland, and other countries, where only added water is needed before baking in an oven. See also Groaty pudding Hotdish, a type of casserole from the American Midwest List of casserole dishes List of meat substitutes List of winter festivals Scrapple, leftovers with cornmeal and buckwheat formed into a loaf Stuffed pepper, a dish of deseeded peppers stuffed with savory mixtures and baked Tofurkey, loaves or casseroles made typically with soy or wheat protein Nuteena was a canned nut roast type product White pudding References External links Another Nut Roast recipe Article about Nut roasts and a collection of Nut roast recipes. Vegetarian Nut Roast with mushrooms and basil Recipe Meat substitutes Christmas food Vegetarian cuisine Vegan cuisine Casserole dishes Nut dishes","title":"Nut roast"},{"docid":"8064522","text":"James Taylor at Christmas is the 17th studio and second Christmas album by singer-songwriter James Taylor, released by Columbia Records in 2006. It was his last release for Columbia since signing with the label in 1977. The album is essentially a reissue (with a new title and slightly altered track listing) of James Taylor: A Christmas Album, a limited edition title distributed by Hallmark Cards in 2004. \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas,\" originally issued on Taylor's October Road in 2002, and \"River\" were not included on the original Hallmark release. Additionally, the original album featured a version of \"Deck the Halls\" which is not on the standard Columbia CD. (The Barnes & Noble chain, however, issued a version of the new title with \"Deck the Halls\" included as a bonus track.) The album was reissued on the UMe label in 2012, with the addition of two tracks. One of them, \"Mon Beau Sapin\" (a French translation of \"O Christmas Tree\"), is a new recording and is only available on this album. The other track new to the collection is a version of George Harrison's \"Here Comes the Sun\" by Taylor and cellist Yo-Yo Ma, which originally appeared on Ma's 2008 holiday album Songs of Joy & Peace. The album was nominated for Best Traditional Pop Album at the 50th Grammy Awards. Track listing (2006 edition) \"Winter Wonderland\" featuring Chris Botti (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 3:34 \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\" (Traditional) – 3:42 \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) – 2:57 \"Jingle Bells\" (Traditional) – 3:52 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" featuring Natalie Cole (Frank Loesser) – 4:17 \"River\" (Joni Mitchell) – 3:33 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) – 3:24 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" featuring Toots Thielemans (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:52 \"Some Children See Him\" (Wihla Hutson, Alfred Burt) – 4:37 \"Who Comes This Night\" (Dave Grusin, Sally Stevens) – 4:11 \"In the Bleak Midwinter\" (Traditional) – 4:12 \"Auld Lang Syne\" (Traditional) – 3:38 Track listing (2012 edition) \"Winter Wonderland\" featuring Chris Botti (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) - 3:34 \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\" (Traditional) - 3:42 \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) - 2:57 \"Jingle Bells\" (Traditional) - 3:52 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" featuring Natalie Cole (Frank Loesser) - 4:17 \"River\" (Joni Mitchell) - 3:33 \"Here Comes the Sun\" featuring Yo-Yo Ma (George Harrison) - 2:50 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) - 3:24 \"Some Children See Him\" (Wihla Hutson, Alfred Burt) - 4:37 \"Mon Beau Sapin\" (Traditional) - 3:08 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" featuring Toots Thielemans (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) - 3:52 \"Who Comes This Night\" (Dave Grusin, Sally Stevens) - 4:11 \"In the Bleak Midwinter\" (Traditional) - 4:12 \"Auld Lang Syne\" (Traditional) - 3:38 Personnel James Taylor – lead and backing vocals, guitars (2, 4–7, 10, 14) Dave Grusin – acoustic","title":"James Taylor at Christmas"},{"docid":"55773740","text":"An All-4-One Christmas is the third studio album and first Christmas album by All-4-One, released on October 10, 1995 by Atlantic Records and WEA. Track listing \"Silent Night\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 2:50 \"This Christmas\" (Donny Hathaway, Nadine Mckinnor) – 5:22 \"The First Noel\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 4:07 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 4:06 \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (Haven Gillespie, J. Fred Coots) – 4:07 \"Mary's Little Boy Child\" (Jester Hairston) – 4:30 \"What Child Is This? (Greensleeves)\" (Traditional, arr. Carl Wurtz) – 4:30 \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer/Frosty the Snowman\" (Johnny Marks/Jack Rollins, Steve Nelson) – 4:06 \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 3:30 \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" (Leigh Harline, Ned Washington) – 3:29 \"Christmas with My Baby\" (James Guillory, Jamie Jones) – 4:23 \"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 2:09 References 1995 Christmas albums Atlantic Records albums All-4-One albums Christmas albums by American artists Contemporary R&B Christmas albums","title":"An All-4-One Christmas"},{"docid":"72522653","text":"\"Drummer Boy\" is a cover of Katherine Davis, Henry Onorati and Harry Simeone's Christmas song \"The Little Drummer Boy\" by Canadian singer Justin Bieber, featuring American rapper Busta Rhymes, from his second studio album and first Christmas release, Under the Mistletoe (2011). Leaked days before the album's November 1, 2011, date on October 28, \"Drummer Boy\" is an uptempo hip-hop techno club track where Bieber sings the original song's lyrics and melody while rapping about himself, poverty and charity. Contemporaneously, the track was met with polarization and confusion from professional critics, who perceived it as bizarre and silly and bastardizing the meaning of the original song. In later years, the song has been more well-received, with appreciation toward its weirdness, the unlikeliness of a collaboration between Bieber and , and ' verse. It has made several best-of lists of Christmas songs by publications such as Billboard, as well as worst-of lists by The Guardian and Time Out London. Upon release, the track reached number 89 in Bieber's home country on Billboards Canadian Hot 100, 86 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and was a top-ten hit on the Holiday 100 in the chart's first year. In 2020, \"Drummer Boy\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales exceeding 500,000. Background and release Months before Believe (2012), a Christmas album by Justin Bieber, Under the Mistletoe (2011), was released on November 1, 2011, and promoted via donations to several charities, such as Make-A-Wish, Pencils of Promise, and a food bank Bieber's family once depended on named Startford House of Blessing. The track list, revealed on October 5, 2011, includes several collaborations, such as a duet cover of \"All I Want For Christmas is You\" with Mariah Carey, \"Fa La La\" with Boyz II Men and a duet with his mentor Usher \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire)\". Under the Mistletoe also includes a Busta Rhymes-featuring cover of \"The Little Drummer Boy\", originally written by Katherine Davis, Henry Onorati and Harry Simeone, simply named \"Drummer Boy\". The track has added rap verses written by Bieber and Busta Rhymes, and was produced by Bieber, Kuk Harrell and Sean K, Harrell also credited as vocal producer. The song had been covered over 220 times, most notably by Bing Crosby but also by Carey, Johnny Cash, The Supremes, Stevie Wonder, and Destiny's Child. \"Drummer Boy\" is Bieber's third collaboration with a notable rapper, after Ludacris with \"Baby\" and Kanye West and Raekwon with a remix of the My World 2.0 (2010) cut \"Runaway Love\". Both \"All I Want For Christmas is You\" and \"Drummer Boy\" was leaked on October 28, 2011, only days before the album's release. As part of a November 14, 2011 ITV1 special promoting the album, Bieber performed the rendition with British rapper Tinie Tempah, which was promoted on Twitter by both artists. On November 30, 2011, Busta Rhymes and Bieber performed \"Drummer Boy\" as part of the annual Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony.","title":"Drummer Boy (Justin Bieber song)"},{"docid":"44655076","text":"Happy Holidays is a 2014 Magnus Carlsson Christmas album. Track listing Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire (The Christmas Song) The Man With The Bag Snow Song This Christmas Night Mary, Did You Know? Christmas Auld Lang Syne Let There Be Light O Holy Night (Cantique de Noël) Home White Christmas Happy Holidays Medley O Helga Natt (Cantique de Noël, bonus) Charts References Magnus Carlsson albums 2014 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Swedish artists Pop Christmas albums","title":"Happy Holidays (Magnus Carlsson album)"},{"docid":"6292508","text":"Fagnano Castello is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Fagnano Castello is located on Mount Caloria, part of the Coastal mountain range of Calabria, about an hour north of Cosenza. The town's big annual festival is the Sagra Della Castagna (Festival of Chestnuts), celebrating the annual chestnut harvest around the last week of October with live music, free roasted chestnuts in the village square, and homemade desserts made out of chestnuts. Origins of the name The origin of the name Fagnano Castello is still a source of discussion and various hypotheses have been formulated around it. An interesting hypothesis was created by Vincenzo Padula, in his work Protogea. He hypothesized that the etymology of Fagnano could be traced back to the Hebrew language and was correlated to the mountain morphology of its territory; for Padula, the \"agnano\" of Fagnano could be traced back to the Hebrew \"hanan\", fog, cloud. The most accepted hypothesis is the one made by Gerhard Rohlfs. A German glottologist, and also a great expert on southern Italy, finds the origin of the name in the Latin expression Fannianum Praedium (property of Fannius). Another accepted hypothesis considers the origins of the town's name to derive from the beech (Faggio in Italian), which dominates the local fauna. Girolamo Marafioti, a humanist and historian who lived from 1567 to 1626, in Le Croniche et antichità di Calabria (Chronicles and antiquities of Calabria) tells us about a small village near Cidraro (Cetraro), called Castel Fagiano. Regarding the Castello (castle) of the town (which was probably a tower), it was probably built by the Normans or the Longobards like the ones in the close towns of Malvito and San Marco Argentano. It is not known where the actual tower really is, as the memory of its location was lost in time. There are many locations where it could have been: some remains of a tower can be found in a private property in the frazione of Rinacchio, while another place where the tower might have been is in Via Vittorio Emanuele, where a part of a small medieval wall can be found. Most likely, this tower was still standing after 1861, as the name Castello was added to distinguish Fagnano from other towns of the same name in Italy after the unification of the country. History Origins There are many theories and legends about the founding of Fagnano Castello. One says that the town was founded by some inhabitants fleeing from the close town of Malvito after killing the Prince whose tyranny they did not accept. But after some studies, conducted by the architect Gennaro Sinimarco who also wrote a book about it: Fagnano Castello History from 989 to 2009, it was found that it is true that some inhabitants of Malvito have escaped from their country, but the Fagnano community had already been present in the area for some time. To confirm the hypothesis, some coins dating back to the","title":"Fagnano Castello"},{"docid":"51589547","text":"For Christmas with Love is a 1968 Christmas album by Australian recording artist Judith Durham. It was her first solo studio album after leaving the Seekers in July 1968. The album was recorded in Hollywood and Judith subsequently headlined her own concert tours across New Zealand and Australia. The album was re-released on CD in 2002. Track listing LP/ Cassette \"White Christmas\" – 2:42 \"Mary's Boy Child\" – 2:54 \"Go Tell It on a Mountain\" – 1:54 \"Lullaby for Christmas Eve\" – 2:26 \"The Lord's Prayer\" – 2:11 \"My Faith\" – 2:35 \"Come On Children Let's Sing\" – 2:08 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" – 2:27 \"Silent Night\" – 2:04 \"Joy to the World\" – 1:53 External links For Christmas with Love at Discogs References 1968 debut albums 1968 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Judith Durham albums Columbia Records albums EMI Records albums Pop Christmas albums","title":"For Christmas with Love"},{"docid":"40759480","text":"The Classic Christmas Album is a compilation album of holiday music by American vocalist Barbra Streisand. It was initially released on September 27, 2013, through Legacy Recordings and Sony Music Entertainment, with a revised version released digitally a few months later and physically on October 7, 2014. The collection was produced by Didier C. Deutsch, Jeffrey James, and Tim Sturges. All of the material on the record is taken from Streisand's previous two Christmas albums, A Christmas Album (1967) and Christmas Memories (2001). Responding positively to the compilation, critics from AllMusic rated both versions of The Classic Christmas Album 3.5 out of 5 stars. It was greeted by moderate success, peaking at number 95 on the Billboard 200 and at number two on the Top Holiday Albums component chart. It also charted in the Czech Republic at number 93. Creation and release The Classic Christmas Album is a collection of previously distributed material from Streisand's music catalog. Album label Legacy Recordings announced that they would release Christmas collection albums from several musicians, including Streisand, Frank Sinatra, Johnny Mathis, Perry Como, and Il Divo. The compilation was produced by Didier C. Deutsch, Jeffrey James, and Tim Sturges, while Streisand, Mike Berniker, Robbie Buchanan, Jack Gold, William Ross, and Ettore Stratta were credited as the producers of the album's original recordings. The 2013 digital edition features different photography compared to the original release, in addition to a new overall sequence; this version was also released as a CD on October 7, 2014, by Legacy and Columbia Records. Streisand had originally recorded album songs \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\", \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\", \"The Best Gift\", \"I Wonder as I Wander\", \"Sleep in Heavenly Peace (Silent Night)\", \"Jingle Bells?\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"O Little Town of Bethlehem\", \"White Christmas\", \"Gounod's Ave Maria\", and \"The Lord's Prayer\" for her 1967 Christmas album, A Christmas Album. Furthermore, \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\", \"A Christmas Love Song\", \"It Must Have Been the Mistletoe\", \"I Remember\", \"Snowbound\", \"Christmas Lullaby\", \"Christmas Mem'ries\", \"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\", \"Ave Maria Op. 52 No. 6\", and \"One God\" were taken from her 2001 album, Christmas Memories. Critical reception Regarding the 2013 standard release, AllMusic's Steve Leggett awarded The Classic Christmas Album 3.5 out of 5 stars, even though he noted how simple it is to create a holiday album within a small amount of time. For the 2013 digital version and 2014 physical release, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from the same publication gave the same rating and wrote: \"this holds together well because it's impeccably arranged, produced and performed and, as it contains the bulk of each holiday record from Barbra, it's a nice bargain to boot.\" Commercial performance In the United States, the album debuted at number 150 on the Billboard 200 chart for the week ending November 30, 2013. The following publication revealed it dropped to number 152 and the week after that it moved to number 193. However, on December","title":"The Classic Christmas Album (Barbra Streisand album)"},{"docid":"33693131","text":"We Need a Little Christmas is the fifth Christmas album by American pop singer Andy Williams (and his forty-second studio album overall) that was released by Unison Music in 1995. It gives an adult contemporary treatment to songs that Williams had previously recorded for 1963's The Andy Williams Christmas Album (\"Away In A Manger\", \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)\", \"It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year\", \"Silent Night\"), 1965's Merry Christmas (\"Mary's Little Boy Child\"), 1974's Christmas Present (\"Angels We Have Heard On High\", \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\", \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\", \"What Child Is This\"), and 1990's I Still Believe in Santa Claus (\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\") and includes three songs that Williams had not recorded before. In a brief note on the back of the jewel case Williams writes, \"These all-new recordings feature fresh, innovative arrangements of some of my favorite carols. I felt like I was singing them for the very first time.\" The Recording Industry Association of America awarded the album Gold certification for sales of 500,000 units on February 2, 1998. Track listing \"Mary's Little Boy Child\" (Jester Hairston) – 4:14 \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\" (Kim Gannon, Walter Kent, Buck Ram) – 3:21 \"Up on the House Top\" (Benjamin Hanby) – 3:08 \"Away in a Manger\" (traditional) – 3:01 \"We Need a Little Christmas\" (Jerry Herman) – 3:33 Angel Medley – 4:40 a. \"Angels We Have Heard On High\" (traditional) b. \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\" (Felix Mendelssohn, Charles Wesley) \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 4:02 \"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\" (Edward Pola, George Wyle) – 3:34 \"Jolly Old St. Nicholas\" (traditional) – 2:33 \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" (John Baptiste Calkin, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) – 3:08 \"What Child Is This\" (William Chatterton Dix) – 4:10 \"Silent Night\" (Franz Xaver Gruber; Joseph Mohr) – 5:29 Song information Of the three songs on the album that Williams had not recorded before, \"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\" is the least traceable in origin, although it is estimated that it was written in the late 19th century. The year in which \"Up on the House Top\" was written is also uncertain, but because its creator, Benjamin Hanby, was in his mid-30s when he died in 1867, the 1850s or 1860s is the estimate. The third newcomer, \"We Need a Little Christmas\", comes from the 1966 Broadway musical Mame. Personnel From the liner notes for the original album: Production Don Boyer - producer; background vocal arrangement/children's vocal arrangement (track 6) Pat Coil - arranger (tracks 5, 7, 9, 10) John Darnall - lead vocal engineer (except as noted) Jim Falzone - editor Mike Frazier - lead vocal engineer (tracks 1, 5, 9); additional engineering Tommy Greer - arranger (track 12) Don Hart - string arrangement/conductor (tracks 5, 7, 11, 12), brass arrangement/conductor (tracks 1, 5, 10), string conductor (tracks 1, 4, 10) Peter Jacobs -","title":"We Need a Little Christmas (Andy Williams album)"},{"docid":"25357038","text":"Winter Magic is a Christmas album by Christchurch, New Zealand soprano Hayley Westenra. The album was called Christmas Magic in some territories, and was released in Japan as Winter Magic: Fuyu No Kagayaki – Koibito Tachi No Pure Voice. The album features traditional Christmas songs (like Coventry Carol) and more contemporary Christmas songs (as Joni Mitchell's classic, River). Winter Magic includes \"The Little Road to Bethlehem\", \"Silent Night\", \"Veni Veni Emmanuel\", \"The Little Drummer Boy\", and \"The Coventry Carol\", among other seasonal songs. These Christmas tunes combine Westenra's voice with the accompaniment of a choral group. Westenra herself wrote three new songs for the CD: \"Peace Shall Come\", \"All With You\", and \"Christmas Morning\". The variety of melodies, as well as the different genres, of the songs included were designed to showcase the versatility of Hayley's voice to perform classically, as in \"Corpus Christi Carol\", as well as in a considerably more \"pop\" style for songs like \"Peace Shall Come\". Westenra’s ability to achieve such variety in a single album has garnered her critical praise. Track listing Little Road to Bethlehem Carol of the Bells Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire) Veni Veni Emmanuel Silent Night Christmas Morning Sleigh Ride River Little Drummer Boy Corpus Christi Carol All with You Coventry Carol Winter's Dream Peace Shall Come On the Wings of Time (Japanese Bonus Track) It's Only Christmas (with Ronan Keating (from Boyzone) - UK and NZ Bonus Track) Release history Charts Album Tours Asia 3 October 2009– National Theater and Concert Hall, Republic of China, Taipei 11 October 2009– Music in the Air Festival, Tokyo International Forum 12 October 2009– Kobe International House, Kobe 15 October 2009– Shirakawa Hall, Sakae, Nagoya 17 October 2009– Tokorozawa Civic Cultural Centre Muse, Tokorozawa, Saitama 18 October 2009– Yokohama Minato Mirai Hall, Yokohama United Kingdom 23 November 2009– Peterborough Cathedral 24 November 2009– Ripon Cathedral 26 November 2009– Manchester Cathedral 28 November 2009– Banbury St. Mary's 2 December 2009– Tewkesbury Abbey 3 December 2009– Exeter Cathedral 14 December 2009– Norwich Cathedral 19 December 2009– Bristol Cathedral 21 December 2009– Barbican Centre References External links Official Site Japanese Edition Info Japan Tour on Hayley Westenra International Hayley Westenra albums 2009 Christmas albums Christmas albums by New Zealand artists Classical Christmas albums","title":"Winter Magic (album)"},{"docid":"71785243","text":"Chestnut stuffing is a type of stuffing for roast goose and turkey dishes. Chestnut stuffing was more common in early American cuisine than it is in modern times. It could be prepared as a side for the typical meals of turkey or duck that were served at taverns. The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) used for stuffing Thanksgiving turkeys used to be very common in the Eastern United States. Most of the trees were destroyed by the chestnut blight during the 20th century. Chestnut stuffing has been associated with Thanksgiving dinner in the United States since at least the 19th century. One of the most popular recipes for chestnut stuffing made with boiled chestnuts was published in Mrs. Lincoln's Boston Cook Book in 1884. Chestnut stuffing was the first stuffing recipe published in the United States in 1772. The recipe from The Frugal Housewife by Susannah Carter was a reprint from the earlier English edition. References Thanksgiving food Chestnut dishes","title":"Chestnut stuffing"},{"docid":"277665","text":"Jack Frost is a personification of frost, ice, snow, sleet, winter, and freezing cold. He is a variant of Old Man Winter who is held responsible for frosty weather, nipping the fingers and toes in such weather, coloring the foliage in autumn, and leaving fern-like patterns on cold windows in winter. Starting in late 19th century literature, more developed characterizations of Jack Frost depict him as a sprite-like character, sometimes appearing as a sinister mischief-maker or as a hero. Background Jack Frost is traditionally said to leave the frosty, fern-like patterns on windows on cold winter mornings (window frost or fern frost) and nipping the extremities in cold weather. Over time, window frost has become far less prevalent in the modern world due to the advance of double-glazing, but Jack Frost remains a well-known figure in popular culture. He is sometimes described or depicted with paint brush and bucket coloring the autumnal foliage red, yellow, brown, and orange. History Tales of Jack Frost may originate from Anglo-Saxon and Norse winter customs. The Finnish equivalent Pakkasukko has an entire chapter named after him in Kalevala, the Finnish national epic compiled from their ancient oral tradition. In Swedish folklore, the equivalent is Kung Bore (King Bore); the name originating from Swedish 17'th century writer Olaus Rudbeck. There are various other mythological beings who take on a similar role yet have a unique folklore to them. In Russia, he has taken on a different form as Grandfather Frost, and in Germany there is instead a different entity altogether known as Mrs. Holle. The Hindu Kush mountain range is named after stories of a resident giant who would kill (kesh) those who attempted to pass, and has been compared to England's Jack Frost. The earliest reference to Jack Frost in literature is in the book 'Round About Our Coal Fire, or Christmas Entertainments' published in 1734. Jack Frost is mentioned in many songs – such as the wintertime song \"The Christmas Song\" (aka \"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\") – and movies. He has been presented as a villain in some media and a hero in others. In popular culture Literature Hannah Flagg Gould's (1789-1865) poem \"The Frost\" features a mischievous being responsible for the quieter phenomena of winter, beautiful ice paintings on windows but who also got upset at lack of gifts and caused the cold to break and ruin things. In Margaret T. Canby's \"Birdie and His Fairy Friends\" (1874), there is a short story titled \"The Frost Fairies.\" In this story, Jack Frost is the king of the Winter Spirits and is described as a kind fellow who wants to help children, whereas a king of a neighboring kingdom, King Winter, is cruel to them. The story tells the origins of how Jack Frost began to oversee the coloring of the leaves of the forest in fall. In 1891 Helen Keller made her own reproduction of the story, titled The Frost King. In Charles Sangster's \"Little Jack Frost\", published in The","title":"Jack Frost"},{"docid":"51582981","text":"It's Christmas Time is a 2013 Christmas album by Australian recording artist Judith Durham. The album was released in November 2013. Tracks 5-9 and 11-16 were lifted from her 1968 album, For Christmas With Love. \"It's Christmas Time\" is a new composition written by Durham. It was her last studio album. Reception Paul Barber from The Music AU gave the album 3 out of 5 saying; \"Unfortunately for baby boomers Judith Durham's It's Christmas Time offers nothing particularly new this Festivus. The newer tracks here are pretty good, like \"Hark The Herald Angels Sing\", \"O Happy Day\" and the mariachi-flavoured album highlight, \"Bambino\". But 13 of the 17 tracks come off Durham's 1968 post-Seekers album, For Christmas With Love, although fortunately, her youthful voice smashes out these Chrissy favourites, especially a sensational version of \"Amazing Grace\". Track listing \"Hark, the Herald Angels Sing\" - 2:51 \"Bambino\" - 3:41 \"O Happy Day\" - 4:33 \"It's Christmas Time\" - 2:45 \"White Christmas\" - 2:42 \"Mary's Boy Child\" - 2:54 \"Go Tell It On a Mountain\" - 1:54 \"Lullaby For Christmas Eve\" - 2:26 \"The Lord's Prayer\" - 2:11 \"Amazing Grace\" - 3:36 \"My Faith\" - 2:35 \"Come On Children Let's Sing\" - 2:08 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" - 2:27 \"Just a Closer Walk With Thee\" - 2:40 \"Silent Night\" - 2:04 \"Joy to the World\" - 1:53 \"Somewhere a Child is Sleeping\" - 4:29 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Judith Durham albums 2013 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Decca Records Christmas albums Universal Music Australia albums","title":"It's Christmas Time (Judith Durham album)"},{"docid":"43819617","text":"My Kind of Christmas is a 1967 album of Christmas standards sung by Mike Douglas, with orchestra arranged and conducted by Frank Hunter. It has never been reissued on CD. The Christmas album came the year after Douglas' only Top 40 single and during the peak of popularity of The Mike Douglas Show. Track listing Side one \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:28 \"The First Noel\" (Traditional) – 2:19 \"Do You Hear What I Hear?\" (Noël Regney, Gloria Shayne Baker) – 2:37 \"O Holy Night\" (Adolphe Adam) – 2:08 \"(The Story of) The First Christmas Carol\" (Jay Darrow, Gloria Shayne Baker) – 3:14 Side two \"White Christmas\" (Irving Berlin) – 3:22 \"Silent Night, Holy Night\" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 2:31 \"Silver Bells\" (Jay Livingston, Ray Evans) – 2:36 \"Ave Maria\" (Johann Sebastian Bach, Charles Gounod) – 2:36 \"Touch Hands on Christmas Morning\" (Earl Shuman, Leon Carr) – 2:11 References 1967 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Epic Records albums Pop Christmas albums","title":"My Kind of Christmas (Mike Douglas album)"},{"docid":"20566902","text":"Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire is the fourth Christmas album by Bob Rivers, and was released in 2000. Track listing \"The Twisted Chipmunk Song\" (2:01) parody of \"The Chipmunk Song\" as performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks featuring David Seville \"Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire\" (3:19) parody of \"The Christmas Song\" as performed by Nat King Cole \"The Angel\"/\"Who Put the Stump?\" (3:27) parody of \"Who Put the Bomp?\" as performed by Barry Mann, includes a spoken-word prelude in which a father fixes a live angel tree topper for his children \"Decorations\" (2:18) parody of \"Good Vibrations\" as performed by The Beach Boys \"Carol of the Bartenders\" (1:38) A public service announcement, performed by a mostly-female a cappella quartet to the tune from \"Carol of the Bells,\" warning against driving under the influence. (The lyrics to the Alka-Seltzer jingle, \"plop plop fizz fizz,\" are heard in the background.) \"Christmas Party Song\" (1:43) parody of \"It's Christmas Time\" (by Victor Young and Al Stillman) as performed by The Carpenters \"Christmas Money\" (2:17) parody of \"Money (That's What I Want)\" as performed by The Beatles \"Pokémon\" (1:32) parody of God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen \"Goin' Up to Bethlehem\" (2:07) parody of \"Up Around the Bend\" as performed by Creedence Clearwater Revival \"Homeless on the Holidays\" (2:52) parody of \"Home for the Holidays\" as performed by Perry Como \"He's So Jolly\" (2:04) parody of \"Hello, Dolly!\" as performed by Louis Armstrong \"Flu Ride\" (2:46) parody of \"Sleigh Ride\" as performed by The Carpenters \"Santa Claus Is Foolin' Around\" (3:22) parody of \"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town\" as performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band \"Stumpmaster Remix\" (2:57) remix of \"Who Put the Stump?\" References External links Bob Rivers albums 2000 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists 2000s comedy albums Atlantic Records albums","title":"Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire"},{"docid":"14796836","text":"A Merry Little Christmas is a Christmas album by American singer/songwriter/producer Linda Ronstadt, released in 2000. It was the final release under Ronstadt's recording contract with the Elektra/Asylum Records label for whom Linda had recorded since 1973 (twenty-seven years to that point). John Boylan returned as Linda's producer for this disc. Cover art and design Kosh Among the highlights of this disc is Ronstadt's duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on the track \"White Christmas\". Ronstadt and Elektra differed on the final playing order: \"They wanted me to start with 'Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire'. I was tired of bargaining with them. I had this scheme where it started with ancient and went to modern. I always like to organize chronologically.\" Track listing Release history References Linda Ronstadt albums Elektra Records albums 2000 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Albums produced by John Boylan (record producer) Albums produced by George Massenburg Pop Christmas albums Covers albums","title":"A Merry Little Christmas (Linda Ronstadt album)"},{"docid":"32672405","text":"Holly & Ivy is a 1994 Christmas album and 16th overall studio album by American singer Natalie Cole. Released on October 4, 1994, by Elektra, it is Cole's first album featuring Christmas music and serves as a follow-up to Take a Look (1993). Cole co-produced the album with American music producer Tommy LiPuma, with whom she had worked on Unforgettable... with Love (1991). Holly & Ivy consists of 12 tracks, including 11 covers of Christmas standards and carols and one original song written by Gerry Goffin and Michael Masser. Cole promoted the album as non-traditional in interviews and live performances. Upon release, critics gave generally positive reviews for Holly & Ivy, praising its composition and Cole's interpretations of the covered material. The album was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 20, 1996, for 500,000 sales shipments; it peaked at number 36 on the Billboard 200 chart. Holly & Ivy spawned one single \"No More Blue Christmas\". In support of the album, Cole filmed a television special, \"Natalie Cole's Untraditional Traditional Christmas\", at State University of New York Performing Arts Center in Purchase, New York; it premiered on WNET on December 7, 1994. Background and recording In an interview with Clarence Waldron from Jet, Natalie Cole said the idea of recording a Christmas album started from a telephone call from producer and longtime friend Michael Masser. Cole had previously worked with Masser on the song \"Someone That I Used to Love\" from her 1980 album Don't Look Back and her 1989 single \"Miss You Like Crazy\". Cole described the telephone call as unexpected; during their conversation, Masser told her: \"I've got this beautiful Christmas song I wrote just for you.\" When they met, Messer played \"No More Blue Christmas\"; after the session, they both agreed to record a Christmas album; the songs were recorded and produced in April 1994. Cole expressed hope that the album would remind her fans about \"the true spirit of the holiday season\". She wanted it to communicate Christmas as \"a time for families to reflect and not just wait until the holidays to be a family.\" Cole's sister Timolin Cole said: \"Christmas Eve has always been a magical time with Natalie\" when she could connect with family over holiday traditions. One of the primary inspirations for Holly & Ivy came from her father's album The Magic of Christmas (1960). Cole called it one of \"the nicest, warmest Christmas albums that I've heard\", and described the original version of the 1945 track \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" as \"a darling sweet song\" that has yet to be imitated by other original Christmas songs. In an interview with NPR, Cole said that: \"it took 15 years into [her] career before [she] felt comfortable and confident enough to even attempt at singing my father's music.\" Holly & Ivy includes three cover version of Nat King Cole's songs: \"Caroling, Caroling\", \"The First Noel\", and \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an","title":"Holly & Ivy"},{"docid":"8422450","text":"Roast goose is cooking goose meat using dry heat with hot air enveloping it evenly on all sides. Many varieties of roast goose appear in cuisines around the world, including Cantonese, European, and Middle Eastern cuisines. Roasting can enhance its flavor. Cantonese In Guangdong and Hong Kong, roast goose is a variety of siu mei, or roasted meat dishes, within Cantonese cuisine. It is made by roasting geese with seasoning often in a charcoal furnace at high temperature. Roasted geese of high quality have crisp skin with juicy and tender meat. Roast goose are normally served with plum sauce to augment its flavour. Results of a 2016 survey released by the municipal government of Guangzhou showed that roast goose was the most popular dish, outranking white cut chicken and roast squab. European Goose has a distinct flavor which makes it a favorite European Christmas dish. In Germany, roast goose is a staple for Christmas Day meals. For European cultures, roast goose is traditionally eaten only on appointed holidays, including St. Martin's Day. It is generally replaced by the turkey in the United States. Similarly, goose is often an alternative to turkey on European Christmas tables. In the United States, the price per pound of goose is usually similar to that of farmed duck, but the large size of the bird and low yield of meat to bone and fat makes a goose a luxury item for most. An added value is that roasting a goose will render a great deal of excellent quality fat which is typically used for roasting potatoes or as the shortening in pie crust (sweet or savory). One can also simmer pieces of goose submerged in the fat to make confit. Roast goose is also a popular ingredient for post-Christmas meals. There are a number of recipes for Boxing Day which make use of left over roast goose from one's Christmas Day banquet. Variations Prevalent stuffings are apples, sweet chestnuts, prunes and onions. Typical seasonings include salt and pepper, mugwort, or marjoram. Also used are red cabbage, Klöße, and gravy, which are used to garnish the goose. Turkish Kars style roast goose is one of the most famous food products special to Kars region of Turkey. Gallery See also Siu mei Roast duck Roast chicken List of Christmas dishes References External links Gordon's Christmas roast goose recipe Retrieved 26 April 2013 The Perfect Christmas Goose Recipe Retrieved 26 April 2013 Chinese cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Estonian cuisine German cuisine Turkish cuisine Israeli cuisine Middle Eastern cuisine European cuisine Poultry dishes Christmas in Germany Christmas food Geese","title":"Roast goose"},{"docid":"13155283","text":"Navarrevisca is a municipality in the south of the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain, located 48 kilometers from the provincial capital. It has a population of 279 inhabitants. Geography and environment Location Navarrevisca is located at an altitude of 1129 meters above sea level. Situated in the northern slopes of the Sierra de Gredos, it is part of an area known as Alto Alberche and borders the municipalities of Serranillos, Navalosa, Villanueva de Ávila and Mijares. It is a small mountain town with numerous springs and streams that pour into the Fernandina gorge, which in turn flows into the Alberche river in an area called La Junta. Weather The climate of Navarrevisca is the characteristic temperate climate with dry and cool summers of the mountain areas of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. According to the criteria of the Köppen climate classification, Navarrevisca's climate is classified as a continentalized Mediterranean climate of the Dsb type. Demography The population has been gradually decreasing since its peak in the 1940s. According to the municipal census of January 2019 by the INE, Navarrevisca currently has 279 inhabitants. As in other nearby villages, in summer, and particularly during the month of August, the population increases considerably. Culture Religious events and festivities The main festivities in Navarrevisca have a religious character, being particularly popular those in honour of the Virgen de las Angustias (September 15) and San Antonio day (June 13). On January 20 the village celebrates San Sebastian day, patron saint of Navarrevisca. The village celebrates two festivals related to farming and agriculture, the livestock fair (held on the first Saturday of October) and the farmer's fair (beginning of September). Traditions is a tradition which takes place on All Saint's eve. The word comes from an Arabic term that refers to the act of roasting something outdoors with firewood. A minor celebration in which the villagers share roasted chestnuts and lemonade around bonfires, it is a tradition shared with other villages of the region of Gredos as well as with other towns in the north of Spain which, apparently, dates back to the Middle Ages or even further back to the Celtic traditions of the end of the summer (magosto). Given that All Saints' day coincides with the last days of harvesting the chestnuts, the inhabitants of these lands honored their dead during the day, to gather together at dusk and share a meal and roasted chestnuts. Before Easter, the village celebrates the conscripts' day, a tradition characterized by the so-called (brat). The is a dummy filled with straw that is placed on the top of a vertical pole and is planted in the town square. This tradition recalls the farewell to the young people of the town when they had to leave for the mandatory military service, and although its origin remains unclear, it remembers the origins of the May day, including elements of the burnings of Judas. Around the last weekend of August, the center of the village hosts an","title":"Navarrevisca"},{"docid":"25502856","text":"Don't Open Till Christmas is a 1984 British slasher film directed by Edmund Purdom, and starring Purdom, Alan Lake, Belinda Mayne, and Gerry Sundquist. Written by Derek Ford and Alan Birkinshaw, the film follows a mysterious killer murdering Santa Claus impersonators in London during Christmastime. Plot A man in a Santa suit and a woman meet in an alleyway to have sex in a car, and are stabbed to death by a man wearing a grinning translucent mask. During a party, another man dressed like Santa Claus has a spear thrown through his head, and dies in front of his daughter, Kate Brioski. At Scotland Yard, Chief Inspector Ian Harris and Detective Sergeant Powell discuss the murders, and interview Kate, and her boyfriend Cliff. That night, another Santa is killed, having his face shoved onto the grill on which he was roasting chestnuts on an open fire. The next day, a present (which reads \"Don't Open Till Christmas\") is delivered to Harris, Powell receives a strange call from a man claiming to be a reporter named Giles, and a Santa is shot in the mouth. Cliff tricks Kate into visiting a porn studio owned by an old friend, and after Kate storms off, Cliff and the model (who is adorned in a Santa cloak) prepare for outdoor photographs, but Cliff runs off when a pair of police officers spot them, and the model encounters the killer, who lets her go. At a peep show, a Santa is knifed, which is witnessed by one of the strippers, Sherry Graham. Harris visits Kate and Cliff, and makes it clear that Cliff is a suspect in the attacks, due to being present for two of them. Powell finds Giles digging through his office, and tells him that the newspaper Giles stated he worked for claimed not to know him. Giles retorts by suggesting that Harris is hiding something, and that Powell should keep an eye on him. A Santa is assaulted by a group of teenagers, and runs into the London Dungeon, where he and an employee are killed. In an effort to catch the murderer, several officers go undercover as Santas, and two of them are butchered at a carnival. The killer then abducts Sherry, intending for her to be \"the supreme sacrifice to all the evil that Christmas is\". Meanwhile, Harris is taken off the case, and when Kate calls him, she is informed by his housekeeper that he is visiting Parklands, a mental institution. A Santa is chased into a theatre where Caroline Munro is performing, and his body is brought to the stage by a trapdoor after he is stabbed in the face with a machete. Kate tells Powell of her suspicions about Harris (who has no birth certificate) but he dismisses her theories, so she goes to visit Parklands alone, while the killer castrates a Santa in a department store restroom. Kate is confronted in her home by Giles, who she had learned was just released from Parklands,","title":"Don't Open till Christmas"},{"docid":"9991586","text":"Christmas Dreams is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 1997. Track listing \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:39 \"Oh Holy Night\" – 4:20 \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) – 3:16 \"Blue Christmas\" (Bill Hayes, Jay Johnson) – 3:52 \"Christmas Waltz\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 3:06 \"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 2:36 \"Toyland\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:33 \"On the Last Month of the Year\" – 4:20 \"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear\" (Edmund Hamilton Sears, Richard Storrs Willis) – 3:23 \"Silent Night\" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 4:08 Personnel Don McLean - vocals, guitar, arrangements Brent Mason - guitar Gary Lunn - bass Jim Ferguson - bass Tony Migliore - piano, string arrangements, synthesizer banjo Terry McMillan - percussion Dennis Solee - saxophone Nashville String Machine - string ensemble Bruce Resnikoff - Executive Producer References Don McLean albums 1997 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Folk rock Christmas albums Hip-O Records albums","title":"Christmas Dreams"},{"docid":"1451260","text":"Saints Unified Voices is a Grammy Award-winning American gospel music choir based in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada. The Saints Unified Voices Foundation, the governing organization of the choir, is directed by a board of directors, which includes Gladys Knight. The choir is affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Early years In the Spring of 2001, Gladys Knight put together a small singing group to perform with her at Women's Conference at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Later, Sullivan Richardson asked her to form a choir to perform at a special fireside event back home in Henderson, Nevada. Vocalists came from as far away as Los Angeles to audition for the choir and members of the choir even travel from Utah for practices. In 2003, the choir was invited to perform at Salt Lake Tabernacle on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah as part of the anniversary celebration of the priesthood being available to all worthy men. Recordings One Voice The choir released a CD, One Voice, on January 4, 2005. In the first week, the album soared to Billboard's #1 on the Hot Shot Debut, while it simultaneously shot to the #1 Gospel Album and #2 Inspirational Album on iTunes. It remained in the top 40 on Billboard′s Gospel charts for 48 weeks. Track Listings One Voice (Interlude) - Gladys Knight, written by Matthew Pittman Over My Head - Gladys Knight Come, Come, Ye Saints - Gladys Knight, written by William Clayton Love One Another - Gladys Knight, written by Luacine Clark Fox Pass Me Not - Gladys Knight Right Here Waiting - (Damon Andelin and J. Johnigan) written by BeBe Winans Prayer - Gladys Knight, written by Mauli B Did You Know - Gladys Knight and John Fluker, written by BeBe Winans I Am a Child of God - Gladys Knight, lyrics written by Naomi W. Randall Jesu Me Kanaka Waiwai - (Joe Apo soloist) Blessed Assurance - Gladys Knight He Shines on Me - (Kelly Eisenhour soloist), written by John Fluker and Kelly Eisenhour Uphold Me - (Whitney Te'o soloist) written by Fred Manns He's Worthy - (John Fluker soloist) He Lives - Gladys Knight A Christmas Celebration The 100-voice choir released its second album A Christmas Celebration in October 2006. Track Listings Introduction/Opening - Gladys Knight Breath of Heaven - (Kenya Jackson soloist), written by Chris Eaton Silent Night/O Holy Night - Gladys Knight, written by Joseph Mohr I Wonder as I Wander - (Heather Goedel soloist), written by John Jacob Niles We Three Kings - (Jay Young soloist), written by John H. Hopkins Jr. Little Drummer Boy - Gladys Knight, written by Katherine Davis Oh, Come, All Ye Faithful - (Rashida Jordan soloist), written by John Francis Wade Jesus, Oh, What a Wonderful Child-(Quartet) Gladys Knight, Damon Andelin, Whitney Te'o, Rashida Jordan, & the incomparable SUV BASE section The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire) - (Whitney Te'o soloist), written by Mel Torme White Christmas","title":"Saints Unified Voices"},{"docid":"57572649","text":"Lexi Lawson is an American actress and singer, best known for her work in musicals. She held the lead female roles in touring productions of Rent and In the Heights. Lawson made her Broadway debut as Eliza Hamilton in Hamilton. Early life Lexi Lawson was born and raised in the Bronx in New York City. As a child she moved with her family to Newburgh, New York. She graduated from Newburgh Free Academy in 2002. Career In 2010 she joined the touring company of Rent when she was cast as Mimi Marquez for the North American tour. She had become a finalist on the eighth season of American Idol but chose to drop out in order to tour with Rent. Shortly prior to her contract coming to an end, she expressed an interest in the role of Vanessa in Lin-Manuel Miranda's musical In the Heights. She was subsequently cast in the part in the United States national tour. Lawson made her Broadway debut when she was announced as replacing Phillipa Soo in the role of Eliza Hamilton in Miranda's Hamilton. Her first performance took place on July 9, 2016. On February 12, 2017, she joined with other former cast members of Rent to perform a tribute to the musical entitled \"Seasons of Love\" at The Cutting Room in New York City. Lawson recorded the single \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\", which was released in December 2017. That same month, she was present for the unveiling of the restored bust of Alexander Hamilton at the Museum of the City of New York alongside fellow cast member Anthony Lee Medina. She teamed up with four other Eliza actresses from Hamilton productions on Miranda's Hamildrops in 2018. The track, \"First Burn\", featured Lawson along with Julia K. Harriman, Shoba Narayan, Rachelle Ann Go, and Arianna Afsar. Miranda explained on Twitter that the song was the original version of a song sung by Eliza in the musical. Personal life Lawson is married to actor Leonidas Gulaptis; they have one child together. She owns a Yorkshire Terrier. She bought the dog from a breeder in 2008, and would take it with her as she toured the US on the productions of Rent and In The Heights. Theatre credits Filmography References External links 20th-century American actresses 20th-century American women singers 20th-century American singers 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers 21st-century American singers Actresses from the Bronx American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American television actresses Broadway theatre people Living people Newburgh Free Academy alumni Musicians from the Bronx People from Newburgh, New York Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Lexi Lawson"},{"docid":"1424558","text":"Home roasting is the process of roasting coffee from green coffee beans on a small scale for personal consumption. Home roasting of coffee has been practiced for centuries, using simple methods such as roasting in cast-iron skillets over a wood fire and hand-turning small steel drums on a kitchen stovetop. Until the early 20th century, it was more common to roast coffee at home than to buy pre-roasted coffee. Following World War I, commercial coffee roasting became prevalent, and, combined with the distribution of instant coffee, home roasting decreased substantially. In recent years, there has been a revival in home roasting. What was originally a necessity has now become a hobby. The attractions are four-fold: enjoying fresh, flavorful coffee; experimenting with various beans and roasting methods; perfecting the roasting process, and saving money. Other factors that have contributed to the renewed interest in home roasting coffee include coffee suppliers selling green coffee in small quantities and manufacturers making counter-top roasters. History The first known implements specially made for roasting coffee beans for personal use were thin, circular, often perforated pans made from metal or porcelain, used in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire and Greater Persia. This type of shallow, dished pan was equipped with a long handle so that it could be held over a brazier (a container of hot coals) until the coffee was roasted. The beans were stirred with a slender spoon. Only a small amount of beans could be heated at one time. The first cylinder roaster with a crank to keep the beans in motion appeared in Cairo around 1650. It was made of metal, most commonly tinned copper or cast iron, and was held over a brazier or open fire. French, Dutch and Italian variations of this design quickly appeared. These proved popular over the next century in Europe, England and the American colonies. English coffee merchant Humphrey Broadbent wrote in 1722 about his preference for this sort of cylindrical roaster. He emphasized that home roasting provided the capability of eliminating damaged berries from the batch before they are roasted, and also the security of knowing that duplicitous merchants were not adding poisonous lead powder to the roasted beans to increase their weight and thus their price. He wrote: \"Most persons of distinction in Holland roast their own berries.\" In the 19th century, various patents were awarded in the U.S. and Europe for commercial roasters, to allow for large batches of coffee. Nevertheless, home roasting continued to be popular. A man working at a commercial roasting plant beginning in the 1850s in St. Louis, Missouri, said that \"selling roasted coffee was up-hill work, as everyone roasted coffee in the kitchen oven.\" He said the arguments his company employed against home roasting included appeals to the economy of saving fuel and labor, the danger of burns and flaring tempers, and the possibility of ruined beans or bad-tasting beverage. Nevertheless, appliances catering to the home roaster were becoming popular; in 1849 a spherical coffee roaster","title":"Home roasting coffee"},{"docid":"9992550","text":"Christmastime! is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 2004. It is a complete collection of Don McLean's Christmas recordings and contains all of the songs previously released on Christmas and Christmas Dreams as well as two songs new to this collection. Track listing \"Winter Wonderland\" \"O Little Town of Bethlehem\" \"Blue Christmas\" \"The Christmas Waltz\" \"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town\" \"Toyland\" \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" \"I'll Be Home for Christmas/Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" \"White Christmas\" \"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\" \"Silent Night\" \"Oh Holy Night\" \"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\" \"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen\" \"The Last Month of the Year\" \"The Burgundian Carol\" \"Little Child\" \"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear\" \"Pretty Paper\" \"'Twas the Night before Christmas\" Christmas compilation albums 2004 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists 2004 compilation albums Don McLean compilation albums Rock Christmas albums","title":"Christmastime!"},{"docid":"59759084","text":"This is a list of notable spit-roasted foods, consisting of dishes and foods that are roasted on a rotisserie, or spit. Rotisserie is a style of roasting where meat is skewered on a spit, a long solid rod used to hold food while it is being cooked over a fire in a fireplace or over a campfire, or roasted in an oven. Spit-roasting typically involves the use of indirect heat, which usually cooks foods at a lower temperature compared to other roasting methods that use direct heat. When cooking meats, the nature of the food constantly revolving on a spit also creates a self-basting process. Spit roasting dates back to ancient times, and spit-roasted fowl and game \"was common in ancient societies\". Spit-roasted foods Al pastor – a dish developed in central Mexico that is based on shawarma spit-grilled meat brought by Lebanese immigrants to Mexico. Cabrito al pastor – a northern Mexican dish consisting of a whole goat kid carcass that is opened flat and cooked on a spit Cağ kebabı – a horizontally stacked marinated rotating lamb kebab variety, originating in Turkey's Erzurum Province Doner kebab – seasoned meat stacked in the shape of an inverted cone is turned slowly on a rotisserie, next to a vertical cooking element. The outer layer is sliced into thin shavings as it cooks. Gyros – a Greek dish made from meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie Inihaw – a general Filipino term for grilled or spit-roasted meat or seafood Lechon – a general Spanish term for whole spit-roasted pig common in Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines Lechon manok – a Filipino spit-roasted chicken dish made with chicken marinated in a mixture of garlic, bay leaf, onion, black pepper, soy sauce, and patis (fish sauce). Méchoui – a dish in North African cuisine consisting of a whole sheep or a lamb spit-roasted on a barbecue. Mutzbraten – an eastern Thuringia and western Saxony dish of meat from the shoulder or pig`s back, seasoned with salt, pepper and marjoram, marinated and cooked in birch wood smoke on so-called Mutzbraten stands. Obersteiner Spießbraten – a culinary specialty of Idar-Oberstein, Germany consisting of a rolled roast using beef or pork neck. Paksiw na lechon – a Filipino dish consisting of leftover spit-roasted pork (lechon) meat cooked in lechon sauce or its component ingredients of vinegar, garlic, onions, black pepper and ground liver or liver spread and some water. Rotisserie chicken – a chicken dish cooked on a rotisserie, whereby the chicken is placed next to the heat source to cook it Pollo a la Brasa – a common dish of Peruvian cuisine and one of the most consumed in Peru, it is a rotisserie chicken dish that is a Peruvian version of pollo al spiedo. Shawarma – a Middle Eastern meat preparation based on the doner kebab of Ottoman Turkey Siu mei – the generic name in Cantonese cuisine given to meats roasted on spits over an open fire or a huge wood burning","title":"List of spit-roasted foods"},{"docid":"37260430","text":"We Have a Saviour is the fourth Christmas worship album from Hillsong Music, which was issued in October 2012. The album appeared on the Billboard Top Christian Albums at No. 23 and Top Holiday Albums charts at No. 42. It also peaked in the Top 100 on the ARIA Albums Chart at No. 82; at No.68 on the ARIA Top 100 Physical Albums chart in December 2012; and returned to the charts in December 2014 to peak at No. 36 on the ARIA Catalogue Albums chart. We Have a Saviour by Hillsong is a collection of songs recorded over 2011 and 2012 with two new tracks, \"We Have a Saviour\" and \"Our King Has Come\"; it includes, \"Born Is the King\", and rearrangements of \"O Holy Night\" and \"Joy to the World\". Amazon.com's editorial review observed \"[it's] an album full of inspiring and festive songs soon to become Christmas classics. The seasons may be flipped with December falling in the middle of summer for Australia and there may not be snow, sleigh rides or chestnuts roasting by an open fire, but there is a common love for a baby born in a manger over 2,000 years ago.\" Hope 103.2's Stephen O'Doherty interviewed Hillsong members, Ben Fielding, Autumn Hardman and Dave Ware, on his show, Open House, in November 2012 to discuss the album. Timothy Yap of BreatheCast opined \"[they] have brilliantly taken some of the best known traditional carols and tagged them with newly written material making them less archaic and fresher on younger ears... this is a folky, country-tinged, understated and sometimes even eclectic effort.\" Jono Davies of Louder Than the Music rated it at four-out-of-five stars and explained, \"jammed packed with well known Christmas tunes and some original ones too... [they] have tried to make so many tracks on the album sound uber cool, which means some traditional songs don't sound as Christmasy as you might expect.\" Track listing Tracks 1–5 were previously released on the extended play, Born Is the King. References 2012 albums 2012 Christmas albums Hillsong Music albums Christmas albums by Australian artists","title":"We Have a Saviour"},{"docid":"20230270","text":"In the Swing of Christmas is the third Christmas-themed album by Barry Manilow. Released on November 1, 2007, it was available exclusively at Hallmark Gold Crown stores. The album was certified Gold in the United States by the RIAA in 2008, and was nominated for a Grammy in the 'Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album' category at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards. Produced and arranged by Manilow and co-produced by Scott Erickson, the album features more of a swing jazz style than his previous Christmas releases. The jazz ensemble MaD Fusion (Matt Herskowitz—piano, Mat Fieldes—bass, and David Rozenblatt—drums) accompanied Manilow on four tracks, and The Randy Kerber Trio (Randy Kerber—piano, Mike Valerio—bass, and Joe LaBarbera—drums) was featured on five tracks, along with various other musicians. The first track, \"Silver Bells\", was performed a capella, with Manilow overdubbing all of the vocals himself. The album included instructions for downloading a bonus track, \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\". On October 13, 2009, the album was re-released on Arista Records with two bonus tracks: \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" and \"Christmas Is Just Around the Corner\", an original song from the 2008 animated television special Cranberry Christmas. The downloadable bonus track from the Hallmark release was not included. The re-release appeared on the Billboard 200 chart for four non-consecutive weeks in late 2009, peaking at #127 during the week ending December 19. Track listing 2007 release \"Silver Bells\" – 2:37 \"Carol of the Bells / Jingle Bells\" – 2:45 \"Joy to the World / It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\" – 3:07 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" – 4:06 \"Violets for Your Furs\" – 3:22 \"O Tannenbaum\" / \"Winter Wonderland\" – 2:57 \"Christmas Time Is Here\" – 4:35 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire)\" – 3:18 \"Toyland\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:23 \"Count Your Blessings\" – 3:48 downloadable bonus track \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\" 2009 re-release \"Silver Bells\" – 2:37 \"Carol of the Bells / Jingle Bells\" – 2:45 \"Joy to the World / It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\" – 3:07 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" – 4:06 \"Violets for Your Furs\" – 3:22 \"O Tannenbaum\" / \"Winter Wonderland\" – 2:57 \"Christmas Time Is Here\" – 4:35 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire)\" – 3:18 \"Toyland\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:23 \"Count Your Blessings\" – 3:48 \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" – 2:26 \"Christmas Is Just Around the Corner\" (Barry Manilow, Bruce Sussman) – 2:54 Notes References 2007 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Barry Manilow albums Arista Records Christmas albums Swing Christmas albums","title":"In the Swing of Christmas"},{"docid":"54498185","text":"Personal Christmas Collection is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released by Columbia Records in 1994 and includes selections from his first three solo holiday LPs, The Andy Williams Christmas Album, Merry Christmas, and Christmas Present. The album made holiday season appearances on Billboard magazine's album chart from 2012 to 2016, the year it had its all-time peak at number 115. Track listing \"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\" (Edward Pola, George Wyle) – 2:33 \"My Favorite Things\" from The Sound of Music (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:29 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 2:34 \"The Bells of St. Mary's\" (A. Emmett Adams, Douglas Furber) – 2:38 \"Christmas Present\" (Larry H. Brown, Keats Tyler) – 2:30 \"Winter Wonderland\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 2:14 \"The First Noël\" (traditional) – 3:08 \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" (Frederick Oakeley, John Francis Wade) – 2:35 \"Sleigh Ride\" (Leroy Anderson, Mitchell Parish) – 2:11 \"Silver Bells\" from The Lemon Drop Kid (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) – 3:12 \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\" (Felix Mendelssohn, Charles Wesley) – 2:39 \"Ring Christmas Bells\" (Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych, Peter Wilhousky, Minna Louise Hohman) – 1:52 \"Silent Night\" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 2:15 \"White Christmas\" (Irving Berlin) – 2:29 \"Happy Holiday/The Holiday Season\" (Irving Berlin/Kay Thompson) – 2:38 This track originated on the 1974 album Christmas Present. The back cover and label of the original vinyl release of that album list the title of this track as \"Christmas Bells\", and the label gives songwriting credit to Harry Filler and Leonard Schroeder, who did write a different song called \"Christmas Bells\" that was recorded by Patti Page for her 1951 album Christmas with Patti Page. Charts Billboard 200 References 1994 compilation albums Andy Williams compilation albums","title":"Personal Christmas Collection"},{"docid":"19155174","text":"The Christmas Album is Roberta Flack's first holiday album and was released in 1997. The song, \"As Long as There's Christmas\" (a duet with Peabo Bryson), was from the direct-to-video Disney film, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas. The album was reissued by Punahele Productions under the title Holiday in 2003; this version omitted \"As Long as There's Christmas\". Track listing \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" - 3:54 \"There's Still My Joy\" (Beth Nielsen Chapman, Melissa Manchester, Matt Rollings) - 3:30 \"We Three Kings of Orient Are\" - 6:08 \"25th of Last December\" (Gene McDaniels) - 4:55 \"As Long as There's Christmas\" (Don Black, Rachel Portman) - 3:45 Performed by Roberta Flack and Peabo Bryson \"Because This Child Was Born\" (Shelton Becton) - 4:25 \"When There's Love\" (Shelton Becton) - 6:25 \"The Little Drummer Boy\" - 5:57 \"O Come All Ye Faithful\" - 4:34 References Roberta Flack albums 1997 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Contemporary R&B Christmas albums Capitol Records Christmas albums","title":"The Christmas Album (Roberta Flack album)"},{"docid":"44457824","text":"The cuisine of Corsica is the traditional cuisine of the island of Corsica. It is mainly based on the products of the island, and due to historical and geographical reasons, has much in common with Italian cuisine, and marginally with those of Nice and Provence. History The geographic conformation of Corsica, with its eastern coast (the one nearest to the continent) low, malaria-ridden, and impossible to defend, forced the population to settle in the mountains of the interior. The agricultural products exported during antiquity reflect this situation: these were sheep, plus honey, wax and tar, produced by the widespread forests. The island was famous for its cheap wines, exported to Rome. The concentration of settlement in the interior, typical also of the nearby Sardinia, lasted until the beginning of the 20th century; in 1911, 73,000 people lived in the zone comprised between 700 and 1,000 m above sea level. In the Middle Ages, more precisely during the 12th century, when Pisa was Corsica's hegemonic power, the large immigration from nearby Tuscany brought to the island, together with the Tuscan language, customs and dishes typical of that Italian region. Later, when it was the turn of Genoa to dominate the island, a major shift in people's eating habits took place; the Genoese governor, with a decree signed on 28 August 1548, ordered that each landowner and tenant had to plant at least a chestnut, a mulberry, an olive, and a fig tree each year, under the fine of three for each tree not planted. The reason for this decree was to give means of subsistence to island populations. Still at the beginning of the 17th century, the Genoese administrator Baliano wrote that the Corsicans were living on barley bread, vegetables, and pure water. Other decrees were given on the same line, such as that issued in 1619, which ordered that 10 chestnut trees had to be planted every year by each landowner and tenant, with time changed radically the landscape of whole regions of the island, with the almost total substitution of cereals with chestnuts; one region, the Castagniccia, south of Bastia, got its name from its chestnut () forests. In the 18th century, the chestnut had almost completely replaced cereals. Above all, chestnut plantations radically changed the diet of the islanders, preserving them from the recurrent famines. It was so that the historian of Corsica Jakob Von Wittelieb could write that in the 1730s travelers in the island brought with them a flask filled with wine and a pocket containing a chestnut bread or some roasted chestnuts. An old Corsican proverb from upper Niolo asserts: (), explaining well both the central place occupied by the chestnut in Corsica's alimentation and the frugality of Corsican mountaineers, obliged to drink water instead of wine. During the Corsican independence before the French annexation, Pasquale Paoli tried to enrich the diet of his countrymen encouraging the cultivation of the potato, so his political opponents ridiculed him, calling him . The French annexation in 1768","title":"Cuisine of Corsica"},{"docid":"8654442","text":"A culinary nut is a dry, edible fruit or seed that usually, but not always, has a high fat content. Nuts are used in a wide variety of edible roles, including in baking, as snacks (either roasted or raw), and as flavoring. In addition to botanical nuts, fruits and seeds that have a similar appearance and culinary role are considered to be culinary nuts. Culinary nuts are divided into fruits or seeds in one of four categories: True, or botanical nuts: dry, hard-shelled, uncompartmented fruit that do not split on maturity to release seeds; (e.g. hazelnuts) Drupes: seed contained within a pit (stone or pyrena) that itself is surrounded by a fleshy fruit (e.g. almonds, walnuts); Gymnosperm seeds: naked seeds, with no enclosure (e.g. pine nuts); Angiosperm: seeds surrounded by an enclosure, such as a pod or a fruit (e.g. peanuts). Nuts have a rich history as food. For many indigenous peoples of the Americas, a wide variety of nuts, including acorns, American beech, and others, served as a major source of starch and fat over thousands of years. Similarly, a wide variety of nuts have served as food for Indigenous Australians for many centuries. Other culinary nuts, though known from ancient times, have seen dramatic increases in use in modern times. The most striking such example is the peanut. Its usage was popularized by the work of George Washington Carver, who discovered and popularized many applications of the peanut after employing peanut plants for soil amelioration in fields used to grow cotton. True nuts The following are both culinary and botanical nuts. Acorn (Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis spp.), used from ancient times among indigenous peoples of the Americas as a staple food, in particular for making bread and porridge. Beech (Fagus spp.) American beech (Fagus grandifolia), used by indigenous peoples of the Americas as food. Several tribes sought stores of beech nuts gathered by chipmunks and deer mice, thus obtaining nuts that were already sorted and shelled. European beech (Fagus sylvatica), although edible, have never been popular as a source of food. They have been used as animal feed and to extract a popular edible oil. Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum), used by the ancient Maya peoples as animal fodder, and as an alternative food when yield of other crops was insufficient. Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), used in many South East Asian cuisines. Chestnuts (Castanea spp.) Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima), have been eaten in China since ancient times. Sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa), unlike most nuts, are high in starch and sugar. Extensively grown in Europe and the Himalayas. (Note: the water chestnut is not a nut at all; it is a tuber) Guinea peanut (Pachira glabra), like those of the related Malabar chestnut, the seeds taste similar to peanuts and are typically boiled or roasted, with the roasted seeds sometimes ground to make a hot drink. Hazelnuts (Corylus spp.), most commercial varieties of which descend from the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana). Hazelnuts are used to make pralines, in the popular Nutella spread,","title":"List of culinary nuts"},{"docid":"144500","text":"\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" (titled onscreen as \"The Simpsons Christmas Special\") is the series premiere of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on December 17, 1989. Introducing the Simpson family into half-hour television in this episode, Bart Simpson disobediently gets a tattoo without the permission of his parents. After Marge spends all the family's holiday budget on having it removed, Homer learns that his boss is not giving employees Christmas bonuses, and takes a job as a shopping mall Santa. The Simpsons was originally intended to debut earlier in 1989 with \"Some Enchanted Evening\", but due to animation problems with that episode, the series debuted with this episode on December 17. \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" was written by Mimi Pond and directed by David Silverman, and was the only episode of the series to air during the 1980s. Promos for the next episode (\"Bart the Genius\") ran during commercial breaks for this episode. \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" was viewed by approximately 13.4 million people in its original airing, and was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1990. Since its release on home video, the episode has received positive reviews from critics. Plot After attending the Springfield Elementary School Christmas pageant, the Simpsons prepare for the holiday season. Bart and Lisa write letters to Santa; Lisa asks for a pony — which Marge tries to tactfully discourage by claiming that there would not be enough room for one on Santa's sleigh — and Bart wants a tattoo, which Marge and Homer forbid him from getting. The next day, Marge takes the kids Christmas shopping at the mall. Bart sneaks away to get a tattoo that reads \"Mother\" on his arm, thinking that Marge will like it. Before the artist can finish the tattoo, Marge finds Bart and drags him to the dermatologist to have it removed. She is forced to spend the family's entire holiday budget on the procedure, believing that Homer's Christmas bonus will cover gift expenses. At the power plant, Mr. Burns cancels this year's employee Christmas bonus. When he learns Marge spent the family's holiday money on tattoo removal, Homer moonlights as a shopping mall Santa at the suggestion of his friend Barney Gumble. While at the mall on Christmas Eve, Bart removes Santa's beard, exposing Homer's secret. Bart apologizes for the prank and praises his father for moonlighting to give the family Christmas presents. After Homer's Santa gig pays far less than expected due to deductions for training and uniform, he and Bart receive a greyhound racing tip from Barney. At Springfield Downs, Homer bets all his money on a last-minute entry named Santa's Little Helper, a 99–1 long shot. The greyhound unfortunately finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they see the dog's owner yell and abandon him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet. They return home, where Homer's","title":"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"},{"docid":"27921768","text":"Bistorta bistortoides (American bistort, western bistort, smokeweed, mountain meadow knotweed, mountain buckwheat or mountain meadow buckwheat) is a perennial herb in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Description Bistorta bistortoides plants generally grow to tall. Individuals growing above are smaller, seldom reaching more than in height. The leaves are leathery and long, being mostly basal on the stem. The dense cylindrical to oblong inflorescence is long and packed with small white to pinkish flowers, each a few millimeters wide and with protruding stamens. Taxonomy The species name remains unresolved. Distribution and habitat B. bistortoides is distributed throughout the Mountain West in North America from Alaska and British Columbia south into California and east into the Rocky Mountains. The plant grows from foothills to above the timberline. Ecology Rodents and bears consume the roots, and elk and deer browse the foliage. Uses American bistort was an important food plant used by Native Americans living in the Mountain West, including Blackfoot and Cheyenne peoples. The roots are edible either raw or fire-roasted with a flavor resembling chestnuts. The seeds can be dried and ground into flour and used to make bread. They were also roasted and eaten as a cracked grain. The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked. References External links Jepson Manual Treatment – Polygonum bistortoides United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile Polygonum bistortoides – Callphotos Photo gallery, University of California bistortoides Plants described in 1813 Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Flora of Western Canada Flora of the Northwestern United States Flora of the Southwestern United States Flora of the South-Central United States Plants used in Native American cuisine Flora without expected TNC conservation status","title":"Bistorta bistortoides"},{"docid":"53136528","text":"Roasted sweet potato is a popular winter street food in East Asia. China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan In China, yellow-fleshed sweet potatoes are roasted in a large iron drum and sold as street food during winter. They are called kǎo-báishǔ (; \"roasted sweet potato\") in northern China, wui faan syu () in Cantonese speaking regions, and kǎo-dìguā (; \"roasted sweet potato\") in Taiwan and Northeast China, as the name of sweet potatoes themselves vary across the sinophone world. Korea Sweet potatoes roasted in drum cans, called gun-goguma (; \"roasted sweet potato\"), are also popular in both North and South Korea. The food is sold from late autumn to winter by the vendors wearing ushanka, which is sometimes referred to as \"roasted sweet potato vendor hat\" or \"roasted chestnut vendor hat\". Although any type of goguma (sweet potato) can be roasted, softer, moist varieties such as hobak-goguma (pumpkin sweet potato) are preferred over firmer, floury varieties such as bam-goguma (\"chestnut sweet potato\") for roasting. In South Korea, roasted sweet potatoes are dried to make gun-goguma-mallaengi (), and frozen to make ice-gun-goguma (). Although gun-goguma has traditionally been a winter food, gun-goguma ice cream and gun-goguma smoothie are nowadays enjoyed in summer. Japan In Japan, similar street food is called ishi yaki-imo (; \"roasted sweet potato in heat stones\") and sold from trucks during the winter. Northern Vietnam Roasted sweet potatoes () is also a popular street food in Hanoi and Northern Vietnam in winter. Emoji In 2010, an emoji was approved for Unicode 6.0 for \"roasted sweet potato\". See also List of sweet potato dishes Roasted chestnut References Chinese cuisine Japanese cuisine Korean cuisine Street food in China Street food in South Korea Sweet potato dishes","title":"Roasted sweet potato"},{"docid":"53138979","text":"Roasted chestnut is a popular autumn and winter street food in East Asia, Europe, and New York City. Asian chestnuts (Castanea crenata, C. mollissima) as well as European chestnuts (C. sativa) can be used. Asia China In China, chǎolìzi (; \"stir-fried chestnut\") is a popular autumn street food. Because they are roasted with sand and sweet syrup, they are also called tángchǎolìzi (; \"sugar stir-fried chestnut\"). Korea Gunbam (; \"roasted chestnut\") is a popular street food in both North and South Korea. The food is sold from late autumn to winter by the vendors wearing ushanka, which is sometimes referred to as \"roasted chestnut vendor hat\" or \"roasted sweet potato vendor hat\". A popular folk song called Gunbam taryeong (; \"ballad of roasted chestnuts\") was composed by Jeon Su-rin in 1932, and has been sung since, being one of the songs commonly taught in public schools in South Korea. Europe Austria The Maronistand is a small booth where a street vendor offers roasted Maroni (\"edible chestnuts\" in local German) and potato-based hot snacks cooked in and on portable metal drums. Such outlets appear in the colder seasons and are a common sight at, for example, Viennese Christmas markets. France In France, marrons chauds (\"hot chestnuts\") are a well known autumn street food. In Paris, many street sellers come from India, and use improvised stands with shopping carts and cans. In Corsica roasted chestnuts are known as fasgiole in Corsican language. Italy In Italy roasted chestnuts are most commonly known as caldarroste. They are very popular especially in mountainous areas of the country, such as the Apennines and the Alps where the chestnut grows in abundance. Chestnuts and roasted chestnuts can be found in numerous festivals throughout Italy, usually organized between the end of October and the beginning of November. Roasted chestnuts are also known by various other names in different parts of Italy: Basturnòn - Apennines of Piacenza Biröll, Biroeull - Province of Como and Province of Milan Boröla - Province of Bergamo Braschèe, Mundee - North of Lake Como Brigi - Città di Castello, Umbria Brostoi - Some areas south of Brescia Bruciata - Province of Florence and Province of Siena Brusè - Province of Parma Brüsatè - Piedmont Buerie - Friuli Caciole, infornatelle - Val Roveto, Abruzzo Callarosta - Vallerano (VT) Callaròsta - Canepina (VT) Còculi - Molochio (RC) Frugiata - Some areas of the Province of Pistoia and Province of Lucca Maroni, Marroni - Province of Modena and Province of Bologna Mondina - Garfagnana, Lucca Plain, Versilia, Lunigiana Mondìgoli, Mandìgoli - Northern part of the Province of Vicenza Mundaj, Mundà - Piedmont Mundìne - Val Camonica Nserta - Northern part of the Province of Cosenza Pastiji - Some areas of the Province of Reggio Calabria Pistiddre - Rotonda (PZ) Pistiddèr - Pollino (southern area of Basilicata) Riggiola - Northern part of the Province of Cosenza Ruseddre, Rusedde - Central-western Calabria Ruselle - Southern part of the Province of Cosenza Rustìa - Province of Genoa Varola - Montella","title":"Roasted chestnut"},{"docid":"2841231","text":"The Monkey and the Cat is best known as a fable adapted by Jean de La Fontaine under the title Le Singe et le Chat that appeared in the second collection of his Fables in 1679 (IX.17). It is the source of popular idioms in both English and French, with the general meaning of being the dupe (or tool) of another (e.g., a cat's-paw). In the fable, a monkey persuades a cat to retrieve chestnuts from the embers of a fire for the two to share, but the monkey quickly eats each chestnut as it is retrieved, and the cat burns its paw in the process. Although there is no evidence that the story existed before the 15th century, it began to appear in collections of Aesop's Fables from the 17th century but is not included in the Perry Index. Usage of the \"cat's paw\" idiom and reference to the fable have been particularly employed in (although not limited to) political contexts. The fable In La Fontaine's telling, Bertrand the monkey persuades Raton the cat to pull chestnuts from the embers amongst which they are roasting, promising him a share. As the cat scoops them from the fire one by one, burning his paw in the process, the monkey gobbles them up. They are disturbed by a maid entering and the cat gets nothing for its pains. As a source of modern idiom It is from this fable that the French get their idiom Tirer les marrons du feu, meaning to act as someone's dupe or, deriving from that, to benefit from the dirty work of others. It is also the source of the English idiom 'a cat's paw', defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as 'one used by another as a tool'. History There are earlier idiomatic allusions in 15th century Burgundian sources. Jean Miélot records the saying c'est un bon jeu de chat et singe (it's a cat and monkey game) in his Proverbes (1456) and there is another apparent reference to the story in a poem in Jean Molinet's Faictz et dictz. In the following century, Jean-Antoine de Baïf has the version faire comme le singe, tirer les marrons du feu avec la patte du chat in his Mimes, enseignements et proverbes (1575) and John Florio includes the saying in his collection of idioms Second Frutes (1591). However, the earliest surviving texts relating the story date from the mid-16th century and some of these have a puppy in place of a cat as the monkey's victim. Johannes Sambucus reports it as happening recently in the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom in his Emblemata (1564). The Latin poem there continues, 'A small monkey gave us an example noteworthy and amusing for its cunning. For, when he saw the chestnuts buried in the hearth, he began to brush the ash aside but, afraid of the burning coals, he suddenly seized the foot of a sleeping puppy and stole it out.' The same story involving a sleeping dog appeared in","title":"The Monkey and the Cat"},{"docid":"24626422","text":"The O'Neill Brothers are an American instrumental piano duo from New Prague, Minnesota, comprising brothers Tim and Ryan O'Neill. They are also known as Pianissimo Brothers. Their most famous covered songs are Rainbow Connection, Tomorrow (The Sun Will Come Out), Moonlight Sonata, Unforgettable and As Time Goes By, shown on their own and Pianissimo Brothers albums, used for relaxing music for weddings, sleeping, bubble baths, doctor’s offices, winter, Earth Day, Thanksgiving and other stuff, and Silver and Gold, The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire), Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas and Carol of the Bells for Christmas albums. The brothers both began piano lessons at age five and attended the University of Notre Dame before deciding to pursue a career together in 1997. The pair began self-releasing albums, many based on themes such as marriage, Christmas, patriotism, and styles such as traditional Irish music. The group found success selling their music on the television station QVC in addition to making appearances on other networks. Their 2000 release From the Heart saw a resurgence in popularity in 2005, peaking at #21 on the Billboard Pop Catalog chart. The group has sold over one million albums total. Discography 2000 From the Heart [Box Set] 2002 A Day to Remember: Instrumental Music for Your Wedding 2002 Coming Home: An O'Neill Brothers Christmas 2002 Look Within 2002 Meeting of the Waters 2002 One 2002 P.S. I Love You 2002 Sweet Dreams 2002 Through the Years 2004 Here Come the Irish 2004 Inspiration 2004 Notre Dame Experience 2004 On Broadway with the O'Neill Brothers 2004 The Journey 2005 Holiday Music: Instrumental Songs for the Holiday Season, Vol. 1 2005 Holiday Music: Instrumental Songs for the Holiday Season,Vol. 2 2005 Holiday Music: Instrumental Songs for the Holiday Season,Vol. 3 2005 A Day To Remember: Music For Your Beach Wedding 2006 A Day to Remember, Vol. 2 2006 Celebrate America 2006 Someone You Love 2006 Reflections 2006 Holiday Home 2007 Day Break 2008 Autumn 2008 Harvest 2008 Songs of Faith 2009 Songs of Serenity - Quiet Time, A Spiritual Renewal, and Inspirational Music 2010 Lullabies by Request 2011 Christmas Lullabies 2012 Notre Dame Lullabies 2013 Spirit of Notre Dame [2 CD Set] 2013 Sunday Morning 2016 Instrumental Tribute to Prince References External Links Musical duos from Minnesota Sibling musical duos","title":"The O'Neill Brothers"},{"docid":"6575788","text":"\"Seven Whole Days\" is a song performed by American singer Toni Braxton. It serves as the third single from her self-titled debut album (1993). It was released on October 8, 1993 by LaFace and Arista Records. Written and produced by Kenneth Edmonds, Antonio Reid and Daryl Simmons, the track describes a romance that was fading. As the single was not commercially released in the United States, it was ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, and only managed to chart on the Hot 100 Airplay at number forty-eight in early March 1994. Nevertheless, it successfully topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay in late January 1994. \"Seven Whole Days\" is featured on The Essential Toni Braxton and Playlist: The Very Best of Toni Braxton. Critical reception In his review of Toni Braxton, John Martinucci from the Gavin Report found that Braxton \"creates steamy sensuality\" with \"Seven Whole Days\". Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian noted the singer's \"a boys-beware growl\" on the \"easy-going\" track. Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote that it \"could melt even the North Pole.\" Ralph Tee from Music Weeks RM Dance Update stated that it is \"the closest Toni gets to Anita Baker territory vocally.\" Mike Joyce from The Washington Post felt the song \"have a depth\". Music video The official music video for \"Seven Whole Days\" was shot while Braxton was on tour with her four sisters Traci, Towanda, Trina and Tamar featured as background singers. It was released in 1993 and directed by Lionel C. Martin. The video was later released on Braxton's VEVO channel on October 25, 2009, and is in both color and black and white. It had generated more than 25 million views as of January 2024. Track listing US Vinyl, 12\", 33 ⅓ RPM (73008-24063-1) A1 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Ghetto Vibe) – 6:35 A2 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Ghetto Vibe Instrumental) – 6:36 B1 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Album Version) – 6:22 B2 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Live Version) – 6:15 B3 \"The Christmas Song\" – 3:25 US Promo CD' (LFPCD-4062) \"Seven Whole Days\" (Radio Edit) – 4:42 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Live Radio Edit) – 4:42 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Album Version) – 6:22 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Live Version) – 6:15 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Ghetto Vibe) – 6:35 \"Seven Whole Days\" (Quiet Mix) – 6:12 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" – 3:25 Credits and personnel Credits taken from Discogs website. Performers and musicians Toni Braxton - Vocals, Background Keisha Jackson - Background (tracks 1–6) Pamela Copeland - Background (tracks 1–6) Tammy Davis - Background (tracks 1–6) Technical personnel A&R - Bryant Reid Engineer - Jim \"Z\" Zumpano Engineer, Mixing and Programming - John Frye (tracks 1–6) Executive Producer - L.A Reid and Babyface (tracks 1–6) Written by - L.A Reid and Babyface (tracks 1–6) Published By - ECAF, Sony Songs Inc., Cuff Link Music, Edwin H. Morris & Co. Charts Cover versions In 2002, bassist Michael Manson presented his version from his album \"The Bottom Line.\" Saxophonist Steve Cole is a special","title":"Seven Whole Days"},{"docid":"2116198","text":"Castanospermum is a monotypic genus in the legume family Fabaceae. The sole species is Castanospermum australe, commonly known as Moreton Bay chestnut or black bean, which is native to rainforested areas on the east coast of Queensland and northeastern New South Wales, and to the southwest Pacific islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia Description The black bean is a large evergreen tree growing up to tall, though commonly much smaller. The leaves are long and broad, pinnate, with 11-15 leaflets. The flowers are bicoloured red and yellow, long, produced in racemes long. The fruit is a cylindrical pod long and diameter, the interior divided by a spongy substance into one to five cells, each of which contains a large chestnut-like seed. Common names The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records the common names of Castanospermum australe as \"Moreton Bay Chestnut\" and \"Bean tree\" and notes that it was called \"Irtalie\" by Aboriginal people of the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales) and \"Bogum\" by \"others of Northern New South Wales\". Other names that have been used by Aboriginal peoples are: baway, yiwurra, junggurraa, mirrayn, ganyjuu, and binyjaalga. Uses Chemicals In 1981, castanospermine was isolated from the seeds. Members of this and closely related genera accumulate iminosugars in their leaves. Cultural significance Due to its importance as a food, the blackbean tree was a seasonal gathering point for Aboriginal peoples, and this acted as a catalyst for ceremonies. Songlines featuring the black bean seeds have been collected. The bark fibre has been used for fish and animal traps, nets and baskets, and the empty seed pods have been used as toy boats. Additionally, the tree has been used as a seasonal signal for when to hunt jungle fowl. Food The unprocessed seeds are poisonous since they contain toxic saponins, and can cause vomiting and diarrhoea, but they become edible when carefully prepared by roasting, cutting up into small pieces, leaching with running water for several days, and pounding into flour and roasting it as a damper. The seeds have been prepared and eaten for at least 2,500 years. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' notes and describes this use of the beans. As of 2012, the food was not used in modern bush tucker, and there was no nutritional information available on the seeds. Ornamental use The trees are popular as potted plants in Asia, Europe and America. In addition, they have been used as shade trees in landscaping for parks. Wood The wood was used by Aboriginal people for spear-throwers. The timber, which somewhat resembles walnut, is soft, fine-grained, and takes a good polish, and the wood has a durability rating above-ground of over 40 years longevity. Spread Due to its significance as a food for Aboriginal people, blackbean trees were spread by hand into mountain areas on the east coast of Australia. All the trees in New South Wales are descended from a single seed. The plant naturally spreads by water. It","title":"Castanospermum"},{"docid":"14731100","text":"Christmas, Like a Lullaby is the 24th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver released in December 1990. This was Denver's first solo Christmas album of music since 1975's Rocky Mountain Christmas. He also released the collaborative Christmas album A Christmas Together in 1979 with The Muppets. The only original track was the title track \"Christmas Like A Lullaby\" written by Denver. The rest were Christmas carols and standards and two Tom Paxton songs, \"The Children Of Bethlehem\" and \"Marvelous Toy\". Track listing Side one \"Christmas, Like a Lullaby\" - 3:52 \"The First Noel\" - 2:16 \"Away in a Manger\" - 3:36 \"The Children of Bethlehem\" - 3:31 \"Jingle Bells\" - 2:43 \"White Christmas\" - 2:37 Side two \"Marvelous Toy\" - 2:52 \"Blue Christmas\" - 3:25 \"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" - 3:12 \"Little Drummer Boy\" - 3:22 \"Mary's Little Boy Child\" - 3:20 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)\" - 4:05 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" - 2:15 There is a 1999 reissue by Delta Entertainment. Personnel John Denver – acoustic guitar, vocals James Burton – electric guitar Glen Hardin – keyboards Jim Horn – saxophone, flute, recorder Jerry Carrigan – drums Jerry Scheff – bass Machito Sanchez – percussion References 1990 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists John Denver albums Albums produced by Roger Nichols (recording engineer) Folk Christmas albums","title":"Christmas, Like a Lullaby"},{"docid":"2030203","text":"Genie Gets Her Wish is the first VHS/DVD by Christina Aguilera. It was released on December 14, 1999, through RCA Records. It features performances of her #1 single, \"Genie in a Bottle\", studio footage, live concert performances, and exclusive peeks backstage. It was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It peaked at number 1 in Sweden. Originally released on VHS, it was later re-released on DVD the following year. Background Aguilera told the MTV Radio Network about the DVD:\"It will be interesting to see all the kinds of sides of me. Cause you do get to see me onstage, you know, 'Christina Aguilera onstage.' \"But then, what happens whenever the cameras (are) off?\" she continued. \"She goes home, takes off her makeup, and gets ready for bed? You know, (what happens) after all these fans are done (with the show) and after she's done meeting them and signing autographs? What's she like? I'm a really different person aside from I seem to be publicly,\" she concluded. \"I'm very, very introverted.\" Content Genie Gets Her Wish is a video album and a documentary. It features clips from Aguilera's life between 1998 and 1999, while recording and promoting her eponymous debut album, as well as music videos. During the documentary portions, Aguilera is shown rehearsing her performances and recording in studio sessions, while songs from the album play over the clips. She is also shown during performances, as well as CD signings. Throughout the video, Aguilera speaks about her career, life, and her influences. The music portions show clips from Aguilera's music videos for \"Genie in a Bottle\", \"So Emotional\", and \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\". The music video featured for \"When You Put Your Hands on Me\" shows Aguilera rehearsing a live performance for the song, as well as clips during the album cover shoot. Release Genie Gets Her Wish was released on VHS in its original release on December 14, 1999. It was re-released on DVD on February 8, 2000. The DVD was later released in Germany on November 9, 2012, through Sony Music. Track list \"Genie in a Bottle\" \"So Emotional\" \"Come On Over (All I Want Is You)\" \"What a Girl Wants\" \"I Turn to You\" \"At Last\" \"When You Put Your Hands On Me\" \"The Christmas Song\" (\"Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire\") Charts and certifications Weekly charts Certifications Release history Notes References Christina Aguilera video albums 2000 video albums Live video albums 2000 live albums","title":"Genie Gets Her Wish"},{"docid":"72088329","text":"Blue Christmas is the twentieth studio and first Christmas album by Scottish Australian musician Jimmy Barnes, released on 25 November 2022 through Bloodlines. Speaking on his motivations to release a Christmas album, in a press statement, Barnes said, \"One of the greatest surprises I ever got from our children was when they all snuck away into the garage and secretly recorded themselves singing carols for me. On Christmas morning, when I awoke, they proudly gave me the recording and sat eagerly waiting for me to listen to it. That year I received lots of great gifts from various family members, but that recording had me weeping like a baby. It was the most beautiful gift I ever got. This album is my gift back to the kids, the grandkids and everyone out there who just wants to sit and sing with their family on Christmas. These songs take me back and they remind me why I'm here right now. I hope they do the same for you.\" The album was preceded by the title track, released on 21 October 2022. The album debuted at number one on the ARIA Charts, becoming Barnes' 15th solo chart topper, extending the record for most Australian number one albums. The album is scheduled for an expanded edition re-release on 24 November 2023. Track listing standard edition \"Jingle Bell Rock\" – 3:03 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" – 4:44 \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" – 3:17 \"Let It Snow!\" – 2:07 \"White Christmas\" – 4:46 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" – 3:19 \"Blue Christmas\" – 2:10 \"Run Rudolph Run\" – 3:21 \"Little Drummer Boy\" – 3:59 \"Silent Night\" – 4:14 \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" – 2:17 \"Auld Lang Syne\" – 4:35 2023 expanded edition \"O Holy Night\" - \"If Santa Forget\" (with The Tin Lids) - 4:13 \"Jingle Bell Rock\" – 3:03 \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" – 4:44 \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" – 3:17 \"Let It Snow!\" – 2:07 \"White Christmas\" – 4:46 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" – 3:19 \"Blue Christmas\" – 2:10 \"Run Rudolph Run\" – 3:21 \"Little Drummer Boy\" – 3:59 \"Silent Night\" – 4:14 \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" – 2:17 \"Auld Lang Syne\" – 4:35 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history References 2022 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Jimmy Barnes albums","title":"Blue Christmas (Jimmy Barnes album)"},{"docid":"3326837","text":"Christmas Island is Jimmy Buffett's first Christmas album and is his twenty-first studio album overall. It features covers of popular Christmas songs in Buffett's musical stylings as well as two tracks which Buffett wrote for the album. \"Twas the Night Before Christmas\" is a hidden track. It was his last release with MCA Records. Critical reception Reviews tend to be mixed for the album. In a positive review, a reviewer states that \"[Christmas Island] will have you on your feet all through the holidays.\" Rob O'Connor states that \"this may not be the traditional Christmas fare of chestnuts roasting on an open fire, but for those who enjoy ocean breezes and 'wasting away' to this most successful beach bum, Christmas Island is exactly what the cruise director ordered.\" Thom Owens presents a more negative view of the album, describing Buffett as being \"relaxed and entertaining\" even though, \"few of his new Christmas songs are remarkable and his rearrangements of classic carols are rather forced.\" However, several tracks remain very popular around the Christmas season. \"Ho Ho Ho & A Bottle of Rum\" was the track chosen to be played live for promoting the album when first released, and seems to remain the most popular off the album. Although no singles were released, \"Jingle Bells\", \"Mele Kalikimaka\", \"Ho Ho Ho & a Bottle of Rum\", \"Merry Christmas, Alabama (Never Far from Home)\" and the title track get considerable amount of radio airplay during the season. Track listing Personnel Adapted from AllMusic. Vocals and musicians Jimmy Buffett – lead vocals, guitar; backing vocals (uncertain) Melanie Prestidge – backing vocals Claudia Cummings – backing vocals Tina Gullickson – backing vocals Nadirah Shakoor – backing vocals Robert Greenidge – steelpan, percussion Roger Guth – drums Ralph McDonald – percussion Jim Mayer – bass, upright bass Peter Mayer – backing vocals, guitar, ukulele Tom Mitchell – saxophone Greg \"Fingers\" Taylor – harmonica Michael Utley – keyboards Production and design Alvin Booth – photography Jimmy Buffett – arranger Milton Dean – photography Rob Eaton – engineer, Audio mixing|mixing Joe Hayden – second engineer Abi Hodes – photography Ted Jensen – mastering Russ Kunkel – producer Joe Lizzi – second engineer John Lovell – horn arrangements Tom Mitchell – horn arrangements Jean Pagliuso – photography Michael Ramos – production coordination Sunshine Smith – coordination Michael Utley – arrangements, producer, string arrangements Brad Wilson – photography Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Jimmy Buffett albums 1996 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Albums produced by Michael Utley Albums produced by Russ Kunkel Country Christmas albums Pop rock Christmas albums MCA Records Christmas albums","title":"Christmas Island (Jimmy Buffett album)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"29400992\",\n \"text\": \"Castañada, Magosta, Magosto or Magusto, is a traditional festival on the Iberian Peninsula. It is popular in Portugal, Galicia and some areas of northern Spain, such as Cantabria, Asturias, Catalonia, and the provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca and Cáceres, but also in some parts of the Canary Islands. The festival is also celebrated in both sides of the French-Spanish border. It has also spread internationally as a 'chestnut party'. Etymological origins are unknown, but there are several theories for the Magosto name: Magnus Ustus (great fire) or Magum Ustum (highlighting the magical character of fire). It is a festival with Celtic roots that celebrates the end of summer and the beginning of winter. In all the regions where it is celebrated, and especially in Galicia, it is deeply related to the cult of the dead. It is customary to leave the fire of the house lit and place food around the fireplace to welcome back the spirits of deceased members of the family. Numerous traditional rituals are celebrated throughout this feast related to purification, healing, remembering ancestors, attending mass or visiting the local healer. Galicia and Portugal The \\\"Magosto\\\" or \\\"Magusto\\\" is the essential Galician and Portuguese autumn pagan origin festival similar to the Gaelic Samhain (or \\\"Samaín\\\" word adapted to the Galician from the Irish Gaelic). In addition to chestnuts and local young wine, various foods have been incorporated such as sausages and other products made from the pig slaughter, which occurs at the same time of year. Traditionally, grilled sardines are also served, a great delicacy in this region. Chestnut festival is traditionally celebrated in the same grove (souto), starting early in the afternoon to collect firewood and chestnuts. One or more bonfires are lit with sticks and pine needles. Young people take to the streets. It was customary for the girls to bring the chestnuts, and for the boys to bring the wine. Chestnuts are roasted on the floor, directly in the fire. Children play and are donned with soot and ash. The adults dance and sing, jumping over the remains of the fire. In the case of Ourense, the festival is celebrated coinciding with the festivity of its patron, St. Martin of Tours, on November 11 known as St. Martin's Day. It is a widespread custom to go to a nearby mountain (in the case of the city one of the most used for this purpose is Monte Alegre) and light a bonfire in which the pork, sausages and chestnuts will be roasted. The occasion is used to taste the new wine of the harvest. Catalonia In Catalonia, celebrations involve eating castanyes (roasted chestnuts), panellets (special almond balls covered in pine nuts), moniatos (roast or baked sweet potato), Ossos de Sant cake and preserved fruit (candied or glazed fruit). Moscatell (Muscat) is drunk from porrons. Around the time of this celebration, it is common for street vendors to sell hot toasted chestnuts wrapped in newspaper. In many places, confectioners often organise raffles of chestnuts and\",\n \"title\": \"Castañada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32886018\",\n \"text\": \"12 Songs of Christmas is the twenty-second studio album and the first Christmas album by American blues singer Etta James. Private Music released the album in October 1998. Produced by John Snyder, the album includes standards arranged mostly by pianist Cedar Walton and solos by Walton, George Bohanon on trombone, and Red Holloway on tenor saxophone. Critical reception of the album was positive overall. Following its release, 12 Songs reached a peak position of number five on Billboard Top Blues Albums chart. Composition 12 Songs of Christmas consists of twelve standard holiday songs with arrangements mostly by pianist Cedar Walton and solos by Walton, George Bohanon on trombone and Red Holloway on tenor saxophone. 12 Songs was recorded during May and June 1998 and produced by John Snyder with Lupe DeLeon serving as executive producer. The album opens with \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\", originally by Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith, followed by James Pierpont's \\\"Jingle Bells\\\". A \\\"bluesy\\\" rendition of Lou Baxter and Johnny Moore's \\\"Merry Christmas, Baby\\\" trails \\\"This Time of Year\\\" (Hollis, Owens). Other holiday standards appearing on the album include: \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin), John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie's \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\", and \\\"White Christmas\\\", originally by Irving Berlin. \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\", originally by Mel Tormé and Robert Wells, \\\"The Little Drummer Boy (Carol of the Drum)\\\" (Katherine Kennicott Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone), Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr's \\\"Silent Night\\\", and \\\"Joy to the World\\\" (George Frideric Handel, Lowell Mason, Isaac Watts) follow. The album closes with a rendition of Adolphe Adam and John Sullivan Dwight's \\\"O Holy Night\\\". Reception Critical reception of the album was positive overall. Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote a positive review of the album, claiming that James turned standards into \\\"suave after-hours jazz arrangements\\\" that seemed \\\"cozy and intimate\\\". He wrote that James was \\\"surprisingly reverent\\\" and sounded \\\"downright devout\\\" on \\\"Joy to the World\\\". Entertainment Weekly Matt Diehl felt that James' performances brought both \\\"sass and class\\\" and \\\"ooze[d] passionately with old-school soul\\\". David Hinckley of New York City's Daily News awarded 12 Songs \\\"two-and-a-half bells\\\" out of four. Rolling Stone called 12 Songs a \\\"tour de force of interpretive rethinking\\\" with \\\"scintillating, bluesy spins on Yuletide evergreens\\\". The Spartanburg Herald-Journal Dan DeLuca also complimented the set. The album received some negative criticism. Larry Nager of The Cincinnati Enquirer awarded the album two out of four stars and wrote that James had the ability to make \\\"the ultimate blue Christmas disc\\\" but failed to do so. Nager complimented \\\"Merry Christmas, Baby\\\" but considered the performance to be a \\\"rare bit of juke joint\\\" among \\\"supper club sounds\\\" that left him \\\"wanting more\\\". Track listing \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 4:26 \\\"Jingle Bells\\\" (James Pierpont, traditional) – 5:26 \\\"This Time of Year\\\" (Jesse Hollis, Cliff Owens) – 5:47 \\\"Merry Christmas, Baby\\\" (Lou Baxter, Johnny Moore) – 6:10 \\\"Have Yourself\",\n \"title\": \"12 Songs of Christmas (Etta James album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53229837\",\n \"text\": \"The Church of St Martin () is the main church in the Freguesia (Parish in English) of São Martinho (Funchal), Madeira. Dedicated to St. Martin of Tours. History The old church at the bottom of the hill had become too small for the area and so construction started on July 8, 1883 on the current church of the same name, with the first stone being laid. Lack of founds halted construction until August 2, 1907, when the local parishioner José de Abreu died leaving almost all of his fortune, which for the time was large, to the continuation of the works of the same church. Festival The main festival that is celebrated is St Martin's day (Festa de São Martinho or Arraial de São Martinho in Portuguese) celebrated on the 10 and 11 November in the grounds of the church, where fires are made by locals and local food is made such as roasted chestnuts (Marking the beginning of the new chestnut harvest season), Espetada, Bolo do caco, and Bacalhau. The grapes that were harvested a few months before and made into wine, are first tasted on this day. References External links Catholic Church in Madeira Roman Catholic churches completed in 1918 Churches in Madeira 20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Portugal\",\n \"title\": \"Igreja de São Martinho\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13780363\",\n \"text\": \"A nut roast or roasted nut loaf is a vegetarian dish consisting of nuts, grains, vegetable oils, broth or butter, and seasonings formed into a firm loaf shape or long casserole dish before roasting and often eaten as an alternative to a traditional British style roast dinner. It is popular with vegetarians at Christmas, as well as part of a traditional Sunday roast. Nut roasts are also made by Canadian and American vegetarians and vegans as the main dish for Thanksgiving or other harvest festival meals. Ingredients Nut roasts are commonly made with any single type or complementary combination of nuts and legumes desired such as walnuts, hazelnuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, cashew nuts, pistachios, chestnuts, sunflower seeds and peanuts and even lentils. The nuts may be whole, chopped up, or ground and are typically combined with one or several starches such as breadcrumbs or day-old bread, cooked rice, buckwheat kasha, groats, barley, rye or millet. The nuts and the starches are bound together with aromatics such as onions, garlic, or leeks, with fresh vegetable broth or bouillon cubes used and olive oil or butter. Seasoning is provided by complementary herbs of the cook's choosing. Sautéed mushrooms or truffle shavings or flavored oil, or tomatoes or cheese may be added for extra flavour and variety of texture. Vegemite, Marmite, or soy sauce is sometimes used as one of the stocks or what the onions are fried in. Some recipes call for a chicken's egg to bind the ingredients together. The whole mixture is roasted or baked in a loaf pan or other baking dish until firm or a crust forms, and then served with side dishes. Whole nuts may be used as a garnish or decoration for the completed roast. Instant varieties are also available in the UK, Ireland, and other countries, where only added water is needed before baking in an oven. See also Groaty pudding Hotdish, a type of casserole from the American Midwest List of casserole dishes List of meat substitutes List of winter festivals Scrapple, leftovers with cornmeal and buckwheat formed into a loaf Stuffed pepper, a dish of deseeded peppers stuffed with savory mixtures and baked Tofurkey, loaves or casseroles made typically with soy or wheat protein Nuteena was a canned nut roast type product White pudding References External links Another Nut Roast recipe Article about Nut roasts and a collection of Nut roast recipes. Vegetarian Nut Roast with mushrooms and basil Recipe Meat substitutes Christmas food Vegetarian cuisine Vegan cuisine Casserole dishes Nut dishes\",\n \"title\": \"Nut roast\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8064522\",\n \"text\": \"James Taylor at Christmas is the 17th studio and second Christmas album by singer-songwriter James Taylor, released by Columbia Records in 2006. It was his last release for Columbia since signing with the label in 1977. The album is essentially a reissue (with a new title and slightly altered track listing) of James Taylor: A Christmas Album, a limited edition title distributed by Hallmark Cards in 2004. \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas,\\\" originally issued on Taylor's October Road in 2002, and \\\"River\\\" were not included on the original Hallmark release. Additionally, the original album featured a version of \\\"Deck the Halls\\\" which is not on the standard Columbia CD. (The Barnes & Noble chain, however, issued a version of the new title with \\\"Deck the Halls\\\" included as a bonus track.) The album was reissued on the UMe label in 2012, with the addition of two tracks. One of them, \\\"Mon Beau Sapin\\\" (a French translation of \\\"O Christmas Tree\\\"), is a new recording and is only available on this album. The other track new to the collection is a version of George Harrison's \\\"Here Comes the Sun\\\" by Taylor and cellist Yo-Yo Ma, which originally appeared on Ma's 2008 holiday album Songs of Joy & Peace. The album was nominated for Best Traditional Pop Album at the 50th Grammy Awards. Track listing (2006 edition) \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" featuring Chris Botti (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 3:34 \\\"Go Tell It on the Mountain\\\" (Traditional) – 3:42 \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) – 2:57 \\\"Jingle Bells\\\" (Traditional) – 3:52 \\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\" featuring Natalie Cole (Frank Loesser) – 4:17 \\\"River\\\" (Joni Mitchell) – 3:33 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) – 3:24 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" featuring Toots Thielemans (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:52 \\\"Some Children See Him\\\" (Wihla Hutson, Alfred Burt) – 4:37 \\\"Who Comes This Night\\\" (Dave Grusin, Sally Stevens) – 4:11 \\\"In the Bleak Midwinter\\\" (Traditional) – 4:12 \\\"Auld Lang Syne\\\" (Traditional) – 3:38 Track listing (2012 edition) \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" featuring Chris Botti (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) - 3:34 \\\"Go Tell It on the Mountain\\\" (Traditional) - 3:42 \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" (J. Fred Coots, Haven Gillespie) - 2:57 \\\"Jingle Bells\\\" (Traditional) - 3:52 \\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\" featuring Natalie Cole (Frank Loesser) - 4:17 \\\"River\\\" (Joni Mitchell) - 3:33 \\\"Here Comes the Sun\\\" featuring Yo-Yo Ma (George Harrison) - 2:50 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) - 3:24 \\\"Some Children See Him\\\" (Wihla Hutson, Alfred Burt) - 4:37 \\\"Mon Beau Sapin\\\" (Traditional) - 3:08 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" featuring Toots Thielemans (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) - 3:52 \\\"Who Comes This Night\\\" (Dave Grusin, Sally Stevens) - 4:11 \\\"In the Bleak Midwinter\\\" (Traditional) - 4:12 \\\"Auld Lang Syne\\\" (Traditional) - 3:38 Personnel James Taylor – lead and backing vocals, guitars (2, 4–7, 10, 14) Dave Grusin – acoustic\",\n \"title\": \"James Taylor at Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55773740\",\n \"text\": \"An All-4-One Christmas is the third studio album and first Christmas album by All-4-One, released on October 10, 1995 by Atlantic Records and WEA. Track listing \\\"Silent Night\\\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 2:50 \\\"This Christmas\\\" (Donny Hathaway, Nadine Mckinnor) – 5:22 \\\"The First Noel\\\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 4:07 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 4:06 \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" (Haven Gillespie, J. Fred Coots) – 4:07 \\\"Mary's Little Boy Child\\\" (Jester Hairston) – 4:30 \\\"What Child Is This? (Greensleeves)\\\" (Traditional, arr. Carl Wurtz) – 4:30 \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer/Frosty the Snowman\\\" (Johnny Marks/Jack Rollins, Steve Nelson) – 4:06 \\\"O Come All Ye Faithful\\\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 3:30 \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" (Leigh Harline, Ned Washington) – 3:29 \\\"Christmas with My Baby\\\" (James Guillory, Jamie Jones) – 4:23 \\\"We Wish You a Merry Christmas\\\" (Traditional, arr. Rick Kellis) – 2:09 References 1995 Christmas albums Atlantic Records albums All-4-One albums Christmas albums by American artists Contemporary R&B Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"An All-4-One Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72522653\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Drummer Boy\\\" is a cover of Katherine Davis, Henry Onorati and Harry Simeone's Christmas song \\\"The Little Drummer Boy\\\" by Canadian singer Justin Bieber, featuring American rapper Busta Rhymes, from his second studio album and first Christmas release, Under the Mistletoe (2011). Leaked days before the album's November 1, 2011, date on October 28, \\\"Drummer Boy\\\" is an uptempo hip-hop techno club track where Bieber sings the original song's lyrics and melody while rapping about himself, poverty and charity. Contemporaneously, the track was met with polarization and confusion from professional critics, who perceived it as bizarre and silly and bastardizing the meaning of the original song. In later years, the song has been more well-received, with appreciation toward its weirdness, the unlikeliness of a collaboration between Bieber and , and ' verse. It has made several best-of lists of Christmas songs by publications such as Billboard, as well as worst-of lists by The Guardian and Time Out London. Upon release, the track reached number 89 in Bieber's home country on Billboards Canadian Hot 100, 86 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and was a top-ten hit on the Holiday 100 in the chart's first year. In 2020, \\\"Drummer Boy\\\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales exceeding 500,000. Background and release Months before Believe (2012), a Christmas album by Justin Bieber, Under the Mistletoe (2011), was released on November 1, 2011, and promoted via donations to several charities, such as Make-A-Wish, Pencils of Promise, and a food bank Bieber's family once depended on named Startford House of Blessing. The track list, revealed on October 5, 2011, includes several collaborations, such as a duet cover of \\\"All I Want For Christmas is You\\\" with Mariah Carey, \\\"Fa La La\\\" with Boyz II Men and a duet with his mentor Usher \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire)\\\". Under the Mistletoe also includes a Busta Rhymes-featuring cover of \\\"The Little Drummer Boy\\\", originally written by Katherine Davis, Henry Onorati and Harry Simeone, simply named \\\"Drummer Boy\\\". The track has added rap verses written by Bieber and Busta Rhymes, and was produced by Bieber, Kuk Harrell and Sean K, Harrell also credited as vocal producer. The song had been covered over 220 times, most notably by Bing Crosby but also by Carey, Johnny Cash, The Supremes, Stevie Wonder, and Destiny's Child. \\\"Drummer Boy\\\" is Bieber's third collaboration with a notable rapper, after Ludacris with \\\"Baby\\\" and Kanye West and Raekwon with a remix of the My World 2.0 (2010) cut \\\"Runaway Love\\\". Both \\\"All I Want For Christmas is You\\\" and \\\"Drummer Boy\\\" was leaked on October 28, 2011, only days before the album's release. As part of a November 14, 2011 ITV1 special promoting the album, Bieber performed the rendition with British rapper Tinie Tempah, which was promoted on Twitter by both artists. On November 30, 2011, Busta Rhymes and Bieber performed \\\"Drummer Boy\\\" as part of the annual Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony.\",\n \"title\": \"Drummer Boy (Justin Bieber song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44655076\",\n \"text\": \"Happy Holidays is a 2014 Magnus Carlsson Christmas album. Track listing Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire (The Christmas Song) The Man With The Bag Snow Song This Christmas Night Mary, Did You Know? Christmas Auld Lang Syne Let There Be Light O Holy Night (Cantique de Noël) Home White Christmas Happy Holidays Medley O Helga Natt (Cantique de Noël, bonus) Charts References Magnus Carlsson albums 2014 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Swedish artists Pop Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Holidays (Magnus Carlsson album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6292508\",\n \"text\": \"Fagnano Castello is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Fagnano Castello is located on Mount Caloria, part of the Coastal mountain range of Calabria, about an hour north of Cosenza. The town's big annual festival is the Sagra Della Castagna (Festival of Chestnuts), celebrating the annual chestnut harvest around the last week of October with live music, free roasted chestnuts in the village square, and homemade desserts made out of chestnuts. Origins of the name The origin of the name Fagnano Castello is still a source of discussion and various hypotheses have been formulated around it. An interesting hypothesis was created by Vincenzo Padula, in his work Protogea. He hypothesized that the etymology of Fagnano could be traced back to the Hebrew language and was correlated to the mountain morphology of its territory; for Padula, the \\\"agnano\\\" of Fagnano could be traced back to the Hebrew \\\"hanan\\\", fog, cloud. The most accepted hypothesis is the one made by Gerhard Rohlfs. A German glottologist, and also a great expert on southern Italy, finds the origin of the name in the Latin expression Fannianum Praedium (property of Fannius). Another accepted hypothesis considers the origins of the town's name to derive from the beech (Faggio in Italian), which dominates the local fauna. Girolamo Marafioti, a humanist and historian who lived from 1567 to 1626, in Le Croniche et antichità di Calabria (Chronicles and antiquities of Calabria) tells us about a small village near Cidraro (Cetraro), called Castel Fagiano. Regarding the Castello (castle) of the town (which was probably a tower), it was probably built by the Normans or the Longobards like the ones in the close towns of Malvito and San Marco Argentano. It is not known where the actual tower really is, as the memory of its location was lost in time. There are many locations where it could have been: some remains of a tower can be found in a private property in the frazione of Rinacchio, while another place where the tower might have been is in Via Vittorio Emanuele, where a part of a small medieval wall can be found. Most likely, this tower was still standing after 1861, as the name Castello was added to distinguish Fagnano from other towns of the same name in Italy after the unification of the country. History Origins There are many theories and legends about the founding of Fagnano Castello. One says that the town was founded by some inhabitants fleeing from the close town of Malvito after killing the Prince whose tyranny they did not accept. But after some studies, conducted by the architect Gennaro Sinimarco who also wrote a book about it: Fagnano Castello History from 989 to 2009, it was found that it is true that some inhabitants of Malvito have escaped from their country, but the Fagnano community had already been present in the area for some time. To confirm the hypothesis, some coins dating back to the\",\n \"title\": \"Fagnano Castello\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51589547\",\n \"text\": \"For Christmas with Love is a 1968 Christmas album by Australian recording artist Judith Durham. It was her first solo studio album after leaving the Seekers in July 1968. The album was recorded in Hollywood and Judith subsequently headlined her own concert tours across New Zealand and Australia. The album was re-released on CD in 2002. Track listing LP/ Cassette \\\"White Christmas\\\" – 2:42 \\\"Mary's Boy Child\\\" – 2:54 \\\"Go Tell It on a Mountain\\\" – 1:54 \\\"Lullaby for Christmas Eve\\\" – 2:26 \\\"The Lord's Prayer\\\" – 2:11 \\\"My Faith\\\" – 2:35 \\\"Come On Children Let's Sing\\\" – 2:08 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" – 2:27 \\\"Silent Night\\\" – 2:04 \\\"Joy to the World\\\" – 1:53 External links For Christmas with Love at Discogs References 1968 debut albums 1968 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Judith Durham albums Columbia Records albums EMI Records albums Pop Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"For Christmas with Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40759480\",\n \"text\": \"The Classic Christmas Album is a compilation album of holiday music by American vocalist Barbra Streisand. It was initially released on September 27, 2013, through Legacy Recordings and Sony Music Entertainment, with a revised version released digitally a few months later and physically on October 7, 2014. The collection was produced by Didier C. Deutsch, Jeffrey James, and Tim Sturges. All of the material on the record is taken from Streisand's previous two Christmas albums, A Christmas Album (1967) and Christmas Memories (2001). Responding positively to the compilation, critics from AllMusic rated both versions of The Classic Christmas Album 3.5 out of 5 stars. It was greeted by moderate success, peaking at number 95 on the Billboard 200 and at number two on the Top Holiday Albums component chart. It also charted in the Czech Republic at number 93. Creation and release The Classic Christmas Album is a collection of previously distributed material from Streisand's music catalog. Album label Legacy Recordings announced that they would release Christmas collection albums from several musicians, including Streisand, Frank Sinatra, Johnny Mathis, Perry Como, and Il Divo. The compilation was produced by Didier C. Deutsch, Jeffrey James, and Tim Sturges, while Streisand, Mike Berniker, Robbie Buchanan, Jack Gold, William Ross, and Ettore Stratta were credited as the producers of the album's original recordings. The 2013 digital edition features different photography compared to the original release, in addition to a new overall sequence; this version was also released as a CD on October 7, 2014, by Legacy and Columbia Records. Streisand had originally recorded album songs \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\", \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\", \\\"The Best Gift\\\", \\\"I Wonder as I Wander\\\", \\\"Sleep in Heavenly Peace (Silent Night)\\\", \\\"Jingle Bells?\\\", \\\"My Favorite Things\\\", \\\"O Little Town of Bethlehem\\\", \\\"White Christmas\\\", \\\"Gounod's Ave Maria\\\", and \\\"The Lord's Prayer\\\" for her 1967 Christmas album, A Christmas Album. Furthermore, \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\", \\\"A Christmas Love Song\\\", \\\"It Must Have Been the Mistletoe\\\", \\\"I Remember\\\", \\\"Snowbound\\\", \\\"Christmas Lullaby\\\", \\\"Christmas Mem'ries\\\", \\\"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\\\", \\\"Ave Maria Op. 52 No. 6\\\", and \\\"One God\\\" were taken from her 2001 album, Christmas Memories. Critical reception Regarding the 2013 standard release, AllMusic's Steve Leggett awarded The Classic Christmas Album 3.5 out of 5 stars, even though he noted how simple it is to create a holiday album within a small amount of time. For the 2013 digital version and 2014 physical release, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from the same publication gave the same rating and wrote: \\\"this holds together well because it's impeccably arranged, produced and performed and, as it contains the bulk of each holiday record from Barbra, it's a nice bargain to boot.\\\" Commercial performance In the United States, the album debuted at number 150 on the Billboard 200 chart for the week ending November 30, 2013. The following publication revealed it dropped to number 152 and the week after that it moved to number 193. However, on December\",\n \"title\": \"The Classic Christmas Album (Barbra Streisand album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33693131\",\n \"text\": \"We Need a Little Christmas is the fifth Christmas album by American pop singer Andy Williams (and his forty-second studio album overall) that was released by Unison Music in 1995. It gives an adult contemporary treatment to songs that Williams had previously recorded for 1963's The Andy Williams Christmas Album (\\\"Away In A Manger\\\", \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)\\\", \\\"It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year\\\", \\\"Silent Night\\\"), 1965's Merry Christmas (\\\"Mary's Little Boy Child\\\"), 1974's Christmas Present (\\\"Angels We Have Heard On High\\\", \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\", \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\", \\\"What Child Is This\\\"), and 1990's I Still Believe in Santa Claus (\\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\") and includes three songs that Williams had not recorded before. In a brief note on the back of the jewel case Williams writes, \\\"These all-new recordings feature fresh, innovative arrangements of some of my favorite carols. I felt like I was singing them for the very first time.\\\" The Recording Industry Association of America awarded the album Gold certification for sales of 500,000 units on February 2, 1998. Track listing \\\"Mary's Little Boy Child\\\" (Jester Hairston) – 4:14 \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\" (Kim Gannon, Walter Kent, Buck Ram) – 3:21 \\\"Up on the House Top\\\" (Benjamin Hanby) – 3:08 \\\"Away in a Manger\\\" (traditional) – 3:01 \\\"We Need a Little Christmas\\\" (Jerry Herman) – 3:33 Angel Medley – 4:40 a. \\\"Angels We Have Heard On High\\\" (traditional) b. \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\" (Felix Mendelssohn, Charles Wesley) \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 4:02 \\\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\" (Edward Pola, George Wyle) – 3:34 \\\"Jolly Old St. Nicholas\\\" (traditional) – 2:33 \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\" (John Baptiste Calkin, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) – 3:08 \\\"What Child Is This\\\" (William Chatterton Dix) – 4:10 \\\"Silent Night\\\" (Franz Xaver Gruber; Joseph Mohr) – 5:29 Song information Of the three songs on the album that Williams had not recorded before, \\\"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\\\" is the least traceable in origin, although it is estimated that it was written in the late 19th century. The year in which \\\"Up on the House Top\\\" was written is also uncertain, but because its creator, Benjamin Hanby, was in his mid-30s when he died in 1867, the 1850s or 1860s is the estimate. The third newcomer, \\\"We Need a Little Christmas\\\", comes from the 1966 Broadway musical Mame. Personnel From the liner notes for the original album: Production Don Boyer - producer; background vocal arrangement/children's vocal arrangement (track 6) Pat Coil - arranger (tracks 5, 7, 9, 10) John Darnall - lead vocal engineer (except as noted) Jim Falzone - editor Mike Frazier - lead vocal engineer (tracks 1, 5, 9); additional engineering Tommy Greer - arranger (track 12) Don Hart - string arrangement/conductor (tracks 5, 7, 11, 12), brass arrangement/conductor (tracks 1, 5, 10), string conductor (tracks 1, 4, 10) Peter Jacobs -\",\n \"title\": \"We Need a Little Christmas (Andy Williams album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25357038\",\n \"text\": \"Winter Magic is a Christmas album by Christchurch, New Zealand soprano Hayley Westenra. The album was called Christmas Magic in some territories, and was released in Japan as Winter Magic: Fuyu No Kagayaki – Koibito Tachi No Pure Voice. The album features traditional Christmas songs (like Coventry Carol) and more contemporary Christmas songs (as Joni Mitchell's classic, River). Winter Magic includes \\\"The Little Road to Bethlehem\\\", \\\"Silent Night\\\", \\\"Veni Veni Emmanuel\\\", \\\"The Little Drummer Boy\\\", and \\\"The Coventry Carol\\\", among other seasonal songs. These Christmas tunes combine Westenra's voice with the accompaniment of a choral group. Westenra herself wrote three new songs for the CD: \\\"Peace Shall Come\\\", \\\"All With You\\\", and \\\"Christmas Morning\\\". The variety of melodies, as well as the different genres, of the songs included were designed to showcase the versatility of Hayley's voice to perform classically, as in \\\"Corpus Christi Carol\\\", as well as in a considerably more \\\"pop\\\" style for songs like \\\"Peace Shall Come\\\". Westenra’s ability to achieve such variety in a single album has garnered her critical praise. Track listing Little Road to Bethlehem Carol of the Bells Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire) Veni Veni Emmanuel Silent Night Christmas Morning Sleigh Ride River Little Drummer Boy Corpus Christi Carol All with You Coventry Carol Winter's Dream Peace Shall Come On the Wings of Time (Japanese Bonus Track) It's Only Christmas (with Ronan Keating (from Boyzone) - UK and NZ Bonus Track) Release history Charts Album Tours Asia 3 October 2009– National Theater and Concert Hall, Republic of China, Taipei 11 October 2009– Music in the Air Festival, Tokyo International Forum 12 October 2009– Kobe International House, Kobe 15 October 2009– Shirakawa Hall, Sakae, Nagoya 17 October 2009– Tokorozawa Civic Cultural Centre Muse, Tokorozawa, Saitama 18 October 2009– Yokohama Minato Mirai Hall, Yokohama United Kingdom 23 November 2009– Peterborough Cathedral 24 November 2009– Ripon Cathedral 26 November 2009– Manchester Cathedral 28 November 2009– Banbury St. Mary's 2 December 2009– Tewkesbury Abbey 3 December 2009– Exeter Cathedral 14 December 2009– Norwich Cathedral 19 December 2009– Bristol Cathedral 21 December 2009– Barbican Centre References External links Official Site Japanese Edition Info Japan Tour on Hayley Westenra International Hayley Westenra albums 2009 Christmas albums Christmas albums by New Zealand artists Classical Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Winter Magic (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"71785243\",\n \"text\": \"Chestnut stuffing is a type of stuffing for roast goose and turkey dishes. Chestnut stuffing was more common in early American cuisine than it is in modern times. It could be prepared as a side for the typical meals of turkey or duck that were served at taverns. The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) used for stuffing Thanksgiving turkeys used to be very common in the Eastern United States. Most of the trees were destroyed by the chestnut blight during the 20th century. Chestnut stuffing has been associated with Thanksgiving dinner in the United States since at least the 19th century. One of the most popular recipes for chestnut stuffing made with boiled chestnuts was published in Mrs. Lincoln's Boston Cook Book in 1884. Chestnut stuffing was the first stuffing recipe published in the United States in 1772. The recipe from The Frugal Housewife by Susannah Carter was a reprint from the earlier English edition. References Thanksgiving food Chestnut dishes\",\n \"title\": \"Chestnut stuffing\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"277665\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Frost is a personification of frost, ice, snow, sleet, winter, and freezing cold. He is a variant of Old Man Winter who is held responsible for frosty weather, nipping the fingers and toes in such weather, coloring the foliage in autumn, and leaving fern-like patterns on cold windows in winter. Starting in late 19th century literature, more developed characterizations of Jack Frost depict him as a sprite-like character, sometimes appearing as a sinister mischief-maker or as a hero. Background Jack Frost is traditionally said to leave the frosty, fern-like patterns on windows on cold winter mornings (window frost or fern frost) and nipping the extremities in cold weather. Over time, window frost has become far less prevalent in the modern world due to the advance of double-glazing, but Jack Frost remains a well-known figure in popular culture. He is sometimes described or depicted with paint brush and bucket coloring the autumnal foliage red, yellow, brown, and orange. History Tales of Jack Frost may originate from Anglo-Saxon and Norse winter customs. The Finnish equivalent Pakkasukko has an entire chapter named after him in Kalevala, the Finnish national epic compiled from their ancient oral tradition. In Swedish folklore, the equivalent is Kung Bore (King Bore); the name originating from Swedish 17'th century writer Olaus Rudbeck. There are various other mythological beings who take on a similar role yet have a unique folklore to them. In Russia, he has taken on a different form as Grandfather Frost, and in Germany there is instead a different entity altogether known as Mrs. Holle. The Hindu Kush mountain range is named after stories of a resident giant who would kill (kesh) those who attempted to pass, and has been compared to England's Jack Frost. The earliest reference to Jack Frost in literature is in the book 'Round About Our Coal Fire, or Christmas Entertainments' published in 1734. Jack Frost is mentioned in many songs – such as the wintertime song \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" (aka \\\"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\\\") – and movies. He has been presented as a villain in some media and a hero in others. In popular culture Literature Hannah Flagg Gould's (1789-1865) poem \\\"The Frost\\\" features a mischievous being responsible for the quieter phenomena of winter, beautiful ice paintings on windows but who also got upset at lack of gifts and caused the cold to break and ruin things. In Margaret T. Canby's \\\"Birdie and His Fairy Friends\\\" (1874), there is a short story titled \\\"The Frost Fairies.\\\" In this story, Jack Frost is the king of the Winter Spirits and is described as a kind fellow who wants to help children, whereas a king of a neighboring kingdom, King Winter, is cruel to them. The story tells the origins of how Jack Frost began to oversee the coloring of the leaves of the forest in fall. In 1891 Helen Keller made her own reproduction of the story, titled The Frost King. In Charles Sangster's \\\"Little Jack Frost\\\", published in The\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51582981\",\n \"text\": \"It's Christmas Time is a 2013 Christmas album by Australian recording artist Judith Durham. The album was released in November 2013. Tracks 5-9 and 11-16 were lifted from her 1968 album, For Christmas With Love. \\\"It's Christmas Time\\\" is a new composition written by Durham. It was her last studio album. Reception Paul Barber from The Music AU gave the album 3 out of 5 saying; \\\"Unfortunately for baby boomers Judith Durham's It's Christmas Time offers nothing particularly new this Festivus. The newer tracks here are pretty good, like \\\"Hark The Herald Angels Sing\\\", \\\"O Happy Day\\\" and the mariachi-flavoured album highlight, \\\"Bambino\\\". But 13 of the 17 tracks come off Durham's 1968 post-Seekers album, For Christmas With Love, although fortunately, her youthful voice smashes out these Chrissy favourites, especially a sensational version of \\\"Amazing Grace\\\". Track listing \\\"Hark, the Herald Angels Sing\\\" - 2:51 \\\"Bambino\\\" - 3:41 \\\"O Happy Day\\\" - 4:33 \\\"It's Christmas Time\\\" - 2:45 \\\"White Christmas\\\" - 2:42 \\\"Mary's Boy Child\\\" - 2:54 \\\"Go Tell It On a Mountain\\\" - 1:54 \\\"Lullaby For Christmas Eve\\\" - 2:26 \\\"The Lord's Prayer\\\" - 2:11 \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" - 3:36 \\\"My Faith\\\" - 2:35 \\\"Come On Children Let's Sing\\\" - 2:08 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" - 2:27 \\\"Just a Closer Walk With Thee\\\" - 2:40 \\\"Silent Night\\\" - 2:04 \\\"Joy to the World\\\" - 1:53 \\\"Somewhere a Child is Sleeping\\\" - 4:29 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Judith Durham albums 2013 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Decca Records Christmas albums Universal Music Australia albums\",\n \"title\": \"It's Christmas Time (Judith Durham album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43819617\",\n \"text\": \"My Kind of Christmas is a 1967 album of Christmas standards sung by Mike Douglas, with orchestra arranged and conducted by Frank Hunter. It has never been reissued on CD. The Christmas album came the year after Douglas' only Top 40 single and during the peak of popularity of The Mike Douglas Show. Track listing Side one \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:28 \\\"The First Noel\\\" (Traditional) – 2:19 \\\"Do You Hear What I Hear?\\\" (Noël Regney, Gloria Shayne Baker) – 2:37 \\\"O Holy Night\\\" (Adolphe Adam) – 2:08 \\\"(The Story of) The First Christmas Carol\\\" (Jay Darrow, Gloria Shayne Baker) – 3:14 Side two \\\"White Christmas\\\" (Irving Berlin) – 3:22 \\\"Silent Night, Holy Night\\\" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 2:31 \\\"Silver Bells\\\" (Jay Livingston, Ray Evans) – 2:36 \\\"Ave Maria\\\" (Johann Sebastian Bach, Charles Gounod) – 2:36 \\\"Touch Hands on Christmas Morning\\\" (Earl Shuman, Leon Carr) – 2:11 References 1967 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Epic Records albums Pop Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"My Kind of Christmas (Mike Douglas album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20566902\",\n \"text\": \"Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire is the fourth Christmas album by Bob Rivers, and was released in 2000. Track listing \\\"The Twisted Chipmunk Song\\\" (2:01) parody of \\\"The Chipmunk Song\\\" as performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks featuring David Seville \\\"Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire\\\" (3:19) parody of \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" as performed by Nat King Cole \\\"The Angel\\\"/\\\"Who Put the Stump?\\\" (3:27) parody of \\\"Who Put the Bomp?\\\" as performed by Barry Mann, includes a spoken-word prelude in which a father fixes a live angel tree topper for his children \\\"Decorations\\\" (2:18) parody of \\\"Good Vibrations\\\" as performed by The Beach Boys \\\"Carol of the Bartenders\\\" (1:38) A public service announcement, performed by a mostly-female a cappella quartet to the tune from \\\"Carol of the Bells,\\\" warning against driving under the influence. (The lyrics to the Alka-Seltzer jingle, \\\"plop plop fizz fizz,\\\" are heard in the background.) \\\"Christmas Party Song\\\" (1:43) parody of \\\"It's Christmas Time\\\" (by Victor Young and Al Stillman) as performed by The Carpenters \\\"Christmas Money\\\" (2:17) parody of \\\"Money (That's What I Want)\\\" as performed by The Beatles \\\"Pokémon\\\" (1:32) parody of God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen \\\"Goin' Up to Bethlehem\\\" (2:07) parody of \\\"Up Around the Bend\\\" as performed by Creedence Clearwater Revival \\\"Homeless on the Holidays\\\" (2:52) parody of \\\"Home for the Holidays\\\" as performed by Perry Como \\\"He's So Jolly\\\" (2:04) parody of \\\"Hello, Dolly!\\\" as performed by Louis Armstrong \\\"Flu Ride\\\" (2:46) parody of \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" as performed by The Carpenters \\\"Santa Claus Is Foolin' Around\\\" (3:22) parody of \\\"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town\\\" as performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band \\\"Stumpmaster Remix\\\" (2:57) remix of \\\"Who Put the Stump?\\\" References External links Bob Rivers albums 2000 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists 2000s comedy albums Atlantic Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14796836\",\n \"text\": \"A Merry Little Christmas is a Christmas album by American singer/songwriter/producer Linda Ronstadt, released in 2000. It was the final release under Ronstadt's recording contract with the Elektra/Asylum Records label for whom Linda had recorded since 1973 (twenty-seven years to that point). John Boylan returned as Linda's producer for this disc. Cover art and design Kosh Among the highlights of this disc is Ronstadt's duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on the track \\\"White Christmas\\\". Ronstadt and Elektra differed on the final playing order: \\\"They wanted me to start with 'Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire'. I was tired of bargaining with them. I had this scheme where it started with ancient and went to modern. I always like to organize chronologically.\\\" Track listing Release history References Linda Ronstadt albums Elektra Records albums 2000 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Albums produced by John Boylan (record producer) Albums produced by George Massenburg Pop Christmas albums Covers albums\",\n \"title\": \"A Merry Little Christmas (Linda Ronstadt album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32672405\",\n \"text\": \"Holly & Ivy is a 1994 Christmas album and 16th overall studio album by American singer Natalie Cole. Released on October 4, 1994, by Elektra, it is Cole's first album featuring Christmas music and serves as a follow-up to Take a Look (1993). Cole co-produced the album with American music producer Tommy LiPuma, with whom she had worked on Unforgettable... with Love (1991). Holly & Ivy consists of 12 tracks, including 11 covers of Christmas standards and carols and one original song written by Gerry Goffin and Michael Masser. Cole promoted the album as non-traditional in interviews and live performances. Upon release, critics gave generally positive reviews for Holly & Ivy, praising its composition and Cole's interpretations of the covered material. The album was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 20, 1996, for 500,000 sales shipments; it peaked at number 36 on the Billboard 200 chart. Holly & Ivy spawned one single \\\"No More Blue Christmas\\\". In support of the album, Cole filmed a television special, \\\"Natalie Cole's Untraditional Traditional Christmas\\\", at State University of New York Performing Arts Center in Purchase, New York; it premiered on WNET on December 7, 1994. Background and recording In an interview with Clarence Waldron from Jet, Natalie Cole said the idea of recording a Christmas album started from a telephone call from producer and longtime friend Michael Masser. Cole had previously worked with Masser on the song \\\"Someone That I Used to Love\\\" from her 1980 album Don't Look Back and her 1989 single \\\"Miss You Like Crazy\\\". Cole described the telephone call as unexpected; during their conversation, Masser told her: \\\"I've got this beautiful Christmas song I wrote just for you.\\\" When they met, Messer played \\\"No More Blue Christmas\\\"; after the session, they both agreed to record a Christmas album; the songs were recorded and produced in April 1994. Cole expressed hope that the album would remind her fans about \\\"the true spirit of the holiday season\\\". She wanted it to communicate Christmas as \\\"a time for families to reflect and not just wait until the holidays to be a family.\\\" Cole's sister Timolin Cole said: \\\"Christmas Eve has always been a magical time with Natalie\\\" when she could connect with family over holiday traditions. One of the primary inspirations for Holly & Ivy came from her father's album The Magic of Christmas (1960). Cole called it one of \\\"the nicest, warmest Christmas albums that I've heard\\\", and described the original version of the 1945 track \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" as \\\"a darling sweet song\\\" that has yet to be imitated by other original Christmas songs. In an interview with NPR, Cole said that: \\\"it took 15 years into [her] career before [she] felt comfortable and confident enough to even attempt at singing my father's music.\\\" Holly & Ivy includes three cover version of Nat King Cole's songs: \\\"Caroling, Caroling\\\", \\\"The First Noel\\\", and \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an\",\n \"title\": \"Holly & Ivy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8422450\",\n \"text\": \"Roast goose is cooking goose meat using dry heat with hot air enveloping it evenly on all sides. Many varieties of roast goose appear in cuisines around the world, including Cantonese, European, and Middle Eastern cuisines. Roasting can enhance its flavor. Cantonese In Guangdong and Hong Kong, roast goose is a variety of siu mei, or roasted meat dishes, within Cantonese cuisine. It is made by roasting geese with seasoning often in a charcoal furnace at high temperature. Roasted geese of high quality have crisp skin with juicy and tender meat. Roast goose are normally served with plum sauce to augment its flavour. Results of a 2016 survey released by the municipal government of Guangzhou showed that roast goose was the most popular dish, outranking white cut chicken and roast squab. European Goose has a distinct flavor which makes it a favorite European Christmas dish. In Germany, roast goose is a staple for Christmas Day meals. For European cultures, roast goose is traditionally eaten only on appointed holidays, including St. Martin's Day. It is generally replaced by the turkey in the United States. Similarly, goose is often an alternative to turkey on European Christmas tables. In the United States, the price per pound of goose is usually similar to that of farmed duck, but the large size of the bird and low yield of meat to bone and fat makes a goose a luxury item for most. An added value is that roasting a goose will render a great deal of excellent quality fat which is typically used for roasting potatoes or as the shortening in pie crust (sweet or savory). One can also simmer pieces of goose submerged in the fat to make confit. Roast goose is also a popular ingredient for post-Christmas meals. There are a number of recipes for Boxing Day which make use of left over roast goose from one's Christmas Day banquet. Variations Prevalent stuffings are apples, sweet chestnuts, prunes and onions. Typical seasonings include salt and pepper, mugwort, or marjoram. Also used are red cabbage, Klöße, and gravy, which are used to garnish the goose. Turkish Kars style roast goose is one of the most famous food products special to Kars region of Turkey. Gallery See also Siu mei Roast duck Roast chicken List of Christmas dishes References External links Gordon's Christmas roast goose recipe Retrieved 26 April 2013 The Perfect Christmas Goose Recipe Retrieved 26 April 2013 Chinese cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Estonian cuisine German cuisine Turkish cuisine Israeli cuisine Middle Eastern cuisine European cuisine Poultry dishes Christmas in Germany Christmas food Geese\",\n \"title\": \"Roast goose\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13155283\",\n \"text\": \"Navarrevisca is a municipality in the south of the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain, located 48 kilometers from the provincial capital. It has a population of 279 inhabitants. Geography and environment Location Navarrevisca is located at an altitude of 1129 meters above sea level. Situated in the northern slopes of the Sierra de Gredos, it is part of an area known as Alto Alberche and borders the municipalities of Serranillos, Navalosa, Villanueva de Ávila and Mijares. It is a small mountain town with numerous springs and streams that pour into the Fernandina gorge, which in turn flows into the Alberche river in an area called La Junta. Weather The climate of Navarrevisca is the characteristic temperate climate with dry and cool summers of the mountain areas of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. According to the criteria of the Köppen climate classification, Navarrevisca's climate is classified as a continentalized Mediterranean climate of the Dsb type. Demography The population has been gradually decreasing since its peak in the 1940s. According to the municipal census of January 2019 by the INE, Navarrevisca currently has 279 inhabitants. As in other nearby villages, in summer, and particularly during the month of August, the population increases considerably. Culture Religious events and festivities The main festivities in Navarrevisca have a religious character, being particularly popular those in honour of the Virgen de las Angustias (September 15) and San Antonio day (June 13). On January 20 the village celebrates San Sebastian day, patron saint of Navarrevisca. The village celebrates two festivals related to farming and agriculture, the livestock fair (held on the first Saturday of October) and the farmer's fair (beginning of September). Traditions is a tradition which takes place on All Saint's eve. The word comes from an Arabic term that refers to the act of roasting something outdoors with firewood. A minor celebration in which the villagers share roasted chestnuts and lemonade around bonfires, it is a tradition shared with other villages of the region of Gredos as well as with other towns in the north of Spain which, apparently, dates back to the Middle Ages or even further back to the Celtic traditions of the end of the summer (magosto). Given that All Saints' day coincides with the last days of harvesting the chestnuts, the inhabitants of these lands honored their dead during the day, to gather together at dusk and share a meal and roasted chestnuts. Before Easter, the village celebrates the conscripts' day, a tradition characterized by the so-called (brat). The is a dummy filled with straw that is placed on the top of a vertical pole and is planted in the town square. This tradition recalls the farewell to the young people of the town when they had to leave for the mandatory military service, and although its origin remains unclear, it remembers the origins of the May day, including elements of the burnings of Judas. Around the last weekend of August, the center of the village hosts an\",\n \"title\": \"Navarrevisca\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25502856\",\n \"text\": \"Don't Open Till Christmas is a 1984 British slasher film directed by Edmund Purdom, and starring Purdom, Alan Lake, Belinda Mayne, and Gerry Sundquist. Written by Derek Ford and Alan Birkinshaw, the film follows a mysterious killer murdering Santa Claus impersonators in London during Christmastime. Plot A man in a Santa suit and a woman meet in an alleyway to have sex in a car, and are stabbed to death by a man wearing a grinning translucent mask. During a party, another man dressed like Santa Claus has a spear thrown through his head, and dies in front of his daughter, Kate Brioski. At Scotland Yard, Chief Inspector Ian Harris and Detective Sergeant Powell discuss the murders, and interview Kate, and her boyfriend Cliff. That night, another Santa is killed, having his face shoved onto the grill on which he was roasting chestnuts on an open fire. The next day, a present (which reads \\\"Don't Open Till Christmas\\\") is delivered to Harris, Powell receives a strange call from a man claiming to be a reporter named Giles, and a Santa is shot in the mouth. Cliff tricks Kate into visiting a porn studio owned by an old friend, and after Kate storms off, Cliff and the model (who is adorned in a Santa cloak) prepare for outdoor photographs, but Cliff runs off when a pair of police officers spot them, and the model encounters the killer, who lets her go. At a peep show, a Santa is knifed, which is witnessed by one of the strippers, Sherry Graham. Harris visits Kate and Cliff, and makes it clear that Cliff is a suspect in the attacks, due to being present for two of them. Powell finds Giles digging through his office, and tells him that the newspaper Giles stated he worked for claimed not to know him. Giles retorts by suggesting that Harris is hiding something, and that Powell should keep an eye on him. A Santa is assaulted by a group of teenagers, and runs into the London Dungeon, where he and an employee are killed. In an effort to catch the murderer, several officers go undercover as Santas, and two of them are butchered at a carnival. The killer then abducts Sherry, intending for her to be \\\"the supreme sacrifice to all the evil that Christmas is\\\". Meanwhile, Harris is taken off the case, and when Kate calls him, she is informed by his housekeeper that he is visiting Parklands, a mental institution. A Santa is chased into a theatre where Caroline Munro is performing, and his body is brought to the stage by a trapdoor after he is stabbed in the face with a machete. Kate tells Powell of her suspicions about Harris (who has no birth certificate) but he dismisses her theories, so she goes to visit Parklands alone, while the killer castrates a Santa in a department store restroom. Kate is confronted in her home by Giles, who she had learned was just released from Parklands,\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Open till Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9991586\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas Dreams is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 1997. Track listing \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:39 \\\"Oh Holy Night\\\" – 4:20 \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\" (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) – 3:16 \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" (Bill Hayes, Jay Johnson) – 3:52 \\\"Christmas Waltz\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 3:06 \\\"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\\\" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 2:36 \\\"Toyland\\\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:33 \\\"On the Last Month of the Year\\\" – 4:20 \\\"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear\\\" (Edmund Hamilton Sears, Richard Storrs Willis) – 3:23 \\\"Silent Night\\\" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 4:08 Personnel Don McLean - vocals, guitar, arrangements Brent Mason - guitar Gary Lunn - bass Jim Ferguson - bass Tony Migliore - piano, string arrangements, synthesizer banjo Terry McMillan - percussion Dennis Solee - saxophone Nashville String Machine - string ensemble Bruce Resnikoff - Executive Producer References Don McLean albums 1997 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Folk rock Christmas albums Hip-O Records albums\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Dreams\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1451260\",\n \"text\": \"Saints Unified Voices is a Grammy Award-winning American gospel music choir based in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada. The Saints Unified Voices Foundation, the governing organization of the choir, is directed by a board of directors, which includes Gladys Knight. The choir is affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Early years In the Spring of 2001, Gladys Knight put together a small singing group to perform with her at Women's Conference at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Later, Sullivan Richardson asked her to form a choir to perform at a special fireside event back home in Henderson, Nevada. Vocalists came from as far away as Los Angeles to audition for the choir and members of the choir even travel from Utah for practices. In 2003, the choir was invited to perform at Salt Lake Tabernacle on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah as part of the anniversary celebration of the priesthood being available to all worthy men. Recordings One Voice The choir released a CD, One Voice, on January 4, 2005. In the first week, the album soared to Billboard's #1 on the Hot Shot Debut, while it simultaneously shot to the #1 Gospel Album and #2 Inspirational Album on iTunes. It remained in the top 40 on Billboard′s Gospel charts for 48 weeks. Track Listings One Voice (Interlude) - Gladys Knight, written by Matthew Pittman Over My Head - Gladys Knight Come, Come, Ye Saints - Gladys Knight, written by William Clayton Love One Another - Gladys Knight, written by Luacine Clark Fox Pass Me Not - Gladys Knight Right Here Waiting - (Damon Andelin and J. Johnigan) written by BeBe Winans Prayer - Gladys Knight, written by Mauli B Did You Know - Gladys Knight and John Fluker, written by BeBe Winans I Am a Child of God - Gladys Knight, lyrics written by Naomi W. Randall Jesu Me Kanaka Waiwai - (Joe Apo soloist) Blessed Assurance - Gladys Knight He Shines on Me - (Kelly Eisenhour soloist), written by John Fluker and Kelly Eisenhour Uphold Me - (Whitney Te'o soloist) written by Fred Manns He's Worthy - (John Fluker soloist) He Lives - Gladys Knight A Christmas Celebration The 100-voice choir released its second album A Christmas Celebration in October 2006. Track Listings Introduction/Opening - Gladys Knight Breath of Heaven - (Kenya Jackson soloist), written by Chris Eaton Silent Night/O Holy Night - Gladys Knight, written by Joseph Mohr I Wonder as I Wander - (Heather Goedel soloist), written by John Jacob Niles We Three Kings - (Jay Young soloist), written by John H. Hopkins Jr. Little Drummer Boy - Gladys Knight, written by Katherine Davis Oh, Come, All Ye Faithful - (Rashida Jordan soloist), written by John Francis Wade Jesus, Oh, What a Wonderful Child-(Quartet) Gladys Knight, Damon Andelin, Whitney Te'o, Rashida Jordan, & the incomparable SUV BASE section The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire) - (Whitney Te'o soloist), written by Mel Torme White Christmas\",\n \"title\": \"Saints Unified Voices\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57572649\",\n \"text\": \"Lexi Lawson is an American actress and singer, best known for her work in musicals. She held the lead female roles in touring productions of Rent and In the Heights. Lawson made her Broadway debut as Eliza Hamilton in Hamilton. Early life Lexi Lawson was born and raised in the Bronx in New York City. As a child she moved with her family to Newburgh, New York. She graduated from Newburgh Free Academy in 2002. Career In 2010 she joined the touring company of Rent when she was cast as Mimi Marquez for the North American tour. She had become a finalist on the eighth season of American Idol but chose to drop out in order to tour with Rent. Shortly prior to her contract coming to an end, she expressed an interest in the role of Vanessa in Lin-Manuel Miranda's musical In the Heights. She was subsequently cast in the part in the United States national tour. Lawson made her Broadway debut when she was announced as replacing Phillipa Soo in the role of Eliza Hamilton in Miranda's Hamilton. Her first performance took place on July 9, 2016. On February 12, 2017, she joined with other former cast members of Rent to perform a tribute to the musical entitled \\\"Seasons of Love\\\" at The Cutting Room in New York City. Lawson recorded the single \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\", which was released in December 2017. That same month, she was present for the unveiling of the restored bust of Alexander Hamilton at the Museum of the City of New York alongside fellow cast member Anthony Lee Medina. She teamed up with four other Eliza actresses from Hamilton productions on Miranda's Hamildrops in 2018. The track, \\\"First Burn\\\", featured Lawson along with Julia K. Harriman, Shoba Narayan, Rachelle Ann Go, and Arianna Afsar. Miranda explained on Twitter that the song was the original version of a song sung by Eliza in the musical. Personal life Lawson is married to actor Leonidas Gulaptis; they have one child together. She owns a Yorkshire Terrier. She bought the dog from a breeder in 2008, and would take it with her as she toured the US on the productions of Rent and In The Heights. Theatre credits Filmography References External links 20th-century American actresses 20th-century American women singers 20th-century American singers 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers 21st-century American singers Actresses from the Bronx American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American television actresses Broadway theatre people Living people Newburgh Free Academy alumni Musicians from the Bronx People from Newburgh, New York Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Lexi Lawson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1424558\",\n \"text\": \"Home roasting is the process of roasting coffee from green coffee beans on a small scale for personal consumption. Home roasting of coffee has been practiced for centuries, using simple methods such as roasting in cast-iron skillets over a wood fire and hand-turning small steel drums on a kitchen stovetop. Until the early 20th century, it was more common to roast coffee at home than to buy pre-roasted coffee. Following World War I, commercial coffee roasting became prevalent, and, combined with the distribution of instant coffee, home roasting decreased substantially. In recent years, there has been a revival in home roasting. What was originally a necessity has now become a hobby. The attractions are four-fold: enjoying fresh, flavorful coffee; experimenting with various beans and roasting methods; perfecting the roasting process, and saving money. Other factors that have contributed to the renewed interest in home roasting coffee include coffee suppliers selling green coffee in small quantities and manufacturers making counter-top roasters. History The first known implements specially made for roasting coffee beans for personal use were thin, circular, often perforated pans made from metal or porcelain, used in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire and Greater Persia. This type of shallow, dished pan was equipped with a long handle so that it could be held over a brazier (a container of hot coals) until the coffee was roasted. The beans were stirred with a slender spoon. Only a small amount of beans could be heated at one time. The first cylinder roaster with a crank to keep the beans in motion appeared in Cairo around 1650. It was made of metal, most commonly tinned copper or cast iron, and was held over a brazier or open fire. French, Dutch and Italian variations of this design quickly appeared. These proved popular over the next century in Europe, England and the American colonies. English coffee merchant Humphrey Broadbent wrote in 1722 about his preference for this sort of cylindrical roaster. He emphasized that home roasting provided the capability of eliminating damaged berries from the batch before they are roasted, and also the security of knowing that duplicitous merchants were not adding poisonous lead powder to the roasted beans to increase their weight and thus their price. He wrote: \\\"Most persons of distinction in Holland roast their own berries.\\\" In the 19th century, various patents were awarded in the U.S. and Europe for commercial roasters, to allow for large batches of coffee. Nevertheless, home roasting continued to be popular. A man working at a commercial roasting plant beginning in the 1850s in St. Louis, Missouri, said that \\\"selling roasted coffee was up-hill work, as everyone roasted coffee in the kitchen oven.\\\" He said the arguments his company employed against home roasting included appeals to the economy of saving fuel and labor, the danger of burns and flaring tempers, and the possibility of ruined beans or bad-tasting beverage. Nevertheless, appliances catering to the home roaster were becoming popular; in 1849 a spherical coffee roaster\",\n \"title\": \"Home roasting coffee\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9992550\",\n \"text\": \"Christmastime! is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 2004. It is a complete collection of Don McLean's Christmas recordings and contains all of the songs previously released on Christmas and Christmas Dreams as well as two songs new to this collection. Track listing \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" \\\"O Little Town of Bethlehem\\\" \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" \\\"The Christmas Waltz\\\" \\\"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town\\\" \\\"Toyland\\\" \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas/Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" \\\"White Christmas\\\" \\\"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\\\" \\\"Silent Night\\\" \\\"Oh Holy Night\\\" \\\"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\\\" \\\"Go Tell It on the Mountain\\\" \\\"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen\\\" \\\"The Last Month of the Year\\\" \\\"The Burgundian Carol\\\" \\\"Little Child\\\" \\\"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear\\\" \\\"Pretty Paper\\\" \\\"'Twas the Night before Christmas\\\" Christmas compilation albums 2004 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists 2004 compilation albums Don McLean compilation albums Rock Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Christmastime!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59759084\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of notable spit-roasted foods, consisting of dishes and foods that are roasted on a rotisserie, or spit. Rotisserie is a style of roasting where meat is skewered on a spit, a long solid rod used to hold food while it is being cooked over a fire in a fireplace or over a campfire, or roasted in an oven. Spit-roasting typically involves the use of indirect heat, which usually cooks foods at a lower temperature compared to other roasting methods that use direct heat. When cooking meats, the nature of the food constantly revolving on a spit also creates a self-basting process. Spit roasting dates back to ancient times, and spit-roasted fowl and game \\\"was common in ancient societies\\\". Spit-roasted foods Al pastor – a dish developed in central Mexico that is based on shawarma spit-grilled meat brought by Lebanese immigrants to Mexico. Cabrito al pastor – a northern Mexican dish consisting of a whole goat kid carcass that is opened flat and cooked on a spit Cağ kebabı – a horizontally stacked marinated rotating lamb kebab variety, originating in Turkey's Erzurum Province Doner kebab – seasoned meat stacked in the shape of an inverted cone is turned slowly on a rotisserie, next to a vertical cooking element. The outer layer is sliced into thin shavings as it cooks. Gyros – a Greek dish made from meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie Inihaw – a general Filipino term for grilled or spit-roasted meat or seafood Lechon – a general Spanish term for whole spit-roasted pig common in Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines Lechon manok – a Filipino spit-roasted chicken dish made with chicken marinated in a mixture of garlic, bay leaf, onion, black pepper, soy sauce, and patis (fish sauce). Méchoui – a dish in North African cuisine consisting of a whole sheep or a lamb spit-roasted on a barbecue. Mutzbraten – an eastern Thuringia and western Saxony dish of meat from the shoulder or pig`s back, seasoned with salt, pepper and marjoram, marinated and cooked in birch wood smoke on so-called Mutzbraten stands. Obersteiner Spießbraten – a culinary specialty of Idar-Oberstein, Germany consisting of a rolled roast using beef or pork neck. Paksiw na lechon – a Filipino dish consisting of leftover spit-roasted pork (lechon) meat cooked in lechon sauce or its component ingredients of vinegar, garlic, onions, black pepper and ground liver or liver spread and some water. Rotisserie chicken – a chicken dish cooked on a rotisserie, whereby the chicken is placed next to the heat source to cook it Pollo a la Brasa – a common dish of Peruvian cuisine and one of the most consumed in Peru, it is a rotisserie chicken dish that is a Peruvian version of pollo al spiedo. Shawarma – a Middle Eastern meat preparation based on the doner kebab of Ottoman Turkey Siu mei – the generic name in Cantonese cuisine given to meats roasted on spits over an open fire or a huge wood burning\",\n \"title\": \"List of spit-roasted foods\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37260430\",\n \"text\": \"We Have a Saviour is the fourth Christmas worship album from Hillsong Music, which was issued in October 2012. The album appeared on the Billboard Top Christian Albums at No. 23 and Top Holiday Albums charts at No. 42. It also peaked in the Top 100 on the ARIA Albums Chart at No. 82; at No.68 on the ARIA Top 100 Physical Albums chart in December 2012; and returned to the charts in December 2014 to peak at No. 36 on the ARIA Catalogue Albums chart. We Have a Saviour by Hillsong is a collection of songs recorded over 2011 and 2012 with two new tracks, \\\"We Have a Saviour\\\" and \\\"Our King Has Come\\\"; it includes, \\\"Born Is the King\\\", and rearrangements of \\\"O Holy Night\\\" and \\\"Joy to the World\\\". Amazon.com's editorial review observed \\\"[it's] an album full of inspiring and festive songs soon to become Christmas classics. The seasons may be flipped with December falling in the middle of summer for Australia and there may not be snow, sleigh rides or chestnuts roasting by an open fire, but there is a common love for a baby born in a manger over 2,000 years ago.\\\" Hope 103.2's Stephen O'Doherty interviewed Hillsong members, Ben Fielding, Autumn Hardman and Dave Ware, on his show, Open House, in November 2012 to discuss the album. Timothy Yap of BreatheCast opined \\\"[they] have brilliantly taken some of the best known traditional carols and tagged them with newly written material making them less archaic and fresher on younger ears... this is a folky, country-tinged, understated and sometimes even eclectic effort.\\\" Jono Davies of Louder Than the Music rated it at four-out-of-five stars and explained, \\\"jammed packed with well known Christmas tunes and some original ones too... [they] have tried to make so many tracks on the album sound uber cool, which means some traditional songs don't sound as Christmasy as you might expect.\\\" Track listing Tracks 1–5 were previously released on the extended play, Born Is the King. References 2012 albums 2012 Christmas albums Hillsong Music albums Christmas albums by Australian artists\",\n \"title\": \"We Have a Saviour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"20230270\",\n \"text\": \"In the Swing of Christmas is the third Christmas-themed album by Barry Manilow. Released on November 1, 2007, it was available exclusively at Hallmark Gold Crown stores. The album was certified Gold in the United States by the RIAA in 2008, and was nominated for a Grammy in the 'Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album' category at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards. Produced and arranged by Manilow and co-produced by Scott Erickson, the album features more of a swing jazz style than his previous Christmas releases. The jazz ensemble MaD Fusion (Matt Herskowitz—piano, Mat Fieldes—bass, and David Rozenblatt—drums) accompanied Manilow on four tracks, and The Randy Kerber Trio (Randy Kerber—piano, Mike Valerio—bass, and Joe LaBarbera—drums) was featured on five tracks, along with various other musicians. The first track, \\\"Silver Bells\\\", was performed a capella, with Manilow overdubbing all of the vocals himself. The album included instructions for downloading a bonus track, \\\"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\\\". On October 13, 2009, the album was re-released on Arista Records with two bonus tracks: \\\"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\\\" and \\\"Christmas Is Just Around the Corner\\\", an original song from the 2008 animated television special Cranberry Christmas. The downloadable bonus track from the Hallmark release was not included. The re-release appeared on the Billboard 200 chart for four non-consecutive weeks in late 2009, peaking at #127 during the week ending December 19. Track listing 2007 release \\\"Silver Bells\\\" – 2:37 \\\"Carol of the Bells / Jingle Bells\\\" – 2:45 \\\"Joy to the World / It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\" – 3:07 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" – 4:06 \\\"Violets for Your Furs\\\" – 3:22 \\\"O Tannenbaum\\\" / \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" – 2:57 \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\" – 4:35 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire)\\\" – 3:18 \\\"Toyland\\\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:23 \\\"Count Your Blessings\\\" – 3:48 downloadable bonus track \\\"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\\\" 2009 re-release \\\"Silver Bells\\\" – 2:37 \\\"Carol of the Bells / Jingle Bells\\\" – 2:45 \\\"Joy to the World / It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\" – 3:07 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" – 4:06 \\\"Violets for Your Furs\\\" – 3:22 \\\"O Tannenbaum\\\" / \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" – 2:57 \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\" – 4:35 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On an Open Fire)\\\" – 3:18 \\\"Toyland\\\" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:23 \\\"Count Your Blessings\\\" – 3:48 \\\"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\\\" – 2:26 \\\"Christmas Is Just Around the Corner\\\" (Barry Manilow, Bruce Sussman) – 2:54 Notes References 2007 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Barry Manilow albums Arista Records Christmas albums Swing Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"In the Swing of Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54498185\",\n \"text\": \"Personal Christmas Collection is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released by Columbia Records in 1994 and includes selections from his first three solo holiday LPs, The Andy Williams Christmas Album, Merry Christmas, and Christmas Present. The album made holiday season appearances on Billboard magazine's album chart from 2012 to 2016, the year it had its all-time peak at number 115. Track listing \\\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\" (Edward Pola, George Wyle) – 2:33 \\\"My Favorite Things\\\" from The Sound of Music (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:29 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 2:34 \\\"The Bells of St. Mary's\\\" (A. Emmett Adams, Douglas Furber) – 2:38 \\\"Christmas Present\\\" (Larry H. Brown, Keats Tyler) – 2:30 \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 2:14 \\\"The First Noël\\\" (traditional) – 3:08 \\\"O Come All Ye Faithful\\\" (Frederick Oakeley, John Francis Wade) – 2:35 \\\"Sleigh Ride\\\" (Leroy Anderson, Mitchell Parish) – 2:11 \\\"Silver Bells\\\" from The Lemon Drop Kid (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) – 3:12 \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\" (Felix Mendelssohn, Charles Wesley) – 2:39 \\\"Ring Christmas Bells\\\" (Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych, Peter Wilhousky, Minna Louise Hohman) – 1:52 \\\"Silent Night\\\" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 2:15 \\\"White Christmas\\\" (Irving Berlin) – 2:29 \\\"Happy Holiday/The Holiday Season\\\" (Irving Berlin/Kay Thompson) – 2:38 This track originated on the 1974 album Christmas Present. The back cover and label of the original vinyl release of that album list the title of this track as \\\"Christmas Bells\\\", and the label gives songwriting credit to Harry Filler and Leonard Schroeder, who did write a different song called \\\"Christmas Bells\\\" that was recorded by Patti Page for her 1951 album Christmas with Patti Page. Charts Billboard 200 References 1994 compilation albums Andy Williams compilation albums\",\n \"title\": \"Personal Christmas Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19155174\",\n \"text\": \"The Christmas Album is Roberta Flack's first holiday album and was released in 1997. The song, \\\"As Long as There's Christmas\\\" (a duet with Peabo Bryson), was from the direct-to-video Disney film, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas. The album was reissued by Punahele Productions under the title Holiday in 2003; this version omitted \\\"As Long as There's Christmas\\\". Track listing \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" - 3:54 \\\"There's Still My Joy\\\" (Beth Nielsen Chapman, Melissa Manchester, Matt Rollings) - 3:30 \\\"We Three Kings of Orient Are\\\" - 6:08 \\\"25th of Last December\\\" (Gene McDaniels) - 4:55 \\\"As Long as There's Christmas\\\" (Don Black, Rachel Portman) - 3:45 Performed by Roberta Flack and Peabo Bryson \\\"Because This Child Was Born\\\" (Shelton Becton) - 4:25 \\\"When There's Love\\\" (Shelton Becton) - 6:25 \\\"The Little Drummer Boy\\\" - 5:57 \\\"O Come All Ye Faithful\\\" - 4:34 References Roberta Flack albums 1997 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Contemporary R&B Christmas albums Capitol Records Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"The Christmas Album (Roberta Flack album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44457824\",\n \"text\": \"The cuisine of Corsica is the traditional cuisine of the island of Corsica. It is mainly based on the products of the island, and due to historical and geographical reasons, has much in common with Italian cuisine, and marginally with those of Nice and Provence. History The geographic conformation of Corsica, with its eastern coast (the one nearest to the continent) low, malaria-ridden, and impossible to defend, forced the population to settle in the mountains of the interior. The agricultural products exported during antiquity reflect this situation: these were sheep, plus honey, wax and tar, produced by the widespread forests. The island was famous for its cheap wines, exported to Rome. The concentration of settlement in the interior, typical also of the nearby Sardinia, lasted until the beginning of the 20th century; in 1911, 73,000 people lived in the zone comprised between 700 and 1,000 m above sea level. In the Middle Ages, more precisely during the 12th century, when Pisa was Corsica's hegemonic power, the large immigration from nearby Tuscany brought to the island, together with the Tuscan language, customs and dishes typical of that Italian region. Later, when it was the turn of Genoa to dominate the island, a major shift in people's eating habits took place; the Genoese governor, with a decree signed on 28 August 1548, ordered that each landowner and tenant had to plant at least a chestnut, a mulberry, an olive, and a fig tree each year, under the fine of three for each tree not planted. The reason for this decree was to give means of subsistence to island populations. Still at the beginning of the 17th century, the Genoese administrator Baliano wrote that the Corsicans were living on barley bread, vegetables, and pure water. Other decrees were given on the same line, such as that issued in 1619, which ordered that 10 chestnut trees had to be planted every year by each landowner and tenant, with time changed radically the landscape of whole regions of the island, with the almost total substitution of cereals with chestnuts; one region, the Castagniccia, south of Bastia, got its name from its chestnut () forests. In the 18th century, the chestnut had almost completely replaced cereals. Above all, chestnut plantations radically changed the diet of the islanders, preserving them from the recurrent famines. It was so that the historian of Corsica Jakob Von Wittelieb could write that in the 1730s travelers in the island brought with them a flask filled with wine and a pocket containing a chestnut bread or some roasted chestnuts. An old Corsican proverb from upper Niolo asserts: (), explaining well both the central place occupied by the chestnut in Corsica's alimentation and the frugality of Corsican mountaineers, obliged to drink water instead of wine. During the Corsican independence before the French annexation, Pasquale Paoli tried to enrich the diet of his countrymen encouraging the cultivation of the potato, so his political opponents ridiculed him, calling him . The French annexation in 1768\",\n \"title\": \"Cuisine of Corsica\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8654442\",\n \"text\": \"A culinary nut is a dry, edible fruit or seed that usually, but not always, has a high fat content. Nuts are used in a wide variety of edible roles, including in baking, as snacks (either roasted or raw), and as flavoring. In addition to botanical nuts, fruits and seeds that have a similar appearance and culinary role are considered to be culinary nuts. Culinary nuts are divided into fruits or seeds in one of four categories: True, or botanical nuts: dry, hard-shelled, uncompartmented fruit that do not split on maturity to release seeds; (e.g. hazelnuts) Drupes: seed contained within a pit (stone or pyrena) that itself is surrounded by a fleshy fruit (e.g. almonds, walnuts); Gymnosperm seeds: naked seeds, with no enclosure (e.g. pine nuts); Angiosperm: seeds surrounded by an enclosure, such as a pod or a fruit (e.g. peanuts). Nuts have a rich history as food. For many indigenous peoples of the Americas, a wide variety of nuts, including acorns, American beech, and others, served as a major source of starch and fat over thousands of years. Similarly, a wide variety of nuts have served as food for Indigenous Australians for many centuries. Other culinary nuts, though known from ancient times, have seen dramatic increases in use in modern times. The most striking such example is the peanut. Its usage was popularized by the work of George Washington Carver, who discovered and popularized many applications of the peanut after employing peanut plants for soil amelioration in fields used to grow cotton. True nuts The following are both culinary and botanical nuts. Acorn (Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis spp.), used from ancient times among indigenous peoples of the Americas as a staple food, in particular for making bread and porridge. Beech (Fagus spp.) American beech (Fagus grandifolia), used by indigenous peoples of the Americas as food. Several tribes sought stores of beech nuts gathered by chipmunks and deer mice, thus obtaining nuts that were already sorted and shelled. European beech (Fagus sylvatica), although edible, have never been popular as a source of food. They have been used as animal feed and to extract a popular edible oil. Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum), used by the ancient Maya peoples as animal fodder, and as an alternative food when yield of other crops was insufficient. Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), used in many South East Asian cuisines. Chestnuts (Castanea spp.) Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima), have been eaten in China since ancient times. Sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa), unlike most nuts, are high in starch and sugar. Extensively grown in Europe and the Himalayas. (Note: the water chestnut is not a nut at all; it is a tuber) Guinea peanut (Pachira glabra), like those of the related Malabar chestnut, the seeds taste similar to peanuts and are typically boiled or roasted, with the roasted seeds sometimes ground to make a hot drink. Hazelnuts (Corylus spp.), most commercial varieties of which descend from the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana). Hazelnuts are used to make pralines, in the popular Nutella spread,\",\n \"title\": \"List of culinary nuts\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"144500\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\" (titled onscreen as \\\"The Simpsons Christmas Special\\\") is the series premiere of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on December 17, 1989. Introducing the Simpson family into half-hour television in this episode, Bart Simpson disobediently gets a tattoo without the permission of his parents. After Marge spends all the family's holiday budget on having it removed, Homer learns that his boss is not giving employees Christmas bonuses, and takes a job as a shopping mall Santa. The Simpsons was originally intended to debut earlier in 1989 with \\\"Some Enchanted Evening\\\", but due to animation problems with that episode, the series debuted with this episode on December 17. \\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\" was written by Mimi Pond and directed by David Silverman, and was the only episode of the series to air during the 1980s. Promos for the next episode (\\\"Bart the Genius\\\") ran during commercial breaks for this episode. \\\"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\\\" was viewed by approximately 13.4 million people in its original airing, and was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1990. Since its release on home video, the episode has received positive reviews from critics. Plot After attending the Springfield Elementary School Christmas pageant, the Simpsons prepare for the holiday season. Bart and Lisa write letters to Santa; Lisa asks for a pony — which Marge tries to tactfully discourage by claiming that there would not be enough room for one on Santa's sleigh — and Bart wants a tattoo, which Marge and Homer forbid him from getting. The next day, Marge takes the kids Christmas shopping at the mall. Bart sneaks away to get a tattoo that reads \\\"Mother\\\" on his arm, thinking that Marge will like it. Before the artist can finish the tattoo, Marge finds Bart and drags him to the dermatologist to have it removed. She is forced to spend the family's entire holiday budget on the procedure, believing that Homer's Christmas bonus will cover gift expenses. At the power plant, Mr. Burns cancels this year's employee Christmas bonus. When he learns Marge spent the family's holiday money on tattoo removal, Homer moonlights as a shopping mall Santa at the suggestion of his friend Barney Gumble. While at the mall on Christmas Eve, Bart removes Santa's beard, exposing Homer's secret. Bart apologizes for the prank and praises his father for moonlighting to give the family Christmas presents. After Homer's Santa gig pays far less than expected due to deductions for training and uniform, he and Bart receive a greyhound racing tip from Barney. At Springfield Downs, Homer bets all his money on a last-minute entry named Santa's Little Helper, a 99–1 long shot. The greyhound unfortunately finishes last. As Homer and Bart leave the track, they see the dog's owner yell and abandon him for losing the race. Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet. They return home, where Homer's\",\n \"title\": \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27921768\",\n \"text\": \"Bistorta bistortoides (American bistort, western bistort, smokeweed, mountain meadow knotweed, mountain buckwheat or mountain meadow buckwheat) is a perennial herb in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Description Bistorta bistortoides plants generally grow to tall. Individuals growing above are smaller, seldom reaching more than in height. The leaves are leathery and long, being mostly basal on the stem. The dense cylindrical to oblong inflorescence is long and packed with small white to pinkish flowers, each a few millimeters wide and with protruding stamens. Taxonomy The species name remains unresolved. Distribution and habitat B. bistortoides is distributed throughout the Mountain West in North America from Alaska and British Columbia south into California and east into the Rocky Mountains. The plant grows from foothills to above the timberline. Ecology Rodents and bears consume the roots, and elk and deer browse the foliage. Uses American bistort was an important food plant used by Native Americans living in the Mountain West, including Blackfoot and Cheyenne peoples. The roots are edible either raw or fire-roasted with a flavor resembling chestnuts. The seeds can be dried and ground into flour and used to make bread. They were also roasted and eaten as a cracked grain. The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked. References External links Jepson Manual Treatment – Polygonum bistortoides United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile Polygonum bistortoides – Callphotos Photo gallery, University of California bistortoides Plants described in 1813 Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Flora of Western Canada Flora of the Northwestern United States Flora of the Southwestern United States Flora of the South-Central United States Plants used in Native American cuisine Flora without expected TNC conservation status\",\n \"title\": \"Bistorta bistortoides\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53136528\",\n \"text\": \"Roasted sweet potato is a popular winter street food in East Asia. China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan In China, yellow-fleshed sweet potatoes are roasted in a large iron drum and sold as street food during winter. They are called kǎo-báishǔ (; \\\"roasted sweet potato\\\") in northern China, wui faan syu () in Cantonese speaking regions, and kǎo-dìguā (; \\\"roasted sweet potato\\\") in Taiwan and Northeast China, as the name of sweet potatoes themselves vary across the sinophone world. Korea Sweet potatoes roasted in drum cans, called gun-goguma (; \\\"roasted sweet potato\\\"), are also popular in both North and South Korea. The food is sold from late autumn to winter by the vendors wearing ushanka, which is sometimes referred to as \\\"roasted sweet potato vendor hat\\\" or \\\"roasted chestnut vendor hat\\\". Although any type of goguma (sweet potato) can be roasted, softer, moist varieties such as hobak-goguma (pumpkin sweet potato) are preferred over firmer, floury varieties such as bam-goguma (\\\"chestnut sweet potato\\\") for roasting. In South Korea, roasted sweet potatoes are dried to make gun-goguma-mallaengi (), and frozen to make ice-gun-goguma (). Although gun-goguma has traditionally been a winter food, gun-goguma ice cream and gun-goguma smoothie are nowadays enjoyed in summer. Japan In Japan, similar street food is called ishi yaki-imo (; \\\"roasted sweet potato in heat stones\\\") and sold from trucks during the winter. Northern Vietnam Roasted sweet potatoes () is also a popular street food in Hanoi and Northern Vietnam in winter. Emoji In 2010, an emoji was approved for Unicode 6.0 for \\\"roasted sweet potato\\\". See also List of sweet potato dishes Roasted chestnut References Chinese cuisine Japanese cuisine Korean cuisine Street food in China Street food in South Korea Sweet potato dishes\",\n \"title\": \"Roasted sweet potato\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53138979\",\n \"text\": \"Roasted chestnut is a popular autumn and winter street food in East Asia, Europe, and New York City. Asian chestnuts (Castanea crenata, C. mollissima) as well as European chestnuts (C. sativa) can be used. Asia China In China, chǎolìzi (; \\\"stir-fried chestnut\\\") is a popular autumn street food. Because they are roasted with sand and sweet syrup, they are also called tángchǎolìzi (; \\\"sugar stir-fried chestnut\\\"). Korea Gunbam (; \\\"roasted chestnut\\\") is a popular street food in both North and South Korea. The food is sold from late autumn to winter by the vendors wearing ushanka, which is sometimes referred to as \\\"roasted chestnut vendor hat\\\" or \\\"roasted sweet potato vendor hat\\\". A popular folk song called Gunbam taryeong (; \\\"ballad of roasted chestnuts\\\") was composed by Jeon Su-rin in 1932, and has been sung since, being one of the songs commonly taught in public schools in South Korea. Europe Austria The Maronistand is a small booth where a street vendor offers roasted Maroni (\\\"edible chestnuts\\\" in local German) and potato-based hot snacks cooked in and on portable metal drums. Such outlets appear in the colder seasons and are a common sight at, for example, Viennese Christmas markets. France In France, marrons chauds (\\\"hot chestnuts\\\") are a well known autumn street food. In Paris, many street sellers come from India, and use improvised stands with shopping carts and cans. In Corsica roasted chestnuts are known as fasgiole in Corsican language. Italy In Italy roasted chestnuts are most commonly known as caldarroste. They are very popular especially in mountainous areas of the country, such as the Apennines and the Alps where the chestnut grows in abundance. Chestnuts and roasted chestnuts can be found in numerous festivals throughout Italy, usually organized between the end of October and the beginning of November. Roasted chestnuts are also known by various other names in different parts of Italy: Basturnòn - Apennines of Piacenza Biröll, Biroeull - Province of Como and Province of Milan Boröla - Province of Bergamo Braschèe, Mundee - North of Lake Como Brigi - Città di Castello, Umbria Brostoi - Some areas south of Brescia Bruciata - Province of Florence and Province of Siena Brusè - Province of Parma Brüsatè - Piedmont Buerie - Friuli Caciole, infornatelle - Val Roveto, Abruzzo Callarosta - Vallerano (VT) Callaròsta - Canepina (VT) Còculi - Molochio (RC) Frugiata - Some areas of the Province of Pistoia and Province of Lucca Maroni, Marroni - Province of Modena and Province of Bologna Mondina - Garfagnana, Lucca Plain, Versilia, Lunigiana Mondìgoli, Mandìgoli - Northern part of the Province of Vicenza Mundaj, Mundà - Piedmont Mundìne - Val Camonica Nserta - Northern part of the Province of Cosenza Pastiji - Some areas of the Province of Reggio Calabria Pistiddre - Rotonda (PZ) Pistiddèr - Pollino (southern area of Basilicata) Riggiola - Northern part of the Province of Cosenza Ruseddre, Rusedde - Central-western Calabria Ruselle - Southern part of the Province of Cosenza Rustìa - Province of Genoa Varola - Montella\",\n \"title\": \"Roasted chestnut\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2841231\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkey and the Cat is best known as a fable adapted by Jean de La Fontaine under the title Le Singe et le Chat that appeared in the second collection of his Fables in 1679 (IX.17). It is the source of popular idioms in both English and French, with the general meaning of being the dupe (or tool) of another (e.g., a cat's-paw). In the fable, a monkey persuades a cat to retrieve chestnuts from the embers of a fire for the two to share, but the monkey quickly eats each chestnut as it is retrieved, and the cat burns its paw in the process. Although there is no evidence that the story existed before the 15th century, it began to appear in collections of Aesop's Fables from the 17th century but is not included in the Perry Index. Usage of the \\\"cat's paw\\\" idiom and reference to the fable have been particularly employed in (although not limited to) political contexts. The fable In La Fontaine's telling, Bertrand the monkey persuades Raton the cat to pull chestnuts from the embers amongst which they are roasting, promising him a share. As the cat scoops them from the fire one by one, burning his paw in the process, the monkey gobbles them up. They are disturbed by a maid entering and the cat gets nothing for its pains. As a source of modern idiom It is from this fable that the French get their idiom Tirer les marrons du feu, meaning to act as someone's dupe or, deriving from that, to benefit from the dirty work of others. It is also the source of the English idiom 'a cat's paw', defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as 'one used by another as a tool'. History There are earlier idiomatic allusions in 15th century Burgundian sources. Jean Miélot records the saying c'est un bon jeu de chat et singe (it's a cat and monkey game) in his Proverbes (1456) and there is another apparent reference to the story in a poem in Jean Molinet's Faictz et dictz. In the following century, Jean-Antoine de Baïf has the version faire comme le singe, tirer les marrons du feu avec la patte du chat in his Mimes, enseignements et proverbes (1575) and John Florio includes the saying in his collection of idioms Second Frutes (1591). However, the earliest surviving texts relating the story date from the mid-16th century and some of these have a puppy in place of a cat as the monkey's victim. Johannes Sambucus reports it as happening recently in the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom in his Emblemata (1564). The Latin poem there continues, 'A small monkey gave us an example noteworthy and amusing for its cunning. For, when he saw the chestnuts buried in the hearth, he began to brush the ash aside but, afraid of the burning coals, he suddenly seized the foot of a sleeping puppy and stole it out.' The same story involving a sleeping dog appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkey and the Cat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24626422\",\n \"text\": \"The O'Neill Brothers are an American instrumental piano duo from New Prague, Minnesota, comprising brothers Tim and Ryan O'Neill. They are also known as Pianissimo Brothers. Their most famous covered songs are Rainbow Connection, Tomorrow (The Sun Will Come Out), Moonlight Sonata, Unforgettable and As Time Goes By, shown on their own and Pianissimo Brothers albums, used for relaxing music for weddings, sleeping, bubble baths, doctor’s offices, winter, Earth Day, Thanksgiving and other stuff, and Silver and Gold, The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire), Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas and Carol of the Bells for Christmas albums. The brothers both began piano lessons at age five and attended the University of Notre Dame before deciding to pursue a career together in 1997. The pair began self-releasing albums, many based on themes such as marriage, Christmas, patriotism, and styles such as traditional Irish music. The group found success selling their music on the television station QVC in addition to making appearances on other networks. Their 2000 release From the Heart saw a resurgence in popularity in 2005, peaking at #21 on the Billboard Pop Catalog chart. The group has sold over one million albums total. Discography 2000 From the Heart [Box Set] 2002 A Day to Remember: Instrumental Music for Your Wedding 2002 Coming Home: An O'Neill Brothers Christmas 2002 Look Within 2002 Meeting of the Waters 2002 One 2002 P.S. I Love You 2002 Sweet Dreams 2002 Through the Years 2004 Here Come the Irish 2004 Inspiration 2004 Notre Dame Experience 2004 On Broadway with the O'Neill Brothers 2004 The Journey 2005 Holiday Music: Instrumental Songs for the Holiday Season, Vol. 1 2005 Holiday Music: Instrumental Songs for the Holiday Season,Vol. 2 2005 Holiday Music: Instrumental Songs for the Holiday Season,Vol. 3 2005 A Day To Remember: Music For Your Beach Wedding 2006 A Day to Remember, Vol. 2 2006 Celebrate America 2006 Someone You Love 2006 Reflections 2006 Holiday Home 2007 Day Break 2008 Autumn 2008 Harvest 2008 Songs of Faith 2009 Songs of Serenity - Quiet Time, A Spiritual Renewal, and Inspirational Music 2010 Lullabies by Request 2011 Christmas Lullabies 2012 Notre Dame Lullabies 2013 Spirit of Notre Dame [2 CD Set] 2013 Sunday Morning 2016 Instrumental Tribute to Prince References External Links Musical duos from Minnesota Sibling musical duos\",\n \"title\": \"The O'Neill Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6575788\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" is a song performed by American singer Toni Braxton. It serves as the third single from her self-titled debut album (1993). It was released on October 8, 1993 by LaFace and Arista Records. Written and produced by Kenneth Edmonds, Antonio Reid and Daryl Simmons, the track describes a romance that was fading. As the single was not commercially released in the United States, it was ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, and only managed to chart on the Hot 100 Airplay at number forty-eight in early March 1994. Nevertheless, it successfully topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay in late January 1994. \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" is featured on The Essential Toni Braxton and Playlist: The Very Best of Toni Braxton. Critical reception In his review of Toni Braxton, John Martinucci from the Gavin Report found that Braxton \\\"creates steamy sensuality\\\" with \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\". Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian noted the singer's \\\"a boys-beware growl\\\" on the \\\"easy-going\\\" track. Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote that it \\\"could melt even the North Pole.\\\" Ralph Tee from Music Weeks RM Dance Update stated that it is \\\"the closest Toni gets to Anita Baker territory vocally.\\\" Mike Joyce from The Washington Post felt the song \\\"have a depth\\\". Music video The official music video for \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" was shot while Braxton was on tour with her four sisters Traci, Towanda, Trina and Tamar featured as background singers. It was released in 1993 and directed by Lionel C. Martin. The video was later released on Braxton's VEVO channel on October 25, 2009, and is in both color and black and white. It had generated more than 25 million views as of January 2024. Track listing US Vinyl, 12\\\", 33 ⅓ RPM (73008-24063-1) A1 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Ghetto Vibe) – 6:35 A2 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Ghetto Vibe Instrumental) – 6:36 B1 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Album Version) – 6:22 B2 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Live Version) – 6:15 B3 \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" – 3:25 US Promo CD' (LFPCD-4062) \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Radio Edit) – 4:42 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Live Radio Edit) – 4:42 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Album Version) – 6:22 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Live Version) – 6:15 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Ghetto Vibe) – 6:35 \\\"Seven Whole Days\\\" (Quiet Mix) – 6:12 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" – 3:25 Credits and personnel Credits taken from Discogs website. Performers and musicians Toni Braxton - Vocals, Background Keisha Jackson - Background (tracks 1–6) Pamela Copeland - Background (tracks 1–6) Tammy Davis - Background (tracks 1–6) Technical personnel A&R - Bryant Reid Engineer - Jim \\\"Z\\\" Zumpano Engineer, Mixing and Programming - John Frye (tracks 1–6) Executive Producer - L.A Reid and Babyface (tracks 1–6) Written by - L.A Reid and Babyface (tracks 1–6) Published By - ECAF, Sony Songs Inc., Cuff Link Music, Edwin H. Morris & Co. Charts Cover versions In 2002, bassist Michael Manson presented his version from his album \\\"The Bottom Line.\\\" Saxophonist Steve Cole is a special\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Whole Days\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2116198\",\n \"text\": \"Castanospermum is a monotypic genus in the legume family Fabaceae. The sole species is Castanospermum australe, commonly known as Moreton Bay chestnut or black bean, which is native to rainforested areas on the east coast of Queensland and northeastern New South Wales, and to the southwest Pacific islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia Description The black bean is a large evergreen tree growing up to tall, though commonly much smaller. The leaves are long and broad, pinnate, with 11-15 leaflets. The flowers are bicoloured red and yellow, long, produced in racemes long. The fruit is a cylindrical pod long and diameter, the interior divided by a spongy substance into one to five cells, each of which contains a large chestnut-like seed. Common names The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records the common names of Castanospermum australe as \\\"Moreton Bay Chestnut\\\" and \\\"Bean tree\\\" and notes that it was called \\\"Irtalie\\\" by Aboriginal people of the Richmond and Clarence Rivers (New South Wales) and \\\"Bogum\\\" by \\\"others of Northern New South Wales\\\". Other names that have been used by Aboriginal peoples are: baway, yiwurra, junggurraa, mirrayn, ganyjuu, and binyjaalga. Uses Chemicals In 1981, castanospermine was isolated from the seeds. Members of this and closely related genera accumulate iminosugars in their leaves. Cultural significance Due to its importance as a food, the blackbean tree was a seasonal gathering point for Aboriginal peoples, and this acted as a catalyst for ceremonies. Songlines featuring the black bean seeds have been collected. The bark fibre has been used for fish and animal traps, nets and baskets, and the empty seed pods have been used as toy boats. Additionally, the tree has been used as a seasonal signal for when to hunt jungle fowl. Food The unprocessed seeds are poisonous since they contain toxic saponins, and can cause vomiting and diarrhoea, but they become edible when carefully prepared by roasting, cutting up into small pieces, leaching with running water for several days, and pounding into flour and roasting it as a damper. The seeds have been prepared and eaten for at least 2,500 years. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' notes and describes this use of the beans. As of 2012, the food was not used in modern bush tucker, and there was no nutritional information available on the seeds. Ornamental use The trees are popular as potted plants in Asia, Europe and America. In addition, they have been used as shade trees in landscaping for parks. Wood The wood was used by Aboriginal people for spear-throwers. The timber, which somewhat resembles walnut, is soft, fine-grained, and takes a good polish, and the wood has a durability rating above-ground of over 40 years longevity. Spread Due to its significance as a food for Aboriginal people, blackbean trees were spread by hand into mountain areas on the east coast of Australia. All the trees in New South Wales are descended from a single seed. The plant naturally spreads by water. It\",\n \"title\": \"Castanospermum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"14731100\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas, Like a Lullaby is the 24th studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver released in December 1990. This was Denver's first solo Christmas album of music since 1975's Rocky Mountain Christmas. He also released the collaborative Christmas album A Christmas Together in 1979 with The Muppets. The only original track was the title track \\\"Christmas Like A Lullaby\\\" written by Denver. The rest were Christmas carols and standards and two Tom Paxton songs, \\\"The Children Of Bethlehem\\\" and \\\"Marvelous Toy\\\". Track listing Side one \\\"Christmas, Like a Lullaby\\\" - 3:52 \\\"The First Noel\\\" - 2:16 \\\"Away in a Manger\\\" - 3:36 \\\"The Children of Bethlehem\\\" - 3:31 \\\"Jingle Bells\\\" - 2:43 \\\"White Christmas\\\" - 2:37 Side two \\\"Marvelous Toy\\\" - 2:52 \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" - 3:25 \\\"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" - 3:12 \\\"Little Drummer Boy\\\" - 3:22 \\\"Mary's Little Boy Child\\\" - 3:20 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)\\\" - 4:05 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" - 2:15 There is a 1999 reissue by Delta Entertainment. Personnel John Denver – acoustic guitar, vocals James Burton – electric guitar Glen Hardin – keyboards Jim Horn – saxophone, flute, recorder Jerry Carrigan – drums Jerry Scheff – bass Machito Sanchez – percussion References 1990 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists John Denver albums Albums produced by Roger Nichols (recording engineer) Folk Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas, Like a Lullaby\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2030203\",\n \"text\": \"Genie Gets Her Wish is the first VHS/DVD by Christina Aguilera. It was released on December 14, 1999, through RCA Records. It features performances of her #1 single, \\\"Genie in a Bottle\\\", studio footage, live concert performances, and exclusive peeks backstage. It was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It peaked at number 1 in Sweden. Originally released on VHS, it was later re-released on DVD the following year. Background Aguilera told the MTV Radio Network about the DVD:\\\"It will be interesting to see all the kinds of sides of me. Cause you do get to see me onstage, you know, 'Christina Aguilera onstage.' \\\"But then, what happens whenever the cameras (are) off?\\\" she continued. \\\"She goes home, takes off her makeup, and gets ready for bed? You know, (what happens) after all these fans are done (with the show) and after she's done meeting them and signing autographs? What's she like? I'm a really different person aside from I seem to be publicly,\\\" she concluded. \\\"I'm very, very introverted.\\\" Content Genie Gets Her Wish is a video album and a documentary. It features clips from Aguilera's life between 1998 and 1999, while recording and promoting her eponymous debut album, as well as music videos. During the documentary portions, Aguilera is shown rehearsing her performances and recording in studio sessions, while songs from the album play over the clips. She is also shown during performances, as well as CD signings. Throughout the video, Aguilera speaks about her career, life, and her influences. The music portions show clips from Aguilera's music videos for \\\"Genie in a Bottle\\\", \\\"So Emotional\\\", and \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\". The music video featured for \\\"When You Put Your Hands on Me\\\" shows Aguilera rehearsing a live performance for the song, as well as clips during the album cover shoot. Release Genie Gets Her Wish was released on VHS in its original release on December 14, 1999. It was re-released on DVD on February 8, 2000. The DVD was later released in Germany on November 9, 2012, through Sony Music. Track list \\\"Genie in a Bottle\\\" \\\"So Emotional\\\" \\\"Come On Over (All I Want Is You)\\\" \\\"What a Girl Wants\\\" \\\"I Turn to You\\\" \\\"At Last\\\" \\\"When You Put Your Hands On Me\\\" \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" (\\\"Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire\\\") Charts and certifications Weekly charts Certifications Release history Notes References Christina Aguilera video albums 2000 video albums Live video albums 2000 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Genie Gets Her Wish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"72088329\",\n \"text\": \"Blue Christmas is the twentieth studio and first Christmas album by Scottish Australian musician Jimmy Barnes, released on 25 November 2022 through Bloodlines. Speaking on his motivations to release a Christmas album, in a press statement, Barnes said, \\\"One of the greatest surprises I ever got from our children was when they all snuck away into the garage and secretly recorded themselves singing carols for me. On Christmas morning, when I awoke, they proudly gave me the recording and sat eagerly waiting for me to listen to it. That year I received lots of great gifts from various family members, but that recording had me weeping like a baby. It was the most beautiful gift I ever got. This album is my gift back to the kids, the grandkids and everyone out there who just wants to sit and sing with their family on Christmas. These songs take me back and they remind me why I'm here right now. I hope they do the same for you.\\\" The album was preceded by the title track, released on 21 October 2022. The album debuted at number one on the ARIA Charts, becoming Barnes' 15th solo chart topper, extending the record for most Australian number one albums. The album is scheduled for an expanded edition re-release on 24 November 2023. Track listing standard edition \\\"Jingle Bell Rock\\\" – 3:03 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" – 4:44 \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" – 3:17 \\\"Let It Snow!\\\" – 2:07 \\\"White Christmas\\\" – 4:46 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" – 3:19 \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" – 2:10 \\\"Run Rudolph Run\\\" – 3:21 \\\"Little Drummer Boy\\\" – 3:59 \\\"Silent Night\\\" – 4:14 \\\"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\\\" – 2:17 \\\"Auld Lang Syne\\\" – 4:35 2023 expanded edition \\\"O Holy Night\\\" - \\\"If Santa Forget\\\" (with The Tin Lids) - 4:13 \\\"Jingle Bell Rock\\\" – 3:03 \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" – 4:44 \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" – 3:17 \\\"Let It Snow!\\\" – 2:07 \\\"White Christmas\\\" – 4:46 \\\"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\\\" – 3:19 \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" – 2:10 \\\"Run Rudolph Run\\\" – 3:21 \\\"Little Drummer Boy\\\" – 3:59 \\\"Silent Night\\\" – 4:14 \\\"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\\\" – 2:17 \\\"Auld Lang Syne\\\" – 4:35 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history References 2022 Christmas albums Christmas albums by Australian artists Jimmy Barnes albums\",\n \"title\": \"Blue Christmas (Jimmy Barnes album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3326837\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas Island is Jimmy Buffett's first Christmas album and is his twenty-first studio album overall. It features covers of popular Christmas songs in Buffett's musical stylings as well as two tracks which Buffett wrote for the album. \\\"Twas the Night Before Christmas\\\" is a hidden track. It was his last release with MCA Records. Critical reception Reviews tend to be mixed for the album. In a positive review, a reviewer states that \\\"[Christmas Island] will have you on your feet all through the holidays.\\\" Rob O'Connor states that \\\"this may not be the traditional Christmas fare of chestnuts roasting on an open fire, but for those who enjoy ocean breezes and 'wasting away' to this most successful beach bum, Christmas Island is exactly what the cruise director ordered.\\\" Thom Owens presents a more negative view of the album, describing Buffett as being \\\"relaxed and entertaining\\\" even though, \\\"few of his new Christmas songs are remarkable and his rearrangements of classic carols are rather forced.\\\" However, several tracks remain very popular around the Christmas season. \\\"Ho Ho Ho & A Bottle of Rum\\\" was the track chosen to be played live for promoting the album when first released, and seems to remain the most popular off the album. Although no singles were released, \\\"Jingle Bells\\\", \\\"Mele Kalikimaka\\\", \\\"Ho Ho Ho & a Bottle of Rum\\\", \\\"Merry Christmas, Alabama (Never Far from Home)\\\" and the title track get considerable amount of radio airplay during the season. Track listing Personnel Adapted from AllMusic. Vocals and musicians Jimmy Buffett – lead vocals, guitar; backing vocals (uncertain) Melanie Prestidge – backing vocals Claudia Cummings – backing vocals Tina Gullickson – backing vocals Nadirah Shakoor – backing vocals Robert Greenidge – steelpan, percussion Roger Guth – drums Ralph McDonald – percussion Jim Mayer – bass, upright bass Peter Mayer – backing vocals, guitar, ukulele Tom Mitchell – saxophone Greg \\\"Fingers\\\" Taylor – harmonica Michael Utley – keyboards Production and design Alvin Booth – photography Jimmy Buffett – arranger Milton Dean – photography Rob Eaton – engineer, Audio mixing|mixing Joe Hayden – second engineer Abi Hodes – photography Ted Jensen – mastering Russ Kunkel – producer Joe Lizzi – second engineer John Lovell – horn arrangements Tom Mitchell – horn arrangements Jean Pagliuso – photography Michael Ramos – production coordination Sunshine Smith – coordination Michael Utley – arrangements, producer, string arrangements Brad Wilson – photography Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References Jimmy Buffett albums 1996 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Albums produced by Michael Utley Albums produced by Russ Kunkel Country Christmas albums Pop rock Christmas albums MCA Records Christmas albums\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Island (Jimmy Buffett album)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bob Wells"],"string":"[\n \"Bob Wells\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":76,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45990"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who got relegated from the premier league 2018"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"57401287","text":"The 2018–19 season was the 120th season of the English Football League (EFL) and the third season under that name after it was renamed from The Football League in 2016. It began on 3 August 2018 and concluded on 5 May 2019, with the promotion play-off finals at Wembley Stadium on 25–27 May 2019. For the sixth season running, the league was sponsored by Sky Betting & Gaming and was therefore known as the Sky Bet EFL. The EFL is contested through three divisions: the Championship, League One and League Two. The winner and the runner up of the Championship are automatically promoted to the Premier League and they are joined by the winner of the Championship playoff. The bottom two teams in League Two are relegated to the National League. The 2018–19 season marked the start of an initial two-year partnership between the EFL and its official charity partner Mind. The mental health charity had its logo displayed on the shirts of all EFL clubs and worked with the EFL to promote mental health within football and the wider community. Also, this season saw one of the EFL's original members, Notts County, relegated from the league for the first time ever. Promotion and relegation From the Premier League Relegated to the Championship West Bromwich Albion Stoke City Swansea City From the Championship Promoted to the Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers Cardiff City Fulham Relegated to League One Barnsley Burton Albion Sunderland From League One Promoted to the Championship Wigan Athletic Blackburn Rovers Rotherham United Relegated to League Two Oldham Athletic Northampton Town MK Dons Bury From League Two Promoted to League One Accrington Stanley Luton Town Wycombe Wanderers Coventry City Relegated to the National League Barnet Chesterfield From the National League Promoted to League Two Macclesfield Town Tranmere Rovers Championship Table Play-offs Results League One Table Play-offs Results League Two Table Play-offs Results Managerial changes References 2018-19","title":"2018–19 English Football League"},{"docid":"53818243","text":"The 2018–19 Premier League was the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992, and the 120th season of top-flight English football overall. The season started on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. The league was contested by the top 17 teams from the 2017–18 season as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham, who joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL Championship. Defending champions Manchester City won their fourth Premier League title, and sixth English top-flight title overall. They won their last 14 league games, finishing on 98 points, and retained the league title on the final day of the season. Liverpool finished runners-up with 97 points – the highest total in English top-flight history for a second-placed team. Summary Manchester City claimed the league title on the final day of the season with a 4–1 win at Brighton & Hove Albion, finishing on 98 points after a run of 14 wins. Liverpool held a 7-point lead over Manchester City on 3 January, but finished runners-up with 97 points – the fourth highest total in Premier League history and the highest in English top-flight history for a second-placed team, having lost only one league match all season – to eventual champions City. Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur claimed the other two Champions League berths, finishing in third and fourth place respectively. Tottenham were in third place for much of the season and were considered potential title challengers until a 1–2 loss to Burnley in February. Chelsea would go on to win the season's UEFA Europa League, defeating Arsenal in the final 4–1. Arsenal had gone on a fourteen-game unbeaten run near the start of the season and began April in third place, but a run of four points in six matches saw them drop to fifth place, finishing outside of the Champions League spots. Manchester United's worst start to the season for 28 years and 3–1 loss to Liverpool led to the sacking of manager José Mourinho in December, with former player Ole Gunnar Solskjær replacing him, initially as a caretaker. Solskjær was appointed permanently after an impressive run of results which culminated in United's away goals victory over Paris Saint-Germain in the UEFA Champions League, but the team's poor form soon returned, and they eventually finished sixth after the team had won none of their final five league matches. Newly promoted Wolverhampton Wanderers achieved their highest finish since 1980 by finishing seventh, having taken points off every team in the league except Liverpool and Huddersfield Town. Their seventh-place finish was the highest for a newly promoted team since Ipswich Town finished 5th in the 2000–01 season. Huddersfield were the first team to be relegated, following their 0–2 defeat at Crystal Palace on","title":"2018–19 Premier League"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"57401287\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 season was the 120th season of the English Football League (EFL) and the third season under that name after it was renamed from The Football League in 2016. It began on 3 August 2018 and concluded on 5 May 2019, with the promotion play-off finals at Wembley Stadium on 25–27 May 2019. For the sixth season running, the league was sponsored by Sky Betting & Gaming and was therefore known as the Sky Bet EFL. The EFL is contested through three divisions: the Championship, League One and League Two. The winner and the runner up of the Championship are automatically promoted to the Premier League and they are joined by the winner of the Championship playoff. The bottom two teams in League Two are relegated to the National League. The 2018–19 season marked the start of an initial two-year partnership between the EFL and its official charity partner Mind. The mental health charity had its logo displayed on the shirts of all EFL clubs and worked with the EFL to promote mental health within football and the wider community. Also, this season saw one of the EFL's original members, Notts County, relegated from the league for the first time ever. Promotion and relegation From the Premier League Relegated to the Championship West Bromwich Albion Stoke City Swansea City From the Championship Promoted to the Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers Cardiff City Fulham Relegated to League One Barnsley Burton Albion Sunderland From League One Promoted to the Championship Wigan Athletic Blackburn Rovers Rotherham United Relegated to League Two Oldham Athletic Northampton Town MK Dons Bury From League Two Promoted to League One Accrington Stanley Luton Town Wycombe Wanderers Coventry City Relegated to the National League Barnet Chesterfield From the National League Promoted to League Two Macclesfield Town Tranmere Rovers Championship Table Play-offs Results League One Table Play-offs Results League Two Table Play-offs Results Managerial changes References 2018-19\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 English Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53818243\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Premier League was the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992, and the 120th season of top-flight English football overall. The season started on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. The league was contested by the top 17 teams from the 2017–18 season as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham, who joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL Championship. Defending champions Manchester City won their fourth Premier League title, and sixth English top-flight title overall. They won their last 14 league games, finishing on 98 points, and retained the league title on the final day of the season. Liverpool finished runners-up with 97 points – the highest total in English top-flight history for a second-placed team. Summary Manchester City claimed the league title on the final day of the season with a 4–1 win at Brighton & Hove Albion, finishing on 98 points after a run of 14 wins. Liverpool held a 7-point lead over Manchester City on 3 January, but finished runners-up with 97 points – the fourth highest total in Premier League history and the highest in English top-flight history for a second-placed team, having lost only one league match all season – to eventual champions City. Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur claimed the other two Champions League berths, finishing in third and fourth place respectively. Tottenham were in third place for much of the season and were considered potential title challengers until a 1–2 loss to Burnley in February. Chelsea would go on to win the season's UEFA Europa League, defeating Arsenal in the final 4–1. Arsenal had gone on a fourteen-game unbeaten run near the start of the season and began April in third place, but a run of four points in six matches saw them drop to fifth place, finishing outside of the Champions League spots. Manchester United's worst start to the season for 28 years and 3–1 loss to Liverpool led to the sacking of manager José Mourinho in December, with former player Ole Gunnar Solskjær replacing him, initially as a caretaker. Solskjær was appointed permanently after an impressive run of results which culminated in United's away goals victory over Paris Saint-Germain in the UEFA Champions League, but the team's poor form soon returned, and they eventually finished sixth after the team had won none of their final five league matches. Newly promoted Wolverhampton Wanderers achieved their highest finish since 1980 by finishing seventh, having taken points off every team in the league except Liverpool and Huddersfield Town. Their seventh-place finish was the highest for a newly promoted team since Ipswich Town finished 5th in the 2000–01 season. Huddersfield were the first team to be relegated, following their 0–2 defeat at Crystal Palace on\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Premier League\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"12560559","text":"Saša Kajkut (Serbian Cyrillic: Саша Кајкут; born 7 July 1984) is a Bosnian retired professional footballer who played as a striker. Club career As a teenager, Kajkut played for hometown team Omladinac Banja Luka, after which he moved to Borac Banja Luka where he started his professional career. After that, Kajkut played for Croatian 2. HNL teams Zadar and Pomorac. One of his remarkable memorable moment in his career is connected to the 2nd leg match for Sheriff Tiraspol against a team from Andorra in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round. He first passed the ball to Wilfried Balima for scoring Sheriff's lead of 0–1 in the 68th minute (just 3 minutes after he entered the game), and then scored his first goal for the new team in the 77th minute. Kajkut created history in just 12 minutes, as he became the first ever player from Banja Luka scoring in an official Champions League match. With this extraordinary performance he became one of the favourite players for Sheriff fans though he only stayed there for one single season after that game. After Sheriff, Kajkut went back to Borac, after which he played for Baku, again for Borac and Čelik Zenica. On 31 December 2013, he signed with South China permanently after a successful trial. On 18 August 2015, PAE Kerkyra, for who Kajkut played at the time, was dismissed by Superleague Greece for fake shareholds transfers. The club got relegated to Football League and Kajkut was eventually released by the club. He was approached directly Veria and agreed to join it on 19 August 2015. His yearly wages at Veria were €100,000. Kajkut was officially announced as Veria's player on 28 August 2015. He debuted on 12 September 2015, in a 3–0 home defeat against PAOK. He scored his first goal for Veria with a penalty kick in a Greek Cup match against Atromitos. After Varia, Kajkut once again went back to Bosnia and played for Krupa, Zrinjski Mostar and Željezničar. In June 2018, for a fourth time in his career, Kajkut signed with Borac. In the 2018–19 First league of RS season, with Borac, he won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. Kajkut finished his career at Borac in January 2021. International career Kajkut made his first and only international appearance for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, a 0–0 away friendly match draw against Uzbekistan, coming in as a 46th minute substitute for Emir Hadžić. Honours Sheriff Tiraspol Divizia Națională: 2007–08 Moldovan Super Cup: 2007 Borac Banja Luka First League of RS: 2018–19 Republika Srpska Cup: 2008–09, 2011–12 South China Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield: 2013–14 Zrinjski Mostar Bosnian Premier League: 2016–17 Željezničar Bosnian Cup: 2017–18 Individual Awards Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season: 2012–13 References External links 1984 births Living people Footballers from Banja Luka Men's association football forwards Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers Bosnia and Herzegovina men's international footballers FK Borac Banja Luka players NK Karlovac","title":"Saša Kajkut"},{"docid":"53908252","text":"The 2017–18 South West Peninsula League season is the eleventh in the history of the South West Peninsula League, a football competition in England, that feeds the Premier Division of the Western Football League. The league had been formed in 2007 from the merger of the Devon County League and the South Western League, and is restricted to clubs based in Cornwall and Devon. The Premier Division of the South West Peninsula League is on the same level of the National League System as the Western League Division One. The constitution was announced on 26 May 2017. Premier Division The Premier Division features 20 teams, the same as the previous season, after St Blazey were relegated to Division One East, and Tiverton Town Reserves left the league. Three new clubs joined the league: Sticker, promoted from Division One West. Stoke Gabriel, promoted from Division One East. Reserve sides are not eligible for promotion to Step 5. Any Step 6 club without ground grading Grade G were to be relegated to Step 7. Godolphin Atlantic and Stoke Gabriel passed the ground grading requirements with a dispensation that certain works had to be completed by 30 September 2018, or those clubs will face a financial penalty. Potential demotion at the end of next season would result if they were not compliant by 31 March 2019. Stoke Gabriel subsequently sought voluntary demotion because they announced that their groundworks would not be ready by the deadline. All step 6 leagues were to be fixed at a maximum of 20 clubs for 2018–19. Only Plymouth Parkway applied for promotion to Step 5. League table Division One East Division One East features 18 clubs, the same as the previous season, after Stoke Gabriel were promoted to the Premier Division and Exwick Villa were relegated: Honiton Town, promoted from the Devon & Exeter League. Ilfracombe Town, promoted from the North Devon League. Galmpton United changed their name to Galmpton & Roselands. Totnes & Dartington resigned from the league before the season started, but were not replaced. Crediton United, Ilfracombe Town and Newton Abbot Spurs applied for promotion to the Premier Division. All three passed the ground grading, but Newton Abbot later withdrew their application. Division One West Division One West features 18 clubs, the same as the previous season, after Sticker were promoted to the Premier Division, Vospers Oak Villa were relegated, and two new clubs joined: Ludgvan, promoted from the Cornwall Combination. St Blazey, relegated from the Premier Division. Penryn Athletic resigned from the league before the season started, but were not replaced. Elburton Villa, Liskeard Athletic, Millbrook, Mousehole, Porthleven, St Blazey, St Dennis, Wadebridge Town and Wendron United have applied for promotion to the Premier Division. St Blazey failed the ground grading; Millbrook, Mousehole, St Dennis and Wendron passed with dispensation, and the others passed. Promotion from feeder leagues for 2018–19 Several clubs have applied for promotion to the SWPL for the 2018–19 season. Their success will depend on finishing in the top three in","title":"2017–18 South West Peninsula League"},{"docid":"61301300","text":"The 2018–19 Khuzestan Premier League season was the 19th season of the Khuzestan Premier League which took place from September 7, 2018, to April 26, 2019, with 16 teams competing from the province of Khuzestan. This was the second year that the league played with 16 teams. Teams played home and away with one another each playing 28 matches. Eftekhar Shushtar finished the season on top of the standings and was promoted to division 3 of the Iranian football system. Meanwhile, with Esteghlal Veys' withdrawal from the league, they will be relegated to the Khuzestan Division 1 along with last place finishers Esteghlal Abadan. League changes During week 4 of the season, Esteghlal Veys did not take the field against Jonub Susangerd due to monetary issues. The team officially withdrew from the league prior to the start of week 5 matches. The league continued with the remaining 15 teams and Esteghlal's results were removed from league records. Week 30 was scheduled to take place prior to the New Year, however, due to bad weather conditions, the league cancelled 4 matches while playing only those matches that would alter the league champion and the team being relegated. Teams Final standings Results See also 2018–19 Azadegan League 2018–19 League 2 2018–19 League 3 2018–19 Hazfi Cup 2019 Iranian Super Cup References 1 Iran Khuzestan Premier League","title":"2018–19 Khuzestan Premier League"},{"docid":"56009073","text":"The 2017–18 Israeli Basketball Premier League, for sponsorship reasons Ligat Winner, was the 64th season of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. Hapoel Jerusalem is the defending champion. Competition format Twelve teams took part in the regular season, where they played against each other four times home-and-away in a double round-robin format. The first eight qualified teams advanced to the playoffs. The last qualified team was relegated to the Liga Leumit. The regular season started 8 October 2017. Teams Ironi Nes Ziona has been promoted to the league after winning 2016–17 National League, and comes back just one year after their relegation. Maccabi Kiryat Gat, who finished in last place during the 2016–17 season, relegated to the Liga Leumit Stadia and locations Personnel and sponsorship Managerial changes Regular season In the regular season, teams play against each other at least three times home-and-away in double a round-robin format. The six first qualified teams advance to the playoffs. The regular season started on 8 October 2017. Standings Players strike On May 22, 2018, the Israeli Basketball Players Association announced a strike after the league introduced a rule, which enforced the teams to have at least two Israeli players on court at the same time. On May 24, the league announced that the season would be ended with one regular season game remaining and that no playoffs would be held due to the ongoing strike. However, on May 25, 2018, the Israeli League Management have reached an agreement with the Israeli Basketball Players Association and the strike ended. Play-offs |} Source: Ligat Winner Final Four Clubs in European competitions Final standings All-Star Game The 2018 Israeli League All-star event was held on March 2, 2018, at the Menora Mivtachim Arena in Tel Aviv. The International team won the game 137–122. The MVP of the game was Pierre Jackson who scored 18 points along with 6 assists. Corey Webster won the Three-Point Shootout and Jaron Johnson won the Slam Dunk Contest. Rosters Game Three-point shootout Source: Basket.co.il Slam Dunk Contest Source: Basket.co.il Statistical leaders | style=\"width:50%; vertical-align:top;\"| Assists |} |} | style=\"width:50%; vertical-align:top;\"| Efficiency |} |} Other statistics Source: Basket.co.il Individual game highs Source: RealGM Awards Yearly awards Regular season MVP Source: basket.co.il Finals MVP Source: basket.co.il All-Israeli League Teams Source: basket.co.il Coach of the Year Source: basket.co.il Quarterfinals MVP Source: basket.co.il Best Defender Source: basket.co.il Most Improved Player Source: basket.co.il Sixth Man of the Year Source: basket.co.il Rising Star Source: basket.co.il Monthly Awards Player of the Month Israeli Player of the Month Coach of the Month MVP of the Round Average attendances Included playoffs games. See also 2017–18 Israeli Basketball State Cup 2017 Israeli Basketball League Cup References Israeli Basketball Premier League seasons Israeli Basketball","title":"2017–18 Israeli Basketball Premier League"},{"docid":"10302092","text":"Guiseley Association Football Club Vixens was a women's football club. They were founded in 1993 by Martin Cockerill as Meanwood Vixens, before becoming Leeds City Vixens and later Guiseley Vixens. History The club was established in 1993 by Martin Cockerill and his children. At first it was called Meanwood Vixens but it grew into what is now known as Leeds City Vixens. Immediately the team made a name for itself and grew as part of the Sheffield and District Girl's League, winning the u12's, u14's and u16's . Leeds City Vixens open age played in the Yorkshire & Humberside League. In the season 1999–2000 they finished 2nd with 51 points. In 2000–01 they got 41 points and finished 5th. In 2001–02 they finished 10th with 16 points. In 2002–03 they finished 5th with 27 points and got promoted to the next tier. They started playing in the Northern Combination League for the 2003–04 season. A bad finish left them 10th at the end of the season and they were relegated back down. At the end of the 2004–05 season, they finished top of the Yorkshire & Humberside League which brought them back up to the Northern Combination, where they remain. In the 2005–06 season they finished 2nd. In the 2006–07 season they finished 2nd and came close to promotion. Over the course of the season they won 15 games, drew 4 games, and lost 2 games. The 2007–08 season saw a change in venue for the team. They now play at the same ground as Yorkshire Amateur A.F.C. and finally won promotion in 2008–09, finishing as champions of the Northern Combination Women's Football League. Guiseley merged with Leeds City Vixens in 2014–15 to become Guiseley Vixens and under the management of John Shirt they went on to win the Women's Premier League Division One (North) The following season with many players departing and under new management Guiseley struggled to cope in the Premier League and were relegated on the last game of the season drawing 2–2 with Newcastle United when needing to win for survival In 2017 a new management team took over with Glen Preston (formerly in charge of Huddersfield Town) and Kyle O'Reilly (Former Huddersfield Town Development Manager) spearheading the charge. They went on to win the Premier League One at the first time of asking and by a record margin (16 points) losing only one game all season. In 2018 Guiseley got off to the worst start imaginable at the half way stage of the season they had not won one game, they were sitting bottom of the Premier League 11 points from safety. But in the second half of the season the Vixens rallied together and produced a great escape to survive on the last day of the season beating Huddersfield 2–1. To cap off this achievement they also ended Bradford City's five-year reign of the County Cup beating them 3–1 at Fleet Lane to mark off a very successful season. The club was liquidated at","title":"Guiseley A.F.C. Vixens"},{"docid":"6499088","text":"Al-Kahrabaa Sports Club () is an Iraqi professional sports club based in Rusafa District, Baghdad, and is known for its football team that competes in the Iraq Stars League. History Al-Kahrabaa Sports Club was founded on 21 July 2001 by Saad Abdul Hamed Al-Khatib (who was the first ever chairman) in the Ministry of Electricity. They were promoted to the Iraqi Premier League for the first time for the 2004–05 season where they remained until they got relegated to the Iraqi First Division League in 2013. They were promoted back to the Premier League at the first attempt under coach Shaker Mahmoud, where they have remained since. During the 2017–18 season, Al-Kahrabaa finished fifth, their best league position in history, which they later equalled in the 2022–23 season. Al-Kahrabaa reached the final of the 2018–19 Iraq FA Cup for the first time in their history after beating Al-Talaba 3–0 in the semi-finals, but lost the final against Iraqi giants Al-Zawraa 1–0 at the national Al-Shaab Stadium. Al-Kahrabaa reached the final of the Iraq FA Cup again in the 2021–22 season, but were beaten 2–1 by Al-Karkh. AFC Cup debut Al-Kahrabaa finished the 2022–23 Iraqi Premier League in fifth place but since they have the license for the competition, they qualified for their first ever 2023–24 AFC Cup debut. Current squad First-team squad Out on loan Current technical staff {| class=\"toccolours\" !bgcolor=silver|Position !bgcolor=silver|Name !bgcolor=silver|Nationality |- bgcolor=#eeeeee |Manager:||Luay Salah|| |- |Assistant manager:||Usama Ali|| |- bgcolor=#eeeeee |Goalkeeping coach:||Jalil Zaidan|| |- |Fitness coach:||Haider Abdul Qadir|| |-bgcolor=#eeeeee |Team analyst:||Alaa Abd Aon|| |- |Reserve coach:||Adnan Abdullah|| |- |U-19 coach:||Ali Wali|| |- |Technical advisor:||Abbas Attiya|| |- |Director of football:||Hussein Zahrawi|| |- |Managing director:||Juma Jaber|| |- |Administrative director:||Habib Jabbar|| |-bgcolor=#eeeeee |Club doctor:||Qasim Mowhi|| |- Managerial history Since the club’s promotion to the Iraqi Premier League for the first time in 2004–05 fifteen coaches have led the team: Nabil Zaki Adil Abdul-Ridha Nazar Ashraf Younis Abid Ali Rajah Mohammed Bassim Mohammed Nabil Zaki Shaker Mahmoud Naeem Saddam Sabah Abdul Hassan Karim Farhan Shaker Mahmoud Hassan Ahmed Nabil Zaki Shaker Mahmoud Ali Hadi Khalid Mohammed Sabbar Younis Al Qattan Abbas Attiya Khalid Mohammed Sabbar Abbas Attiya Ahmed Salah Alwan Luay Salah Honours Iraq FA Cup Runners-up (2): 2018–19, 2021–22 Other sports Basketball Iraqi Basketball Premier League: Champions (2): 2005–06, 2012–13 References External links Team profile on Goalzz Sport in Baghdad 2001 establishments in Iraq Association football clubs established in 2001 Football clubs in Baghdad","title":"Al-Kahrabaa SC"},{"docid":"54932722","text":"The 2018 Football West season was the fifth season under the current competition format in Western Australia. The NPL premiers Perth SC qualified for the National Premier Leagues finals series. Pre-season changes League Tables 2018 National Premier Leagues WA This was the last season using a 14-team format. The bottom 3 teams (which was subject to eligibility requirements) at the end of the season were relegated to the State League 1. Perth Glory Youth was ineligible to receive prize monies in the end of season Top 4 Cup competition. Finals The Top Four Cup is played as a finals competition at the conclusion of the regular season. 2018 WA State League 1 The 2018 WA State League 1 was composed of 11 teams playing 20 games over a 22 round season. Rockingham City as Champions were promoted to the National Premier Leagues WA, as they met eligibility criteria. The 9th and 10th placed clubs played in a two-legged promotion/relegation playoff, whilst the last placed team (Joondalup City) were directly relegated to State League Division Two. Promotion/relegation play-off 2018 WA State League 2 The 2018 WA State League 2 was composed of 11 teams playing 20 games over a 22 round season. 2018 Women's Premier League The highest tier domestic football competition in Western Australia is known as the BankWest Women's Premier League for sponsorship reasons. The 8 teams play each other three times, for a total of 21 matches over the regular season. Top Four Cup 2018 State Cup Western Australian soccer clubs competed in 2018 for the Football West State Cup. Clubs entered from the National Premier Leagues WA, the two divisions of the State League, a limited number of teams from various divisions of the 2018 Amateur League competition, and from regional teams from the South West, Goldfields, and Great Southern regions. This knockout competition was won by Armadale SC, their 1st title. The competition also served as the Western Australian Preliminary rounds for the 2018 FFA Cup. In addition to the A-League club Perth Glory, the two finalists – Armadale and Gwelup Croatia – qualified for the final rounds, entering at the Round of 32. References External links Football West Official website Soccer in Western Australia Football West 2018","title":"2018 Football West season"},{"docid":"1877939","text":"Yossi Shai Benayoun (; born 5 May 1980) is an Israeli former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Israel and England and captained the Israel national team. Born in Dimona, he is sometimes nicknamed \"The Diamond from Dimona\" in Israel. As of 2023, he has been the sporting director of the Israel national team. Benayoun played for Hapoel Be'er Sheva and Maccabi Haifa before moving to Racing de Santander in Spain. Three years later he moved to the Premier League with West Ham United, and later Liverpool. In 2010, he signed for Chelsea, where he was used rarely, being loaned to Arsenal and back to West Ham, but nonetheless won the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. After that, he was released by the club and spent a season in the Football League Championship with Queens Park Rangers before returning to Maccabi Haifa. A full international for twenty years from 1998 to 2018, Benayoun is Israel's most capped player of all time with 102 caps, and their joint third top scorer with 24 international goals. Benayoun holds the position of sporting director for Beitar Jerusalem, the club that he last played for. Early life Benayoun was born in Dimona, Israel, to a family of Sephardic Moroccan Jewish descent. His father Dudu Benayoun was a footballer who played for Hapoel Dimona as well. Youth career Jason Burt of The Independent reports that Benayoun's talent was spotted at the age of nine. At the age of 11 he was labelled a genius, and by 13, his face appeared on the cover of Israeli magazines. Benayoun began to play with Hapoel Be'er Sheva. To attend training, he hitchhiked the 60 km roundtrip with his father. When he was 15, Ajax invited Benayoun and his family to the Netherlands. By his 16th birthday, he was the Ajax youth team's highest scorer and best player, and Ajax duly offered Benayoun a four-year professional contract. However, Benayoun and his family found the adjustment to Amsterdam difficult, and they returned to Israel after eight months. Club career Hapoel Be'er Sheva At the age of 16, he was promoted to the Hapoel Be'er Sheva senior team for the 1997–98 Liga Leumit, but could not prevent the club from being relegated to Israel's second division. In the last match of the season against Maccabi Haifa, Benayoun got a penalty kick in the 90th minute. Haifa's goalkeeper, Nir Davidovich, saved the shot but Benayoun scored the rebound to give his team the win. However, their relegation rival had won their match, meaning that his team would be relegated nonetheless. Seconds after scoring, while celebrating the winning and what he thought to be a league survival goal, Benayoun found out about the relegation and burst into tears. Benayoun finished as the league's joint fourth-leading goalscorer that season, with 15 goals in 25 appearances. Maccabi Haifa After that season, Benayoun moved to Maccabi Haifa in a deal signed by Ya'akov Shahar (Maccabi Haifa's president) and Eli","title":"Yossi Benayoun"},{"docid":"2618243","text":"Sun Hei Sports Club () is a Hong Kong professional football club which currently competes in the Hong Kong Second Division. The club has a long history in playing in the top flight, but decided to self-relegate in the 2013–14 season after declining to participate in the newly established Hong Kong Premier League. History Sun Hei entered the Hong Kong First Division under the name Golden () in the 1994–95 season. In 1996, Golden under the name Golden XI played against England. England was in Hong Kong preparing for the UEFA Euro 1996 later in the summer. It was in Hong Kong that Paul Gascoigne's famous dentist chair incident took place. After securing the sponsorship of Xiangxue Pharmaceutical, the club competed in the league under the team name Xiangxue Sun Hei () from 2005–07. In the season 2004–05, Sun Hei achieved The Quadruple, winning all four senior football competitions, including the Hong Kong First Division League, the Senior Shield, the League Cup and the FA Cup. In the 2005 AFC Cup, Sun Hei also got through to the semi-finals stage, the best result for a Hong Kong football club in the competition to date. In season 2007–08, Sun Hei changed the club name to Convoy Sun Hei () as the club obtained sponsorship from Convoy Financial Services, a Hong Kong financial service company. In the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, Sun Hei used Tsing Yi Sports Ground as their home ground. In season 2011–12, the team changed its name to Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei due to sponsorship from Sunray Cave and JC Group, a company owned by Jackie Chan. The team used Mong Kok Stadium as its home ground for this season, but moved back to Tsing Yi Sports Ground for the 2013–14 season. As Sun Hei refused to take part in the NOW TV broadcast agreement, it did not have its home games shown live on Now TV, its personnel was not to be interviewed, it did not share any potential TV income and its sponsors' names were not mentioned on Now TV broadcasts. In the 2009–10 season, Sun Hei starts using Tsing Yi as their home ground. The first home match against a local strong team, Kitchee, has attracted around 1,200 fans. It is the highest percentage home attendance in this season. In the 2013–14 season, Sun Hei decided to self-relegate at the end of the season after declining to participate in the newly established Hong Kong Premier League. During the 2016–17 season, Sun Hei captured their first league title in over ten years winning the title by one point over Wong Tai Sin. However, they declined promotion to the Hong Kong Premier League at the end of the season due to financial difficulties. A year after winning the First Division, Sun Hei were relegated following a 13th place finish in the 2017–18 season. The club finished at the bottom of the table in the 2018–19 season and were relegated to the Hong Kong Third Division. In the","title":"Sun Hei SC"},{"docid":"57742844","text":"The 2018–19 National League 2 North is the tenth season (32nd overall) of the fourth tier (north) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. Hull Ionians finished as champions following a bonus point home victory Leicester Lions on 13 April 2019, which sealed the league title with one round still to go. It was Ionians third National League 2 North title, equalling the record set by Macclesfield. It was a competitive league battle, with four teams looking like they could win but in the end Hull Ionians just did enough to claim the title, 4 points ahead of second placed Chester, who qualified for the promotion play-off. On 4 May 2019, Chester lost 10–19 away to National League 2 South runners up, Canterbury. That result meant that only Ionians would be promoted from the division, joining the 2019–20 National League 1 after just one season away. At the other end of the table, newcomers Peterborough Lions were the first side to be relegated on 9 March 2019, with five games still to play, after they lost at home to Preston Grasshoppers. A week later a win for Sheffield Tigers on 6 April ensured the Sheffield based clubs safety, whilst condemning both Macclesfield and South Leicester to the drop, despite South Leicester winning their fixture away from home. Peterborough Lions and South Leicester would drop into Midlands Premier, while Macclesfield would fall to North Premier. Another interesting fact from the season was the lowest ever recorded attendance in National League 2 North of just 37 who attended South Leicester's home game against Sedgley Park on 30 March 2019. South Leicester also set an overall low attendance record for the division, averaging just 85 supporters per game. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2019–20 National League 1 and the runners up play the second-placed team in the 2018–19 National League 2 South with the winner also being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either North Premier or Midlands Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the southern regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a loss, however 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match. Participating teams and locations Twelve of the teams listed below participated in the 2017–18 National League 2 North season. The 2017–18 champions Sale FC were promoted into the 2018–19 National League 1, replacing","title":"2018–19 National League 2 North"},{"docid":"57747694","text":"The 2018–19 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season was the club's fourth season back in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia, since their relegation at the end of the 2013–14 season. Anzhi finished the season 15th in the league, being relegated back to the Russian Football National League, whilst they were knocked out of the Russian Cup at the Round of 16 stage by Spartak Moscow. Season events With manager Vadim Skripchenko's contract expiring at the end of the 2017–18 season, was replaced by Magomed Adiyev on 4 June 2018 Anzhi Makhachkala were initially relegated at the end of the 2017–18 season, but FC Amkar Perm announced on 13 June that the Russian Football Union had recalled their 2018–19 license, making them ineligible for the Russian Premier League or Russian Football National League. Anzhi then re-applied for their Premier League membership on 15 June, with their admission to the 2018–19 Russian Premier League being confirmed on 22 June. On 10 May 2019, following a 0-1 defeat to Arsenal Tula, their relegation back to the Russian Football National League was confirmed. Squad Out on loan Transfers In Out Loans in Loans out Released Friendlies Competitions Russian Premier League Results by round Results League table Russian Cup Squad statistics Appearances and goals |- |colspan=\"14\"|Players away from the club on loan: |- |colspan=\"14\"|Players who left Anzhi Makhachkala during the season: |} Goal scorers Disciplinary record References External links Official website Fans' website A fan is a club Anji FC Anzhi Makhachkala seasons Anzhi Makhachkala","title":"2018–19 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season"},{"docid":"62378753","text":"The 2018 Tyrone Senior Football Championship is the 113th edition of Tyrone GAA's premier gaelic football tournament for clubs in Tyrone Senior Football League Division 1. 16 teams compete with the winners receiving the O'Neill Cup and representing Tyrone in the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship. Omagh St. Enda's were the defending champions after they defeated Errigal Ciarán in the 2017 final. However the defence of their title came undone at the quarter-final stage when losing to eventual finalists Killyclogher St. Mary's. Moy Tír na nÓg, Derrylaughan Kevin Barry's and Aghyaran St. Davog's returned to senior championship football in 2018. Galbally Pearses made the drop back down to the Intermediate ranks when finishing bottom of the 2018 S.F.L. They were followed by Pomeroy Plunkett's who lost their S.F.L. Relegation Playoff after a replay to Aghyaran St. Davog's, who in turn then lost their SFL/IFL promotion/relegation playoff also after a replay to Dungannon Thomas Clarke's. I.F.C. champions Tattyreagh St. Patrick's and I.F.L. champions Eglish St. Patrick's will also replace these relegated teams in 2019. On 21 October 2018, Coalisland Fianna claimed their 10th S.F.C. crown and their first triumph since 2010 when defeating Killyclogher St. Mary's by 2-11 to 1-7 at Healy Park. The draw for the 2018 S.F.C. was made on 7 June 2018. Format The championship has a straight knock out structure. The 16 teams that take part in the championship are the 16 teams in the Senior Football League (SFL). Relegation from SFC: Either two or three teams are relegated each year from the SFC and SFL. The 16th placed team in the SFL is automatically relegated to the IFL. The 15th and 14th placed teams then play a SFL relegation playoff with the loser being relegated. The winner plays the winner of the IFL promotion playoffs - if they win, they remain in the SFC and SFL - if they lose they are relegated to the IFC and IFL. (The winner of the SFC can't be relegated. If the championship winner finishes in the bottom 3 in the league, the 13th placed team enters the relegation scenario.) Promotion to SFC: Either two or three teams are promoted to the SFC each year. The IFC champions and the IFL champions are automatically promoted to the senior grade (If a team wins the IFC and IFL, the 2nd placed team in the IFL are automatically promoted). 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th place in the IFL enter the IFL promotion semi-finals (If the IFC champions are placed in the top 5 the 6th placed team enter the IFL promotion semi-finals) with the eventual winner of the final earning the right to play the loser of the SFL relegation playoff in a relegation/promotion playoff. Team Changes The following teams have changed division since the 2017 championship season. To S.F.C. Promoted from 2017 Tyrone I.F.C. Moy Tír Na nÓg - (IFC Champions) Derrylaughan Kevin Barry's - (IFL Champions) Aghyaran St. Davog's - (SFL/IFL promotion/relegation playoff Winner) From S.F.C. Relegated to 2018 I.F.C.","title":"2018 Tyrone Senior Football Championship"},{"docid":"44434987","text":"Nunawading City Football Club is an Australian semi-professional association football club based in Forest Hill, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. Founded in 1971, the club currently competes in the NPL Victoria 3. History Recent History In the 2014 season, Nunawading finished in bottom place of the Victorian State League Division 2 South-East, amassing seven points in 22 games. However due to Football Federation Victoria ranking Nunawading as one of the states elite junior clubs, they were given a licence to participate in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 for 2015, the second tier of football in the state. \\Midway through 2014, Nunawading City youth player, Jake Brimmer was scouted by Liverpool FC, Liverpool scout Barry Hunter spotted him playing for the Victorian National Training Centre squad in July 2013. In 2015, after 20 consecutive losses, City earned its first point in the NPL2 competition on 18 July 2015, in a 0–0 draw away from home against Whittlesea Ranges. The point would prove to be the only point Nunawading earned that season, finishing the season in bottom place with a −95 goal difference, but were not relegated due to no relegation existing from NPL2 for 2014–2016. In May 2016, Nunawading striker Emile Damey was selected in the squad for Liberia ahead of Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches. Nunawading City got their first win in NPL2 when it defeated Murray United 3–1 at Mahoneys Reserve on 22 May 2016. The win was City's only points for the 2016 season, finishing again in bottom place with a −92 goal difference. Nuna signed a number of ex-A-League players for the 2017 season, including Mitch Cooper, Patrick Gerhardt, James Brown and Jason Trifiro. Cooper scored a total of 21 goals for Nunawading, who avoided relegation in 2017 with a 9th placed finished, four points above Richmond SC. With Gerhardt, Trifiro, Jagajeet Shrestha and Cooper departing at seasons end, in October 2017, it was announced Nuna had signed NPL Victoria Gold Medal winner Massimo Murdocca for 2018. In 2018, Nuna signed A-League veteran Fahid Ben Khalfallah. Additionally former Western Sydney Wanderers midfielder Tahj Minniecon joined the club. Ben Khalfallah scored his first goal in Nunawadings third victory for the season against Melbourne City. Nuna finished the season in bottom place in NPL2, suffering relegation from the National Premier Leagues Victoria system. Khalfallah was appointed the senior head coach for the 2019 Victorian State League Division 1 season. First team Squad References External links Official club website Soccer clubs in Melbourne Victorian State League teams Sport in the City of Whitehorse Association football clubs established in 1971 1971 establishments in Australia","title":"Nunawading City FC"},{"docid":"55657715","text":"The 2018 Malaysia Super League (), known as 2018 unifi Malaysia Super League () for sponsorship reasons, was the 15th season of the Malaysia Super League, the top-tier professional football league in Malaysia. Johor Darul Ta'zim were the defending champions. Club licensing regulations Starting this season, every team in the Liga Super Malaysia must have a FAM Club Licence to play in the league, or else they are relegated. To obtain a FAM Club Licence, teams must be financially healthy and meet certain standards of conduct as organisations. As part of privation effort for the league, all clubs compete in Liga Super Malaysia and Liga Premier Malaysia will be required to obtained FAM Club Licence. As in other national leagues, there are significant benefits to being in the top division: A greater share of television broadcast licence revenues goes to Liga Super Malaysia sides. Greater exposure through television and higher attendance levels helps Liga Super Malaysia teams attract the most lucrative sponsorships. Liga Super Malaysia teams develop substantial financial muscle through the combination of television and gate revenues, sponsorships and marketing of their team brands. This allows them to attract and retain skilled players from domestic and international sources and to construct first-class stadium facilities. Despite several reminders from FAM from the beginning of 2015, however there are few teams failed to get the approval for both AFC and FAM club licenses from First Instance Body (FIB) . *Updated: 6 December 2017 Teams Sarawak and Penang were relegated to 2018 Malaysia Premier League after finished 11th and bottom place of last season league. Kuala Lumpur and Terengganu promoted to 2018 Malaysia Super League after securing place as champions and runners-up in 2017 Malaysia Premier League. On 21 November 2017, it was announced that T-Team who finished ninth in the Super League last year, will play in the 2018 Malaysia Premier League pending approval from Football Malaysia LLP (FMLLP). The suggestion then were approved on 4 December 2017, followed by an announcement stating that Felda United, who finished third last season are ineligible to compete in this year top-tier competition. They were replaced by Negeri Sembilan and PKNP. Venues 1: Perak plays at Lumut due to the upgrading of their own stadium at Perak Stadium 2: PKNP plays at Batu Kawan due to the upgrading of Perak Stadium 3: Kelantan plays their home games at their opponents stadium during Ramadan, due to ban of Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium usage by state government during Ramadan Personnel, kit and sponsoring Notes; Shahrel Fikri was the official captain of PKNP, before he was loaned to Nakhon Ratchasima, Hafiz Ramdan filled in as captain for PKNP. Coaching changes Foreign players Southeast Asia (SEA) players need to have acquired at least 30 international caps for their senior national team with no period restriction on when caps are earned and those who has less than 30 international caps will be subjected to FMLLP approval. Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer","title":"2018 Malaysia Super League"},{"docid":"58660771","text":"Sunderland 'Til I Die is a sports documentary series. Produced by Fulwell 73 (named as a homage to Sunderland A.F.C. by its founders), the series documents the events around English football club Sunderland A.F.C. Released on 14 December 2018, the first series documents Sunderland's 2017–18 season which saw the club playing in the EFL Championship having been relegated from the Premier League the season prior. As a result of the first series success a second series was produced documenting the following season in 2018–19, which coincided with the club's first season under the ownership of Stewart Donald; this was released on 1 April 2020. A third and final series was released on 13 February 2024, which documented the club's promotion to the EFL Championship in 2022. Overall the show has received positive reviews from critics and fans. Background Sunderland chairman Ellis Short originally agreed to extensive, behind-the-scenes filming in the summer of 2017 on the basis it would attract potential investors. Sunderland had already been the focus of previous fly on the wall documentaries, including the 1998 Premier Passions (which also documented a relegation season) and its 1999 follow-up Premier Pressures. Production company Fulwell 73 (who had previously produced the acclaimed football documentary The Class of '92) had allegedly expressed interest in buying Sunderland in June 2017 shortly before the commencement of filming, but withdrew, citing the demands of their production business. Promoting Sunderland 'til I Die on The Totally Football League Show in December 2018, Pearlman and Turner cast doubt on the veracity of these reports, suggesting there had been: \"a lot of two plus two equals five going on\". Speaking on the Roker Report podcast prior to the release of the series, Pearlman and Turner, both Sunderland fans, revealed that they had been trying to produce material for the club for a while and had even offered to produce an end-of-season DVD for free. Filming commenced in June 2017 with the expectation that Sunderland would be challenging for promotion back to the Premier League. Manager Chris Coleman admitted to being uncomfortable with the filming arrangements, which were already in place when he replaced Simon Grayson as manager part way through the season. Coleman described the constant attention as being 'unnatural'. The series does not include a repeat of the memorable, expletive-laden dressing room scenes from Premier Passions, as Coleman explained: \"The only thing I really dug my heels in about was that I didn't want any filming in my dressing room. That's been kept separate.\" The series culminates with the takeover of the club by Stewart Donald following relegation. A premiere of the first episode took place at the Sunderland Empire Theatre on 5 December 2018. The production company were joined by local media, Sunderland players and staff, and a group of 200 season ticket holders who had been selected from a draw. After the premiere, attendees were shown a trailer for a second series. The opening titles were created by Alchemy Studio, and feature icons from Sunderland's","title":"Sunderland 'Til I Die"},{"docid":"54226319","text":"The 2017–18 National League 2 South is the ninth season (31st overall) of the fourth tier (south) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. On 7 April 2018 Broadstreet became the first club to be relegated, a 12–16 defeat away to fellow strugglers Barnstaple condemning them to the drop with three games to go. On 21 April Cinderford became champions with a game to go following a narrow 21–19 win away to Bury St Edmunds. Cinderford were easily the best team in the division, finishing 12 points clear of second place Chinnor, who on most other seasons would have been good enough to finish champions but instead had to settle for the promotion playoff game. In winning the league title Cinderford set several National League 2 South records including winning the most games (29) and gaining the most points (143). The battle for the final two relegation spots was one of the most keenest in several years with three teams threatened by the drop on the last day of the season. In the end it was Wimbledon and Barnstaple who went down on the 28 April, despite Barum getting a 17–14 win at home against the Londoners, as Old Redcliffians managed to win at home to Redruth. Old Reds had looked dead certs for relegation earlier in the season but turned it around with eight wins in the second half (compared to just 2 before Christmas) of the season to stay safe by 3 points, even leapfrogging 13th placed London Irish Wild Geese who had secured safety the week before. Wimbledon also did well in the second half of the season getting eight wins (compared to one in the first half) but were ultimately left with two much to do and were 7 points from safety after their defeat at Pottingham Road. Barnstaple, by contrast, had looked safe earlier in the season but endured a torrid second half with just four wins after Christmas (for a total of ten overall). Injuries, along with poor try scoring and improvements from the teams around them, were primary contributors to Barum's downfall. On 5 May 2018 Chinnor would join Cinderford in the 2018–19 National League 1 after they defeated 2017–18 National League 2 North runners up Sedgley Park 40–31 in the promotion play-off game played at Kingsey Road. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2018–19 National League 1 and the runners-up play the second-placed team in the 2017–18 National League 2 North with the winner being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either London & South East Premier or South West Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the Midlands regional leagues).","title":"2017–18 National League 2 South"},{"docid":"54086108","text":"The Isle of Man Premier League (also known as the Canada Life Premier League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest division of the Isle of Man Football League and the highest overall in the Isle of Man football league system. The Premier League, which was introduced for the 2007–08 season, was previously known as the First Division. Each year, the top finishing club is crowned league champion, and the two lowest placed clubs are relegated to Division Two. In 2018–19 season, St Marys were the division champions and St Georges were the runners-up. St Johns United and Braddan were relegated to Division Two, finishing 12th and 13th place respectively. History The Isle of Man Premier League was introduced for the 2007–08 season. Structure of the league Competition The league comprises 13 clubs. Over the course of a season, which runs annually from August to the following May, a club plays each of the others in the same division twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home and once at that of their opponents. This makes for a total of 24 games played each season. Clubs gain three points for a win, one for a draw and none for a defeat. Clubs are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of the season, the first placed club in the league is crowned Premier League champions. Promotion and relegation A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and Division Two. At the end of each season the two lowest placed clubs in the Premier League are relegated to Division two, and the top two placed clubs from Division Two are promoted to the Premier League. Current members The following 13 clubs are competing in the Premier League during the 2019–20 season. Results League champions and runners-up Relegated teams (from Premier League to Division Two) Top scorers See also List of association football competitions Isle of Man Football League Football in the Isle of Man References External links Results Website Football competitions in the Isle of Man","title":"Isle of Man Premier League"},{"docid":"37073073","text":"Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship was a division at level 9 of the English rugby union system featuring teams from Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. Promoted teams moved up to the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier and there was no relegation. Each year three teams (one each from the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire unions) were picked to take part in the RFU Junior Vase (a national cup competition for clubs at levels 9-12). Originally the league was set up as Bucks & Oxon 2 and then Berks/Bucks & Oxon 2 before being disbanded in 2003–04 as the league was restructured to cater for the joining of many second, third and fourth teams and was split into regional divisions. The league returned in 2011–12 to contain only first teams (along with Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) while the second, third and fourth teams were transferred to newly created regional leagues with Berks/Bucks & Oxon 1 at the pinnacle and no possibility of promotion to the championship or the league system above it. At the end of the 2018–19 the league was discontinued. Teams that were not promoted into the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier were transferred into regional Berks/Bucks & Oxon leagues. Teams 2019–20 Teams 2018–19 Teams 2017–18 Participating clubs 2016–17 Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Chipping Norton (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Faringdon Farnham Harwell Littlemore Oxford Wheatley (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) 2015–16 The 2015–16 Berks/Bucks & Oxon Championship consisted of nine teams; five from Oxfordshire and two each from Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. The season started on 12 September 2015 and was due to end on 23 April 2016. Participating teams and location Six of the twelve teams participated in last season's competition. The 2014–15 champions Risborough were promoted to the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier along with runners up, Crowthorne while Oxford are new to the league having previously been playing friendly matches over the past season. As the basement league in Berks/Bucks & Oxon there was no relegation - although there are a number of leagues below it, mainly for second teams. 2014–15 Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Crowthorne Didcot Faringdon Farnham Royal (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Harwell Risborough 2013–14 Abingdon Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Crowthorne Didcot Faringdon Harwell (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Kingsclere Risborough (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Wheatley Winslow 2012–13 Abingdon Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Chesham Crowthorne Didcot Farnham Royal Faringdon Kingsclere Wheatley Winslow Original teams When league rugby began in 1987 this division (known as Bucks/Oxon 2) contained the following teams from Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire: Chesham Chipping Norton Cholsey Drifters Gosford All Blacks Harwell Milton Keynes Olney Phoenix Wheatley Berks/Bucks & Oxon Championship honours Bucks/Oxon 2 (1987–1993) Originally known as Bucks/Oxon 2, it was a level 9 league for clubs based in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. Promotion was to Bucks/Oxon 1 and there was no relegation. Bucks/Oxon 2 (1993–1996) The creation of National League 5 South for the 1993–94 season meant that Bucks/Oxon 2 dropped to become a tier 10 league. Promotion continued to","title":"Berks/Bucks & Oxon Championship"},{"docid":"58080959","text":"The 2018–19 Pakistan Premier League was the 61st season of Pakistan domestic football and the 12th season of the Pakistan Premier League, and the first season to be played since 2014–15. The league was ultimately organised by two different federations. Faisal Saleh Hayat-led Pakistan Football Federation, which was internationally recognised, started the league and non-FIFA recognised Ashfaq Hussain Shah group, which formed a parallel PFF in the elections conducted under court orders completed the league after taking charge. Format The season was held in Multan, Karachi and Lahore between 25 September and 11 January 2019, with 16 teams participating (12 PPL teams and 4 winner teams of second-tier playoffs). Each team would get to play each other twice, meaning in a season they would play 30 games. The bottom four teams got relegated to the second tier. The team that finished first would get qualification in the AFC Cup, but AFC denied entry of Pakistani football clubs in 2019 AFC Cup because of incomplete licensing regulations due to absence of footballing activity since the end of 2014-15 season. Teams Promotion and relegation Teams relegated to FFL Baloch Quetta and Pakistan Railways were relegated at the end of 2014–15 season (no league was held until current season). Teams promoted from FFL Pakistan Navy got promoted after winning 2014–15 Pakistan Football Federation League, defeating Baloch Nushki 1–0 in the finals. Teams promoted from PPL Promotion Play-Offs 2018 Civil Aviation Authority, Sui Southern Gas Company, Ashraf Sugar Mills and Sui Northern Gas Company won their matches and promoted to Pakistan Premier League. Stadium and locations Season summary Ashraf Sugar Mills and Pakistan Airlines withdrew from league with former withdrawing after playing first phase in Multan and latter not playing a single match due to financial issues. Baloch Nushki got relegated after failing to win a single match and ended third last in relegation zone with six points from 6 draws. On 9 January 2019, Karachi Port Trust got relegated to Federation League for the first time ever, after they lost 2–0 to Muslim and 12th placed Sui Northern Gas winning their game match 4–3 against Afghan Chaman, leaving Karachi Port Trust 5 points from safe zone with only one match to play. Khan Research Laboratories won the league on the final match day. Pakistan Airforce were sitting at the top of table with 51 points, one point ahead of Sui Southern Gas and three ahead of Khan Research Laboratories, who both had to face each other on final match day. Sui Southern Gas victory would hand them the title and for Khan Research Laboratories, they to beat the Sui Southern Gas by four goals to secure the title. Khan Research Laboratories the last game of the season, defeating title contenders Sui Southern Gas 4–0, finishing first on goal difference ahead of Pakistan Airforce. This is the smallest title winning margin in the history of Pakistan Premier League, with Khan Research Laboratories winning with a goal difference of just +1, as Pakistan Airforce had","title":"2018–19 Pakistan Premier League"},{"docid":"67245997","text":"Mubarak Yussif (; born 29 December 1995) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as defender for Philippine Football League side Manila Digger. Club career Liberty Professionals Mubarik started his career with Liberty Professionals before moving to Ashanti Gold in 2018. On 6 March 2016, he made his debut for Liberty in a 0–0 match against Wa All Stars, playing the full 90 minutes in the process. He made 20 league matches during the 2016 Ghanaian Premier League to help Liberty avoid relegation by 2 points. The following season, he established himself as a starter and played a key role during the 2017 Ghanaian Premier League season. He played in all 30 league matches to help Liberty avoid relegation and place 11th on the league table. Based on his performances, he was linked with Ashanti Gold during the transfer period, later signing for them in 2018. During his time with the club he formed a formidable defensive partnership with Samuel Sarfo. Ashanti Gold In March 2018, Mubarik was signed by Obuasi-based club Ashanti Gold ahead of the 2018 Ghanaian Premier League on a 2-year deal. He was seen as a direct replacement for Abeiku Ainooson and Richard Ocran who had left the club at the end of the 2017 season. He made his debut on 28 March 2018 in a 1–0 win over Karela United, coming on in the 89th minute for Godfred Asiamah. He later went on to appear on the bench in a 1–1 draw match against Bechem United on 31 March 2018, before getting injured in June 2018. He was out on the sidelines for five months, returning in September 2018, when the league had already been abandoned due to the dissolution of the GFA in June 2018, as a result of the Anas Number 12 Expose. He featured for Ashanti Gold during their 2019–20 CAF Confederation Cup campaign. During the 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Special Competition, he featured in 12 out of 13 matches to help Ashanti Gold top group B ahead of city rivals Asante Kotoko and subsequently win Tier 2 of the competition to qualify for the 2020–21 CAF Confederation Cup. On 29 December 2019, he scored his first goal in the Ghana Premier League after scoring from an assist by Richard Osei Agyemang to help Ashanti Gold to an eventual 3–0 win over Accra Great Olympics. On 5 January 2020, he scored the only goal in a match against King Faisal Babes to grant Ashanti Gold all the three points at the Baba Yara Stadium. He played in 14 out of 15 league matches and scored 2 goals in 2019–20 Ghana Premier League season, before the league was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the season he formed a defensive partnership with Ibrahim Samed which regarded as one of the best before the league was truncated. He parted ways with the club upon the expiration of his contract in August 2020. Asante Kotoko In August 2020, after his contract with","title":"Yussif Mubarik"},{"docid":"43663518","text":"Fudbalski klub Krupa (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Крупа) is a professional football club from the town of Krupa na Vrbasu, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club plays its home games on the Krupa na Vrbasu City Stadium, which has a capacity of 3,500 seats. History In the 2013–14 Second League of Republika Srpska season play-off, Krupa got an appearance in the First League of the Republika Srpska for the season 2014–15. After only two years playing in the 2nd tier and after the season 2015–16, the team got promoted for the first time in its history to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the 2017–18 Bosnian Cup, Krupa, led by manager Slobodan Starčević, got to the cup final losing to Željezničar in two matches (2–0 at Sarajevo and 2–4 at Krupa na Vrbasu), thus finishing as runners-up. In the 2018–19 Bosnian Premier League season, Krupa finished on 11th place and it got relegated back to the First League of RS. Then, in the 2019–20 First League of RS season, the club secured promotion back to the Premier League, though after the season was ended abruptly due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by default Krupa finished in 1st place and got promoted. In the 2020–21 Premier League season, Krupa initially avoided relegation to the First League of RS, but were then relegated back to the league due to failing to obtain a license for the Premier League. Honours Domestic League First League of the Republika Srpska: Winners (4): 2015–16, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23 Runners-up (1): 2014–15 Second League of the Republika Srpska: Winners (1): 2013–14 Regional League Banja Luka: Winners (1): 2011–12 Cups Bosnia and Herzegovina Cup: Runners-up (1): 2017–18 Republika Srpska Cup: Runners-up (3): 2014–15, 2017–18, 2018–19 Personnel Coaching staff Management staff Managerial history Slobodan Starčević (24 January 2014 – 31 May 2018) Branislav Krunić (11 June 2018 – 8 October 2018) Petar Kurćubić (8 October 2018 – 9 March 2019) Slobodan Starčević (12 March 2019 – 21 June 2019) Zoran Marić (25 June 2019 – 15 September 2020) Velimir Stojnić (16 September 2020 – 28 October 2020) Siniša Mrkobrada (interim) (28 October 2020 – 13 December 2020) Vladimir Ilić (13 December 2020 – 25 June 2023) References External links FK Krupa at FSRS (archived 12 April 2015) FK Krupa na Vrbasu at Soccerway Krupa Krupa 1983 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina Association football clubs established in 1983","title":"FK Krupa"},{"docid":"44494810","text":"Mohamed Iqbal bin Hamid Hussain (born 6 June 1993), more commonly known as Iqbal Hussain is a Singaporean professional footballer who plays as a winger or striker for the Singapore Premier League club Geylang International and the Singapore national team. Club career Gombak United Iqbal started his career at Gombak United where he scored 2 goals in 7 league games in the 2012 S.League. LionsXII In 2013, He joined Malaysia Super League club LionsXII after Gombak United withdrew from the S.League at the end of the 2012 season. Young Lions Restricted to one league appearance in the 2013 season and in need for match experience leading to the Southeast Asian Games, he was de-registered in April 2013 and joined under-23 developmental side Courts Young Lions in the S.League. He scored a total of 8 goals in 44 games during his 3 years stint with the club. Hougang United In 2016, he joined Hougang United. Although he did not have much playing time due to his National Service, Iqbal worked hard and impressed when he got to play and he even got a recall to the national team in 2016. In total, he finished the season with 6 goals, 8 assists in 24 games across all competitions. He even earned an S.League Goal of the Year nomination. His performances led to a contraction extension into the 2017 S.League season. However, due to his NS commitments, Iqbal was hardly able to make himself available for the Cheetahs, missing huge chunks of the season. After serving his NS in August 2017, Iqbal started featuring more prominently for the club. His efforts paid off as he was offered a contract extension for the 2018 S.League season. Trials at Sukhothai F.C. He went for trials in Thailand where he was offered a contract with Thai League 1 side, Sukhothai. However, the deal collapsed at the last minute. Geylang International He signed for the Eagles for the 2020 Singapore Premier League season and scored twice in his 2nd appearance for the team. Chennai City Iqbal became the first Singaporean to play in the I-League when he signed for Chennai City FC in December 2020. In the final game of the season, Iqbal scored the winner in the 94th minute to help his team finish 2-1 winners over already relegated NEROCA FC for his 3rd goal in 3 games. He scored 3 goals and made 2 assists in 10 games to help his team starve off relegation. Balestier Khalsa After a great stint with the I-League side Chennai City FC in India, Iqbal returned to his home country and signed for the Singapore Premier League side Balestier Khalsa for the remainder of the 2021 season. He made his first start for the Tigers in a 3–2 loss to developmental side Young Lions. Returned to Geylang International After a year of being a free agent, he re joined his former club, Geylang International for the 2023 season. International career Iqbal Hussain was part of the Singapore national under-23","title":"Iqbal Hussain"},{"docid":"54270477","text":"The 2018–19 Danish Superliga season was the 29th season of the Danish Superliga. Midtjylland were the defending champions. The season started on 13 July 2018 and ended on 26 May 2019. Teams FC Helsingør finished as loser in the relegation play-offs in the 2017–18 season and was relegated to the 2018–19 1st Division along with Silkeborg IF, and Lyngby who lost their respective relegation play-offs as well. The relegated teams were replaced by 2017–18 1st Division champions Vejle BK, who returned after nine years of absence, as well as the play-off winners Vendsyssel FF who got promoted to the top division for the first time ever, and Esbjerg fB who returned after a one-year absence. Stadia and locations Personnel and sponsoring Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and Managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Managerial changes Regular season League table Positions by round Results Championship round Points and goals will carry over in full from the regular season. Positions by round Below the positions per round are shown. As teams did not all start with an equal number of points, the initial pre-playoffs positions are also given. Relegation round Points and goals will carry over in full from the regular season. Group A Group B European play-offs The winning team from the 4-team knock-out tournament will advance to a Europa League play-off match. In the final, the team with the most points from the relegation round group stage will host the second leg. If the 2018–19 Danish Cup winner, found on 17 May in the final, is involved in the play-offs, they will be withdrawn, as they will enter the Europa League third qualifying round directly. European play-off match Relegation play-offs The relegation play-offs were streamlined slightly compared to the previous system, essentially doing away with the former first round. The winner of match 1 will finish 11th and stay in the Superliga, while the losers of match 2 will finish 14th and be relegated directly. Top goalscorers Attendances References External links Superliga (uefa.com) Danish Superliga seasons Denmark Superliga","title":"2018–19 Danish Superliga"},{"docid":"60815979","text":"The 2019–20 National League 2 South was the eleventh season (33rd overall) of the fourth tier (south) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the Rugby Football Union officially cancelled the season on 20 March 2020, after an initial postponement of all rugby in England including training. After the cancellation was announced the RFU used a best playing record formula to decide the final table. This meant that Taunton Titans, who were 3 points clear when the league was suspended, were promoted as champions along with runners up Tonbridge Juddians, who went up as the best runner up as they had more considerably more points than 2019–20 National League 2 North runner up Fylde. The relegated teams included Bournemouth, Old Redcliffians and Sutton & Epsom, all of whom had occupied the bottom three spots before league suspension, with 14th placed Sutton & Epsom 13 points behind 13th placed Westcliff and safety. Taunton Titans and Tonbridge Juddians will join the 2021–22 National League 1 (the highest level either club have reached), while Bournemouth and Old Redcliffians drop down to South West Premier and Sutton & Epsom to London & South East Premier. Other interesting news from the season was Taunton's Gary Kingdom who finished as top scorer in the division for the third time, tying him with Worthing Raiders prolific Matthew McLean. An unwanted record was also made with Tonbridge Juddians official attendance of 0 from their game Sutton & Epsom on 21 December 2019 being the lowest ever recorded in a National League 2 South game. This was due to the game being played behind closed doors due to safety concerns caused by flooding. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2020–21 National League 1 and the runners-up play the second-placed team in the 2019–20 National League 2 North with the winner being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either London & South East Premier or South West Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the Midlands regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a loss, however 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match. Participating teams and locations Eleven of the teams listed below participated in the 2018–19 National League 2 South season. The 2018–19 champions Rams and play-off winners Canterbury, who won the promotion play-off against","title":"2019–20 National League 2 South"},{"docid":"57400682","text":"The 2018–19 Western Football League season (known as the 2018–19 Toolstation Western Football League for sponsorship reasons) is the 117th in the history of the Western Football League, a football competition in England. Teams are divided into two divisions; the Premier and the First. The constitution was announced on 25 May 2018. Premier Division The Premier Division consists of 20 clubs, the same as last season, after Street and Melksham Town were promoted to Southern League Division One South & West, and Longwell Green Sports and Wells City were relegated to the First Division. Four new clubs joined: Plymouth Parkway, promoted from the South West Peninsula League. Roman Glass St George, runners-up in the First Division. Shortwood United, resigned from the Southern League West Division. Westbury United, champions of the First Division. League table First Division The First Division consists of 20 clubs, reduced from 22 the previous season, after Roman Glass St George and Westbury United were promoted to the Premier Division, and Almondsbury and Malmesbury Victoria were transferred to the Hellenic League Division One West. Two new clubs joined: Longwell Green Sports, relegated from the Premier Division. Wells City, relegated from the Premier Division. League table Les Phillips Cup Preliminary Round ties were played from 25 September until 2 October 2018. 16 clubs from the First Division and Premier Division, entered at this stage of the competition. First Round ties were played from 30 October until 4 November 2019. All remaining clubs from the First Division and Premier Division, entered at this stage of the competition. December {| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width: 600px; background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:center; font-size:90%\" |- | scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 5.00%; background:silver;\" | Date | scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 36.25%; background:silver;\" | Home team (tier) | scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 12.50%; background:silver;\" | Score | scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 36.25%; background:silver;\" | Away team (tier) | scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 10.00%; background:silver;\" | |- | 30/10/2018 | Welton Rovers (10) | 1-3 | Bridgwater Town (9) | - |- | 30/10/2018 | Shepton Mallet (9) | 4-1 | Shepton Mallet (10) | 45 |- | 30/10/2018 | Buckland Athletic (9) | 3-0 | Longwell Green Sports (10) | 63 |- | 30/10/2018 | Brislington F.C (9) | 4-2 | Warminster Town (10) | 30 |- | 30/10/2018 | Bishop Sutton (10) | 0-2 | Keynsham Town (10) | 72 |- | 30/10/2018 | Ashton & Backwell United (10) | 2-1 | Portishead Town (10) | 35 |- | 30/10/2018 | Chipping Sodbury Town (9) | 5-0 | Shortwood United (9) | 45 |- | 30/10/2018 | Cheddar A.F.C. (10) | 0-5 | Roman Glass St George (9)| 37 |- | 31/10/2018 | Westbury United (9) | 0-3 | Odd Down (Bath) (9) | - |- | 30/10/2018 | Wells City (10) | 2-1 | Bishops Lydeard (10) | 45 |- | 30/10/2018 | Chard Town (10) | 1-2 | Calne Town (10) | 58 |- | 07/11/2018 | Cadbury Heath (9) | 4-3 | Devizes Town (10) | 48 |- | 07/11/2018 | Wellington A.F.C (9) | 0-2","title":"2018–19 Western Football League"},{"docid":"60487605","text":"The 2019–20 National League season, known as the Vanarama National League for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth season under English football's new title of National League, the sixteenth season consisting of three divisions, and the forty-first season overall. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the National League season was initially suspended on 16 March 2020 until at least 3 April. On 31 March, this suspension was extended indefinitely until further notice. On 22 April, clubs voted to end the season, with promotions and relegations still \"under careful consideration\". Due to the knock-on effects of Bury F.C.'s expulsion from EFL League One at the start of the season, it had already been assumed prior to the pandemic that no more than one club instead of the usual two was to be relegated from the English Football League, and that no more than three clubs instead of the usual four were to be relegated from the National division. The cumulative effect that the early termination of the season and Bury's expulsion from the EFL had on the composition of the National League's three divisions would have been determined. On 17 June 2020, Barrow along with Wealdstone and King's Lynn Town were elected champions of their respective divisions after National League clubs voted to decide the final tables on a points-per-game basis. Barrow were therefore promoted to League Two, with Wealdstone and King's Lynn Town promoted to the National League. AFC Fylde considered mounting a legal challenge with support from Ebbsfleet United against their relegations, but ultimately decided against it. Promotion play-offs were held in all three divisions to decide the additional promotion places. The semi-finals took place over the final two weekends of July, and the finals took place on 1 and 2 August. Clubs were expected to conduct and fund a COVID-19 prevention and testing process, and were allowed to decline their place in the competition without penalty if they were unable to fulfil this requirement. On 1 July, the Premier League committed £200,000 to the National League to help fund the conclusion of their season. National League The National League consists of 24 clubs. Promotion and relegation Team changes To National League Promoted from 2018–19 National League North Stockport County Chorley Promoted from 2018–19 National League South Torquay United Woking Relegated from 2018–19 League Two Yeovil Town Notts County From National League Promoted to 2019–20 League Two Leyton Orient Salford City Relegated to 2019–20 National League North Gateshead Relegated to 2019–20 National League South Maidstone United Braintree Town Havant & Waterlooville Stadia and locations Personnel and sponsoring Managerial changes National League table Play-offs Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final Results table Top scorers Monthly awards Each month the Motorama National League announces their official Player of the Month and Manager of the Month. National League North The National League North consists of 22 teams. Team changes To National League North Promoted from 2018–19 Northern Premier League Premier Division Farsley Celtic Promoted from 2018–19 Southern League Premier Division Central Kettering Town King's Lynn","title":"2019–20 National League"},{"docid":"5258430","text":"During the 2006–07 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League. They finished the season in 15th place. Season summary West Ham started the 2006–07 campaign brightly, but slipped down the table due to off-field distractions. They were knocked out from UEFA Cup by the Italian Serie A side Palermo (4–0 on aggregate) and saw themselves dragged into the relegation zone. Eventually an Icelandic consortium led by Eggert Magnússon bought the club on 26 November 2006. Following a poor run of form that left the club in 17th position, despite the signing of big name players Javier Mascherano and Carlos Tevez, the new owners sacked Alan Pardew, replacing him with former West Ham player Alan Curbishley who had recently ended a 15-year spell in charge of Charlton Athletic. West Ham won Curbishley's first game 1–0 at home against Manchester United, but went on to draw at fellow relegation strugglers Fulham, were crushed 6–0 at newly promoted Reading and were knocked out of the FA Cup by the bottom Premiership team, Watford. An end-to-end thriller at home to Tottenham Hotspur ended with West Ham losing 4–3 having been 3–2 in front with minutes to play, but the bright performance signified a change in form. At the same time the signings of Mascherano and Tevez were being investigated by the Premier League, who were concerned that details regarding the transfers had been omitted from official records and whether the influence of MSI, led by Kia Joorabchian, breached Premier League rules regarding third party ownership of players. The media touted the idea that Tevez's contract could be terminated, possibly resulting in a deduction of points for playing an ineligible player. On 27 April 2007, West Ham pleaded guilty and were handed a record £5.5 million fine by the Premier League, but avoided a points deduction. Liverpool's signing of Mascherano was investigated and he was cleared to play after a two-week delay. Following the verdict, Wigan Athletic's chairman Dave Whelan threatened legal action, supported by other relegation-threatened sides including Fulham and Sheffield United, saying \"This is a very serious offence West Ham committed...They broke the law, told blatant lies and should have got a 10-point penalty. If we can sue West Ham or the Premier League, I am sure that will happen.\" Wigan's manager Paul Jewell suggested League officials had intimated they wished to see them relegated. In a period that came to be known by the club's fans as \"The Great Escape\", West Ham avoided relegation by winning seven of their last nine games, including a 1–0 win over Arsenal, and on the last day of the season, defeating the Premiership champions Manchester United 1–0 to finish outside the relegation zone in 15th. Sheffield United, who were relegated, later sued West Ham for up to £30m, and an FA arbitration panel found in their favour. The two clubs settled out of court for an undisclosed sum in 2009. Final league table Squad Left club during season Results Premier League","title":"2006–07 West Ham United F.C. season"},{"docid":"68783809","text":"Roméo Lavia (born 6 January 2004) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Chelsea and the Belgium national team. A product of Anderlecht's academy, he made his professional debut for Premier League side Manchester City in 2021, before being signed by Southampton in 2022. After Southampton's relegation in 2023, he was signed by Chelsea for £53 million. A Belgium youth international, Lavia made his debut for the senior team in 2023. Club career Anderlecht Lavia is a youth product of the Belgian club Anderlecht. He arrived at eight years old at their training centre in Neerpede nearby Brussels. At a local international youth tournament for players under the age of 15, he got noticed for the first time by Pep Guardiola. The Spanish trainer was there on invitation of his Manchester City player Kevin De Bruyne who is co-organiser of this tournament that also bears his name, the KDB Cup. Manchester City At the age of sixteen, Lavia left Anderlecht for Manchester City in the summer of 2020, and signed his first professional contract. He joined the U18s where he quickly stood out. In November that year, after only eleven appearances, Lavia was promoted to the U23 squad. Together with the EDS team, the Belgian youngster won the Premier League 2 championship in April 2021 and was voted player of the season. From the summer of 2021, Lavia started training with the first-team. He earned a selection into squad of the Citizens to play the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League. Lavia made his professional debut at the age of seventeen on 21 September 2021, in the third round of the 2021–22 EFL Cup against Wycombe Wanderers, where he got a yellow card. Southampton On 6 July 2022, Lavia joined Southampton and signed a five-year contract. Although the fee was officially undisclosed, it was reported by BBC Sport to be worth an initial £10.5 million, plus £3.5 million in add-ons. It was also reported that the terms of the deal included a £40 million buy-back clause and a 20% sell-on clause for Manchester City. On 6 August 2022, Lavia made his debut in a 4–1 loss away to Tottenham Hotspur. He scored his first goal on 30 August 2022 in the Saints' 2–1 win over Chelsea, becoming the first player born in 2004 to score in the Premier League. Southampton finished the season at the bottom of the Premier League table, resulting in relegation to the EFL Championship for the 2023–24 season. However, Lavia led all Premier League players under 21 years in combined tackles, interceptions and blocked shots in the 2022–23 season. He was the only teenager in the top flight to have made more than 50 tackles, while his 7.8 ball recoveries per 90 minutes placed him in the top 15 players in the league. Chelsea On 18 August 2023, Lavia joined Chelsea, signing a seven-year contract, for a reported initial fee of £53 million plus add-ons. Lavia rejected an offer from","title":"Roméo Lavia"},{"docid":"60941381","text":"The 2019–20 Liga Leumit was the 21st season as second tier since its re-alignment in 1999 and the 78th season of second-tier football in Israel. A total of sixteen teams contested in the league, including twelve sides from the 2018–19 season, the two promoted teams from 2018–19 Liga Alef and the two relegated teams from 2018–19 Israeli Premier League. Changes from 2018–19 season Team changes Hapoel Kfar Saba and Sektzia Nes Tziona were promoted to the 2019–20 Israeli Premier League. Maccabi Petah Tikva and Bnei Sakhnin were relegated after finishing as the two bottom-placed clubs in the 2018–19 Israeli Premier League. Hapoel Marmorek, and Hapoel Iksal were directly relegated to Liga Alef after finishing in the previous season in last two league places. They were replaced by the top placed teams from each division of 2018–19 Liga Alef, F.C. Kafr Qasim (from South Division) and Hapoel Umm al-Fahm (from North Division). Overview Stadia and locations The club is playing their home games at a neutral venue because their own ground does not meet league requirements. Regular season Results Results by round Position by round Promotion playoffs Relegation playoffs Relegation decider Promotion/relegation playoff The winner of the Relegation decider game , Hapoel Afula, faced Liga Alef promotion play-offs winner Hapoel Marmorek . The match took place on 2 August 2020. See also 2019–20 Toto Cup Leumit References 2019–20 in Israeli football leagues Liga Leumit seasons Isr","title":"2019–20 Liga Leumit"},{"docid":"58061322","text":"Dexter Walters (born 4 December 1998) is an English footballer who plays for side Stratford Town, where he plays as a winger. Playing career Romulus Walters began his career playing for non-league Romulus. Between the age of 16 and 18 years of age, Walters was part of the clubs scholar programme, and managed to break into the first team when he was a second-year scholar. Tamworth On 2 August 2017, Walters signed for National League North side Tamworth, along with Regan Upton and Sam Coulson. Walters made his league debut for Tamworth]three days later, coming on as a substitute for Connor Taylor on the 83rd minute in what turned out to be a 1–0 home defeat at the hands of Bradford (Park Avenue), with the visitors scoring on the 90+7. On 15 February 2018, Tamworth allowed Walters and teammate Regan Upton to join Sutton Coldfield Town on loan to gain some first team football; Walters joined on dual registration, whilst Upton joined on a one-month loan deal. Dexter returned to Tamworth for the final part of the season, and with the club already relegated, played a part in the final game of the season on 28 April 2018. He joined the action on the 61st minute in place of Michael Donohue. Tamworth lost the match 3–0 away to also relegated Gainsborough Trinity. Following on from Tamworth being relegated to Southern League Premier Central, Dexter signed a new one-year contract with the club on 15 June 2018. Coventry City Walters signed a two-year deal with Coventry City on 3 August 2018, initially playing with the under-23 squad. Dexter made his debut in the EFL Trophy on 9 October 2018, coming on as an 82nd minute substitute for Tony Andreu in a game against Forest Green Rovers. In October 2019, Dexter joined Leamington on a youth loan. He was released by Coventry at the end of the 2019–20 season. Return to Tamworth Dexter re-signed for Southern League Premier Division Central side Tamworth on 5 August 2020, following the expiry of his Coventry City contract. Walters made his second debut for Tamworth on 22 September 2020, playing the full match in an FA Cup first round fixture at home to Stourbridge, helping Tamworth come back from 3–1 down to draw 3–3 and force the match to penalties, with Tamworth winning 5–4 on penalties, and progressing to the next round. Dexter made his Southern League Premier Division Central debut on 26 September 2020, and was instrumental in helping Tamworth come from behind to defeat St Ives Town, providing the cross for Jordan Graham to add the third goal, as Tamworth ran out 4–2 winners. Dexter returned to the squad after a short lay off with an injury in a Southern League Premier Division Central fixture at home to Biggleswade Town on 24 October 2020, Walters came on as a 66th minute substitute for Aaron O'Connor and scored his first goal, and Tamworth's third goal in a 3–0 victory for the home side. Dexter agreed","title":"Dexter Walters"},{"docid":"58417496","text":"The 2018–2019 Jordanian Pro League (known as the Al-Manaseer Jordanian Pro League, named after Ziad AL-Manaseer Companies Group for sponsorship reasons) was the 67th season of Jordanian Pro League since its inception in 1944. The season started on 15 August 2018 and finished in May 2019. Al-Wehdat are the defending champions of the 2017–18 season. Al-Salt and Al-Sareeh joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 League Division 1. They replaced Mansheyat Bani Hasan and Al-Yarmouk who were relegated to the 2018–19 League Division 1. Teams Twelve teams will compete in the league – the top ten teams from the 2017–18 season and the two teams promoted from the 2017–18 Division 1. Teams promoted to the 2018–2019 Premier League The first team to be promoted was Al-Salt, following their 0–1 defeat against Al-Sareeh on 8 May 2018. Al-Salt are playing in the Premier League for the first time in their history. They were also promoted as the 2017–18 League Division 1 winners on 15 May 2018, following their 2–0 victory against Al-Arabi. The second team to be promoted was Al-Sareeh, following their 2–0 victory against Sahab on 15 May 2018, the last day of the regular season. Al-Sareeh returned to the Premier League for the first time since the 2016–17 season. Teams relegated to the 2018–19 Division 1 The first team to be relegated was Mansheyat Bani Hasan, following their 2–4 defeat against Shabab Al-Ordon on 26 April 2018, ending their 2-year stay in the top flight. The second team to be relegated was Al-Yarmouk, ending their 1-year stay in the top flight. Stadiums and locations Note: Table lists in alphabetical order. Personnel and kits Managerial changes Foreign players The number of foreign players is limited to 3 per team, and should not be a goalkeeper. League table Results Season progress Statistics Scoring First goal of the season: Bilal Danguir for Al-Baqa'a against Al-Hussein (24 August 2018) Last goal of the season: Ibrahim Al-Jawabreh for Al-Ahli against Al-Baqa'a (9 May 2019) Top scorers Hat-tricks Number of teams by governorates References Jordanian Pro League seasons 2018–19 in Jordanian football Jordan Premier League","title":"2018–19 Jordanian Pro League"},{"docid":"60431216","text":"The 2019–20 East of Scotland Football League (known as the Central Taxis East of Scotland League for sponsorship reasons) was the 91st season of the East of Scotland Football League, and the 6th season as the sixth tier of the Scottish football pyramid system. The season began on 27 July 2019. Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic were the reigning champions but could not defend their title after being promoted to the Lowland Football League. The league reverted to a two-tier setup for the first time since 2015, featuring a Premier Division of 16 teams and a First Division containing two seeded parallel conferences each with 12 teams. On 13 March 2020, the league was indefinitely suspended due to the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak before it was officially curtailed on 24 April 2020. Bo'ness United were declared champions of the Premier Division on a 'points per game' method while Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale and Tynecastle were declared winners of their respective First Division conferences. Teams The following teams changed division after the 2018–19 season. To East of Scotland Football League Relegated from Lowland Football League Whitehill Welfare Transferred from East Superleague Glenrothes Transferred from East Premier League North Kinnoull From East of Scotland Football League Promoted to Lowland Football League Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic Withdrawn Eyemouth United Premier Division Teams The Premier Division contains the top five teams from each of the three Conferences in the 2018–19 season, the best 6th-placed team (Sauchie Juniors) and Whitehill Welfare who were relegated from the Lowland League. Stadia and locations League table Results First Division The teams who did not qualify for the Premier Division, along with Glenrothes, were ranked according to their position and points in each Conference before being assigned into two seeded First Division Conferences A and B. Kinnoull later took the place of Eyemouth, who withdrew from the league. Conference A Stadia and locations League table Conference B Stadia and locations League table Results Teams in each Conference play each other twice, once at home and once away. Teams also play each team from the other Conference once (six home and six away), for a total of 34 games. First Division play-offs Play-offs were due to be held to decide the overall First Division winner, and if necessary the third team to be promoted to the Premier Division. These were subsequently cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Notes Club has an SFA Licence (as of July 2019) and are eligible to participate in the Lowland League promotion play-off should they win the Premier Division. References 6 SCO Scotland","title":"2019–20 East of Scotland Football League"},{"docid":"60431318","text":"The 2018–19 Cymru Alliance, known as the Huws Gray Cymru Alliance for sponsorship reasons, was the 29th and final season of the Cymru Alliance, which is in the second level of the Welsh football pyramid. The league consisted of sixteen teams with the champions promoted to the Welsh Premier League and the bottom team relegated to either the Mid Wales Football League, the Welsh Alliance League or the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area), dependent on the location of that team. The season began on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 27 April 2019. Teams Caernarfon Town were champions in the previous season and were promoted to the Welsh Premier League. They were replaced by Prestatyn Town who were relegated from the Welsh Premier League and Bangor City who were demoted from the Welsh Premier League. The bottom three teams from the previous season, Caersws, Llandudno Junction and Queens Park were relegated to the Mid Wales Football League, the Welsh Alliance League and the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area), respectively. Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) champions, Buckley Town, Welsh Alliance League champions, Conwy Borough and Mid Wales Football League champions, Llanrhaeadr were promoted to the Cymru Alliance. Grounds and locations League table Notes Results References Cymru Alliance seasons 2018–19 in Welsh football","title":"2018–19 Cymru Alliance"},{"docid":"27669317","text":"Wolverhampton Wanderers Women's Football Club, commonly known as Wolves Women, is an English women's football club affiliated with Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. The club play in the FA Women's National League North. History The club began playing in 1975 as Heathfield Rovers. After becoming Wolverhampton & Wednesbury Tube LFC the following season, they later settled on Wolverhampton Ladies. Just before 1993–94 the club got permission from Wolverhampton Wanderers to call themselves Wolverhampton Wanderers Women's Football Club and they were promoted to the FA Women's Premier League National Division that season. However, after two seasons they were relegated back to the Northern Division. Rachel Unitt came through the club's youth system and scored 12 goals in 1999-00 before signing for Everton the following season. In May 2001 Dennis Mortimer was appointed manager. He challenged for promotion in his three seasons in charge but left in 2004, citing work commitments. In 2004–05 Wolves Women were runners-up to Sunderland but star players Emily Westwood and Amy McCann left for Everton during the summer and the club finished sixth in 2005–06. Wolves Women were relegated to the Midland Combination after finishing 11th in 2006–07. In May 2008 the club was boosted by full affiliation with Wolverhampton Wanderers and a partnership with Wolverhampton College. On Thursday 19 April 2012 Wolves Women won the Midland Combination Title gaining promotion back to the Northern Division for the 2012–13 Season. They followed that up with a 2–0 win over rivals Stoke in the League Cup Final to complete the League and cup double. The 2014–15 season for Wolves Women was one to forget. They saw themselves relegated and bottom of the Northern Division. Wolves only managed 8 points from 22 games, and this saw a change in coaching staff at the end of the season. At the start of the 2015–16 season, Steve Cullis was named manager and has been given the aim of promotion back into the Northern Division, as well as developing the youth section of the club. Wolves also withdrew their reserve team from the FA Women's Premier League Reserves (Midlands), the reserves had been playing in the WPL for the past 13 seasons. In October 2016, Cullis moved to a new role of Technical Director for the club's Regional Talent Centre. Tim Dudding was named as his replacement as manager of the Senior squad. Dudding led a successful campaign, resulting in the club's promotion to the Northern Division. After a poor start to the season Dan McNamara took over as First Team Manager in early 2018 and led the team in a relegation battle, just missing out on goal difference after a hard-fought campaign. After the restructure of the women's football pyramid this summer, the team now find themselves in the new FA Women's National League Midlands Division One. For the 2018–19 season the club have introduced a Development Team. At the end of the 2020–21 season, Wolves were promoted via 'upward movement' to the FA Women's National League North. In the subsequent season (2021–22),","title":"Wolverhampton Wanderers W.F.C."},{"docid":"53667484","text":"The 2017–18 season was the 50th season of the Northern Premier League Premier Division, and the eleventh and last season of the Division One North and South. The league sponsors for 2017–18 were Evo-Stik. Premier Division Team changes The following 6 clubs left the Premier Division before the season - Blyth Spartans – promoted to National League North Corby Town – relegated to NPL Division One South Frickley Athletic – relegated to NPL Division One South Ilkeston – relegated to NPL Division One South, and were subsequently wound up in the high court. A New Ilkeston Town Replaced in Midland League Division One. Skelmersdale United – relegated to NPL Division One North Spennymoor Town – promoted to National League North The following 6 clubs joined the Premier Division before the season - Altrincham – relegated from National League North Farsley Celtic – promoted from NPL Division One North Lancaster City – promoted from NPL Division One North Shaw Lane – promoted from NPL Division One South Stalybridge Celtic – relegated from National League North Witton Albion – promoted from NPL Division One South League table Top scorers Up to games played 28 April 2018. Results Play-offs Semi-finals Final Stadia and locations Division One North Team changes The following 3 clubs left Division One North before the season - Burscough – relegated to North West Counties League Premier Division Farsley Celtic – promoted to NPL Premier Division Lancaster City – promoted to NPL Premier Division The following 3 clubs joined Division One North before the season - Atherton Collieries – promoted from North West Counties League Premier Division Skelmersdale United – relegated from NPL Premier Division South Shields – promoted from Northern League Division One League table Top scorers Up to games played 28 April 2018. Results Play-offs Semi-finals Final Stadia and locations Division One South Team changes The following 5 clubs left Division One South before the season - Northwich Victoria – relegated to North West Counties League Premier Division Rugby Town – relegated to Midland League Premier Division Shaw Lane – promoted to NPL Premier Division Witton Albion – promoted to NPL Premier Division AFC Rushden & Diamonds – transferred to Southern League Division One Central The following 5 clubs joined Division One South before the season - Alvechurch – promoted from the Midland League Premier Division Cleethorpes Town – promoted from the Northern Counties East League Premier Division Corby Town – relegated from NPL Premier Division Frickley Athletic – relegated from NPL Premier Division Peterborough Sports – promoted from United Counties League Premier Division League table Top scorers Up to games played 28 April 2018. Results Play-offs Semi-finals Final Stadia and locations Challenge Cup The 2017–18 Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, known as the 17–18 Integro Doodson League Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 48th season of the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, the main cup competition in the Northern Premier League. It was sponsored by Doodson Sport for a seventh consecutive season. 67 clubs from England and","title":"2017–18 Northern Premier League"},{"docid":"57746903","text":"The 2018–19 National League 2 South is the tenth season (32nd overall) of the fourth tier (south) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. At the end of the season, Rams became champions when they won away to Clifton on 6 April 2019, sealing promotion with two games to go. It was a fitting reward for the Berkshire club, who were by far the strongest side in the division. The runners up were Canterbury who claimed second spot after beating off stiff competition from the likes of Tonbridge Juddians and Henley Hawks. Despite finishing 21 points behind Rams, Canterbury's league results were still strong enough to enough to book a home promotion playoff against National League 2 North runners up, Chester. On 4 May 2019, Canterbury defeated Chester 19–10 to join Rams in the 2019–20 National League 1. For both clubs, National League 1 is the highest level they have ever reached since the leagues began back in 1987. At the other end of the table, London Irish Wild Geese became the first team to be relegated after they suffered a heavy loss away to Henley Hawks on 30 March 2019. They were followed a week later by league newcomers Guernsey, who also went down after just one season, following a heavy defeat away to Henley on 6 April 2019. One week later still, Birmingham & Solihull became the third and final team to go down with one round still to play after they lost away to champions, Rams, on 13 April 2019, with a try bonus not enough to keep them up due to results elsewhere. London Irish Wild Geese and Guernsey will drop into London & South East Premier, while Birmingham & Solihull, who had initially been supposed to drop to Midlands Premier, decided to become an amateur club and drop out of the league system altogether. A final point of note was Worthing's Matthew McLean, who once again finished as the league's top scorer – this time for a record-breaking 3rd time. McLean scored 341 points, including 22 tries – an outstanding total for a Worthing side that finished 9th. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2019–20 National League 1 and the runners-up play the second-placed team in the 2018–19 National League 2 North with the winner being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either London & South East Premier or South West Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the Midlands regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a","title":"2018–19 National League 2 South"},{"docid":"54984768","text":"The 2017 Football Queensland season was the fifth season since NPL Queensland commenced as the top tier of Queensland men’s football. Below NPL Queensland was a regional structure of ten zones with their own leagues. The strongest of the zones was Football Brisbane with its senior men’s competition consisting of five divisions. The NPL Queensland premiers qualified for the National Premier Leagues finals series, competing with the other state federation champions in a final knockout tournament to decide the National Premier Leagues Champion for 2017. On 8 December 2016 Football Queensland announced the commencement in 2018 of a 14 team second competition beneath a 14 team NPL Queensland, with promotion and relegation between the two tiers. The 28 clubs selected to participate in NPL Queensland and the FQPL were initially announced on 29 May 2017. The final list of clubs offered licences was made of 3 August 2017, with 12 clubs from Football Brisbane competitions (10 BPL and 2 CL1) to join the Football Queensland leagues in 2018. As a result, on 4 August 2017 Football Brisbane announced the restructure of its men's league for the 2018 season, with most clubs effectively moving up one division. Men's League Tables 2017 National Premier League Queensland The National Premier League Queensland 2017 season was played over 22 matches, followed by a finals series. Finals 2017 Brisbane Premier League The 2017 Brisbane Premier League was the 35th edition of the Brisbane Premier League which has been a second level domestic association football competition in Queensland since the Queensland State League was formed in 2008. Finals 2017 Capital League 1 The 2017 Capital League 1 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 1 as the third level domestic football competition in Queensland. 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 matches. Relegated teams will be part of the 2018 Capital League 1 season, which will be the fourth level domestic competition in Queensland. Finals 2017 Capital League 2 The 2017 Capital League 2 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 2 as the fourth level domestic football competition in Queensland. 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 matches. Relegated teams will be part of the 2018 Capital League 2 season, which will be the fifth level domestic competition in Queensland. Finals 2017 Capital League 3 The 2017 Capital League 3 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 3 as the fifth level domestic football competition in Queensland. 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 matches. Relegated teams will be part of the 2018 Capital League 3 season, which will be the sixth level domestic competition in Queensland. Finals 2017 Capital League 4 The 2017 Capital League 4 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 4 as the sixth level domestic football competition in Queensland. Nine teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 16 matches. Finals","title":"2017 in Queensland soccer"},{"docid":"58550849","text":"The 2018–19 Botswana Premier League was the 42nd season of the Botswana Premier League, the top-tier football league in Botswana, since its establishment in 1978. The season started on 18 August 2018. The league drew an average attendance of 1,300 per match. Season summary Township Rollers won their fourth consecutive Botswana Premier League after a 0–0 draw with Police XI on 27 May 2019. This season also featured the relegation of four-time champions Mochudi Centre Chiefs, who only picked up five points from nine matches late in the season. Team changes Two teams were relegated after one year in the Botswana Premier League, TAFIC F.C. and Uniao Flamengo Santos. They were joined by last place finishers Gilport Lions. They were replaced by First Division North winners BR Highlanders, First Division South winners Notwane F.C., and promotion playoff winners Prisons XI. Teams Stadiums and locations Number of teams by district League table References Botswana Premier League Botswana 2018 in Botswana sport 2019 in Botswana sport","title":"2018–19 Botswana Premier League"},{"docid":"42202232","text":"The 2013–14 Welsh Premier League was the fifth season of the Women's Welsh Premier League, the top level women's football league in Wales. Cardiff City were the defending champions having won their first championship last season. The season was won by Cardiff Met. Ladies. During the winter break Northop Hall Girls withdrew from the league. All results including them were then wiped from the table. Changes from 2012–13 PILCS LFC replaced Caerphilly Castle who got relegated last season. Two instead of one team are relegated after the season. Clubs Standings Results grid League Cup 2014–15 → For the first time a League Cup was played. The new competition was introduced to further develop women's football. In the first round four teams (Port Talbot Town, Aberystwyth Town, Llanidloes Town and Newcastle Emlyn) were drawn to receive a bye to the second round. The final was played on 30 March 2014 on neutral ground at Port Talbot. Cardiff Met. won the title. References External links welshpremier.com welsh-premier.com League at uefa.com 2013-14 Wales Women 2013–14 in Welsh football leagues 1","title":"2013–14 Welsh Premier Women's League"},{"docid":"55286248","text":"Amir Velić (born 28 March 1999) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Premier League of FBiH club Igman Konjic. Club career Early career Velić started off his career at the youth team of Željezničar, after which he was called up to the first team in 2017. He stayed at the first team of Željezničar for one year, until 2018. During that time, he made one appearance for the club, in a 0–2 away win against Radnik Bijeljina on 10 September 2017. He won the Bosnian Cup with Željezničar in the 2017–18 season. He left the club in June 2018. In July 2018, alongside teammate Almir Ćubara, Velić signed with First League of FBiH club Bosna Visoko. He made his debut for Bosna Visoko on 11 August 2018, in a 1–0 away loss against Jedinstvo Bihać. In the 2018–19 First League of FBiH season, with Bosna, Velić got relegated to the Second League of FBiH (Group Center). In July 2019, Velić signed a contract with Orašje. His first appearance for Orašje was on 10 August 2019, in a 1–0 home league win against Rudar Kakanj. Velić then joined Goražde in January 2020. International career Velić played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina U17 and the Bosnia and Herzegovina U19 national teams, making 9 and 5 caps respectively for both teams, but did not score a goal for neither. Career statistics Club Honours Željezničar Bosnian Cup: 2017–18 References External links Amir Velić at Sofascore Amir Velić profile at Soccerpunter 1999 births Living people Footballers from Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina players FK Željezničar Sarajevo players NK Bosna Visoko players HNK Orašje players FK Goražde players FK Igman Konjic players Bosnia and Herzegovina men's youth international footballers Men's association football central defenders","title":"Amir Velić"},{"docid":"57819010","text":"The 2018–19 Welsh Premier League was the 27th and final season of the Welsh Premier League, the highest football league within Wales since its establishment in 1992. The New Saints are the defending champions. The season fixtures were announced on 27 June 2018. The season began on 10 August 2018. Teams play each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups at the end of January 2019 – the top six and the bottom six. The season ended on 26 April 2019. Teams The bottom placed team from the previous season, Prestatyn Town, and Bangor City, were relegated to the Cymru Alliance for the 2018–19 season. Despite finishing 2nd the FAW Club Licensing Appeals Body decided to revoke Bangor City's Tier 1 and UEFA licence meaning that they would automatically drop down to the second level of Welsh football. This meant a reprieve for Carmarthen Town who had finished second bottom and would otherwise have been relegated. Bangor and Prestatyn were replaced by Llanelli Town and Caernarfon Town, champions of the 2017–18 Welsh Football League Division One and 2017–18 Cymru Alliance respectively. Caernarfon Town are playing in the Welsh Premier League for the first time since the 2008–09 season, while Llanelli Town are a new side, replacing the original Llanelli AFC who were relegated at the end of the 2012–13 season and then wound up in the high court. The arrival of Barry Town United the previous season means that both of the former South Wales 'giants' are now back in the Welsh top-flight. In addition, Cardiff Met remain and Carmarthen Town were reprieved, so the balance of power is slowly shifting from what was for a while, an almost predominantly North Wales-based league. Stadia and locations Personnel and kits League table Results Teams play each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups – the top six and the bottom six. Matches 1–22 Matches 23–32 Top six Bottom six UEFA Europa League play-offs Teams that finish in positions third to seventh at the end of the regular season will participate in play-offs to determine the third participant for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, who will qualify for the preliminary round. Semi-finals Final Season statistics References External links League rules Cymru Premier seasons 2018–19 in Welsh football Wales","title":"2018–19 Welsh Premier League"},{"docid":"57624561","text":"Fudbalski klub Zvijezda 09 (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Звијезда 09) is a professional association football club based in Ugljevik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Zvijezda 09 currently plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, following promotion from the First League of the Republika Srpska. The club plays its home matches at the Ugljevik City Stadium, which has a capacity of 5,000 seats. History Zvijezda 09 was founded in 2009, and have consistently risen through the football pyramid of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They played in the seventh tier of football in the 2010–11 season, and then turned out in the country's Premier League with six promotions in eight years. In their first ever Bosnian Premier League season, the 2018–19 season, Zvijezda 09 finished in ninth place, escaping relegation. In the 2019–20 Bosnian Premier League season, the club got relegated back to the First League of RS after finishing in 12th place. Zvijezda 09 was promoted back to the Premier League in the 2022–23 First League of RS season. Honours Domestic League First League of the Republika Srpska: Winners (1): 2017–18 Runners-up (1): 2022–23 Players Current squad Out on loan Managerial history Mladen Obrenović (23 August 2016 – 14 June 2017) Mile Lazarević (15 June 2017 – 13 November 2017) Mladen Obrenović (14 November 2017 – 1 December 2017) Dragan Mićić (28 December 2017 – 26 February 2018) Miodrag Pantelić (26 February 2018 – 6 June 2018) Milan Đuričić (14 June 2018 – 4 September 2018) Darko Nestorović (5 September 2018 – 11 March 2019) Milenko Bošnjaković (18 March 2019 – 27 May 2019) Boris Savić (27 May 2019 – 31 August 2019) Slavoljub Bubanja (6 September 2019 – 6 October 2019) Adnan Zildžović (9 October 2019 – 9 March 2020) Perica Ognjenović (9 March 2020 – 19 June 2020) Zumbul Mahalbašić (20 June 2020 – 4 September 2020) Mladen Obrenović (4 September 2020 – 31 March 2021) Igor Savić (7 April 2021 – 30 June 2021) Zlatko Krmpotić (1 July 2021 – 16 February 2022) Mile Lazarević (21 February 2022 – 1 June 2022) Dženan Hošić (20 June 2022 – 12 September 2022) Srđan Šušić (14 September 2022 – 12 February 2023) Toni Karačić (22 February 2023 – 15 June 2023) Mihajlo Jurasović (19 June 2023 – 15 November 2023) Darko Milisavljević (20 November 2023 – 22 March 2024) Bojan Trkulja (27 March 2024 – present) Notes References External links Association football clubs established in 2009 Zvijezda 09 Zvijezda 09 Ugljevik Bijeljina 2009 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina","title":"FK Zvijezda 09"},{"docid":"1269687","text":"The 2000–01 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the ninth FA Premier League season and the third season running which ended with Manchester United as champions and Arsenal as runners-up. Sir Alex Ferguson became the first manager to win three successive English league titles with the same club. Liverpool, meanwhile, managed a unique cup treble – winning the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. They also finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the Champions League. Nike replaced Mitre as manufacturer of the official Premier League match ball, a contract that has since been extended multiple times, with the most recent renewal made in November 2018 to the end of the 2024–25 season. UEFA Cup places went to Leeds United, Chelsea, Ipswich Town, and Aston Villa, who qualified via the Intertoto Cup. None of the top six clubs in the Premier League had an English manager. The most successful English manager in the 2000–01 Premier League campaign was Peter Reid, whose Sunderland side finished seventh, having spent most of the season challenging for a place in Europe, and briefly occupied second place in the Premier League table. Despite the success achieved by Sir Alex Ferguson and Gérard Houllier, the Manager of the Year Award went to George Burley. The Ipswich Town manager was in charge of a newly promoted side who began the season as relegation favourites and on a limited budget, guided his team to fifth place in the Premier League final table earning a total of 66 points - the highest total in Premier League history for a newly promoted side since the switch to a 20-team format—and a place in the UEFA Cup for the first time in almost 20 years. 2000–01 was perhaps the best season yet for newly promoted teams in the Premier League. Charlton Athletic finished ninth, their highest finish since the 1950s. The only newly promoted team to suffer relegation was Manchester City, who in the space of six seasons had now been relegated three times and promoted twice. Relegated in bottom place were Bradford City, whose return to the top division after almost 80 years was over after just two seasons. The next relegation place went to Coventry City, who were finally relegated after 34 successive seasons of top division football, which had brought numerous relegation battles and league finishes no higher than sixth place. Teams Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The teams that were promoted were Charlton Athletic, Manchester City and Ipswich Town, returning after a top flight absence of one, four and five years respectively. They replaced Wimbledon, Sheffield Wednesday and Watford. They were relegated to the First Division after spending fourteen, nine and one year in the top flight respectively. Stadiums and locations Personnel and kits (as of 14 May 2001) 1 The Dreamcast logo appeared on Arsenal's home and","title":"2000–01 FA Premier League"},{"docid":"53809018","text":"The 2017–18 English Football League (known as the Sky Bet Football League for sponsorship reasons) was the 119th season of the English Football League and was the second under its current name. It began on 4 August 2017 and concluded on 6 May 2018, with the promotion play-off finals at Wembley Stadium on 26–28 May 2018. The EFL is contested through three divisions. The divisions are the Championship, League One and League Two. The winner and the runner up of the Championship will be automatically promoted to the Premier League and they will be joined by the winner of the Championship playoff. The bottom two teams in League Two will be relegated to the National League. Promotion and relegation From the Premier League Relegated to the Championship Hull City Middlesbrough Sunderland From the Championship Promoted to the Premier League Brighton & Hove Albion Newcastle United Huddersfield Town Relegated to League One Rotherham United Wigan Athletic Blackburn Rovers From League One Promoted to the Championship Sheffield United Bolton Wanderers Millwall Relegated to League Two Chesterfield Coventry City Swindon Town Port Vale From League Two Promoted to League One Doncaster Rovers Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Blackpool Relegated to the National League Leyton Orient Hartlepool United From the National League Promoted to League Two Lincoln City Forest Green Rovers Championship Table Play-offs Results League One Table Play-offs Results League Two Table Play-offs Results Managerial changes References 2017-18","title":"2017–18 English Football League"},{"docid":"53984270","text":"The 2016–2017 English Hockey League season took place from September 2016 until April 2017. The regular season consisted of two periods September until December and then February until March. The end of season playoffs known as the League Finals Weekend was held on 22 & 23 April. Surbiton won the Men's Premier League title despite being 3-0 down in the final against Wimbledon with only 10mins to go. Surbiton also won the Investec Women's Premier League as well as finishing top of the regular season league standings, making it their 4th in a row. Whilst Canterbury finished one off the bottom and survived the relegation playoffs for the 3rd time in a row as Loughborough Students were relegated having just got up into the top flight last season. Sevenoaks beat Team Bath Buccaneers and Durham University to secure promotion and go up to the top flight next season in the men's competition. In the women's Reading got relegated and Buckingham beat Wimbledon and Brooklands Poynton to secure promotion, as Bowdon Hightown won the group to keep their place in the Premier League. The Men's Cup was won by Reading with the biggest score difference in 15 years against Canterbury in the final. The Investec Women's Cup was won by Surbiton. Men's Premier Division League Standings Results Women's Investec Premier Division League Standings Results League Finals Weekend Semi-finals 3rd/4th Playoff Due to Wimbledon's finishing fourth in the 2016–17 Euro Hockey League a third team from England is allowed to join the competition meaning a 3rd/4th playoff is necessary. Finals Men's Cup Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final (Held at the Lee Valley Hockey & Tennis Centre on 29 April) Women's Cup Final Promotion Tournaments The winners of the 3 regional conferences and the second to bottom placed team in Premier League play a Promotion Tournament with the top 2 placed teams playing in the Premier League next season while the bottom 2 play in the conference leagues. Men's competition Women's competition References England Hockey League seasons field hockey field hockey England","title":"2016–17 England Hockey League season"},{"docid":"54221355","text":"The 2017–18 National League 2 North is the ninth season (31st overall) of the fourth tier (north) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. On 21 April 2018 Sheffield became the first side to be relegated after losing heavily to promotion chasing Sedgley Park away from home. This meant that Sheffield would equal the unwanted record set by Morley of being the most demoted side in tier 4 (north) history with what was their third relegation from this level since the leagues started in 1987. The championship took a little longer to decide when on 28 April 2018 Sale FC clinched the title by winning 37-5 away to Leicester Lions, with a (rescheduled) game to spare. Sale FC were deserving winners, although runners up Sedgley Park kept the title race going to the wire thanks to their outstanding bonus points tally of 30 (a divisional record), helping Park to the runners up spot and a place in the promotion playoff game. On the same day the second relegation spot was sealed when Blaydon suffered their second successive relegation, losing a tight game 36-40 at Kingston Park to Hinckley. Runners up Sedgley Park failed to join Sale FC in the 2018–19 National League 1 after they lost 30-41 away to 2017–18 National League 2 South runners up Chinnor in the promotion play-off game played on 5 May 2018. Due to poor weather causing delays to the end of the season it took till 12 May 2018 to determine the final relegation spot with Luctonians losing 21-22 to champions Sale FC at home in their re-arranged fixture, condemning the Herefordshire side to the drop, 3 points below 13th placed Wharfedale, who could have gone down instead had Luctonians won via a bonus point. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2018–19 National League 1 and the runners up play the second-placed team in the 2017–18 National League 2 South with the winner also being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either North Premier or Midlands Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the southern regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a loss, however 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match. Participating teams and locations Eleven of the teams listed below participated in the 2016–17 National League 2 North season. The 2016–17 champions, Caldy, were promoted into the","title":"2017–18 National League 2 North"},{"docid":"15962128","text":"Nakhon Pathom United Football Club (), formerly known as Nakhon Pathom Football Club (), is a Thailand professional football club based in Nakhon Pathom province and currently play in Thai League 1. Their home stadium is Nakhon Pathom Municipality Sport School Stadium. In 2008 season, the club finished at 9th place which became the highest league position in the club history. In 2018, The club-licensing of this team didn't pass to play 2018 Thai League 2 and the team was relegated to the 2018 Thai League 4 Western Region. In 2023, Nakhon Pathom United won the Thai League 2 as champions for the first time in the club history and come back to the Thai League 1 after 14 years. History 1999–2006: Formation and early years Nakhon Pathom F.C. was founded in 1999, the club started playing in the Thailand Provincial League. In 2004, Nakhon Pathom finished the season on a mid-table in the league. In the year 2005 it was the first time a place among the top three will be achieved and promote to the Thai Premier League was narrowly missed. 2007–2009: Promotion to the top flight A year later, the result could be repeated. But the club was allowed to ascend to the highest league in Thailand, as was the second-placed a reserve team of Port FC. The association brought not only as a \"provincial team,\" a new impetus in the league. But also the fans who traveled to away games and many were present at the home games. Nakhon Pathom was another club as well as Chonburi and Suphanburi the club in the Premier League who did not came from the capital Bangkok. The first season in the Premier League, the club was able to finish in 11th place and boosted its bottom line a year later at number nine. For the 2009 season was the first time be with Michael Aspin and Michael Thomas Byrne committed two players from Great Britain, Both had already played together in England at Northwich Victoria. 2010–2016: Relegation and suspension Nakhon Pathom were suspended for two years following the final playoff game of the 2010 season after a fracas in the penultimate game of the playoffs with Sisaket, a game that NP had to win to ensure that they would be promoted. The club are set to return to Division 1 for the 2013 campaign after serving their two-year punishment. 2017–2022: Sukkoki years and resurgence In 2017, Nakhon Pathom United administratively relegated to 2018 Thai League 4 by FA Thailand because the club did not send documents about club licensing in time. After the club relegation to Thai League 4, Thongchai Sukkoki was hired as the club's coach. The club started again in the Tier 4 league by creating a new team and searching for young players from the initial selection of footballers, with only three players left from the previous season. Nakhon Pathom went on to won the 2018 Thai League 4 Western Region. In 2019, Thongchai Sukkoki won","title":"Nakhon Pathom United F.C."},{"docid":"54321203","text":"The 2017–18 Welsh Premier League was the 26th season of the Welsh Premier League, the highest football league within Wales since its establishment in 1992. The New Saints are the defending champions. The season fixtures were announced on 23 June 2017. The season began on 11 August 2017 and concluded in April 2018; the Europa League play-offs followed afterwards. Teams played each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups at the end of January 2018 – the top six and the bottom six. On 26 April 2018 the FAW Club Licensing Appeals Body decided to revoke Bangor City's Tier 1 and UEFA licence meaning that they would automatically drop down to the second level of Welsh football the next season and would not be able to compete for a place in the following season's Europa League. Teams The bottom two placed teams from the previous season, Rhyl and Airbus UK Broughton were relegated to the Cymru Alliance for the 2017–18 season. They were replaced by Barry Town United and Prestatyn Town, champions of the 2016–17 Welsh Football League Division One and 2016–17 Cymru Alliance respectively. Barry Town United are playing in the Welsh Premier League for the first time since the 2003–04 season, while Prestatyn Town were returning to the top flight after being relegated in the 2014–15 season. Stadia and locations League table Results Teams play each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups – the top six and the bottom six. Matches 1–22 Matches 23–32 Top six Bottom six UEFA Europa League play-offs Teams that finish in positions third to seventh at the end of the regular season will participate in play-offs to determine the third participant for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, who will qualify for the preliminary round. However, due to Bangor City's expulsion, there was just one semi-final, with fifth place Cefn Druids gaining a bye to the final after Bala Town (who had finished 4th) took Bangor's place. Semi-final Final Season statistics Scoring Top scorers References External links League rules Cymru Premier seasons 2017–18 in Welsh football Wales","title":"2017–18 Welsh Premier League"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"12560559\",\n \"text\": \"Saša Kajkut (Serbian Cyrillic: Саша Кајкут; born 7 July 1984) is a Bosnian retired professional footballer who played as a striker. Club career As a teenager, Kajkut played for hometown team Omladinac Banja Luka, after which he moved to Borac Banja Luka where he started his professional career. After that, Kajkut played for Croatian 2. HNL teams Zadar and Pomorac. One of his remarkable memorable moment in his career is connected to the 2nd leg match for Sheriff Tiraspol against a team from Andorra in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round. He first passed the ball to Wilfried Balima for scoring Sheriff's lead of 0–1 in the 68th minute (just 3 minutes after he entered the game), and then scored his first goal for the new team in the 77th minute. Kajkut created history in just 12 minutes, as he became the first ever player from Banja Luka scoring in an official Champions League match. With this extraordinary performance he became one of the favourite players for Sheriff fans though he only stayed there for one single season after that game. After Sheriff, Kajkut went back to Borac, after which he played for Baku, again for Borac and Čelik Zenica. On 31 December 2013, he signed with South China permanently after a successful trial. On 18 August 2015, PAE Kerkyra, for who Kajkut played at the time, was dismissed by Superleague Greece for fake shareholds transfers. The club got relegated to Football League and Kajkut was eventually released by the club. He was approached directly Veria and agreed to join it on 19 August 2015. His yearly wages at Veria were €100,000. Kajkut was officially announced as Veria's player on 28 August 2015. He debuted on 12 September 2015, in a 3–0 home defeat against PAOK. He scored his first goal for Veria with a penalty kick in a Greek Cup match against Atromitos. After Varia, Kajkut once again went back to Bosnia and played for Krupa, Zrinjski Mostar and Željezničar. In June 2018, for a fourth time in his career, Kajkut signed with Borac. In the 2018–19 First league of RS season, with Borac, he won the league title and got promoted back to the Bosnian Premier League. Kajkut finished his career at Borac in January 2021. International career Kajkut made his first and only international appearance for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 June 2009, a 0–0 away friendly match draw against Uzbekistan, coming in as a 46th minute substitute for Emir Hadžić. Honours Sheriff Tiraspol Divizia Națională: 2007–08 Moldovan Super Cup: 2007 Borac Banja Luka First League of RS: 2018–19 Republika Srpska Cup: 2008–09, 2011–12 South China Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield: 2013–14 Zrinjski Mostar Bosnian Premier League: 2016–17 Željezničar Bosnian Cup: 2017–18 Individual Awards Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season: 2012–13 References External links 1984 births Living people Footballers from Banja Luka Men's association football forwards Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers Bosnia and Herzegovina men's international footballers FK Borac Banja Luka players NK Karlovac\",\n \"title\": \"Saša Kajkut\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53908252\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 South West Peninsula League season is the eleventh in the history of the South West Peninsula League, a football competition in England, that feeds the Premier Division of the Western Football League. The league had been formed in 2007 from the merger of the Devon County League and the South Western League, and is restricted to clubs based in Cornwall and Devon. The Premier Division of the South West Peninsula League is on the same level of the National League System as the Western League Division One. The constitution was announced on 26 May 2017. Premier Division The Premier Division features 20 teams, the same as the previous season, after St Blazey were relegated to Division One East, and Tiverton Town Reserves left the league. Three new clubs joined the league: Sticker, promoted from Division One West. Stoke Gabriel, promoted from Division One East. Reserve sides are not eligible for promotion to Step 5. Any Step 6 club without ground grading Grade G were to be relegated to Step 7. Godolphin Atlantic and Stoke Gabriel passed the ground grading requirements with a dispensation that certain works had to be completed by 30 September 2018, or those clubs will face a financial penalty. Potential demotion at the end of next season would result if they were not compliant by 31 March 2019. Stoke Gabriel subsequently sought voluntary demotion because they announced that their groundworks would not be ready by the deadline. All step 6 leagues were to be fixed at a maximum of 20 clubs for 2018–19. Only Plymouth Parkway applied for promotion to Step 5. League table Division One East Division One East features 18 clubs, the same as the previous season, after Stoke Gabriel were promoted to the Premier Division and Exwick Villa were relegated: Honiton Town, promoted from the Devon & Exeter League. Ilfracombe Town, promoted from the North Devon League. Galmpton United changed their name to Galmpton & Roselands. Totnes & Dartington resigned from the league before the season started, but were not replaced. Crediton United, Ilfracombe Town and Newton Abbot Spurs applied for promotion to the Premier Division. All three passed the ground grading, but Newton Abbot later withdrew their application. Division One West Division One West features 18 clubs, the same as the previous season, after Sticker were promoted to the Premier Division, Vospers Oak Villa were relegated, and two new clubs joined: Ludgvan, promoted from the Cornwall Combination. St Blazey, relegated from the Premier Division. Penryn Athletic resigned from the league before the season started, but were not replaced. Elburton Villa, Liskeard Athletic, Millbrook, Mousehole, Porthleven, St Blazey, St Dennis, Wadebridge Town and Wendron United have applied for promotion to the Premier Division. St Blazey failed the ground grading; Millbrook, Mousehole, St Dennis and Wendron passed with dispensation, and the others passed. Promotion from feeder leagues for 2018–19 Several clubs have applied for promotion to the SWPL for the 2018–19 season. Their success will depend on finishing in the top three in\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 South West Peninsula League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"61301300\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Khuzestan Premier League season was the 19th season of the Khuzestan Premier League which took place from September 7, 2018, to April 26, 2019, with 16 teams competing from the province of Khuzestan. This was the second year that the league played with 16 teams. Teams played home and away with one another each playing 28 matches. Eftekhar Shushtar finished the season on top of the standings and was promoted to division 3 of the Iranian football system. Meanwhile, with Esteghlal Veys' withdrawal from the league, they will be relegated to the Khuzestan Division 1 along with last place finishers Esteghlal Abadan. League changes During week 4 of the season, Esteghlal Veys did not take the field against Jonub Susangerd due to monetary issues. The team officially withdrew from the league prior to the start of week 5 matches. The league continued with the remaining 15 teams and Esteghlal's results were removed from league records. Week 30 was scheduled to take place prior to the New Year, however, due to bad weather conditions, the league cancelled 4 matches while playing only those matches that would alter the league champion and the team being relegated. Teams Final standings Results See also 2018–19 Azadegan League 2018–19 League 2 2018–19 League 3 2018–19 Hazfi Cup 2019 Iranian Super Cup References 1 Iran Khuzestan Premier League\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Khuzestan Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56009073\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 Israeli Basketball Premier League, for sponsorship reasons Ligat Winner, was the 64th season of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. Hapoel Jerusalem is the defending champion. Competition format Twelve teams took part in the regular season, where they played against each other four times home-and-away in a double round-robin format. The first eight qualified teams advanced to the playoffs. The last qualified team was relegated to the Liga Leumit. The regular season started 8 October 2017. Teams Ironi Nes Ziona has been promoted to the league after winning 2016–17 National League, and comes back just one year after their relegation. Maccabi Kiryat Gat, who finished in last place during the 2016–17 season, relegated to the Liga Leumit Stadia and locations Personnel and sponsorship Managerial changes Regular season In the regular season, teams play against each other at least three times home-and-away in double a round-robin format. The six first qualified teams advance to the playoffs. The regular season started on 8 October 2017. Standings Players strike On May 22, 2018, the Israeli Basketball Players Association announced a strike after the league introduced a rule, which enforced the teams to have at least two Israeli players on court at the same time. On May 24, the league announced that the season would be ended with one regular season game remaining and that no playoffs would be held due to the ongoing strike. However, on May 25, 2018, the Israeli League Management have reached an agreement with the Israeli Basketball Players Association and the strike ended. Play-offs |} Source: Ligat Winner Final Four Clubs in European competitions Final standings All-Star Game The 2018 Israeli League All-star event was held on March 2, 2018, at the Menora Mivtachim Arena in Tel Aviv. The International team won the game 137–122. The MVP of the game was Pierre Jackson who scored 18 points along with 6 assists. Corey Webster won the Three-Point Shootout and Jaron Johnson won the Slam Dunk Contest. Rosters Game Three-point shootout Source: Basket.co.il Slam Dunk Contest Source: Basket.co.il Statistical leaders | style=\\\"width:50%; vertical-align:top;\\\"| Assists |} |} | style=\\\"width:50%; vertical-align:top;\\\"| Efficiency |} |} Other statistics Source: Basket.co.il Individual game highs Source: RealGM Awards Yearly awards Regular season MVP Source: basket.co.il Finals MVP Source: basket.co.il All-Israeli League Teams Source: basket.co.il Coach of the Year Source: basket.co.il Quarterfinals MVP Source: basket.co.il Best Defender Source: basket.co.il Most Improved Player Source: basket.co.il Sixth Man of the Year Source: basket.co.il Rising Star Source: basket.co.il Monthly Awards Player of the Month Israeli Player of the Month Coach of the Month MVP of the Round Average attendances Included playoffs games. See also 2017–18 Israeli Basketball State Cup 2017 Israeli Basketball League Cup References Israeli Basketball Premier League seasons Israeli Basketball\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Israeli Basketball Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10302092\",\n \"text\": \"Guiseley Association Football Club Vixens was a women's football club. They were founded in 1993 by Martin Cockerill as Meanwood Vixens, before becoming Leeds City Vixens and later Guiseley Vixens. History The club was established in 1993 by Martin Cockerill and his children. At first it was called Meanwood Vixens but it grew into what is now known as Leeds City Vixens. Immediately the team made a name for itself and grew as part of the Sheffield and District Girl's League, winning the u12's, u14's and u16's . Leeds City Vixens open age played in the Yorkshire & Humberside League. In the season 1999–2000 they finished 2nd with 51 points. In 2000–01 they got 41 points and finished 5th. In 2001–02 they finished 10th with 16 points. In 2002–03 they finished 5th with 27 points and got promoted to the next tier. They started playing in the Northern Combination League for the 2003–04 season. A bad finish left them 10th at the end of the season and they were relegated back down. At the end of the 2004–05 season, they finished top of the Yorkshire & Humberside League which brought them back up to the Northern Combination, where they remain. In the 2005–06 season they finished 2nd. In the 2006–07 season they finished 2nd and came close to promotion. Over the course of the season they won 15 games, drew 4 games, and lost 2 games. The 2007–08 season saw a change in venue for the team. They now play at the same ground as Yorkshire Amateur A.F.C. and finally won promotion in 2008–09, finishing as champions of the Northern Combination Women's Football League. Guiseley merged with Leeds City Vixens in 2014–15 to become Guiseley Vixens and under the management of John Shirt they went on to win the Women's Premier League Division One (North) The following season with many players departing and under new management Guiseley struggled to cope in the Premier League and were relegated on the last game of the season drawing 2–2 with Newcastle United when needing to win for survival In 2017 a new management team took over with Glen Preston (formerly in charge of Huddersfield Town) and Kyle O'Reilly (Former Huddersfield Town Development Manager) spearheading the charge. They went on to win the Premier League One at the first time of asking and by a record margin (16 points) losing only one game all season. In 2018 Guiseley got off to the worst start imaginable at the half way stage of the season they had not won one game, they were sitting bottom of the Premier League 11 points from safety. But in the second half of the season the Vixens rallied together and produced a great escape to survive on the last day of the season beating Huddersfield 2–1. To cap off this achievement they also ended Bradford City's five-year reign of the County Cup beating them 3–1 at Fleet Lane to mark off a very successful season. The club was liquidated at\",\n \"title\": \"Guiseley A.F.C. Vixens\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6499088\",\n \"text\": \"Al-Kahrabaa Sports Club () is an Iraqi professional sports club based in Rusafa District, Baghdad, and is known for its football team that competes in the Iraq Stars League. History Al-Kahrabaa Sports Club was founded on 21 July 2001 by Saad Abdul Hamed Al-Khatib (who was the first ever chairman) in the Ministry of Electricity. They were promoted to the Iraqi Premier League for the first time for the 2004–05 season where they remained until they got relegated to the Iraqi First Division League in 2013. They were promoted back to the Premier League at the first attempt under coach Shaker Mahmoud, where they have remained since. During the 2017–18 season, Al-Kahrabaa finished fifth, their best league position in history, which they later equalled in the 2022–23 season. Al-Kahrabaa reached the final of the 2018–19 Iraq FA Cup for the first time in their history after beating Al-Talaba 3–0 in the semi-finals, but lost the final against Iraqi giants Al-Zawraa 1–0 at the national Al-Shaab Stadium. Al-Kahrabaa reached the final of the Iraq FA Cup again in the 2021–22 season, but were beaten 2–1 by Al-Karkh. AFC Cup debut Al-Kahrabaa finished the 2022–23 Iraqi Premier League in fifth place but since they have the license for the competition, they qualified for their first ever 2023–24 AFC Cup debut. Current squad First-team squad Out on loan Current technical staff {| class=\\\"toccolours\\\" !bgcolor=silver|Position !bgcolor=silver|Name !bgcolor=silver|Nationality |- bgcolor=#eeeeee |Manager:||Luay Salah|| |- |Assistant manager:||Usama Ali|| |- bgcolor=#eeeeee |Goalkeeping coach:||Jalil Zaidan|| |- |Fitness coach:||Haider Abdul Qadir|| |-bgcolor=#eeeeee |Team analyst:||Alaa Abd Aon|| |- |Reserve coach:||Adnan Abdullah|| |- |U-19 coach:||Ali Wali|| |- |Technical advisor:||Abbas Attiya|| |- |Director of football:||Hussein Zahrawi|| |- |Managing director:||Juma Jaber|| |- |Administrative director:||Habib Jabbar|| |-bgcolor=#eeeeee |Club doctor:||Qasim Mowhi|| |- Managerial history Since the club’s promotion to the Iraqi Premier League for the first time in 2004–05 fifteen coaches have led the team: Nabil Zaki Adil Abdul-Ridha Nazar Ashraf Younis Abid Ali Rajah Mohammed Bassim Mohammed Nabil Zaki Shaker Mahmoud Naeem Saddam Sabah Abdul Hassan Karim Farhan Shaker Mahmoud Hassan Ahmed Nabil Zaki Shaker Mahmoud Ali Hadi Khalid Mohammed Sabbar Younis Al Qattan Abbas Attiya Khalid Mohammed Sabbar Abbas Attiya Ahmed Salah Alwan Luay Salah Honours Iraq FA Cup Runners-up (2): 2018–19, 2021–22 Other sports Basketball Iraqi Basketball Premier League: Champions (2): 2005–06, 2012–13 References External links Team profile on Goalzz Sport in Baghdad 2001 establishments in Iraq Association football clubs established in 2001 Football clubs in Baghdad\",\n \"title\": \"Al-Kahrabaa SC\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54932722\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018 Football West season was the fifth season under the current competition format in Western Australia. The NPL premiers Perth SC qualified for the National Premier Leagues finals series. Pre-season changes League Tables 2018 National Premier Leagues WA This was the last season using a 14-team format. The bottom 3 teams (which was subject to eligibility requirements) at the end of the season were relegated to the State League 1. Perth Glory Youth was ineligible to receive prize monies in the end of season Top 4 Cup competition. Finals The Top Four Cup is played as a finals competition at the conclusion of the regular season. 2018 WA State League 1 The 2018 WA State League 1 was composed of 11 teams playing 20 games over a 22 round season. Rockingham City as Champions were promoted to the National Premier Leagues WA, as they met eligibility criteria. The 9th and 10th placed clubs played in a two-legged promotion/relegation playoff, whilst the last placed team (Joondalup City) were directly relegated to State League Division Two. Promotion/relegation play-off 2018 WA State League 2 The 2018 WA State League 2 was composed of 11 teams playing 20 games over a 22 round season. 2018 Women's Premier League The highest tier domestic football competition in Western Australia is known as the BankWest Women's Premier League for sponsorship reasons. The 8 teams play each other three times, for a total of 21 matches over the regular season. Top Four Cup 2018 State Cup Western Australian soccer clubs competed in 2018 for the Football West State Cup. Clubs entered from the National Premier Leagues WA, the two divisions of the State League, a limited number of teams from various divisions of the 2018 Amateur League competition, and from regional teams from the South West, Goldfields, and Great Southern regions. This knockout competition was won by Armadale SC, their 1st title. The competition also served as the Western Australian Preliminary rounds for the 2018 FFA Cup. In addition to the A-League club Perth Glory, the two finalists – Armadale and Gwelup Croatia – qualified for the final rounds, entering at the Round of 32. References External links Football West Official website Soccer in Western Australia Football West 2018\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Football West season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1877939\",\n \"text\": \"Yossi Shai Benayoun (; born 5 May 1980) is an Israeli former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Israel and England and captained the Israel national team. Born in Dimona, he is sometimes nicknamed \\\"The Diamond from Dimona\\\" in Israel. As of 2023, he has been the sporting director of the Israel national team. Benayoun played for Hapoel Be'er Sheva and Maccabi Haifa before moving to Racing de Santander in Spain. Three years later he moved to the Premier League with West Ham United, and later Liverpool. In 2010, he signed for Chelsea, where he was used rarely, being loaned to Arsenal and back to West Ham, but nonetheless won the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. After that, he was released by the club and spent a season in the Football League Championship with Queens Park Rangers before returning to Maccabi Haifa. A full international for twenty years from 1998 to 2018, Benayoun is Israel's most capped player of all time with 102 caps, and their joint third top scorer with 24 international goals. Benayoun holds the position of sporting director for Beitar Jerusalem, the club that he last played for. Early life Benayoun was born in Dimona, Israel, to a family of Sephardic Moroccan Jewish descent. His father Dudu Benayoun was a footballer who played for Hapoel Dimona as well. Youth career Jason Burt of The Independent reports that Benayoun's talent was spotted at the age of nine. At the age of 11 he was labelled a genius, and by 13, his face appeared on the cover of Israeli magazines. Benayoun began to play with Hapoel Be'er Sheva. To attend training, he hitchhiked the 60 km roundtrip with his father. When he was 15, Ajax invited Benayoun and his family to the Netherlands. By his 16th birthday, he was the Ajax youth team's highest scorer and best player, and Ajax duly offered Benayoun a four-year professional contract. However, Benayoun and his family found the adjustment to Amsterdam difficult, and they returned to Israel after eight months. Club career Hapoel Be'er Sheva At the age of 16, he was promoted to the Hapoel Be'er Sheva senior team for the 1997–98 Liga Leumit, but could not prevent the club from being relegated to Israel's second division. In the last match of the season against Maccabi Haifa, Benayoun got a penalty kick in the 90th minute. Haifa's goalkeeper, Nir Davidovich, saved the shot but Benayoun scored the rebound to give his team the win. However, their relegation rival had won their match, meaning that his team would be relegated nonetheless. Seconds after scoring, while celebrating the winning and what he thought to be a league survival goal, Benayoun found out about the relegation and burst into tears. Benayoun finished as the league's joint fourth-leading goalscorer that season, with 15 goals in 25 appearances. Maccabi Haifa After that season, Benayoun moved to Maccabi Haifa in a deal signed by Ya'akov Shahar (Maccabi Haifa's president) and Eli\",\n \"title\": \"Yossi Benayoun\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2618243\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Hei Sports Club () is a Hong Kong professional football club which currently competes in the Hong Kong Second Division. The club has a long history in playing in the top flight, but decided to self-relegate in the 2013–14 season after declining to participate in the newly established Hong Kong Premier League. History Sun Hei entered the Hong Kong First Division under the name Golden () in the 1994–95 season. In 1996, Golden under the name Golden XI played against England. England was in Hong Kong preparing for the UEFA Euro 1996 later in the summer. It was in Hong Kong that Paul Gascoigne's famous dentist chair incident took place. After securing the sponsorship of Xiangxue Pharmaceutical, the club competed in the league under the team name Xiangxue Sun Hei () from 2005–07. In the season 2004–05, Sun Hei achieved The Quadruple, winning all four senior football competitions, including the Hong Kong First Division League, the Senior Shield, the League Cup and the FA Cup. In the 2005 AFC Cup, Sun Hei also got through to the semi-finals stage, the best result for a Hong Kong football club in the competition to date. In season 2007–08, Sun Hei changed the club name to Convoy Sun Hei () as the club obtained sponsorship from Convoy Financial Services, a Hong Kong financial service company. In the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, Sun Hei used Tsing Yi Sports Ground as their home ground. In season 2011–12, the team changed its name to Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei due to sponsorship from Sunray Cave and JC Group, a company owned by Jackie Chan. The team used Mong Kok Stadium as its home ground for this season, but moved back to Tsing Yi Sports Ground for the 2013–14 season. As Sun Hei refused to take part in the NOW TV broadcast agreement, it did not have its home games shown live on Now TV, its personnel was not to be interviewed, it did not share any potential TV income and its sponsors' names were not mentioned on Now TV broadcasts. In the 2009–10 season, Sun Hei starts using Tsing Yi as their home ground. The first home match against a local strong team, Kitchee, has attracted around 1,200 fans. It is the highest percentage home attendance in this season. In the 2013–14 season, Sun Hei decided to self-relegate at the end of the season after declining to participate in the newly established Hong Kong Premier League. During the 2016–17 season, Sun Hei captured their first league title in over ten years winning the title by one point over Wong Tai Sin. However, they declined promotion to the Hong Kong Premier League at the end of the season due to financial difficulties. A year after winning the First Division, Sun Hei were relegated following a 13th place finish in the 2017–18 season. The club finished at the bottom of the table in the 2018–19 season and were relegated to the Hong Kong Third Division. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Hei SC\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57742844\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 National League 2 North is the tenth season (32nd overall) of the fourth tier (north) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. Hull Ionians finished as champions following a bonus point home victory Leicester Lions on 13 April 2019, which sealed the league title with one round still to go. It was Ionians third National League 2 North title, equalling the record set by Macclesfield. It was a competitive league battle, with four teams looking like they could win but in the end Hull Ionians just did enough to claim the title, 4 points ahead of second placed Chester, who qualified for the promotion play-off. On 4 May 2019, Chester lost 10–19 away to National League 2 South runners up, Canterbury. That result meant that only Ionians would be promoted from the division, joining the 2019–20 National League 1 after just one season away. At the other end of the table, newcomers Peterborough Lions were the first side to be relegated on 9 March 2019, with five games still to play, after they lost at home to Preston Grasshoppers. A week later a win for Sheffield Tigers on 6 April ensured the Sheffield based clubs safety, whilst condemning both Macclesfield and South Leicester to the drop, despite South Leicester winning their fixture away from home. Peterborough Lions and South Leicester would drop into Midlands Premier, while Macclesfield would fall to North Premier. Another interesting fact from the season was the lowest ever recorded attendance in National League 2 North of just 37 who attended South Leicester's home game against Sedgley Park on 30 March 2019. South Leicester also set an overall low attendance record for the division, averaging just 85 supporters per game. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2019–20 National League 1 and the runners up play the second-placed team in the 2018–19 National League 2 South with the winner also being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either North Premier or Midlands Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the southern regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a loss, however 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match. Participating teams and locations Twelve of the teams listed below participated in the 2017–18 National League 2 North season. The 2017–18 champions Sale FC were promoted into the 2018–19 National League 1, replacing\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 National League 2 North\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57747694\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season was the club's fourth season back in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia, since their relegation at the end of the 2013–14 season. Anzhi finished the season 15th in the league, being relegated back to the Russian Football National League, whilst they were knocked out of the Russian Cup at the Round of 16 stage by Spartak Moscow. Season events With manager Vadim Skripchenko's contract expiring at the end of the 2017–18 season, was replaced by Magomed Adiyev on 4 June 2018 Anzhi Makhachkala were initially relegated at the end of the 2017–18 season, but FC Amkar Perm announced on 13 June that the Russian Football Union had recalled their 2018–19 license, making them ineligible for the Russian Premier League or Russian Football National League. Anzhi then re-applied for their Premier League membership on 15 June, with their admission to the 2018–19 Russian Premier League being confirmed on 22 June. On 10 May 2019, following a 0-1 defeat to Arsenal Tula, their relegation back to the Russian Football National League was confirmed. Squad Out on loan Transfers In Out Loans in Loans out Released Friendlies Competitions Russian Premier League Results by round Results League table Russian Cup Squad statistics Appearances and goals |- |colspan=\\\"14\\\"|Players away from the club on loan: |- |colspan=\\\"14\\\"|Players who left Anzhi Makhachkala during the season: |} Goal scorers Disciplinary record References External links Official website Fans' website A fan is a club Anji FC Anzhi Makhachkala seasons Anzhi Makhachkala\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"62378753\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018 Tyrone Senior Football Championship is the 113th edition of Tyrone GAA's premier gaelic football tournament for clubs in Tyrone Senior Football League Division 1. 16 teams compete with the winners receiving the O'Neill Cup and representing Tyrone in the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship. Omagh St. Enda's were the defending champions after they defeated Errigal Ciarán in the 2017 final. However the defence of their title came undone at the quarter-final stage when losing to eventual finalists Killyclogher St. Mary's. Moy Tír na nÓg, Derrylaughan Kevin Barry's and Aghyaran St. Davog's returned to senior championship football in 2018. Galbally Pearses made the drop back down to the Intermediate ranks when finishing bottom of the 2018 S.F.L. They were followed by Pomeroy Plunkett's who lost their S.F.L. Relegation Playoff after a replay to Aghyaran St. Davog's, who in turn then lost their SFL/IFL promotion/relegation playoff also after a replay to Dungannon Thomas Clarke's. I.F.C. champions Tattyreagh St. Patrick's and I.F.L. champions Eglish St. Patrick's will also replace these relegated teams in 2019. On 21 October 2018, Coalisland Fianna claimed their 10th S.F.C. crown and their first triumph since 2010 when defeating Killyclogher St. Mary's by 2-11 to 1-7 at Healy Park. The draw for the 2018 S.F.C. was made on 7 June 2018. Format The championship has a straight knock out structure. The 16 teams that take part in the championship are the 16 teams in the Senior Football League (SFL). Relegation from SFC: Either two or three teams are relegated each year from the SFC and SFL. The 16th placed team in the SFL is automatically relegated to the IFL. The 15th and 14th placed teams then play a SFL relegation playoff with the loser being relegated. The winner plays the winner of the IFL promotion playoffs - if they win, they remain in the SFC and SFL - if they lose they are relegated to the IFC and IFL. (The winner of the SFC can't be relegated. If the championship winner finishes in the bottom 3 in the league, the 13th placed team enters the relegation scenario.) Promotion to SFC: Either two or three teams are promoted to the SFC each year. The IFC champions and the IFL champions are automatically promoted to the senior grade (If a team wins the IFC and IFL, the 2nd placed team in the IFL are automatically promoted). 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th place in the IFL enter the IFL promotion semi-finals (If the IFC champions are placed in the top 5 the 6th placed team enter the IFL promotion semi-finals) with the eventual winner of the final earning the right to play the loser of the SFL relegation playoff in a relegation/promotion playoff. Team Changes The following teams have changed division since the 2017 championship season. To S.F.C. Promoted from 2017 Tyrone I.F.C. Moy Tír Na nÓg - (IFC Champions) Derrylaughan Kevin Barry's - (IFL Champions) Aghyaran St. Davog's - (SFL/IFL promotion/relegation playoff Winner) From S.F.C. Relegated to 2018 I.F.C.\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Tyrone Senior Football Championship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44434987\",\n \"text\": \"Nunawading City Football Club is an Australian semi-professional association football club based in Forest Hill, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. Founded in 1971, the club currently competes in the NPL Victoria 3. History Recent History In the 2014 season, Nunawading finished in bottom place of the Victorian State League Division 2 South-East, amassing seven points in 22 games. However due to Football Federation Victoria ranking Nunawading as one of the states elite junior clubs, they were given a licence to participate in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 for 2015, the second tier of football in the state. \\\\Midway through 2014, Nunawading City youth player, Jake Brimmer was scouted by Liverpool FC, Liverpool scout Barry Hunter spotted him playing for the Victorian National Training Centre squad in July 2013. In 2015, after 20 consecutive losses, City earned its first point in the NPL2 competition on 18 July 2015, in a 0–0 draw away from home against Whittlesea Ranges. The point would prove to be the only point Nunawading earned that season, finishing the season in bottom place with a −95 goal difference, but were not relegated due to no relegation existing from NPL2 for 2014–2016. In May 2016, Nunawading striker Emile Damey was selected in the squad for Liberia ahead of Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches. Nunawading City got their first win in NPL2 when it defeated Murray United 3–1 at Mahoneys Reserve on 22 May 2016. The win was City's only points for the 2016 season, finishing again in bottom place with a −92 goal difference. Nuna signed a number of ex-A-League players for the 2017 season, including Mitch Cooper, Patrick Gerhardt, James Brown and Jason Trifiro. Cooper scored a total of 21 goals for Nunawading, who avoided relegation in 2017 with a 9th placed finished, four points above Richmond SC. With Gerhardt, Trifiro, Jagajeet Shrestha and Cooper departing at seasons end, in October 2017, it was announced Nuna had signed NPL Victoria Gold Medal winner Massimo Murdocca for 2018. In 2018, Nuna signed A-League veteran Fahid Ben Khalfallah. Additionally former Western Sydney Wanderers midfielder Tahj Minniecon joined the club. Ben Khalfallah scored his first goal in Nunawadings third victory for the season against Melbourne City. Nuna finished the season in bottom place in NPL2, suffering relegation from the National Premier Leagues Victoria system. Khalfallah was appointed the senior head coach for the 2019 Victorian State League Division 1 season. First team Squad References External links Official club website Soccer clubs in Melbourne Victorian State League teams Sport in the City of Whitehorse Association football clubs established in 1971 1971 establishments in Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Nunawading City FC\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55657715\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018 Malaysia Super League (), known as 2018 unifi Malaysia Super League () for sponsorship reasons, was the 15th season of the Malaysia Super League, the top-tier professional football league in Malaysia. Johor Darul Ta'zim were the defending champions. Club licensing regulations Starting this season, every team in the Liga Super Malaysia must have a FAM Club Licence to play in the league, or else they are relegated. To obtain a FAM Club Licence, teams must be financially healthy and meet certain standards of conduct as organisations. As part of privation effort for the league, all clubs compete in Liga Super Malaysia and Liga Premier Malaysia will be required to obtained FAM Club Licence. As in other national leagues, there are significant benefits to being in the top division: A greater share of television broadcast licence revenues goes to Liga Super Malaysia sides. Greater exposure through television and higher attendance levels helps Liga Super Malaysia teams attract the most lucrative sponsorships. Liga Super Malaysia teams develop substantial financial muscle through the combination of television and gate revenues, sponsorships and marketing of their team brands. This allows them to attract and retain skilled players from domestic and international sources and to construct first-class stadium facilities. Despite several reminders from FAM from the beginning of 2015, however there are few teams failed to get the approval for both AFC and FAM club licenses from First Instance Body (FIB) . *Updated: 6 December 2017 Teams Sarawak and Penang were relegated to 2018 Malaysia Premier League after finished 11th and bottom place of last season league. Kuala Lumpur and Terengganu promoted to 2018 Malaysia Super League after securing place as champions and runners-up in 2017 Malaysia Premier League. On 21 November 2017, it was announced that T-Team who finished ninth in the Super League last year, will play in the 2018 Malaysia Premier League pending approval from Football Malaysia LLP (FMLLP). The suggestion then were approved on 4 December 2017, followed by an announcement stating that Felda United, who finished third last season are ineligible to compete in this year top-tier competition. They were replaced by Negeri Sembilan and PKNP. Venues 1: Perak plays at Lumut due to the upgrading of their own stadium at Perak Stadium 2: PKNP plays at Batu Kawan due to the upgrading of Perak Stadium 3: Kelantan plays their home games at their opponents stadium during Ramadan, due to ban of Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium usage by state government during Ramadan Personnel, kit and sponsoring Notes; Shahrel Fikri was the official captain of PKNP, before he was loaned to Nakhon Ratchasima, Hafiz Ramdan filled in as captain for PKNP. Coaching changes Foreign players Southeast Asia (SEA) players need to have acquired at least 30 international caps for their senior national team with no period restriction on when caps are earned and those who has less than 30 international caps will be subjected to FMLLP approval. Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Malaysia Super League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58660771\",\n \"text\": \"Sunderland 'Til I Die is a sports documentary series. Produced by Fulwell 73 (named as a homage to Sunderland A.F.C. by its founders), the series documents the events around English football club Sunderland A.F.C. Released on 14 December 2018, the first series documents Sunderland's 2017–18 season which saw the club playing in the EFL Championship having been relegated from the Premier League the season prior. As a result of the first series success a second series was produced documenting the following season in 2018–19, which coincided with the club's first season under the ownership of Stewart Donald; this was released on 1 April 2020. A third and final series was released on 13 February 2024, which documented the club's promotion to the EFL Championship in 2022. Overall the show has received positive reviews from critics and fans. Background Sunderland chairman Ellis Short originally agreed to extensive, behind-the-scenes filming in the summer of 2017 on the basis it would attract potential investors. Sunderland had already been the focus of previous fly on the wall documentaries, including the 1998 Premier Passions (which also documented a relegation season) and its 1999 follow-up Premier Pressures. Production company Fulwell 73 (who had previously produced the acclaimed football documentary The Class of '92) had allegedly expressed interest in buying Sunderland in June 2017 shortly before the commencement of filming, but withdrew, citing the demands of their production business. Promoting Sunderland 'til I Die on The Totally Football League Show in December 2018, Pearlman and Turner cast doubt on the veracity of these reports, suggesting there had been: \\\"a lot of two plus two equals five going on\\\". Speaking on the Roker Report podcast prior to the release of the series, Pearlman and Turner, both Sunderland fans, revealed that they had been trying to produce material for the club for a while and had even offered to produce an end-of-season DVD for free. Filming commenced in June 2017 with the expectation that Sunderland would be challenging for promotion back to the Premier League. Manager Chris Coleman admitted to being uncomfortable with the filming arrangements, which were already in place when he replaced Simon Grayson as manager part way through the season. Coleman described the constant attention as being 'unnatural'. The series does not include a repeat of the memorable, expletive-laden dressing room scenes from Premier Passions, as Coleman explained: \\\"The only thing I really dug my heels in about was that I didn't want any filming in my dressing room. That's been kept separate.\\\" The series culminates with the takeover of the club by Stewart Donald following relegation. A premiere of the first episode took place at the Sunderland Empire Theatre on 5 December 2018. The production company were joined by local media, Sunderland players and staff, and a group of 200 season ticket holders who had been selected from a draw. After the premiere, attendees were shown a trailer for a second series. The opening titles were created by Alchemy Studio, and feature icons from Sunderland's\",\n \"title\": \"Sunderland 'Til I Die\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54226319\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 National League 2 South is the ninth season (31st overall) of the fourth tier (south) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. On 7 April 2018 Broadstreet became the first club to be relegated, a 12–16 defeat away to fellow strugglers Barnstaple condemning them to the drop with three games to go. On 21 April Cinderford became champions with a game to go following a narrow 21–19 win away to Bury St Edmunds. Cinderford were easily the best team in the division, finishing 12 points clear of second place Chinnor, who on most other seasons would have been good enough to finish champions but instead had to settle for the promotion playoff game. In winning the league title Cinderford set several National League 2 South records including winning the most games (29) and gaining the most points (143). The battle for the final two relegation spots was one of the most keenest in several years with three teams threatened by the drop on the last day of the season. In the end it was Wimbledon and Barnstaple who went down on the 28 April, despite Barum getting a 17–14 win at home against the Londoners, as Old Redcliffians managed to win at home to Redruth. Old Reds had looked dead certs for relegation earlier in the season but turned it around with eight wins in the second half (compared to just 2 before Christmas) of the season to stay safe by 3 points, even leapfrogging 13th placed London Irish Wild Geese who had secured safety the week before. Wimbledon also did well in the second half of the season getting eight wins (compared to one in the first half) but were ultimately left with two much to do and were 7 points from safety after their defeat at Pottingham Road. Barnstaple, by contrast, had looked safe earlier in the season but endured a torrid second half with just four wins after Christmas (for a total of ten overall). Injuries, along with poor try scoring and improvements from the teams around them, were primary contributors to Barum's downfall. On 5 May 2018 Chinnor would join Cinderford in the 2018–19 National League 1 after they defeated 2017–18 National League 2 North runners up Sedgley Park 40–31 in the promotion play-off game played at Kingsey Road. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2018–19 National League 1 and the runners-up play the second-placed team in the 2017–18 National League 2 North with the winner being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either London & South East Premier or South West Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the Midlands regional leagues).\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 National League 2 South\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54086108\",\n \"text\": \"The Isle of Man Premier League (also known as the Canada Life Premier League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest division of the Isle of Man Football League and the highest overall in the Isle of Man football league system. The Premier League, which was introduced for the 2007–08 season, was previously known as the First Division. Each year, the top finishing club is crowned league champion, and the two lowest placed clubs are relegated to Division Two. In 2018–19 season, St Marys were the division champions and St Georges were the runners-up. St Johns United and Braddan were relegated to Division Two, finishing 12th and 13th place respectively. History The Isle of Man Premier League was introduced for the 2007–08 season. Structure of the league Competition The league comprises 13 clubs. Over the course of a season, which runs annually from August to the following May, a club plays each of the others in the same division twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home and once at that of their opponents. This makes for a total of 24 games played each season. Clubs gain three points for a win, one for a draw and none for a defeat. Clubs are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of the season, the first placed club in the league is crowned Premier League champions. Promotion and relegation A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and Division Two. At the end of each season the two lowest placed clubs in the Premier League are relegated to Division two, and the top two placed clubs from Division Two are promoted to the Premier League. Current members The following 13 clubs are competing in the Premier League during the 2019–20 season. Results League champions and runners-up Relegated teams (from Premier League to Division Two) Top scorers See also List of association football competitions Isle of Man Football League Football in the Isle of Man References External links Results Website Football competitions in the Isle of Man\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37073073\",\n \"text\": \"Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship was a division at level 9 of the English rugby union system featuring teams from Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. Promoted teams moved up to the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier and there was no relegation. Each year three teams (one each from the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire unions) were picked to take part in the RFU Junior Vase (a national cup competition for clubs at levels 9-12). Originally the league was set up as Bucks & Oxon 2 and then Berks/Bucks & Oxon 2 before being disbanded in 2003–04 as the league was restructured to cater for the joining of many second, third and fourth teams and was split into regional divisions. The league returned in 2011–12 to contain only first teams (along with Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) while the second, third and fourth teams were transferred to newly created regional leagues with Berks/Bucks & Oxon 1 at the pinnacle and no possibility of promotion to the championship or the league system above it. At the end of the 2018–19 the league was discontinued. Teams that were not promoted into the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier were transferred into regional Berks/Bucks & Oxon leagues. Teams 2019–20 Teams 2018–19 Teams 2017–18 Participating clubs 2016–17 Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Chipping Norton (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Faringdon Farnham Harwell Littlemore Oxford Wheatley (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) 2015–16 The 2015–16 Berks/Bucks & Oxon Championship consisted of nine teams; five from Oxfordshire and two each from Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. The season started on 12 September 2015 and was due to end on 23 April 2016. Participating teams and location Six of the twelve teams participated in last season's competition. The 2014–15 champions Risborough were promoted to the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier along with runners up, Crowthorne while Oxford are new to the league having previously been playing friendly matches over the past season. As the basement league in Berks/Bucks & Oxon there was no relegation - although there are a number of leagues below it, mainly for second teams. 2014–15 Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Crowthorne Didcot Faringdon Farnham Royal (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Harwell Risborough 2013–14 Abingdon Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Crowthorne Didcot Faringdon Harwell (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Kingsclere Risborough (relegated from Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier) Wheatley Winslow 2012–13 Abingdon Aldermaston Berkshire Shire Hall Chesham Crowthorne Didcot Farnham Royal Faringdon Kingsclere Wheatley Winslow Original teams When league rugby began in 1987 this division (known as Bucks/Oxon 2) contained the following teams from Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire: Chesham Chipping Norton Cholsey Drifters Gosford All Blacks Harwell Milton Keynes Olney Phoenix Wheatley Berks/Bucks & Oxon Championship honours Bucks/Oxon 2 (1987–1993) Originally known as Bucks/Oxon 2, it was a level 9 league for clubs based in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. Promotion was to Bucks/Oxon 1 and there was no relegation. Bucks/Oxon 2 (1993–1996) The creation of National League 5 South for the 1993–94 season meant that Bucks/Oxon 2 dropped to become a tier 10 league. Promotion continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Berks/Bucks & Oxon Championship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58080959\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Pakistan Premier League was the 61st season of Pakistan domestic football and the 12th season of the Pakistan Premier League, and the first season to be played since 2014–15. The league was ultimately organised by two different federations. Faisal Saleh Hayat-led Pakistan Football Federation, which was internationally recognised, started the league and non-FIFA recognised Ashfaq Hussain Shah group, which formed a parallel PFF in the elections conducted under court orders completed the league after taking charge. Format The season was held in Multan, Karachi and Lahore between 25 September and 11 January 2019, with 16 teams participating (12 PPL teams and 4 winner teams of second-tier playoffs). Each team would get to play each other twice, meaning in a season they would play 30 games. The bottom four teams got relegated to the second tier. The team that finished first would get qualification in the AFC Cup, but AFC denied entry of Pakistani football clubs in 2019 AFC Cup because of incomplete licensing regulations due to absence of footballing activity since the end of 2014-15 season. Teams Promotion and relegation Teams relegated to FFL Baloch Quetta and Pakistan Railways were relegated at the end of 2014–15 season (no league was held until current season). Teams promoted from FFL Pakistan Navy got promoted after winning 2014–15 Pakistan Football Federation League, defeating Baloch Nushki 1–0 in the finals. Teams promoted from PPL Promotion Play-Offs 2018 Civil Aviation Authority, Sui Southern Gas Company, Ashraf Sugar Mills and Sui Northern Gas Company won their matches and promoted to Pakistan Premier League. Stadium and locations Season summary Ashraf Sugar Mills and Pakistan Airlines withdrew from league with former withdrawing after playing first phase in Multan and latter not playing a single match due to financial issues. Baloch Nushki got relegated after failing to win a single match and ended third last in relegation zone with six points from 6 draws. On 9 January 2019, Karachi Port Trust got relegated to Federation League for the first time ever, after they lost 2–0 to Muslim and 12th placed Sui Northern Gas winning their game match 4–3 against Afghan Chaman, leaving Karachi Port Trust 5 points from safe zone with only one match to play. Khan Research Laboratories won the league on the final match day. Pakistan Airforce were sitting at the top of table with 51 points, one point ahead of Sui Southern Gas and three ahead of Khan Research Laboratories, who both had to face each other on final match day. Sui Southern Gas victory would hand them the title and for Khan Research Laboratories, they to beat the Sui Southern Gas by four goals to secure the title. Khan Research Laboratories the last game of the season, defeating title contenders Sui Southern Gas 4–0, finishing first on goal difference ahead of Pakistan Airforce. This is the smallest title winning margin in the history of Pakistan Premier League, with Khan Research Laboratories winning with a goal difference of just +1, as Pakistan Airforce had\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Pakistan Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67245997\",\n \"text\": \"Mubarak Yussif (; born 29 December 1995) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as defender for Philippine Football League side Manila Digger. Club career Liberty Professionals Mubarik started his career with Liberty Professionals before moving to Ashanti Gold in 2018. On 6 March 2016, he made his debut for Liberty in a 0–0 match against Wa All Stars, playing the full 90 minutes in the process. He made 20 league matches during the 2016 Ghanaian Premier League to help Liberty avoid relegation by 2 points. The following season, he established himself as a starter and played a key role during the 2017 Ghanaian Premier League season. He played in all 30 league matches to help Liberty avoid relegation and place 11th on the league table. Based on his performances, he was linked with Ashanti Gold during the transfer period, later signing for them in 2018. During his time with the club he formed a formidable defensive partnership with Samuel Sarfo. Ashanti Gold In March 2018, Mubarik was signed by Obuasi-based club Ashanti Gold ahead of the 2018 Ghanaian Premier League on a 2-year deal. He was seen as a direct replacement for Abeiku Ainooson and Richard Ocran who had left the club at the end of the 2017 season. He made his debut on 28 March 2018 in a 1–0 win over Karela United, coming on in the 89th minute for Godfred Asiamah. He later went on to appear on the bench in a 1–1 draw match against Bechem United on 31 March 2018, before getting injured in June 2018. He was out on the sidelines for five months, returning in September 2018, when the league had already been abandoned due to the dissolution of the GFA in June 2018, as a result of the Anas Number 12 Expose. He featured for Ashanti Gold during their 2019–20 CAF Confederation Cup campaign. During the 2019 GFA Normalization Committee Special Competition, he featured in 12 out of 13 matches to help Ashanti Gold top group B ahead of city rivals Asante Kotoko and subsequently win Tier 2 of the competition to qualify for the 2020–21 CAF Confederation Cup. On 29 December 2019, he scored his first goal in the Ghana Premier League after scoring from an assist by Richard Osei Agyemang to help Ashanti Gold to an eventual 3–0 win over Accra Great Olympics. On 5 January 2020, he scored the only goal in a match against King Faisal Babes to grant Ashanti Gold all the three points at the Baba Yara Stadium. He played in 14 out of 15 league matches and scored 2 goals in 2019–20 Ghana Premier League season, before the league was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the season he formed a defensive partnership with Ibrahim Samed which regarded as one of the best before the league was truncated. He parted ways with the club upon the expiration of his contract in August 2020. Asante Kotoko In August 2020, after his contract with\",\n \"title\": \"Yussif Mubarik\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43663518\",\n \"text\": \"Fudbalski klub Krupa (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Крупа) is a professional football club from the town of Krupa na Vrbasu, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The club plays its home games on the Krupa na Vrbasu City Stadium, which has a capacity of 3,500 seats. History In the 2013–14 Second League of Republika Srpska season play-off, Krupa got an appearance in the First League of the Republika Srpska for the season 2014–15. After only two years playing in the 2nd tier and after the season 2015–16, the team got promoted for the first time in its history to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the 2017–18 Bosnian Cup, Krupa, led by manager Slobodan Starčević, got to the cup final losing to Željezničar in two matches (2–0 at Sarajevo and 2–4 at Krupa na Vrbasu), thus finishing as runners-up. In the 2018–19 Bosnian Premier League season, Krupa finished on 11th place and it got relegated back to the First League of RS. Then, in the 2019–20 First League of RS season, the club secured promotion back to the Premier League, though after the season was ended abruptly due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and by default Krupa finished in 1st place and got promoted. In the 2020–21 Premier League season, Krupa initially avoided relegation to the First League of RS, but were then relegated back to the league due to failing to obtain a license for the Premier League. Honours Domestic League First League of the Republika Srpska: Winners (4): 2015–16, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23 Runners-up (1): 2014–15 Second League of the Republika Srpska: Winners (1): 2013–14 Regional League Banja Luka: Winners (1): 2011–12 Cups Bosnia and Herzegovina Cup: Runners-up (1): 2017–18 Republika Srpska Cup: Runners-up (3): 2014–15, 2017–18, 2018–19 Personnel Coaching staff Management staff Managerial history Slobodan Starčević (24 January 2014 – 31 May 2018) Branislav Krunić (11 June 2018 – 8 October 2018) Petar Kurćubić (8 October 2018 – 9 March 2019) Slobodan Starčević (12 March 2019 – 21 June 2019) Zoran Marić (25 June 2019 – 15 September 2020) Velimir Stojnić (16 September 2020 – 28 October 2020) Siniša Mrkobrada (interim) (28 October 2020 – 13 December 2020) Vladimir Ilić (13 December 2020 – 25 June 2023) References External links FK Krupa at FSRS (archived 12 April 2015) FK Krupa na Vrbasu at Soccerway Krupa Krupa 1983 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina Association football clubs established in 1983\",\n \"title\": \"FK Krupa\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"44494810\",\n \"text\": \"Mohamed Iqbal bin Hamid Hussain (born 6 June 1993), more commonly known as Iqbal Hussain is a Singaporean professional footballer who plays as a winger or striker for the Singapore Premier League club Geylang International and the Singapore national team. Club career Gombak United Iqbal started his career at Gombak United where he scored 2 goals in 7 league games in the 2012 S.League. LionsXII In 2013, He joined Malaysia Super League club LionsXII after Gombak United withdrew from the S.League at the end of the 2012 season. Young Lions Restricted to one league appearance in the 2013 season and in need for match experience leading to the Southeast Asian Games, he was de-registered in April 2013 and joined under-23 developmental side Courts Young Lions in the S.League. He scored a total of 8 goals in 44 games during his 3 years stint with the club. Hougang United In 2016, he joined Hougang United. Although he did not have much playing time due to his National Service, Iqbal worked hard and impressed when he got to play and he even got a recall to the national team in 2016. In total, he finished the season with 6 goals, 8 assists in 24 games across all competitions. He even earned an S.League Goal of the Year nomination. His performances led to a contraction extension into the 2017 S.League season. However, due to his NS commitments, Iqbal was hardly able to make himself available for the Cheetahs, missing huge chunks of the season. After serving his NS in August 2017, Iqbal started featuring more prominently for the club. His efforts paid off as he was offered a contract extension for the 2018 S.League season. Trials at Sukhothai F.C. He went for trials in Thailand where he was offered a contract with Thai League 1 side, Sukhothai. However, the deal collapsed at the last minute. Geylang International He signed for the Eagles for the 2020 Singapore Premier League season and scored twice in his 2nd appearance for the team. Chennai City Iqbal became the first Singaporean to play in the I-League when he signed for Chennai City FC in December 2020. In the final game of the season, Iqbal scored the winner in the 94th minute to help his team finish 2-1 winners over already relegated NEROCA FC for his 3rd goal in 3 games. He scored 3 goals and made 2 assists in 10 games to help his team starve off relegation. Balestier Khalsa After a great stint with the I-League side Chennai City FC in India, Iqbal returned to his home country and signed for the Singapore Premier League side Balestier Khalsa for the remainder of the 2021 season. He made his first start for the Tigers in a 3–2 loss to developmental side Young Lions. Returned to Geylang International After a year of being a free agent, he re joined his former club, Geylang International for the 2023 season. International career Iqbal Hussain was part of the Singapore national under-23\",\n \"title\": \"Iqbal Hussain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54270477\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Danish Superliga season was the 29th season of the Danish Superliga. Midtjylland were the defending champions. The season started on 13 July 2018 and ended on 26 May 2019. Teams FC Helsingør finished as loser in the relegation play-offs in the 2017–18 season and was relegated to the 2018–19 1st Division along with Silkeborg IF, and Lyngby who lost their respective relegation play-offs as well. The relegated teams were replaced by 2017–18 1st Division champions Vejle BK, who returned after nine years of absence, as well as the play-off winners Vendsyssel FF who got promoted to the top division for the first time ever, and Esbjerg fB who returned after a one-year absence. Stadia and locations Personnel and sponsoring Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and Managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Managerial changes Regular season League table Positions by round Results Championship round Points and goals will carry over in full from the regular season. Positions by round Below the positions per round are shown. As teams did not all start with an equal number of points, the initial pre-playoffs positions are also given. Relegation round Points and goals will carry over in full from the regular season. Group A Group B European play-offs The winning team from the 4-team knock-out tournament will advance to a Europa League play-off match. In the final, the team with the most points from the relegation round group stage will host the second leg. If the 2018–19 Danish Cup winner, found on 17 May in the final, is involved in the play-offs, they will be withdrawn, as they will enter the Europa League third qualifying round directly. European play-off match Relegation play-offs The relegation play-offs were streamlined slightly compared to the previous system, essentially doing away with the former first round. The winner of match 1 will finish 11th and stay in the Superliga, while the losers of match 2 will finish 14th and be relegated directly. Top goalscorers Attendances References External links Superliga (uefa.com) Danish Superliga seasons Denmark Superliga\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Danish Superliga\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60815979\",\n \"text\": \"The 2019–20 National League 2 South was the eleventh season (33rd overall) of the fourth tier (south) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the Rugby Football Union officially cancelled the season on 20 March 2020, after an initial postponement of all rugby in England including training. After the cancellation was announced the RFU used a best playing record formula to decide the final table. This meant that Taunton Titans, who were 3 points clear when the league was suspended, were promoted as champions along with runners up Tonbridge Juddians, who went up as the best runner up as they had more considerably more points than 2019–20 National League 2 North runner up Fylde. The relegated teams included Bournemouth, Old Redcliffians and Sutton & Epsom, all of whom had occupied the bottom three spots before league suspension, with 14th placed Sutton & Epsom 13 points behind 13th placed Westcliff and safety. Taunton Titans and Tonbridge Juddians will join the 2021–22 National League 1 (the highest level either club have reached), while Bournemouth and Old Redcliffians drop down to South West Premier and Sutton & Epsom to London & South East Premier. Other interesting news from the season was Taunton's Gary Kingdom who finished as top scorer in the division for the third time, tying him with Worthing Raiders prolific Matthew McLean. An unwanted record was also made with Tonbridge Juddians official attendance of 0 from their game Sutton & Epsom on 21 December 2019 being the lowest ever recorded in a National League 2 South game. This was due to the game being played behind closed doors due to safety concerns caused by flooding. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2020–21 National League 1 and the runners-up play the second-placed team in the 2019–20 National League 2 North with the winner being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either London & South East Premier or South West Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the Midlands regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a loss, however 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match. Participating teams and locations Eleven of the teams listed below participated in the 2018–19 National League 2 South season. The 2018–19 champions Rams and play-off winners Canterbury, who won the promotion play-off against\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 National League 2 South\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57400682\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Western Football League season (known as the 2018–19 Toolstation Western Football League for sponsorship reasons) is the 117th in the history of the Western Football League, a football competition in England. Teams are divided into two divisions; the Premier and the First. The constitution was announced on 25 May 2018. Premier Division The Premier Division consists of 20 clubs, the same as last season, after Street and Melksham Town were promoted to Southern League Division One South & West, and Longwell Green Sports and Wells City were relegated to the First Division. Four new clubs joined: Plymouth Parkway, promoted from the South West Peninsula League. Roman Glass St George, runners-up in the First Division. Shortwood United, resigned from the Southern League West Division. Westbury United, champions of the First Division. League table First Division The First Division consists of 20 clubs, reduced from 22 the previous season, after Roman Glass St George and Westbury United were promoted to the Premier Division, and Almondsbury and Malmesbury Victoria were transferred to the Hellenic League Division One West. Two new clubs joined: Longwell Green Sports, relegated from the Premier Division. Wells City, relegated from the Premier Division. League table Les Phillips Cup Preliminary Round ties were played from 25 September until 2 October 2018. 16 clubs from the First Division and Premier Division, entered at this stage of the competition. First Round ties were played from 30 October until 4 November 2019. All remaining clubs from the First Division and Premier Division, entered at this stage of the competition. December {| class=\\\"wikitable\\\" style=\\\"width: 600px; background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:center; font-size:90%\\\" |- | scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width: 5.00%; background:silver;\\\" | Date | scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width: 36.25%; background:silver;\\\" | Home team (tier) | scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width: 12.50%; background:silver;\\\" | Score | scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width: 36.25%; background:silver;\\\" | Away team (tier) | scope=\\\"col\\\" style=\\\"width: 10.00%; background:silver;\\\" | |- | 30/10/2018 | Welton Rovers (10) | 1-3 | Bridgwater Town (9) | - |- | 30/10/2018 | Shepton Mallet (9) | 4-1 | Shepton Mallet (10) | 45 |- | 30/10/2018 | Buckland Athletic (9) | 3-0 | Longwell Green Sports (10) | 63 |- | 30/10/2018 | Brislington F.C (9) | 4-2 | Warminster Town (10) | 30 |- | 30/10/2018 | Bishop Sutton (10) | 0-2 | Keynsham Town (10) | 72 |- | 30/10/2018 | Ashton & Backwell United (10) | 2-1 | Portishead Town (10) | 35 |- | 30/10/2018 | Chipping Sodbury Town (9) | 5-0 | Shortwood United (9) | 45 |- | 30/10/2018 | Cheddar A.F.C. (10) | 0-5 | Roman Glass St George (9)| 37 |- | 31/10/2018 | Westbury United (9) | 0-3 | Odd Down (Bath) (9) | - |- | 30/10/2018 | Wells City (10) | 2-1 | Bishops Lydeard (10) | 45 |- | 30/10/2018 | Chard Town (10) | 1-2 | Calne Town (10) | 58 |- | 07/11/2018 | Cadbury Heath (9) | 4-3 | Devizes Town (10) | 48 |- | 07/11/2018 | Wellington A.F.C (9) | 0-2\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Western Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60487605\",\n \"text\": \"The 2019–20 National League season, known as the Vanarama National League for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth season under English football's new title of National League, the sixteenth season consisting of three divisions, and the forty-first season overall. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the National League season was initially suspended on 16 March 2020 until at least 3 April. On 31 March, this suspension was extended indefinitely until further notice. On 22 April, clubs voted to end the season, with promotions and relegations still \\\"under careful consideration\\\". Due to the knock-on effects of Bury F.C.'s expulsion from EFL League One at the start of the season, it had already been assumed prior to the pandemic that no more than one club instead of the usual two was to be relegated from the English Football League, and that no more than three clubs instead of the usual four were to be relegated from the National division. The cumulative effect that the early termination of the season and Bury's expulsion from the EFL had on the composition of the National League's three divisions would have been determined. On 17 June 2020, Barrow along with Wealdstone and King's Lynn Town were elected champions of their respective divisions after National League clubs voted to decide the final tables on a points-per-game basis. Barrow were therefore promoted to League Two, with Wealdstone and King's Lynn Town promoted to the National League. AFC Fylde considered mounting a legal challenge with support from Ebbsfleet United against their relegations, but ultimately decided against it. Promotion play-offs were held in all three divisions to decide the additional promotion places. The semi-finals took place over the final two weekends of July, and the finals took place on 1 and 2 August. Clubs were expected to conduct and fund a COVID-19 prevention and testing process, and were allowed to decline their place in the competition without penalty if they were unable to fulfil this requirement. On 1 July, the Premier League committed £200,000 to the National League to help fund the conclusion of their season. National League The National League consists of 24 clubs. Promotion and relegation Team changes To National League Promoted from 2018–19 National League North Stockport County Chorley Promoted from 2018–19 National League South Torquay United Woking Relegated from 2018–19 League Two Yeovil Town Notts County From National League Promoted to 2019–20 League Two Leyton Orient Salford City Relegated to 2019–20 National League North Gateshead Relegated to 2019–20 National League South Maidstone United Braintree Town Havant & Waterlooville Stadia and locations Personnel and sponsoring Managerial changes National League table Play-offs Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final Results table Top scorers Monthly awards Each month the Motorama National League announces their official Player of the Month and Manager of the Month. National League North The National League North consists of 22 teams. Team changes To National League North Promoted from 2018–19 Northern Premier League Premier Division Farsley Celtic Promoted from 2018–19 Southern League Premier Division Central Kettering Town King's Lynn\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 National League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5258430\",\n \"text\": \"During the 2006–07 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League. They finished the season in 15th place. Season summary West Ham started the 2006–07 campaign brightly, but slipped down the table due to off-field distractions. They were knocked out from UEFA Cup by the Italian Serie A side Palermo (4–0 on aggregate) and saw themselves dragged into the relegation zone. Eventually an Icelandic consortium led by Eggert Magnússon bought the club on 26 November 2006. Following a poor run of form that left the club in 17th position, despite the signing of big name players Javier Mascherano and Carlos Tevez, the new owners sacked Alan Pardew, replacing him with former West Ham player Alan Curbishley who had recently ended a 15-year spell in charge of Charlton Athletic. West Ham won Curbishley's first game 1–0 at home against Manchester United, but went on to draw at fellow relegation strugglers Fulham, were crushed 6–0 at newly promoted Reading and were knocked out of the FA Cup by the bottom Premiership team, Watford. An end-to-end thriller at home to Tottenham Hotspur ended with West Ham losing 4–3 having been 3–2 in front with minutes to play, but the bright performance signified a change in form. At the same time the signings of Mascherano and Tevez were being investigated by the Premier League, who were concerned that details regarding the transfers had been omitted from official records and whether the influence of MSI, led by Kia Joorabchian, breached Premier League rules regarding third party ownership of players. The media touted the idea that Tevez's contract could be terminated, possibly resulting in a deduction of points for playing an ineligible player. On 27 April 2007, West Ham pleaded guilty and were handed a record £5.5 million fine by the Premier League, but avoided a points deduction. Liverpool's signing of Mascherano was investigated and he was cleared to play after a two-week delay. Following the verdict, Wigan Athletic's chairman Dave Whelan threatened legal action, supported by other relegation-threatened sides including Fulham and Sheffield United, saying \\\"This is a very serious offence West Ham committed...They broke the law, told blatant lies and should have got a 10-point penalty. If we can sue West Ham or the Premier League, I am sure that will happen.\\\" Wigan's manager Paul Jewell suggested League officials had intimated they wished to see them relegated. In a period that came to be known by the club's fans as \\\"The Great Escape\\\", West Ham avoided relegation by winning seven of their last nine games, including a 1–0 win over Arsenal, and on the last day of the season, defeating the Premiership champions Manchester United 1–0 to finish outside the relegation zone in 15th. Sheffield United, who were relegated, later sued West Ham for up to £30m, and an FA arbitration panel found in their favour. The two clubs settled out of court for an undisclosed sum in 2009. Final league table Squad Left club during season Results Premier League\",\n \"title\": \"2006–07 West Ham United F.C. season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68783809\",\n \"text\": \"Roméo Lavia (born 6 January 2004) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Chelsea and the Belgium national team. A product of Anderlecht's academy, he made his professional debut for Premier League side Manchester City in 2021, before being signed by Southampton in 2022. After Southampton's relegation in 2023, he was signed by Chelsea for £53 million. A Belgium youth international, Lavia made his debut for the senior team in 2023. Club career Anderlecht Lavia is a youth product of the Belgian club Anderlecht. He arrived at eight years old at their training centre in Neerpede nearby Brussels. At a local international youth tournament for players under the age of 15, he got noticed for the first time by Pep Guardiola. The Spanish trainer was there on invitation of his Manchester City player Kevin De Bruyne who is co-organiser of this tournament that also bears his name, the KDB Cup. Manchester City At the age of sixteen, Lavia left Anderlecht for Manchester City in the summer of 2020, and signed his first professional contract. He joined the U18s where he quickly stood out. In November that year, after only eleven appearances, Lavia was promoted to the U23 squad. Together with the EDS team, the Belgian youngster won the Premier League 2 championship in April 2021 and was voted player of the season. From the summer of 2021, Lavia started training with the first-team. He earned a selection into squad of the Citizens to play the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League. Lavia made his professional debut at the age of seventeen on 21 September 2021, in the third round of the 2021–22 EFL Cup against Wycombe Wanderers, where he got a yellow card. Southampton On 6 July 2022, Lavia joined Southampton and signed a five-year contract. Although the fee was officially undisclosed, it was reported by BBC Sport to be worth an initial £10.5 million, plus £3.5 million in add-ons. It was also reported that the terms of the deal included a £40 million buy-back clause and a 20% sell-on clause for Manchester City. On 6 August 2022, Lavia made his debut in a 4–1 loss away to Tottenham Hotspur. He scored his first goal on 30 August 2022 in the Saints' 2–1 win over Chelsea, becoming the first player born in 2004 to score in the Premier League. Southampton finished the season at the bottom of the Premier League table, resulting in relegation to the EFL Championship for the 2023–24 season. However, Lavia led all Premier League players under 21 years in combined tackles, interceptions and blocked shots in the 2022–23 season. He was the only teenager in the top flight to have made more than 50 tackles, while his 7.8 ball recoveries per 90 minutes placed him in the top 15 players in the league. Chelsea On 18 August 2023, Lavia joined Chelsea, signing a seven-year contract, for a reported initial fee of £53 million plus add-ons. Lavia rejected an offer from\",\n \"title\": \"Roméo Lavia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60941381\",\n \"text\": \"The 2019–20 Liga Leumit was the 21st season as second tier since its re-alignment in 1999 and the 78th season of second-tier football in Israel. A total of sixteen teams contested in the league, including twelve sides from the 2018–19 season, the two promoted teams from 2018–19 Liga Alef and the two relegated teams from 2018–19 Israeli Premier League. Changes from 2018–19 season Team changes Hapoel Kfar Saba and Sektzia Nes Tziona were promoted to the 2019–20 Israeli Premier League. Maccabi Petah Tikva and Bnei Sakhnin were relegated after finishing as the two bottom-placed clubs in the 2018–19 Israeli Premier League. Hapoel Marmorek, and Hapoel Iksal were directly relegated to Liga Alef after finishing in the previous season in last two league places. They were replaced by the top placed teams from each division of 2018–19 Liga Alef, F.C. Kafr Qasim (from South Division) and Hapoel Umm al-Fahm (from North Division). Overview Stadia and locations The club is playing their home games at a neutral venue because their own ground does not meet league requirements. Regular season Results Results by round Position by round Promotion playoffs Relegation playoffs Relegation decider Promotion/relegation playoff The winner of the Relegation decider game , Hapoel Afula, faced Liga Alef promotion play-offs winner Hapoel Marmorek . The match took place on 2 August 2020. See also 2019–20 Toto Cup Leumit References 2019–20 in Israeli football leagues Liga Leumit seasons Isr\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 Liga Leumit\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58061322\",\n \"text\": \"Dexter Walters (born 4 December 1998) is an English footballer who plays for side Stratford Town, where he plays as a winger. Playing career Romulus Walters began his career playing for non-league Romulus. Between the age of 16 and 18 years of age, Walters was part of the clubs scholar programme, and managed to break into the first team when he was a second-year scholar. Tamworth On 2 August 2017, Walters signed for National League North side Tamworth, along with Regan Upton and Sam Coulson. Walters made his league debut for Tamworth]three days later, coming on as a substitute for Connor Taylor on the 83rd minute in what turned out to be a 1–0 home defeat at the hands of Bradford (Park Avenue), with the visitors scoring on the 90+7. On 15 February 2018, Tamworth allowed Walters and teammate Regan Upton to join Sutton Coldfield Town on loan to gain some first team football; Walters joined on dual registration, whilst Upton joined on a one-month loan deal. Dexter returned to Tamworth for the final part of the season, and with the club already relegated, played a part in the final game of the season on 28 April 2018. He joined the action on the 61st minute in place of Michael Donohue. Tamworth lost the match 3–0 away to also relegated Gainsborough Trinity. Following on from Tamworth being relegated to Southern League Premier Central, Dexter signed a new one-year contract with the club on 15 June 2018. Coventry City Walters signed a two-year deal with Coventry City on 3 August 2018, initially playing with the under-23 squad. Dexter made his debut in the EFL Trophy on 9 October 2018, coming on as an 82nd minute substitute for Tony Andreu in a game against Forest Green Rovers. In October 2019, Dexter joined Leamington on a youth loan. He was released by Coventry at the end of the 2019–20 season. Return to Tamworth Dexter re-signed for Southern League Premier Division Central side Tamworth on 5 August 2020, following the expiry of his Coventry City contract. Walters made his second debut for Tamworth on 22 September 2020, playing the full match in an FA Cup first round fixture at home to Stourbridge, helping Tamworth come back from 3–1 down to draw 3–3 and force the match to penalties, with Tamworth winning 5–4 on penalties, and progressing to the next round. Dexter made his Southern League Premier Division Central debut on 26 September 2020, and was instrumental in helping Tamworth come from behind to defeat St Ives Town, providing the cross for Jordan Graham to add the third goal, as Tamworth ran out 4–2 winners. Dexter returned to the squad after a short lay off with an injury in a Southern League Premier Division Central fixture at home to Biggleswade Town on 24 October 2020, Walters came on as a 66th minute substitute for Aaron O'Connor and scored his first goal, and Tamworth's third goal in a 3–0 victory for the home side. Dexter agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Dexter Walters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58417496\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–2019 Jordanian Pro League (known as the Al-Manaseer Jordanian Pro League, named after Ziad AL-Manaseer Companies Group for sponsorship reasons) was the 67th season of Jordanian Pro League since its inception in 1944. The season started on 15 August 2018 and finished in May 2019. Al-Wehdat are the defending champions of the 2017–18 season. Al-Salt and Al-Sareeh joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 League Division 1. They replaced Mansheyat Bani Hasan and Al-Yarmouk who were relegated to the 2018–19 League Division 1. Teams Twelve teams will compete in the league – the top ten teams from the 2017–18 season and the two teams promoted from the 2017–18 Division 1. Teams promoted to the 2018–2019 Premier League The first team to be promoted was Al-Salt, following their 0–1 defeat against Al-Sareeh on 8 May 2018. Al-Salt are playing in the Premier League for the first time in their history. They were also promoted as the 2017–18 League Division 1 winners on 15 May 2018, following their 2–0 victory against Al-Arabi. The second team to be promoted was Al-Sareeh, following their 2–0 victory against Sahab on 15 May 2018, the last day of the regular season. Al-Sareeh returned to the Premier League for the first time since the 2016–17 season. Teams relegated to the 2018–19 Division 1 The first team to be relegated was Mansheyat Bani Hasan, following their 2–4 defeat against Shabab Al-Ordon on 26 April 2018, ending their 2-year stay in the top flight. The second team to be relegated was Al-Yarmouk, ending their 1-year stay in the top flight. Stadiums and locations Note: Table lists in alphabetical order. Personnel and kits Managerial changes Foreign players The number of foreign players is limited to 3 per team, and should not be a goalkeeper. League table Results Season progress Statistics Scoring First goal of the season: Bilal Danguir for Al-Baqa'a against Al-Hussein (24 August 2018) Last goal of the season: Ibrahim Al-Jawabreh for Al-Ahli against Al-Baqa'a (9 May 2019) Top scorers Hat-tricks Number of teams by governorates References Jordanian Pro League seasons 2018–19 in Jordanian football Jordan Premier League\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Jordanian Pro League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60431216\",\n \"text\": \"The 2019–20 East of Scotland Football League (known as the Central Taxis East of Scotland League for sponsorship reasons) was the 91st season of the East of Scotland Football League, and the 6th season as the sixth tier of the Scottish football pyramid system. The season began on 27 July 2019. Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic were the reigning champions but could not defend their title after being promoted to the Lowland Football League. The league reverted to a two-tier setup for the first time since 2015, featuring a Premier Division of 16 teams and a First Division containing two seeded parallel conferences each with 12 teams. On 13 March 2020, the league was indefinitely suspended due to the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak before it was officially curtailed on 24 April 2020. Bo'ness United were declared champions of the Premier Division on a 'points per game' method while Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale and Tynecastle were declared winners of their respective First Division conferences. Teams The following teams changed division after the 2018–19 season. To East of Scotland Football League Relegated from Lowland Football League Whitehill Welfare Transferred from East Superleague Glenrothes Transferred from East Premier League North Kinnoull From East of Scotland Football League Promoted to Lowland Football League Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic Withdrawn Eyemouth United Premier Division Teams The Premier Division contains the top five teams from each of the three Conferences in the 2018–19 season, the best 6th-placed team (Sauchie Juniors) and Whitehill Welfare who were relegated from the Lowland League. Stadia and locations League table Results First Division The teams who did not qualify for the Premier Division, along with Glenrothes, were ranked according to their position and points in each Conference before being assigned into two seeded First Division Conferences A and B. Kinnoull later took the place of Eyemouth, who withdrew from the league. Conference A Stadia and locations League table Conference B Stadia and locations League table Results Teams in each Conference play each other twice, once at home and once away. Teams also play each team from the other Conference once (six home and six away), for a total of 34 games. First Division play-offs Play-offs were due to be held to decide the overall First Division winner, and if necessary the third team to be promoted to the Premier Division. These were subsequently cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Notes Club has an SFA Licence (as of July 2019) and are eligible to participate in the Lowland League promotion play-off should they win the Premier Division. References 6 SCO Scotland\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 East of Scotland Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"60431318\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Cymru Alliance, known as the Huws Gray Cymru Alliance for sponsorship reasons, was the 29th and final season of the Cymru Alliance, which is in the second level of the Welsh football pyramid. The league consisted of sixteen teams with the champions promoted to the Welsh Premier League and the bottom team relegated to either the Mid Wales Football League, the Welsh Alliance League or the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area), dependent on the location of that team. The season began on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 27 April 2019. Teams Caernarfon Town were champions in the previous season and were promoted to the Welsh Premier League. They were replaced by Prestatyn Town who were relegated from the Welsh Premier League and Bangor City who were demoted from the Welsh Premier League. The bottom three teams from the previous season, Caersws, Llandudno Junction and Queens Park were relegated to the Mid Wales Football League, the Welsh Alliance League and the Welsh National League (Wrexham Area), respectively. Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) champions, Buckley Town, Welsh Alliance League champions, Conwy Borough and Mid Wales Football League champions, Llanrhaeadr were promoted to the Cymru Alliance. Grounds and locations League table Notes Results References Cymru Alliance seasons 2018–19 in Welsh football\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Cymru Alliance\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"27669317\",\n \"text\": \"Wolverhampton Wanderers Women's Football Club, commonly known as Wolves Women, is an English women's football club affiliated with Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. The club play in the FA Women's National League North. History The club began playing in 1975 as Heathfield Rovers. After becoming Wolverhampton & Wednesbury Tube LFC the following season, they later settled on Wolverhampton Ladies. Just before 1993–94 the club got permission from Wolverhampton Wanderers to call themselves Wolverhampton Wanderers Women's Football Club and they were promoted to the FA Women's Premier League National Division that season. However, after two seasons they were relegated back to the Northern Division. Rachel Unitt came through the club's youth system and scored 12 goals in 1999-00 before signing for Everton the following season. In May 2001 Dennis Mortimer was appointed manager. He challenged for promotion in his three seasons in charge but left in 2004, citing work commitments. In 2004–05 Wolves Women were runners-up to Sunderland but star players Emily Westwood and Amy McCann left for Everton during the summer and the club finished sixth in 2005–06. Wolves Women were relegated to the Midland Combination after finishing 11th in 2006–07. In May 2008 the club was boosted by full affiliation with Wolverhampton Wanderers and a partnership with Wolverhampton College. On Thursday 19 April 2012 Wolves Women won the Midland Combination Title gaining promotion back to the Northern Division for the 2012–13 Season. They followed that up with a 2–0 win over rivals Stoke in the League Cup Final to complete the League and cup double. The 2014–15 season for Wolves Women was one to forget. They saw themselves relegated and bottom of the Northern Division. Wolves only managed 8 points from 22 games, and this saw a change in coaching staff at the end of the season. At the start of the 2015–16 season, Steve Cullis was named manager and has been given the aim of promotion back into the Northern Division, as well as developing the youth section of the club. Wolves also withdrew their reserve team from the FA Women's Premier League Reserves (Midlands), the reserves had been playing in the WPL for the past 13 seasons. In October 2016, Cullis moved to a new role of Technical Director for the club's Regional Talent Centre. Tim Dudding was named as his replacement as manager of the Senior squad. Dudding led a successful campaign, resulting in the club's promotion to the Northern Division. After a poor start to the season Dan McNamara took over as First Team Manager in early 2018 and led the team in a relegation battle, just missing out on goal difference after a hard-fought campaign. After the restructure of the women's football pyramid this summer, the team now find themselves in the new FA Women's National League Midlands Division One. For the 2018–19 season the club have introduced a Development Team. At the end of the 2020–21 season, Wolves were promoted via 'upward movement' to the FA Women's National League North. In the subsequent season (2021–22),\",\n \"title\": \"Wolverhampton Wanderers W.F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53667484\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 season was the 50th season of the Northern Premier League Premier Division, and the eleventh and last season of the Division One North and South. The league sponsors for 2017–18 were Evo-Stik. Premier Division Team changes The following 6 clubs left the Premier Division before the season - Blyth Spartans – promoted to National League North Corby Town – relegated to NPL Division One South Frickley Athletic – relegated to NPL Division One South Ilkeston – relegated to NPL Division One South, and were subsequently wound up in the high court. A New Ilkeston Town Replaced in Midland League Division One. Skelmersdale United – relegated to NPL Division One North Spennymoor Town – promoted to National League North The following 6 clubs joined the Premier Division before the season - Altrincham – relegated from National League North Farsley Celtic – promoted from NPL Division One North Lancaster City – promoted from NPL Division One North Shaw Lane – promoted from NPL Division One South Stalybridge Celtic – relegated from National League North Witton Albion – promoted from NPL Division One South League table Top scorers Up to games played 28 April 2018. Results Play-offs Semi-finals Final Stadia and locations Division One North Team changes The following 3 clubs left Division One North before the season - Burscough – relegated to North West Counties League Premier Division Farsley Celtic – promoted to NPL Premier Division Lancaster City – promoted to NPL Premier Division The following 3 clubs joined Division One North before the season - Atherton Collieries – promoted from North West Counties League Premier Division Skelmersdale United – relegated from NPL Premier Division South Shields – promoted from Northern League Division One League table Top scorers Up to games played 28 April 2018. Results Play-offs Semi-finals Final Stadia and locations Division One South Team changes The following 5 clubs left Division One South before the season - Northwich Victoria – relegated to North West Counties League Premier Division Rugby Town – relegated to Midland League Premier Division Shaw Lane – promoted to NPL Premier Division Witton Albion – promoted to NPL Premier Division AFC Rushden & Diamonds – transferred to Southern League Division One Central The following 5 clubs joined Division One South before the season - Alvechurch – promoted from the Midland League Premier Division Cleethorpes Town – promoted from the Northern Counties East League Premier Division Corby Town – relegated from NPL Premier Division Frickley Athletic – relegated from NPL Premier Division Peterborough Sports – promoted from United Counties League Premier Division League table Top scorers Up to games played 28 April 2018. Results Play-offs Semi-finals Final Stadia and locations Challenge Cup The 2017–18 Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, known as the 17–18 Integro Doodson League Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 48th season of the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup, the main cup competition in the Northern Premier League. It was sponsored by Doodson Sport for a seventh consecutive season. 67 clubs from England and\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Northern Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57746903\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 National League 2 South is the tenth season (32nd overall) of the fourth tier (south) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. At the end of the season, Rams became champions when they won away to Clifton on 6 April 2019, sealing promotion with two games to go. It was a fitting reward for the Berkshire club, who were by far the strongest side in the division. The runners up were Canterbury who claimed second spot after beating off stiff competition from the likes of Tonbridge Juddians and Henley Hawks. Despite finishing 21 points behind Rams, Canterbury's league results were still strong enough to enough to book a home promotion playoff against National League 2 North runners up, Chester. On 4 May 2019, Canterbury defeated Chester 19–10 to join Rams in the 2019–20 National League 1. For both clubs, National League 1 is the highest level they have ever reached since the leagues began back in 1987. At the other end of the table, London Irish Wild Geese became the first team to be relegated after they suffered a heavy loss away to Henley Hawks on 30 March 2019. They were followed a week later by league newcomers Guernsey, who also went down after just one season, following a heavy defeat away to Henley on 6 April 2019. One week later still, Birmingham & Solihull became the third and final team to go down with one round still to play after they lost away to champions, Rams, on 13 April 2019, with a try bonus not enough to keep them up due to results elsewhere. London Irish Wild Geese and Guernsey will drop into London & South East Premier, while Birmingham & Solihull, who had initially been supposed to drop to Midlands Premier, decided to become an amateur club and drop out of the league system altogether. A final point of note was Worthing's Matthew McLean, who once again finished as the league's top scorer – this time for a record-breaking 3rd time. McLean scored 341 points, including 22 tries – an outstanding total for a Worthing side that finished 9th. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2019–20 National League 1 and the runners-up play the second-placed team in the 2018–19 National League 2 North with the winner being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either London & South East Premier or South West Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the Midlands regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 National League 2 South\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54984768\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017 Football Queensland season was the fifth season since NPL Queensland commenced as the top tier of Queensland men’s football. Below NPL Queensland was a regional structure of ten zones with their own leagues. The strongest of the zones was Football Brisbane with its senior men’s competition consisting of five divisions. The NPL Queensland premiers qualified for the National Premier Leagues finals series, competing with the other state federation champions in a final knockout tournament to decide the National Premier Leagues Champion for 2017. On 8 December 2016 Football Queensland announced the commencement in 2018 of a 14 team second competition beneath a 14 team NPL Queensland, with promotion and relegation between the two tiers. The 28 clubs selected to participate in NPL Queensland and the FQPL were initially announced on 29 May 2017. The final list of clubs offered licences was made of 3 August 2017, with 12 clubs from Football Brisbane competitions (10 BPL and 2 CL1) to join the Football Queensland leagues in 2018. As a result, on 4 August 2017 Football Brisbane announced the restructure of its men's league for the 2018 season, with most clubs effectively moving up one division. Men's League Tables 2017 National Premier League Queensland The National Premier League Queensland 2017 season was played over 22 matches, followed by a finals series. Finals 2017 Brisbane Premier League The 2017 Brisbane Premier League was the 35th edition of the Brisbane Premier League which has been a second level domestic association football competition in Queensland since the Queensland State League was formed in 2008. Finals 2017 Capital League 1 The 2017 Capital League 1 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 1 as the third level domestic football competition in Queensland. 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 matches. Relegated teams will be part of the 2018 Capital League 1 season, which will be the fourth level domestic competition in Queensland. Finals 2017 Capital League 2 The 2017 Capital League 2 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 2 as the fourth level domestic football competition in Queensland. 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 matches. Relegated teams will be part of the 2018 Capital League 2 season, which will be the fifth level domestic competition in Queensland. Finals 2017 Capital League 3 The 2017 Capital League 3 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 3 as the fifth level domestic football competition in Queensland. 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 matches. Relegated teams will be part of the 2018 Capital League 3 season, which will be the sixth level domestic competition in Queensland. Finals 2017 Capital League 4 The 2017 Capital League 4 season was the fifth edition of the Capital League 4 as the sixth level domestic football competition in Queensland. Nine teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 16 matches. Finals\",\n \"title\": \"2017 in Queensland soccer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58550849\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Botswana Premier League was the 42nd season of the Botswana Premier League, the top-tier football league in Botswana, since its establishment in 1978. The season started on 18 August 2018. The league drew an average attendance of 1,300 per match. Season summary Township Rollers won their fourth consecutive Botswana Premier League after a 0–0 draw with Police XI on 27 May 2019. This season also featured the relegation of four-time champions Mochudi Centre Chiefs, who only picked up five points from nine matches late in the season. Team changes Two teams were relegated after one year in the Botswana Premier League, TAFIC F.C. and Uniao Flamengo Santos. They were joined by last place finishers Gilport Lions. They were replaced by First Division North winners BR Highlanders, First Division South winners Notwane F.C., and promotion playoff winners Prisons XI. Teams Stadiums and locations Number of teams by district League table References Botswana Premier League Botswana 2018 in Botswana sport 2019 in Botswana sport\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Botswana Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42202232\",\n \"text\": \"The 2013–14 Welsh Premier League was the fifth season of the Women's Welsh Premier League, the top level women's football league in Wales. Cardiff City were the defending champions having won their first championship last season. The season was won by Cardiff Met. Ladies. During the winter break Northop Hall Girls withdrew from the league. All results including them were then wiped from the table. Changes from 2012–13 PILCS LFC replaced Caerphilly Castle who got relegated last season. Two instead of one team are relegated after the season. Clubs Standings Results grid League Cup 2014–15 → For the first time a League Cup was played. The new competition was introduced to further develop women's football. In the first round four teams (Port Talbot Town, Aberystwyth Town, Llanidloes Town and Newcastle Emlyn) were drawn to receive a bye to the second round. The final was played on 30 March 2014 on neutral ground at Port Talbot. Cardiff Met. won the title. References External links welshpremier.com welsh-premier.com League at uefa.com 2013-14 Wales Women 2013–14 in Welsh football leagues 1\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Welsh Premier Women's League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"55286248\",\n \"text\": \"Amir Velić (born 28 March 1999) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Premier League of FBiH club Igman Konjic. Club career Early career Velić started off his career at the youth team of Željezničar, after which he was called up to the first team in 2017. He stayed at the first team of Željezničar for one year, until 2018. During that time, he made one appearance for the club, in a 0–2 away win against Radnik Bijeljina on 10 September 2017. He won the Bosnian Cup with Željezničar in the 2017–18 season. He left the club in June 2018. In July 2018, alongside teammate Almir Ćubara, Velić signed with First League of FBiH club Bosna Visoko. He made his debut for Bosna Visoko on 11 August 2018, in a 1–0 away loss against Jedinstvo Bihać. In the 2018–19 First League of FBiH season, with Bosna, Velić got relegated to the Second League of FBiH (Group Center). In July 2019, Velić signed a contract with Orašje. His first appearance for Orašje was on 10 August 2019, in a 1–0 home league win against Rudar Kakanj. Velić then joined Goražde in January 2020. International career Velić played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina U17 and the Bosnia and Herzegovina U19 national teams, making 9 and 5 caps respectively for both teams, but did not score a goal for neither. Career statistics Club Honours Željezničar Bosnian Cup: 2017–18 References External links Amir Velić at Sofascore Amir Velić profile at Soccerpunter 1999 births Living people Footballers from Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina players FK Željezničar Sarajevo players NK Bosna Visoko players HNK Orašje players FK Goražde players FK Igman Konjic players Bosnia and Herzegovina men's youth international footballers Men's association football central defenders\",\n \"title\": \"Amir Velić\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57819010\",\n \"text\": \"The 2018–19 Welsh Premier League was the 27th and final season of the Welsh Premier League, the highest football league within Wales since its establishment in 1992. The New Saints are the defending champions. The season fixtures were announced on 27 June 2018. The season began on 10 August 2018. Teams play each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups at the end of January 2019 – the top six and the bottom six. The season ended on 26 April 2019. Teams The bottom placed team from the previous season, Prestatyn Town, and Bangor City, were relegated to the Cymru Alliance for the 2018–19 season. Despite finishing 2nd the FAW Club Licensing Appeals Body decided to revoke Bangor City's Tier 1 and UEFA licence meaning that they would automatically drop down to the second level of Welsh football. This meant a reprieve for Carmarthen Town who had finished second bottom and would otherwise have been relegated. Bangor and Prestatyn were replaced by Llanelli Town and Caernarfon Town, champions of the 2017–18 Welsh Football League Division One and 2017–18 Cymru Alliance respectively. Caernarfon Town are playing in the Welsh Premier League for the first time since the 2008–09 season, while Llanelli Town are a new side, replacing the original Llanelli AFC who were relegated at the end of the 2012–13 season and then wound up in the high court. The arrival of Barry Town United the previous season means that both of the former South Wales 'giants' are now back in the Welsh top-flight. In addition, Cardiff Met remain and Carmarthen Town were reprieved, so the balance of power is slowly shifting from what was for a while, an almost predominantly North Wales-based league. Stadia and locations Personnel and kits League table Results Teams play each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups – the top six and the bottom six. Matches 1–22 Matches 23–32 Top six Bottom six UEFA Europa League play-offs Teams that finish in positions third to seventh at the end of the regular season will participate in play-offs to determine the third participant for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, who will qualify for the preliminary round. Semi-finals Final Season statistics References External links League rules Cymru Premier seasons 2018–19 in Welsh football Wales\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Welsh Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"57624561\",\n \"text\": \"Fudbalski klub Zvijezda 09 (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Звијезда 09) is a professional association football club based in Ugljevik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Zvijezda 09 currently plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, following promotion from the First League of the Republika Srpska. The club plays its home matches at the Ugljevik City Stadium, which has a capacity of 5,000 seats. History Zvijezda 09 was founded in 2009, and have consistently risen through the football pyramid of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They played in the seventh tier of football in the 2010–11 season, and then turned out in the country's Premier League with six promotions in eight years. In their first ever Bosnian Premier League season, the 2018–19 season, Zvijezda 09 finished in ninth place, escaping relegation. In the 2019–20 Bosnian Premier League season, the club got relegated back to the First League of RS after finishing in 12th place. Zvijezda 09 was promoted back to the Premier League in the 2022–23 First League of RS season. Honours Domestic League First League of the Republika Srpska: Winners (1): 2017–18 Runners-up (1): 2022–23 Players Current squad Out on loan Managerial history Mladen Obrenović (23 August 2016 – 14 June 2017) Mile Lazarević (15 June 2017 – 13 November 2017) Mladen Obrenović (14 November 2017 – 1 December 2017) Dragan Mićić (28 December 2017 – 26 February 2018) Miodrag Pantelić (26 February 2018 – 6 June 2018) Milan Đuričić (14 June 2018 – 4 September 2018) Darko Nestorović (5 September 2018 – 11 March 2019) Milenko Bošnjaković (18 March 2019 – 27 May 2019) Boris Savić (27 May 2019 – 31 August 2019) Slavoljub Bubanja (6 September 2019 – 6 October 2019) Adnan Zildžović (9 October 2019 – 9 March 2020) Perica Ognjenović (9 March 2020 – 19 June 2020) Zumbul Mahalbašić (20 June 2020 – 4 September 2020) Mladen Obrenović (4 September 2020 – 31 March 2021) Igor Savić (7 April 2021 – 30 June 2021) Zlatko Krmpotić (1 July 2021 – 16 February 2022) Mile Lazarević (21 February 2022 – 1 June 2022) Dženan Hošić (20 June 2022 – 12 September 2022) Srđan Šušić (14 September 2022 – 12 February 2023) Toni Karačić (22 February 2023 – 15 June 2023) Mihajlo Jurasović (19 June 2023 – 15 November 2023) Darko Milisavljević (20 November 2023 – 22 March 2024) Bojan Trkulja (27 March 2024 – present) Notes References External links Association football clubs established in 2009 Zvijezda 09 Zvijezda 09 Ugljevik Bijeljina 2009 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina\",\n \"title\": \"FK Zvijezda 09\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1269687\",\n \"text\": \"The 2000–01 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the ninth FA Premier League season and the third season running which ended with Manchester United as champions and Arsenal as runners-up. Sir Alex Ferguson became the first manager to win three successive English league titles with the same club. Liverpool, meanwhile, managed a unique cup treble – winning the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup. They also finished third in the Premier League and qualified for the Champions League. Nike replaced Mitre as manufacturer of the official Premier League match ball, a contract that has since been extended multiple times, with the most recent renewal made in November 2018 to the end of the 2024–25 season. UEFA Cup places went to Leeds United, Chelsea, Ipswich Town, and Aston Villa, who qualified via the Intertoto Cup. None of the top six clubs in the Premier League had an English manager. The most successful English manager in the 2000–01 Premier League campaign was Peter Reid, whose Sunderland side finished seventh, having spent most of the season challenging for a place in Europe, and briefly occupied second place in the Premier League table. Despite the success achieved by Sir Alex Ferguson and Gérard Houllier, the Manager of the Year Award went to George Burley. The Ipswich Town manager was in charge of a newly promoted side who began the season as relegation favourites and on a limited budget, guided his team to fifth place in the Premier League final table earning a total of 66 points - the highest total in Premier League history for a newly promoted side since the switch to a 20-team format—and a place in the UEFA Cup for the first time in almost 20 years. 2000–01 was perhaps the best season yet for newly promoted teams in the Premier League. Charlton Athletic finished ninth, their highest finish since the 1950s. The only newly promoted team to suffer relegation was Manchester City, who in the space of six seasons had now been relegated three times and promoted twice. Relegated in bottom place were Bradford City, whose return to the top division after almost 80 years was over after just two seasons. The next relegation place went to Coventry City, who were finally relegated after 34 successive seasons of top division football, which had brought numerous relegation battles and league finishes no higher than sixth place. Teams Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The teams that were promoted were Charlton Athletic, Manchester City and Ipswich Town, returning after a top flight absence of one, four and five years respectively. They replaced Wimbledon, Sheffield Wednesday and Watford. They were relegated to the First Division after spending fourteen, nine and one year in the top flight respectively. Stadiums and locations Personnel and kits (as of 14 May 2001) 1 The Dreamcast logo appeared on Arsenal's home and\",\n \"title\": \"2000–01 FA Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53809018\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 English Football League (known as the Sky Bet Football League for sponsorship reasons) was the 119th season of the English Football League and was the second under its current name. It began on 4 August 2017 and concluded on 6 May 2018, with the promotion play-off finals at Wembley Stadium on 26–28 May 2018. The EFL is contested through three divisions. The divisions are the Championship, League One and League Two. The winner and the runner up of the Championship will be automatically promoted to the Premier League and they will be joined by the winner of the Championship playoff. The bottom two teams in League Two will be relegated to the National League. Promotion and relegation From the Premier League Relegated to the Championship Hull City Middlesbrough Sunderland From the Championship Promoted to the Premier League Brighton & Hove Albion Newcastle United Huddersfield Town Relegated to League One Rotherham United Wigan Athletic Blackburn Rovers From League One Promoted to the Championship Sheffield United Bolton Wanderers Millwall Relegated to League Two Chesterfield Coventry City Swindon Town Port Vale From League Two Promoted to League One Doncaster Rovers Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Blackpool Relegated to the National League Leyton Orient Hartlepool United From the National League Promoted to League Two Lincoln City Forest Green Rovers Championship Table Play-offs Results League One Table Play-offs Results League Two Table Play-offs Results Managerial changes References 2017-18\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 English Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53984270\",\n \"text\": \"The 2016–2017 English Hockey League season took place from September 2016 until April 2017. The regular season consisted of two periods September until December and then February until March. The end of season playoffs known as the League Finals Weekend was held on 22 & 23 April. Surbiton won the Men's Premier League title despite being 3-0 down in the final against Wimbledon with only 10mins to go. Surbiton also won the Investec Women's Premier League as well as finishing top of the regular season league standings, making it their 4th in a row. Whilst Canterbury finished one off the bottom and survived the relegation playoffs for the 3rd time in a row as Loughborough Students were relegated having just got up into the top flight last season. Sevenoaks beat Team Bath Buccaneers and Durham University to secure promotion and go up to the top flight next season in the men's competition. In the women's Reading got relegated and Buckingham beat Wimbledon and Brooklands Poynton to secure promotion, as Bowdon Hightown won the group to keep their place in the Premier League. The Men's Cup was won by Reading with the biggest score difference in 15 years against Canterbury in the final. The Investec Women's Cup was won by Surbiton. Men's Premier Division League Standings Results Women's Investec Premier Division League Standings Results League Finals Weekend Semi-finals 3rd/4th Playoff Due to Wimbledon's finishing fourth in the 2016–17 Euro Hockey League a third team from England is allowed to join the competition meaning a 3rd/4th playoff is necessary. Finals Men's Cup Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final (Held at the Lee Valley Hockey & Tennis Centre on 29 April) Women's Cup Final Promotion Tournaments The winners of the 3 regional conferences and the second to bottom placed team in Premier League play a Promotion Tournament with the top 2 placed teams playing in the Premier League next season while the bottom 2 play in the conference leagues. Men's competition Women's competition References England Hockey League seasons field hockey field hockey England\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 England Hockey League season\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54221355\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 National League 2 North is the ninth season (31st overall) of the fourth tier (north) of the English domestic rugby union competitions since the professionalised format of the second division was introduced. On 21 April 2018 Sheffield became the first side to be relegated after losing heavily to promotion chasing Sedgley Park away from home. This meant that Sheffield would equal the unwanted record set by Morley of being the most demoted side in tier 4 (north) history with what was their third relegation from this level since the leagues started in 1987. The championship took a little longer to decide when on 28 April 2018 Sale FC clinched the title by winning 37-5 away to Leicester Lions, with a (rescheduled) game to spare. Sale FC were deserving winners, although runners up Sedgley Park kept the title race going to the wire thanks to their outstanding bonus points tally of 30 (a divisional record), helping Park to the runners up spot and a place in the promotion playoff game. On the same day the second relegation spot was sealed when Blaydon suffered their second successive relegation, losing a tight game 36-40 at Kingston Park to Hinckley. Runners up Sedgley Park failed to join Sale FC in the 2018–19 National League 1 after they lost 30-41 away to 2017–18 National League 2 South runners up Chinnor in the promotion play-off game played on 5 May 2018. Due to poor weather causing delays to the end of the season it took till 12 May 2018 to determine the final relegation spot with Luctonians losing 21-22 to champions Sale FC at home in their re-arranged fixture, condemning the Herefordshire side to the drop, 3 points below 13th placed Wharfedale, who could have gone down instead had Luctonians won via a bonus point. Structure The league consists of sixteen teams with all the teams playing each other on a home and away basis to make a total of thirty matches each. There is one automatic promotion place, one play-off place and three relegation places. The champions are promoted to the 2018–19 National League 1 and the runners up play the second-placed team in the 2017–18 National League 2 South with the winner also being promoted. The last three teams are relegated to either North Premier or Midlands Premier depending on the geographical location of the team (in some cases teams may join the southern regional leagues). The results of the matches contribute points to the league as follows: 4 points are awarded for a win 2 points are awarded for a draw 0 points are awarded for a loss, however 1 losing (bonus) point is awarded to a team that loses a match by 7 points or fewer 1 additional (bonus) point is awarded to a team scoring 4 tries or more in a match. Participating teams and locations Eleven of the teams listed below participated in the 2016–17 National League 2 North season. The 2016–17 champions, Caldy, were promoted into the\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 National League 2 North\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15962128\",\n \"text\": \"Nakhon Pathom United Football Club (), formerly known as Nakhon Pathom Football Club (), is a Thailand professional football club based in Nakhon Pathom province and currently play in Thai League 1. Their home stadium is Nakhon Pathom Municipality Sport School Stadium. In 2008 season, the club finished at 9th place which became the highest league position in the club history. In 2018, The club-licensing of this team didn't pass to play 2018 Thai League 2 and the team was relegated to the 2018 Thai League 4 Western Region. In 2023, Nakhon Pathom United won the Thai League 2 as champions for the first time in the club history and come back to the Thai League 1 after 14 years. History 1999–2006: Formation and early years Nakhon Pathom F.C. was founded in 1999, the club started playing in the Thailand Provincial League. In 2004, Nakhon Pathom finished the season on a mid-table in the league. In the year 2005 it was the first time a place among the top three will be achieved and promote to the Thai Premier League was narrowly missed. 2007–2009: Promotion to the top flight A year later, the result could be repeated. But the club was allowed to ascend to the highest league in Thailand, as was the second-placed a reserve team of Port FC. The association brought not only as a \\\"provincial team,\\\" a new impetus in the league. But also the fans who traveled to away games and many were present at the home games. Nakhon Pathom was another club as well as Chonburi and Suphanburi the club in the Premier League who did not came from the capital Bangkok. The first season in the Premier League, the club was able to finish in 11th place and boosted its bottom line a year later at number nine. For the 2009 season was the first time be with Michael Aspin and Michael Thomas Byrne committed two players from Great Britain, Both had already played together in England at Northwich Victoria. 2010–2016: Relegation and suspension Nakhon Pathom were suspended for two years following the final playoff game of the 2010 season after a fracas in the penultimate game of the playoffs with Sisaket, a game that NP had to win to ensure that they would be promoted. The club are set to return to Division 1 for the 2013 campaign after serving their two-year punishment. 2017–2022: Sukkoki years and resurgence In 2017, Nakhon Pathom United administratively relegated to 2018 Thai League 4 by FA Thailand because the club did not send documents about club licensing in time. After the club relegation to Thai League 4, Thongchai Sukkoki was hired as the club's coach. The club started again in the Tier 4 league by creating a new team and searching for young players from the initial selection of footballers, with only three players left from the previous season. Nakhon Pathom went on to won the 2018 Thai League 4 Western Region. In 2019, Thongchai Sukkoki won\",\n \"title\": \"Nakhon Pathom United F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54321203\",\n \"text\": \"The 2017–18 Welsh Premier League was the 26th season of the Welsh Premier League, the highest football league within Wales since its establishment in 1992. The New Saints are the defending champions. The season fixtures were announced on 23 June 2017. The season began on 11 August 2017 and concluded in April 2018; the Europa League play-offs followed afterwards. Teams played each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups at the end of January 2018 – the top six and the bottom six. On 26 April 2018 the FAW Club Licensing Appeals Body decided to revoke Bangor City's Tier 1 and UEFA licence meaning that they would automatically drop down to the second level of Welsh football the next season and would not be able to compete for a place in the following season's Europa League. Teams The bottom two placed teams from the previous season, Rhyl and Airbus UK Broughton were relegated to the Cymru Alliance for the 2017–18 season. They were replaced by Barry Town United and Prestatyn Town, champions of the 2016–17 Welsh Football League Division One and 2016–17 Cymru Alliance respectively. Barry Town United are playing in the Welsh Premier League for the first time since the 2003–04 season, while Prestatyn Town were returning to the top flight after being relegated in the 2014–15 season. Stadia and locations League table Results Teams play each other twice on a home and away basis, before the league split into two groups – the top six and the bottom six. Matches 1–22 Matches 23–32 Top six Bottom six UEFA Europa League play-offs Teams that finish in positions third to seventh at the end of the regular season will participate in play-offs to determine the third participant for the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, who will qualify for the preliminary round. However, due to Bangor City's expulsion, there was just one semi-final, with fifth place Cefn Druids gaining a bye to the final after Bala Town (who had finished 4th) took Bangor's place. Semi-final Final Season statistics Scoring Top scorers References External links League rules Cymru Premier seasons 2017–18 in Welsh football Wales\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Welsh Premier League\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["West Bromwich Albion","Swansea City","Stoke City"],"string":"[\n \"West Bromwich Albion\",\n \"Swansea City\",\n \"Stoke City\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":77,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_45991"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who are the voices of transformers age of extinction"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"23447417","text":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \"Create-A-Bot\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \"light\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \"medium\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \"heavy\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a","title":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots"},{"docid":"24020949","text":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons is an action-adventure game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Decepticons. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots, which follows the Autobots; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Decepticons, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \"Create-A-Bot\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \"light\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \"medium\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \"heavy\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Decepticons. The Fallen (voiced by James Arnold Taylor): A former Prime and the first Decepticon, as well as their supreme ruler. Though unplayable, he is seen in the last mission of the game. Megatron (voiced by Frank Welker): The deceased leader of the Decepticons, who becomes The Fallen's right-hand disciple upon being revived by his minions. He can transform into a Cybertronian flying tank, and is only playable in challenge missions. Starscream (voiced by Charlie Adler): The Decepticons' second-in-command and temporary leader, in Megatron's absence. He is playable in the tutorial in robot form, and in a few story and challenge missions in his Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor jet form. Soundwave (voiced by Peter Jessop): The Decepticons' tech genius and a Transformer of few words. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Grindor: (voiced by Fred Tatasciore): A Decepticon lieutenant who transforms into a Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low helicopter; he looks identical to Blackout from the previous game, and they may be the same character. Though unplayable, he appears in several story missions. Sideways: (voiced by John DiMaggio): A Decepticon lieutenant and a relatively recent addition to","title":"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"23447417\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is an action-adventure video game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Autobots. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons, which follows the Decepticons; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Autobots, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \\\"Create-A-Bot\\\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \\\"light\\\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \\\"medium\\\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \\\"heavy\\\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Autobots, seeking to impress his superiors. Optimus Prime (voiced by Peter Cullen): The heroic, wise, and inspiring leader of the Autobots, who transforms into a Peterbilt 379 semi-truck. He is playable in the tutorial and challenge missions. Jetfire (voiced by Clive Revill): An old Transformer and former Decepticon, who defected to the Autobots. He can transform into a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Though unplayable, he is featured in a few missions in the game. Bumblebee (voiced by Mark Ryan): An Autobot recon officer and scout, who transforms into a fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro. He is only playable in challenge missions. Ratchet (voiced by Robert Foxworth): The Autobots' medical officer, who transforms into a Search and Rescue Hummer H2. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Ironhide (voiced by Jess Harnell): The Autobots' weapon specialist, who transforms into a GMC Topkick pickup truck. Though unplayable, he is featured in several story and challenge missions. Sideswipe: An Autobot soldier and a relatively recent addition to the team. He transforms into a Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Concept, and is only playable in challenge missions. Breakaway: An Aerialbot who can transform into a\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24020949\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons is an action-adventure game based on the 2009 live action film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. It is the Nintendo DS port of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but follows a different storyline and focuses exclusively on the Decepticons. It was developed by Vicarious Visions alongside Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots, which follows the Autobots; the two games share some basic similarities, but overall feature different characters, missions and locations. Both games were published by Activision in June 2009, and received mixed reviews. Gameplay As with Transformers: The Game, the DS version of Revenge of the Fallen splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The two games feature 25 missions in total, and the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Similar to Transformers Decepticons, players must customize their own Transformer, known as \\\"Create-A-Bot\\\", who can be furthered customized during the game using parts found in missions. The difference between this game and its predecessors is that while scanning a vehicle to choose an alternate form, players are limited to \\\"light\\\" vehicles, which are fast but weak, \\\"medium\\\" vehicles, which are fast and strong, and \\\"heavy\\\" vehicles, which are strong but slow, and the protoform can't scan another vehicle once one has been already chosen. Another addition is that multiple weapons, armor and upgrades can be found throughout the game. Synopsis Characters Similar to the first set of Transformers games for the DS, the player gets to create their own character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. Create-A-Bot: The player character, who is depicted as a Transformer having just recently arrived on Earth and joined the Decepticons. The Fallen (voiced by James Arnold Taylor): A former Prime and the first Decepticon, as well as their supreme ruler. Though unplayable, he is seen in the last mission of the game. Megatron (voiced by Frank Welker): The deceased leader of the Decepticons, who becomes The Fallen's right-hand disciple upon being revived by his minions. He can transform into a Cybertronian flying tank, and is only playable in challenge missions. Starscream (voiced by Charlie Adler): The Decepticons' second-in-command and temporary leader, in Megatron's absence. He is playable in the tutorial in robot form, and in a few story and challenge missions in his Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor jet form. Soundwave (voiced by Peter Jessop): The Decepticons' tech genius and a Transformer of few words. Though unplayable, he makes several appearances throughout the game, and gives the player useful hints. Grindor: (voiced by Fred Tatasciore): A Decepticon lieutenant who transforms into a Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low helicopter; he looks identical to Blackout from the previous game, and they may be the same character. Though unplayable, he appears in several story missions. Sideways: (voiced by John DiMaggio): A Decepticon lieutenant and a relatively recent addition to\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"42331254","text":"Jeff White is a visual effects artist who was nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 85th Academy Awards and 90th Academy Awards for The Avengers and Kong: Skull Island, respectively. Selected filmography Kong: Skull Island (2017) Warcraft (2016) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Marvel's The Avengers (2012) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Transformers (2007) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) References External links Living people Special effects people Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Jeff White (visual effects)"},{"docid":"64058099","text":"Mark Vahradian is an Armenian-American film producer. Filmography Producer Annapolis (2006) Red (2010) Man on a Ledge (2012) Red 2 (2013) Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) Deepwater Horizon (2016) Bumblebee (2018) Pet Sematary (2019) Infinite (2021) Plane (2023) Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023) Pet Sematary: Bloodlines (2023) Transformers One (2024) Executive producer Transformers (2007) Nancy Drew (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Salt (2010) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) The Devil Inside (2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) References American film producers","title":"Mark Vahradian"},{"docid":"58718841","text":"Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy (or simply Rescue Bots Academy) is a Flash animated children's television series on Discovery Family. Based on toy manufacturer Hasbro's Transformers franchise, the series is a sequel of Transformers: Rescue Bots, sharing the name with the Rescue Bots season three episode called \"Rescue Bots Academy\". It was created by Rescue Bots co-creator Nicole Dubuc. The first two episodes were previewed on December 8, 2018. The series officially premiered on January 5, 2019. The voice cast of Rescue Bots leaves their roles, with existing characters being recast with New York–based voice actors. Premise School is in session at the Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy, and Griffin Rock's heroes Heatwave the Fire-Bot, Chase the Police-Bot, Blades the Copter-Bot, and Boulder the Construction-Bot are back and ready to train a new batch of recruits. Just arriving on Earth from their home world of Cybertron, young Cube player Hot Shot, aspiring rescue hero Hoist, the enthusiastic Whirl, Construction-bot Wedge and field medic appropriately named Medix have the honor of being the first class in history to enroll in the Rescue Bots Academy, a highly advanced training facility located at a top-secret base. With encouragement from Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, and Grimlock, the new recruits learn the power of team building through simulated and real-life rescue missions that highlight the importance of heroism, teamwork, and most importantly, friendship. Characters Autobots Rescue Bots Recruits Hot Shot (voiced by Pierce Cravens) is a former Cube player recruited by Optimus Prime, who also gives him a Mul-T-Change T-cog that lets him use a different vehicle mode per day. His regular vehicle mode is a red and yellow ATV, while his alternate forms are a red jet plane and a yellow and red hovercraft boat. He later gains a fourth vehicle form in Season 2 by scanning Heatwave's fire truck mode. Whirl (voiced by Courtney Shaw) is an enthusiastic police trainee who, like Chase, has studied the rules of being a Rescue Bot, and who serves as the team's optimist and sister figure. She transforms into a blue and light gray police helicopter, and later adopts Chase's blue squad police car form during Season 2's Multi-change story arc. Hoist (voiced by Alan Trinca) is an aspiring inventor and mechanic who transforms into a teal green tow truck. In Season 1, he was revealed to be afraid of dinosaurs when Grimlock arrived at the academy, later fully overcoming his fear in Season 2's \"Mission Dinobot.\" During season 2's T-cog story arc, he scanned Grimlock's Tyrannosaurus Rex form to become a Dinobot himself. Medix (voiced by Adam Andrianopoulous) is a Rescue Bots recruit who does not like surprises and works purely with logic. He serves as the team's intelligence officer on missions and transforms into a white emergency response car with green and a red light bar mounted on the roof. During Season 2's T-Cog story arc, he gains Blade's white and orange rescue helicopter form as a second form. Wedge (voiced by Mason Hensley) is a former Decepticon","title":"Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy"},{"docid":"16715815","text":"The Grey wolf (Canis lupus) was an integral part of the Irish countryside and culture, but are now extinct. The last wild wolf in Ireland is said to have been killed in 1786, 300 years after they were believed to have been wiped out in England and 100 years after their disappearance from Scotland. Folklore and mythology Wolves feature prominently in Irish mythology. Airitech was a mysterious creature whose three daughters were werewolf-like creatures, eventually killed by Cas Corach. The Irish words for wolf are Mac Tíre (\"son of the land\"), Faoil and Cú Allaidh (\"wild dog\"), and association with human transformation linger. Whilst some consider this to be imported, there are many references in Irish mythology to lycanthropes and changing to other animal forms. The last wolf in Ireland was killed near Mount Leinster in 1786. The Morrígan was said to take on the form of a red-furred wolf, particularly in her battle with the hero Cú Chulainn. Mac Cecht killed a wolf feeding on a still-living woman on a battlefield. Cormac mac Airt was said to have been raised by wolves, and that he could understand their speech. Four wolves would accompany him in his rebellion against Lugaid mac Con, and he would later be accompanied by them until the end of his life. The Annals of the Four Masters claims that, in AD 690, \"It rained a shower of blood in Leinster this year. Butter was there also turned into lumps of gore and blood, so that it was manifest to all in general. The wolf was heard speaking with human voice, which was horrific to all.\" One tale describes how in AD 1182, a priest travelling from Ulster into Meath encountered a talking wolf, which revealed itself to be a man of Ossory, whose ancestors had been cursed to turn into wolves every seven years and return to their human form after another seven years had passed. The wolf explained that his wife, who was also under the curse, was dying, and he pleaded with the priest to give her the viaticum. The priest complied, and was later put on the right road to Meath by the grateful wolf. History In prehistory The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is a canine of the order Carnivora, an apex predator largely feeding on ungulates. The earliest radiocarbon date for Irish wolf remains come from excavated cave sites in Castlepook Cave, north of Doneraile, County Cork, and dates back to 34,000 BC. Wolf bones discovered in a number of other cave sites, particularly in the counties of Cork, Waterford and Clare indicate the presence of wolves throughout the Midlandian ice age which probably reached its peak between 20,000 BC and 18,000 BC. By about 14,000 BC, Ireland became separated from Great Britain, which, itself, still formed part of mainland Europe, to become an island. Wolves were one of just a few species of land animal in Ireland that survived through the Nahanagan Stadial, a cold period that occurred between 10,800","title":"Wolves in Ireland"},{"docid":"54075111","text":"Barbara Harris is an American voice casting director. The Looping Group Harris is a voice casting director for motion pictures and television. Her credits include some of the top grossing films of all time, including Black Panther, Jurassic Park, Titanic, The Lion King, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, The Fate of the Furious, The Matrix Reloaded, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Interstellar, Guardians of the Galaxy, and others. She founded the voice casting company, The Looping Group. She and her company were mentioned in film critic, Roger Ebert's book, Questions for the Movie Answer Man. They were also mentioned in Kate McClanaghan's book, The Sound Advice Encyclopedia of Voice-Over & the Business of Being A Working Talent. References External links The Looping Group - Official site. Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American casting directors American women casting directors","title":"Barbara Harris (voice casting director)"},{"docid":"1968363","text":"Mpinguari, or Mpinguary, (also called the Juma) are mythical monstrous jungle-dwelling spirits from Brazilian folklore said to protect the forest and its animals. Description There are various depictions of the mapinguari. Prior to 1933, traditional folklore describe it as a former human shaman turned into a hairy humanoid cyclops. This version is often said to have a gaping mouth on its abdomen, with its feet turned backwards. Creatures with such feet, which confuse those trying to track it, are found in folklore around the world. In the latter half of the 20th century, some cryptozoologists speculated that the mapinguari might be an unknown primate, akin to Bigfoot. Others claim that it is a modern-day sighting of a giant ground sloth, an animal estimated to have gone extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene. These later descriptions may be attributed to David C. Oren, an ornithologist, who heard stories of the creature and hypothesized they might be the extinct sloths. This was met by criticism by scientists at the time, but an article Oren published in 1993 was picked up by major news papers despite no evidence. Skeptics point out that there have not been any fossil records of ground sloths for thousands of years A 2023 academic study of the 1995 discovery of giant sloth bones “modified into primordial pendants” suggested that humans lived in the Americas contemporaneous with the giant sloth, specifically that “it may have served as inspiration for the Mapinguari, a mythical beast that, in Amazonian legend, had the nasty habit of twisting off the heads of humans and devouring them.” Terminology According to Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden, its name is a combination of the Tupi-Guarani words \"mbappé\", \"pi\", and \"guari\", meaning \"a thing that has a bent [or] crooked foot [or] paw\". Other names by which they are referred to include the Karitiana kida harara, and the Machiguenga segamai. In popular culture A reference to Mapinguari occurs in the 2020 animated film The Red Scroll, during the final scene when the character Wupa transforms into a giant sloth monster. See also List of legendary creatures Mylodon References Sources Martin, Paul S. 2007. Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press. Shepard, G. H. 2002. \"Primates and the Matsigenka\" in Agustín Fuentes & Linda D. Wolfe. Primates Face to Face: The Conservation Implications of Human-nonhuman Primate Interconnections. Cambridge University Press. Brazilian folklore Indigenous Amazonian legendary creatures Cryptozoology Forest spirits Indigenous South American legendary creatures","title":"Mapinguari"},{"docid":"8898811","text":"The Squamish people ( , historically transliterated as Sko-ko-mish) are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Archaeological evidence shows they have lived in the area for more than a thousand years. In 2012, there was population of 3,893 band members registered with the Squamish Nation. Their language is the Squamish language or Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, considered a part of the Coast Salish languages, and is categorized as nearly extinct with just 10 fluent speakers as of 2010. The traditional territory is in the area now in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and covers Point Grey as the southern border. From here, it continues northward to Roberts Creek on the Sunshine Coast, up the Howe Sound. The northern part includes the Squamish, Cheakamus, Elaho and Mamquam rivers. Up the Cheakamus River it includes land past Whistler, British Columbia. The southern and eastern part of their territory includes Indian Arm, along Burrard Inlet, through False Creek then English Bay and Point Grey. Today the Squamish people live mostly in seven communities, located in West Vancouver, North Vancouver, and within and nearby to the District of Squamish. The Squamish people’s history, culture, societal customs, and other knowledge was transmitted by oral tradition from generation to generation without a writing system. Today oral tradition continues to be a fundamental aspect of their traditional culture. This continued until European contact and diseases in 1791, which caused drastic changes to the people and culture. Charles Hill-Tout became the first European to document Squamish oral history in the early 1900s. Later, many anthropologists and linguists came to work with Squamish informants and elders to document Squamish culture and history. Although first recorded contact with Europeans happened with George Vancouver and José María Narváez in 1791–1792, disease had devastated much of the population before in the 1770s. For decades following, more diseases, including influenza, reduced the population significantly. Along with the influx of new foreigners, usurpation of their ancestral lands, and later policies of assimilation by the Canadian government, caused a significant shift in their culture, way of life, and society. History Oral tradition Oral tradition transmits history, literature, law and other knowledges verbally across generations, without a writing system, and forms the basis for most of the Squamish people's history. The passing on of this history is regarded as the \"duty of responsible elders\". Those who possessed a great deal of knowledge were regarded as aristocrats. Like other Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, the Squamish have stories of the \"Transformer\" brothers who went around the world transforming things and people. Other stories transmitted through generations are of ancestral characters doing things or involved in events. Oral tradition and history, including new events, continues to be passed on in this form to this day. Squamish oral history traces back to \"founding fathers\" of their people. An aged informant of the Squamish people named Mel̓ḵw’s, said to be over 100 years old, was interviewed by Charles Hill-Tout in 1886. He recited oral history on the origins of","title":"Squamish people"},{"docid":"1663918","text":"Sophia Myles (; born 18 March 1980) is an English actress. She is best known in film for portraying Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in Thunderbirds (2004), Isolde in Tristan & Isolde (2006), Darcy in Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014), Erika in Underworld (2003) and Underworld: Evolution (2006) and Freya in Outlander (2008). Initially hoping to study philosophy at University of Cambridge, for which she secured a place, Myles instead turned to acting after television writer Julian Fellowes saw her perform in a school play, casting her in his series The Prince and the Pauper (1996). After this, Myles continued to receive work in films such as Mansfield Park (1999), From Hell (2001) and The Abduction Club (2002), but her breakthrough role came in the form of Erika in Underworld (2003) before she won the iconic role of Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in Thunderbirds (2004) propelling her to international stardom. Following on from this success, Myles moved to Hollywood where she played the main role of Isolde in the epic romantic film Tristan & Isolde (2006) before starring in films including Underworld: Evolution (2006), Art School Confidential (2006), Dracula (2006), Hallam Foe (2007), Outlander (2008), The Damned (2013), Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) and Blackwood (2015). Myles has also received critical acclaim for her television work, particularly as Madame de Pompadour in the Doctor Who episode \"The Girl in the Fireplace\" (2006), Beth Turner in Moonlight (2007–2008), Beth Bailey in Spooks (2010) and Rebecca Bishop in A Discovery of Witches (2018–2021). Myles won a BAFTA for Best Actress for her role as Kate in Hallam Foe (2007) and was also nominated for a BIFA at the British Independent Film Awards for the same film. She has also won several other awards at various other film festivals across the world. Early life Myles was born in London. Her mother, Jane (née Allan), works in educational publishing, and her father, Peter R. Myles, was a retired Church of England vicar in Isleworth, West London. Her paternal grandmother was Russian, and Myles refers to herself as \"half-Welsh, half-Russian\". She grew up in Notting Hill and attended Fox Primary School. At the age of 11, she moved with her family to Isleworth and attended The Green School. Following success at her A Levels she secured a place at the University of Cambridge to study philosophy, but chose to pursue an acting career after being spotted by Julian Fellowes in a school play and shortly after had a small role in his television production of The Prince and the Pauper in 1996. Career Since 1996, Myles has appeared in a number of films and television productions. Following her success in The Prince and the Pauper, Myles made her film debut in Mansfield Park (1999) and had a small role in Guest House Paradiso (1999). After roles in the television series Heartbeat and Foyle's War, Myles starred as Victoria Abberline in the thriller film From Hell (2001) alongside Johnny Depp, with Myles playing his wife. Myles played a main","title":"Sophia Myles"},{"docid":"4095980","text":"Kevin Patrick Covais (; born May 30, 1989) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He was a finalist on the fifth season of American Idol. Covais appeared in the films College and Transformers: Age of Extinction, and television shows Good Luck Charlie and State of Georgia. Early life Covais was born and raised in Levittown, New York, on Long Island. He is the son of John Covais, a retired Sheriff's Correction Officer, and Patty Covais. He is the youngest of three. He has two siblings, a sister (Kathleen) and a brother (John). Covais was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at age eleven and receives insulin injections, like his fellow contestant, Elliott Yamin. Covais started singing at the age of ten and has taken voice lessons for four years. Covais has stated that Brian McKnight and American Idol first season winner Kelly Clarkson are favorite singers of his. In the future, he plans to pursue a career in singing, acting or journalism. Covais was a junior at Island Trees High School during his Idol run; he graduated at the end of the 2006–07 school year. He is a former student of Island Trees Middle School. He is a member of the Drama Club and has played the lead in several school plays including Brighton Beach Memoirs, Godspell and Guys and Dolls; he is also a member of the Metropolitan Youth Chorale and the National Honor Society. In the 2005–06 school year, he won the lead in the school's musical, Anything Goes but had to leave for American Idol. He also won some competitions outside of school, such as Eisenhower Park's Reach for the Stars in 2003. He is also a fan of the New York Yankees, the New York Knicks and the New York Jets. Career 2006–07: American Idol Covais auditioned in Boston, Massachusetts. On March 9, 2006, he made it into the top 12 of American Idol. Covais has sarcastically dubbed himself the show's \"sex symbol,\" while fellow finalist Paris Bennett called him \"Chicken Little\" for his supposed resemblance to the character in the Disney movie. Covais was eliminated on March 22, 2006. He was in the bottom three with Bucky Covington and Lisa Tucker. Covais continued to pursue his singing career after his stint on Idol. He made a number of media appearances including Jimmy Kimmel Live! on March 24, 2006, Live with Regis and Kelly on March 29 and July 4, The Today Show on March 30 and The Ellen DeGeneres Show on April 4. Covais also intends to return to television, telling TV Guide'''s Shawna Malcolm, \"You'll see me on TV again. If Disney comes calling....\" In December 2006, he performed at a Disney World holiday concert. Covais rapped on one track of good friend and fellow Idol finalist Paris Bennett's debut CD, Princess P. He also recorded \"When I Fall in Love\" for the compilation CD American Idol Season 5: Encores, which features a song from each of the 12 finalists. American Idol performances Semifinals","title":"Kevin Covais"},{"docid":"2199672","text":"Jack Angel (October 24, 1930 – October 18, 2021) was an American voice actor and radio personality. He provided voice-overs for animation and video games. Angel had voiced characters in shows by Hasbro and Hanna-Barbera such as Super Friends, The Transformers and G.I. Joe and was involved in numerous productions by Disney and Pixar. Before becoming involved with voiceover work, Angel was initially a disc jockey for radio stations, namely KMPC and KFI. The day of his death, October 18, a piece of lost 1980s paraphernalia that contained his voice as the lead role, being the U.S. dub of TUGS, was discovered. Biography Angel was born on October 24, 1930, in Modesto, California, the second child of John Angel, a Greek immigrant, and Lucille (née Parsons). He graduated from San Francisco State University in 1957, and at the same time, he was hired as a disc jockey for a California radio station and decided to focus on a career in radio programs. A decade later, he had become one of the most popular radio personalities with his radio programs being heard on stations KMPC and KFI, Los Angeles. In the early years of his career, he also landed roles in stage productions at The Actor's Ring and the Portland Civic Theater. It was during his broadcasting career that he began experimenting with voiceovers he would produce for clients; while at KMPC, Angel's demo ended up in the hands of Gary Owens, who already had made his own inroads as an animation voiceover actor and forwarded Angel's demo tape to his agent. After almost 20 years in radio, Angel shifted to voice acting on a full-time basis. Angel's first jobs in the voice-over industry came in the mid-1970s, voice acting on the series Super Friends, in which he played Hawkman, The Flash and Samurai, including The All-New Super Friends Hour, Challenge of the Superfriends, Super Friends, The Legendary Super Powers Show and Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians. During that time, he made guest appearances in Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo and The Smurfs. In the second season of the Transformers series (1985), Angel was the voice of Astrotrain, Smokescreen, Ramjet, and Omega Supreme, and he reprised the roles of Ramjet and Astrotrain in The Transformers: The Movie (1986). In the third and fourth seasons of The Transformers (1986-1987), Angel voiced Ultra Magnus (who had been played by Robert Stack in The Transformers: The Movie) and in the fourth season he voiced Cyclonus following the death of Roger C. Carmel. He also lent his voice to the character Dr. Zachary Darret in the 1984 CBS animated series Pole Position, and also voiced Wet Suit on Sunbow's G.I. Joe and several characters on Dino-Riders. In 1995, he was the voice of Nikki in the animated film Balto. He played the SWATbots on Sonic the Hedgehog, The Liquidator on Darkwing Duck, and Nick Fury on Spider-Man: The Animated series. In 2001, Angel was the voice of \"Teddy\" in the movie A.I. Artificial Intelligence. He provided voices","title":"Jack Angel"},{"docid":"37870136","text":"Jiang Guangtao () is a Chinese voice actor and voice director of Mainland China, dubbing and directing foreign content in the Mandarin Chinese format. Most of the roles that Jiang dubs for foreign films are considered protagonist or secondary roles. Voice roles Animated series Purple River (2021) - Zichuan Xiu The Island of Siliang (2021) - Xiao Ji Drowning Sorrows in Raging Fire (2021) - Sheng Lingyuan Heaven Official's Blessing (2020) - Xie Lian Animated films Kuiba 3 (2014) Video games Chinese Paladin 5 - Jiang Yun Fun Chinese Paladin 5 Prequel - Xia Hou Jin Xvan For All Time/Lovebrush Chronicles - Ye Xuan/Cael Anselm/Emerald Tears of Themis - Vyn Richter 花亦山心之月 - Yu Ze Dubbing (live action films) Scent of a Woman - Charlie Simms (Chris O'Donnell) (2003 CCTV Dub) The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian - Prince Caspian (Ben Barnes) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - King Caspian (Ben Barnes) The Children of Huang Shi - George Hogg (Jonathan Rhys Meyers) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind - Patrick (Elijah Wood) Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World - First Lieutenant / Acting Captain Thomas Pullings (James D'Arcy) Transformers - Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) Transformers: Dark of the Moon - Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) Transformers: Age of Extinction - Shane Dyson (Jack Reynor) Dragonball Evolution - Goku (Justin Chatwin) 2012 - Jackson Curtis (John Cusack) Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief - Percy Jackson (Logan Lerman) The Incredible Hulk - Bruce Banner/Hulk (Edward Norton) Titanic - Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio) April Snow - In-soo (Bae Yong-joon) Superman Returns - Jimmy Olsen (Sam Huntington) Stardust - Tristan Thorn (Charlie Cox) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory - Willy Wonka (Johnny Depp) (2008 CCTV Dub) Amélie - Nino Quincampoix (Mathieu Kassovitz) High School Musical - Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) High School Musical 2 - Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) High School Musical 3: Senior Year - Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) Bedtime Stories - Skeeter Bronson (Adam Sandler) References External links Jiang Guangtao at Douban (Chinese) 1976 births Living people Chinese male child actors Chinese male voice actors Male actors from Changchun Chinese voice directors","title":"Jiang Guangtao"},{"docid":"1787469","text":"Transformers: Cybertron, known as in Japan and Asia, is an anime series which debuted on January 8, 2005. It is set in the Transformers universe. Produced by TV Aichi, Weve, Tokyu Agency and animated by Gonzo, the series is directed by Hiroyuki Kakudō and Manabu Ono, with Hiro Masaki handling series composition, Takashi Kumazen designing the characters, Mitsuru Ōwa serving as the mechanical and prop designer and Megumi Ōhashi composing the music. A corresponding toy line was released with the series. The series was conceived by Hasbro as the final installment of a trilogy formed with the previous two series, Transformers: Armada and Transformers: Energon. However, the Japanese production did not follow through on this intent, scripting the series as an independent story unconnected to the preceding shows. The English dub partially modified the series to establish links back to Armada and Energon, including changes to dialogue and small portions of new animation. Trevor Devall (who voices Scourge in the Series) voiced Megatron in early episodes the English dub before previous voice actor David Kaye returned, reprising the role from the show's predecessors. Other Voice Actors include Garry Chalk Reprising the role of Optimus Prime, Brian Drummond as the voices of Jolt and Jetfire (replacing Scott McNeil), Kirby Morrow as the Voice of Hot Shot (Replacing Brent Miller), Paul Dobson as the Voices of Overhaul (episodes 1 to 16) and Landmine (replacing Ward Perry), Scott McNeil as the voices of Snarl and Backstop, Brian Dobson Reprising the role of Red Alert, Richard Newman as the voice of Vector Prime, Michael Dobson returning as Starscream, Ted Cole as the Voice of Sideways (replacing Paul Dobson), Peter Kelamis as the Voice of Wing Saber (replacing Colin Murdock), and Lisa Ann Beley as the Voice of Override. In the anime, all of the Transformers are computer-generated, while the humans and backgrounds are rendered in traditional cel animation. Telecom Animation Film Company helped with the backgrounds. It was the last series in the Transformers franchise to be produced in Japan until the release of Transformers Go! in 2013. Plot When the destruction of Unicron results in the formation of a massive black hole, the planet Cybertron, home world of the Transformers, is threatened, and its population is evacuated to Earth, taking the forms of local vehicles and machinery to hide from humanity. As this occurs, Optimus Prime's elite team of Autobot warriors are approached by the ancient Transformer Vector Prime, who has emerged from his resting place in the void outside of time to inform them of the legendary Cyber Planet Keys, ancient artifacts of power which can stop the black hole and save the universe. Lost due to an accident during an attempt to create a cross-universal space bridge network, the Cyber Planet Keys now reside on four worlds somewhere in the universe – unfortunately, Vector Prime's map showing their location is stolen by Decepticon leader Megatron, and both forces relocate to Earth as the race to find them begins. On Earth, the","title":"Transformers: Cybertron"},{"docid":"64634545","text":"Roberto Draghetti (August 24, 1960 – July 24, 2020) was an Italian voice actor. Biography Born in Rome and the older brother of actress and voice actress Francesca Draghetti, he started his career as a theatre actor in 1980 and became a voice actor and dubber ten years later. He performed the Italian-dubbed voices of Jamie Foxx, Noah Emmerich, Terry Crews and Idris Elba in some of their roles; other actors Draghetti dubbed included Mickey Rourke, Djimon Hounsou, Tyler Perry, Tyrese Gibson, Ray Stevenson and more. Draghetti also worked in animation, giving his voice to many animated characters as well, which includes Knut in Winx Club and the Italian-dubbed voices of Maurice in the Madagascar franchise, Stoick the Vast in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, Chef Hatchet in Total Drama, Eddy in Ed, Edd n Eddy and various characters in The Simpsons. Death Draghetti died of a sudden heart attack on 24 July 2020, aged 59. He was survived by his daughter, Malvina. Voice work Animation Knut (1st voice) in Winx Club Drosselmeier in Pipi, Pupu and Rosemary in: The Mysery of the Stolen Notes [it] Capo/Primo Ufficiale dei Pirati (First Mate of the Pirates) in , Leo Da Vinci: Mission Mona Lisa Vitrio in Live action Radio announcer in Red Like the Sky Dubbing Animation Stoick the Vast in How to Train Your Dragon, How to Train Your Dragon 2, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, DreamWorks Dragons Maurice in Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, The Penguins of Madagascar Starscream in Transformers: Armada, Transformers: Energon, Transformers: Cybertron Sam Sheepdog and other characters in Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies (since 1995) Humphrey the Bear and Devil Pluto in Mickey Mouse Works and Disney's House of Mouse Chernabog in Disney's House of Mouse and Mickey's House of Villains (dialogue only) Officer Earl Devereaux in Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Fat Tony (season 3-31), Lenny Leonard (season 8), Snake Jailbird (seasons 14-31), Superintendent Chalmers (seasons 17-31), narrator (episode 9.14), Tom Petty, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Tab Spangler, Rob Reiner, the colonel (ep. 18.5) and other roles in The Simpsons Charles Manson, John Postum, Panda, Rod Stewart and Chief Running Pinto in South Park (first Italian dub) Greg Corbin, Rusty Smith and Hulk Hogan in American Dad! Ebaloo, Karacka and Jude Heartphilia in Fairy Tale Kruncha, Hutchins and Nadakhan in Ninjago Jorgun and Balimbow in Gurren Lagann The Evil Manta and Da Shrimp in The Little Mermaid (TV series) Caterpillar and Benny the Cab in Disney's House of Mouse Lion and Louie the Mountain Lion in Mickey Mouse Works Billy Stumps and Gunther's father in Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil Devil and Devil's Echo in Lissi und der wilde Kaiser Eddy in Ed, Edd n Eddy Experiment 627 in Lilo & Stitch: The Series Cyborg in Teen Titans (seasons 1-4) Terry Kimple in The Cleveland Show Dim in A Bug's Life Spike in Flushed Away Great Counselor Otomo","title":"Roberto Draghetti"},{"docid":"41964287","text":"Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark is a video game based on the Transformers franchise, developed by Edge of Reality and WayForward, and published by Activision. It is the third and final entry in the Cybertron series, following War for Cybertron and Fall of Cybertron, and acts as a spin-off and crossover with the live-action Transformers films. One portion of the game takes place in the timeline divergent from the one where the films take place, serving as an alternative to the events of Age of Extinction, and follows the Autobots as they try to retrieve a Cybertronian artifact called the Dark Spark from the mercenary Lockdown. The other portion, set between the first two Cybertron games, depicts the Decepticons' attempts to use the Dark Spark to win the war against the Autobots, and the latter's efforts to stop them. The game was developed primarily by Edge of Reality, with the Nintendo 3DS version developed by WayForward Technologies. It was published by Activision and released worldwide in June 2014 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. Rise of the Dark Spark received mixed-to-negative reviews. Gameplay The console and Microsoft Windows versions of Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark are a third-person shooter, much like its predecessors: Transformers: War for Cybertron, Transformers: Fall of Cybertron, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon. Players can control each transformer in both its robot and vehicle forms. Instead of a traditional health system, the game features a system similar to the Halo series of video games. The player character has both a regenerating shield and health, the latter of which can be replenished by a health pack. The game features various challenges which reward the players with weapon upgrades, characters for the multiplayer component, and other bonuses. Upgrades for weapons can be purchased through Teletran 1 kiosks found throughout the game. Every character has their own unique ability. For example, Soundwave can summon his minions, Optimus Prime has a shield to block incoming fire, Sharpshot can turn invisible for a few seconds, and the Combaticons have the ability to combine into the massive Decepticon Bruticus. The Autobot Grimlock, who transforms into a dinosaur, is controlled differently from other characters: he carries only melee weapons (though he can shoot fire out of his mouth when in dinosaur form), and is much larger than other characters, in addition to having more health points. The 3DS version of the game is a strategy game role-playing video game. Melee combat is turn-based. The player is given three rounds to deplete their opponent's health. If successful, the enemy is removed from the overworld map. The player can choose from seven different attacks, each with their own recharge time after each use. Multiplayer Transformers: Rise of The Dark Spark has an extra mode called \"Escalation\". It is an online multiplayer mode where four players fend off waves of increasingly tough enemies, returned with the addition of upgradable defenses. The mode features over","title":"Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark"},{"docid":"33564062","text":"Samre (), is a nearly extinct Pearic language of Thailand and, formerly, Cambodia. The language is evidently extinct in Cambodia, but a 1998 survey found 20–30 speakers in Nonsi Subdistrict, Bo Rai District, Trat Province, Thailand and estimated the total number of people able to speak the language to be 200. Phonology The phonemic inventory is typical of modern Mon-Khmer languages and, along with the other Pearic languages, shows some phonological influences from the late Middle Khmer of the 17th century. Samre also shows influence from Thai in that it has a developing tonal system. Like many other Austroasiatic languages in general, and the Pearic languages in particular, Samre vowels may differ in voice quality, a system known as \"register\", or \"phonation\". However, the breathy voice versus clear voice distinction is no longer contrastive and is secondary to a word's tone. Consonants Samre has 21 consonant phonemes with and occurring as allophones of . They are listed in table form below. The Samre recognize as a sound unique to their language in comparison to Thai and other surrounding indigenous languages. This voiced velar fricative occurs in free variation with the voiced alveolar approximant, , except when following or word-finally, in which case it is pronounced as , the voiced velar approximant. The pronunciation is mostly heard among the older generation who consider it to be the \"correct\" pronunciation. It can be considered a \"harsh\" sound and is sometimes used when the speaker wishes to sound \"softer\" or \"soothing\". The sound is not often heard among younger or less fluent speakers who use or replace the sound with a tapped or trilled due to influence from Thai. Vowels Samre contrasts nine vowel qualities which can be either short or long, yielding a total of 18 vowel phonemes. There are three diphthongs: , , and . The vowels of Samre are: References Pearic languages Endangered Austroasiatic languages Languages of Thailand","title":"Samre language of Pursat"},{"docid":"43480659","text":"\"Battle Cry\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. It was released on June 2, 2014, as a single promoting Transformers: Age of Extinction, a 2014 science fiction action film based on the Transformers franchise. The song, which appears in the end credits of the film, was also included on the super deluxe version of the band’s second studio album, Smoke + Mirrors (2015). It is the first theme song in the live-action Transformers film franchise not to be performed by Linkin Park, though the latter's \"Until It's Gone\" is included on the accompanying video game. Background As part of his efforts to distance Age of Extinction from the previous films in the series, Transformers director Michael Bay sought out a new musical act to soundtrack the film and hand picked Imagine Dragons for the job. \"Battle Cry\" was written by the group members specifically for use in the film, inspired by the story as pitched to them by Bay. Lead singer Dan Reynolds revealed to Billboard that the aim with \"Battle Cry\" was to write \"in a more cinematic way\" to compose a song that was satisfying as a piece of music but also benefited the visual it was set to accompany. Track listing Personnel Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds – vocals, piano Wayne Sermon – acoustic and electric guitars Ben McKee – bass guitar, keyboards Daniel Platzman – drums, percussion Additional Musicians Hans Zimmer – production Steve Jablonsky – production Charts Certifications References Imagine Dragons songs Rock ballads 2014 songs Interscope Records singles Universal Music Group singles 2014 singles Songs written by Wayne Sermon Songs written by Dan Reynolds (musician) Songs written by Daniel Platzman Songs written by Ben McKee 2010s ballads Songs from Transformers (film series) Symphonic rock songs Electronic rock songs","title":"Battle Cry (Imagine Dragons song)"},{"docid":"66659040","text":"The Eurasian lynx is the target of ongoing species reintroduction proposals in Great Britain. Proposed locations include the Scottish Highlands and Kielder Forest in Northumberland, England. Background Lynx are currently extinct in Great Britain, although the date of their extinction is not known with certainty. The youngest physical remains of Lynx, from Kinsey Cave in Craven, have been carbon-dated to between 150 CE and 600 CE. A literary reference to what are likely lynx in Cumbria, dating to between the seventh and the tenth centuries, occurs in the Welsh poem Dinogad's Smock, suggesting they may not have been extirpated from the island of Great Britain until the Middle Ages. A written record indicating the presence of a large cat in southern Scotland in the mid 18th century is noted by scholar Lee Raye, who tentatively argues that it may refer to a late-surviving population of lynx. Since the extinction of the grey wolf from Britain in 1680 (see Wolves in Great Britain), the island contains no terrestrial apex predators. In the post-Apex predator period, red and roe deer populations have increased dramatically due to having no natural predators; with excessive deer foraging leading to prevention of forest regeneration, the stripping of tree vegetation, and removing of the shrub layer in forests, which provides a habitat for birds such as nightingales and willow warblers. Reintroducing large predators such as the lynx are seen by rewilding experts as a means of restoring balance in the ecosystem and keeping deer numbers under control. Proposals England Lynx Trust UK are a registered charity campaigning for the reintroduction of lynx to the Kielder Forest in Northumberland. In 2018, a proposal to release six animals was turned down by then-Environment Secretary Michael Gove, due to findings that the proposal did not \"meet the necessary standards set out in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) guidelines and fails to give confidence that the project could be completed in practical terms or that the outputs would meet the stated aims\". In 2020 the Trust began preparing a second proposal to be submitted, with three animals proposed. The Wild East Project has proposed lynx reintroduction to areas of East Anglia. Scotland Lynx reintroduction into the Scottish Highlands has been proposed since 2008, and a study by Lynx Trust UK and the University of Lancaster found that the Scottish countryside would be able to support a population of up to 250 animals. In 2020, Lynx Trust UK began a consultation into releasing lynx into the Queen Elizabeth Forest Park north of Glasgow. Support The proposals have met opposition from sheep farmers, citing threats the lynx would pose to their flocks; despite research indicating that because lynx also predate on foxes, the number of lambs killed would reduce. Tony Juniper, chairman of Natural England, voiced his support for the \"inspiring\" proposal in 2020, stating that it could help to cut deer numbers. Scottish rewilding charity Trees for Life supports lynx reintroduction, claiming it would \"restore ecological processes that have","title":"Lynx reintroduction in Great Britain"},{"docid":"28954714","text":"This is a list of characters from the 2000 anime series Transformers: Robots in Disguise. The series focuses on two warring species of transforming robots from the planet Cybertron, the Autobots and Predacons. Autobots The Autobots are alien robots from the planet Cybertron who came to Earth to pursue the Predacons and assume various vehicular disguises while operating on the planet. Commanders Omega Prime, or \"God Fire Convoy\" in Japan, is the combiner forced fusion of Optimus Prime and Ultra Magnus as Matrix. In battle, he can flying and uses the Ultra Magnus's weapon of Lazer and Galting on shoulders to shooting the enemies. Later, Fortress Maximus giving the Matrix Blade to defeat the Galvatron. Omega Prime is voiced by Daniel Riordan (U.S.) and by Satoshi Hashimoto (Japan). Optimus Prime, or \"(Super) Fire Convoy\" in Japan, is the leader of the Autobots who possesses a Matrix to symbolize his authority, transforms into a fire truck, and can assume a super mode. Later in the series, he gains the ability to combine with his brother Ultra Magnus to become Omega Prime. Optimus Prime is voiced by Neil Kaplan (U.S.) and by Satoshi Hashimoto (Japan). Ultra Magnus, or \"God Magnus\" in Japan, is Optimus Prime's embittered and violent brother who transforms into a car carrier truck and became jealous of the latter after being passed over for leadership of the Autobots and now seeks to claim Optimus' Matrix for his own, believing it is rightfully his. In pursuit of this goal, Ultra Magnus comes to Earth, grants the Autobot Brothers extra power, and attempts to steal Optimus' Matrix, only to gain the ability to combine with him into Omega Prime.Ultra Magnus is voiced by Kim Strauss (U.S.) and by Takashi Matsuyama (Japan). Autobot Brothers Autobot Brothers are three-man of Autobots, who both transform into the vehicle cars mode, Later giving by Ultra Magnus the Super changing color mode. X-Brawn, or \"Wildride\" in Japan, is eldest and most reliable of the three Autobot Brothers who can transform into a SUV. He loves extremes, lives for the thrill, can handle any type of environment, and traverse tough terrains. In battle, he is a master in martial arts, possesses super-strength in his left arm, and a winch in his vehicle mode capable of pulling him up buildings. X-Brawn is voiced by Bob Joles (U.S.) and by Masahiro Shibahara (Japan). Prowl, or \"Mach Alert\" in Japan, is the strict middle sibling of the Autobot Brothers who can transform into a Lamborghini Diablo police highway pursuit vehicle. In battle, he wields two missile launchers which become thrusters in his vehicle mode.Prowl is voiced by Wayne C. Lewis (U.S.) and by Takayuki Kondo (Japan). Side Burn, or \"Speedbreaker\" in Japan, is the courageous yet impulsive youngest sibling of the Autobot Brothers who can transform into a Dodge Viper and possesses the most speed out of his brothers. Side Burn is voiced by Wally Wingert (U.S.) and by Punch UFO (Japan). Team Bullet Train Team Bullet Train is a","title":"List of Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2000 TV series) characters"},{"docid":"1977207","text":"In the geological timescale, the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic Epoch and the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic Series. It spans the time between 149.2 ±0.7 Ma and 145.0 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Kimmeridgian and followed by the Berriasian (part of the Cretaceous). Stratigraphic definitions The Tithonian was introduced in scientific literature by German stratigrapher Albert Oppel in 1865. The name Tithonian is unusual in geological stage names because it is derived from Greek mythology. Tithonus was the son of Laomedon of Troy and fell in love with Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn. His name was chosen by Albert Oppel for this stratigraphical stage because the Tithonian finds itself hand in hand with the dawn of the Cretaceous. The base of the Tithonian stage is at the base of the ammonite biozone of Hybonoticeras hybonotum. A global reference profile (a GSSP or golden spike) for the base of the Tithonian had in 2009 not yet been established. The top of the Tithonian stage (the base of the Berriasian Stage and the Cretaceous System) is marked by the first appearance of small globular calpionellids of the species Calpionella alpina, at the base of the Alpina Subzone . Subdivision The Tithonian is often subdivided into Lower/Early, Middle and Upper/Late substages or subages. The Late Tithonian is coeval with the Portlandian Age of British stratigraphy. The Tithonian stage contains seven ammonite biozones in the Tethys domain, from top to base: zone of Durangites zone of Micracanthoceras micranthum zone of Micracanthoceras ponti or Burckardticeras peroni zone of Semiformiceras fallauxi zone of Semiformiceras semiforme zone of Semiformiceras darwini zone of Hybonoticeras hybonotum Sedimentary environments Sedimentary rocks that formed in the Tethys Ocean during the Tithonian include limestones, which preserve fossilized remains of, for example, cephalopods. The Solnhofen limestone of southern Germany, which is known for its fossils (especially Archaeopteryx), is of Tithonian age. Tithonian extinction The later part of the Tithonian stage experienced an extinction event. It has been referred to as the Tithonian extinction, Jurassic-Cretaceous (J–K) extinction, or end-Jurassic extinction. This event was fairly minor and selective, by most metrics outside the top 10 largest extinctions since the Cambrian. Nevertheless, it was still one of the largest extinctions of the Jurassic Period, alongside the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE) in the Early Jurassic. Potential causes Cooling and sea level fall The Tithonian extinction has not been studied in great detail, but it is usually attributed to habitat loss via a major marine regression (sea level fall). There is good evidence for a marine regression in Europe across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, which may explain the localized nature of the extinction. On the other hand, there is no clear consensus on a correlation between sea level and terrestrial diversity during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Some authors support a fundamental correlation (the so-called \"common cause hypothesis\"), while others strongly voice doubts. Sea level fall was likely related to the Tithonian climate, which was substantially","title":"Tithonian"},{"docid":"33374523","text":"Speed Power Gunbike is an action video game for the PlayStation, released exclusively in Japan on April 23, 1998, from publisher Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It is the first game developed by Inti Creates, a group of designers with similar goals and interests who had recently broken off from Capcom. The game was heavily inspired by science fiction anime of the 1980s. Set in Japan in the post-apocalyptic year of 2097, Speed Power Gunbike entails the war between humanity's last survivors and a technologically advanced race known as the Michi. The plot follows a team consisting of three members, each piloting a titular \"Gunbike\", a weaponized vehicle capable of taking different forms including a motorcycle and a bipedal mech. The player takes control of one these three characters, utilizing the different forms of the Gunbike to traverse a series of enemy-filled, 3D stages. The objective is to complete each stage and to reach and defeat its boss before a meter, representing both a time limit and the player's health, runs out. Speed Power Gunbike suffered from underwhelming sales numbers upon its launch. Inti Creates blamed this on their own lack of experience appealing to a wider audience, the game's rushed development, and poor marketing by its publisher. Review scores for the game have been widely mediocre. Its gameplay had a mixed response from media outlets with some viewing it as overly difficult due to complex controls and a faulty camera system. The game's 3D polygonal graphics were mostly praised and its visual design has been favorably compared to other science fiction properties. Gameplay and premise Speed Power Gunbike is an action game with a story that takes place in Japan in the post-apocalyptic year of 2097. An invading race known as the Michi has staked its claim on Earth by artificially creating extreme changes in the planet's atmosphere, pushing humanity to the brink of extinction. To fight the Michi, the remaining humans establish a counter-offensive centered around the use of transformable, combat vehicles called \"Gunbikes\". The game focuses on a squad of Gunbike pilots that includes (voiced by Wataru Takagi), an ambitious youth fighting to avenge the death of his brother; (voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa), a level-headed military commander and leader of the unit; and (voiced by Sachiko Sugawara), a robot devised using a hybrid of human and Michi technology and made specifically to be a Gunbike rider. The player is given the option to choose one of these three characters and their respective Gunbike at the start of the game. The game offers a tutorial or \"Training\" mode for learning the numerous Gunbike mechanics and an \"Operation\" mode that offers each character's story. Stages in Speed Power Gunbike are presented in 3D with a third-person perspective of the player character. The objective is to reach the end of each stage while avoiding obstacles, breaking through barriers, battling enemies, and then defeating a boss in a large arena. The player is tasked with doing all this while keeping watch on","title":"Speed Power Gunbike"},{"docid":"18236800","text":"Oh Lord, God of Vengeance, Show Yourself! is a live album released by Red Sparowes in 2006 with the purpose of allowing the band to replace equipment which was stolen from their van while touring in Europe. The album title and liner notes make the feelings of the band very clear: Let this curse find those who have stolen from us like the wolf finds his prey. May death come to you on swift wings, may your spoils turn into serpents and coil around your necks, may the rest of your days be stricken with unending sickness, may your children's bodies belong to the fire, may every last one of you anguish in eternal pain, crying aloud for mercy, while we turn our heads away with a smile and a deaf ear. In payment for your treachery, we will accept your thieving hands on our finest plates, your sullen heads on our tallest flag poles, and your worthless souls in our enveloping clutches. All the while we will watch your graveless corpses writhe with worms and turn into an eternal, restless dust. Always know, we shall forever be against you as a crocodile on the water, as a serpent on the earth, as a raven in the wind, and as an enemy in this world and worlds to come. Track listing \"The Great Leap Forward Poured Down Upon Us One Day Like a Mighty Storm Suddenly and Furiously Blinding Our Senses\" - 8:34 \"Alone and Unaware, the Landscape was Transformed in Front of Our Eyes\" - 8:00 \"Like the Howling Glory of the Darkest Winds, this Voice was Thunderous and the Words Holy\" - 10:48 \"Buildings Began to Stretch Wide Across the Sky, and the Air Filled with a Reddish Glow\" - 7:17 \"Our Happiest Days Slowly Began to Turn Into Dust\" - 7:21 \"Finally as That Blazing Sun Shone Down Upon Us Did We Know That True Enemy Was the Voice of Blind Idolatry; and Only Then Did We Begin to Think for Ourselves\" - 14:14 \"The Sixth Extinction Crept Up Slowly, Like the Sunlight Through the Shutters\" - 14:39 External links Details from Neurot Recordings Red Sparowes albums 2006 live albums","title":"Oh Lord, God of Vengeance, Show Yourself!"},{"docid":"15917631","text":"Brian David Goldner (April 21, 1963 – October 11, 2021) was an American business chief executive and film producer. He was the chief executive officer of the American toy and media company Hasbro from 2008 until his death. Early life Goldner was born on April 21, 1963, in Huntington, New York, the son of Marjorie (Meyer), an investment adviser, and Norman Goldner, who worked at a power management company, Eaton. He attended Huntington High School and Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where he majored in politics. There he practiced public speaking and was also a radio disc jockey. Career Goldner began his career as a marketing assistant at a healthcare firm in Long Island in 1985. In 1997, Goldner was set to head the entertainment accountant division of advertisement holding company JWT, but he was lured away by Bandai America. While president of Bandai America from 1997 to 2000, he befriended Power Rangers creator Haim Saban. Goldner was working at Hasbro's Tiger Electronics unit in 2000, after the company had lost 5,000 jobs. By 2003, the company recovered on the stock market, and in 2008 Goldner became Hasbro's chief operating officer and in 2015 he was appointed chairman of the board. He served as executive producer on the successful 2007 Transformers film adaptation, which was credited with broadening Hasbro into a character-based multimedia company. He continued this role on the 2009 films Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. Goldner was responsible for making Hasbro a licensee of Disney's Marvel Universe characters. Goldner compared the move of these characters to cinema during his tenure to the way they had expanded from mere adverts to television series in the 1980s. In 2012, Goldner's pay package was estimated to be around $9.68 million. In 2008, the year of his promotion, Goldner was named CEO of the year by MarketWatch. In 2018, Goldner drew on his friendship with Saban to acquire first the master toy license for Power Rangers, then several months later the franchise and other properties from Saban Brands for $522 million. Personal life Goldner married Barbara, a social worker. The couple had a daughter, Brooke, and a son, Brandon, who died in 2015. In 2017, a park playground in Providence, Rhode Island, was renamed \"Brandon's Beach\". In August 2020, Goldner disclosed that he had prostate cancer and had been receiving treatment for this condition since 2014. He took an immediate leave of absence as CEO of Hasbro for medical reasons on October 10, 2021, and died a day later, at his home in Barrington, Rhode Island, at age 58. Filmography Executive producer Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Taylor Swift: Journey to Fearless (2011) Clue (TV, 2011–2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Ouija (2014) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) Hanazuki: Full of Treasures (2017) Bumblebee (2018) Power Rangers Beast Morphers (TV, 2019) My Little Pony: A New Generation (2021) Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023) (posthomus","title":"Brian Goldner"},{"docid":"66231086","text":"Arun Alexander (14 October 1973 – 28 December 2020) was an Indian actor and a dubbing artist for Tamil-language films. He was a regular in Lokesh Kanagaraj and Nelson's films. He voiced Optimus Prime and Baloo in the Tamil dubs of Transformers: Age of Extinction and The Jungle Book respectively. Death He died on 28 December 2020 due to a heart attack. The films Master and Doctor were dedicated in his honour. Filmography Dubbing artist The Shawshank Redemption (1994) for Andy Dufresne - Tamil version Toy Story (1995) for Woody - Tamil version Men in Black (1997) for Agent J - Tamil version Dr. Dolittle (1998) for Dr. Dolittle - Tamil version The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) for Chris Gardner - Tamil version X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) for Wolverine - Tamil version Sherlock Holmes (2009) for Sherlock Holmes - Tamil version 2012 (2009) for Scientist - Tamil version Avatar (2009) for Jake Sully - Tamil version Thor (2011) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Fast Five (2011) for Brian O'Conner - Tamil version The Avengers (2012) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) for Manny - Tamil version Thor: The Dark World (2013) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Rio 2 (2014) - Tamil version How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014) for Eret - Tamil and Telugu versions Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) for Optimus Prime - Tamil version Furious 7 (2015) for Brian O'Conner - Tamil version Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation (2015) for Benji - Tamil version The Jungle Book (2016) for Baloo - Tamil version It (2017) for Pennywise the Dancing Clown - Tamil version Justice League (2017) for Aquaman/Arthur Curry - Tamil version Aquaman (2018) for Aquaman/Arthur Curry - Tamil version It Chapter Two (2019) for Pennywise the Dancing Clown - Tamil version References External links 1973 births 2020 deaths Indian male film actors Indian male voice actors Male actors in Tamil cinema","title":"Arun Alexander"},{"docid":"5861398","text":"Tom DeSanto (born January 1, 1968) is an American film producer and screenwriter. Career DeSanto is a founding writer/producer behind several of the biggest franchises in movie history (X-Men, Transformers). DeSanto's films have grossed more than $5 billion worldwide with a per film average of more than $746 million at the box office, in addition to billions more in home video, merchandising, and video games. After the success of X-Men, DeSanto began working on a reboot of Battlestar Galactica to developed for Universal Television. The show eventually returned in 2003 but under the direction of Ronald D. Moore. DeSanto then become part of the creative team for X2: X-Men United, including the continuation of the Phoenix story line which DeSanto set up in the first film. That same year, he went moved towards Transformers, another dormant property that he was a fan of since childhood. DeSanto brought the idea to his friend, and fellow producer Don Murphy. Based on DeSanto's pitch and understanding of the universe, Hasbro gave them the rights for free. Transformers was a tough sell for the studios heads who hadn't grown up with the show. After being rejected by the major studios DeSanto made a second pass at DreamWorks, after Steven Spielberg read his treatment, he decided his studio would do the film and was an early champion of the idea. DeSanto set the project up with DreamWorks and Paramount, selling his story line and attaching to produce. The first film grossed over $700 million worldwide and DeSanto gave birth to another franchise. Transformers was the first live-action franchise for DreamWorks and Paramount's largest moneymaking series in its history. DeSanto returned as producer of Revenge of the Fallen in 2009 and the film became the biggest moneymaker of the year with over $800 million in box office alone. DeSanto also produced Dark of the Moon, and Age of Extinction, both grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide. The Last Knight, produced by DeSanto as well, earned over $600 million in the box office. After the Transformers saga had been released, DeSanto then produced Bumblebee, an origin story for one of the popular characters from the franchise earning a total $470 million in box office. DeSanto has produced several social issue documentaries including Lost in America which deals with youth homelessness and Kidnapped for Christ, which puts a spotlight on abusive evangelical camps for children. Education DeSanto was raised in the Iselin area of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, the son of a police officer. He graduated from Bishop George Ahr High School in Edison, New Jersey in 1986 and from Rutgers University in 1990. Work Apt Pupil During his first years in the film industry, Tom met and befriended Bryan Singer, who got Tom a production position with his company, Bad Hat Harry, working on his movie Apt Pupil, followed by a partnered attempt to revive Battlestar Galactica. X-Men & X2 Later, Singer would co-write the movie X-Men with DeSanto and a few others before signing on as director,","title":"Tom DeSanto"},{"docid":"13456509","text":"Stephen Mark Freiburger (born July 16, 1983) is an American filmmaker. Early life and education Graduated from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in 2005. Film work Writer/Director of the upcoming feature film Follow By Night produced by Endeavor Content. Co-Writer of the upcoming feature film Arise produced by Sycamore Pictures and Third Coast Content. Writer of Birches UK based feature. Based on the novel 'Silver Birches' (published in 2009 by Adrian Plass), was turned into a film starring Natasha Little, Anna Acton and Todd Carty. Shadowed Michael Bay in an apprenticeship program on Transformers: Age of Extinction. Wrote and produced The Trial, starring Matthew Modine, Bob Gunton and Robert Forster. Released by 20th Century Fox. Directed and produced Dog Days of Summer. Feature directorial debut. Released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Commercial work Winner of the 2013 Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest. His commercial Fashionista Daddy made for a mere $300 beat out thousands of other entries, aired during Super Bowl XLVII on February 3, 2013, and was the #1 ranked :30 commercial of the Super Bowl on the USA Today Ad Meter. It landed him a mentorship under director Michael Bay on Transformers: Age of Extinction starring Mark Wahlberg. On January 29, 2014, it was announced during a live broadcast on CBS that his Doritos commercial was ranked the Greatest Super Bowl Commercial of All Time on a countdown of the top 10 commercials in Super Bowl history. Directed 2 commercials for Join.Me in 2016–2017. Directed a PSA featuring Jamie Lee Curtis for The Clare Foundation in 2016. Directed an IKEA commercial in South Korea for Spring/Summer 2017 campaign. Directed a campaign of national broadcast commercials for Samaritan's Feet in 2017–2018. Directed a Microsoft branded film in 2019. Directed commercials for Reebok, Fara Coffee, Becker Vineyards, Rodney Vineyards, Accenture and Shiner Bock in 2020–2021. Television work Directed the Cooper & Joey digital pilot for Nickelodeon. Directed sketch comedy digital shorts for DreamWorksTV. Directed the Strong Tower pilot starring Claire Coffee. Producer on the 2021 Emmy-Award nominated PBS series Downing of the Flag. Theatre work Directed 110 Stories at Los Angeles' Geffen Playhouse in 2010, which starred Academy Award nominee John Hawkes, Katharine McPhee, Ed Asner, Diane Venora, Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Michael Welch, Nicholas Turturro, Michael Beach and Sharon Lawrence. Other work Directed Season 1 of the narrative podcast series BLACKWOOD, produced by Wondery. Released in October 2018. References External links 1983 births Living people Artists from Charlotte, North Carolina Artists from Roanoke, Virginia Film directors from Virginia Film directors from North Carolina","title":"Mark Freiburger"},{"docid":"35298489","text":"An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between \"safe\" (not endangered) and \"extinct\": There are primarily eight languages that were spoken in Canada around 2010. Vulnerable Definitely endangered Severely endangered Critically endangered Changes in Canadian Endangered Languages Terminology Phonological Process: Patterns that young children use to simplify adult speech Soundless Vowels: Inaudible, unvoiced vowels or syllables Language Death: The death of the last speaker of a language Phoneme: Sound syllable Contraction: Shortened version of a written or spoken word Elision: Omission of a sound or syllable when speaking Metatheses: the transposition (changing place) of sounds or letters in words Oneida (Iroquoian Language) Critically Endangered Visual Information/Cues teach the language There is a \"phonological process\", or patterns used to simplify speech in the Oneida language that has been passed down for generations, this process is described as the loss of voicing in the vowel of the last syllable of a word. This process is vital to the preservation of the language, and has been changing among the speakers, such that some speakers have introduced a degree of voiced vowels in these final forms, which poses additional stress on the small population of speakers. The introduction in voicing the last syllable in words that typically are unvoiced changes the traditional morphology of the language, pushing the original dialect towards language death, especially since the majority of speakers are older in age. Blackfoot (Algonquian Language) Definitely Endangered Visual Information/Cues teach the language The Blackfoot language features the loss of voicing in the last syllable of a word, which is typically inaudible. Certain inflections, or the use of inaudible vowels has been identified as \"old Blackfoot\" (traditional), and are not in frequent use by younger speakers. Similarly, a minority of Blackfoot speakers use the \"soundless\" suffixes, which is pushing the traditional language towards more extreme language endangerment and potentially language death. Chipewyan (Athapaskan Language) Definitely Endangered Most speakers from Mid-to-late adulthood The Chipewyan language exhibits morphological characteristics that are far more complex than the majority of European languages. This includes conditioning of tone and morphology of phonemes, as well as frequent contractions, elisions, metatheses, and consonantal substitutions. Chipewyan is mainly endangered due to its complex structure, which makes it difficult to decipher the morphological code, as well as the fact that the majority of the speakers are in their mid-late adulthood. Assiniboine Critically Endangered Also called Nakoda or Hohe Assinibone is one of the language divisions out of five main language divisions within the Dakotan group of the Siouan family. The sound of this language differs from the other languages in the group because it merges voiceless stops with voiced stops. There are reports that syllabics to have been used by Assinibone speakers. (A written character to represent a syllable). The Assiniboine language is spread over 2 communities in","title":"List of endangered languages in Canada"},{"docid":"6122067","text":"EOE: Eve of Extinction is a beat 'em up video game developed by Yuke's and published by Eidos Interactive exclusively for PlayStation 2. The game features a man named Josh trying to save his girlfriend Elliel after she was transformed into a weapon called Legacy by the corporation known as Wisdom. The game was met with mixed reception, with reviewers praising the combat but criticizing the graphics and camera. Gameplay EOE: Eve of Extinction is a 3D beat 'em up with platforming elements. The player can string together a series of combos by using different forms of the Legacy weapon that Josh wields, and can switch types of the weapon using the L1 and R1 buttons. Switching to different types of weapons during combos will increase the length of the combos and cause them to do more damage. Using Legacy types repeatedly will cause them to level up, causing them to do more damage the more the blades are used. Beating bosses will unlock new weapons, such as a crossbow, a broadsword, a rod, and an axe. Throughout the game, \"ley seeds\" can be found, which act as upgrades to weapons. These upgrades allow the weapons to get special abilities, such as gravity-manipulation for the axe and healing bolts for the crossbow. Pressing the second analog stick allows Josh to use a special attack called a \"Legacy Drive\" which causes a pattern to appear on screen. Tracing the pattern using the analogue stick causes Josh to execute the attack. Upon finishing the game, an extra arena mode is unlocked, along with being able to replay the game with weapons from a former playthrough. Plot The main character, Josh Calloway (voiced by Cam Clarke), is an employee of the Wisdom Company, which is portrayed as a stereotypical evil corporation. Wisdom plans to achieve worldwide military control with a certain weapon to outpower any other: \"Legacy\". Legacy is created by fusing a rare alloy called Orichalcum with a human soul. Wisdom takes Josh's girlfriend, Elliel (voiced by Jennifer Hale), also an employee of Wisdom, and creates Legacy out of her, which makes her body disappear, and her essence is within the weapon that Josh wields. The player's main goal in the game is to return her to normal, using a certain memory chip owned by the Wisdom CEO. Josh and Eliel, Eliel is already turned into Legacy, are transported in a plane, which suffers a malfunction, and crashes. Elliel can sense other Legacy, and that is what she and Josh follow when they hunt for the CEO. Eventually, they meet the CEO of Wisdom, Agla (voiced by Peter Renaday), and defeat him, and Elliel is returned to normal. Reception The game was met with a mixed reception, with the combat being praised, but the camera, graphics, enemy A.I., and controls being panned. GameRankings gave it a score of 57.86%, while Metacritic gave it 57 out of 100. Writing for Allgame, Scott Marriott praised the games combat, saying, \"Yet it's hard not to","title":"EOE: Eve of Extinction"},{"docid":"21634253","text":"Ian Bryce (born 1956) is an English film producer. Starting as a production assistant on Return of the Jedi in 1983, he has since served as a producer for films including Twister, Saving Private Ryan, The Island, Spider-Man, Transformers, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. According to The Numbers, his films have grossed $7 billion worldwide—making him the 14th highest-grossing film producer as of . Career Bryce has won and been nominated for many awards, including multiple Golden Globe Awards, Academy Awards and BAFTA nominations for his work as a producer. For Steven Spielberg's World War II drama Saving Private Ryan, he won a Golden Globe Award and nominations from the Academy Awards and BAFTA. The latter film was the second-highest grossing film of 1998. Almost Famous, another Bryce production, received a BAFTA for Best Film in 2000. Bryce co-produced each the films in the Michael Bay Transformers series, one of the highest-grossing film franchises of the 21st century. Personal life Bryce grew up in Bristol, England, but moved to the US as a young adult. After marrying his wife Taylor, they moved to Los Angeles. They have two kids, Mac Bryce, and Alex Bryce. Filmography Producer The Beverly Hillbillies (1993) Twister (1996) Hard Rain (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Almost Famous (2000) Spider-Man (2002) Tears of the Sun (2003) The Island (2005) Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) World War Z (2013) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) War Machine (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) 6 Underground (2019) Finding 'Ohana (2021) Ambulance (2022) Executive producer Speed (1994) Hancock (2008) Associate producer Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Howard the Duck (1986) Batman Returns (1992) Production manager Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Field of Dreams (1989) The Rocketeer (1991) Other credits See also List of accolades received by Almost Famous 1998 in film References External links \"PRODUCED BY 2009\" (Producers Guild of America) 1956 births English film producers English emigrants to the United States Living people People from Totnes","title":"Ian Bryce"},{"docid":"42964661","text":"Transformers: Age of Extinction – The Score is a two-part soundtrack album for the 2014 film of the same name. The score was written by Steve Jablonsky, with help from fellow composer Hans Zimmer and additional music by alternative rock band Imagine Dragons. An EP was released on June 30, 2014, which features four suites, and serves as a teaser for the score, which was released on July 3, 2014. Both albums were released through the film's distributor Paramount Pictures. Background As with the previous three films of the franchise, Steve Jablonsky handled the film's score, and it is his sixth collaboration with director Michael Bay. Jablonsky and Bay worked on the score from December 2013 to June 2014, one month before the film's release, which exhausted Jablonsky. The two focused on creating themes for the film's new characters, although the two mutually decided to incorporate some of the themes of the first trilogy. Jablonsky also collaborated with fellow composer Hans Zimmer and alternative rock band Imagine Dragons in the score, as well as the film's theme song, \"Battle Cry\". Bay wanted to work with Imagine Dragons after being \"drawn to the emotion of 'Demons' and 'Radioactive' the first time [he] heard those songs, and [he] knew [he] wanted that same energy and heart for this movie.\" About his collaboration with the band Jablonsky said, \"It immediately hit me more than some of the previous ones [I] had done...it was a much closer collaboration than I've had in the past,\" compared to his previous collaborations with bands Linkin Park and Goo Goo Dolls. Imagine Dragons had finished touring for two years their debut album, Night Visions (2012), and wanted to work on their next studio album, before Bay called them to work on the film's score. The band felt that working on the film could increase their music's exposure worldwide. Imagine Dragons was brought to Los Angeles for the collaboration; Jablonsky also traveled to the band's studio in Las Vegas, Nevada to record with the band. The band's lead singer Dan Reynolds recorded vocals, while drummer Daniel Platzman played the viola. Composer Joseph Trapanese also provided additional music for the film. On June 30, 2014, Jablonsky released an extended play featuring four tracks as a teaser for the official score, which features variations of the four themes. On July 3, 2014, three days after the EP's release, the official score was released on iTunes, although Jablonsky stated that physical copies will \"[take] a bit longer.\" On October 7, 2014, the score was released on CD by record label La-La Land Records. It is a limited edition of 3000 units. On November 20, 2014, Steve Jablonsky commented via Facebook that the score would no longer be sold on iTunes after it had reached its limit of 15,000 units before re-use fees would have to be paid. Jablonsky personally expressed his own disappointment in the turn of events, hoping there would be a way to eventually re-release the score, along with the","title":"Transformers: Age of Extinction – The Score"},{"docid":"21097779","text":"Samantha Newark (born 27 June 1967) is an English musician and actress. She is best known for her voice-over work as the speaking voice of Jem and Jerrica in the animated cartoon series Jem. As a teenager, Newark became a voice-over talent in mainstream television. Her work on \"Jem\" produced a serious cult following that persists to this day. She lent her voice to many radio and TV projects while writing and performing her original music as a solo recording artist in Los Angeles CA, Nashville TN and Dallas, Texas. In 2015 Newark appeared in the live-action feature film adaptation on Jem and the Holograms directed by Jon M. Chu. Early years Samantha Newark was born in Wimbledon, London. Although she was born in England, her family then moved to Africa and later to the US. She attended several different schools and began her music career in Africa after seeing Lena Zavaroni perform. She continued working as an actress and singer and came to prominence when she landed the role of Jem in 1985. Acting career Newark is best known for her voice-over work on the animated 1980s cartoon series Jem as the speaking voice of Jerrica/Jem (Britta Phillips was the singing voice). \"Jem\" remains her most well known role and Newark receives invitations to meet the Jem fans at Pop Culture conventions all over the world. Newark made a cameo appearance in the Jem and the Holograms live action film adaptation. Newark was nominated for a \"Young Artist award\" twice for \"Exceptional young actress in animation, series, specials, or film features\" also nominated for her performance in \"Best animated series\". Other voice-over credits include guest-starring on the original Transformers cartoon as \"Ariel\" in the classic Transformers episode \"War Dawn\" and in other episodes playing Elise Presser. Newark was also cast as the voice of a young Peter Pan's mother in Steven Spielberg feature film Hook as well as doing countless on camera and voice-over TV and radio commercials. She also played the role of Debbie in the 1987 thriller film Summer Camp Nightmare. In 2012 she was invited to contribute two characters to the Festival favorite animated short Pound Dogs, created by Mike Salva. This project won the MTV \"Voice and Vision animation award for writing and animation and garnered two development deals with MTV. Newark also works in video games, providing voices for games including Twisted Metal: Black and Britney's Dance Beat, where she played the roles of the Choreographer and the Asian dancer. Music career Newark began her professional music career at the age of seven. Signed to Nitty Gritty records she recorded her first record while living in Africa and then toured to support her single \"Jimmy Jimbo\" produced by Allan Goldswain and Mike Adams. At age 10 she and her family immigrated to America and Samantha was promptly signed to International Creative Management where she was thrust onto the State fair circuit opening for Eddie Rabbitt, Pat Boone, Debby Boone and Mac Davis. She was","title":"Samantha Newark"},{"docid":"9710180","text":"Ronald Aaron Feinberg (October 10, 1932 – January 29, 2005) was an American character and voice actor who appeared in films and on television. Career At 6' 7\", the towering Feinberg played the character Fellini, opposite Don Johnson, in the post-apocalyptic film A Boy and His Dog. He appeared on television in Barney Miller, Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, and Mission: Impossible, among other shows. He also voiced King Caliphim, the Lord of the Dead, and Gruff in King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow. He voiced the character \"Raiden\" from one installment of Mortal Kombat. He appeared as the mentally disabled Benny Apa in the 1968 \"Pray Love Remember, Pray Love Remember\" episode of Hawaii Five-O; the character was under investigation for the murder of a college student. He also appeared in two other Hawai'i Five-0 episodes: \"Little Girl Blue\" and \"No Bottles, No Cans, No People\". In the 1980s, he taught acting classes at the University of Miami, in Coral Gables, Florida. He also voiced Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981), memorable guest villain Titanus in three episodes of the 1994 season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the tuba in Disney's Belle's Magical World (1998). Feinberg's other animation roles included Ming the Merciless in Defenders of the Earth, Doc Terror in Centurions and Headstrong in The Transformers. Death Feinberg died on January 29, 2005, in Los Angeles at the age of 72. Filmography Film Television Video games References External links Ron Feinberg | 1932 - Hollywood.com Transformers Wiki: Ron Feinberg Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2005: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre: Ron Feinberg 1932 births 2005 deaths American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from San Francisco University of Miami faculty 20th-century American male actors","title":"Ron Feinberg"},{"docid":"75875624","text":"Ben Procter is an American art director, illustrator, production designer, and visual effects artist. He is mostly known for his artistic designs on the film Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design at the 95th Academy Awards. Selected filmography Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Tron: Legacy (2010) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Prometheus (2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Avatar: The Way of Water (2022; co-nominated with Dylan Cole and Vanessa Cole for the Academy Award for Best Production Design) References External links Living people American art directors American production designers Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people)","title":"Ben Procter (production designer)"},{"docid":"1494578","text":"Scott McNeil is an Australian-born Canadian actor. One of the best-known voice actors of all time, McNeil has provided voices to many characters in animated shows, most notably Ace the Bat-Hound in Krypto the Superdog and Voltar from League of Super Evil. He also voiced various roles in shows such as Dragon Ball Z, Transformers: Armada, Beast Wars: Transformers, Beast Machines: Transformers, ReBoot, X-Men: Evolution, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, Inuyasha and Fullmetal Alchemist, in addition to live action work. Early life McNeil was born in Brisbane, Australia, but moved to Vancouver, Canada, when he was 4 years old in 1966. He first appeared on stage at the age of three. He first learned that people were paid to do different voices after a trip to Disneyland at the age of 12. That was when he learned that Paul Frees, the person who provided the voice that greeted visitors entering the Haunted Mansion, was the same person who provided the voice of the Pillsbury Doughboy. Even though he knew about voice acting, McNeil pursued the theatre. He studied at Studio 58. After leaving, he tried to find acting jobs and worked as an Elvis impersonator for a short time. It was in the late eighties when he found himself on his way into the world of voice acting. A casting director at the time told McNeil that he wished that he'd met him a week before when he was casting for the G.I. Joe cartoon. Professional career McNeil states his first role was providing voices on The New Adventures of He-Man. His first anime role was for Project A-ko, where he provided the voices for three women. After appearing in a few films and two episodes of Highlander: The Series, he provided voices for Beast Wars, as Waspinator, Dinobot, Rattrap, and Silverbolt. He has described this as the work he is most proud of. On another fan favourite show, Dragon Ball Z, he was cast as the original voice of Piccolo and various other characters. He then provided the voice of Duo Maxwell on Mobile Suit Gundam Wing and Principal Kuno on Ranma ½. He eventually got the call stating he was cast as Wolverine on X-Men: Evolution. He continued to play the role of Logan/Wolverine for a total of four seasons from 2000 to 2003. McNeil was then cast in another fan favourite anime, Inuyasha as Kōga. He provided the voice of the Fullmetal Alchemist character Hohenheim of Light, Foghorn Leghorn on Baby Looney Tunes, Grumpy Bear on Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-Lot, Amergan, Gregor and the lab director on Highlander: The Search for Vengeance, and Stork on Storm Hawks. He still appears in live action shows occasionally and was in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed and The Green Chain. As of October 2007, he estimates that he has provided voices to 8,500 characters. McNeil is appreciative of fans because he knows what it is like to see your favourite voice actor talk as the character they provide the voice for.","title":"Scott McNeil"},{"docid":"617709","text":"Extinction, in biology and palaeontology, is the end of a species or other taxon. Extinction may also refer to: Science Mass extinction, or extinction event, a widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on earth Human extinction (end of the human species) Language extinction, or language death Extinction (another word for attenuation), in physical sciences Extinction coefficient (another term for mass attenuation coefficient), in physical sciences Extinction (astronomy) Extinction (optical mineralogy), when cross-polarized light dims, as viewed through a thin section of a mineral in a petrographic microscope Bird's eye extinction, in optical mineralogy Undulose extinction, a geological term Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem in optics, when light changes media Extinction (psychology), when a conditioned response is reduced or lost Extinction (neurology), a neurological disorder that impairs the ability to perceive multiple stimuli of the same type simultaneously Film and television \"Extinction\" (Star Trek: Enterprise), television episode \"Extinction\" (Smallville episode), television episode Resident Evil: Extinction, a 2007 film starring Milla Jovovich Transformers: Age of Extinction, a 2014 Transformers film Extinction (2015 film), a 2015 film starring Matthew Fox Extinction (2018 film), a 2018 science fiction thriller film Literature Extinction (Forgotten Realms novel), a fantasy novel by Lisa Smedman Extinction (Bernhard novel), a 1986 novel by Thomas Bernhard Extinction, a science fiction novel by Ray Hammond Video games \"Extinction\", a game mode in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts Aliens Versus Predator: Extinction, a 2003 video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox Extinction (video game), a 2018 action game by Iron Galaxy Other uses Extinction (peerage), in the United Kingdom, happens when all possible heirs of a peer have died out \"Extinction\", a song by Stigmata from the album Hollow Dreams Extinction (album), a 1990 album by Nausea Extinction Rebellion, environmental campaign See also Extinct (disambiguation) Extinction Event (disambiguation)","title":"Extinction (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"23819601","text":"Nicola Peltz (born January 9, 1995) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Bradley Martin in the A&E drama series Bates Motel (2013–2015) and Tessa Yeager in the film Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014). Early life Nicola Peltz was born on January 9, 1995, in Westchester County, New York, as the daughter of Jewish American billionaire businessman Nelson Peltz and model Claudia Heffner. She has one sister and six brothers, including former professional hockey player Brad Peltz and actor Will Peltz. She also has two half-siblings from her father's previous marriages. Although her mother never converted to Judaism, her father is a devout Jew and had his sons bar mitzvahed. Career Peltz made her film debut as Mackenzie in the Christmas comedy Deck the Halls (2006). The following year, she appeared in a Manhattan Theatre Club production of Blackbird. She later co-starred as Becki in the comedy film Harold (2008), and in June 2008, she appeared in the music video for Miley Cyrus's single \"7 Things.\" Two years later, she portrayed Katara in the fantasy adventure film The Last Airbender (2010), directed by M. Night Shyamalan; she was cast in this role at the insistence of her father, who was a producer on the film. In 2013, Peltz began appearing as part of the main cast in A&E's drama-thriller series Bates Motel. She portrayed Bradley Martin, a love interest for the young Norman Bates. She left the main cast following the second episode of the second season, but returned as a guest star for the final three episodes of the third season. The following year, Peltz starred as Tessa Yeager in the fourth Transformers film Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014). Later that year she appeared as Kate Miller in the teen drama film Affluenza. In October 2015, she walked the runway for Alexander Wang's last fashion show for Balenciaga at Paris Fashion Week. She then joined the cast of the dark comedy film Youth in Oregon (2016), playing Annie Gleason. Peltz appeared in the music video for Zayn Malik's single \"It's You\" in February 2016. Peltz was cast as Chrissy Monroe in the Hulu drama series When the Street Lights Go On, based on a Black List script of the same name. She appeared in Alex Pettyfer's directorial debut film Back Roads and starred in the sci-fi film Our House, directed by Anthony Scott Burns. In 2019, she co-starred in the drama The Obituary of Tunde Johnson as Marley Meyers. In 2020, she portrayed Felicity in romantic comedy Holidate. Personal life Peltz was in a relationship with model Anwar Hadid from 2017 to 2018. On July 11, 2020, Peltz and Brooklyn Beckham announced their engagement. On April 9, 2022, Peltz and Beckham were married in Palm Beach, Florida, in a Jewish ceremony (Beckham's great grandfather was Jewish). Peltz announced on Instagram that they adopted a dog in October, and they encouraged fans to adopt or foster animals. That earned them a PETA 2022 award as a","title":"Nicola Peltz"},{"docid":"54369712","text":"Transformers: The Last Knight (Music from the Motion Picture) is a soundtrack album for the 2017 film of the same name. The score was written by Steve Jablonsky who composed the scores for the previous four films in the series. Track listing Various tracks in the score reprise themes that Jablonsky wrote for the previous films. The score also features several suites, including \"Purity of Heart\" and \"Stay and Fight\". Jablonsky reused the track \"Have Faith Prime”, a piece he composed for Age of Extinction; this track isn't included in the score. In an interview, Jablonsky spoke of the unusual length of the soundtrack, citing that much of his work in the film was cut up in the editing process. As a result, he chose to release a longer score that featured much of his original, unedited music for the film. Some tracks, such as \"Sacrifice\" and \"We Have to Go\", were heavily edited for the film, while the score's version of said tracks is unedited suites. For instance, the \"Sacrifice\" suite runs at seven minutes but was cut down to three minutes in the film. In addition, the \"Merlin's Staff\" suite, which is six minutes long, was cut down to a thirty-second piece in the film. The \"Quintessa\" suite was cut apart into at least nine small tracks in the film. The film's complete score (containing 83 tracks, including unreleased tracks as well as film versions of tracks found on the standard album) was released by Paramount Pictures in January 2018, as part of their \"For Your Consideration\" campaign. The tracks in the complete score are accurate to how they are heard in the film, with various tracks (such as “Drone Chase”) being cut into multiple parts in order to better match their use in the film. Several of the tracks also overlap with each other. Complete Score Tracklist Features music from previous films Charts References External links Official Movie Website Last Knight – Music from the Motion Picture 2017 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Film scores Paramount Music soundtracks La-La Land Records soundtracks","title":"Transformers: The Last Knight (soundtrack)"},{"docid":"4824806","text":"Darwin Island () is an isolated northern member of the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador, the uppermost extent of an extinct volcano. It has an area of and reaches above sea level. Visits to the island are restricted by the Government of Ecuador, but scuba diving is permitted. Names Darwin is named in honor of the English scientist Charles Darwin, whose visit to the Galapagos led him to publish his theories on evolution in On the Origin of Species and other works. He is also the namesake of Great Darwin Bay on Genovesa Island. Darwin Island was previously named Lord Culpeper's Island, Culpepper's Island, and Culpepper Island in honor of Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper. The name was bestowed by the pirate William Ambrosia Cowley in 1684 and continued in use for centuries thereafter. The group formed by Darwin and nearby Wolf Island is now known as Darwin and Wolf, Darwin–Wolf, or Darwin-Wolf. It was previously known in English as Culpepper and Wenman and in Spanish as Los Hermanos (\"The Brothers\") or los Dos Hermanos (\"the Two Brothers\"). Geology Darwin Island is the remains of an extinct volcano that reaches above sea level. It is among the smallest in the Galápagos Archipelago with an area of just . It is situated north-west of the main Galápagos Island group on the Wolf-Darwin Lineament, which extends from the Galápagos Platform to the Galápagos Spreading Center, a mid-ocean ridge separating the Nazca and Cocos tectonic plates. The formation of Darwin Island is different from the formation of the main Galápagos Islands. There are currently two theories on the formation of the lineament: the first is that magma rising from the mantle plume forming the main Galápagos Islands has been channelled towards the Galápagos Spreading Center; alternatively there has been a separate rise in magma caused by stress in the ocean lithosphere by a transform fault. Darwin Island is the most northerly of the two peaks on the Wolf Darwin Lineament that reach above the surface. The other, Wolf Island, is approximately away, although there are other sub-surface peaks. The volcano that forms the island is extinct, with the last eruption believed to have been approximately 400,000 years ago, making it younger than Wolf. The lava flows around Darwin are homogenous, apparently because of its young age, and they have a similar chemical composition to those of the Galápagos Spreading Center. Darwin is believed to have had at least two eruptive periods in its history, depositing two tuff layers separated by plagioclase ultraphyric basalt. Evidence also exists to suggest that Darwin Island is the remains of what was once a much larger edifice. Since the eruptive phase this would have been eroded. Darwin's Arch, a natural rock arch which would at one time have been part of this larger structure, was located less than a kilometer from the main Darwin Island, and it was a landmark well known to the island's few visitors, until its collapse in May 2021. Wildlife Darwin Island is not open","title":"Darwin Island"},{"docid":"5030056","text":"was a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator born in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan who worked at Aoni Production. On February 6, 2006, at the age of 57, he died from acute heart failure. His final appearance was the Naruto 2006 New Year one-hour special, where he voiced Hoki. Following Totani's death, his ongoing roles were taken up by other voice actors. Filmography Anime television 1979 Mobile Suit Gundam (Uragan, Cozun Graham) 1984 Fist of the North Star (Club, Fox, Baron, Jagi, Shikaba, Young Ryuuken, Ren, Han, Zebra) 1987 Dragon Ball (Draculaman) 1990 Dragon Ball Z (Kiwi) 1996 Dragon Ball GT (Don Kiar) Unknown date Air (Minagi's father) The Brave Fighter of Sun Fighbird (Guard Wing and Super Guardion) Brave Police J-Decker (Kuze) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (Kacricon Cacooler, Gady Kinzei) Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (Gottn Goh, August Gidan) Galaxy Express 999 (Locomotive, others) Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin (Akatora) Kikou Kantai Dairugger XV (Teles) Kinnikuman (Detective Gobugari(Aikawa), Announcer, Pentagon, Big Magnum, Ebio/Tendorn, Eragines, Kakehu, Kappatron, Mr Kamen, others) Cyborg 009 1979 (Pyunma/008) Sakigake!! Otokojuku (Umanosuke Gonda, Henshouki) Samurai Champloo (Shige) Juushin Liger (Doll Neibee) Heavy Metal L-Gaim (Hasha Moja, Bara) Aura Battler Dunbine (Tokamak Rovsky, Dolple Giron) Saint Seiya (Capricorn Shura, Moses) Armored Trooper Votoms (Butchintein) The Transformers (Motormaster/Menasor) The Transformers 2010 (Sky Lynx, Strafe, Motormaster/Menasor) Transformers: Victory (Blacker/Road Caesar) Transformers: The Headmasters (Skullcruncher, Doublecross) Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (Blood) High School! Kimengumi (Yui's Father and Tulip) Dr. Slump and Arale-chan (Kurikinton Soramame, Police Chief, others) Tatakae!! Ramenman (Jango) Fullmetal Alchemist (Tim Marcoh) Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru (Don Goro Shougun, Niō aniyan) Madö King Granzört (Battoban, Gari ̄ ben) Marmalade Boy (Yoshimitsu Miwa) Naruto (Hoki) Gyandura Densetsu Tetsuya (Zenichi Innami) OVA Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (1991) (Alpha A. Bate) Grappler Baki: The Ultimate Fighter (1994) (Atsushi Suedo) Unknown date Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket (Colonel Killing) Guyver (Gregole) Legend of the Galactic Heroes (Arthur von Streit) Dominion (Mohican) Anime Movie Transformers: Scramble City (1986) (Motormaster, Menasor) Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack (1988) (Tooth) 3×3 Eyes (1991-1992) (Ryouko) Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture (1994) (Laurence Blood) Unknown date Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise (Charichanmi) Kinnikuman (series) (Detective Gobugari, Announcer) Mobile Suit Gundam (Crown) Mobile Suit Gundam II (Koka Lasa) Mobile Suit Gundam III (Tokwan) Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Last Blitz of Zeon (Alpha A. Bate) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (Kacricon Cacooler) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam III (Guwadan Captain, Gady Kinzei) Legend of the Galactic Heroes (Ernest Mecklinger) Dragon Ball: Legend of Shenron (Soldier) Dragon Ball Z (Ginger) Dragon Ball Z: Super Saiyan Son Goku (Zeeun) Games Strider Hiryu (1994 PC-Engine version) (Grandmaster Meio) Tobal 2 (1997) (Oliems) Metal Gear Solid (1998) (Revolver Ocelot) Dead or Alive 2 (1999) (Leon) Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001) (Revolver Ocelot) Dead or Alive 3 (2002) (Leon) Ninja Gaiden (2004) (Doku) Dead or Alive 4 (2005) (Leon) Persona 3 (2006) (Takeharu Kirijo) (replaced by Yasunori Masutani in subsequent games and anime film adaptations) BS Dragon Quest (Roujin) BS Fire","title":"Kōji Totani"},{"docid":"12935844","text":"Mark Acheson (born September 19, 1957) is a Canadian voice, film and television actor. Career Acheson began studying acting at Langara College’s Studio 58 at the age of 15. He is a founding member of Janus Theatre and appeared on stage for eight years including a full season at the Arts Club as well as The NewPlay center, Carousel Theatre, Western Canada Theatre in Kamloops, Sunshine Theatre in Kelowna, The Belfry in Victoria and StageWest in Edmonton. In his 30s, he started an extensive career in film and television, mostly in supporting roles. Some of his most notable roles are the Mailroom Guy in Elf and Mr. Tripoli in Fargo. His other film credits include The 13th Warrior and Watchmen. Acheson has also amassed a large body of work in voice acting, where he tends to be cast as villains. He voiced the characters of Lord Tirek from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Sabretooth from Hulk Vs. Wolverine, and has provided the voice of many characters in the TV show Transformers. Filmography Animation Fat Dog Mendoza (1998, TV Series) as Fat Dog Weird-Oh's (1999, TV Series) as Leaky Boat Louie Donner (2001, TV Series) as Blitzen / Cupid / Santa Claus Alienators: Evolution Continues (2001-2002, TV Series) as SCOPES The Amazing Zorro (2002, TV Series) as Don Carlos Pulido Stargate Infinity (2002-2003, TV Series) as Da'Kyll He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2003-2004, TV Series) as Fisto / Chadaz Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006, TV Series) as Attuma Class of the Titans (2007, TV Series) as Orion Barbie and the Diamond Castle (2008) as Slyder Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009) as Rawkus Hulk Vs (2009) as Sabretooth Dinosaur Train (2013, TV Series) as Marvin Mosasaurus My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic (2014-2019, TV Series) as Lord Tirek Tobot (2018) as Giga 7 Anime Dubbing Roles which were originally voiced in other languages by other people for whom Acheson provided English dubbing: Transformers: Armada (2002-2003) as Unicron Transformers: Energon (2004) as Unicron / Narrator Transformers: Cybertron (2005) as Crumplezone .hack//Roots (2006) as Tawalaya / Touta Black Lagoon (2006) as Boris, Hotel Moscow Soldier The Little Prince (2010) as Lux Live-action Skip Tracer (1977) as Bob Sheldon Home Is Where the Hart Is (1987) as Cafe Customer Stingray The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989, TV Movie) as 'Turk' Quarantine (1989) as Guard #2 Look Who's Talking Now (1993) as Burly Dad The Crush (1993) as Locksmith Highlander: The Series (1993-1994, TV Series) as Laszlo / Billy Ray Samurai Cowboy (1994) as Flint Clayton Bulletproof Heart (1994) as Hellbig The NeverEnding Story III (1994) as Janitor Suspicious Agenda (1995) as DeBaker Magic in the Water (1995) as 'Lefty' Hardy Dad's Week Off (1997, TV Movie) as Sobbing Man Exception to the Rule (1997) as Burt Ramsey True Heart (1997) as Red Head Man Stargate SG-1 (1998, TV Series) as Vishnoor I'll Be Home for Christmas (1998) as Sandwich Passenger The 13th Warrior (1999) as Norseman Reindeer Games (2000)","title":"Mark Acheson"},{"docid":"76258213","text":"Jeff Sutherland is an English visual effects artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Visual Effects for the film Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One. Selected filmography The Siege (1998) The Perfect Storm (2000) Space Cowboys (2000) Pearl Harbor (2001) K-19: The Widowmaker (2002) Gangs of New York (2002) The Hunted (2003) Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) War of the Worlds (2005) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Transformers (2007) Iron Man (2008) Star Trek (2009) Terminator Salvation (2009) Battleship (2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Jurassic World (2015) Rogue One (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Bumblebee (2018) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) No Time to Die (2021) Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023) References External links Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Visual effects artists Visual effects supervisors","title":"Jeff Sutherland (visual effects artist)"},{"docid":"33418114","text":"Transformers Comic was a British comic book series based on the Transformers toyline and film series, published monthly by Titan Magazines from 2007 to 2014. It initially featured strips re-printed from American comics and graphic novels, but later included original comic strips. The first issue was published in July 2007 to tie-in with the release of the Transformers feature film. The comic went through five different volumes and title changes before the final issue was published in August 2014 after a run of seven years. Publication history Volume 1 ran for twenty-five issues before the second volume began in 2009 to tie-in with the theatrical release of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Volume 3 began in 2011 to tie-in with the third film in the Paramount Pictures series, while a fourth volume launched soon after in conjunction with the animated series, Transformers: Prime. The fifth and final volume began publication in June 2014, coinciding with the release of the fourth Transformers film, Transformers: Age of Extinction. The title was ultimately cancelled after three issues, with the final issue going on sale on 21 August 2014. For the last few issues of Volume 1, the Transformers: Universe toy line logo was used on the cover. Content A typical issue of Transformers during its first volume would feature the following content: Introduction/Contents Comic strips Character profiles 'Cybertron Smackdown' Poster 'Top Gear' (feature on Transformers merchandise) 'Mech Mail' (reader letters and artwork) Strips During the first volume, the comic printed three strips per issue. These included brand new strips written by Simon Furman, whose work continued into volume 2, and some reprints such as the Beast Wars series (also by Furman) and the Movie Prequel. By volume 3, the magazine had a lower page count and only one strip, now written by Robin Etherington, was typically included in each issue. Free gift As is common for children's magazines in the UK, each issue came with a free cover gift. #1 had dog tags featuring either Autobot or Decepticon logos, #2 had removable tattoos, #3 had a keyring, which would be either the Autobots or Decepticons logo, and #4 had a set of four badges. Transformers Animated Comic In October 2009, Titan debuted a second Transformers title, based on the animated TV series Transformers: Animated. However, the title would last only for three issues due to low sales. The first strip to be published in the magazine was 'Burnout' written by Simon Furman. Another strip in the first issue was an adaptation of the episode 'Blast from the Past', using stills from the show as comic panels. References External links Official Website 2007 comics debuts 2014 comics endings UK Titan Magazines titles British comics Science fiction magazines published in the United Kingdom Comics magazines published in the United Kingdom","title":"Transformers Comic UK"},{"docid":"51585456","text":"is an anime and manga created by Shotaro Ishinomori. It is the first anime to feature a 5-unit superhero team. While the animation was produced by Toei Animation (Toei Douga at the time), it was also technically produced by Ishinomori's studio, Studio Zero, that he founded with Fujiko F. Fujio and Shinichi Suzuki. The series was also broadcast in Germany, Spain, and France. Hayao Miyazaki was a key animator on episodes 34 and 38. It was announced by the Ishinomori website that a new Rainbow Sentai Robin graphic novel is to launch on Summer 2020. Plot A distant planet, far off in space named Palta is facing the doom of extinction. There are only two years left until their ultimate demise. Palta looks to Earth to cultivate resources and begins attacking it in hopes of taking over. Earth turns to a boy named Robin, who owns many robots. Robin's father is an alien from Palta who was sent to Earth as a spy, but fell in love with a human. Robin's father, Dr. Polto, and mother, Sumiko, are forcibly taken back to Palta, but his father makes numerous robots for him before they leave. The robots are named Lili, Wolf, Benkei, Pegasus, Professor, and Bell, and all have unique superpowers of sorts. Characters Robin (ロビン) (Voiced by: Kyoko Satomi) The leader of the sentai team. Robin is half Palta alien and half human. His main weapon is a ray gun. Lili (リリ) (Voiced by: Noriko Shindou) A human-looking nurse robot. She is a stereotypical sweet woman who fills a motherly role in Robin's life. Wolf (ウルフ)(Voiced by: Eiichi Sakurai) Possesses super-speed and super-accurate aiming abilities. He can change into a human-like form. Professor (教授) (Voiced by: Kousei Yagi) Extremely intelligent, Professor holds great scientific knowledge. Bell (ベル) (Voiced by: Keiko Nakamura) She is a cat and has strong radar abilities. She can scramble enemy radars as well. Pegasus (ペガサス) (Voiced by: Nobuaki Sekine) A transforming robot that can change into a rocket and fly at speeds up to Mach 18. Pegasus can also turn into a submarine as well. Benkei (ベンケイ) (Voiced by: Setsuo Shinoda) The brawn of the group, is iron-strong and also has a compartment in his chest for Professor and Bell to ride in. His appearance is similar to that of many super-robos at the time. References External links 1963 manga Anime series Anime series based on manga Kodansha manga Shōnen manga Toei Animation television TV Asahi original programming","title":"Rainbow Sentai Robin"},{"docid":"67104535","text":"Sergey Aleksandrovich Burunov () is a Russian actor. He has appeared in more than 60 films since 2002. Burunov is known for his performances in the parody TV show Big Difference and multiple works as a voice actor, especially known for being the official Russian voice of Leonardo DiCaprio (in 2004–2021), Adam Sandler (in 2008–2015) and Johnny Depp (in 2009–2018). Filmography Voice roles Russian dubbing Leonardo DiCaprio: 2004 – The Aviator as Howard Hughes 2008 – Revolutionary Road as Frank Wheeler 2010 – Shutter Island as Teddy Daniels 2012 – Django Unchained as Calvin J. Candie 2013 – The Great Gatsby as Jay Gatsby 2013 – The Wolf of Wall Street as Jordan Belfort 2015 – The Revenant as Hugh Glass 2019 – Once Upon a Time in Hollywood as Rick Dalton 2021 – Don't Look Up as Dr. Randall Mindy Adam Sandler: 2008 – You Don't Mess with the Zohan as Zohan 2011 – Just Go with It as Danny Maccabee 2012 – Hotel Transylvania as Count \"Drac\" Dracula 2012 – That's My Boy as Donny Berger 2015 – Pixels as Sam Brenner 2015 – Hotel Transylvania 2 as Count \"Drac\" Dracula 2018 – Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation as Count \"Drac\" Dracula Johnny Depp: 2009 – Public Enemies as John Dillinger 2011 – The Tourist as Frank Tupelo 2012 – Dark Shadows as Barnabas Collins 2014 – Transcendence as Will Caster 2015 – Black Mass as Whitey Bulger 2018 – Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald as Gellert Grindelwald Matthew McConaughey: 2003 – How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days as Benjamin Barry 2006 – Failure to Launch as Tripp 2008 – Tropic Thunder as Rick \"The Pecker\" Peck Simon Pegg: 2007 – Hot Fuzz as Nicholas Angel 2011 – Paul as Graeme Willy Channing Tatum: 2008 – Step Up 2: The Streets as Tyler Gage 2009 – G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra as Conrad Hauser / Duke 2013 – White House Down as John Cale Steve Carell: 2013 – Despicable Me 2 as Gru 2015 – Minions as young Gru 2017 – Despicable Me 3 as Gru Mark Wahlberg: 2014 – Transformers: Age of Extinction as Cade Yeager 2017 – Transformers: The Last Knight as Cade Yeager Other films: 2007 – Ratatouille as Remy (Patton Oswalt) 2007 – Transformers as Captain William Lennox (Josh Duhamel) 2008 – The Incredible Hulk as Emil Blonsky (Tim Roth) 2010 – Hot Tub Time Machine as Adam Yates (John Cusack) 2011 – Gnomeo & Juliet as Paris (Stephen Merchant) 2012 – The Impossible as Henry (Ewan McGregor) 2012 – The Lorax as Aloysius O'Hare (Rob Riggle) 2012 – Seven Psychopaths as Billy Bickle (Sam Rockwell) 2013 – The Counselor as Westray (Brad Pitt) 2014 – The Monuments Men as Lt. James Granger (Matt Damon) 2014 – The Nut Job as Surly (Will Arnett) 2014 – Dumb and Dumber To as Lloyd Christmas (Jim Carrey) 2016 – The Angry Birds Movie as King Leonard Mudbeard (Bill Hader) 2017 – Quo","title":"Sergey Burunov"},{"docid":"38170584","text":"Jack Reynor (born 23 January 1992) is an Irish actor. His notable roles include the films Transformers: Age of Extinction, What Richard Did, Glassland, Macbeth, Sing Street and Midsommar, as well as the series Strange Angel and The Peripheral. Early life Reynor was born on 23 January 1992 in Longmont, Colorado, the son of an Irish mother and an American father. He has a younger brother and sister. He initially lived in Boulder, Colorado, with his mother, human rights activist Tara Reynor O'Grady, but moved with her to Valleymount, County Wicklow, at the age of two. He attended primary school in Valleymount and spent his formative years there with his mother and maternal grandparents, Damien and Pat Reynor. His interest in acting began when he played an altar boy on the set of Country in 1999. He moved to Dublin in 2004 to attend Belvedere College, a private Jesuit secondary school, where he performed onstage in numerous theatrical productions. Career In early 2010, Reynor was cast as Robbie, \"the boy next door\", in the live-format, unscripted Dollhouse, directed by Kirsten Sheridan, which premiered at Berlinale 2012. He depicted Richard Karlsen in Lenny Abrahamson's feature What Richard Did, which screened at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival. The film portrays the fall of a high school rugby star and golden boy whose world unravels after his involvement in an act of careless violence. Reynor earned the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) award for best actor in 2013 for his performance. In January 2013, Reynor was cast as Shane, an Irish race car driver, in Transformers: Age of Extinction. The film was released in June 2014 and co-starred Mark Wahlberg and Nicola Peltz. It broke worldwide box office records, making just over $1.1 billion and becoming the highest-grossing film in Chinese history. Days after wrapping the T4 global press tour, Reynor travelled to London to shoot Andy Serkis' Netflix film Mowgli (filmed in 2015 but not released until 2018), alongside Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett and Benedict Cumberbatch. The film used facial recognition technology that was invented for the project. Also that year, Reynor starred in writer-director Gerard Barrett's film Glassland with Toni Collette and Will Poulter, in which he plays a young taxi driver who struggles to instill a sense of structure in his life while his mother suffers from severe alcoholism. The film was released early 2015 and earned Reynor the World Cinema Dramatic Special Jury Award for Acting at the Sundance Film Festival. After Glassland, Reynor shot Julian Jarrold's romantic comedy, A Royal Night Out. His role opposite Sarah Gadon was the character RAF airman Jack, the young Princess Elizabeth's fictional romantic interest during the VE Day celebrations in 1945. Reynor starred as Malcolm Canmore, the rightful heir to the throne of Scotland, in a film adaptation of Macbeth; it premiered in Edinburgh in September 2015. Following that, he next completed shooting John Carney's project, playing Brendan in Sing Street, set in 1980s Dublin. It premiered at the 2016 Sundance","title":"Jack Reynor"},{"docid":"983123","text":"Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany, France. The Continental Celtic languages, although once widely spoken in mainland Europe and in Anatolia, are extinct. Six Insular Celtic languages are extant (in all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups: Insular Celtic languages Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages Breton Cornish Welsh Goidelic languages Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic Insular Celtic hypothesis The Insular Celtic hypothesis is the theory that these languages evolved together in those places, having a later common ancestor than any of the Continental Celtic languages such as Celtiberian, Gaulish, Galatian, and Lepontic, among others, all of which are long extinct. This linguistic division of Celtic languages into Insular and Continental contrasts with the P/Q Celtic hypothesis. The proponents of the Insular hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared innovations among these – chiefly: inflected prepositions shared use of certain verbal particles VSO word order differentiation of absolute and conjunct verb endings as found extensively in Old Irish and less so in Middle Welsh (see Morphology of the Proto-Celtic language). The proponents assert that a strong partition between the Brittonic languages with Gaulish (P-Celtic) on one side and the Goidelic languages with Celtiberian (Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a language contact phenomenon. They add the identical sound shift ( to ) could have occurred independently in the predecessors of Gaulish and Brittonic, or have spread through language contact between those two groups. Further, the Italic languages had a similar divergence between Latino-Faliscan, which kept , and Osco-Umbrian, which changed it to . Some historians, such as George Buchanan in the 16th century, had suggested the Brythonic or P-Celtic language was a descendant of the Picts' language. Indeed, the tribe of the Pritani has Qritani (and, orthographically orthodox in modern form but counterintuitively written Cruthin) (Q-Celtic) cognate forms. Under the Insular hypothesis, the family tree of the insular Celtic languages is thus as follows: This table lists cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic to in Gaulish and the Brittonic languages but to in the Goidelic languages. In Welsh orthography denotes or A significant difference between Goidelic and Brittonic languages is the transformation of , to a denasalised vowel with lengthening, é, before an originally voiceless stop or fricative, Old Irish \"death\", \"fish hook\", \"tooth\", \"hundred\" vs. Welsh , , , and . Otherwise: the nasal is retained before a vowel, i̯, w, m, and a liquid: \"woman\" (< ) \"he/she is born\" (< ) \"ignorant\" (< ) the nasal passes to en before another n: \"peak\" (< ) (vs. Welsh ) \"finds a place\" (< ) (vs. Welsh ) the nasal passes to in, im before a voiced stop \"butter\" (vs. Breton , Cornish ) \"nail\" (vs. Old Welsh ) \"tongue\" (vs. Welsh ) \"strait\" (vs. Middle Welsh","title":"Insular Celtic languages"},{"docid":"24277168","text":"José Santa Cruz (14 March 1929 – 26 April 2024) was a Brazilian actor and comedian who worked mostly on Zorra Total, a sketch comedy program on Rede Globo. Santa Cruz died on 26 April 2024, at the age of 95. Voice acting roles Danny DeVito Dinosaurs — Earl Sinclair, the father Harry Potter film series — Rubeus Hagrid (Robbie Coltrane) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe — King Randor The Transformers (TV series), Transformers: Armada and Transformers (film) — Megatron X-Men: Evolution — Magneto Toy Story 2 — Stinky Pete Ratatouille — Auguste Gusteau Troy — Nestor (John Shrapnel) The Closer — Clay Johnson (Barry Corbin) References External links 1929 births 2024 deaths Brazilian male television actors Brazilian male voice actors People from João Pessoa, Paraíba","title":"José Santa Cruz (actor)"},{"docid":"13802144","text":"Reiner Schöne (born 19 January 1942) is a German actor, known for such roles as Dukhat in the Babylon 5 series, Shinnok in Mortal Kombat Annihilation, Esoqq in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"Allegiance\", Kolitar in the television series Sliders and The Eiger Sanction as Karl Freytag, and as Green Goblin and Optimus Prime in the German dubs of the live-action Spider-Man and Transformers film series respectively. Partial filmography Wir lassen uns scheiden (1968) - Körner 12 Uhr mittags kommt der Boß (1969) - Barmixer Lundas Return of Sabata (1971) - Clyde / Lieutenant Zwei himmlische Dickschädel (1974) - Vilmos The Eiger Sanction (1975) - Karl Freytag Change (1975) - Blasius Okopenki (1976) - Horobin (1976, TV miniseries) - Hoym, Bandit Goetz von Berlichingen of the Iron Hand (1979) - Franz von Sickingen Return to Treasure Island (1986, TV series) - Van Der Brecken La rebelión de los colgados (1986) Amerika (1987, TV miniseries) - Major Helmut Gurtman The Gunfighters (1987, TV film) - Dutch Everett The Handmaid's Tale (1990) - Luke Star Trek: The Next Generation - Allegiance (1990, TV series episode) - Esoqq MacGyver: The Wall (1990, TV series episode) - Helmut Weiss Nobody's Children (1994) - Sorin Dornescu Crash Dive (1997) - Richter Babylon 5: Atonement (1997, TV series episode) - Dukhat Mortal Kombat Annihilation (1997) - Shinnok Babylon 5: In the Beginning (1998, TV film based on the TV series) - Dukhat Sliders (1998, TV series) - Kolitar (1999, TV film) - Killer Wasted in Babylon (1999) - Roman Otto – Der Katastrofenfilm (2000) - Kapitän Lackner Stones of Light (2001, TV film) - Cyrus van Hooten Ice Planet (2001) - Senator Jeremy Uvan Null Uhr 12 (2001) - Kommissar Pretend You Don't See Her (2002, TV film) - Jimmy Greco (2002) - Pharaoh Thutmosis Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 (2004) - Senator Bean (2005, TV film) - Max McHenry Snowman's Land (2010) - Berger (2010) - Opa Rudi Priest (2011) - Minister The Fourth State (2012) - Sokolow (2012) - Frederik Losensky (2013) - Doctoral advisor A Heavy Heart (2015) - Specht Voice Acting, Dubbing Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) - Commander Rourke (German version) Spider-Man (2002) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) Spider-Man 2 (2004) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) - Darth Vader (German version) Spider-Man 3 (2007) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) Transformers (2007) - Optimus Prime (German version) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) - Optimus Prime (German version) Iron Man 2 (2010) - Ivan Vanko / Whiplash (German version) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) - Optimus Prime (German version) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) - Optimus Prime (German version) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) - Optimus Prime (German version) Bumblebee (2018) - Optimus Prime (German version) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) References External links 1942 births Living people German male film actors","title":"Reiner Schöne"},{"docid":"32310114","text":"Transformers: Dark of the Moon – The Score is a soundtrack that features the musical score by composer Steve Jablonsky for the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon. It was released on June 24, 2011, five days before the actual release of the film. The song \"Heed Our Warning\" features in the Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen score but was featured in the film when Sentinel Prime, the Decepticons and spaceships attacked Chicago. The score was once available on iTunes, but was later removed, along with its sequel, Transformers: Age of Extinction - The Score, once it reached a limit of having sold 15000 units before re-use fees would have to be paid, much to the disappointment of Steve Jablonsky and fans alike. Jablonsky hopes to eventually re-release the score along with the score for Age of Extinction (which shared a similar fate regarding reaching aforementioned limit) at some point in the future. Track listing References External links Official album website Official movie website Dark of the Moon – The Score 2011 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Film scores","title":"Transformers: Dark of the Moon – The Score"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"42331254\",\n \"text\": \"Jeff White is a visual effects artist who was nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 85th Academy Awards and 90th Academy Awards for The Avengers and Kong: Skull Island, respectively. Selected filmography Kong: Skull Island (2017) Warcraft (2016) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Marvel's The Avengers (2012) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Transformers (2007) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) References External links Living people Special effects people Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff White (visual effects)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64058099\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Vahradian is an Armenian-American film producer. Filmography Producer Annapolis (2006) Red (2010) Man on a Ledge (2012) Red 2 (2013) Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) Deepwater Horizon (2016) Bumblebee (2018) Pet Sematary (2019) Infinite (2021) Plane (2023) Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023) Pet Sematary: Bloodlines (2023) Transformers One (2024) Executive producer Transformers (2007) Nancy Drew (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Salt (2010) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) The Devil Inside (2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) References American film producers\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Vahradian\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"58718841\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy (or simply Rescue Bots Academy) is a Flash animated children's television series on Discovery Family. Based on toy manufacturer Hasbro's Transformers franchise, the series is a sequel of Transformers: Rescue Bots, sharing the name with the Rescue Bots season three episode called \\\"Rescue Bots Academy\\\". It was created by Rescue Bots co-creator Nicole Dubuc. The first two episodes were previewed on December 8, 2018. The series officially premiered on January 5, 2019. The voice cast of Rescue Bots leaves their roles, with existing characters being recast with New York–based voice actors. Premise School is in session at the Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy, and Griffin Rock's heroes Heatwave the Fire-Bot, Chase the Police-Bot, Blades the Copter-Bot, and Boulder the Construction-Bot are back and ready to train a new batch of recruits. Just arriving on Earth from their home world of Cybertron, young Cube player Hot Shot, aspiring rescue hero Hoist, the enthusiastic Whirl, Construction-bot Wedge and field medic appropriately named Medix have the honor of being the first class in history to enroll in the Rescue Bots Academy, a highly advanced training facility located at a top-secret base. With encouragement from Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, and Grimlock, the new recruits learn the power of team building through simulated and real-life rescue missions that highlight the importance of heroism, teamwork, and most importantly, friendship. Characters Autobots Rescue Bots Recruits Hot Shot (voiced by Pierce Cravens) is a former Cube player recruited by Optimus Prime, who also gives him a Mul-T-Change T-cog that lets him use a different vehicle mode per day. His regular vehicle mode is a red and yellow ATV, while his alternate forms are a red jet plane and a yellow and red hovercraft boat. He later gains a fourth vehicle form in Season 2 by scanning Heatwave's fire truck mode. Whirl (voiced by Courtney Shaw) is an enthusiastic police trainee who, like Chase, has studied the rules of being a Rescue Bot, and who serves as the team's optimist and sister figure. She transforms into a blue and light gray police helicopter, and later adopts Chase's blue squad police car form during Season 2's Multi-change story arc. Hoist (voiced by Alan Trinca) is an aspiring inventor and mechanic who transforms into a teal green tow truck. In Season 1, he was revealed to be afraid of dinosaurs when Grimlock arrived at the academy, later fully overcoming his fear in Season 2's \\\"Mission Dinobot.\\\" During season 2's T-cog story arc, he scanned Grimlock's Tyrannosaurus Rex form to become a Dinobot himself. Medix (voiced by Adam Andrianopoulous) is a Rescue Bots recruit who does not like surprises and works purely with logic. He serves as the team's intelligence officer on missions and transforms into a white emergency response car with green and a red light bar mounted on the roof. During Season 2's T-Cog story arc, he gains Blade's white and orange rescue helicopter form as a second form. Wedge (voiced by Mason Hensley) is a former Decepticon\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16715815\",\n \"text\": \"The Grey wolf (Canis lupus) was an integral part of the Irish countryside and culture, but are now extinct. The last wild wolf in Ireland is said to have been killed in 1786, 300 years after they were believed to have been wiped out in England and 100 years after their disappearance from Scotland. Folklore and mythology Wolves feature prominently in Irish mythology. Airitech was a mysterious creature whose three daughters were werewolf-like creatures, eventually killed by Cas Corach. The Irish words for wolf are Mac Tíre (\\\"son of the land\\\"), Faoil and Cú Allaidh (\\\"wild dog\\\"), and association with human transformation linger. Whilst some consider this to be imported, there are many references in Irish mythology to lycanthropes and changing to other animal forms. The last wolf in Ireland was killed near Mount Leinster in 1786. The Morrígan was said to take on the form of a red-furred wolf, particularly in her battle with the hero Cú Chulainn. Mac Cecht killed a wolf feeding on a still-living woman on a battlefield. Cormac mac Airt was said to have been raised by wolves, and that he could understand their speech. Four wolves would accompany him in his rebellion against Lugaid mac Con, and he would later be accompanied by them until the end of his life. The Annals of the Four Masters claims that, in AD 690, \\\"It rained a shower of blood in Leinster this year. Butter was there also turned into lumps of gore and blood, so that it was manifest to all in general. The wolf was heard speaking with human voice, which was horrific to all.\\\" One tale describes how in AD 1182, a priest travelling from Ulster into Meath encountered a talking wolf, which revealed itself to be a man of Ossory, whose ancestors had been cursed to turn into wolves every seven years and return to their human form after another seven years had passed. The wolf explained that his wife, who was also under the curse, was dying, and he pleaded with the priest to give her the viaticum. The priest complied, and was later put on the right road to Meath by the grateful wolf. History In prehistory The grey wolf (Canis lupus) is a canine of the order Carnivora, an apex predator largely feeding on ungulates. The earliest radiocarbon date for Irish wolf remains come from excavated cave sites in Castlepook Cave, north of Doneraile, County Cork, and dates back to 34,000 BC. Wolf bones discovered in a number of other cave sites, particularly in the counties of Cork, Waterford and Clare indicate the presence of wolves throughout the Midlandian ice age which probably reached its peak between 20,000 BC and 18,000 BC. By about 14,000 BC, Ireland became separated from Great Britain, which, itself, still formed part of mainland Europe, to become an island. Wolves were one of just a few species of land animal in Ireland that survived through the Nahanagan Stadial, a cold period that occurred between 10,800\",\n \"title\": \"Wolves in Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54075111\",\n \"text\": \"Barbara Harris is an American voice casting director. The Looping Group Harris is a voice casting director for motion pictures and television. Her credits include some of the top grossing films of all time, including Black Panther, Jurassic Park, Titanic, The Lion King, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, The Fate of the Furious, The Matrix Reloaded, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Interstellar, Guardians of the Galaxy, and others. She founded the voice casting company, The Looping Group. She and her company were mentioned in film critic, Roger Ebert's book, Questions for the Movie Answer Man. They were also mentioned in Kate McClanaghan's book, The Sound Advice Encyclopedia of Voice-Over & the Business of Being A Working Talent. References External links The Looping Group - Official site. Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American casting directors American women casting directors\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Harris (voice casting director)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1968363\",\n \"text\": \"Mpinguari, or Mpinguary, (also called the Juma) are mythical monstrous jungle-dwelling spirits from Brazilian folklore said to protect the forest and its animals. Description There are various depictions of the mapinguari. Prior to 1933, traditional folklore describe it as a former human shaman turned into a hairy humanoid cyclops. This version is often said to have a gaping mouth on its abdomen, with its feet turned backwards. Creatures with such feet, which confuse those trying to track it, are found in folklore around the world. In the latter half of the 20th century, some cryptozoologists speculated that the mapinguari might be an unknown primate, akin to Bigfoot. Others claim that it is a modern-day sighting of a giant ground sloth, an animal estimated to have gone extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene. These later descriptions may be attributed to David C. Oren, an ornithologist, who heard stories of the creature and hypothesized they might be the extinct sloths. This was met by criticism by scientists at the time, but an article Oren published in 1993 was picked up by major news papers despite no evidence. Skeptics point out that there have not been any fossil records of ground sloths for thousands of years A 2023 academic study of the 1995 discovery of giant sloth bones “modified into primordial pendants” suggested that humans lived in the Americas contemporaneous with the giant sloth, specifically that “it may have served as inspiration for the Mapinguari, a mythical beast that, in Amazonian legend, had the nasty habit of twisting off the heads of humans and devouring them.” Terminology According to Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden, its name is a combination of the Tupi-Guarani words \\\"mbappé\\\", \\\"pi\\\", and \\\"guari\\\", meaning \\\"a thing that has a bent [or] crooked foot [or] paw\\\". Other names by which they are referred to include the Karitiana kida harara, and the Machiguenga segamai. In popular culture A reference to Mapinguari occurs in the 2020 animated film The Red Scroll, during the final scene when the character Wupa transforms into a giant sloth monster. See also List of legendary creatures Mylodon References Sources Martin, Paul S. 2007. Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press. Shepard, G. H. 2002. \\\"Primates and the Matsigenka\\\" in Agustín Fuentes & Linda D. Wolfe. Primates Face to Face: The Conservation Implications of Human-nonhuman Primate Interconnections. Cambridge University Press. Brazilian folklore Indigenous Amazonian legendary creatures Cryptozoology Forest spirits Indigenous South American legendary creatures\",\n \"title\": \"Mapinguari\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8898811\",\n \"text\": \"The Squamish people ( , historically transliterated as Sko-ko-mish) are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Archaeological evidence shows they have lived in the area for more than a thousand years. In 2012, there was population of 3,893 band members registered with the Squamish Nation. Their language is the Squamish language or Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, considered a part of the Coast Salish languages, and is categorized as nearly extinct with just 10 fluent speakers as of 2010. The traditional territory is in the area now in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, and covers Point Grey as the southern border. From here, it continues northward to Roberts Creek on the Sunshine Coast, up the Howe Sound. The northern part includes the Squamish, Cheakamus, Elaho and Mamquam rivers. Up the Cheakamus River it includes land past Whistler, British Columbia. The southern and eastern part of their territory includes Indian Arm, along Burrard Inlet, through False Creek then English Bay and Point Grey. Today the Squamish people live mostly in seven communities, located in West Vancouver, North Vancouver, and within and nearby to the District of Squamish. The Squamish people’s history, culture, societal customs, and other knowledge was transmitted by oral tradition from generation to generation without a writing system. Today oral tradition continues to be a fundamental aspect of their traditional culture. This continued until European contact and diseases in 1791, which caused drastic changes to the people and culture. Charles Hill-Tout became the first European to document Squamish oral history in the early 1900s. Later, many anthropologists and linguists came to work with Squamish informants and elders to document Squamish culture and history. Although first recorded contact with Europeans happened with George Vancouver and José María Narváez in 1791–1792, disease had devastated much of the population before in the 1770s. For decades following, more diseases, including influenza, reduced the population significantly. Along with the influx of new foreigners, usurpation of their ancestral lands, and later policies of assimilation by the Canadian government, caused a significant shift in their culture, way of life, and society. History Oral tradition Oral tradition transmits history, literature, law and other knowledges verbally across generations, without a writing system, and forms the basis for most of the Squamish people's history. The passing on of this history is regarded as the \\\"duty of responsible elders\\\". Those who possessed a great deal of knowledge were regarded as aristocrats. Like other Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, the Squamish have stories of the \\\"Transformer\\\" brothers who went around the world transforming things and people. Other stories transmitted through generations are of ancestral characters doing things or involved in events. Oral tradition and history, including new events, continues to be passed on in this form to this day. Squamish oral history traces back to \\\"founding fathers\\\" of their people. An aged informant of the Squamish people named Mel̓ḵw’s, said to be over 100 years old, was interviewed by Charles Hill-Tout in 1886. He recited oral history on the origins of\",\n \"title\": \"Squamish people\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1663918\",\n \"text\": \"Sophia Myles (; born 18 March 1980) is an English actress. She is best known in film for portraying Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in Thunderbirds (2004), Isolde in Tristan & Isolde (2006), Darcy in Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014), Erika in Underworld (2003) and Underworld: Evolution (2006) and Freya in Outlander (2008). Initially hoping to study philosophy at University of Cambridge, for which she secured a place, Myles instead turned to acting after television writer Julian Fellowes saw her perform in a school play, casting her in his series The Prince and the Pauper (1996). After this, Myles continued to receive work in films such as Mansfield Park (1999), From Hell (2001) and The Abduction Club (2002), but her breakthrough role came in the form of Erika in Underworld (2003) before she won the iconic role of Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in Thunderbirds (2004) propelling her to international stardom. Following on from this success, Myles moved to Hollywood where she played the main role of Isolde in the epic romantic film Tristan & Isolde (2006) before starring in films including Underworld: Evolution (2006), Art School Confidential (2006), Dracula (2006), Hallam Foe (2007), Outlander (2008), The Damned (2013), Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) and Blackwood (2015). Myles has also received critical acclaim for her television work, particularly as Madame de Pompadour in the Doctor Who episode \\\"The Girl in the Fireplace\\\" (2006), Beth Turner in Moonlight (2007–2008), Beth Bailey in Spooks (2010) and Rebecca Bishop in A Discovery of Witches (2018–2021). Myles won a BAFTA for Best Actress for her role as Kate in Hallam Foe (2007) and was also nominated for a BIFA at the British Independent Film Awards for the same film. She has also won several other awards at various other film festivals across the world. Early life Myles was born in London. Her mother, Jane (née Allan), works in educational publishing, and her father, Peter R. Myles, was a retired Church of England vicar in Isleworth, West London. Her paternal grandmother was Russian, and Myles refers to herself as \\\"half-Welsh, half-Russian\\\". She grew up in Notting Hill and attended Fox Primary School. At the age of 11, she moved with her family to Isleworth and attended The Green School. Following success at her A Levels she secured a place at the University of Cambridge to study philosophy, but chose to pursue an acting career after being spotted by Julian Fellowes in a school play and shortly after had a small role in his television production of The Prince and the Pauper in 1996. Career Since 1996, Myles has appeared in a number of films and television productions. Following her success in The Prince and the Pauper, Myles made her film debut in Mansfield Park (1999) and had a small role in Guest House Paradiso (1999). After roles in the television series Heartbeat and Foyle's War, Myles starred as Victoria Abberline in the thriller film From Hell (2001) alongside Johnny Depp, with Myles playing his wife. Myles played a main\",\n \"title\": \"Sophia Myles\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4095980\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Patrick Covais (; born May 30, 1989) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He was a finalist on the fifth season of American Idol. Covais appeared in the films College and Transformers: Age of Extinction, and television shows Good Luck Charlie and State of Georgia. Early life Covais was born and raised in Levittown, New York, on Long Island. He is the son of John Covais, a retired Sheriff's Correction Officer, and Patty Covais. He is the youngest of three. He has two siblings, a sister (Kathleen) and a brother (John). Covais was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at age eleven and receives insulin injections, like his fellow contestant, Elliott Yamin. Covais started singing at the age of ten and has taken voice lessons for four years. Covais has stated that Brian McKnight and American Idol first season winner Kelly Clarkson are favorite singers of his. In the future, he plans to pursue a career in singing, acting or journalism. Covais was a junior at Island Trees High School during his Idol run; he graduated at the end of the 2006–07 school year. He is a former student of Island Trees Middle School. He is a member of the Drama Club and has played the lead in several school plays including Brighton Beach Memoirs, Godspell and Guys and Dolls; he is also a member of the Metropolitan Youth Chorale and the National Honor Society. In the 2005–06 school year, he won the lead in the school's musical, Anything Goes but had to leave for American Idol. He also won some competitions outside of school, such as Eisenhower Park's Reach for the Stars in 2003. He is also a fan of the New York Yankees, the New York Knicks and the New York Jets. Career 2006–07: American Idol Covais auditioned in Boston, Massachusetts. On March 9, 2006, he made it into the top 12 of American Idol. Covais has sarcastically dubbed himself the show's \\\"sex symbol,\\\" while fellow finalist Paris Bennett called him \\\"Chicken Little\\\" for his supposed resemblance to the character in the Disney movie. Covais was eliminated on March 22, 2006. He was in the bottom three with Bucky Covington and Lisa Tucker. Covais continued to pursue his singing career after his stint on Idol. He made a number of media appearances including Jimmy Kimmel Live! on March 24, 2006, Live with Regis and Kelly on March 29 and July 4, The Today Show on March 30 and The Ellen DeGeneres Show on April 4. Covais also intends to return to television, telling TV Guide'''s Shawna Malcolm, \\\"You'll see me on TV again. If Disney comes calling....\\\" In December 2006, he performed at a Disney World holiday concert. Covais rapped on one track of good friend and fellow Idol finalist Paris Bennett's debut CD, Princess P. He also recorded \\\"When I Fall in Love\\\" for the compilation CD American Idol Season 5: Encores, which features a song from each of the 12 finalists. American Idol performances Semifinals\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Covais\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2199672\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Angel (October 24, 1930 – October 18, 2021) was an American voice actor and radio personality. He provided voice-overs for animation and video games. Angel had voiced characters in shows by Hasbro and Hanna-Barbera such as Super Friends, The Transformers and G.I. Joe and was involved in numerous productions by Disney and Pixar. Before becoming involved with voiceover work, Angel was initially a disc jockey for radio stations, namely KMPC and KFI. The day of his death, October 18, a piece of lost 1980s paraphernalia that contained his voice as the lead role, being the U.S. dub of TUGS, was discovered. Biography Angel was born on October 24, 1930, in Modesto, California, the second child of John Angel, a Greek immigrant, and Lucille (née Parsons). He graduated from San Francisco State University in 1957, and at the same time, he was hired as a disc jockey for a California radio station and decided to focus on a career in radio programs. A decade later, he had become one of the most popular radio personalities with his radio programs being heard on stations KMPC and KFI, Los Angeles. In the early years of his career, he also landed roles in stage productions at The Actor's Ring and the Portland Civic Theater. It was during his broadcasting career that he began experimenting with voiceovers he would produce for clients; while at KMPC, Angel's demo ended up in the hands of Gary Owens, who already had made his own inroads as an animation voiceover actor and forwarded Angel's demo tape to his agent. After almost 20 years in radio, Angel shifted to voice acting on a full-time basis. Angel's first jobs in the voice-over industry came in the mid-1970s, voice acting on the series Super Friends, in which he played Hawkman, The Flash and Samurai, including The All-New Super Friends Hour, Challenge of the Superfriends, Super Friends, The Legendary Super Powers Show and Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians. During that time, he made guest appearances in Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo and The Smurfs. In the second season of the Transformers series (1985), Angel was the voice of Astrotrain, Smokescreen, Ramjet, and Omega Supreme, and he reprised the roles of Ramjet and Astrotrain in The Transformers: The Movie (1986). In the third and fourth seasons of The Transformers (1986-1987), Angel voiced Ultra Magnus (who had been played by Robert Stack in The Transformers: The Movie) and in the fourth season he voiced Cyclonus following the death of Roger C. Carmel. He also lent his voice to the character Dr. Zachary Darret in the 1984 CBS animated series Pole Position, and also voiced Wet Suit on Sunbow's G.I. Joe and several characters on Dino-Riders. In 1995, he was the voice of Nikki in the animated film Balto. He played the SWATbots on Sonic the Hedgehog, The Liquidator on Darkwing Duck, and Nick Fury on Spider-Man: The Animated series. In 2001, Angel was the voice of \\\"Teddy\\\" in the movie A.I. Artificial Intelligence. He provided voices\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Angel\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"37870136\",\n \"text\": \"Jiang Guangtao () is a Chinese voice actor and voice director of Mainland China, dubbing and directing foreign content in the Mandarin Chinese format. Most of the roles that Jiang dubs for foreign films are considered protagonist or secondary roles. Voice roles Animated series Purple River (2021) - Zichuan Xiu The Island of Siliang (2021) - Xiao Ji Drowning Sorrows in Raging Fire (2021) - Sheng Lingyuan Heaven Official's Blessing (2020) - Xie Lian Animated films Kuiba 3 (2014) Video games Chinese Paladin 5 - Jiang Yun Fun Chinese Paladin 5 Prequel - Xia Hou Jin Xvan For All Time/Lovebrush Chronicles - Ye Xuan/Cael Anselm/Emerald Tears of Themis - Vyn Richter 花亦山心之月 - Yu Ze Dubbing (live action films) Scent of a Woman - Charlie Simms (Chris O'Donnell) (2003 CCTV Dub) The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian - Prince Caspian (Ben Barnes) The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - King Caspian (Ben Barnes) The Children of Huang Shi - George Hogg (Jonathan Rhys Meyers) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind - Patrick (Elijah Wood) Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World - First Lieutenant / Acting Captain Thomas Pullings (James D'Arcy) Transformers - Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) Transformers: Dark of the Moon - Sam Witwicky (Shia LaBeouf) Transformers: Age of Extinction - Shane Dyson (Jack Reynor) Dragonball Evolution - Goku (Justin Chatwin) 2012 - Jackson Curtis (John Cusack) Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief - Percy Jackson (Logan Lerman) The Incredible Hulk - Bruce Banner/Hulk (Edward Norton) Titanic - Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio) April Snow - In-soo (Bae Yong-joon) Superman Returns - Jimmy Olsen (Sam Huntington) Stardust - Tristan Thorn (Charlie Cox) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory - Willy Wonka (Johnny Depp) (2008 CCTV Dub) Amélie - Nino Quincampoix (Mathieu Kassovitz) High School Musical - Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) High School Musical 2 - Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) High School Musical 3: Senior Year - Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) Bedtime Stories - Skeeter Bronson (Adam Sandler) References External links Jiang Guangtao at Douban (Chinese) 1976 births Living people Chinese male child actors Chinese male voice actors Male actors from Changchun Chinese voice directors\",\n \"title\": \"Jiang Guangtao\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1787469\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers: Cybertron, known as in Japan and Asia, is an anime series which debuted on January 8, 2005. It is set in the Transformers universe. Produced by TV Aichi, Weve, Tokyu Agency and animated by Gonzo, the series is directed by Hiroyuki Kakudō and Manabu Ono, with Hiro Masaki handling series composition, Takashi Kumazen designing the characters, Mitsuru Ōwa serving as the mechanical and prop designer and Megumi Ōhashi composing the music. A corresponding toy line was released with the series. The series was conceived by Hasbro as the final installment of a trilogy formed with the previous two series, Transformers: Armada and Transformers: Energon. However, the Japanese production did not follow through on this intent, scripting the series as an independent story unconnected to the preceding shows. The English dub partially modified the series to establish links back to Armada and Energon, including changes to dialogue and small portions of new animation. Trevor Devall (who voices Scourge in the Series) voiced Megatron in early episodes the English dub before previous voice actor David Kaye returned, reprising the role from the show's predecessors. Other Voice Actors include Garry Chalk Reprising the role of Optimus Prime, Brian Drummond as the voices of Jolt and Jetfire (replacing Scott McNeil), Kirby Morrow as the Voice of Hot Shot (Replacing Brent Miller), Paul Dobson as the Voices of Overhaul (episodes 1 to 16) and Landmine (replacing Ward Perry), Scott McNeil as the voices of Snarl and Backstop, Brian Dobson Reprising the role of Red Alert, Richard Newman as the voice of Vector Prime, Michael Dobson returning as Starscream, Ted Cole as the Voice of Sideways (replacing Paul Dobson), Peter Kelamis as the Voice of Wing Saber (replacing Colin Murdock), and Lisa Ann Beley as the Voice of Override. In the anime, all of the Transformers are computer-generated, while the humans and backgrounds are rendered in traditional cel animation. Telecom Animation Film Company helped with the backgrounds. It was the last series in the Transformers franchise to be produced in Japan until the release of Transformers Go! in 2013. Plot When the destruction of Unicron results in the formation of a massive black hole, the planet Cybertron, home world of the Transformers, is threatened, and its population is evacuated to Earth, taking the forms of local vehicles and machinery to hide from humanity. As this occurs, Optimus Prime's elite team of Autobot warriors are approached by the ancient Transformer Vector Prime, who has emerged from his resting place in the void outside of time to inform them of the legendary Cyber Planet Keys, ancient artifacts of power which can stop the black hole and save the universe. Lost due to an accident during an attempt to create a cross-universal space bridge network, the Cyber Planet Keys now reside on four worlds somewhere in the universe – unfortunately, Vector Prime's map showing their location is stolen by Decepticon leader Megatron, and both forces relocate to Earth as the race to find them begins. On Earth, the\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: Cybertron\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"64634545\",\n \"text\": \"Roberto Draghetti (August 24, 1960 – July 24, 2020) was an Italian voice actor. Biography Born in Rome and the older brother of actress and voice actress Francesca Draghetti, he started his career as a theatre actor in 1980 and became a voice actor and dubber ten years later. He performed the Italian-dubbed voices of Jamie Foxx, Noah Emmerich, Terry Crews and Idris Elba in some of their roles; other actors Draghetti dubbed included Mickey Rourke, Djimon Hounsou, Tyler Perry, Tyrese Gibson, Ray Stevenson and more. Draghetti also worked in animation, giving his voice to many animated characters as well, which includes Knut in Winx Club and the Italian-dubbed voices of Maurice in the Madagascar franchise, Stoick the Vast in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, Chef Hatchet in Total Drama, Eddy in Ed, Edd n Eddy and various characters in The Simpsons. Death Draghetti died of a sudden heart attack on 24 July 2020, aged 59. He was survived by his daughter, Malvina. Voice work Animation Knut (1st voice) in Winx Club Drosselmeier in Pipi, Pupu and Rosemary in: The Mysery of the Stolen Notes [it] Capo/Primo Ufficiale dei Pirati (First Mate of the Pirates) in , Leo Da Vinci: Mission Mona Lisa Vitrio in Live action Radio announcer in Red Like the Sky Dubbing Animation Stoick the Vast in How to Train Your Dragon, How to Train Your Dragon 2, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, DreamWorks Dragons Maurice in Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, The Penguins of Madagascar Starscream in Transformers: Armada, Transformers: Energon, Transformers: Cybertron Sam Sheepdog and other characters in Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies (since 1995) Humphrey the Bear and Devil Pluto in Mickey Mouse Works and Disney's House of Mouse Chernabog in Disney's House of Mouse and Mickey's House of Villains (dialogue only) Officer Earl Devereaux in Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Fat Tony (season 3-31), Lenny Leonard (season 8), Snake Jailbird (seasons 14-31), Superintendent Chalmers (seasons 17-31), narrator (episode 9.14), Tom Petty, \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic, Tab Spangler, Rob Reiner, the colonel (ep. 18.5) and other roles in The Simpsons Charles Manson, John Postum, Panda, Rod Stewart and Chief Running Pinto in South Park (first Italian dub) Greg Corbin, Rusty Smith and Hulk Hogan in American Dad! Ebaloo, Karacka and Jude Heartphilia in Fairy Tale Kruncha, Hutchins and Nadakhan in Ninjago Jorgun and Balimbow in Gurren Lagann The Evil Manta and Da Shrimp in The Little Mermaid (TV series) Caterpillar and Benny the Cab in Disney's House of Mouse Lion and Louie the Mountain Lion in Mickey Mouse Works Billy Stumps and Gunther's father in Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil Devil and Devil's Echo in Lissi und der wilde Kaiser Eddy in Ed, Edd n Eddy Experiment 627 in Lilo & Stitch: The Series Cyborg in Teen Titans (seasons 1-4) Terry Kimple in The Cleveland Show Dim in A Bug's Life Spike in Flushed Away Great Counselor Otomo\",\n \"title\": \"Roberto Draghetti\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"41964287\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark is a video game based on the Transformers franchise, developed by Edge of Reality and WayForward, and published by Activision. It is the third and final entry in the Cybertron series, following War for Cybertron and Fall of Cybertron, and acts as a spin-off and crossover with the live-action Transformers films. One portion of the game takes place in the timeline divergent from the one where the films take place, serving as an alternative to the events of Age of Extinction, and follows the Autobots as they try to retrieve a Cybertronian artifact called the Dark Spark from the mercenary Lockdown. The other portion, set between the first two Cybertron games, depicts the Decepticons' attempts to use the Dark Spark to win the war against the Autobots, and the latter's efforts to stop them. The game was developed primarily by Edge of Reality, with the Nintendo 3DS version developed by WayForward Technologies. It was published by Activision and released worldwide in June 2014 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. Rise of the Dark Spark received mixed-to-negative reviews. Gameplay The console and Microsoft Windows versions of Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark are a third-person shooter, much like its predecessors: Transformers: War for Cybertron, Transformers: Fall of Cybertron, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon. Players can control each transformer in both its robot and vehicle forms. Instead of a traditional health system, the game features a system similar to the Halo series of video games. The player character has both a regenerating shield and health, the latter of which can be replenished by a health pack. The game features various challenges which reward the players with weapon upgrades, characters for the multiplayer component, and other bonuses. Upgrades for weapons can be purchased through Teletran 1 kiosks found throughout the game. Every character has their own unique ability. For example, Soundwave can summon his minions, Optimus Prime has a shield to block incoming fire, Sharpshot can turn invisible for a few seconds, and the Combaticons have the ability to combine into the massive Decepticon Bruticus. The Autobot Grimlock, who transforms into a dinosaur, is controlled differently from other characters: he carries only melee weapons (though he can shoot fire out of his mouth when in dinosaur form), and is much larger than other characters, in addition to having more health points. The 3DS version of the game is a strategy game role-playing video game. Melee combat is turn-based. The player is given three rounds to deplete their opponent's health. If successful, the enemy is removed from the overworld map. The player can choose from seven different attacks, each with their own recharge time after each use. Multiplayer Transformers: Rise of The Dark Spark has an extra mode called \\\"Escalation\\\". It is an online multiplayer mode where four players fend off waves of increasingly tough enemies, returned with the addition of upgradable defenses. The mode features over\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33564062\",\n \"text\": \"Samre (), is a nearly extinct Pearic language of Thailand and, formerly, Cambodia. The language is evidently extinct in Cambodia, but a 1998 survey found 20–30 speakers in Nonsi Subdistrict, Bo Rai District, Trat Province, Thailand and estimated the total number of people able to speak the language to be 200. Phonology The phonemic inventory is typical of modern Mon-Khmer languages and, along with the other Pearic languages, shows some phonological influences from the late Middle Khmer of the 17th century. Samre also shows influence from Thai in that it has a developing tonal system. Like many other Austroasiatic languages in general, and the Pearic languages in particular, Samre vowels may differ in voice quality, a system known as \\\"register\\\", or \\\"phonation\\\". However, the breathy voice versus clear voice distinction is no longer contrastive and is secondary to a word's tone. Consonants Samre has 21 consonant phonemes with and occurring as allophones of . They are listed in table form below. The Samre recognize as a sound unique to their language in comparison to Thai and other surrounding indigenous languages. This voiced velar fricative occurs in free variation with the voiced alveolar approximant, , except when following or word-finally, in which case it is pronounced as , the voiced velar approximant. The pronunciation is mostly heard among the older generation who consider it to be the \\\"correct\\\" pronunciation. It can be considered a \\\"harsh\\\" sound and is sometimes used when the speaker wishes to sound \\\"softer\\\" or \\\"soothing\\\". The sound is not often heard among younger or less fluent speakers who use or replace the sound with a tapped or trilled due to influence from Thai. Vowels Samre contrasts nine vowel qualities which can be either short or long, yielding a total of 18 vowel phonemes. There are three diphthongs: , , and . The vowels of Samre are: References Pearic languages Endangered Austroasiatic languages Languages of Thailand\",\n \"title\": \"Samre language of Pursat\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43480659\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Battle Cry\\\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. It was released on June 2, 2014, as a single promoting Transformers: Age of Extinction, a 2014 science fiction action film based on the Transformers franchise. The song, which appears in the end credits of the film, was also included on the super deluxe version of the band’s second studio album, Smoke + Mirrors (2015). It is the first theme song in the live-action Transformers film franchise not to be performed by Linkin Park, though the latter's \\\"Until It's Gone\\\" is included on the accompanying video game. Background As part of his efforts to distance Age of Extinction from the previous films in the series, Transformers director Michael Bay sought out a new musical act to soundtrack the film and hand picked Imagine Dragons for the job. \\\"Battle Cry\\\" was written by the group members specifically for use in the film, inspired by the story as pitched to them by Bay. Lead singer Dan Reynolds revealed to Billboard that the aim with \\\"Battle Cry\\\" was to write \\\"in a more cinematic way\\\" to compose a song that was satisfying as a piece of music but also benefited the visual it was set to accompany. Track listing Personnel Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds – vocals, piano Wayne Sermon – acoustic and electric guitars Ben McKee – bass guitar, keyboards Daniel Platzman – drums, percussion Additional Musicians Hans Zimmer – production Steve Jablonsky – production Charts Certifications References Imagine Dragons songs Rock ballads 2014 songs Interscope Records singles Universal Music Group singles 2014 singles Songs written by Wayne Sermon Songs written by Dan Reynolds (musician) Songs written by Daniel Platzman Songs written by Ben McKee 2010s ballads Songs from Transformers (film series) Symphonic rock songs Electronic rock songs\",\n \"title\": \"Battle Cry (Imagine Dragons song)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66659040\",\n \"text\": \"The Eurasian lynx is the target of ongoing species reintroduction proposals in Great Britain. Proposed locations include the Scottish Highlands and Kielder Forest in Northumberland, England. Background Lynx are currently extinct in Great Britain, although the date of their extinction is not known with certainty. The youngest physical remains of Lynx, from Kinsey Cave in Craven, have been carbon-dated to between 150 CE and 600 CE. A literary reference to what are likely lynx in Cumbria, dating to between the seventh and the tenth centuries, occurs in the Welsh poem Dinogad's Smock, suggesting they may not have been extirpated from the island of Great Britain until the Middle Ages. A written record indicating the presence of a large cat in southern Scotland in the mid 18th century is noted by scholar Lee Raye, who tentatively argues that it may refer to a late-surviving population of lynx. Since the extinction of the grey wolf from Britain in 1680 (see Wolves in Great Britain), the island contains no terrestrial apex predators. In the post-Apex predator period, red and roe deer populations have increased dramatically due to having no natural predators; with excessive deer foraging leading to prevention of forest regeneration, the stripping of tree vegetation, and removing of the shrub layer in forests, which provides a habitat for birds such as nightingales and willow warblers. Reintroducing large predators such as the lynx are seen by rewilding experts as a means of restoring balance in the ecosystem and keeping deer numbers under control. Proposals England Lynx Trust UK are a registered charity campaigning for the reintroduction of lynx to the Kielder Forest in Northumberland. In 2018, a proposal to release six animals was turned down by then-Environment Secretary Michael Gove, due to findings that the proposal did not \\\"meet the necessary standards set out in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) guidelines and fails to give confidence that the project could be completed in practical terms or that the outputs would meet the stated aims\\\". In 2020 the Trust began preparing a second proposal to be submitted, with three animals proposed. The Wild East Project has proposed lynx reintroduction to areas of East Anglia. Scotland Lynx reintroduction into the Scottish Highlands has been proposed since 2008, and a study by Lynx Trust UK and the University of Lancaster found that the Scottish countryside would be able to support a population of up to 250 animals. In 2020, Lynx Trust UK began a consultation into releasing lynx into the Queen Elizabeth Forest Park north of Glasgow. Support The proposals have met opposition from sheep farmers, citing threats the lynx would pose to their flocks; despite research indicating that because lynx also predate on foxes, the number of lambs killed would reduce. Tony Juniper, chairman of Natural England, voiced his support for the \\\"inspiring\\\" proposal in 2020, stating that it could help to cut deer numbers. Scottish rewilding charity Trees for Life supports lynx reintroduction, claiming it would \\\"restore ecological processes that have\",\n \"title\": \"Lynx reintroduction in Great Britain\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"28954714\",\n \"text\": \"This is a list of characters from the 2000 anime series Transformers: Robots in Disguise. The series focuses on two warring species of transforming robots from the planet Cybertron, the Autobots and Predacons. Autobots The Autobots are alien robots from the planet Cybertron who came to Earth to pursue the Predacons and assume various vehicular disguises while operating on the planet. Commanders Omega Prime, or \\\"God Fire Convoy\\\" in Japan, is the combiner forced fusion of Optimus Prime and Ultra Magnus as Matrix. In battle, he can flying and uses the Ultra Magnus's weapon of Lazer and Galting on shoulders to shooting the enemies. Later, Fortress Maximus giving the Matrix Blade to defeat the Galvatron. Omega Prime is voiced by Daniel Riordan (U.S.) and by Satoshi Hashimoto (Japan). Optimus Prime, or \\\"(Super) Fire Convoy\\\" in Japan, is the leader of the Autobots who possesses a Matrix to symbolize his authority, transforms into a fire truck, and can assume a super mode. Later in the series, he gains the ability to combine with his brother Ultra Magnus to become Omega Prime. Optimus Prime is voiced by Neil Kaplan (U.S.) and by Satoshi Hashimoto (Japan). Ultra Magnus, or \\\"God Magnus\\\" in Japan, is Optimus Prime's embittered and violent brother who transforms into a car carrier truck and became jealous of the latter after being passed over for leadership of the Autobots and now seeks to claim Optimus' Matrix for his own, believing it is rightfully his. In pursuit of this goal, Ultra Magnus comes to Earth, grants the Autobot Brothers extra power, and attempts to steal Optimus' Matrix, only to gain the ability to combine with him into Omega Prime.Ultra Magnus is voiced by Kim Strauss (U.S.) and by Takashi Matsuyama (Japan). Autobot Brothers Autobot Brothers are three-man of Autobots, who both transform into the vehicle cars mode, Later giving by Ultra Magnus the Super changing color mode. X-Brawn, or \\\"Wildride\\\" in Japan, is eldest and most reliable of the three Autobot Brothers who can transform into a SUV. He loves extremes, lives for the thrill, can handle any type of environment, and traverse tough terrains. In battle, he is a master in martial arts, possesses super-strength in his left arm, and a winch in his vehicle mode capable of pulling him up buildings. X-Brawn is voiced by Bob Joles (U.S.) and by Masahiro Shibahara (Japan). Prowl, or \\\"Mach Alert\\\" in Japan, is the strict middle sibling of the Autobot Brothers who can transform into a Lamborghini Diablo police highway pursuit vehicle. In battle, he wields two missile launchers which become thrusters in his vehicle mode.Prowl is voiced by Wayne C. Lewis (U.S.) and by Takayuki Kondo (Japan). Side Burn, or \\\"Speedbreaker\\\" in Japan, is the courageous yet impulsive youngest sibling of the Autobot Brothers who can transform into a Dodge Viper and possesses the most speed out of his brothers. Side Burn is voiced by Wally Wingert (U.S.) and by Punch UFO (Japan). Team Bullet Train Team Bullet Train is a\",\n \"title\": \"List of Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2000 TV series) characters\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1977207\",\n \"text\": \"In the geological timescale, the Tithonian is the latest age of the Late Jurassic Epoch and the uppermost stage of the Upper Jurassic Series. It spans the time between 149.2 ±0.7 Ma and 145.0 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Kimmeridgian and followed by the Berriasian (part of the Cretaceous). Stratigraphic definitions The Tithonian was introduced in scientific literature by German stratigrapher Albert Oppel in 1865. The name Tithonian is unusual in geological stage names because it is derived from Greek mythology. Tithonus was the son of Laomedon of Troy and fell in love with Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn. His name was chosen by Albert Oppel for this stratigraphical stage because the Tithonian finds itself hand in hand with the dawn of the Cretaceous. The base of the Tithonian stage is at the base of the ammonite biozone of Hybonoticeras hybonotum. A global reference profile (a GSSP or golden spike) for the base of the Tithonian had in 2009 not yet been established. The top of the Tithonian stage (the base of the Berriasian Stage and the Cretaceous System) is marked by the first appearance of small globular calpionellids of the species Calpionella alpina, at the base of the Alpina Subzone . Subdivision The Tithonian is often subdivided into Lower/Early, Middle and Upper/Late substages or subages. The Late Tithonian is coeval with the Portlandian Age of British stratigraphy. The Tithonian stage contains seven ammonite biozones in the Tethys domain, from top to base: zone of Durangites zone of Micracanthoceras micranthum zone of Micracanthoceras ponti or Burckardticeras peroni zone of Semiformiceras fallauxi zone of Semiformiceras semiforme zone of Semiformiceras darwini zone of Hybonoticeras hybonotum Sedimentary environments Sedimentary rocks that formed in the Tethys Ocean during the Tithonian include limestones, which preserve fossilized remains of, for example, cephalopods. The Solnhofen limestone of southern Germany, which is known for its fossils (especially Archaeopteryx), is of Tithonian age. Tithonian extinction The later part of the Tithonian stage experienced an extinction event. It has been referred to as the Tithonian extinction, Jurassic-Cretaceous (J–K) extinction, or end-Jurassic extinction. This event was fairly minor and selective, by most metrics outside the top 10 largest extinctions since the Cambrian. Nevertheless, it was still one of the largest extinctions of the Jurassic Period, alongside the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE) in the Early Jurassic. Potential causes Cooling and sea level fall The Tithonian extinction has not been studied in great detail, but it is usually attributed to habitat loss via a major marine regression (sea level fall). There is good evidence for a marine regression in Europe across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, which may explain the localized nature of the extinction. On the other hand, there is no clear consensus on a correlation between sea level and terrestrial diversity during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Some authors support a fundamental correlation (the so-called \\\"common cause hypothesis\\\"), while others strongly voice doubts. Sea level fall was likely related to the Tithonian climate, which was substantially\",\n \"title\": \"Tithonian\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33374523\",\n \"text\": \"Speed Power Gunbike is an action video game for the PlayStation, released exclusively in Japan on April 23, 1998, from publisher Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It is the first game developed by Inti Creates, a group of designers with similar goals and interests who had recently broken off from Capcom. The game was heavily inspired by science fiction anime of the 1980s. Set in Japan in the post-apocalyptic year of 2097, Speed Power Gunbike entails the war between humanity's last survivors and a technologically advanced race known as the Michi. The plot follows a team consisting of three members, each piloting a titular \\\"Gunbike\\\", a weaponized vehicle capable of taking different forms including a motorcycle and a bipedal mech. The player takes control of one these three characters, utilizing the different forms of the Gunbike to traverse a series of enemy-filled, 3D stages. The objective is to complete each stage and to reach and defeat its boss before a meter, representing both a time limit and the player's health, runs out. Speed Power Gunbike suffered from underwhelming sales numbers upon its launch. Inti Creates blamed this on their own lack of experience appealing to a wider audience, the game's rushed development, and poor marketing by its publisher. Review scores for the game have been widely mediocre. Its gameplay had a mixed response from media outlets with some viewing it as overly difficult due to complex controls and a faulty camera system. The game's 3D polygonal graphics were mostly praised and its visual design has been favorably compared to other science fiction properties. Gameplay and premise Speed Power Gunbike is an action game with a story that takes place in Japan in the post-apocalyptic year of 2097. An invading race known as the Michi has staked its claim on Earth by artificially creating extreme changes in the planet's atmosphere, pushing humanity to the brink of extinction. To fight the Michi, the remaining humans establish a counter-offensive centered around the use of transformable, combat vehicles called \\\"Gunbikes\\\". The game focuses on a squad of Gunbike pilots that includes (voiced by Wataru Takagi), an ambitious youth fighting to avenge the death of his brother; (voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa), a level-headed military commander and leader of the unit; and (voiced by Sachiko Sugawara), a robot devised using a hybrid of human and Michi technology and made specifically to be a Gunbike rider. The player is given the option to choose one of these three characters and their respective Gunbike at the start of the game. The game offers a tutorial or \\\"Training\\\" mode for learning the numerous Gunbike mechanics and an \\\"Operation\\\" mode that offers each character's story. Stages in Speed Power Gunbike are presented in 3D with a third-person perspective of the player character. The objective is to reach the end of each stage while avoiding obstacles, breaking through barriers, battling enemies, and then defeating a boss in a large arena. The player is tasked with doing all this while keeping watch on\",\n \"title\": \"Speed Power Gunbike\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18236800\",\n \"text\": \"Oh Lord, God of Vengeance, Show Yourself! is a live album released by Red Sparowes in 2006 with the purpose of allowing the band to replace equipment which was stolen from their van while touring in Europe. The album title and liner notes make the feelings of the band very clear: Let this curse find those who have stolen from us like the wolf finds his prey. May death come to you on swift wings, may your spoils turn into serpents and coil around your necks, may the rest of your days be stricken with unending sickness, may your children's bodies belong to the fire, may every last one of you anguish in eternal pain, crying aloud for mercy, while we turn our heads away with a smile and a deaf ear. In payment for your treachery, we will accept your thieving hands on our finest plates, your sullen heads on our tallest flag poles, and your worthless souls in our enveloping clutches. All the while we will watch your graveless corpses writhe with worms and turn into an eternal, restless dust. Always know, we shall forever be against you as a crocodile on the water, as a serpent on the earth, as a raven in the wind, and as an enemy in this world and worlds to come. Track listing \\\"The Great Leap Forward Poured Down Upon Us One Day Like a Mighty Storm Suddenly and Furiously Blinding Our Senses\\\" - 8:34 \\\"Alone and Unaware, the Landscape was Transformed in Front of Our Eyes\\\" - 8:00 \\\"Like the Howling Glory of the Darkest Winds, this Voice was Thunderous and the Words Holy\\\" - 10:48 \\\"Buildings Began to Stretch Wide Across the Sky, and the Air Filled with a Reddish Glow\\\" - 7:17 \\\"Our Happiest Days Slowly Began to Turn Into Dust\\\" - 7:21 \\\"Finally as That Blazing Sun Shone Down Upon Us Did We Know That True Enemy Was the Voice of Blind Idolatry; and Only Then Did We Begin to Think for Ourselves\\\" - 14:14 \\\"The Sixth Extinction Crept Up Slowly, Like the Sunlight Through the Shutters\\\" - 14:39 External links Details from Neurot Recordings Red Sparowes albums 2006 live albums\",\n \"title\": \"Oh Lord, God of Vengeance, Show Yourself!\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"15917631\",\n \"text\": \"Brian David Goldner (April 21, 1963 – October 11, 2021) was an American business chief executive and film producer. He was the chief executive officer of the American toy and media company Hasbro from 2008 until his death. Early life Goldner was born on April 21, 1963, in Huntington, New York, the son of Marjorie (Meyer), an investment adviser, and Norman Goldner, who worked at a power management company, Eaton. He attended Huntington High School and Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where he majored in politics. There he practiced public speaking and was also a radio disc jockey. Career Goldner began his career as a marketing assistant at a healthcare firm in Long Island in 1985. In 1997, Goldner was set to head the entertainment accountant division of advertisement holding company JWT, but he was lured away by Bandai America. While president of Bandai America from 1997 to 2000, he befriended Power Rangers creator Haim Saban. Goldner was working at Hasbro's Tiger Electronics unit in 2000, after the company had lost 5,000 jobs. By 2003, the company recovered on the stock market, and in 2008 Goldner became Hasbro's chief operating officer and in 2015 he was appointed chairman of the board. He served as executive producer on the successful 2007 Transformers film adaptation, which was credited with broadening Hasbro into a character-based multimedia company. He continued this role on the 2009 films Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. Goldner was responsible for making Hasbro a licensee of Disney's Marvel Universe characters. Goldner compared the move of these characters to cinema during his tenure to the way they had expanded from mere adverts to television series in the 1980s. In 2012, Goldner's pay package was estimated to be around $9.68 million. In 2008, the year of his promotion, Goldner was named CEO of the year by MarketWatch. In 2018, Goldner drew on his friendship with Saban to acquire first the master toy license for Power Rangers, then several months later the franchise and other properties from Saban Brands for $522 million. Personal life Goldner married Barbara, a social worker. The couple had a daughter, Brooke, and a son, Brandon, who died in 2015. In 2017, a park playground in Providence, Rhode Island, was renamed \\\"Brandon's Beach\\\". In August 2020, Goldner disclosed that he had prostate cancer and had been receiving treatment for this condition since 2014. He took an immediate leave of absence as CEO of Hasbro for medical reasons on October 10, 2021, and died a day later, at his home in Barrington, Rhode Island, at age 58. Filmography Executive producer Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Taylor Swift: Journey to Fearless (2011) Clue (TV, 2011–2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Ouija (2014) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) Hanazuki: Full of Treasures (2017) Bumblebee (2018) Power Rangers Beast Morphers (TV, 2019) My Little Pony: A New Generation (2021) Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023) (posthomus\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Goldner\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"66231086\",\n \"text\": \"Arun Alexander (14 October 1973 – 28 December 2020) was an Indian actor and a dubbing artist for Tamil-language films. He was a regular in Lokesh Kanagaraj and Nelson's films. He voiced Optimus Prime and Baloo in the Tamil dubs of Transformers: Age of Extinction and The Jungle Book respectively. Death He died on 28 December 2020 due to a heart attack. The films Master and Doctor were dedicated in his honour. Filmography Dubbing artist The Shawshank Redemption (1994) for Andy Dufresne - Tamil version Toy Story (1995) for Woody - Tamil version Men in Black (1997) for Agent J - Tamil version Dr. Dolittle (1998) for Dr. Dolittle - Tamil version The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) for Chris Gardner - Tamil version X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) for Wolverine - Tamil version Sherlock Holmes (2009) for Sherlock Holmes - Tamil version 2012 (2009) for Scientist - Tamil version Avatar (2009) for Jake Sully - Tamil version Thor (2011) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Fast Five (2011) for Brian O'Conner - Tamil version The Avengers (2012) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) for Manny - Tamil version Thor: The Dark World (2013) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Rio 2 (2014) - Tamil version How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014) for Eret - Tamil and Telugu versions Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) for Optimus Prime - Tamil version Furious 7 (2015) for Brian O'Conner - Tamil version Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) for Thor Odinson - Tamil version Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation (2015) for Benji - Tamil version The Jungle Book (2016) for Baloo - Tamil version It (2017) for Pennywise the Dancing Clown - Tamil version Justice League (2017) for Aquaman/Arthur Curry - Tamil version Aquaman (2018) for Aquaman/Arthur Curry - Tamil version It Chapter Two (2019) for Pennywise the Dancing Clown - Tamil version References External links 1973 births 2020 deaths Indian male film actors Indian male voice actors Male actors in Tamil cinema\",\n \"title\": \"Arun Alexander\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5861398\",\n \"text\": \"Tom DeSanto (born January 1, 1968) is an American film producer and screenwriter. Career DeSanto is a founding writer/producer behind several of the biggest franchises in movie history (X-Men, Transformers). DeSanto's films have grossed more than $5 billion worldwide with a per film average of more than $746 million at the box office, in addition to billions more in home video, merchandising, and video games. After the success of X-Men, DeSanto began working on a reboot of Battlestar Galactica to developed for Universal Television. The show eventually returned in 2003 but under the direction of Ronald D. Moore. DeSanto then become part of the creative team for X2: X-Men United, including the continuation of the Phoenix story line which DeSanto set up in the first film. That same year, he went moved towards Transformers, another dormant property that he was a fan of since childhood. DeSanto brought the idea to his friend, and fellow producer Don Murphy. Based on DeSanto's pitch and understanding of the universe, Hasbro gave them the rights for free. Transformers was a tough sell for the studios heads who hadn't grown up with the show. After being rejected by the major studios DeSanto made a second pass at DreamWorks, after Steven Spielberg read his treatment, he decided his studio would do the film and was an early champion of the idea. DeSanto set the project up with DreamWorks and Paramount, selling his story line and attaching to produce. The first film grossed over $700 million worldwide and DeSanto gave birth to another franchise. Transformers was the first live-action franchise for DreamWorks and Paramount's largest moneymaking series in its history. DeSanto returned as producer of Revenge of the Fallen in 2009 and the film became the biggest moneymaker of the year with over $800 million in box office alone. DeSanto also produced Dark of the Moon, and Age of Extinction, both grossing over $1.1 billion worldwide. The Last Knight, produced by DeSanto as well, earned over $600 million in the box office. After the Transformers saga had been released, DeSanto then produced Bumblebee, an origin story for one of the popular characters from the franchise earning a total $470 million in box office. DeSanto has produced several social issue documentaries including Lost in America which deals with youth homelessness and Kidnapped for Christ, which puts a spotlight on abusive evangelical camps for children. Education DeSanto was raised in the Iselin area of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, the son of a police officer. He graduated from Bishop George Ahr High School in Edison, New Jersey in 1986 and from Rutgers University in 1990. Work Apt Pupil During his first years in the film industry, Tom met and befriended Bryan Singer, who got Tom a production position with his company, Bad Hat Harry, working on his movie Apt Pupil, followed by a partnered attempt to revive Battlestar Galactica. X-Men & X2 Later, Singer would co-write the movie X-Men with DeSanto and a few others before signing on as director,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom DeSanto\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13456509\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen Mark Freiburger (born July 16, 1983) is an American filmmaker. Early life and education Graduated from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in 2005. Film work Writer/Director of the upcoming feature film Follow By Night produced by Endeavor Content. Co-Writer of the upcoming feature film Arise produced by Sycamore Pictures and Third Coast Content. Writer of Birches UK based feature. Based on the novel 'Silver Birches' (published in 2009 by Adrian Plass), was turned into a film starring Natasha Little, Anna Acton and Todd Carty. Shadowed Michael Bay in an apprenticeship program on Transformers: Age of Extinction. Wrote and produced The Trial, starring Matthew Modine, Bob Gunton and Robert Forster. Released by 20th Century Fox. Directed and produced Dog Days of Summer. Feature directorial debut. Released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Commercial work Winner of the 2013 Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest. His commercial Fashionista Daddy made for a mere $300 beat out thousands of other entries, aired during Super Bowl XLVII on February 3, 2013, and was the #1 ranked :30 commercial of the Super Bowl on the USA Today Ad Meter. It landed him a mentorship under director Michael Bay on Transformers: Age of Extinction starring Mark Wahlberg. On January 29, 2014, it was announced during a live broadcast on CBS that his Doritos commercial was ranked the Greatest Super Bowl Commercial of All Time on a countdown of the top 10 commercials in Super Bowl history. Directed 2 commercials for Join.Me in 2016–2017. Directed a PSA featuring Jamie Lee Curtis for The Clare Foundation in 2016. Directed an IKEA commercial in South Korea for Spring/Summer 2017 campaign. Directed a campaign of national broadcast commercials for Samaritan's Feet in 2017–2018. Directed a Microsoft branded film in 2019. Directed commercials for Reebok, Fara Coffee, Becker Vineyards, Rodney Vineyards, Accenture and Shiner Bock in 2020–2021. Television work Directed the Cooper & Joey digital pilot for Nickelodeon. Directed sketch comedy digital shorts for DreamWorksTV. Directed the Strong Tower pilot starring Claire Coffee. Producer on the 2021 Emmy-Award nominated PBS series Downing of the Flag. Theatre work Directed 110 Stories at Los Angeles' Geffen Playhouse in 2010, which starred Academy Award nominee John Hawkes, Katharine McPhee, Ed Asner, Diane Venora, Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Michael Welch, Nicholas Turturro, Michael Beach and Sharon Lawrence. Other work Directed Season 1 of the narrative podcast series BLACKWOOD, produced by Wondery. Released in October 2018. References External links 1983 births Living people Artists from Charlotte, North Carolina Artists from Roanoke, Virginia Film directors from Virginia Film directors from North Carolina\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Freiburger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35298489\",\n \"text\": \"An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between \\\"safe\\\" (not endangered) and \\\"extinct\\\": There are primarily eight languages that were spoken in Canada around 2010. Vulnerable Definitely endangered Severely endangered Critically endangered Changes in Canadian Endangered Languages Terminology Phonological Process: Patterns that young children use to simplify adult speech Soundless Vowels: Inaudible, unvoiced vowels or syllables Language Death: The death of the last speaker of a language Phoneme: Sound syllable Contraction: Shortened version of a written or spoken word Elision: Omission of a sound or syllable when speaking Metatheses: the transposition (changing place) of sounds or letters in words Oneida (Iroquoian Language) Critically Endangered Visual Information/Cues teach the language There is a \\\"phonological process\\\", or patterns used to simplify speech in the Oneida language that has been passed down for generations, this process is described as the loss of voicing in the vowel of the last syllable of a word. This process is vital to the preservation of the language, and has been changing among the speakers, such that some speakers have introduced a degree of voiced vowels in these final forms, which poses additional stress on the small population of speakers. The introduction in voicing the last syllable in words that typically are unvoiced changes the traditional morphology of the language, pushing the original dialect towards language death, especially since the majority of speakers are older in age. Blackfoot (Algonquian Language) Definitely Endangered Visual Information/Cues teach the language The Blackfoot language features the loss of voicing in the last syllable of a word, which is typically inaudible. Certain inflections, or the use of inaudible vowels has been identified as \\\"old Blackfoot\\\" (traditional), and are not in frequent use by younger speakers. Similarly, a minority of Blackfoot speakers use the \\\"soundless\\\" suffixes, which is pushing the traditional language towards more extreme language endangerment and potentially language death. Chipewyan (Athapaskan Language) Definitely Endangered Most speakers from Mid-to-late adulthood The Chipewyan language exhibits morphological characteristics that are far more complex than the majority of European languages. This includes conditioning of tone and morphology of phonemes, as well as frequent contractions, elisions, metatheses, and consonantal substitutions. Chipewyan is mainly endangered due to its complex structure, which makes it difficult to decipher the morphological code, as well as the fact that the majority of the speakers are in their mid-late adulthood. Assiniboine Critically Endangered Also called Nakoda or Hohe Assinibone is one of the language divisions out of five main language divisions within the Dakotan group of the Siouan family. The sound of this language differs from the other languages in the group because it merges voiceless stops with voiced stops. There are reports that syllabics to have been used by Assinibone speakers. (A written character to represent a syllable). The Assiniboine language is spread over 2 communities in\",\n \"title\": \"List of endangered languages in Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6122067\",\n \"text\": \"EOE: Eve of Extinction is a beat 'em up video game developed by Yuke's and published by Eidos Interactive exclusively for PlayStation 2. The game features a man named Josh trying to save his girlfriend Elliel after she was transformed into a weapon called Legacy by the corporation known as Wisdom. The game was met with mixed reception, with reviewers praising the combat but criticizing the graphics and camera. Gameplay EOE: Eve of Extinction is a 3D beat 'em up with platforming elements. The player can string together a series of combos by using different forms of the Legacy weapon that Josh wields, and can switch types of the weapon using the L1 and R1 buttons. Switching to different types of weapons during combos will increase the length of the combos and cause them to do more damage. Using Legacy types repeatedly will cause them to level up, causing them to do more damage the more the blades are used. Beating bosses will unlock new weapons, such as a crossbow, a broadsword, a rod, and an axe. Throughout the game, \\\"ley seeds\\\" can be found, which act as upgrades to weapons. These upgrades allow the weapons to get special abilities, such as gravity-manipulation for the axe and healing bolts for the crossbow. Pressing the second analog stick allows Josh to use a special attack called a \\\"Legacy Drive\\\" which causes a pattern to appear on screen. Tracing the pattern using the analogue stick causes Josh to execute the attack. Upon finishing the game, an extra arena mode is unlocked, along with being able to replay the game with weapons from a former playthrough. Plot The main character, Josh Calloway (voiced by Cam Clarke), is an employee of the Wisdom Company, which is portrayed as a stereotypical evil corporation. Wisdom plans to achieve worldwide military control with a certain weapon to outpower any other: \\\"Legacy\\\". Legacy is created by fusing a rare alloy called Orichalcum with a human soul. Wisdom takes Josh's girlfriend, Elliel (voiced by Jennifer Hale), also an employee of Wisdom, and creates Legacy out of her, which makes her body disappear, and her essence is within the weapon that Josh wields. The player's main goal in the game is to return her to normal, using a certain memory chip owned by the Wisdom CEO. Josh and Eliel, Eliel is already turned into Legacy, are transported in a plane, which suffers a malfunction, and crashes. Elliel can sense other Legacy, and that is what she and Josh follow when they hunt for the CEO. Eventually, they meet the CEO of Wisdom, Agla (voiced by Peter Renaday), and defeat him, and Elliel is returned to normal. Reception The game was met with a mixed reception, with the combat being praised, but the camera, graphics, enemy A.I., and controls being panned. GameRankings gave it a score of 57.86%, while Metacritic gave it 57 out of 100. Writing for Allgame, Scott Marriott praised the games combat, saying, \\\"Yet it's hard not to\",\n \"title\": \"EOE: Eve of Extinction\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21634253\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Bryce (born 1956) is an English film producer. Starting as a production assistant on Return of the Jedi in 1983, he has since served as a producer for films including Twister, Saving Private Ryan, The Island, Spider-Man, Transformers, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. According to The Numbers, his films have grossed $7 billion worldwide—making him the 14th highest-grossing film producer as of . Career Bryce has won and been nominated for many awards, including multiple Golden Globe Awards, Academy Awards and BAFTA nominations for his work as a producer. For Steven Spielberg's World War II drama Saving Private Ryan, he won a Golden Globe Award and nominations from the Academy Awards and BAFTA. The latter film was the second-highest grossing film of 1998. Almost Famous, another Bryce production, received a BAFTA for Best Film in 2000. Bryce co-produced each the films in the Michael Bay Transformers series, one of the highest-grossing film franchises of the 21st century. Personal life Bryce grew up in Bristol, England, but moved to the US as a young adult. After marrying his wife Taylor, they moved to Los Angeles. They have two kids, Mac Bryce, and Alex Bryce. Filmography Producer The Beverly Hillbillies (1993) Twister (1996) Hard Rain (1998) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Almost Famous (2000) Spider-Man (2002) Tears of the Sun (2003) The Island (2005) Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) World War Z (2013) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) War Machine (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) 6 Underground (2019) Finding 'Ohana (2021) Ambulance (2022) Executive producer Speed (1994) Hancock (2008) Associate producer Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Howard the Duck (1986) Batman Returns (1992) Production manager Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Field of Dreams (1989) The Rocketeer (1991) Other credits See also List of accolades received by Almost Famous 1998 in film References External links \\\"PRODUCED BY 2009\\\" (Producers Guild of America) 1956 births English film producers English emigrants to the United States Living people People from Totnes\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Bryce\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42964661\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers: Age of Extinction – The Score is a two-part soundtrack album for the 2014 film of the same name. The score was written by Steve Jablonsky, with help from fellow composer Hans Zimmer and additional music by alternative rock band Imagine Dragons. An EP was released on June 30, 2014, which features four suites, and serves as a teaser for the score, which was released on July 3, 2014. Both albums were released through the film's distributor Paramount Pictures. Background As with the previous three films of the franchise, Steve Jablonsky handled the film's score, and it is his sixth collaboration with director Michael Bay. Jablonsky and Bay worked on the score from December 2013 to June 2014, one month before the film's release, which exhausted Jablonsky. The two focused on creating themes for the film's new characters, although the two mutually decided to incorporate some of the themes of the first trilogy. Jablonsky also collaborated with fellow composer Hans Zimmer and alternative rock band Imagine Dragons in the score, as well as the film's theme song, \\\"Battle Cry\\\". Bay wanted to work with Imagine Dragons after being \\\"drawn to the emotion of 'Demons' and 'Radioactive' the first time [he] heard those songs, and [he] knew [he] wanted that same energy and heart for this movie.\\\" About his collaboration with the band Jablonsky said, \\\"It immediately hit me more than some of the previous ones [I] had done...it was a much closer collaboration than I've had in the past,\\\" compared to his previous collaborations with bands Linkin Park and Goo Goo Dolls. Imagine Dragons had finished touring for two years their debut album, Night Visions (2012), and wanted to work on their next studio album, before Bay called them to work on the film's score. The band felt that working on the film could increase their music's exposure worldwide. Imagine Dragons was brought to Los Angeles for the collaboration; Jablonsky also traveled to the band's studio in Las Vegas, Nevada to record with the band. The band's lead singer Dan Reynolds recorded vocals, while drummer Daniel Platzman played the viola. Composer Joseph Trapanese also provided additional music for the film. On June 30, 2014, Jablonsky released an extended play featuring four tracks as a teaser for the official score, which features variations of the four themes. On July 3, 2014, three days after the EP's release, the official score was released on iTunes, although Jablonsky stated that physical copies will \\\"[take] a bit longer.\\\" On October 7, 2014, the score was released on CD by record label La-La Land Records. It is a limited edition of 3000 units. On November 20, 2014, Steve Jablonsky commented via Facebook that the score would no longer be sold on iTunes after it had reached its limit of 15,000 units before re-use fees would have to be paid. Jablonsky personally expressed his own disappointment in the turn of events, hoping there would be a way to eventually re-release the score, along with the\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: Age of Extinction – The Score\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21097779\",\n \"text\": \"Samantha Newark (born 27 June 1967) is an English musician and actress. She is best known for her voice-over work as the speaking voice of Jem and Jerrica in the animated cartoon series Jem. As a teenager, Newark became a voice-over talent in mainstream television. Her work on \\\"Jem\\\" produced a serious cult following that persists to this day. She lent her voice to many radio and TV projects while writing and performing her original music as a solo recording artist in Los Angeles CA, Nashville TN and Dallas, Texas. In 2015 Newark appeared in the live-action feature film adaptation on Jem and the Holograms directed by Jon M. Chu. Early years Samantha Newark was born in Wimbledon, London. Although she was born in England, her family then moved to Africa and later to the US. She attended several different schools and began her music career in Africa after seeing Lena Zavaroni perform. She continued working as an actress and singer and came to prominence when she landed the role of Jem in 1985. Acting career Newark is best known for her voice-over work on the animated 1980s cartoon series Jem as the speaking voice of Jerrica/Jem (Britta Phillips was the singing voice). \\\"Jem\\\" remains her most well known role and Newark receives invitations to meet the Jem fans at Pop Culture conventions all over the world. Newark made a cameo appearance in the Jem and the Holograms live action film adaptation. Newark was nominated for a \\\"Young Artist award\\\" twice for \\\"Exceptional young actress in animation, series, specials, or film features\\\" also nominated for her performance in \\\"Best animated series\\\". Other voice-over credits include guest-starring on the original Transformers cartoon as \\\"Ariel\\\" in the classic Transformers episode \\\"War Dawn\\\" and in other episodes playing Elise Presser. Newark was also cast as the voice of a young Peter Pan's mother in Steven Spielberg feature film Hook as well as doing countless on camera and voice-over TV and radio commercials. She also played the role of Debbie in the 1987 thriller film Summer Camp Nightmare. In 2012 she was invited to contribute two characters to the Festival favorite animated short Pound Dogs, created by Mike Salva. This project won the MTV \\\"Voice and Vision animation award for writing and animation and garnered two development deals with MTV. Newark also works in video games, providing voices for games including Twisted Metal: Black and Britney's Dance Beat, where she played the roles of the Choreographer and the Asian dancer. Music career Newark began her professional music career at the age of seven. Signed to Nitty Gritty records she recorded her first record while living in Africa and then toured to support her single \\\"Jimmy Jimbo\\\" produced by Allan Goldswain and Mike Adams. At age 10 she and her family immigrated to America and Samantha was promptly signed to International Creative Management where she was thrust onto the State fair circuit opening for Eddie Rabbitt, Pat Boone, Debby Boone and Mac Davis. She was\",\n \"title\": \"Samantha Newark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"9710180\",\n \"text\": \"Ronald Aaron Feinberg (October 10, 1932 – January 29, 2005) was an American character and voice actor who appeared in films and on television. Career At 6' 7\\\", the towering Feinberg played the character Fellini, opposite Don Johnson, in the post-apocalyptic film A Boy and His Dog. He appeared on television in Barney Miller, Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman, and Mission: Impossible, among other shows. He also voiced King Caliphim, the Lord of the Dead, and Gruff in King's Quest VI: Heir Today, Gone Tomorrow. He voiced the character \\\"Raiden\\\" from one installment of Mortal Kombat. He appeared as the mentally disabled Benny Apa in the 1968 \\\"Pray Love Remember, Pray Love Remember\\\" episode of Hawaii Five-O; the character was under investigation for the murder of a college student. He also appeared in two other Hawai'i Five-0 episodes: \\\"Little Girl Blue\\\" and \\\"No Bottles, No Cans, No People\\\". In the 1980s, he taught acting classes at the University of Miami, in Coral Gables, Florida. He also voiced Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981), memorable guest villain Titanus in three episodes of the 1994 season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the tuba in Disney's Belle's Magical World (1998). Feinberg's other animation roles included Ming the Merciless in Defenders of the Earth, Doc Terror in Centurions and Headstrong in The Transformers. Death Feinberg died on January 29, 2005, in Los Angeles at the age of 72. Filmography Film Television Video games References External links Ron Feinberg | 1932 - Hollywood.com Transformers Wiki: Ron Feinberg Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2005: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre: Ron Feinberg 1932 births 2005 deaths American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from San Francisco University of Miami faculty 20th-century American male actors\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Feinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"75875624\",\n \"text\": \"Ben Procter is an American art director, illustrator, production designer, and visual effects artist. He is mostly known for his artistic designs on the film Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design at the 95th Academy Awards. Selected filmography Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Tron: Legacy (2010) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Prometheus (2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Avatar: The Way of Water (2022; co-nominated with Dylan Cole and Vanessa Cole for the Academy Award for Best Production Design) References External links Living people American art directors American production designers Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Procter (production designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1494578\",\n \"text\": \"Scott McNeil is an Australian-born Canadian actor. One of the best-known voice actors of all time, McNeil has provided voices to many characters in animated shows, most notably Ace the Bat-Hound in Krypto the Superdog and Voltar from League of Super Evil. He also voiced various roles in shows such as Dragon Ball Z, Transformers: Armada, Beast Wars: Transformers, Beast Machines: Transformers, ReBoot, X-Men: Evolution, Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, Inuyasha and Fullmetal Alchemist, in addition to live action work. Early life McNeil was born in Brisbane, Australia, but moved to Vancouver, Canada, when he was 4 years old in 1966. He first appeared on stage at the age of three. He first learned that people were paid to do different voices after a trip to Disneyland at the age of 12. That was when he learned that Paul Frees, the person who provided the voice that greeted visitors entering the Haunted Mansion, was the same person who provided the voice of the Pillsbury Doughboy. Even though he knew about voice acting, McNeil pursued the theatre. He studied at Studio 58. After leaving, he tried to find acting jobs and worked as an Elvis impersonator for a short time. It was in the late eighties when he found himself on his way into the world of voice acting. A casting director at the time told McNeil that he wished that he'd met him a week before when he was casting for the G.I. Joe cartoon. Professional career McNeil states his first role was providing voices on The New Adventures of He-Man. His first anime role was for Project A-ko, where he provided the voices for three women. After appearing in a few films and two episodes of Highlander: The Series, he provided voices for Beast Wars, as Waspinator, Dinobot, Rattrap, and Silverbolt. He has described this as the work he is most proud of. On another fan favourite show, Dragon Ball Z, he was cast as the original voice of Piccolo and various other characters. He then provided the voice of Duo Maxwell on Mobile Suit Gundam Wing and Principal Kuno on Ranma ½. He eventually got the call stating he was cast as Wolverine on X-Men: Evolution. He continued to play the role of Logan/Wolverine for a total of four seasons from 2000 to 2003. McNeil was then cast in another fan favourite anime, Inuyasha as Kōga. He provided the voice of the Fullmetal Alchemist character Hohenheim of Light, Foghorn Leghorn on Baby Looney Tunes, Grumpy Bear on Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-Lot, Amergan, Gregor and the lab director on Highlander: The Search for Vengeance, and Stork on Storm Hawks. He still appears in live action shows occasionally and was in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed and The Green Chain. As of October 2007, he estimates that he has provided voices to 8,500 characters. McNeil is appreciative of fans because he knows what it is like to see your favourite voice actor talk as the character they provide the voice for.\",\n \"title\": \"Scott McNeil\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"617709\",\n \"text\": \"Extinction, in biology and palaeontology, is the end of a species or other taxon. Extinction may also refer to: Science Mass extinction, or extinction event, a widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on earth Human extinction (end of the human species) Language extinction, or language death Extinction (another word for attenuation), in physical sciences Extinction coefficient (another term for mass attenuation coefficient), in physical sciences Extinction (astronomy) Extinction (optical mineralogy), when cross-polarized light dims, as viewed through a thin section of a mineral in a petrographic microscope Bird's eye extinction, in optical mineralogy Undulose extinction, a geological term Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem in optics, when light changes media Extinction (psychology), when a conditioned response is reduced or lost Extinction (neurology), a neurological disorder that impairs the ability to perceive multiple stimuli of the same type simultaneously Film and television \\\"Extinction\\\" (Star Trek: Enterprise), television episode \\\"Extinction\\\" (Smallville episode), television episode Resident Evil: Extinction, a 2007 film starring Milla Jovovich Transformers: Age of Extinction, a 2014 Transformers film Extinction (2015 film), a 2015 film starring Matthew Fox Extinction (2018 film), a 2018 science fiction thriller film Literature Extinction (Forgotten Realms novel), a fantasy novel by Lisa Smedman Extinction (Bernhard novel), a 1986 novel by Thomas Bernhard Extinction, a science fiction novel by Ray Hammond Video games \\\"Extinction\\\", a game mode in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts Aliens Versus Predator: Extinction, a 2003 video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox Extinction (video game), a 2018 action game by Iron Galaxy Other uses Extinction (peerage), in the United Kingdom, happens when all possible heirs of a peer have died out \\\"Extinction\\\", a song by Stigmata from the album Hollow Dreams Extinction (album), a 1990 album by Nausea Extinction Rebellion, environmental campaign See also Extinct (disambiguation) Extinction Event (disambiguation)\",\n \"title\": \"Extinction (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"23819601\",\n \"text\": \"Nicola Peltz (born January 9, 1995) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Bradley Martin in the A&E drama series Bates Motel (2013–2015) and Tessa Yeager in the film Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014). Early life Nicola Peltz was born on January 9, 1995, in Westchester County, New York, as the daughter of Jewish American billionaire businessman Nelson Peltz and model Claudia Heffner. She has one sister and six brothers, including former professional hockey player Brad Peltz and actor Will Peltz. She also has two half-siblings from her father's previous marriages. Although her mother never converted to Judaism, her father is a devout Jew and had his sons bar mitzvahed. Career Peltz made her film debut as Mackenzie in the Christmas comedy Deck the Halls (2006). The following year, she appeared in a Manhattan Theatre Club production of Blackbird. She later co-starred as Becki in the comedy film Harold (2008), and in June 2008, she appeared in the music video for Miley Cyrus's single \\\"7 Things.\\\" Two years later, she portrayed Katara in the fantasy adventure film The Last Airbender (2010), directed by M. Night Shyamalan; she was cast in this role at the insistence of her father, who was a producer on the film. In 2013, Peltz began appearing as part of the main cast in A&E's drama-thriller series Bates Motel. She portrayed Bradley Martin, a love interest for the young Norman Bates. She left the main cast following the second episode of the second season, but returned as a guest star for the final three episodes of the third season. The following year, Peltz starred as Tessa Yeager in the fourth Transformers film Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014). Later that year she appeared as Kate Miller in the teen drama film Affluenza. In October 2015, she walked the runway for Alexander Wang's last fashion show for Balenciaga at Paris Fashion Week. She then joined the cast of the dark comedy film Youth in Oregon (2016), playing Annie Gleason. Peltz appeared in the music video for Zayn Malik's single \\\"It's You\\\" in February 2016. Peltz was cast as Chrissy Monroe in the Hulu drama series When the Street Lights Go On, based on a Black List script of the same name. She appeared in Alex Pettyfer's directorial debut film Back Roads and starred in the sci-fi film Our House, directed by Anthony Scott Burns. In 2019, she co-starred in the drama The Obituary of Tunde Johnson as Marley Meyers. In 2020, she portrayed Felicity in romantic comedy Holidate. Personal life Peltz was in a relationship with model Anwar Hadid from 2017 to 2018. On July 11, 2020, Peltz and Brooklyn Beckham announced their engagement. On April 9, 2022, Peltz and Beckham were married in Palm Beach, Florida, in a Jewish ceremony (Beckham's great grandfather was Jewish). Peltz announced on Instagram that they adopted a dog in October, and they encouraged fans to adopt or foster animals. That earned them a PETA 2022 award as a\",\n \"title\": \"Nicola Peltz\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"54369712\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers: The Last Knight (Music from the Motion Picture) is a soundtrack album for the 2017 film of the same name. The score was written by Steve Jablonsky who composed the scores for the previous four films in the series. Track listing Various tracks in the score reprise themes that Jablonsky wrote for the previous films. The score also features several suites, including \\\"Purity of Heart\\\" and \\\"Stay and Fight\\\". Jablonsky reused the track \\\"Have Faith Prime”, a piece he composed for Age of Extinction; this track isn't included in the score. In an interview, Jablonsky spoke of the unusual length of the soundtrack, citing that much of his work in the film was cut up in the editing process. As a result, he chose to release a longer score that featured much of his original, unedited music for the film. Some tracks, such as \\\"Sacrifice\\\" and \\\"We Have to Go\\\", were heavily edited for the film, while the score's version of said tracks is unedited suites. For instance, the \\\"Sacrifice\\\" suite runs at seven minutes but was cut down to three minutes in the film. In addition, the \\\"Merlin's Staff\\\" suite, which is six minutes long, was cut down to a thirty-second piece in the film. The \\\"Quintessa\\\" suite was cut apart into at least nine small tracks in the film. The film's complete score (containing 83 tracks, including unreleased tracks as well as film versions of tracks found on the standard album) was released by Paramount Pictures in January 2018, as part of their \\\"For Your Consideration\\\" campaign. The tracks in the complete score are accurate to how they are heard in the film, with various tracks (such as “Drone Chase”) being cut into multiple parts in order to better match their use in the film. Several of the tracks also overlap with each other. Complete Score Tracklist Features music from previous films Charts References External links Official Movie Website Last Knight – Music from the Motion Picture 2017 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Film scores Paramount Music soundtracks La-La Land Records soundtracks\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: The Last Knight (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4824806\",\n \"text\": \"Darwin Island () is an isolated northern member of the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador, the uppermost extent of an extinct volcano. It has an area of and reaches above sea level. Visits to the island are restricted by the Government of Ecuador, but scuba diving is permitted. Names Darwin is named in honor of the English scientist Charles Darwin, whose visit to the Galapagos led him to publish his theories on evolution in On the Origin of Species and other works. He is also the namesake of Great Darwin Bay on Genovesa Island. Darwin Island was previously named Lord Culpeper's Island, Culpepper's Island, and Culpepper Island in honor of Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper. The name was bestowed by the pirate William Ambrosia Cowley in 1684 and continued in use for centuries thereafter. The group formed by Darwin and nearby Wolf Island is now known as Darwin and Wolf, Darwin–Wolf, or Darwin-Wolf. It was previously known in English as Culpepper and Wenman and in Spanish as Los Hermanos (\\\"The Brothers\\\") or los Dos Hermanos (\\\"the Two Brothers\\\"). Geology Darwin Island is the remains of an extinct volcano that reaches above sea level. It is among the smallest in the Galápagos Archipelago with an area of just . It is situated north-west of the main Galápagos Island group on the Wolf-Darwin Lineament, which extends from the Galápagos Platform to the Galápagos Spreading Center, a mid-ocean ridge separating the Nazca and Cocos tectonic plates. The formation of Darwin Island is different from the formation of the main Galápagos Islands. There are currently two theories on the formation of the lineament: the first is that magma rising from the mantle plume forming the main Galápagos Islands has been channelled towards the Galápagos Spreading Center; alternatively there has been a separate rise in magma caused by stress in the ocean lithosphere by a transform fault. Darwin Island is the most northerly of the two peaks on the Wolf Darwin Lineament that reach above the surface. The other, Wolf Island, is approximately away, although there are other sub-surface peaks. The volcano that forms the island is extinct, with the last eruption believed to have been approximately 400,000 years ago, making it younger than Wolf. The lava flows around Darwin are homogenous, apparently because of its young age, and they have a similar chemical composition to those of the Galápagos Spreading Center. Darwin is believed to have had at least two eruptive periods in its history, depositing two tuff layers separated by plagioclase ultraphyric basalt. Evidence also exists to suggest that Darwin Island is the remains of what was once a much larger edifice. Since the eruptive phase this would have been eroded. Darwin's Arch, a natural rock arch which would at one time have been part of this larger structure, was located less than a kilometer from the main Darwin Island, and it was a landmark well known to the island's few visitors, until its collapse in May 2021. Wildlife Darwin Island is not open\",\n \"title\": \"Darwin Island\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5030056\",\n \"text\": \"was a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator born in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan who worked at Aoni Production. On February 6, 2006, at the age of 57, he died from acute heart failure. His final appearance was the Naruto 2006 New Year one-hour special, where he voiced Hoki. Following Totani's death, his ongoing roles were taken up by other voice actors. Filmography Anime television 1979 Mobile Suit Gundam (Uragan, Cozun Graham) 1984 Fist of the North Star (Club, Fox, Baron, Jagi, Shikaba, Young Ryuuken, Ren, Han, Zebra) 1987 Dragon Ball (Draculaman) 1990 Dragon Ball Z (Kiwi) 1996 Dragon Ball GT (Don Kiar) Unknown date Air (Minagi's father) The Brave Fighter of Sun Fighbird (Guard Wing and Super Guardion) Brave Police J-Decker (Kuze) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (Kacricon Cacooler, Gady Kinzei) Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (Gottn Goh, August Gidan) Galaxy Express 999 (Locomotive, others) Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin (Akatora) Kikou Kantai Dairugger XV (Teles) Kinnikuman (Detective Gobugari(Aikawa), Announcer, Pentagon, Big Magnum, Ebio/Tendorn, Eragines, Kakehu, Kappatron, Mr Kamen, others) Cyborg 009 1979 (Pyunma/008) Sakigake!! Otokojuku (Umanosuke Gonda, Henshouki) Samurai Champloo (Shige) Juushin Liger (Doll Neibee) Heavy Metal L-Gaim (Hasha Moja, Bara) Aura Battler Dunbine (Tokamak Rovsky, Dolple Giron) Saint Seiya (Capricorn Shura, Moses) Armored Trooper Votoms (Butchintein) The Transformers (Motormaster/Menasor) The Transformers 2010 (Sky Lynx, Strafe, Motormaster/Menasor) Transformers: Victory (Blacker/Road Caesar) Transformers: The Headmasters (Skullcruncher, Doublecross) Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (Blood) High School! Kimengumi (Yui's Father and Tulip) Dr. Slump and Arale-chan (Kurikinton Soramame, Police Chief, others) Tatakae!! Ramenman (Jango) Fullmetal Alchemist (Tim Marcoh) Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru (Don Goro Shougun, Niō aniyan) Madö King Granzört (Battoban, Gari ̄ ben) Marmalade Boy (Yoshimitsu Miwa) Naruto (Hoki) Gyandura Densetsu Tetsuya (Zenichi Innami) OVA Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (1991) (Alpha A. Bate) Grappler Baki: The Ultimate Fighter (1994) (Atsushi Suedo) Unknown date Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket (Colonel Killing) Guyver (Gregole) Legend of the Galactic Heroes (Arthur von Streit) Dominion (Mohican) Anime Movie Transformers: Scramble City (1986) (Motormaster, Menasor) Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack (1988) (Tooth) 3×3 Eyes (1991-1992) (Ryouko) Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture (1994) (Laurence Blood) Unknown date Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honneamise (Charichanmi) Kinnikuman (series) (Detective Gobugari, Announcer) Mobile Suit Gundam (Crown) Mobile Suit Gundam II (Koka Lasa) Mobile Suit Gundam III (Tokwan) Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Last Blitz of Zeon (Alpha A. Bate) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (Kacricon Cacooler) Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam III (Guwadan Captain, Gady Kinzei) Legend of the Galactic Heroes (Ernest Mecklinger) Dragon Ball: Legend of Shenron (Soldier) Dragon Ball Z (Ginger) Dragon Ball Z: Super Saiyan Son Goku (Zeeun) Games Strider Hiryu (1994 PC-Engine version) (Grandmaster Meio) Tobal 2 (1997) (Oliems) Metal Gear Solid (1998) (Revolver Ocelot) Dead or Alive 2 (1999) (Leon) Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001) (Revolver Ocelot) Dead or Alive 3 (2002) (Leon) Ninja Gaiden (2004) (Doku) Dead or Alive 4 (2005) (Leon) Persona 3 (2006) (Takeharu Kirijo) (replaced by Yasunori Masutani in subsequent games and anime film adaptations) BS Dragon Quest (Roujin) BS Fire\",\n \"title\": \"Kōji Totani\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12935844\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Acheson (born September 19, 1957) is a Canadian voice, film and television actor. Career Acheson began studying acting at Langara College’s Studio 58 at the age of 15. He is a founding member of Janus Theatre and appeared on stage for eight years including a full season at the Arts Club as well as The NewPlay center, Carousel Theatre, Western Canada Theatre in Kamloops, Sunshine Theatre in Kelowna, The Belfry in Victoria and StageWest in Edmonton. In his 30s, he started an extensive career in film and television, mostly in supporting roles. Some of his most notable roles are the Mailroom Guy in Elf and Mr. Tripoli in Fargo. His other film credits include The 13th Warrior and Watchmen. Acheson has also amassed a large body of work in voice acting, where he tends to be cast as villains. He voiced the characters of Lord Tirek from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Sabretooth from Hulk Vs. Wolverine, and has provided the voice of many characters in the TV show Transformers. Filmography Animation Fat Dog Mendoza (1998, TV Series) as Fat Dog Weird-Oh's (1999, TV Series) as Leaky Boat Louie Donner (2001, TV Series) as Blitzen / Cupid / Santa Claus Alienators: Evolution Continues (2001-2002, TV Series) as SCOPES The Amazing Zorro (2002, TV Series) as Don Carlos Pulido Stargate Infinity (2002-2003, TV Series) as Da'Kyll He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2003-2004, TV Series) as Fisto / Chadaz Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006, TV Series) as Attuma Class of the Titans (2007, TV Series) as Orion Barbie and the Diamond Castle (2008) as Slyder Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009) as Rawkus Hulk Vs (2009) as Sabretooth Dinosaur Train (2013, TV Series) as Marvin Mosasaurus My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic (2014-2019, TV Series) as Lord Tirek Tobot (2018) as Giga 7 Anime Dubbing Roles which were originally voiced in other languages by other people for whom Acheson provided English dubbing: Transformers: Armada (2002-2003) as Unicron Transformers: Energon (2004) as Unicron / Narrator Transformers: Cybertron (2005) as Crumplezone .hack//Roots (2006) as Tawalaya / Touta Black Lagoon (2006) as Boris, Hotel Moscow Soldier The Little Prince (2010) as Lux Live-action Skip Tracer (1977) as Bob Sheldon Home Is Where the Hart Is (1987) as Cafe Customer Stingray The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989, TV Movie) as 'Turk' Quarantine (1989) as Guard #2 Look Who's Talking Now (1993) as Burly Dad The Crush (1993) as Locksmith Highlander: The Series (1993-1994, TV Series) as Laszlo / Billy Ray Samurai Cowboy (1994) as Flint Clayton Bulletproof Heart (1994) as Hellbig The NeverEnding Story III (1994) as Janitor Suspicious Agenda (1995) as DeBaker Magic in the Water (1995) as 'Lefty' Hardy Dad's Week Off (1997, TV Movie) as Sobbing Man Exception to the Rule (1997) as Burt Ramsey True Heart (1997) as Red Head Man Stargate SG-1 (1998, TV Series) as Vishnoor I'll Be Home for Christmas (1998) as Sandwich Passenger The 13th Warrior (1999) as Norseman Reindeer Games (2000)\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Acheson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76258213\",\n \"text\": \"Jeff Sutherland is an English visual effects artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Visual Effects for the film Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One. Selected filmography The Siege (1998) The Perfect Storm (2000) Space Cowboys (2000) Pearl Harbor (2001) K-19: The Widowmaker (2002) Gangs of New York (2002) The Hunted (2003) Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) War of the Worlds (2005) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Transformers (2007) Iron Man (2008) Star Trek (2009) Terminator Salvation (2009) Battleship (2012) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Jurassic World (2015) Rogue One (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Bumblebee (2018) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) No Time to Die (2021) Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023) References External links Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people) Visual effects artists Visual effects supervisors\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Sutherland (visual effects artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33418114\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers Comic was a British comic book series based on the Transformers toyline and film series, published monthly by Titan Magazines from 2007 to 2014. It initially featured strips re-printed from American comics and graphic novels, but later included original comic strips. The first issue was published in July 2007 to tie-in with the release of the Transformers feature film. The comic went through five different volumes and title changes before the final issue was published in August 2014 after a run of seven years. Publication history Volume 1 ran for twenty-five issues before the second volume began in 2009 to tie-in with the theatrical release of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Volume 3 began in 2011 to tie-in with the third film in the Paramount Pictures series, while a fourth volume launched soon after in conjunction with the animated series, Transformers: Prime. The fifth and final volume began publication in June 2014, coinciding with the release of the fourth Transformers film, Transformers: Age of Extinction. The title was ultimately cancelled after three issues, with the final issue going on sale on 21 August 2014. For the last few issues of Volume 1, the Transformers: Universe toy line logo was used on the cover. Content A typical issue of Transformers during its first volume would feature the following content: Introduction/Contents Comic strips Character profiles 'Cybertron Smackdown' Poster 'Top Gear' (feature on Transformers merchandise) 'Mech Mail' (reader letters and artwork) Strips During the first volume, the comic printed three strips per issue. These included brand new strips written by Simon Furman, whose work continued into volume 2, and some reprints such as the Beast Wars series (also by Furman) and the Movie Prequel. By volume 3, the magazine had a lower page count and only one strip, now written by Robin Etherington, was typically included in each issue. Free gift As is common for children's magazines in the UK, each issue came with a free cover gift. #1 had dog tags featuring either Autobot or Decepticon logos, #2 had removable tattoos, #3 had a keyring, which would be either the Autobots or Decepticons logo, and #4 had a set of four badges. Transformers Animated Comic In October 2009, Titan debuted a second Transformers title, based on the animated TV series Transformers: Animated. However, the title would last only for three issues due to low sales. The first strip to be published in the magazine was 'Burnout' written by Simon Furman. Another strip in the first issue was an adaptation of the episode 'Blast from the Past', using stills from the show as comic panels. References External links Official Website 2007 comics debuts 2014 comics endings UK Titan Magazines titles British comics Science fiction magazines published in the United Kingdom Comics magazines published in the United Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers Comic UK\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51585456\",\n \"text\": \"is an anime and manga created by Shotaro Ishinomori. It is the first anime to feature a 5-unit superhero team. While the animation was produced by Toei Animation (Toei Douga at the time), it was also technically produced by Ishinomori's studio, Studio Zero, that he founded with Fujiko F. Fujio and Shinichi Suzuki. The series was also broadcast in Germany, Spain, and France. Hayao Miyazaki was a key animator on episodes 34 and 38. It was announced by the Ishinomori website that a new Rainbow Sentai Robin graphic novel is to launch on Summer 2020. Plot A distant planet, far off in space named Palta is facing the doom of extinction. There are only two years left until their ultimate demise. Palta looks to Earth to cultivate resources and begins attacking it in hopes of taking over. Earth turns to a boy named Robin, who owns many robots. Robin's father is an alien from Palta who was sent to Earth as a spy, but fell in love with a human. Robin's father, Dr. Polto, and mother, Sumiko, are forcibly taken back to Palta, but his father makes numerous robots for him before they leave. The robots are named Lili, Wolf, Benkei, Pegasus, Professor, and Bell, and all have unique superpowers of sorts. Characters Robin (ロビン) (Voiced by: Kyoko Satomi) The leader of the sentai team. Robin is half Palta alien and half human. His main weapon is a ray gun. Lili (リリ) (Voiced by: Noriko Shindou) A human-looking nurse robot. She is a stereotypical sweet woman who fills a motherly role in Robin's life. Wolf (ウルフ)(Voiced by: Eiichi Sakurai) Possesses super-speed and super-accurate aiming abilities. He can change into a human-like form. Professor (教授) (Voiced by: Kousei Yagi) Extremely intelligent, Professor holds great scientific knowledge. Bell (ベル) (Voiced by: Keiko Nakamura) She is a cat and has strong radar abilities. She can scramble enemy radars as well. Pegasus (ペガサス) (Voiced by: Nobuaki Sekine) A transforming robot that can change into a rocket and fly at speeds up to Mach 18. Pegasus can also turn into a submarine as well. Benkei (ベンケイ) (Voiced by: Setsuo Shinoda) The brawn of the group, is iron-strong and also has a compartment in his chest for Professor and Bell to ride in. His appearance is similar to that of many super-robos at the time. References External links 1963 manga Anime series Anime series based on manga Kodansha manga Shōnen manga Toei Animation television TV Asahi original programming\",\n \"title\": \"Rainbow Sentai Robin\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"67104535\",\n \"text\": \"Sergey Aleksandrovich Burunov () is a Russian actor. He has appeared in more than 60 films since 2002. Burunov is known for his performances in the parody TV show Big Difference and multiple works as a voice actor, especially known for being the official Russian voice of Leonardo DiCaprio (in 2004–2021), Adam Sandler (in 2008–2015) and Johnny Depp (in 2009–2018). Filmography Voice roles Russian dubbing Leonardo DiCaprio: 2004 – The Aviator as Howard Hughes 2008 – Revolutionary Road as Frank Wheeler 2010 – Shutter Island as Teddy Daniels 2012 – Django Unchained as Calvin J. Candie 2013 – The Great Gatsby as Jay Gatsby 2013 – The Wolf of Wall Street as Jordan Belfort 2015 – The Revenant as Hugh Glass 2019 – Once Upon a Time in Hollywood as Rick Dalton 2021 – Don't Look Up as Dr. Randall Mindy Adam Sandler: 2008 – You Don't Mess with the Zohan as Zohan 2011 – Just Go with It as Danny Maccabee 2012 – Hotel Transylvania as Count \\\"Drac\\\" Dracula 2012 – That's My Boy as Donny Berger 2015 – Pixels as Sam Brenner 2015 – Hotel Transylvania 2 as Count \\\"Drac\\\" Dracula 2018 – Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation as Count \\\"Drac\\\" Dracula Johnny Depp: 2009 – Public Enemies as John Dillinger 2011 – The Tourist as Frank Tupelo 2012 – Dark Shadows as Barnabas Collins 2014 – Transcendence as Will Caster 2015 – Black Mass as Whitey Bulger 2018 – Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald as Gellert Grindelwald Matthew McConaughey: 2003 – How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days as Benjamin Barry 2006 – Failure to Launch as Tripp 2008 – Tropic Thunder as Rick \\\"The Pecker\\\" Peck Simon Pegg: 2007 – Hot Fuzz as Nicholas Angel 2011 – Paul as Graeme Willy Channing Tatum: 2008 – Step Up 2: The Streets as Tyler Gage 2009 – G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra as Conrad Hauser / Duke 2013 – White House Down as John Cale Steve Carell: 2013 – Despicable Me 2 as Gru 2015 – Minions as young Gru 2017 – Despicable Me 3 as Gru Mark Wahlberg: 2014 – Transformers: Age of Extinction as Cade Yeager 2017 – Transformers: The Last Knight as Cade Yeager Other films: 2007 – Ratatouille as Remy (Patton Oswalt) 2007 – Transformers as Captain William Lennox (Josh Duhamel) 2008 – The Incredible Hulk as Emil Blonsky (Tim Roth) 2010 – Hot Tub Time Machine as Adam Yates (John Cusack) 2011 – Gnomeo & Juliet as Paris (Stephen Merchant) 2012 – The Impossible as Henry (Ewan McGregor) 2012 – The Lorax as Aloysius O'Hare (Rob Riggle) 2012 – Seven Psychopaths as Billy Bickle (Sam Rockwell) 2013 – The Counselor as Westray (Brad Pitt) 2014 – The Monuments Men as Lt. James Granger (Matt Damon) 2014 – The Nut Job as Surly (Will Arnett) 2014 – Dumb and Dumber To as Lloyd Christmas (Jim Carrey) 2016 – The Angry Birds Movie as King Leonard Mudbeard (Bill Hader) 2017 – Quo\",\n \"title\": \"Sergey Burunov\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"38170584\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Reynor (born 23 January 1992) is an Irish actor. His notable roles include the films Transformers: Age of Extinction, What Richard Did, Glassland, Macbeth, Sing Street and Midsommar, as well as the series Strange Angel and The Peripheral. Early life Reynor was born on 23 January 1992 in Longmont, Colorado, the son of an Irish mother and an American father. He has a younger brother and sister. He initially lived in Boulder, Colorado, with his mother, human rights activist Tara Reynor O'Grady, but moved with her to Valleymount, County Wicklow, at the age of two. He attended primary school in Valleymount and spent his formative years there with his mother and maternal grandparents, Damien and Pat Reynor. His interest in acting began when he played an altar boy on the set of Country in 1999. He moved to Dublin in 2004 to attend Belvedere College, a private Jesuit secondary school, where he performed onstage in numerous theatrical productions. Career In early 2010, Reynor was cast as Robbie, \\\"the boy next door\\\", in the live-format, unscripted Dollhouse, directed by Kirsten Sheridan, which premiered at Berlinale 2012. He depicted Richard Karlsen in Lenny Abrahamson's feature What Richard Did, which screened at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival. The film portrays the fall of a high school rugby star and golden boy whose world unravels after his involvement in an act of careless violence. Reynor earned the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) award for best actor in 2013 for his performance. In January 2013, Reynor was cast as Shane, an Irish race car driver, in Transformers: Age of Extinction. The film was released in June 2014 and co-starred Mark Wahlberg and Nicola Peltz. It broke worldwide box office records, making just over $1.1 billion and becoming the highest-grossing film in Chinese history. Days after wrapping the T4 global press tour, Reynor travelled to London to shoot Andy Serkis' Netflix film Mowgli (filmed in 2015 but not released until 2018), alongside Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett and Benedict Cumberbatch. The film used facial recognition technology that was invented for the project. Also that year, Reynor starred in writer-director Gerard Barrett's film Glassland with Toni Collette and Will Poulter, in which he plays a young taxi driver who struggles to instill a sense of structure in his life while his mother suffers from severe alcoholism. The film was released early 2015 and earned Reynor the World Cinema Dramatic Special Jury Award for Acting at the Sundance Film Festival. After Glassland, Reynor shot Julian Jarrold's romantic comedy, A Royal Night Out. His role opposite Sarah Gadon was the character RAF airman Jack, the young Princess Elizabeth's fictional romantic interest during the VE Day celebrations in 1945. Reynor starred as Malcolm Canmore, the rightful heir to the throne of Scotland, in a film adaptation of Macbeth; it premiered in Edinburgh in September 2015. Following that, he next completed shooting John Carney's project, playing Brendan in Sing Street, set in 1980s Dublin. It premiered at the 2016 Sundance\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Reynor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"983123\",\n \"text\": \"Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany, France. The Continental Celtic languages, although once widely spoken in mainland Europe and in Anatolia, are extinct. Six Insular Celtic languages are extant (in all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups: Insular Celtic languages Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages Breton Cornish Welsh Goidelic languages Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic Insular Celtic hypothesis The Insular Celtic hypothesis is the theory that these languages evolved together in those places, having a later common ancestor than any of the Continental Celtic languages such as Celtiberian, Gaulish, Galatian, and Lepontic, among others, all of which are long extinct. This linguistic division of Celtic languages into Insular and Continental contrasts with the P/Q Celtic hypothesis. The proponents of the Insular hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared innovations among these – chiefly: inflected prepositions shared use of certain verbal particles VSO word order differentiation of absolute and conjunct verb endings as found extensively in Old Irish and less so in Middle Welsh (see Morphology of the Proto-Celtic language). The proponents assert that a strong partition between the Brittonic languages with Gaulish (P-Celtic) on one side and the Goidelic languages with Celtiberian (Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a language contact phenomenon. They add the identical sound shift ( to ) could have occurred independently in the predecessors of Gaulish and Brittonic, or have spread through language contact between those two groups. Further, the Italic languages had a similar divergence between Latino-Faliscan, which kept , and Osco-Umbrian, which changed it to . Some historians, such as George Buchanan in the 16th century, had suggested the Brythonic or P-Celtic language was a descendant of the Picts' language. Indeed, the tribe of the Pritani has Qritani (and, orthographically orthodox in modern form but counterintuitively written Cruthin) (Q-Celtic) cognate forms. Under the Insular hypothesis, the family tree of the insular Celtic languages is thus as follows: This table lists cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic to in Gaulish and the Brittonic languages but to in the Goidelic languages. In Welsh orthography denotes or A significant difference between Goidelic and Brittonic languages is the transformation of , to a denasalised vowel with lengthening, é, before an originally voiceless stop or fricative, Old Irish \\\"death\\\", \\\"fish hook\\\", \\\"tooth\\\", \\\"hundred\\\" vs. Welsh , , , and . Otherwise: the nasal is retained before a vowel, i̯, w, m, and a liquid: \\\"woman\\\" (< ) \\\"he/she is born\\\" (< ) \\\"ignorant\\\" (< ) the nasal passes to en before another n: \\\"peak\\\" (< ) (vs. Welsh ) \\\"finds a place\\\" (< ) (vs. Welsh ) the nasal passes to in, im before a voiced stop \\\"butter\\\" (vs. Breton , Cornish ) \\\"nail\\\" (vs. Old Welsh ) \\\"tongue\\\" (vs. Welsh ) \\\"strait\\\" (vs. Middle Welsh\",\n \"title\": \"Insular Celtic languages\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24277168\",\n \"text\": \"José Santa Cruz (14 March 1929 – 26 April 2024) was a Brazilian actor and comedian who worked mostly on Zorra Total, a sketch comedy program on Rede Globo. Santa Cruz died on 26 April 2024, at the age of 95. Voice acting roles Danny DeVito Dinosaurs — Earl Sinclair, the father Harry Potter film series — Rubeus Hagrid (Robbie Coltrane) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe — King Randor The Transformers (TV series), Transformers: Armada and Transformers (film) — Megatron X-Men: Evolution — Magneto Toy Story 2 — Stinky Pete Ratatouille — Auguste Gusteau Troy — Nestor (John Shrapnel) The Closer — Clay Johnson (Barry Corbin) References External links 1929 births 2024 deaths Brazilian male television actors Brazilian male voice actors People from João Pessoa, Paraíba\",\n \"title\": \"José Santa Cruz (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13802144\",\n \"text\": \"Reiner Schöne (born 19 January 1942) is a German actor, known for such roles as Dukhat in the Babylon 5 series, Shinnok in Mortal Kombat Annihilation, Esoqq in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \\\"Allegiance\\\", Kolitar in the television series Sliders and The Eiger Sanction as Karl Freytag, and as Green Goblin and Optimus Prime in the German dubs of the live-action Spider-Man and Transformers film series respectively. Partial filmography Wir lassen uns scheiden (1968) - Körner 12 Uhr mittags kommt der Boß (1969) - Barmixer Lundas Return of Sabata (1971) - Clyde / Lieutenant Zwei himmlische Dickschädel (1974) - Vilmos The Eiger Sanction (1975) - Karl Freytag Change (1975) - Blasius Okopenki (1976) - Horobin (1976, TV miniseries) - Hoym, Bandit Goetz von Berlichingen of the Iron Hand (1979) - Franz von Sickingen Return to Treasure Island (1986, TV series) - Van Der Brecken La rebelión de los colgados (1986) Amerika (1987, TV miniseries) - Major Helmut Gurtman The Gunfighters (1987, TV film) - Dutch Everett The Handmaid's Tale (1990) - Luke Star Trek: The Next Generation - Allegiance (1990, TV series episode) - Esoqq MacGyver: The Wall (1990, TV series episode) - Helmut Weiss Nobody's Children (1994) - Sorin Dornescu Crash Dive (1997) - Richter Babylon 5: Atonement (1997, TV series episode) - Dukhat Mortal Kombat Annihilation (1997) - Shinnok Babylon 5: In the Beginning (1998, TV film based on the TV series) - Dukhat Sliders (1998, TV series) - Kolitar (1999, TV film) - Killer Wasted in Babylon (1999) - Roman Otto – Der Katastrofenfilm (2000) - Kapitän Lackner Stones of Light (2001, TV film) - Cyrus van Hooten Ice Planet (2001) - Senator Jeremy Uvan Null Uhr 12 (2001) - Kommissar Pretend You Don't See Her (2002, TV film) - Jimmy Greco (2002) - Pharaoh Thutmosis Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 (2004) - Senator Bean (2005, TV film) - Max McHenry Snowman's Land (2010) - Berger (2010) - Opa Rudi Priest (2011) - Minister The Fourth State (2012) - Sokolow (2012) - Frederik Losensky (2013) - Doctoral advisor A Heavy Heart (2015) - Specht Voice Acting, Dubbing Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) - Commander Rourke (German version) Spider-Man (2002) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) Spider-Man 2 (2004) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) - Darth Vader (German version) Spider-Man 3 (2007) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) Transformers (2007) - Optimus Prime (German version) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) - Optimus Prime (German version) Iron Man 2 (2010) - Ivan Vanko / Whiplash (German version) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) - Optimus Prime (German version) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) - Optimus Prime (German version) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) - Optimus Prime (German version) Bumblebee (2018) - Optimus Prime (German version) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) - Norman Osborn / Green Goblin (German version) References External links 1942 births Living people German male film actors\",\n \"title\": \"Reiner Schöne\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"32310114\",\n \"text\": \"Transformers: Dark of the Moon – The Score is a soundtrack that features the musical score by composer Steve Jablonsky for the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon. It was released on June 24, 2011, five days before the actual release of the film. The song \\\"Heed Our Warning\\\" features in the Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen score but was featured in the film when Sentinel Prime, the Decepticons and spaceships attacked Chicago. The score was once available on iTunes, but was later removed, along with its sequel, Transformers: Age of Extinction - The Score, once it reached a limit of having sold 15000 units before re-use fees would have to be paid, much to the disappointment of Steve Jablonsky and fans alike. Jablonsky hopes to eventually re-release the score along with the score for Age of Extinction (which shared a similar fate regarding reaching aforementioned limit) at some point in the future. Track listing References External links Official album website Official movie website Dark of the Moon – The Score 2011 soundtrack albums 2010s film soundtrack albums Film scores\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: Dark of the Moon – The Score\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Reno Wilson","John DiMaggio","Frank Welker","Mark Ryan","Ken Watanabe","Robert Foxworth","John Goodman","Peter Cullen"],"string":"[\n \"Reno Wilson\",\n \"John DiMaggio\",\n \"Frank Welker\",\n \"Mark Ryan\",\n \"Ken Watanabe\",\n \"Robert Foxworth\",\n \"John Goodman\",\n \"Peter Cullen\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":78,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31348"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"which are the two forces that are primarily responsible for propulsion in swimming"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"18567846","text":"Ocyropsis is a genus of Ctenophores, which are commonly known as Comb Jellies. Ocyropsis belong to the family of Ocyropsidae. Ocyropsis possesses two large lateral muscular lobes and four auricles, and appear pale and translucent in color. Ocyropsis habitat is not precise as their gelatinous composition can make it difficult to study. They have been found in warm and cold waters. Unlike other, slow swimming Ctenophores, Ocyropsis are efficient in evading their predators. They use their oral lobes for additional propulsion and a secrete luminous mucous in efforts to evade predators. The muscular oral lobes of the Ocyropsis are used to grab its prey, and then moved to the prehensile mouth for absorption. Distribution Habitat There is lack of knowledge known about Ctenophores habitats. Ocyropsis have been found in both warm and cold waters. They were found and photographed specifically near South Africa near Southern Mozambique to False Bay. There have also been reports of Ocyropsis found near the Madeira Archipelago specifically near Port Santo. The two spotting occurred at 2m- 6m in depth. This sighting at Port Santo, has been the furthest North Atlantic Ocean sighting of an Ocyposis. Typically found in subtropical epielagic water along the Northeastern Pacific. Other sightings have included Southern California, Gulf of Mexico, Western Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. Movement Typically Ctenophores are slow swimmers that use cilia based propulsion to swim. Due to their slow movement, it puts them at a disadvantage to predators. Unlike the other Ctenophores, Ocyropsis have an advanced method of propulsion for swimming. They have broad oral lobes, typical used for feeding, that are used to row for extra propulsion. They use their broad oral lobes in addition with ciliary current for locomotion. Ocyropsis swimming speeds have been found to be double top speeds of other gelatinous species. They have been found to be more successful in invading predators at night than during the day. Once they are startled, they begin to use their jet propulsion and release a luminous mucous that causes confusion to predators as well. Eating habits Ocyropsis forage horizontally, and while they eat create a small wake. This wake is created from the intense compression of the organisms body and location of the ctene rows. The muscular oral lobes of the Ocyropsis are used to grab its prey, and then moved to the prehensile mouth for absorption. Morphology Ocyropsis shape is noted as looking like two hands together praying, and are pale and translucent in color. The shape consists of two large lateral muscular lobes and 4 auricles varying in size. The lateral lobes extend beyond the mouth no more than about 5 cm. Oftentimes the lobes will be found with pigmented spots of brown or black. The sub-tentacular ctene row is shorter in length than the sub-stomadeal ctene row. Specifically sub-tentacular ctene rows having 25-27 ctene plates compared to sub-stomdeal ctene rows having 35-37 ctene plates. Ctenophores are named after their cilia rows used in movement. A ctene row is enragement of cilia. As","title":"Ocyropsis"},{"docid":"2765047","text":"Molecular motors are natural (biological) or artificial molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. In general terms, a motor is a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mechanical work; for example, many protein-based molecular motors harness the chemical free energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP in order to perform mechanical work. In terms of energetic efficiency, this type of motor can be superior to currently available man-made motors. One important difference between molecular motors and macroscopic motors is that molecular motors operate in the thermal bath, an environment in which the fluctuations due to thermal noise are significant. Examples Some examples of biologically important molecular motors: Cytoskeletal motors Myosins are responsible for muscle contraction, intracellular cargo transport, and producing cellular tension. Kinesin moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, in anterograde transport. Dynein produces the axonemal beating of cilia and flagella and also transports cargo along microtubules towards the cell nucleus, in retrograde transport. Polymerisation motors Actin polymerization generates forces and can be used for propulsion. ATP is used. Microtubule polymerization using GTP. Dynamin is responsible for the separation of clathrin buds from the plasma membrane. GTP is used. Rotary motors: FoF1-ATP synthase family of proteins convert the chemical energy in ATP to the electrochemical potential energy of a proton gradient across a membrane or the other way around. The catalysis of the chemical reaction and the movement of protons are coupled to each other via the mechanical rotation of parts of the complex. This is involved in ATP synthesis in the mitochondria and chloroplasts as well as in pumping of protons across the vacuolar membrane. The bacterial flagellum responsible for the swimming and tumbling of E. coli and other bacteria acts as a rigid propeller that is powered by a rotary motor. This motor is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane, possibly using a similar mechanism to that found in the Fo motor in ATP synthase. Nucleic acid motors: RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from a DNA template. DNA polymerase turns single-stranded DNA into double-stranded DNA. Helicases separate double strands of nucleic acids prior to transcription or replication. ATP is used. Topoisomerases reduce supercoiling of DNA in the cell. ATP is used. RSC and SWI/SNF complexes remodel chromatin in eukaryotic cells. ATP is used. SMC proteins responsible for chromosome condensation in eukaryotic cells. Viral DNA packaging motors inject viral genomic DNA into capsids as part of their replication cycle, packing it very tightly. Several models have been put forward to explain how the protein generates the force required to drive the DNA into the capsid. An alternative proposal is that, in contrast with all other biological motors, the force is not generated directly by the protein, but by the DNA itself. In this model, ATP hydrolysis is used to drive protein conformational changes that alternatively dehydrate and rehydrate the DNA, cyclically driving it from B-DNA to A-DNA and back again. A-DNA","title":"Molecular motor"},{"docid":"34725780","text":"Platynereis dumerilii is a species of annelid polychaete worm. It was originally placed into the genus Nereis and later reassigned to the genus Platynereis. Platynereis dumerilii lives in coastal marine waters from temperate to tropical zones. It can be found in a wide range from the Azores, the Mediterranean, in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Atlantic down to the Cape of Good Hope, in the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Japan, the Pacific, and the Kerguelen Islands. Platynereis dumerilii is today an important lab animal, it is considered as a living fossil, and it is used in many phylogenetic studies as a model organism. Description Platynereis dumerilii is a small marine ragworm: Males reach a length of 2 to 3 cm, while females reach a length of 3 to 4 cm. Like a number of invertebrate phyla, Platynereis dumerilii has an axochord, a paired longitudinal muscle that displays striking similarities to the notochord regarding position, developmental origin, and expression profile. Its early trochophore larva has a pair of the simplest eyes in the animal kingdom, each eye consists only of a photoreceptor cell and a pigment cell. Locomotion P. dumerilii worms have a ciliated surface which beats synchronously to drive locomotion and fluid flow. Larvae have segmental multiciliated cells that regularly display spontaneous coordinated ciliary arrests, which compose the ciliomotor circuitry in the worms. Whole-body coordination of ciliary locomotion is performed by a \"stop-and-go pacemaker system\". As the worms develop, they use chaetae, and then parapodia, for locomotion. Unlike other polychaetes, in Platynereis larvae, the parapodia are used only for navigation while the cilia are responsible for propulsive force. Senses Photoreceptor cells Platynereis dumerilii larvae possess two kinds of photoreceptor cells: Rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells. The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located in the deep brain of the larva. They are not shaded by pigment and thus perceive non-directional light. The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye. Additional, they express an ciliary opsin that is more similar to the visual ciliary opsins of vertebrate rods and cones than to the visual rhabdomeric opsins of invertebrates. Therefore, it is thought that the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates already had ciliary photoreceptor cells. The ciliary opsin is UV-sensitive (λmax = 383 nm), and the ciliary photoreceptor cells react on non-directional UV-light by making the larvae swimming down. This forms a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge with phototaxis of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes. A rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell forms with a pigment cell a simple eye. A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Platynereis dumerilii trochophore larva. In the later nectochaete larva, phototaxis is mediated by the more complex adult eyes. The adult eyes express at least three opsins: Two rhabdomeric opsins and a Go-opsin. The three opsins there mediate phototaxis all the same way via depolarization, even so a scallop Go-opsin is known to hyperpolarize. Chemical P.","title":"Platynereis dumerilii"},{"docid":"19995454","text":"Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion. However, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of certain flagella, which work like corkscrews). Biologists have offered several explanations for the apparent absence of biological wheels, and wheeled creatures have appeared often in speculative fiction. Given the ubiquity of wheels in human technology, and the existence of biological analogues of many other technologies (such as wings and lenses), the lack of wheels in nature has seemed, to many scientists, to demand explanation—and the phenomenon is broadly explained by two factors: first, there are several developmental and evolutionary obstacles to the advent of a wheel by natural selection, and secondly, wheels have several drawbacks relative to other means of propulsion (such as walking, running, or slithering) in natural environments, which would tend to preclude their evolution. This environment-specific disadvantage has also led humans in certain regions to abandon wheels at least once in history. Known instances of rotation in biology There exist two distinct modes of locomotion using rotation: first, simple rolling; and second, the use of wheels or propellers, which spin on an axle or shaft, relative to a fixed body. While many creatures employ the former mode, the latter is restricted to microscopic, single-celled organisms. Rolling Some organisms use rolling as a means of locomotion. These examples do not constitute the use of a wheel, as the organism rotates as a whole, rather than employing separate parts which rotate independently. Several species of elongate organisms form their bodies into a loop to roll, including certain caterpillars (which do so to escape danger), tiger beetle larvae, myriapods, mantis shrimp, Armadillidiidae, and Mount Lyell salamanders. Other species adopt more spherical postures, primarily to protect their bodies from predators; this posture has been seen in pangolins, wheel spiders, hedgehogs, armadillos, armadillo girdled lizards, isopods, and fossilized trilobites. Pangolins and wheel spiders have been observed to purposely roll away from predators. These species may roll passively (under the influence of gravity or wind) or actively, typically by altering their shape to generate a propulsive force. Tumbleweeds, which are the above-ground portions of certain plants, separate from their root structure and roll in the wind to distribute their seeds. These plants are found especially in open plain environments. The most well-known of these include Kali tragus (also known as Salsola tragus), or prickly Russian thistle, which arrived in North America in the late 19th century, and gained a reputation as a noxious weed. Fungi of the genus Bovista are known to use the same strategy to disperse their spores. Rotifers are a phylum of microscopic but multi-celled animals, typically found in freshwater environments. Although the Latin name rotifer means 'wheel-bearer', these organisms do not have any rotating structures, but rather a ring of rhythmically beating cilia used for feeding and propulsion. Keratinocytes, a type of skin cell, migrate with a rolling motion during the process of wound healing. These cells","title":"Rotating locomotion in living systems"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"18567846\",\n \"text\": \"Ocyropsis is a genus of Ctenophores, which are commonly known as Comb Jellies. Ocyropsis belong to the family of Ocyropsidae. Ocyropsis possesses two large lateral muscular lobes and four auricles, and appear pale and translucent in color. Ocyropsis habitat is not precise as their gelatinous composition can make it difficult to study. They have been found in warm and cold waters. Unlike other, slow swimming Ctenophores, Ocyropsis are efficient in evading their predators. They use their oral lobes for additional propulsion and a secrete luminous mucous in efforts to evade predators. The muscular oral lobes of the Ocyropsis are used to grab its prey, and then moved to the prehensile mouth for absorption. Distribution Habitat There is lack of knowledge known about Ctenophores habitats. Ocyropsis have been found in both warm and cold waters. They were found and photographed specifically near South Africa near Southern Mozambique to False Bay. There have also been reports of Ocyropsis found near the Madeira Archipelago specifically near Port Santo. The two spotting occurred at 2m- 6m in depth. This sighting at Port Santo, has been the furthest North Atlantic Ocean sighting of an Ocyposis. Typically found in subtropical epielagic water along the Northeastern Pacific. Other sightings have included Southern California, Gulf of Mexico, Western Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. Movement Typically Ctenophores are slow swimmers that use cilia based propulsion to swim. Due to their slow movement, it puts them at a disadvantage to predators. Unlike the other Ctenophores, Ocyropsis have an advanced method of propulsion for swimming. They have broad oral lobes, typical used for feeding, that are used to row for extra propulsion. They use their broad oral lobes in addition with ciliary current for locomotion. Ocyropsis swimming speeds have been found to be double top speeds of other gelatinous species. They have been found to be more successful in invading predators at night than during the day. Once they are startled, they begin to use their jet propulsion and release a luminous mucous that causes confusion to predators as well. Eating habits Ocyropsis forage horizontally, and while they eat create a small wake. This wake is created from the intense compression of the organisms body and location of the ctene rows. The muscular oral lobes of the Ocyropsis are used to grab its prey, and then moved to the prehensile mouth for absorption. Morphology Ocyropsis shape is noted as looking like two hands together praying, and are pale and translucent in color. The shape consists of two large lateral muscular lobes and 4 auricles varying in size. The lateral lobes extend beyond the mouth no more than about 5 cm. Oftentimes the lobes will be found with pigmented spots of brown or black. The sub-tentacular ctene row is shorter in length than the sub-stomadeal ctene row. Specifically sub-tentacular ctene rows having 25-27 ctene plates compared to sub-stomdeal ctene rows having 35-37 ctene plates. Ctenophores are named after their cilia rows used in movement. A ctene row is enragement of cilia. As\",\n \"title\": \"Ocyropsis\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2765047\",\n \"text\": \"Molecular motors are natural (biological) or artificial molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. In general terms, a motor is a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mechanical work; for example, many protein-based molecular motors harness the chemical free energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP in order to perform mechanical work. In terms of energetic efficiency, this type of motor can be superior to currently available man-made motors. One important difference between molecular motors and macroscopic motors is that molecular motors operate in the thermal bath, an environment in which the fluctuations due to thermal noise are significant. Examples Some examples of biologically important molecular motors: Cytoskeletal motors Myosins are responsible for muscle contraction, intracellular cargo transport, and producing cellular tension. Kinesin moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, in anterograde transport. Dynein produces the axonemal beating of cilia and flagella and also transports cargo along microtubules towards the cell nucleus, in retrograde transport. Polymerisation motors Actin polymerization generates forces and can be used for propulsion. ATP is used. Microtubule polymerization using GTP. Dynamin is responsible for the separation of clathrin buds from the plasma membrane. GTP is used. Rotary motors: FoF1-ATP synthase family of proteins convert the chemical energy in ATP to the electrochemical potential energy of a proton gradient across a membrane or the other way around. The catalysis of the chemical reaction and the movement of protons are coupled to each other via the mechanical rotation of parts of the complex. This is involved in ATP synthesis in the mitochondria and chloroplasts as well as in pumping of protons across the vacuolar membrane. The bacterial flagellum responsible for the swimming and tumbling of E. coli and other bacteria acts as a rigid propeller that is powered by a rotary motor. This motor is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane, possibly using a similar mechanism to that found in the Fo motor in ATP synthase. Nucleic acid motors: RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from a DNA template. DNA polymerase turns single-stranded DNA into double-stranded DNA. Helicases separate double strands of nucleic acids prior to transcription or replication. ATP is used. Topoisomerases reduce supercoiling of DNA in the cell. ATP is used. RSC and SWI/SNF complexes remodel chromatin in eukaryotic cells. ATP is used. SMC proteins responsible for chromosome condensation in eukaryotic cells. Viral DNA packaging motors inject viral genomic DNA into capsids as part of their replication cycle, packing it very tightly. Several models have been put forward to explain how the protein generates the force required to drive the DNA into the capsid. An alternative proposal is that, in contrast with all other biological motors, the force is not generated directly by the protein, but by the DNA itself. In this model, ATP hydrolysis is used to drive protein conformational changes that alternatively dehydrate and rehydrate the DNA, cyclically driving it from B-DNA to A-DNA and back again. A-DNA\",\n \"title\": \"Molecular motor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"34725780\",\n \"text\": \"Platynereis dumerilii is a species of annelid polychaete worm. It was originally placed into the genus Nereis and later reassigned to the genus Platynereis. Platynereis dumerilii lives in coastal marine waters from temperate to tropical zones. It can be found in a wide range from the Azores, the Mediterranean, in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Atlantic down to the Cape of Good Hope, in the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Japan, the Pacific, and the Kerguelen Islands. Platynereis dumerilii is today an important lab animal, it is considered as a living fossil, and it is used in many phylogenetic studies as a model organism. Description Platynereis dumerilii is a small marine ragworm: Males reach a length of 2 to 3 cm, while females reach a length of 3 to 4 cm. Like a number of invertebrate phyla, Platynereis dumerilii has an axochord, a paired longitudinal muscle that displays striking similarities to the notochord regarding position, developmental origin, and expression profile. Its early trochophore larva has a pair of the simplest eyes in the animal kingdom, each eye consists only of a photoreceptor cell and a pigment cell. Locomotion P. dumerilii worms have a ciliated surface which beats synchronously to drive locomotion and fluid flow. Larvae have segmental multiciliated cells that regularly display spontaneous coordinated ciliary arrests, which compose the ciliomotor circuitry in the worms. Whole-body coordination of ciliary locomotion is performed by a \\\"stop-and-go pacemaker system\\\". As the worms develop, they use chaetae, and then parapodia, for locomotion. Unlike other polychaetes, in Platynereis larvae, the parapodia are used only for navigation while the cilia are responsible for propulsive force. Senses Photoreceptor cells Platynereis dumerilii larvae possess two kinds of photoreceptor cells: Rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells. The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located in the deep brain of the larva. They are not shaded by pigment and thus perceive non-directional light. The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye. Additional, they express an ciliary opsin that is more similar to the visual ciliary opsins of vertebrate rods and cones than to the visual rhabdomeric opsins of invertebrates. Therefore, it is thought that the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates already had ciliary photoreceptor cells. The ciliary opsin is UV-sensitive (λmax = 383 nm), and the ciliary photoreceptor cells react on non-directional UV-light by making the larvae swimming down. This forms a ratio-chromatic depth-gauge with phototaxis of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes. A rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell forms with a pigment cell a simple eye. A pair of these eyes mediate phototaxis in the early Platynereis dumerilii trochophore larva. In the later nectochaete larva, phototaxis is mediated by the more complex adult eyes. The adult eyes express at least three opsins: Two rhabdomeric opsins and a Go-opsin. The three opsins there mediate phototaxis all the same way via depolarization, even so a scallop Go-opsin is known to hyperpolarize. Chemical P.\",\n \"title\": \"Platynereis dumerilii\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19995454\",\n \"text\": \"Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion. However, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of certain flagella, which work like corkscrews). Biologists have offered several explanations for the apparent absence of biological wheels, and wheeled creatures have appeared often in speculative fiction. Given the ubiquity of wheels in human technology, and the existence of biological analogues of many other technologies (such as wings and lenses), the lack of wheels in nature has seemed, to many scientists, to demand explanation—and the phenomenon is broadly explained by two factors: first, there are several developmental and evolutionary obstacles to the advent of a wheel by natural selection, and secondly, wheels have several drawbacks relative to other means of propulsion (such as walking, running, or slithering) in natural environments, which would tend to preclude their evolution. This environment-specific disadvantage has also led humans in certain regions to abandon wheels at least once in history. Known instances of rotation in biology There exist two distinct modes of locomotion using rotation: first, simple rolling; and second, the use of wheels or propellers, which spin on an axle or shaft, relative to a fixed body. While many creatures employ the former mode, the latter is restricted to microscopic, single-celled organisms. Rolling Some organisms use rolling as a means of locomotion. These examples do not constitute the use of a wheel, as the organism rotates as a whole, rather than employing separate parts which rotate independently. Several species of elongate organisms form their bodies into a loop to roll, including certain caterpillars (which do so to escape danger), tiger beetle larvae, myriapods, mantis shrimp, Armadillidiidae, and Mount Lyell salamanders. Other species adopt more spherical postures, primarily to protect their bodies from predators; this posture has been seen in pangolins, wheel spiders, hedgehogs, armadillos, armadillo girdled lizards, isopods, and fossilized trilobites. Pangolins and wheel spiders have been observed to purposely roll away from predators. These species may roll passively (under the influence of gravity or wind) or actively, typically by altering their shape to generate a propulsive force. Tumbleweeds, which are the above-ground portions of certain plants, separate from their root structure and roll in the wind to distribute their seeds. These plants are found especially in open plain environments. The most well-known of these include Kali tragus (also known as Salsola tragus), or prickly Russian thistle, which arrived in North America in the late 19th century, and gained a reputation as a noxious weed. Fungi of the genus Bovista are known to use the same strategy to disperse their spores. Rotifers are a phylum of microscopic but multi-celled animals, typically found in freshwater environments. Although the Latin name rotifer means 'wheel-bearer', these organisms do not have any rotating structures, but rather a ring of rhythmically beating cilia used for feeding and propulsion. Keratinocytes, a type of skin cell, migrate with a rolling motion during the process of wound healing. These cells\",\n \"title\": \"Rotating locomotion in living systems\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"22641483","text":"Fin and flipper locomotion occurs mostly in aquatic locomotion, and rarely in terrestrial locomotion. From the three common states of matter — gas, liquid and solid, these appendages are adapted for liquids, mostly fresh or saltwater and used in locomotion, steering and balancing of the body. Locomotion is important in order to escape predators, acquire food, find mates and bury for shelter, nest or food. Aquatic locomotion consists of swimming, whereas terrestrial locomotion encompasses walking, 'crutching', jumping, digging as well as covering. Some animals such as sea turtles and mudskippers use these two environments for different purposes, for example using the land for nesting, and the sea to hunt for food. Aquatic locomotion with fins and flippers Aquatic locomotion of fish Fish live in fresh or saltwater habitats and some exceptions are capable of coming on land (mudskippers). Most fish have muscles called myomeres, along each side of the body. To swim, they alternately contract one side and relax the other side in a progression which goes from the head to the tail. In this way, an undulatory locomotion results, first bending the body one way in a wave which travels down the body, and then back the other way, with the contracting and relaxing muscles switching roles. They use their fins to propel themselves through the water in this swimming motion. Actinopterygians, the ray-finned fish show an evolutionary pattern of fine control ability to control the dorsal and ventral lobe of the caudal fin. Through developmental changes, intrinsic caudal muscles were added, which enable fish to exhibit such complex maneuvers such as control during acceleration, braking and backing. Studies have shown that the muscles in the caudal fin, have independent activity patterns from the myotomal musculature. These results show specific kinematic roles for different part of the fish's musculature. A curious example of fish adaption is the ocean sunfish, also known as the Mola mola. These fish have undergone significant developmental changes reducing their spinal cord, giving them a disk like appearance, and investing in two very large fins for propulsion. This adaptation usually gives them the appearance that they are as long as they are tall. They are also amazing fish in that they hold the world record in weight gain from fry to adult (60 million times its weight). Aquatic locomotion of marine mammals Swimming mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and seals, use their flippers to move forward through the water column. During swimming sea lions have a thrust phase, which lasts about 60% of the full cycle, and the recovery phase lasts the remaining 40%. A full cycle duration lasts about 0.5 to 1.0 seconds. Changing direction is a very rapid maneuver that is initiated by head movement towards the back of the animal that is followed by a spiral turn with the body. Due to their pectoral flippers being so closely located to their center of gravity, sea lions are capable of displaying astounding maneuverability in the pitch, roll, and yaw direction and are therefore","title":"Fin and flipper locomotion"},{"docid":"156477","text":"The Volkswagen Schwimmwagen (literally \"swimming car\") is a light four-wheel drive amphibious car, used extensively by German ground forces during the Second World War. With over 15,000 units built, the Schwimmwagen is the most-produced amphibious car in history. Prototyped as the Type 128, it entered full-scale production as the Type 166 in 1941 for the Wehrmacht – Nazi Germany's military. Development The Porsche / Volkswagen Schwimmwagen used the engine and mechanicals of the VW Type 86 four-wheel drive prototype of the Kübelwagen, also used for the Type 87 four-wheel drive 'Kübel/KDF' Command Car (Kommandeurswagen), which in turn were based on those of the civilian KDF-Wagen. Erwin Komenda, Ferdinand Porsche's first car-body designer, was forced to develop an all-new unitized bodytub structure, since the flat floorpan chassis of the existing VW vehicles was unsuited to smooth movement through water. Komenda patented his ideas for the swimming car at the German Patent office. The initial Schwimmwagen, Type 128 prototype, was based on the full-length Kübelwagen wheelbase of . Pre-production units of the 128, fitted with custom welded bodytubs, demonstrated that this construction was too weak for off-road use. It had insufficient torsional rigidity, and easily suffered hull-ruptures at the front cross-member, as well as in the wheel-wells. This was unacceptable for an amphibious vehicle. The large-scale production models (Type 166) had a reduced wheelbase of which resolved these issues. Schwimmwagens were produced by the Volkswagen factory at Fallersleben /Stadt des KdF-Wagens and Porsche's facilities in Stuttgart; with the bodies (or rather hulls) produced by Ambi Budd in Berlin. 15,584 Type 166 Schwimmwagen were produced from 1941 through 1944; 14,276 at Fallersleben and 1,308 by Porsche; the VW 166 is the most-produced amphibious car in history. Only 189 are known by the Schwimmwagen Registry to remain today, and only 13 have survived without restoration work. Technology All Schwimmwagens were four-wheel drive in first gear (and reverse gears on some models) only and had ZF self-locking differentials on the front and rear axles. As with the Kübelwagen, the Schwimmwagen had rear portal axles, which provided increased ground clearance, while at the same time reducing drive-line torque stresses with their gear reduction at the wheels. The Schwimmwagen had a top speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) on land. When crossing a body of water a screw propeller could be lowered down from the rear deck/engine cover. When in place a simple coupling provided drive straight from an extension of the engine's crankshaft. This meant that screw propulsion always drove forward. The Schwimmwagen had a top speed of in the water. For reversing in the water there was the choice of using the standard equipment paddle or running the land drive in reverse, allowing the wheel-rotation to slowly take the vehicle back. The front wheels doubled up as rudders, so steering was done with the steering wheel both on land and on water. The Schwimmwagen could also be steered by the passengers using the paddle(s). Gallery See also Trippel SG6 - another German amphibious","title":"Volkswagen Schwimmwagen"},{"docid":"2468705","text":"Miguel Rodríguez (born 1952) is the Chief of the Integration Office of the Cape Canaveral Spaceport Management Office. Early years Rodríguez was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, a section of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico where he received both his primary and secondary education. In 1969, he along with millions of other people around the world, witnessed the historical moment when Neil Armstrong from the Apollo mission stepped on the Moon's surface. Like so many other young men at the time, Rodríguez felt inspired to consider a career in the Space program of the United States known as NASA. After Rodríguez graduated from Colegio Espiritu Santo high school in Hato Rey, in 1971, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, where the Engineering College is located. Rodríguez earned his Mechanical Engineer Degree in 1976, however he had applied for a job with NASA in 1975, a year before his graduation. After graduating, he was called for an interview and offered a job in NASA. He became a mechanical engineer, designing parts for the Space Shuttle, at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Career in NASA In 1979, Rodríguez was transferred to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida where he was responsible for the activation and validation of facilities for processing Space Shuttle payloads and experiments. He rose through the engineering ranks and was promoted to the position of Payload Integration Engineer responsible for the STS-31 Hubble Space Telescope payload processing, testing and launch activities. He started his management career in 1990 supervising a group of engineers responsible for integrating experiments in the Spacelab Module. He later was assigned the position of Division Chief for the International Space Station Resupply and Return, where he was responsible for managing the development and delivery of the first Italian built Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM), Leonardo. In 1999, Rodríguez was requested to serve as the Chief of the Integration Office at Cape Canaveral Spaceport Management Office at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. He also led a team which developed a tool for capturing employee competencies and skills in support of the Agency Core Capabilities Assessment. In 2002, Rodríguez moved to Mississippi and to the NASA Stennis Space Center as the Director of Center Operations and as a member of the Senior Executive Service where he managed facility construction, security and other programs for 4,500 Stennis personnel. After a year, he was assigned to the position of Director of the Propulsion Directorate at Stennis Space Center located in Mississippiresponsible for providing the leadership and the safe operation of one of a kind national test facilities valued at over $2 billion, including the operations of several rocket engine propulsion test programs such as Space Shuttle Main Engine acceptance testing and the testing and evaluation of the next generation propulsion systems. His team worked on the STS-114 engines which were installed on the Discovery Space Shuttle launched in August 2005. In 2006, he returned to Kennedy Space Center, FL, as the","title":"Miguel Rodríguez (NASA)"},{"docid":"76653","text":"Naval architecture, or naval engineering, is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation (classification) and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage-control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements. Main subjects The word \"vessel\" includes every description of watercraft, mainly ships and boats, but also including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. The principal elements of naval architecture are detailed in the following sections. Hydrostatics Hydrostatics concerns the conditions to which the vessel is subjected while at rest in water and to its ability to remain afloat. This involves computing buoyancy, displacement, and other hydrostatic properties such as trim (the measure of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel) and stability (the ability of a vessel to restore itself to an upright position after being inclined by wind, sea, or loading conditions). Hydrodynamics Hydrodynamics concerns the flow of water around the ship's hull, bow, and stern, and over bodies such as propeller blades or rudder, or through thruster tunnels. Ship resistance and propulsion concern resistance towards motion in water primarily caused due to flow of water around the hull. Powering calculation is done based on this. Propulsion is used to move the vessel through water using propellers, thrusters, water jets, sails etc. Engine types are mainly internal combustion. Some vessels are electrically powered using nuclear or solar energy. Ship motions involves motions of the vessel in seaway and its responses in waves and wind. Controllability (maneuvering) involves controlling and maintaining position and direction of the vessel. Flotation and stability While atop a liquid surface a floating body has 6 degrees of freedom in its movements, these are categorized in either translation or rotation. Translation Sway: transverse Surge: fore and aft Heave: vertical Rotation Yaw: about a vertical axis Pitch or trim: about a transverse axis Roll or heel: about a fore and aft axis Longitudinal stability for longitudinal inclinations, the stability depends upon the distance between the center of gravity and the longitudinal meta-center. In other words, the basis in which the ship maintains its center of gravity is its distance set equally apart from both the aft and forward section of the ship. While a body floats on a liquid surface it still encounters the force of gravity pushing down on it. In order to stay afloat and avoid sinking there is an opposed force acting against the body known as the hydrostatic","title":"Naval architecture"},{"docid":"225170","text":"The Gymnotiformes are an order of teleost bony fishes commonly known as Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They have long bodies and swim using undulations of their elongated anal fin. Found almost exclusively in fresh water (the only exceptions are species that occasionally may visit brackish water to feed), these mostly nocturnal fish are capable of producing electric fields to detect prey, for navigation, communication, and, in the case of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), attack and defense. A few species are familiar to the aquarium trade, such as the black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons), the glass knifefish (Eigenmannia virescens), and the banded knifefish (Gymnotus carapo). Description Anatomy and locomotion Aside from the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), Gymnotiformes are slender fish with narrow bodies and tapering tails, hence the common name of \"knifefishes\". They have neither pelvic fins nor dorsal fins, but do possess greatly elongated anal fins that stretch along almost the entire underside of their bodies. The fish swim by rippling this fin, keeping their bodies rigid. This means of propulsion allows them to move backwards as easily as they move forward. The knifefish has approximately one hundred and fifty fin rays along its ribbon-fin. These individual fin rays can be curved nearly twice the maximum recorded curvature for ray-finned fish fin rays during locomotion. These fin rays are curved into the direction of motion, indicating that the knifefish has active control of the fin ray curvature, and that this curvature is not the result of passive bending due to fluid loading. Different wave patterns produced along the length of the elongated anal fin allow for various forms of thrust. The wave motion of the fin resembles traveling sinusoidal waves. A forward traveling wave can be associated with forward motion, while a wave in the reverse direction produces thrust in the opposite direction. This undulating motion of the fin produced a system of linked vortex tubes that were produced along the bottom edge of the fin. A jet was produced at an angle to the fin that was directly related to the vortex tubes, and this jet provides propulsion that moves the fish forward. The wave motion of the fin is similar to that of other marine creatures, such as the undulation of the body of an eel, however the wake vortex produced by the knifefish was found to be a reverse Kármán vortex. This type of vortex is also produced by some fish, such as trout, through the oscillations of their caudal fins. The speed at which the fish moved through the water had no correlation to the amplitude of its undulations, however it was directly related to the frequency of the waves generated. Studies have shown that the natural angle between the body of the knifefish and its fin is essential for efficient forward motion, for if the anal fin was located directly underneath, then an upwards force would be generated with forward thrust, which would require an additional downwards force in order to maintain","title":"Gymnotiformes"},{"docid":"2724407","text":"A rotor ship is a type of ship designed to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The ship is propelled, at least in part, by large powered vertical rotors, sometimes known as rotor sails. German engineer Anton Flettner was the first to build a ship that attempted to tap this force for propulsion, and ships using his type of rotor are sometimes known as Flettner ships. The Magnus effect is a force acting on a spinning body in a moving airstream, which produces a force perpendicular to both the direction of the airstream and the axis of the rotor. Principles of operation A rotor or Flettner ship is designed to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The Magnus Effect is caused by a spinning body in a moving airstream, or a moving body which is spinning (such as a ball), which pulls the air round to one side of the object, using the skin friction, creating a difference in air pressure from one side to the other. This causes a sideways force on the object making the spinning body move towards the low pressure side where there is least resistance. On a ship, this sideways force is resisted by the hull, and a component of this force can be used to propel the ship forward, provided that the ship's direction is generally within the low pressure zone. A Magnus rotor used to propel a ship is called a rotor sail and is mounted with its axis vertical. When the wind blows from the side, the Magnus effect creates a forward thrust. The most common form of rotor sail is the Flettner rotor. The wind does not power the rotor, which is rotated by its own power source. Due to the arrangement of forces, a rotor ship is able to sail closer to the wind than a conventional sailing ship. Other advantages include the ease of control from sheltered navigation stations and the lack of furling requirements in heavy weather. If the ship changes tack so that the wind comes from the other side, the direction of rotation must be reversed; the ship would otherwise be propelled backwards. Sailing ships, including rotor ships, often also have a small conventional propeller to provide ease of manoeuvrability and forward propulsion at slow speeds and when the wind is not blowing or the rotor is stopped. In a hybrid rotor ship the propeller is the primary source of propulsion, while the rotor serves to offload it and thus increase overall fuel economy. Rotor sails have been reported to generate 5-20% fuel savings. History Pioneers The German engineer Anton Flettner was the first to build a ship which attempted to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The Buckau Assisted by Albert Betz, Jakob Ackeret, and Ludwig Prandtl, Flettner constructed an experimental rotor vessel; October 1924 the Germaniawerft finished construction of a large two-rotor ship named Buckau. The vessel was a refitted schooner which carried two cylinders (or rotors) approximately high, and in diameter, driven by","title":"Rotor ship"},{"docid":"595882","text":"A diver propulsion vehicle (DPV), also known as an underwater propulsion vehicle, sea scooter, underwater scooter, or swimmer delivery vehicle (SDV) by armed forces, is an item of diving equipment used by scuba divers to increase range underwater. Range is restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, and the battery power of the DPV. Time limits imposed on the diver by decompression requirements may also limit safe range in practice. DPVs have recreational, scientific and military applications. DPVs include a range of configurations from small, easily portable scooter units with a small range and low speed, to faired or enclosed units capable of carrying several divers longer distances at higher speeds. The earliest recorded DPVs were used for military purposes during World War II and were based on torpedo technology and components. Structure A DPV usually consists of a pressure-resistant watertight casing containing a battery-powered electric motor, which drives a propeller. The design must ensure that the propeller cannot harm the diver, diving equipment or marine life, the vehicle cannot be accidentally started or run away from the diver, and it remains approximately neutrally buoyant while in use underwater. Application DPVs are useful for extending the range of an autonomous diver that is otherwise restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, which is increased by exertion and diver fatigue, and the time limits imposed by decompression obligation, which depend on the dive profile. Typical uses include cave diving and technical diving where the vehicles help move bulky equipment and make better use of the limited underwater time imposed by the decompression requirements of deep diving. Military applications include delivery of combat divers and their equipment over distances or at speeds that would be otherwise impracticable. There are accessories that can be mounted to a DPV to make it more useful, such as lights, compasses, and video cameras. Use of a DPV on deep dives can reduce the risk of hypercapnia from overexertion and high breathing rate. Limitations DPV operation requires greater situational awareness than simply swimming, as some changes can happen much faster. Operating a DPV requires simultaneous depth control, buoyancy adjustment, monitoring of breathing gas, and navigation. Buoyancy control is vital for diver safety: The DPV has the capacity to dynamically compensate for poor buoyancy control by thrust vectoring while moving, but on stopping the diver may turn out to be dangerously positively or negatively buoyant if adjustments were not made to suit the changes in depth while moving. If the diver does not control the DPV properly, a rapid ascent or descent under power can result in barotrauma or decompression sickness. High speed travel in confined spaces, or limited visibility can increase the risk of impact with the surroundings at speeds where injury and damage are more likely. Many forms of smaller marine life are very well camouflaged or hide well and","title":"Diver propulsion vehicle"},{"docid":"42092316","text":"The Propulsion Wind Tunnel Facility, located at Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, holds three wind tunnels: the 16-foot transonic (16T), 16-foot supersonic (16S), and the aerodynamic 4-foot transonic (4T) tunnels. The facility is devoted to aerodynamic and propulsion integration testing of large-scale aircraft models. The tunnels are powered by a large compressor plant which allows the wind tunnels to run for extended periods of time. The test unit is owned by the United States Air Force and operated by Aerospace Testing Alliance. The wind tunnel test facility has been designated a landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers because of its engineering significance. Propulsion Wind Tunnel 16T 16T is a transonic wind tunnel that can be configured for Mach numbers from 0.05 to 1.60. It is primarily used to test aerodynamics, propulsion integration, and weapons integration test capabilities that are needed for accurate prediction of flight system performance. The 16-foot-square, 40-foot long test section can simulate unit Reynolds numbers from approximately 0.03 to 7.3 million per foot or altitude conditions from sea level to 76,000 feet. The tunnel can also test air-breathing engines and rockets through the use of a scavenging system to remove exhaust from the flow stream. Propulsion Wind Tunnel 16S 16S is a supersonic wind tunnel that can be configured for Mach numbers from 1.5 to 4.750. The test section is also 16-foot-square and 40-foot long. The facility can simulate unit Reynolds numbers from approximately 0.1 to 2.4 million per foot or altitude conditions from 43,000 to 154,000 feet. Currently 16S is in the standby state. 16S ran again for the first time in more than 10 years on May 7, 2015, after an 18 month return to service effort. Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel 4T 4T is a transonic wind tunnel test unit which has a 4-ft by 4-ft by 12.5-ft long test section. Mach number capability extends from 0.2 to 2.0. The tunnel can simulate altitudes from sea level to 98,000 feet and can provide Reynolds numbers up to 7.1 million per foot. See also Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel References External links Arnold Engineering Development Center (official) Wind tunnels Research installations of the United States Air Force Military in Tennessee","title":"Propulsion Wind Tunnel Facility"},{"docid":"17244905","text":"Field propulsion is the concept of spacecraft propulsion where no propellant is necessary but instead momentum of the spacecraft is changed by an interaction of the spacecraft with external force fields, such as gravitational and magnetic fields from stars and planets. Proposed drives that use field propulsion are often called a reactionless or propellantless drive. Types Practical methods Although not presently in wide use for space, there exist proven terrestrial examples of \"Field Propulsion\", in which electromagnetic fields act upon a conducting medium such as seawater or plasma for propulsion, is known as magnetohydrodynamics or MHD. MHD is similar in operation to electric motors, however rather than using moving parts or metal conductors, fluid or plasma conductors are employed. The EMS-1 and more recently the Yamato 1 are examples of such electromagnetic Field propulsion systems, first described in 1994. There is definitely potential to apply MHD to the space environment such as in experiments like NASA's electrodynamic tether, Lorentz Actuated Orbits, the wingless electromagnetic air vehicle, and magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (which does use propellant). Electrohydrodynamics is another method whereby electrically charged fluids are used for propulsion and boundary layer control such as ion propulsion Other practical methods which could be loosely considered as field propulsion include: The gravity assist trajectory, which uses planetary gravity fields and orbital momentum; Solar sails and magnetic sails use respectively the radiation pressure and solar wind for spacecraft thrust; Aerobraking uses the atmosphere of a planet to change relative velocity of a spacecraft. The last two actually involve the exchange of momentum with physical particles and are not usually expressed as an interaction with fields, but they are sometimes included as examples of field propulsion since no spacecraft propellant is required. An example is the Magsail magnetic sail design. Speculative methods Other concepts that have been proposed are speculative, using \"frontier physics\" and concepts from modern physics. So far none of these methods have been unambiguously demonstrated, much less proven practical. The Woodward effect is based on a controversial concept of inertia and certain solutions to the equations for General Relativity. Experiments attempting to conclusively demonstrate this effect have been conducted since the 1990s. In contrast, examples of proposals for field propulsion that rely on physics outside the present paradigms are various schemes for faster-than-light, warp drive and antigravity, and often amount to little more than catchy descriptive phrases, with no known physical basis. Until it is shown that the conservation of energy and momentum break down under certain conditions (or scales), any such schemes worthy of discussion must rely on energy and momentum transfer to the spacecraft from some external source such as a local force field, which in turn must obtain it from still other momentum and/or energy sources in the cosmos (in order to satisfy conservation of both energy and momentum). Several people have speculated that the Casimir effect could be used to create a propellantless drive, often described as the \"Casimir Sail\", or a \"Quantum Sail\". Field propulsion based on physical structure","title":"Field propulsion"},{"docid":"36762240","text":"A shrimp (: shrimp (US) or shrimps (UK)) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as \"shrimp\". More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. Under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long, narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender legs. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one. They swim forward by paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very quickly. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching. Shrimp are widespread and abundant. There are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the spawning season. They play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals ranging from fish to whales. The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year, and in 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There are significant issues with excessive bycatch when shrimp are captured in the wild, and with pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used to support shrimp farming. Many shrimp species are small as the term shrimp suggests, about long, but some shrimp exceed . Larger shrimp are more likely to be targeted commercially and are often referred to as prawns, particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations and former British colonies. Classification Shrimp are swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. Historically, it was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the primary taxonomic division into the former suborders Natantia and Reptantia. Members of the Natantia (shrimp in the broader sense) were adapted for swimming while the Reptantia (crabs, lobsters, etc.) were adapted for crawling or walking. Some other groups also have common names that include the word \"shrimp\"; any small swimming crustacean resembling a shrimp tends to be called","title":"Shrimp"},{"docid":"598936","text":"Edward George Gibson (born November 8, 1936) is a former NASA astronaut, pilot, engineer, and physicist. Before becoming an astronaut, Gibson graduated from the University of Rochester and the California Institute of Technology. He became a research assistant in jet propulsion while completing his studies, and eventually became a research scientist for Philco Corporation until joining NASA in 1965. Gibson is the last surviving crew member of Skylab 4. Gibson was selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 4, the first group of scientist-astronauts. He served on the support crew of Apollo 12, the second Moon landing mission, before working on the development of the Skylab space station. In 1973–74, Gibson made his only flight into space as science pilot aboard Skylab 4, the third and final crewed flight to Skylab. He, along with Commander Gerald Carr and Pilot William Pogue, spent just over 84 days in space. Gibson resigned from NASA in December 1974, but returned in 1977 to preside over the selection of scientist-astronaut candidates. Gibson retired from NASA for the last time in October 1982. Early life and education Gibson was born in Buffalo, New York, on November 8, 1936. From ages 2 to 8, Gibson battled osteomyelitissoft spots in bonesand spent many months in and out of hospitals. Newly-available penicillin cured the disease. To strengthen his leg that was nearly amputated, Gibson took up sports: swimming, football, and track. He primarily used swimming to strengthen his leg. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America. He earned the rank of First Class. Gibson graduated from Kenmore Senior High School in Kenmore, New York, in 1955, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of Rochester in June 1959. At the University of Rochester, Gibson became a member of the Theta Chi fraternity. He received a Master of Science degree in engineering (jet propulsion option) from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in June 1960 and a PhD in engineering with a minor in physics from Caltech in June 1964. He was supervised by Maria Wonenburger. Early career While studying at Caltech, Gibson was a research assistant in the field of jet propulsion and classical physics. His technical publications are in the fields of plasma physics and solar physics. He was senior research scientist with the Applied Research Laboratories of the Philco Corporation at Newport Beach, California, from June 1964 until moving to NASA. While at Philco, he did research in lasers and the optical breakdown of gases. Gibson has logged more than 4,300 hours flying time—2,270 hours in jet aircraft. NASA career Gibson was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in June 1965. He completed a 53-week course in flight training at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, and earned his Air Force wings. Since then, he has flown helicopters and the T-38. He served as a member of the astronaut support crew and as a CAPCOM for the Apollo 12 lunar landing, becoming the first from the scientist-astronaut group to get","title":"Edward Gibson"},{"docid":"68068536","text":"Agni-Prime or Agni-P (Sanskrit: अग्नि; IAST: Agni; lit. Fire) is a two-stage, surface to surface, canister-launched, road mobile and solid-fueled medium-range ballistic missile being developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as the sixth missile in the Agni series. It is intended to be deployed in the operational service of the Strategic Forces Command, and to feature significant upgrades to the composite motor casing, a maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV) along with improved propellants, navigation and guidance systems. History In 2016, Indian media began reporting that DRDO was developing a successor to the Agni-I called Agni-1P, which would feature two stages that borrowed the newer technologies from Agni-IV and Agni-V to increase accuracy and reliability. According to a senior scientist from the DRDO's missile complex in Hyderabad: India started working on area denial weapons after China developed the DF-21D and DF-26B ballistic missiles with nuclear capability to counter the US Navy, as well as capable of threatening Andersen Air Force Base. As a counterbalance, the progress of Agni-P became a crucial part of India's Indo-Pacific strategy to tackle China's plan of having five or six aircraft carrier battle groups by 2035 to cover both the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Description Propulsion Agni-P is a two-stage, solid-propellant missile. All stages uses composite propellant, where the powder oxidizer is mixed with a metal fuel along with a bind being put in place. Aluminium is used as fuel; its specific energy density gives it the capability to deliver high performance. This gives the missile, a better payload ratio and thus a larger payload that has been mounted on a missile can be lifted up with a less quantity of propellant. It is a new class of missile in Agni Series which is half the weight of Agni-III. Both first and second stage of Agni-P are made up of corrosion free composite material for the purpose of weight reduction, which was mastered during Agni-V project. Range and Mobility The missile can cover a maximum distance of 2000 km with 1.5 ton payload. According to analysts, Agni-P is primarily aimed at countering Pakistan's forces owing to the fact that its range is insufficient to reach all parts of mainland China. Given the missile's range, analysts at the International Institute for Strategic Studies believe that Agni-P primarily counters Pakistan and intends to replace older and less compact short-range ballistic missiles such as the Agni-I and Agni-II. The missile is stored in a hermetically sealed tandem twin canister launcher and is transported through road and rail. This process enables the warhead to be mated and stored with the missile, significantly reducing the time required for preparation and launch. It uses cold launch mechanism and can be fired in salvo mode. When a cold launch of a canisterised missile is done and when it uses a solid propellant, then it would be an edge for India for conducting nuclear strikes in a shorter amount of time from any terrain. The test launches of the missile seemingly","title":"Agni-P"},{"docid":"17073576","text":"Samaridae (crested flounders) is a family of crested flounders, small flatfishes native to the Indo-Pacific. The family contains four genera with a total of 29 species. Taxonomy Samaridae is one of eight families a part of the SuperFamily Soleioidea. This SuperFamily is of the suborder Pleuronectoidei within the order Pleuronectiformes. Samaridae were formerly classified as a subfamily of Pleuronectidae. Anatomy and morphology Young flat fish are bilaterally symmetrical until they reach between 5 and 120mm in length when one eye shifts from the lower side to the upper side until it is adjacent to the other eye. Adult flat fish swim and lie on the side without eyes. Adult Samaridae are not bilaterally symmetrical but do have symmetrical pelvic fins. They have a highly compressed body with eyes that bulge above the body surface which allows them to see out while buried beneath a surface. Samaridae have countershaded coloring with a darker pigment on the top of the fish and a lighter pigment on bottom. They have a stabilizing dorsal fin on top of the fish that stems from a point in front of the eyes. They have a basic lateral line organ to detect the movement of the water around them and lack a postcletherium. Samaridae can range between 4 and 23 centimeters at length depending on the species. Samaridae have no spines in their fins with a protruding lower jaw and an asymmetrical nose located on the lower side opposite the eyes. Habitat The Samaridae are native to marine areas in the Indo-Pacific region, from South Africa to Hawaii and New Caledonia. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas in deep-water Benthic zones. They are found in saltwater only. Samaridae can also be found near coastal regions with coral reefs up to depths of 150 meters. Behavior Locomotion Samaridae are negatively buoyant and while they are able to swim through the water column, they spend most of their time on the ocean floor. While swimming, the flatfish keeps its head up through a mechanism of support from the median, pectoral, and pelvic fins. Samaridae move across the sea floor through propulsion by the tail and assisted by the pectoral fins. Flatfish move into the water column by turning its body and propelling itself upwards through propulsion by the tail and body, and continue to move via the \"swim and glide\" method of short bursts of propulsion. Burying One way that Samaridae avoid predation is by burying themselves underneath the sand on the ocean floor. They do this by repeatedly hitting their head and body against the sand so it lifts up and falls down on top of the flatfish. This process lasts only a few seconds and is a very effective tool in avoiding detection by predators. Reproduction Samaridae reach sexual maturity between 1 and 15 years of age. Flatfish reproduction takes place over 3 stages: courtship, spawning rise, and a post-spawning return to the sea floor. In Courtship, male flatfish follow female flatfish to the bottom","title":"Samaridae"},{"docid":"59341217","text":"The Shivering Truth is an American adult stop-motion animated anthology horror comedy television series created by Vernon Chatman and directed by Chatman and Cat Solen. The show is produced by Solen with PFFR and ShadowMachine, and features a wide range of voice talents besides Chatman, including Janeane Garofalo, Jonah Hill, Trey Parker, David Cross, Jordan Peele, Kyle Mooney, Julia Davis, Tierra Whack, Will Forte, and Josh Gad, amongst others. The Shivering Truth premiered on December 10, 2018 on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim, with the pilot episode having been released online on May 22, 2018 on the Adult Swim website. In November 2019, Adult Swim renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on May 10, 2020. Overview When announced in a press release by Adult Swim in May 2017, The Shivering Truth was described as \"a delicately crafted, darkly surreal anthology comedy, a miniature propulsive omnibus cluster bomb of painfully riotous daymares all dripping with the orange goo of dream logic. A series of loosely-linked emotional parables about stories within tales that crawled out of the deepest caverns of your unconscious mind and became lovingly animated in breath-slapping stop motion – in other words, it is the TRUTH\". Development The characters in the show are puppets with wire-based armatures, created with silicone, wool, polystyrene, and resin. Chatman stated that around six months of physical production, a month of recording, and months of post-production were needed to complete six episodes. Chatman has noted several inspirations for his work on the show, including Terry Gilliam's work on Monty Python's Flying Circus, stating that \"I saw it when I was very young, so it scared me. I didn't know when the animation was beginning or ending.\" He also explained that \"A lot of my influences are non-animated, primarily in short films, novels, even radio shows. A recent one is David Eagleman's books on the brain. He's a neuroscientist and he gives you 40 different versions of the afterlife, and none of them can co-exist.\" Solen has spoken on her inspirations as well, saying that \"I loved the movie The Wizard of Speed and Time, which is a cautionary tale about making movies. Another film that I loved as a kid was Nicolas Roeg's [film] adaptation of Roald Dahl's The Witches, which featured both Anjelica Huston and Jim Henson's puppets. It scared me so much!\" Cast Season 1 Season 2 Music The song played during the closing credits is usually some version of the old English ballad Long Lankin. The music is often distorted in some way and usually begins near the end of the ballad, at the lines \"There's blood in the kitchen, there's blood in the hall / There's blood in the parlour where my lady did fall.\" The original score is by Heather Christian. Episodes Series overview Pilot (2018) Season 1 (2018) Season 2 (2020) Release The pilot episode premiered on the Adult Swim website on May 22, 2018. Before the television premiere on December 10, 2018,","title":"The Shivering Truth"},{"docid":"1058296","text":"USS Remora (SS-487), a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the remora, a fish with a suctorial disk on its head enabling it to cling to other fish and to ships. Construction and commissioning Remora′s keel was laid down on 5 March 1945 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine. She was launched on 12 July 1945, sponsored by Mrs. T. W. Samuels III, and commissioned on 3 January 1946 with Commander Robert Sellars in command. Service history Training submarine Completing her Caribbean Sea shakedown in April 1946, Remora operated out of New London, Connecticut, as a training submarine until January 1947. Then transferred to the Pacific, she transited the Panama Canal at mid-month and arrived at Mare Island, Vallejo, California, on 14 February to begin a Greater Underwater Propulsive Power Program (GUPPY-II) conversion. Early in November, she completed trials and on 22 February arrived at San Diego, California, her new homeport. Eastern Pacific For the next two years, she remained in the eastern Pacific operating primarily off California, but during the summer and early fall of 1948, ranged as far north as the Aleutian Islands. On 1 May 1950 she headed west for her first deployment in the Far East. On 8 June she arrived at Sasebo, and on 11 June she shifted to Yokosuka, from which base she conducted anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training exercises with units of Naval Forces Far East. Two weeks later the Korean War began. A unit of TF 96, Naval Forces Japan Remora patrolled Soya Strait, between Hokkaidō and Sakhalin in late July and early August. Later in the month, she headed back to San Diego. During the next two years she underwent overhaul, provided services for the Line School at Monterey, California, and conducted local training exercises. She returned to the western Pacific in early 1953. Arriving at Buckner Bay on 15 March, she continued on to Japan in April and at mid-month rejoined TF 96. In June she was back in Okinawan waters for patrols and exercises, after which she returned to Yokosuka. On 2 July she headed east, reaching San Diego on 3 August. After the fighting in Korea ended, Remora remained based at San Diego and through the decade continued to alternate training exercises and patrols in the western Pacific with similar First Fleet operations off the United States West Coast and in Hawaiian waters. She remained in the eastern Pacific during 1956 and 1958, but, during the spring of the latter year, was engaged in extended exercises off Alaska. Pearl Harbor In November 1961, Remora was transferred from San Diego to Pearl Harbor. The following year she underwent a seven-month Greater Underwater Propulsive Power Program (GUPPY-III) conversion which lengthened her hull by and her conning tower by five feet. Then, in 1963, she was employed to evaluate antisubmarine sonar in Hawaiian waters. In May 1964, she resumed a schedule of annual six-month WestPac deployments which she continued into 1969. Remora","title":"USS Remora"},{"docid":"1284761","text":"Fish locomotion is the various types of animal locomotion used by fish, principally by swimming. This is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion, most often by wave-like lateral flexions of the fish's body and tail in the water, and in various specialised fish by motions of the fins. The major forms of locomotion in fish are: Anguilliform, in which a wave passes evenly along a long slender body; Sub-carangiform, in which the wave increases quickly in amplitude towards the tail; Carangiform, in which the wave is concentrated near the tail, which oscillates rapidly; Thunniform, rapid swimming with a large powerful crescent-shaped tail; and Ostraciiform, with almost no oscillation except of the tail fin. More specialized fish include movement by pectoral fins with a mainly stiff body, opposed sculling with dorsal and anal fins, as in the sunfish; and movement by propagating a wave along the long fins with a motionless body, as in the knifefish or featherbacks. In addition, some fish can variously \"walk\" (i.e., crawl over land using the pectoral and pelvic fins), burrow in mud, leap out of the water and even glide temporarily through the air. Swimming Mechanism Fish swim by exerting force against the surrounding water. There are exceptions, but this is normally achieved by the fish contracting muscles on either side of its body in order to generate waves of flexion that travel the length of the body from nose to tail, generally getting larger as they go along. The vector forces exerted on the water by such motion cancel out laterally, but generate a net force backwards which in turn pushes the fish forward through the water. Most fishes generate thrust using lateral movements of their body and caudal fin, but many other species move mainly using their median and paired fins. The latter group swim slowly, but can turn rapidly, as is needed when living in coral reefs for example. But they can not swim as fast as fish using their bodies and caudal fins. Consider the tilapia shown in the diagram. Like most fish, the tilapia has a streamlined body shape reducing water resistance to movement and enabling the tilapia to cut easily through water. Its head is inflexible, which helps it maintain forward thrust. Its scales overlap and point backwards, allowing water to pass over the fish without unnecessary obstruction. Water friction is further reduced by mucus which tilapia secrete over their body. The backbone is flexible, allowing muscles to contract and relax rhythmically and bring about undulating movement. A swim bladder provides buoyancy which helps the fish adjust its vertical position in the water column. A lateral line system allows it to detect vibrations and pressure changes in water, helping the fish to respond appropriately to external events. Well developed fins are used for maintaining balance, braking and changing direction. The pectoral fins act as pivots around which the fish can turn rapidly and steer itself. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins control","title":"Fish locomotion"},{"docid":"26865891","text":"Certain species of fish and birds are able to locomote in both air and water, two fluid media with very different properties. A fluid is a particular phase of matter that deforms under shear stresses and includes any type of liquid or gas. Because fluids are easily deformable and move in response to applied forces, efficiently locomoting in a fluid medium presents unique challenges. Specific morphological characteristics are therefore required in animal species that primarily depend on fluidic locomotion. Because the properties of air and water are so different, swimming and flying have very disparate morphological requirements. As a result, despite the large diversity of animals that are capable of flight or swimming, only a limited number of these species have mastered the ability to both fly and swim. These species demonstrate distinct morphological and behavioral tradeoffs associated with transitioning from air to water and water to air. Flying birds Of extant species, only insects, birds, and bats are capable of true, sustained, powered flight. Aerodynamic principles For birds to achieve flight, they must first successfully overcome the downward pull of gravitational forces by producing lift. This is achieved by positioning or moving their wings in a way that makes the pressure below the wings higher than above the wings. This pressure differential creates a net upward force on the wing, thus allowing the bird to lift off the ground, provided the upward force exceeds its weight. To achieve powered flight, forward flight birds must counteract drag forces that act opposite the direction of flight. Drag forces acting on a flying animal are composed of parasitic drag on the body fuselage and induced drag on the wings, both acting against the relative direction of flight. Adjusting the angle of attack while wing beat frequency is held constant, birds are able to direct a component of the lift produced by their wings backwards, thus producing propulsive force known as thrust. Evolution of flight There are many competing theories explaining the evolution of avian flight. The most widely accepted theories include: Cursorial model: wings evolved as a stabilization mechanism for progressively longer jumps in running bipeds. Arboreal model: the earliest ancestors of birds were gliders rather than true fliers. Much like modern-day flying squirrels, early avian ancestors were thought to climb up trees and then glide down from the tree tops. Pouncing Proavis model: Similar to the arboreal model, this model proposes that early predators attacked from above and evolved wings to assist in stabilizing their descent when pouncing on prey. Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR): suggests that wings evolved to provide additional downward force to increase traction during fast ascent of steep slopes in chicks. Novel association of locomotor modules: A theory introduced by Gatesy and Dial in 1996 attempts to explain how birds were capable of developing wings that eventually led to the ability of true flight. They introduce the idea of \"locomotor modules\" as anatomical groupings (i.e. two legs) working together as a single functional neuromuscular unit for locomotion. The","title":"Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water"},{"docid":"2371231","text":"The flutter kick is a kicking movement used in both swimming and calisthenics. Swimming In swimming strokes such as the front crawl or backstroke, the primary purpose of the flutter kick is not propulsion but keeping the legs up and in the shadow for the upper body and assisting body rotation for arm strokes. The legs are extended straight backwards in line with the body. They are moved up and down, one leg kicking downwards (relative to the front of the swimmer's body) as the other leg moves up. The knees are slightly bent to facilitate the kicking action, but not too much in order to minimize drag created by the thighs as they move out of the shadow of the swimmer's body. Similarly, toes are pointed to minimize drag. The downward moving leg provides the thrust. An integral part of the kick is the flexing of the ankles; it is the flexing of the ankle that allows the foot to provide thrust. The knees are not kept rigid when kicking but are allowed to flex slightly to allow the required \"snapping\" action through the end of the toes. Underwater diving The flutter kick used with swimfins can be a powerful propulsion technique, and is used by scuba divers and freedivers underwater and at the surface, but there are other finning techniques more appropriate to some underwater environments and some types of fin. Divers in a confined environment or where silting may be a problem may use a modified flutter kick or frog kick, done entirely with bent knees, pushing water up and behind the diver to avoid stirring up sediment on the bottom. Calisthenics The calisthenics version of the flutter kick is often used as an intensive training tool in the military. They help to develop the hip flexors, abdominal muscles and leg muscles. Flutter kicks are a four-count exercise. Starting position is lying flat on the back with the feet and head approximately 6 inches (15 cm) off the ground. Hands are under the buttocks to support the lower back. Count one: raise the left leg to a 45-degree angle, keeping the right leg stationary. Count two: raise the right leg off the ground to a 45-degree angle while, at the same time, moving the left leg to the starting position. Counts three and four are repetitions of the same movements. Legs must be locked, with toes pointing away from the body. References Swimming styles","title":"Flutter kick"},{"docid":"6490047","text":"The Tripartite class is a class of minehunters developed from an agreement between the navies of Belgium, France and the Netherlands. A total of 35 ships were constructed for the three navies. The class was constructed in the 1980s–1990s in all three countries, using a mix of minehunting, electrical and propulsion systems from the three member nations. In France, where they are known as the Éridan class they are primarily used as minehunters, but have been used for minesweeping and ammunition transport in Belgium and the Netherlands, where the Tripartites are known as the . In 1992, the Pakistan Navy acquired three vessels from France, one that was already built, one to be built in France and one built in France and Pakistan. Known as the Munsif class, all three are still in service. The Indonesian Navy acquired two minehunters in the 1990s from the Dutch to a modified design. Known as the Pulau Rengat class, the two ships are still in service. In 1997, France purchased three of the Belgian vessels. In 2007, the Latvian Naval Forces acquired five ships from the Netherlands which had been taken out of service at the beginning of the decade. The Bulgarian Navy acquired a former Belgian minehunter in 2007. The Netherlands and Belgium had a competition in 2018 to build a replacement class for their Tripartite/Alkmaar-class ships. Design and development A joint venture of the navies of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, the Tripartite class of minehunters were a follow on design to the French s. All three nations would build their own hulls while each country was responsible for a different aspect of the vessels; France provided the minehunting and electronic systems, the Netherlands provided the main propulsion systems and Belgium supplied the minehunting propulsion system as well as the electrical generating systems. Each country intended to order 15 of the vessels, with Belgium's initial order being 10 with the option of 5 more. However, France cut their initial order to ten due to budgetary reasons. Ships France In France the class is known as the Éridan class. Each hull was created from fibreglass, moulded in a steel shell. The hulls were long overall with a beam of and a draught of . The ships had a standard displacement of and at full load. This later increased to at full load. A container can be stored aboard the ships for additional supply room. The minehunters had an initial complement of 55, this was later reduced to 49. The Éridan-class minehunters have two independent propulsion systems. In normal operations the minehunters are powered by a Brons-Werkspoor (later Wärtsilä) A-RUB 215V-12 diesel engine turning one shaft with a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. Using the conventional system, the minehunters have a maximum speed of and a range of at . For use when minehunting the vessels have two ACEC active rudders and a bow thruster. These are energised by three Astazou IVB gas turbine alternators rated at 150 kW. A fourth diesel-driven alternator rated","title":"Tripartite-class minehunter"},{"docid":"51086269","text":"A marine thruster is a device for producing directed hydrodynamic thrust mounted on a marine vehicle, primarily for maneuvering or propulsion. There are a variety of different types of marine thrusters and each of them plays a role in the maritime industry. Marine thrusters come in many different shapes and sizes, for example screw propellers, Voith-Schneider propellers, waterjets, ducted propellers, tunnel bow thrusters, and stern thrusters, azimuth thrusters, rim-driven thrusters, ROV and submersible drive units. A marine thruster consists of a propeller or impeller which may be encased in some kind of tunnel or ducting that directs the flow of water to produce a resultant force intended to obtain movement in the desired direction or resist forces which would cause unwanted movement. The two subcategories of marine thrusters are for propulsion and maneuvering, the maneuvering thruster typically in the form of bow or stern thrusters and propulsion thrusters ranging from Azimuth thrusters to Rim Drive thrusters. Positioning Thrusters Positioning thrusters come in applications, Bow thrusters at the forward end of the vessel, and stern thrusters mounted aft on the boat. Their purpose is to maneuver or position the boat to a greater precision than the propulsion device can accomplish. Their positioning along the length of the vessel allows for directed lateral thrust ahead and astern of the centre of lateral resistance so that the vessel may be maneuvered away from obstructions in its path, or towards a desired position, especially when coming to or away from a dock. These positioning thrusters are usually significantly smaller than the main propulsion thrusters because they only have to do small adjustments rather than moving the whole vessel at speed. Both bow and stern thrusters may be housed in through-hull tunnels. Depending on the size of the motors driving these propellers, they could draw an insignificant amount of power or a large amount of power that requires much caution to operate. Another smaller subset of positioning thrusters is those used for maneuvering unmanned aquatic vehicles like Guanay II AUV tested by scientists from Spain (Masmitja, 2018). Propulsion Thrusters Propulsion thrusters are those thrusters which provide longitudinal motion for vessels as an alternative to traditional propellers. There are a variety of types of propulsion thrusters but the most common form is the azimuth thruster, that can rotate 360 degrees on a vertical axis to optionally produce thrust for maneuvering. (Lindborg, 1997). The amount of thrust produced is controllable. There are variants of azimuth thrusters such as CRP thrusters which have two contra-rotating Azimuth thrusters or Swing-Up Azimuth thrusters that can be retracted when not in use to reduce drag on the vessel (Wartsila Encyclopedia). Other propulsion thrusters like outboard thrusters which can be easily put in and out of service, rim drive thrusters that are driven via the external ring with the blades mounted on the inner face of the ring with their tips towards the center, or tilted thrusters pointed away from the hull to minimize interaction with the ship and increase thruster efficiency.","title":"Marine thruster"},{"docid":"436208","text":"A solar thermal rocket is a theoretical spacecraft propulsion system that would make use of solar power to directly heat reaction mass, and therefore would not require an electrical generator, like most other forms of solar-powered propulsion do. The rocket would only have to carry the means of capturing solar energy, such as concentrators and mirrors. The heated propellant would be fed through a conventional rocket nozzle to produce thrust. Its engine thrust would be directly related to the surface area of the solar collector and to the local intensity of the solar radiation. In the shorter term, solar thermal propulsion has been proposed both for longer-life, lower-cost, more efficient use of the sun and more-flexible cryogenic upper stage launch vehicles and for on-orbit propellant depots. Solar thermal propulsion is also a good candidate for use in reusable inter-orbital tugs, as it is a high-efficiency low-thrust system that can be refuelled with relative ease. Solar-thermal design concepts There are two solar thermal propulsion concepts, differing primarily in the method by which they use solar power to heat up the propellant: Indirect solar heating involves pumping the propellant through passages in a heat exchanger that is heated by solar radiation. The windowless heat exchanger cavity concept is a design taking this radiation absorption approach. Direct solar heating involves exposing the propellant directly to solar radiation. The rotating bed concept is one of the preferred concepts for direct solar radiation absorption; it offers higher specific impulse than other direct heating designs by using a retained seed (tantalum carbide or hafnium carbide) approach. The propellant flows through the porous walls of a rotating cylinder, picking up heat from the seeds, which are retained on the walls by the rotation. The carbides are stable at high temperatures and have excellent heat transfer properties. Due to limitations in the temperature that heat exchanger materials can withstand (approximately 2800 K), the indirect absorption designs cannot achieve specific impulses beyond 900 seconds (9 kN·s/kg = 9 km/s) (or up to 1000 seconds, see below). The direct absorption designs allow higher propellant temperatures and therefore higher specific impulses, approaching 1200 seconds. Even the lower specific impulse represents a significant increase over that of conventional chemical rockets, however, an increase that can provide substantial payload gains (45 percent for a LEO-to-GEO mission) at the expense of increased trip time (14 days compared to 10 hours). Small-scale hardware has been designed and fabricated for the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (AFRPL) for ground test evaluation. Systems with 10 to 100 N of thrust have been investigated by SART. Reusable Orbital Transfer Vehicles (OTV), sometimes called (inter-orbital) space tugs, propelled by solar thermal rockets have been proposed. The concentrators on solar thermal tugs are less susceptible to radiation in the Van Allen belts than the solar arrays of solar electric OTV. An initial proof of concept was demonstrated in 2020 with helium at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory solar simulator. Propellants Most proposed designs for solar thermal rockets use","title":"Solar thermal rocket"},{"docid":"39289277","text":"The Special Security and Protection Battalion (SPBN) () is a specialized unit of the Bangladesh Police. The battalion provides protection to the President of Bangladesh, Prime Minister of Bangladesh, and any person designated as VIP by the Government including visiting foreign dignitaries. It is also responsible for the security of VIPs’ offices and residences and venues of programs. It works alongside Special Security Force, Special Branch, Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) and President Guard Regiment. Though it was formed on December 26, 2011, it formally started operation on 4 July 2013. Organization This specialized unit of Bangladesh Police is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police. Primarily, the SPBn has two specialized battalions each headed by a Superintendent of Police (Commanding Officer). Each battalion has 700 members including 12 additional superintendents, 15 assistant superintendents, 33 inspectors with sub-inspectors, assistant sub-inspectors, naek and constables. All the officers and personnel come from Bangladesh Police through an intensive selection procedure. Training It has primary responsibility for the safety of VIPs and visiting dignitaries to Bangladesh. Therefore, the compulsory training techniques taught to all SPBn officers/members include VIP protection and unarmed combat. They also undergo training in firearms, attack and ambush, motorcade protection, crowd control, self-defense, tactical driving, physical and tactical training, swimming, search and sweeping techniques, IED and EOD training, fire evacuation and crisis management and basic trauma life support. They practice simulation exercises in the firing range. Out of their internal training wing, the trainers from Special Security Force, President Guard Regiment, Fire Service and Civil Defense department and other training experts from Bangladesh Police conduct the training. The courses vary from two to six weeks. Mahiuddin Khan Alomgir, Minister of Home Affairs, inaugurated the first training course for the officers of SPBn. Vehicles Nissan Patrol Y61 and Toyota Land Cruiser 200 Series are the SUVs often deployed in protective missions. Weapons The standard issue sidearms for all SPBn is the Glock 17 and the Glock 19 while the short version of the Heckler & Koch MP5 is the standard SMG and could be deployed in multiple variants. SPBn started to use the SMT9 SMG from March 2015. Type 56 assault rifle also used by SPBn. Apart from firearms, ASP expandable batons or tasers are carried for less-than-lethal options to the SPBn officers. Stun grenades and smoke grenades are also used to provide cover for escorting the VIP when under attack. See also List of protective service agencies Special Security Force References Protective security units Law enforcement in Bangladesh Police units of Bangladesh Law enforcement agencies of Bangladesh","title":"Special Security and Protection Battalion"},{"docid":"5041784","text":"The Mark 37 torpedo is a torpedo with electrical propulsion, developed for the US Navy after World War II. It entered service with the US Navy in the early 1950s, with over 3,300 produced. It was phased out of service with the US Navy during the 1970s, and the stockpiles were sold to foreign navies. Development Its engineering development began in 1946 by Westinghouse. It was largely based on the concept of the passive homing Mark 27, with added active homing system tested on modified Mark 18s, and a new torpedo body. Between 1955 and 1956, thirty torpedoes were produced for development testing, with large-scale production commenced shortly afterwards. Due to its electric propulsion, the torpedo swam smoothly out of the launch tube, instead of having to be ejected by pressurized air, therefore significantly reducing its acoustic launch signature. To allow for water flow around the torpedo while swimming out, several 1\" thick guide studs were attached to the torpedo, which although 19\" in diameter was designed to be used only from 21\" torpedo tubes. The guidance of a Mk37 mod 0 torpedo was done by a gyroscope control during the initial part of its trajectory, where the gyro control achieved a straight run, a passive sonar homing system, and at the last by a Doppler-enabled active sonar homing, with magnetostrictive transducers operating at 60 kHz. The electronics was based on miniature vacuum tubes, later on solid-state semiconductor devices. Modifications The mod 1 torpedoes were longer, slower and heavier than mod 0, but offered better target acquisition capabilities and higher ability to intercept agile submarines. They used wire-guidance. The efficiency of Mk37 torpedoes was high for targets with speed lower than and depth less than . As submarines with higher speeds and operating depths appeared, new torpedoes were developed. Of them, NT37C, D, E, and F are based on the Mk37 design. In 1967, the mod 0s started being refurbished as mod 3, and mod 1 as mod 2. These modifications involved many changes including replacement of magnetostrictive transducers with piezoelectric ones, and resulted in target acquisition range increased from to without loss of sensitivity with increasing depth. The torpedoes used Mark 46 silver-zinc batteries. These had a known tendency to overheat, occasionally igniting or exploding. Training torpedoes used rechargeable secondary batteries. For a long time, the Mark 37 was a primary U.S. submarine-launched ASW torpedo. It was replaced by the Mark 48 starting in 1972. The remaining inventory was then rebuilt and sold to several countries, including Israel, as the NT-37C after the vacuum tube guidance systems were replaced by solid-state electronics and the electric propulsion was replaced with a liquid monopropellant. Other uses The Mk 67 submarine launched mobile mine is based on a Mark 37 torpedo body. It entered service in 1983 and is capable of swimming as far as 10 miles through or into a channel, harbor, shallow water area and other zones which would normally be inaccessible to the vessel laying it. After reaching the","title":"Mark 37 torpedo"},{"docid":"159472","text":"Flight or flying is the process by which an object moves through a space without contacting any planetary surface, either within an atmosphere (i.e. air flight or aviation) or through the vacuum of outer space (i.e. spaceflight). This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift associated with gliding or propulsive thrust, aerostatically using buoyancy, or by ballistic movement. Many things can fly, from animal aviators such as birds, bats and insects, to natural gliders/parachuters such as patagial animals, anemochorous seeds and ballistospores, to human inventions like aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, airships, balloons, etc.) and rockets which may propel spacecraft and spaceplanes. The engineering aspects of flight are the purview of aerospace engineering which is subdivided into aeronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through the atmosphere, and astronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through space, and ballistics, the study of the flight of projectiles. Types of flight Buoyant flight Humans have managed to construct lighter-than-air vehicles that raise off the ground and fly, due to their buoyancy in the air. An aerostat is a system that remains aloft primarily through the use of buoyancy to give an aircraft the same overall density as air. Aerostats include free balloons, airships, and moored balloons. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin that encloses a volume of lifting gas to provide buoyancy, to which other components are attached. Aerostats are so named because they use \"aerostatic\" lift, a buoyant force that does not require lateral movement through the surrounding air mass to effect a lifting force. By contrast, aerodynes primarily use aerodynamic lift, which requires the lateral movement of at least some part of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass. Aerodynamic flight Unpowered flight versus powered flight Some things that fly do not generate propulsive thrust through the air, for example, the flying squirrel. This is termed gliding. Some other things can exploit rising air to climb such as raptors (when gliding) and man-made sailplane gliders. This is termed soaring. However most other birds and all powered aircraft need a source of propulsion to climb. This is termed powered flight. Animal flight The only groups of living things that use powered flight are birds, insects, and bats, while many groups have evolved gliding. The extinct pterosaurs, an order of reptiles contemporaneous with the dinosaurs, were also very successful flying animals, and there were apparently some flying dinosaurs (see Flying and gliding animals#Non-avian dinosaurs). Each of these groups' wings evolved independently, with insects the first animal group to evolve flight. The wings of the flying vertebrate groups are all based on the forelimbs, but differ significantly in structure; those of insects are hypothesized to be highly modified versions of structures that form gills in most other groups of arthropods. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustaining level flight (see bat flight). However, there are several gliding mammals which are able to glide from tree to tree using fleshy membranes between their limbs; some can travel hundreds of meters","title":"Flight"},{"docid":"89918","text":"Field-emission electric propulsion (FEEP) is an advanced electrostatic space propulsion concept, a form of ion thruster, that uses a liquid metal as a propellant – usually either caesium, indium, or mercury. A FEEP device consists of an emitter and an accelerator electrode. A potential difference of the order of 10 kV is applied between the two, which generates a strong electric field at the tip of the metal surface. The interplay of electric force and the liquid metal’s surface tension generates surface instabilities, which give rise to Taylor cones on the liquid surface. At sufficiently high values of the applied field, ions are extracted from the cone tip by field evaporation or similar mechanisms, which then are electrically accelerated to high velocities – typically 100 km/s or more. Although the ion exhaust velocity is high, their mass is very low, resulting in very weak acceleration forces. Their benefit comes from sustained acceleration forces over long time periods. Due to its very low thrust (in the micronewton (μN) to millinewton (mN) range), FEEP thrusters are primarily used for microradian, micronewton attitude control on spacecraft, such as in the ESA/NASA LISA Pathfinder scientific spacecraft. The FEEP thruster was also slated for installation on Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer spacecraft, but the Gridded ion thruster was used instead. The first FEEP thruster operated in space was the IFM Nano Thruster, successfully commissioned in Low Earth Orbit in 2018. Basic concept Field emission electric propulsion (FEEP) is an electrostatic propulsion method based on field ionization of a liquid metal, and subsequent acceleration of the ions by a strong electric field. Sharp features such as needles are used to enhance and concentrate the strength of this electric field. The needle is coated in the liquid metal, maximising the acceleration of the ions. FEEP is currently the object of interest in the scientific community, due to its unique features: sub-μN to mN thrust range, near instantaneous switch on/switch off capability, and high-resolution throttleability (better than one part in 104), which enables accurate thrust modulation in both continuous and pulsed modes. Presently baseline for scientific missions onboard drag-free satellites, this propulsion system has also been proposed for attitude control and orbit maintenance on commercial small satellites and constellations. A separate electron source is required to keep the spacecraft electrically neutral. Liquid-metal propellants This type of thruster can accelerate a large number of different liquid metals or alloys. The best performance (in terms of thrust efficiency and power-to-thrust ratio) can be obtained using high atomic weight alkali metals, such as cesium (Cs, 133 amu) and rubidium (Rb, 85.5 amu). These propellants have a low ionization potential (3.87 eV for Cs and 4.16 eV for Rb), low melting point (28.7 °C for Cs and 38.9 °C for Rb) and very good wetting capabilities. These features lead to low power losses due to ionization and heating and the capability to use capillary forces for feeding purposes, i.e., neither pressurised tanks nor valves are required. Moreover, alkali metals have","title":"Field-emission electric propulsion"},{"docid":"1500733","text":"The water opossum (Chironectes minimus), also locally known as the yapok (), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It is the only living member of its genus, Chironectes. This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater streams and lakes from Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina and is the most aquatic living marsupial (the lutrine opossum also has semiaquatic habits). It is also the only living marsupial in which both sexes have a pouch. The thylacine, commonly referred to as the Tasmanian tiger, also exhibited this trait, but it is now extinct. The water opossum lives in bankside burrows, emerging after dusk to swim and search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank. Origin of the name The local name for the water opossum, \"yapok\", probably comes from the name of the Oyapok River in French Guiana. Physical appearance The water opossum is a small opossum, long, with a long tail. The fur is in a marbled grey and black pattern, while the muzzle, eyestripe, and crown are all black. A light band runs across the forehead anterior to the ears, which are rounded and naked. There are sensory facial bristles in tufts above each eye, as well as whiskers. The water opossum's tail, furred and black at the base, is yellow or white at its end. The hindfeet of the water opossum are webbed, while the forefeet (\"hands\") are not. The forefeet can be used to feel for and grab prey as the animal swims, propelled by its tail and webbed back feet. Unlike other didelphids, the water opossum does not have a cloaca. Aquatic adaptations The water opossum has several adaptations for its watery lifestyle. It has short, dense fur, which is water-repellent. The broad hindfeet are webbed and are used for propulsion through water, moving with alternate strokes. They are symmetrical as well, which distributes force equally along both borders of the webbing; this increases the efficiency of the water opossum's movement through the water. The water opossum's long tail also aids in swimming. Being a marsupial and at the same time an aquatic animal, the water opossum has evolved a way to protect its young while swimming. A strong ring of muscle makes the pouch (which opens to the rear) watertight, so the young remain dry, even when the mother is totally immersed in water. The male also has a pouch (although not as watertight as the female's), where he places his genitalia before swimming. This is thought to prevent them from becoming entangled in aquatic vegetation and is probably helpful in streamlining the animal as well. Reproduction Water opossums mate in December and a litter of 1–5 young is born 12 to 14 days later in the nest. By 22 days the offspring are beginning to show some fur, and by 40 days or so their eyes are open, their bodies protruding from the mother's pouch. At 48 days of age, the young opossums detach","title":"Water opossum"},{"docid":"39327984","text":"SS President Hoover was an ocean liner built for the Dollar Steamship Lines. She was completed in 1930 and provided a trans-Pacific service between the US and the Far East. In 1937 she ran aground on an island off Formosa (now known as Taiwan) during a typhoon and was declared a total loss. She had a sister ship, , that was completed in 1931, was made a troopship in 1941 and was lost after striking a mine while attempting to enter the harbor at Espiritu Santo in 1942. History Building Dollar Lines ordered both the President Hoover and President Coolidge on 26 October 1929. The Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia, USA, built the two ships, completing the Hoover in 1930 and Coolidge in 1931. They were the largest merchant ships built in the USA up to that time. First Lady Lou Henry Hoover launched and christened President Hoover on December 9, 1930. Each ship had turbo-electric transmission, with a pair of steam turbo generators generating current that powered propulsion motors on the twin propeller shafts. Westinghouse built the turbo generators and propulsion motors for President Coolidge but General Electric built the turbo generators and propulsion motors for President Hoover. 12 oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox high-pressure boilers supplied the steam for President Hoovers turbo-generators. The electric propulsion motors produced 26,500 shp at 133 RPM. President Hoovers accommodation was air conditioned and there was a 'phone in every cabin. There were swimming pools on deck, gymnasiums, a dance floor and Otis elevators. Décor was in contemporary Art Deco style and the First Class lounge was decorated with murals by the artist Frank Bergman of New York. Robert Dollar had bought his first ship in 1895, founded Dollar Lines in 1903 and was now 87 years old. On August 6, 1931, three days before President Hoover was launched, he toured her and declared \"This ship is a wonder\". Dollar lived until May 1932, just a few months after President Hoover and President Coolidge made their maiden voyages. Trans-Pacific service President Hoover and President Coolidge ran between San Francisco and Manila via Japan and China. The United States Postal Service subsidised them to carry mail, which helped Dollar to run the two ships at a profit. However, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931–32, the Japanese attack on the Great Wall in 1933 and the Japanese invasion of China starting in July 1937 all deterred US travel to the Far East, and Dollar Lines became increasingly unprofitable. Bombed in the Yangtze River After the Battle of Shanghai had broken out in August 1937, President Hoover was diverted from Hong Kong to evacuate US nationals from Shanghai. On 30 August the liner was moored in the Yangtze River, awaiting clearance to enter the Wusong River to reach the Port of Shanghai when, despite a -long US flag draped on her top deck abaft the bridge to identify her to aircraft as a neutral US ship, the Republic of China Air","title":"SS President Hoover"},{"docid":"33389758","text":"Harold Benjamin Finger (born February 18, 1924) is an American aeronautical nuclear engineer and the former head of the United States nuclear rocket program. He helped establish and lead the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, a liaison organization between NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission to coordinate efforts to create a nuclear thermal rocket. Early life Harold Benjamin Finger was born in Brooklyn, New York City, on February 18, 1924, the son of Beny Finger and his wife Anna Perlmutter. He was called Harry by his family, friends and colleagues. His family moved to The Bronx when he was young. He attended Townsend Harris High School, from which he graduated in 1940. He then entered the City College of New York, from which he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1944. NACA During World War II, he had a deferment until graduation, after which he expected to be drafted. He applied for a commission in the United States Navy and to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) He was accepted into the latter, and for NACA at its Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio. He was nominally as a member of the United States Army Air Corps enlisted reserve, in May 1944. His work initially involved testing German and Japanese aircraft engines, but he became involved in the development of the axial-flow compressor for jet engines. The Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory was renamed the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory after George W. Lewis on September 28, 1948. Finger married Arlene Karsh on June 11, 1949; they had three daughters. The following year, he was awarded a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering by the Case Institute of Technology. He became the head of the Axial Flow Compression Group at Lewis in 1952, and then Associate Chief of the Compressor Research Branch in 1954. Abe Silverstein, the director of Lewis, believed that nuclear propulsion would be important in the future. In 1956, he established a nuclear training school at Lewis. There were twenty four students, a mixture of new recruits and experienced engineers. Finger was one of those chosen to attend. Six of the students elected to not continue with nuclear technology; the rest were formed into three groups. Finger headed one, which studied nuclear rocket propulsion. Silverstein abolished Lewis' compressor and turbine division in March 1957. NASA On March 5, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced his decision to create a new space agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which would absorb NACA. Silverstein moved to Washington, D.C., where he became the head of the Office of Space Flight Programs. Silverstein selected Finger to head NASA's nuclear projects. Responsibility for the nuclear thermal rocket project, Project Rover, was officially transferred from the United States Air Force (USAF) to NASA on October 1, 1958, the day NASA officially became operational and assumed responsibility for the US civilian space program. On August 29, 1960, NASA created the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) to oversee Project","title":"Harold Finger"},{"docid":"49023","text":"Propulsion is the generation of force by any combination of pushing or pulling to modify the translational motion of an object, which is typically a rigid body (or an articulated rigid body) but may also concern a fluid. The term is derived from two Latin words: pro, meaning before or forward; and pellere, meaning to drive. A propulsion system consists of a source of mechanical power, and a propulsor (means of converting this power into propulsive force). Plucking a guitar string to induce a vibratory translation is technically a form of propulsion of the guitar string; this is not commonly depicted in this vocabulary, even though human muscles are considered to propel the fingertips. The motion of an object moving through a gravitational field is affected by the field, and within some frames of reference physicists speak of the gravitational field generating a force upon the object, but for deep theoretic reasons, physicists now consider the curved path of an object moving freely through space-time as shaped by gravity as a natural movement of the object, unaffected by a propulsive force (in this view, the falling apple is considered to be unpropelled, while the observer of the apple standing on the ground is considered to be propelled by the reactive force of the Earth's surface). Biological propulsion systems use an animal's muscles as the power source, and limbs such as wings, fins or legs as the propulsors. A technological system uses an engine or motor as the power source (commonly called a powerplant), and wheels and axles, propellers, or a propulsive nozzle to generate the force. Components such as clutches or gearboxes may be needed to connect the motor to axles, wheels, or propellers. A technological/biological system may use human, or trained animal, muscular work to power a mechanical device. Small objects, such as bullets, propelled at high speed are known as projectiles; larger objects propelled at high speed, often into ballistic flight, are known as rockets or missiles. Influencing rotational motion is also technically a form of propulsion, but in speech, an automotive mechanic might prefer to describe the hot gasses in an engine cylinder as propelling the piston (translational motion), which drives the crankshaft (rotational motion), the crankshaft then drives the wheels (rotational motion), and the wheels propel the car forward (translational motion). In common speech, propulsion is associated with spatial displacement more strongly than locally contained forms of motion, such as rotation or vibration. As another example, internal stresses in a rotating baseball cause the surface of the baseball to travel along a sinusoidal or helical trajectory, which would not happen in the absence of these interior forces; these forces meet the technical definition of propulsion from Newtonian mechanics, but are not commonly spoken of in this language. Vehicular propulsion Air propulsion An aircraft propulsion system generally consists of an aircraft engine and some means to generate thrust, such as a propeller or a propulsive nozzle. An aircraft propulsion system must achieve two things. First, the thrust","title":"Propulsion"},{"docid":"1559922","text":"Spacecraft flight dynamics is the application of mechanical dynamics to model how the external forces acting on a space vehicle or spacecraft determine its flight path. These forces are primarily of three types: propulsive force provided by the vehicle's engines; gravitational force exerted by the Earth and other celestial bodies; and aerodynamic lift and drag (when flying in the atmosphere of the Earth or other body, such as Mars or Venus). The principles of flight dynamics are used to model a vehicle's powered flight during launch from the Earth; a spacecraft's orbital flight; maneuvers to change orbit; translunar and interplanetary flight; launch from and landing on a celestial body, with or without an atmosphere; entry through the atmosphere of the Earth or other celestial body; and attitude control. They are generally programmed into a vehicle's inertial navigation systems, and monitored on the ground by a member of the flight controller team known in NASA as the flight dynamics officer, or in the European Space Agency as the spacecraft navigator. Flight dynamics depends on the disciplines of propulsion, aerodynamics, and astrodynamics (orbital mechanics and celestial mechanics). It cannot be reduced to simply attitude control; real spacecraft do not have steering wheels or tillers like airplanes or ships. Unlike the way fictional spaceships are portrayed, a spacecraft actually does not bank to turn in outer space, where its flight path depends strictly on the gravitational forces acting on it and the propulsive maneuvers applied. Basic principles A space vehicle's flight is determined by application of Newton's second law of motion: where F is the vector sum of all forces exerted on the vehicle, m is its current mass, and a is the acceleration vector, the instantaneous rate of change of velocity (v), which in turn is the instantaneous rate of change of displacement. Solving for a, acceleration equals the force sum divided by mass. Acceleration is integrated over time to get velocity, and velocity is in turn integrated to get position. Flight dynamics calculations are handled by computerized guidance systems aboard the vehicle; the status of the flight dynamics is monitored on the ground during powered maneuvers by a member of the flight controller team known in NASA's Human Spaceflight Center as the flight dynamics officer, or in the European Space Agency as the spacecraft navigator. For powered atmospheric flight, the three main forces which act on a vehicle are propulsive force, aerodynamic force, and gravitation. Other external forces such as centrifugal force, Coriolis force, and solar radiation pressure are generally insignificant due to the relatively short time of powered flight and small size of spacecraft, and may generally be neglected in simplified performance calculations. Propulsion The thrust of a rocket engine, in the general case of operation in an atmosphere, is approximated by: where, is the exhaust gas mass flow is the effective exhaust velocity (sometimes otherwise denoted as c in publications) is the effective jet velocity when pamb = pe is the flow area at nozzle exit plane (or the","title":"Spacecraft flight dynamics"},{"docid":"142390","text":"Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion (also antiproton-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion) is a variation of nuclear pulse propulsion based upon the injection of antimatter into a mass of nuclear fuel to initiate a nuclear chain reaction for propulsion when the fuel does not normally have a critical mass. Technically, the process is not a '\"catalyzed'\" reaction because anti-protons (antimatter) used to start the reaction are consumed; if they were present as a catalyst the particles would be unchanged by the process and used to initiate further reactions. Although antimatter particles may be produced by the reaction itself, they are not used to initiate or sustain chain reactions. Description Typical nuclear pulse propulsion has the downside that the minimal size of the engine is defined by the minimal size of the nuclear bombs used to create thrust, which is a function of the amount of critical mass required to initiate the reaction. A conventional thermonuclear bomb design consists of two parts: the primary, which is almost always based on plutonium, and a secondary using fusion fuel, which is normally deuterium in the form of lithium deuteride, and tritium (which is created during the reaction as lithium is transmuted to tritium). There is a minimal size for the primary (about 10 kilograms for plutonium-239) to achieve critical mass. More powerful devices scale up in size primarily through the addition of fusion fuel for the secondary. Of the two, the fusion fuel is much less expensive and gives off far fewer radioactive products, so from a cost and efficiency standpoint, larger bombs are much more efficient. However, using such large bombs for spacecraft propulsion demands much larger structures able to handle the stress. There is a tradeoff between the two demands. By injecting a small amount of antimatter into a subcritical mass of fuel (typically plutonium or uranium) fission of the fuel can be forced. An anti-proton has a negative electric charge, just like an electron, and can be captured in a similar way by a positively charged atomic nucleus. The initial configuration, however, is not stable and radiates energy as gamma rays. As a consequence, the anti-proton moves closer and closer to the nucleus until their quarks can interact, at which point the anti-proton and a proton are both annihilated. This reaction releases a tremendous amount of energy, of which some is released as gamma rays and some is transferred as kinetic energy to the nucleus, causing it to split (the fission reaction). The resulting shower of neutrons can cause the surrounding fuel to undergo rapid fission or even nuclear fusion. The lower limit of the device size is determined by anti-proton handling issues and fission reaction requirements, such as the structure used to contain and direct the blast. As such, unlike either the Project Orion-type propulsion system, which requires large numbers of nuclear explosive charges, or the various antimatter drives, which require impossibly expensive amounts of antimatter, antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion has intrinsic advantages. A conceptual design of an antimatter-catalyzed thermonuclear explosive physics","title":"Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion"},{"docid":"52526831","text":"A robot fish is a type of bionic robot that has the shape and locomotion of a living fish. Most robot fish are designed to emulate living fish which use body-caudal fin (BCF) propulsion, and can be divided into three categories: single joint (SJ), multi-joint (MJ) and smart material-based \"soft-body\" design. Since the Massachusetts Institute of Technology first published research on them in 1989, there have been more than 400 articles published about robot fish. According to these reports, approximately 40 different types of robot fish have been built, with 30 designs having only the capability to flip and drift in water. The most important parts of researching and developing robot fish are advancing their control and navigation, enabling them to interact and \"communicate\" with their environment, making it possible for them to travel along a particular path, and to respond to commands to make their \"fins\" flap. Design The basic biomimetic robotic fish is made up of three parts: a streamlined head, a body, and a tail. The head is often made of a rigid plastic material (i.e. fiberglass) and contains all control units including a wireless communication module, batteries, and a signal processor. The body may be made of multiple jointed segments, which are connected by servomotors. Servomotors control the rotation angle of the joint. Some designs have pectoral fins fixed on both sides of the body to ensure stability in the water An oscillating caudal (tail) fin connected with joints and driven by a motor provides motive power. Design inspiration Engineers often focus on functional design. For example, designers attempt to create robots with flexible bodies (like real fish) that can exhibit undulatory motion. This kind of body enables the robot fish to swim similar to the way live fish swim, which can adapt and process a complicated environment. The first robot fish (MIT's RoboTuna) was designed to mimic the structure and dynamic properties of a Tuna. In an attempt to gain thrust and maneuvering forces, robot fish control systems are capable of controlling the body and caudal fin, giving them a wave-like motion. In order to control and analyze robotic fish movement, researchers study the shape, dynamic model and lateral movements of the robotic tail. One of the many tail shapes found on robot fish is lunate, or crescent shaped. Some studies show this kind of tail shape increases swimming speeds and creates a high-efficiency robot fish. The posterior tail creates thrust force, making it one of the most important parts of the robot fish. Living fish have powerful muscles that can generate lateral movements for locomotion while the head remains in a relatively motionless state. Thus, researchers have focused on tail kinematics when developing robot fish motion. Slender-body theory is often used when studying robot fish locomotion. The mean rate of work of the lateral movements is equal to the sum of the mean rate of work available for producing the mean thrust and the rate of shedding of kinetic energy of lateral fluid motions.","title":"Robot fish"},{"docid":"180624","text":"Vehicle dynamics is the study of vehicle motion, e.g., how a vehicle's forward movement changes in response to driver inputs, propulsion system outputs, ambient conditions, air/surface/water conditions, etc. Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics. It may be applied for motorized vehicles (such as automobiles), bicycles and motorcycles, aircraft, and watercraft. Factors affecting vehicle dynamics The aspects of a vehicle's design which affect the dynamics can be grouped into drivetrain and braking, suspension and steering, distribution of mass, aerodynamics and tires. Drivetrain and braking Automobile layout (i.e. location of engine and driven wheels) Powertrain Braking system Suspension and steering Some attributes relate to the geometry of the suspension, steering and chassis. These include: Ackermann steering geometry Axle track Camber angle Caster angle Ride height Roll center Scrub radius Steering ratio Toe Wheel alignment Wheelbase Distribution of mass Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due to mass and its distribution. These include: Center of mass Moment of inertia Roll moment Sprung mass Unsprung mass Weight distribution Aerodynamics Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely aerodynamic. These include: Automobile drag coefficient Automotive aerodynamics Center of pressure Downforce Ground effect in cars Tires Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the tires. These include: Camber thrust Circle of forces Contact patch Cornering force Ground pressure Pacejka's Magic Formula Pneumatic trail Radial Force Variation Relaxation length Rolling resistance Self aligning torque Skid Slip angle Slip (vehicle dynamics) Spinout Steering ratio Tire load sensitivity Vehicle behaviours Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely dynamic. These include: Body flex Body roll Bump Steer Bundorf analysis Directional stability Critical speed Noise, vibration, and harshness Pitch Ride quality Roll Speed wobble Understeer, oversteer, lift-off oversteer, and fishtailing Weight transfer and load transfer Yaw Analysis and simulation The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways. This can be as straightforward as a simple spring mass system, through a three-degree of freedom (DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a multibody system simulation package such as MSC ADAMS or Modelica. As computers have gotten faster, and software user interfaces have improved, commercial packages such as CarSim have become widely used in industry for rapidly evaluating hundreds of test conditions much faster than real time. Vehicle models are often simulated with advanced controller designs provided as software in the loop (SIL) with controller design software such as Simulink, or with physical hardware in the loop (HIL). Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model. Racing","title":"Vehicle dynamics"},{"docid":"53769380","text":"The webbed foot is a specialized limb with interdigital membranes (webbings) that aids in aquatic locomotion, present in a variety of tetrapod vertebrates. This adaptation is primarily found in semiaquatic species, and has convergently evolved many times across vertebrate taxa. It likely arose from mutations in developmental genes that normally cause tissue between the digits to apoptose. These mutations were beneficial to many semiaquatic animals because the increased surface area from the webbing allowed for more swimming propulsion and swimming efficiency, especially in surface swimmers. The webbed foot also has enabled other novel behaviors like escape responses and mating behaviors. A webbed foot may also be called a paddle to contrast it from a more hydrofoil-like flipper. Morphology A webbed foot has connecting tissue between the toes of the foot. Several distinct conditions can give rise to webbed feet, including interdigital webbing and syndactyly. The webbing can consist of membrane, skin, or other connective tissue and varies widely in different taxa. This modification significantly increases the surface area of the feet. One of the consequences of this modification in some species, specifically birds, is that the feet are a major location for heat loss. In birds, the legs utilize countercurrent heat exchange so that blood reaching the feet is already cooled by blood returning to the heart to minimize this effect. Webbed feet take on a variety of different shapes; in birds, the webbing can even be discontinuous, as seen in lobate-footed birds like grebes. However, one of the most common is the delta (Δ) or triangular shape seen in most waterfowl and frogs. This delta wing shape is a solution that has convergently evolved in many taxa, and is also used in aircraft to allow for high lift forces at high attack angles. This shape allows for the production of large forces during swimming through both drag-based and lift-based propulsion. Webbed feet are a compromise between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion. Aquatic control surfaces of non-piscine vertebrates may be paddles or hydrofoils. Paddles generate less lift than hydrofoils, and paddling is associated with drag-based control surfaces. The roughly triangular design of webbed feet, with a broad distal end, is specialized to increase propulsive efficiency by affecting a larger mass of water over generating increased lift. This is in contrast to a more hydrofoil-like flipper of many permanently aquatic animals. Evolution Development Webbed feet are the result of mutations in genes that normally cause interdigital tissue between the toes to apoptose. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in development is mediated by a variety of pathways, and normally causes the creation of digits by death of tissue separating the digits. Different vertebrate species with webbed feet have different mutations that disrupt this process, indicating that the structure arose independently in these lineages. In humans, syndactyly can arise from as many as nine unique subtypes with their own clinical, morphological, and genetic fingerprints. In addition, the same genetic mutations can underlie different phenotypic expressions of syndactyly. While these conditions are disorders in humans,","title":"Webbed foot"},{"docid":"140697","text":"A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes. There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboard surface vessels. Deck-mounted torpedo launchers are usually designed for a specific type of torpedo, while submarine torpedo tubes are general-purpose launchers, and are often also capable of deploying mines and cruise missiles. Most modern launchers are standardized on a diameter for light torpedoes (deck mounted aboard ship) or a diameter for heavy torpedoes (underwater tubes), although other sizes of torpedo tube have been used: see Torpedo classes and diameters. Submarine torpedo tube A submarine torpedo tube is a more complex mechanism than a torpedo tube on a surface ship, because the tube has to accomplish the function of moving the torpedo from the normal atmospheric pressure within the submarine into the sea at the ambient pressure of the water around the submarine. Thus a submarine torpedo tube operates on the principle of an airlock. Torpedo tube operation The diagram illustrates the operation of a submarine torpedo tube. The diagram is somewhat simplified but does show the working of a submarine torpedo launch. A torpedo tube has a considerable number of interlocks for safety reasons. For example, an interlock prevents the breech door and muzzle door from opening at the same time. The submarine torpedo launch sequence is, in simplified form: Open the breech door in the torpedo room. Load the torpedo into the tube. Hook up the wire-guide connection and the torpedo power cable. Shut and lock the breech door. Turn on power to the torpedo. A minimum amount of time is required for torpedo warmup. Fire control programs are uploaded to the torpedo. Flood the torpedo tube. This may be done manually or automatically, from sea or from tanks, depending on the class of submarine. The tube must be vented during this process to allow for complete filling and eliminate air pockets which could escape to the surface or cause damage when firing. Open the equalizing valve to equalize pressure in the tube with ambient sea pressure. Open the muzzle door. If the tube is set up for Impulse Mode the slide valve will open with the muzzle door. If Swim Out Mode is selected, the slide valve remains closed. The slide valve allows water from the ejection pump to enter the tube. When the launch command is given and all interlocks are satisfied, the water ram operates, thrusting a large volume of water into the tube at high pressure, which ejects the torpedo from the tube with considerable force. Modern torpedoes have a safety mechanism that prevents activation of the torpedo unless the torpedo senses the required amount of G-force. The power cable is severed at launch. However, if a guidance wire is used, it remains connected through a drum of wire in the tube. Torpedo propulsion systems vary but electric torpedoes swim out of the tube on their own","title":"Torpedo tube"},{"docid":"16459","text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center in La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States. Founded in 1936 by Caltech researchers, the laboratory is now owned and sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and administered and managed by the California Institute of Technology. The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of planetary robotic spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating the NASA Deep Space Network. Among the laboratory's major active projects are the Mars 2020 mission, which includes the Perseverance rover; the Mars Science Laboratory mission, including the Curiosity rover; the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter; the SMAP satellite for earth surface soil moisture monitoring; the NuSTAR X-ray telescope; and the Psyche asteroid orbiter. It is also responsible for managing the JPL Small-Body Database, and provides physical data and lists of publications for all known small Solar System bodies. JPL's Space Flight Operations Facility and Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator are designated National Historic Landmarks. History JPL traces its beginnings to 1936 in the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) when the first set of rocket experiments were carried out in the Arroyo Seco. This initial venture involved Caltech graduate students Frank Malina, Qian Xuesen, Weld Arnold and Apollo M. O. Smith, along with Jack Parsons and Edward S. Forman, often referred to as the \"Suicide Squad\" due to the dangerous nature of their experiments. Together, they tested a small, alcohol-fueled motor to gather data for Malina's graduate thesis. Malina's thesis advisor was engineer/aerodynamicist Theodore von Kármán, who eventually secured U.S. Army financial support for this \"GALCIT Rocket Project\" in 1939. Rocketry beginnings In the early years of the project, work was primarily focused on the development of rocket technology. In 1941, Malina, Parsons, Forman, Martin Summerfield, and pilot Homer Bushey demonstrated the first jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) rockets to the Army. In 1943, von Kármán, Malina, Parsons, and Forman established the Aerojet Corporation to manufacture JATO rockets. The project took on the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory in November 1943, formally becoming an Army facility operated under contract by the university. In the same year, Qian and two of his colleagues drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In a NASA conference on the history of early rocketry, Malina wrote that the work of the JPL was \"considered to include\" the research carried out by the GALCIT Rocket Research Group from 1936 on. In 1944, Parsons was expelled due to his \"unorthodox and unsafe working methods\" following one of several FBI investigations into his involvement with the occult, drugs and sexual promiscuity. During JPL's Army years, the laboratory developed two significant deployed weapon systems, the MGM-5 Corporal and MGM-29 Sergeant intermediate-range ballistic missiles, marking the first US ballistic missiles developed at JPL. It also developed several other weapons system prototypes, such as the Loki anti-aircraft missile system, and the forerunner of the Aerobee sounding rocket.","title":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"},{"docid":"949363","text":"The Gepard-class frigates, Russian designation Project 11661, is a Russian class of frigates that were intended as successors to the earlier s and , and corvettes. The first unit of the class, Yastreb (Hawk), was laid down at the Zelenodol'sk Zavod shipyard at Tatarstan in 1991. She was launched in July 1993, after which she began fitting out; fitting was nearly completed by late 1995, when it was suspended due to lack of funds. Renamed Tatarstan, the ship was finally completed in July 2002, and became the flagship of the Caspian Flotilla. She has two sister ships, Albatross (renamed Dagestan), and Burevestnik (Storm Petrel), which was still under construction . Vietnam is the main operator of the class with its navy having commissioned 4 frigates - twice the size of Russia's Project 11661 inventory - and having plans to order at least 2 more. Design These vessels are capable of employing their weapons systems in conditions up to Sea State 5. The hull and superstructure are constructed primarily of steel, with some aluminium-magnesium being used in the upper superstructure(stealth technology). They are equipped with fin stabilizers and twin rudders, and can use either gas turbines or diesel for propulsion in a CODOG configuration. Gepard is Russian for cheetah. Service history In October 2015, Dagestan, in company with three other Russian Navy ships serving with the Caspian Flotilla, launched cruise missiles at targets in Syria. The missiles flew nearly over Iran and Iraq and struck targets in Raqqa and Aleppo provinces (controlled by the Islamic State) as well as Idlib province (controlled by the al-Qaeda-linked Nusra Front). Peshmerga forces (Kurdish armed forces located in northern Iraq) published a video allegedly depicting two cruise missiles mid-flight en route to Syria. Export The Gepard-class was designed from the outset as a lightweight, inexpensive export vessel. Russia offers three variants of the class to the market: Gepard 3.9: designed to search, track and fight against surface, underwater and air enemy independently and within task force, plant mine fields, provide protection and patrol of maritime state border and exclusive economic zone, perform combat missions, patrol service. Powered by gas-turbine engines with CODOG configuration. Fitted with two inclined quadruple launchers for eight Kh-35 anti-ship missiles with alternative options to be featured with VLS systems such as UKSK (for cruise missiles such as Club-N and Yakhont) and Shtil-1 air-defense system. Being the only exported variant with Vietnam being its first and only operator. Gepard 5.1: configured as an ocean-going patrol ship. Intended for patrolling territorial waters, helping in distress on the sea, environment protection, support to marine missions and flag demonstration in areas being of state interest. Can be featured with \"heavier\" weapons if necessary. Powered entirely by diesel engines with a two-shaft CODAD propulsion plant. Gepard 5.3: designed to search, track and fight against surface, underwater and air enemy independently and within task force, carry out convoy missions and patrol duty, guard maritime state border and economic zone. Featured with four quadruple launchers for sixteen Kh-35","title":"Gepard-class frigate"},{"docid":"1044906","text":"A flipper is a broad, flattened limb adapted for aquatic locomotion. It refers to the fully webbed, swimming appendages of aquatic vertebrates that are not fish. In animals with two flippers, such as whales, the flipper refers solely to the forelimbs. In animals with four flippers, such as pinnipeds and sea turtles, one may distinguish fore- and hind-flippers, or pectoral flippers and pelvic flippers. Animals with flippers include penguins (whose flippers are also called wings), cetaceans (e.g., dolphins and whales), pinnipeds (e.g., walruses, earless and eared seals), sirenians (e.g., manatees and dugongs), and marine reptiles such as the sea turtles and the now-extinct plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, and metriorhynchids. Usage of the terms \"fin\" and \"flipper\" is sometimes inconsistent, even in the scientific literature. However, the hydrodynamic control surfaces of fish are always referred to as \"fins\" and never \"flippers\". Tetrapod limbs which have evolved into fin-like structures are usually (but not always) called \"flippers\" rather than fins. The dorsal structure on cetaceans is called the \"dorsal fin\" and the large cetacean tails are referred to primarily as flukes but occasionally as \"caudal fins\"; neither of these structures are flippers. Some flippers are very efficient hydrofoils, analogous to wings (airfoils), used to propel and maneuver through the water with great speed and maneuverability (see Foil). Swimming appendages with the digits still apparent, as in the webbed forefeet of amphibious turtles and platypus, are considered paddles rather than flippers. Locomotion For all species of aquatic vertebrates, swimming performance depends upon the animal's control surfaces, which include flippers, flukes and fins. Flippers are used for different types of propulsion, control, and rotation. In cetaceans, they are primarily used for control while the fluke is used for propulsion. The evolution of flippers in penguins was at the expense of their flying capabilities, in spite of evolving from an auk-like ancestor that could 'fly' underwater as well in the air. Form constrains function, and the wings of diving flying species, such as the murre or cormorant have not developed into flippers. The flippers of penguins became thicker, denser and smaller while being modified for hydrodynamic properties. Hydrodynamics Cetacean flippers may be viewed as being analogous to modern engineered hydrofoils, which have hydrodynamic properties: lift coefficient, drag coefficient and efficiency. Flippers are one of the principal control surfaces of cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) due to their position in front of the center of mass, and their mobility which provides three degrees of freedom. Flippers on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have non-smooth leading edges, yet demonstrate superior fluid dynamics to the characteristically smooth leading edges of artificial wings, turbines and other kinds of blades. The whale's surprising dexterity is due primarily to its non-conventional flippers, which have large, irregular looking bumps called tubercles across their leading edges. The tubercles break up the passage of water, maintaining even channels of the fast-moving water, limiting turbulence and providing greater maneuverability. The foreflippers used by the pinnipeds act as oscillatory hydrofoils. Both fore and hind flippers are used for","title":"Flipper (anatomy)"},{"docid":"26162908","text":"The DRDO Anti-Tank Missile is a first generation wire-guided anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) developed in India by Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), a part of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It has a subsonic speed up to with a range of and carries a 106 mm high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead. Introduction In 1959, India began a feasibility study on a first generation ATGM. New General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQR) were issued and the task of preliminary study and wind testing was assigned to Department of Aeronautics and Institute of Science, Bangalore. Development In 1962, DRDO was granted to begin work on developing an anti-tank missile due to a conflict with China in Ladakh. It has a range of 500 meters to about 2 km. After the first aerodynamic design was completed, a full-scale model of the complete configuration was tested in a wind tunnel at Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. There, the model was given force and momentum tests which were completed in 1961. Vibrating spoilers were used during these tests to determine control effectiveness. The ATM was designed to have a subsonic flight speed of about . In 1963, the entire design was reworked to hold a 106 mm HEAT warhead in the nose. Propulsion DRDL determined the propulsion motor requirement and designed the propulsion system. The motor was made of aluminium alloy. It had two compartments, one for the sustainer and one for the booster. Another part of DRDO, the Explosives Research & Development Laboratory (ERDL), made the propellant compositions and also developed the SUK black propulsion grains. Molybdenum inserts were used as sustainer. The booster grain had star type hole for very fast burn and the sustainer was cigarette burning type for constant thrust. Control and guidance The actuator and gyroscope were the main components of the control and guidance system of the missile. The actuators were spoiler type, (similar to Mosquito (missile)), which gave a response time of 10 milliseconds with a stay time varying from 80–20 and 20–80 milliseconds. The gyroscope developed for the missile had three degrees freedom. Testing The missile was test-fired near Imarat, a village on the outskirts of Hyderabad, India, which held the reliability order of 65%. The test trials were attended by Gen Bewoor, then Deputy Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army. The missile was tested 16 times and hit its target 14 times. Two Indian army teams which were trained on European ATMs, Cobra and ENTAC, carried out the tests. These test revealed no significant difference between firing the European and indigenous ATMs. Work was still to be done on inhibition of the sustainer motor. Termination After waiting for more than 10 years with no results, in 1969 ATM project was terminated as the Indian Army revised its General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQR). The new GSQR extended the range of the missile from 1.6 km to 3 km. They also required the formerly man-portable missile to be able to mount and fire from","title":"DRDO Anti Tank Missile"},{"docid":"69634293","text":"An active Brownian particle (ABP) is a model of self-propelled motion in a dissipative environment. It is a nonequilibrium generalization of a Brownian particle. The self-propulsion results from a force that acts on the particle's center of mass and points in the direction of an intrinsic body axis (the particle orientation). It is common to treat particles as spheres, though other shapes (such as rods) have also been studied. Both the center of mass and the direction of the propulsive force are subjected to white noise, which contributes a diffusive component to the overall dynamics. In its simplest version, the dynamics is overdamped and the propulsive force has constant magnitude, so that the magnitude of the velocity is likewise constant (speed-up to terminal velocity is instantaneous). The term active Brownian particle usually refers to this simple model and its straightforward extensions, though some authors have used it for more general self-propelled particle models. Equations of motion Mathematically, an active Brownian particle is described by its center of mass coordinates and a unit vector giving the orientation. In two dimensions, the orientation vector can be parameterized by the 2D polar angle , so that . The equations of motion in this case are the following stochastic differential equations: where with the 2×2 identity matrix. The terms and are translational and rotational white noise, which is understood as a heuristic representation of the Wiener process. Finally, is an external potential, is the mass, is the friction, is the magnitude of the self-propulsion velocity, and and are the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients. The dynamics can also be described in terms of a probability density function , which gives the probability, at time , of finding a particle at position and with orientation . By averaging over the stochastic trajectories from the equations of motion, can be shown to obey the following partial differential equation: Behavior For an isolated particle far from boundaries, the combination of diffusion and self-propulsion produces a stochastic (fluctuating) trajectory that appears ballistic over short length scales and diffusive over large length scales. The transition from ballistic to diffusive motion is defined by a characteristic length , called the persistence length. In the presence of boundaries or other particles, more complex behavior is possible. Even in the absence of attractive forces, particles tend to accumulate at boundaries. Obstacles placed within a bath of active Brownian particles can induce long-range density variations and nonzero currents in steady state. Sufficiently concentrated suspensions of active Brownian particles phase separate into a dense and dilute regions. The particles' motility drives a positive feedback loop, in which particles collide and hinder each other's motion, leading to further collisions and particle accumulation. At a coarse-grained level, a particle's effective self-propulsion velocity decreases with increased density, which promotes clustering. In the more general context of self-propelled particle models, this behavior is known as motility-induced phase separation. It is a type of athermal phase separation because it occurs even if the particles are spheres with hard-core (purely","title":"Active Brownian particle"},{"docid":"3839064","text":"The behavioural despair test (or Porsolt forced swimming test) is a test, centered on a rodent's response to the threat of drowning, whose result has been interpreted as measuring susceptibility to negative mood. It is commonly used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants, although significant criticisms of its interpretation have been made. Method Animals are subjected to two trials during which they are forced to swim in an acrylic glass cylinder filled with water, and from which they cannot escape. The first trial lasts 15 minutes. Then, after 24-hours, a second trial is performed that lasts 5 minutes. The time that the test animal spends in the second trial without making any movements beyond those required to keep its head above water is measured. This immobility time is decreased by various types of antidepressants and also by electroconvulsive shock. Another common variant of this behavioural test specifically used for mice is conducted only for one trial and lasts six minutes. Modern implementations of the test score swimming and climbing behaviours separately, because swimming behaviour has been shown to be increased by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, while climbing behaviour is increased by selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as desipramine and maprotiline. Controversy in interpretation Classically, immobility in the second test has been interpreted as a behavioural correlate of negative mood, representing a kind of hopelessness in the animal. Rodents given antidepressants swim harder and longer than controls (which forms the basis for claims of the test's validity). However, there is some debate between scientists whether increased immobility instead demonstrates learning or habituation, and would therefore be a positive behavioural adaptation: the animal is less fearful because it is now familiar with the environment of the test. This interpretation is supported by the fact that even rats who are first put into a container from which they can escape (and therefore do not experience despair) show reduced mobility in the second test. Some pharmacological compounds that influence motor movement, like stimulants and sedatives, may cause animals to swim for different amounts of time that are unrelated to the antidepressant properties of the compound. Researchers need to assess locomotor activity in the animal's homecage or by a locomotor test. If locomotion is altered compared to controls then other animal antidepressant models should be used. The term \"behavioural despair test\" bears an anthropomorphic connotation and is a somewhat subjective description as it is uncertain whether the test reliably gauges mood or despair. Strictly speaking, the descriptive term \"forced swimming test\" is preferred by researchers. The use of forced swimming tests is criticised by animal rights groups, notably PETA. See also Animal models of depression Learned helplessness Open field (animal test) Tail suspension test References Animal testing techniques Psychology experiments","title":"Behavioural despair test"},{"docid":"39135116","text":"Various marine animals are capable of aerial locomotion, i.e., jumping out of the water and moving through air. Some possible reasons for this behavior are hunting, escaping from predators, and saving energy for swimming or breathing. Some of the jumping behaviors initiate gliding and taxiing in air, while some of them end up falling back to water. Penetrating water surface The speed of motion in air is faster than in water because of drag force. The drag force is proportional to density of the fluid. The animal jumping out of water will feel almost no drag, since the air density is 1,000 times less than water density. Usually animals gain thrust for the jumping as how they lift themselves underwater. Some of them are group behavior. Mechanism Jet propulsion Jet propulsion generates thrust and momentum by shooting out water jets. Flying squid is known for their behavior of leaping out of the water. Ommastrephinae and Todarodinae are two subfamilies of squids under the family of Ommastrephidae. They utilize jet propulsion to jump out of water as they do underwater, including Japanese flying squid.., Humboldt squid, Neon flying squid, sevenstar flying squid, and Wellington flying squid. Squid flight may be thought to reduce the cost of migration. The acceleration of Sthenoteuthis pteropus in air is 265 body lengths/s2 (24.5 m/s2), which is found to exceed that in water (79 body lengths/s2). Tail beating The fish approach the water surface at high speed (about 10 m/s in large fish; 20-30 body lengths/s) with their lateral fins furled against the body. They get accelerated by beating their tails rapidly, and break through the water surface at a shallow angle to the horizontal. Four fish in ray-finned fish family (Beloniformes) and salmon have this jumping behavior. The ray-finned fish includes needlefish, flyingfish, halfbeak, and sauries. Salmon jump out waterfalls during upstream spawning migrations. C-start C-start is escape reflex employed by fish. The fish move upward by curving their slender body as a letter C. Most of the fish jump out of water by C-start. Freshwater butterflyfish jumps out of water by curving its body. The fish is known for its enlarged pectoral fins but it falls back to water instead of gliding. Freshwater hatchetfish exhibits a ballistic aerial path. Porpoising Porpoising is high-speed swimming close to water surface with many leaving and re-entering the water nose-first. Dolphin, Penguin, and Seal porpoise in the wild. Dolphin saves energy at high speed porpoising. Penguin porpoises in group for long-distance traveling. Seal porpoises as group play Other The mechanisms and jumping patterns of some aquatic animals are not clear. Mobula penetrates sea surface by many photo evidences. Great white shark attacks seals near water surface at Seal Island in South Africa See also Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Flying and gliding animals The Flying Mobulas of the Sea of Cortez References Animal locomotion","title":"Aerial locomotion in marine animals"},{"docid":"13108497","text":"Myomeres are blocks of skeletal muscle tissue arranged in sequence, commonly found in aquatic chordates. Myomeres are separated from adjacent myomeres by connective fascia (myosepta) and most easily seen in larval fishes or in the olm. Myomere counts are sometimes used for identifying specimens, since their number corresponds to the number of vertebrae in the adults. Location varies, with some species containing these only near the tails, while some have them located near the scapular or pelvic girdles. Depending on the species, myomeres could be arranged in an epaxial or hypaxial manner. Hypaxial refers to ventral muscles and related structures while epaxial refers to more dorsal muscles. The horizontal septum divides these two regions in vertebrates from cyclostomes to gnathostomes. In terrestrial chordates, the myomeres become fused as well as indistinct, due to the disappearance of myosepta. Shape The shape of myomeres varies by species. Myomeres are commonly zig-zag, \"V\" (lancelets), \"W\" (fishes), or straight (tetrapods)– shaped muscle fibers. Generally, cyclostome myomeres are arranged in vertical strips while those of jawed fishes are folded in a complex matter due to swimming capability evolution. Specifically, myomeres of elasmobranchs and eels are W-shaped. Contrastingly, myomeres of tetrapods run vertically and do not display complex folding. Another species with simply-lain myomeres are mudpuppies. Myomeres overlap each other in succession, meaning myomere activation also allows neighboring myomeres to activate. Myomeres are made up of myoglobin-rich dark muscle as well as white muscle. Dark muscle, generally, functions as slow-twitch muscle fibers while white muscle is composed of fast-twitch fibers. Function Specifically, three types of myomeres in fish-like chordates include amphioxine (lancelet), cyclostomine (jawless fish), and gnathostomine (jawed fish). A common function shared by all of these is that they function to flex the body laterally into concavity to provide force for locomotion. Since myomeres are composed of multinucleated myofibers (contractile cells), force can be generated via muscle contraction that gets transmitted by the intricate connective tissue (myosepta) network. Function in fishes The folded shape of each myomere as V- or W-shaped extends over various axial segments, allowing fibers control over a large amount of the body. Specifically, myomeres are overlapping cones bound by connective tissue. Myomeres compose most of the lateral musculature and provide propulsive force to travel along the line of travel. In this sense, they cause flexion to either side in order to produce locomotor force. Myomeres attach to centra of vertebrae, and neural and haemal spines. Further, myomeres of fish are divided by a horizontal septum into dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) sections as mentioned in previous paragraphs. Further, spinal nerves pass into each myomere. There are different variations of myomere activation depending on the type of swimming or movement. For example, high loading situations such as fast-starts and turning require almost maximal myomere activation in teleost fish. Further, if swim speeds are lower and movement is in one plane, there is less activation of myomeres. Further, research has discovered that fish are able to spatially restrict axial myomeres during different swimming","title":"Myomere"},{"docid":"56834712","text":"The Asahi class of destroyers is a class of warships of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. The Ashai is largely based on the Akizuki-class destroyer; While the Akizuki-class specialized in anti-air warfare, the Asahi-class was designed to specialize in anti-submarine warfare. The design was initially designated \"25DD\", referring to a date on the Japanese calendar, specifically the 25th fiscal year of the Heisei period (2013), the year that procurement of the class began. The lead ship, Asahi, is the third ship to hold the name after the Asahi-class destroyer escort lent from the United States Navy in 1955, and the Imperial Japanese battleship. The second ship of the class, Shiranui, is the third ship to hold the name after the Murakumo and Kagerō-class destroyers. Development The procurement of the destroyer began in 2013 in response to the reduction in the number of destroyers (namely the ) within the JMSDF. The two major characteristics of this destroyer is its bigger emphasis on anti-submarine warfare and the adoption of the COGLAG (combined gas turbine electric and gas turbine: a modification of the combined gas and gas propulsion system employing electric propulsion system for low-speed cruising) propulsion system. A second destroyer was procured a year later. Design The Asahi class is based on the existing to reduce acquisition cost and allow future development and growth. Unlike the Akizuki class (which focuses on anti-aircraft warfare) the Asahi class focuses on anti-submarine warfare. Features The Asahi class is the first Japanese warship to be equipped with a COGLAG propulsion system. This allows the destroyer to be more fuel efficient than previous warships. Another unique feature about this destroyer is the usage of a GaN-AESA (gallium nitride - active electronically scanned array) Multifunction Radar. The Asahi class is the second Japanese class of warship to be outfitted with this technology (the Akizuki class was the first). The destroyer's radar is based on the FCS-3A radar used for the Akizuki class and uses gallium nitride to improve performance. In radar technology, gallium nitride offers a number of advantages over the traditionally used gallium arsenide (GaA). These advantages include higher power density, efficiency, thermal spreading and frequency coverage. This in turn allows the GaN chip to be smaller than their GaA counterpart, thus reducing cost and increasing overall cost effectiveness. Ships in the class References","title":"Asahi-class destroyer"},{"docid":"51708180","text":"Simone Arrigoni (born in Rome, Italy, on 4 September 1973) is an Italian free-diver. He holds multiple free-diving world records. He is an ActionAid Ambassador and Honorary Member of the Centro Studi Cetacei, a non-profit Italian association that is concerned with the study and rescue of marine mammals and reptiles since 1986. Free-diving Since 2008, Arrigoni has collaborated with biologists and students at Zoomarine Italia to carry on research projects on the study of free-diving and the comparative physiology of humans and dolphins. New disciplines He opened two new specialties of dynamic apnea: Horizontal Free Immersion, devised by Arrigoni in 2009 to allow disabled persons to play this aquatic sport, in which the freediver covers a horizontal distance pulling on a rope; Dolphin's Breath, which consists of freediving with monofin along a horizontal distance of predetermined length, periodically resurfacing to take a single breath of 1 second, and aiming at taking as few breaths as possible during the declared distance. The Dolphin's Breath was inaugurated by Arrigoni to disseminate two important slogans: \"Mind the dolphins\", to raise public awareness to protect marine mammals and their environment, and \"Never alone\", to remind people to never practice freediving alone for safety reasons, following the example given by dolphins which live and swim in a group, always helping each other in case of difficulty. World records Arrigoni set many world records: Dynamic freedive without fins in sea, 60 mt, Porto Santo Stefano, Italy, November 9, 2003. Dynamic freedive without fins under ice, 30 mt, at the 19th Stage of Diving Under Ice A.N.I.S., Lavarone, Italy, January 31, 2004. Dynamic freedive without fins in sea, 83 mt, Giochi del Mare, Balestrate, Italy, June 17, 2004. Dynamic freedive without fins in lake, 70 mt, Bracciano, Italy, June 7, 2005. Dynamic freedive without fins under ice, 41 mt, at the 21st Stage of Diving Under Ice A.N.I.S, Lavarone, Italy, February 4, 2006. Dynamic freedive with DPV (Dive Propulsion Vehicle) in sea, 231 mt, Giochi del Mare, Formia, Italy, June 25, 2007. Dynamic freedive with DPV (Diver propulsion vehicle) in lake, 381 mt, Bracciano, Italy, June 2, 2008. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, distance of 9 Zoomarine's swimming pools length (estimated of about 450 mt), Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 17, 2009. Horizontal Free Immersion in sea, 101 mt, Giochi del Mare, Formia, Italy, June 17, 2009. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 12 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 27, 2010. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 13 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 19, 2011. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 14 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 23, 2013. Dynamic freedive with DPV (Flyboard) in sea, 500 mt, Tropea, Italy, September 30, 2013. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 15 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 22, 2014. Freedive pushed by one dolphin, 7 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 28, 2015. Dolphin's Breath with monofin in sea, 1 km with 95 single breaths (total time 23'30\" with 1'35\" of breathing), Giochi del Mare, Santa Marinella, Italy, June 8,","title":"Simone Arrigoni"},{"docid":"7621913","text":"James Robert Thompson Jr. (March 6, 1936 – November 7, 2017), known as J.R. Thompson, was the fifth director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center located in Huntsville, Alabama. He served as director from September 29, 1986, to July 6, 1989. Thompson also served as NASA's deputy director from July 6, 1989, to November 8, 1991. Early life and education Born in Greenville, South Carolina, in 1936, Thompson graduated from Druid Hills High School in Atlanta in 1954. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1958 and a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Florida in 1963. He has completed all course work at the University of Alabama toward a Ph.D. in fluid mechanics. Career Mr. Thompson served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy from 1958 to 1960 and was stationed at Green Cove Springs, Florida, as an administrative officer in the Atlantic Fleet. Mr. Thompson began his professional career in 1960 as a development engineer with Pratt and Whitney Aircraft in West Palm Beach, Florida. Mr. Thompson spent 20 years with NASA at the Marshall Space Flight Center in various positions, including associate director for engineering in the Science and Engineering Directorate and as manager of the Space Shuttle Main Engine Project in the Shuttle Projects Office. He joined the research and development team at the Marshall Center in 1963 as a liquid propulsion system engineer responsible for component design and performance analysis associated with the J-2 engine system on the Saturn Launch Vehicle. In 1966 he joined the Space Engine Section in the former Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory at Marshall and became chief of the section in 1968. In that capacity, he was responsible for the design and test evaluation of auxiliary space engine propulsion systems for the Saturn Launch Vehicle and experimental small interplanetary propulsion systems. In 1969, Thompson transferred to Marshall's Astronautics Laboratory where he served as chief of the Man/Systems Integration Branch from 1969 to 1974. In September 1974, he was named manager of the Main Engine Projects Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center. In that position he was responsible for the development and operation of the most advanced liquid propulsion rocket engine ever developed. He served in that position almost from the beginning of early development testing on the Shuttle main engine through the initial Shuttle flights. In February 1982, Thompson was named associate director for engineering in the Marshall Science and Engineering Directorate. In that position, he was responsible for planning and executing the engineering overview, analysis, evaluation and support for all Marshall Center projects that were in the hardware development stage. He served three years as deputy director for technical operations at Princeton University's Plasma Physics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. From March to June 1986, he was vice-chair of the NASA task force inquiring into the cause of the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. In that capacity, he headed the day-to-day operations","title":"James R. Thompson Jr."}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"22641483\",\n \"text\": \"Fin and flipper locomotion occurs mostly in aquatic locomotion, and rarely in terrestrial locomotion. From the three common states of matter — gas, liquid and solid, these appendages are adapted for liquids, mostly fresh or saltwater and used in locomotion, steering and balancing of the body. Locomotion is important in order to escape predators, acquire food, find mates and bury for shelter, nest or food. Aquatic locomotion consists of swimming, whereas terrestrial locomotion encompasses walking, 'crutching', jumping, digging as well as covering. Some animals such as sea turtles and mudskippers use these two environments for different purposes, for example using the land for nesting, and the sea to hunt for food. Aquatic locomotion with fins and flippers Aquatic locomotion of fish Fish live in fresh or saltwater habitats and some exceptions are capable of coming on land (mudskippers). Most fish have muscles called myomeres, along each side of the body. To swim, they alternately contract one side and relax the other side in a progression which goes from the head to the tail. In this way, an undulatory locomotion results, first bending the body one way in a wave which travels down the body, and then back the other way, with the contracting and relaxing muscles switching roles. They use their fins to propel themselves through the water in this swimming motion. Actinopterygians, the ray-finned fish show an evolutionary pattern of fine control ability to control the dorsal and ventral lobe of the caudal fin. Through developmental changes, intrinsic caudal muscles were added, which enable fish to exhibit such complex maneuvers such as control during acceleration, braking and backing. Studies have shown that the muscles in the caudal fin, have independent activity patterns from the myotomal musculature. These results show specific kinematic roles for different part of the fish's musculature. A curious example of fish adaption is the ocean sunfish, also known as the Mola mola. These fish have undergone significant developmental changes reducing their spinal cord, giving them a disk like appearance, and investing in two very large fins for propulsion. This adaptation usually gives them the appearance that they are as long as they are tall. They are also amazing fish in that they hold the world record in weight gain from fry to adult (60 million times its weight). Aquatic locomotion of marine mammals Swimming mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and seals, use their flippers to move forward through the water column. During swimming sea lions have a thrust phase, which lasts about 60% of the full cycle, and the recovery phase lasts the remaining 40%. A full cycle duration lasts about 0.5 to 1.0 seconds. Changing direction is a very rapid maneuver that is initiated by head movement towards the back of the animal that is followed by a spiral turn with the body. Due to their pectoral flippers being so closely located to their center of gravity, sea lions are capable of displaying astounding maneuverability in the pitch, roll, and yaw direction and are therefore\",\n \"title\": \"Fin and flipper locomotion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"156477\",\n \"text\": \"The Volkswagen Schwimmwagen (literally \\\"swimming car\\\") is a light four-wheel drive amphibious car, used extensively by German ground forces during the Second World War. With over 15,000 units built, the Schwimmwagen is the most-produced amphibious car in history. Prototyped as the Type 128, it entered full-scale production as the Type 166 in 1941 for the Wehrmacht – Nazi Germany's military. Development The Porsche / Volkswagen Schwimmwagen used the engine and mechanicals of the VW Type 86 four-wheel drive prototype of the Kübelwagen, also used for the Type 87 four-wheel drive 'Kübel/KDF' Command Car (Kommandeurswagen), which in turn were based on those of the civilian KDF-Wagen. Erwin Komenda, Ferdinand Porsche's first car-body designer, was forced to develop an all-new unitized bodytub structure, since the flat floorpan chassis of the existing VW vehicles was unsuited to smooth movement through water. Komenda patented his ideas for the swimming car at the German Patent office. The initial Schwimmwagen, Type 128 prototype, was based on the full-length Kübelwagen wheelbase of . Pre-production units of the 128, fitted with custom welded bodytubs, demonstrated that this construction was too weak for off-road use. It had insufficient torsional rigidity, and easily suffered hull-ruptures at the front cross-member, as well as in the wheel-wells. This was unacceptable for an amphibious vehicle. The large-scale production models (Type 166) had a reduced wheelbase of which resolved these issues. Schwimmwagens were produced by the Volkswagen factory at Fallersleben /Stadt des KdF-Wagens and Porsche's facilities in Stuttgart; with the bodies (or rather hulls) produced by Ambi Budd in Berlin. 15,584 Type 166 Schwimmwagen were produced from 1941 through 1944; 14,276 at Fallersleben and 1,308 by Porsche; the VW 166 is the most-produced amphibious car in history. Only 189 are known by the Schwimmwagen Registry to remain today, and only 13 have survived without restoration work. Technology All Schwimmwagens were four-wheel drive in first gear (and reverse gears on some models) only and had ZF self-locking differentials on the front and rear axles. As with the Kübelwagen, the Schwimmwagen had rear portal axles, which provided increased ground clearance, while at the same time reducing drive-line torque stresses with their gear reduction at the wheels. The Schwimmwagen had a top speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) on land. When crossing a body of water a screw propeller could be lowered down from the rear deck/engine cover. When in place a simple coupling provided drive straight from an extension of the engine's crankshaft. This meant that screw propulsion always drove forward. The Schwimmwagen had a top speed of in the water. For reversing in the water there was the choice of using the standard equipment paddle or running the land drive in reverse, allowing the wheel-rotation to slowly take the vehicle back. The front wheels doubled up as rudders, so steering was done with the steering wheel both on land and on water. The Schwimmwagen could also be steered by the passengers using the paddle(s). Gallery See also Trippel SG6 - another German amphibious\",\n \"title\": \"Volkswagen Schwimmwagen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2468705\",\n \"text\": \"Miguel Rodríguez (born 1952) is the Chief of the Integration Office of the Cape Canaveral Spaceport Management Office. Early years Rodríguez was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, a section of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico where he received both his primary and secondary education. In 1969, he along with millions of other people around the world, witnessed the historical moment when Neil Armstrong from the Apollo mission stepped on the Moon's surface. Like so many other young men at the time, Rodríguez felt inspired to consider a career in the Space program of the United States known as NASA. After Rodríguez graduated from Colegio Espiritu Santo high school in Hato Rey, in 1971, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, where the Engineering College is located. Rodríguez earned his Mechanical Engineer Degree in 1976, however he had applied for a job with NASA in 1975, a year before his graduation. After graduating, he was called for an interview and offered a job in NASA. He became a mechanical engineer, designing parts for the Space Shuttle, at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Career in NASA In 1979, Rodríguez was transferred to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida where he was responsible for the activation and validation of facilities for processing Space Shuttle payloads and experiments. He rose through the engineering ranks and was promoted to the position of Payload Integration Engineer responsible for the STS-31 Hubble Space Telescope payload processing, testing and launch activities. He started his management career in 1990 supervising a group of engineers responsible for integrating experiments in the Spacelab Module. He later was assigned the position of Division Chief for the International Space Station Resupply and Return, where he was responsible for managing the development and delivery of the first Italian built Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM), Leonardo. In 1999, Rodríguez was requested to serve as the Chief of the Integration Office at Cape Canaveral Spaceport Management Office at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. He also led a team which developed a tool for capturing employee competencies and skills in support of the Agency Core Capabilities Assessment. In 2002, Rodríguez moved to Mississippi and to the NASA Stennis Space Center as the Director of Center Operations and as a member of the Senior Executive Service where he managed facility construction, security and other programs for 4,500 Stennis personnel. After a year, he was assigned to the position of Director of the Propulsion Directorate at Stennis Space Center located in Mississippiresponsible for providing the leadership and the safe operation of one of a kind national test facilities valued at over $2 billion, including the operations of several rocket engine propulsion test programs such as Space Shuttle Main Engine acceptance testing and the testing and evaluation of the next generation propulsion systems. His team worked on the STS-114 engines which were installed on the Discovery Space Shuttle launched in August 2005. In 2006, he returned to Kennedy Space Center, FL, as the\",\n \"title\": \"Miguel Rodríguez (NASA)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"76653\",\n \"text\": \"Naval architecture, or naval engineering, is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation (classification) and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage-control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements. Main subjects The word \\\"vessel\\\" includes every description of watercraft, mainly ships and boats, but also including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. The principal elements of naval architecture are detailed in the following sections. Hydrostatics Hydrostatics concerns the conditions to which the vessel is subjected while at rest in water and to its ability to remain afloat. This involves computing buoyancy, displacement, and other hydrostatic properties such as trim (the measure of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel) and stability (the ability of a vessel to restore itself to an upright position after being inclined by wind, sea, or loading conditions). Hydrodynamics Hydrodynamics concerns the flow of water around the ship's hull, bow, and stern, and over bodies such as propeller blades or rudder, or through thruster tunnels. Ship resistance and propulsion concern resistance towards motion in water primarily caused due to flow of water around the hull. Powering calculation is done based on this. Propulsion is used to move the vessel through water using propellers, thrusters, water jets, sails etc. Engine types are mainly internal combustion. Some vessels are electrically powered using nuclear or solar energy. Ship motions involves motions of the vessel in seaway and its responses in waves and wind. Controllability (maneuvering) involves controlling and maintaining position and direction of the vessel. Flotation and stability While atop a liquid surface a floating body has 6 degrees of freedom in its movements, these are categorized in either translation or rotation. Translation Sway: transverse Surge: fore and aft Heave: vertical Rotation Yaw: about a vertical axis Pitch or trim: about a transverse axis Roll or heel: about a fore and aft axis Longitudinal stability for longitudinal inclinations, the stability depends upon the distance between the center of gravity and the longitudinal meta-center. In other words, the basis in which the ship maintains its center of gravity is its distance set equally apart from both the aft and forward section of the ship. While a body floats on a liquid surface it still encounters the force of gravity pushing down on it. In order to stay afloat and avoid sinking there is an opposed force acting against the body known as the hydrostatic\",\n \"title\": \"Naval architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"225170\",\n \"text\": \"The Gymnotiformes are an order of teleost bony fishes commonly known as Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They have long bodies and swim using undulations of their elongated anal fin. Found almost exclusively in fresh water (the only exceptions are species that occasionally may visit brackish water to feed), these mostly nocturnal fish are capable of producing electric fields to detect prey, for navigation, communication, and, in the case of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), attack and defense. A few species are familiar to the aquarium trade, such as the black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons), the glass knifefish (Eigenmannia virescens), and the banded knifefish (Gymnotus carapo). Description Anatomy and locomotion Aside from the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), Gymnotiformes are slender fish with narrow bodies and tapering tails, hence the common name of \\\"knifefishes\\\". They have neither pelvic fins nor dorsal fins, but do possess greatly elongated anal fins that stretch along almost the entire underside of their bodies. The fish swim by rippling this fin, keeping their bodies rigid. This means of propulsion allows them to move backwards as easily as they move forward. The knifefish has approximately one hundred and fifty fin rays along its ribbon-fin. These individual fin rays can be curved nearly twice the maximum recorded curvature for ray-finned fish fin rays during locomotion. These fin rays are curved into the direction of motion, indicating that the knifefish has active control of the fin ray curvature, and that this curvature is not the result of passive bending due to fluid loading. Different wave patterns produced along the length of the elongated anal fin allow for various forms of thrust. The wave motion of the fin resembles traveling sinusoidal waves. A forward traveling wave can be associated with forward motion, while a wave in the reverse direction produces thrust in the opposite direction. This undulating motion of the fin produced a system of linked vortex tubes that were produced along the bottom edge of the fin. A jet was produced at an angle to the fin that was directly related to the vortex tubes, and this jet provides propulsion that moves the fish forward. The wave motion of the fin is similar to that of other marine creatures, such as the undulation of the body of an eel, however the wake vortex produced by the knifefish was found to be a reverse Kármán vortex. This type of vortex is also produced by some fish, such as trout, through the oscillations of their caudal fins. The speed at which the fish moved through the water had no correlation to the amplitude of its undulations, however it was directly related to the frequency of the waves generated. Studies have shown that the natural angle between the body of the knifefish and its fin is essential for efficient forward motion, for if the anal fin was located directly underneath, then an upwards force would be generated with forward thrust, which would require an additional downwards force in order to maintain\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnotiformes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2724407\",\n \"text\": \"A rotor ship is a type of ship designed to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The ship is propelled, at least in part, by large powered vertical rotors, sometimes known as rotor sails. German engineer Anton Flettner was the first to build a ship that attempted to tap this force for propulsion, and ships using his type of rotor are sometimes known as Flettner ships. The Magnus effect is a force acting on a spinning body in a moving airstream, which produces a force perpendicular to both the direction of the airstream and the axis of the rotor. Principles of operation A rotor or Flettner ship is designed to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The Magnus Effect is caused by a spinning body in a moving airstream, or a moving body which is spinning (such as a ball), which pulls the air round to one side of the object, using the skin friction, creating a difference in air pressure from one side to the other. This causes a sideways force on the object making the spinning body move towards the low pressure side where there is least resistance. On a ship, this sideways force is resisted by the hull, and a component of this force can be used to propel the ship forward, provided that the ship's direction is generally within the low pressure zone. A Magnus rotor used to propel a ship is called a rotor sail and is mounted with its axis vertical. When the wind blows from the side, the Magnus effect creates a forward thrust. The most common form of rotor sail is the Flettner rotor. The wind does not power the rotor, which is rotated by its own power source. Due to the arrangement of forces, a rotor ship is able to sail closer to the wind than a conventional sailing ship. Other advantages include the ease of control from sheltered navigation stations and the lack of furling requirements in heavy weather. If the ship changes tack so that the wind comes from the other side, the direction of rotation must be reversed; the ship would otherwise be propelled backwards. Sailing ships, including rotor ships, often also have a small conventional propeller to provide ease of manoeuvrability and forward propulsion at slow speeds and when the wind is not blowing or the rotor is stopped. In a hybrid rotor ship the propeller is the primary source of propulsion, while the rotor serves to offload it and thus increase overall fuel economy. Rotor sails have been reported to generate 5-20% fuel savings. History Pioneers The German engineer Anton Flettner was the first to build a ship which attempted to use the Magnus effect for propulsion. The Buckau Assisted by Albert Betz, Jakob Ackeret, and Ludwig Prandtl, Flettner constructed an experimental rotor vessel; October 1924 the Germaniawerft finished construction of a large two-rotor ship named Buckau. The vessel was a refitted schooner which carried two cylinders (or rotors) approximately high, and in diameter, driven by\",\n \"title\": \"Rotor ship\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"595882\",\n \"text\": \"A diver propulsion vehicle (DPV), also known as an underwater propulsion vehicle, sea scooter, underwater scooter, or swimmer delivery vehicle (SDV) by armed forces, is an item of diving equipment used by scuba divers to increase range underwater. Range is restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, and the battery power of the DPV. Time limits imposed on the diver by decompression requirements may also limit safe range in practice. DPVs have recreational, scientific and military applications. DPVs include a range of configurations from small, easily portable scooter units with a small range and low speed, to faired or enclosed units capable of carrying several divers longer distances at higher speeds. The earliest recorded DPVs were used for military purposes during World War II and were based on torpedo technology and components. Structure A DPV usually consists of a pressure-resistant watertight casing containing a battery-powered electric motor, which drives a propeller. The design must ensure that the propeller cannot harm the diver, diving equipment or marine life, the vehicle cannot be accidentally started or run away from the diver, and it remains approximately neutrally buoyant while in use underwater. Application DPVs are useful for extending the range of an autonomous diver that is otherwise restricted by the amount of breathing gas that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, which is increased by exertion and diver fatigue, and the time limits imposed by decompression obligation, which depend on the dive profile. Typical uses include cave diving and technical diving where the vehicles help move bulky equipment and make better use of the limited underwater time imposed by the decompression requirements of deep diving. Military applications include delivery of combat divers and their equipment over distances or at speeds that would be otherwise impracticable. There are accessories that can be mounted to a DPV to make it more useful, such as lights, compasses, and video cameras. Use of a DPV on deep dives can reduce the risk of hypercapnia from overexertion and high breathing rate. Limitations DPV operation requires greater situational awareness than simply swimming, as some changes can happen much faster. Operating a DPV requires simultaneous depth control, buoyancy adjustment, monitoring of breathing gas, and navigation. Buoyancy control is vital for diver safety: The DPV has the capacity to dynamically compensate for poor buoyancy control by thrust vectoring while moving, but on stopping the diver may turn out to be dangerously positively or negatively buoyant if adjustments were not made to suit the changes in depth while moving. If the diver does not control the DPV properly, a rapid ascent or descent under power can result in barotrauma or decompression sickness. High speed travel in confined spaces, or limited visibility can increase the risk of impact with the surroundings at speeds where injury and damage are more likely. Many forms of smaller marine life are very well camouflaged or hide well and\",\n \"title\": \"Diver propulsion vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"42092316\",\n \"text\": \"The Propulsion Wind Tunnel Facility, located at Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, holds three wind tunnels: the 16-foot transonic (16T), 16-foot supersonic (16S), and the aerodynamic 4-foot transonic (4T) tunnels. The facility is devoted to aerodynamic and propulsion integration testing of large-scale aircraft models. The tunnels are powered by a large compressor plant which allows the wind tunnels to run for extended periods of time. The test unit is owned by the United States Air Force and operated by Aerospace Testing Alliance. The wind tunnel test facility has been designated a landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers because of its engineering significance. Propulsion Wind Tunnel 16T 16T is a transonic wind tunnel that can be configured for Mach numbers from 0.05 to 1.60. It is primarily used to test aerodynamics, propulsion integration, and weapons integration test capabilities that are needed for accurate prediction of flight system performance. The 16-foot-square, 40-foot long test section can simulate unit Reynolds numbers from approximately 0.03 to 7.3 million per foot or altitude conditions from sea level to 76,000 feet. The tunnel can also test air-breathing engines and rockets through the use of a scavenging system to remove exhaust from the flow stream. Propulsion Wind Tunnel 16S 16S is a supersonic wind tunnel that can be configured for Mach numbers from 1.5 to 4.750. The test section is also 16-foot-square and 40-foot long. The facility can simulate unit Reynolds numbers from approximately 0.1 to 2.4 million per foot or altitude conditions from 43,000 to 154,000 feet. Currently 16S is in the standby state. 16S ran again for the first time in more than 10 years on May 7, 2015, after an 18 month return to service effort. Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel 4T 4T is a transonic wind tunnel test unit which has a 4-ft by 4-ft by 12.5-ft long test section. Mach number capability extends from 0.2 to 2.0. The tunnel can simulate altitudes from sea level to 98,000 feet and can provide Reynolds numbers up to 7.1 million per foot. See also Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel References External links Arnold Engineering Development Center (official) Wind tunnels Research installations of the United States Air Force Military in Tennessee\",\n \"title\": \"Propulsion Wind Tunnel Facility\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17244905\",\n \"text\": \"Field propulsion is the concept of spacecraft propulsion where no propellant is necessary but instead momentum of the spacecraft is changed by an interaction of the spacecraft with external force fields, such as gravitational and magnetic fields from stars and planets. Proposed drives that use field propulsion are often called a reactionless or propellantless drive. Types Practical methods Although not presently in wide use for space, there exist proven terrestrial examples of \\\"Field Propulsion\\\", in which electromagnetic fields act upon a conducting medium such as seawater or plasma for propulsion, is known as magnetohydrodynamics or MHD. MHD is similar in operation to electric motors, however rather than using moving parts or metal conductors, fluid or plasma conductors are employed. The EMS-1 and more recently the Yamato 1 are examples of such electromagnetic Field propulsion systems, first described in 1994. There is definitely potential to apply MHD to the space environment such as in experiments like NASA's electrodynamic tether, Lorentz Actuated Orbits, the wingless electromagnetic air vehicle, and magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (which does use propellant). Electrohydrodynamics is another method whereby electrically charged fluids are used for propulsion and boundary layer control such as ion propulsion Other practical methods which could be loosely considered as field propulsion include: The gravity assist trajectory, which uses planetary gravity fields and orbital momentum; Solar sails and magnetic sails use respectively the radiation pressure and solar wind for spacecraft thrust; Aerobraking uses the atmosphere of a planet to change relative velocity of a spacecraft. The last two actually involve the exchange of momentum with physical particles and are not usually expressed as an interaction with fields, but they are sometimes included as examples of field propulsion since no spacecraft propellant is required. An example is the Magsail magnetic sail design. Speculative methods Other concepts that have been proposed are speculative, using \\\"frontier physics\\\" and concepts from modern physics. So far none of these methods have been unambiguously demonstrated, much less proven practical. The Woodward effect is based on a controversial concept of inertia and certain solutions to the equations for General Relativity. Experiments attempting to conclusively demonstrate this effect have been conducted since the 1990s. In contrast, examples of proposals for field propulsion that rely on physics outside the present paradigms are various schemes for faster-than-light, warp drive and antigravity, and often amount to little more than catchy descriptive phrases, with no known physical basis. Until it is shown that the conservation of energy and momentum break down under certain conditions (or scales), any such schemes worthy of discussion must rely on energy and momentum transfer to the spacecraft from some external source such as a local force field, which in turn must obtain it from still other momentum and/or energy sources in the cosmos (in order to satisfy conservation of both energy and momentum). Several people have speculated that the Casimir effect could be used to create a propellantless drive, often described as the \\\"Casimir Sail\\\", or a \\\"Quantum Sail\\\". Field propulsion based on physical structure\",\n \"title\": \"Field propulsion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"36762240\",\n \"text\": \"A shrimp (: shrimp (US) or shrimps (UK)) is a crustacean (a form of shellfish) with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – typically belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata of the order Decapoda, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as \\\"shrimp\\\". More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. Under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long, narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender legs. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one. They swim forward by paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very quickly. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching. Shrimp are widespread and abundant. There are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the spawning season. They play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals ranging from fish to whales. The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year, and in 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There are significant issues with excessive bycatch when shrimp are captured in the wild, and with pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used to support shrimp farming. Many shrimp species are small as the term shrimp suggests, about long, but some shrimp exceed . Larger shrimp are more likely to be targeted commercially and are often referred to as prawns, particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations and former British colonies. Classification Shrimp are swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. Historically, it was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the primary taxonomic division into the former suborders Natantia and Reptantia. Members of the Natantia (shrimp in the broader sense) were adapted for swimming while the Reptantia (crabs, lobsters, etc.) were adapted for crawling or walking. Some other groups also have common names that include the word \\\"shrimp\\\"; any small swimming crustacean resembling a shrimp tends to be called\",\n \"title\": \"Shrimp\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"598936\",\n \"text\": \"Edward George Gibson (born November 8, 1936) is a former NASA astronaut, pilot, engineer, and physicist. Before becoming an astronaut, Gibson graduated from the University of Rochester and the California Institute of Technology. He became a research assistant in jet propulsion while completing his studies, and eventually became a research scientist for Philco Corporation until joining NASA in 1965. Gibson is the last surviving crew member of Skylab 4. Gibson was selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 4, the first group of scientist-astronauts. He served on the support crew of Apollo 12, the second Moon landing mission, before working on the development of the Skylab space station. In 1973–74, Gibson made his only flight into space as science pilot aboard Skylab 4, the third and final crewed flight to Skylab. He, along with Commander Gerald Carr and Pilot William Pogue, spent just over 84 days in space. Gibson resigned from NASA in December 1974, but returned in 1977 to preside over the selection of scientist-astronaut candidates. Gibson retired from NASA for the last time in October 1982. Early life and education Gibson was born in Buffalo, New York, on November 8, 1936. From ages 2 to 8, Gibson battled osteomyelitissoft spots in bonesand spent many months in and out of hospitals. Newly-available penicillin cured the disease. To strengthen his leg that was nearly amputated, Gibson took up sports: swimming, football, and track. He primarily used swimming to strengthen his leg. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America. He earned the rank of First Class. Gibson graduated from Kenmore Senior High School in Kenmore, New York, in 1955, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of Rochester in June 1959. At the University of Rochester, Gibson became a member of the Theta Chi fraternity. He received a Master of Science degree in engineering (jet propulsion option) from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in June 1960 and a PhD in engineering with a minor in physics from Caltech in June 1964. He was supervised by Maria Wonenburger. Early career While studying at Caltech, Gibson was a research assistant in the field of jet propulsion and classical physics. His technical publications are in the fields of plasma physics and solar physics. He was senior research scientist with the Applied Research Laboratories of the Philco Corporation at Newport Beach, California, from June 1964 until moving to NASA. While at Philco, he did research in lasers and the optical breakdown of gases. Gibson has logged more than 4,300 hours flying time—2,270 hours in jet aircraft. NASA career Gibson was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in June 1965. He completed a 53-week course in flight training at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, and earned his Air Force wings. Since then, he has flown helicopters and the T-38. He served as a member of the astronaut support crew and as a CAPCOM for the Apollo 12 lunar landing, becoming the first from the scientist-astronaut group to get\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Gibson\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68068536\",\n \"text\": \"Agni-Prime or Agni-P (Sanskrit: अग्नि; IAST: Agni; lit. Fire) is a two-stage, surface to surface, canister-launched, road mobile and solid-fueled medium-range ballistic missile being developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as the sixth missile in the Agni series. It is intended to be deployed in the operational service of the Strategic Forces Command, and to feature significant upgrades to the composite motor casing, a maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV) along with improved propellants, navigation and guidance systems. History In 2016, Indian media began reporting that DRDO was developing a successor to the Agni-I called Agni-1P, which would feature two stages that borrowed the newer technologies from Agni-IV and Agni-V to increase accuracy and reliability. According to a senior scientist from the DRDO's missile complex in Hyderabad: India started working on area denial weapons after China developed the DF-21D and DF-26B ballistic missiles with nuclear capability to counter the US Navy, as well as capable of threatening Andersen Air Force Base. As a counterbalance, the progress of Agni-P became a crucial part of India's Indo-Pacific strategy to tackle China's plan of having five or six aircraft carrier battle groups by 2035 to cover both the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Description Propulsion Agni-P is a two-stage, solid-propellant missile. All stages uses composite propellant, where the powder oxidizer is mixed with a metal fuel along with a bind being put in place. Aluminium is used as fuel; its specific energy density gives it the capability to deliver high performance. This gives the missile, a better payload ratio and thus a larger payload that has been mounted on a missile can be lifted up with a less quantity of propellant. It is a new class of missile in Agni Series which is half the weight of Agni-III. Both first and second stage of Agni-P are made up of corrosion free composite material for the purpose of weight reduction, which was mastered during Agni-V project. Range and Mobility The missile can cover a maximum distance of 2000 km with 1.5 ton payload. According to analysts, Agni-P is primarily aimed at countering Pakistan's forces owing to the fact that its range is insufficient to reach all parts of mainland China. Given the missile's range, analysts at the International Institute for Strategic Studies believe that Agni-P primarily counters Pakistan and intends to replace older and less compact short-range ballistic missiles such as the Agni-I and Agni-II. The missile is stored in a hermetically sealed tandem twin canister launcher and is transported through road and rail. This process enables the warhead to be mated and stored with the missile, significantly reducing the time required for preparation and launch. It uses cold launch mechanism and can be fired in salvo mode. When a cold launch of a canisterised missile is done and when it uses a solid propellant, then it would be an edge for India for conducting nuclear strikes in a shorter amount of time from any terrain. The test launches of the missile seemingly\",\n \"title\": \"Agni-P\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17073576\",\n \"text\": \"Samaridae (crested flounders) is a family of crested flounders, small flatfishes native to the Indo-Pacific. The family contains four genera with a total of 29 species. Taxonomy Samaridae is one of eight families a part of the SuperFamily Soleioidea. This SuperFamily is of the suborder Pleuronectoidei within the order Pleuronectiformes. Samaridae were formerly classified as a subfamily of Pleuronectidae. Anatomy and morphology Young flat fish are bilaterally symmetrical until they reach between 5 and 120mm in length when one eye shifts from the lower side to the upper side until it is adjacent to the other eye. Adult flat fish swim and lie on the side without eyes. Adult Samaridae are not bilaterally symmetrical but do have symmetrical pelvic fins. They have a highly compressed body with eyes that bulge above the body surface which allows them to see out while buried beneath a surface. Samaridae have countershaded coloring with a darker pigment on the top of the fish and a lighter pigment on bottom. They have a stabilizing dorsal fin on top of the fish that stems from a point in front of the eyes. They have a basic lateral line organ to detect the movement of the water around them and lack a postcletherium. Samaridae can range between 4 and 23 centimeters at length depending on the species. Samaridae have no spines in their fins with a protruding lower jaw and an asymmetrical nose located on the lower side opposite the eyes. Habitat The Samaridae are native to marine areas in the Indo-Pacific region, from South Africa to Hawaii and New Caledonia. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas in deep-water Benthic zones. They are found in saltwater only. Samaridae can also be found near coastal regions with coral reefs up to depths of 150 meters. Behavior Locomotion Samaridae are negatively buoyant and while they are able to swim through the water column, they spend most of their time on the ocean floor. While swimming, the flatfish keeps its head up through a mechanism of support from the median, pectoral, and pelvic fins. Samaridae move across the sea floor through propulsion by the tail and assisted by the pectoral fins. Flatfish move into the water column by turning its body and propelling itself upwards through propulsion by the tail and body, and continue to move via the \\\"swim and glide\\\" method of short bursts of propulsion. Burying One way that Samaridae avoid predation is by burying themselves underneath the sand on the ocean floor. They do this by repeatedly hitting their head and body against the sand so it lifts up and falls down on top of the flatfish. This process lasts only a few seconds and is a very effective tool in avoiding detection by predators. Reproduction Samaridae reach sexual maturity between 1 and 15 years of age. Flatfish reproduction takes place over 3 stages: courtship, spawning rise, and a post-spawning return to the sea floor. In Courtship, male flatfish follow female flatfish to the bottom\",\n \"title\": \"Samaridae\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"59341217\",\n \"text\": \"The Shivering Truth is an American adult stop-motion animated anthology horror comedy television series created by Vernon Chatman and directed by Chatman and Cat Solen. The show is produced by Solen with PFFR and ShadowMachine, and features a wide range of voice talents besides Chatman, including Janeane Garofalo, Jonah Hill, Trey Parker, David Cross, Jordan Peele, Kyle Mooney, Julia Davis, Tierra Whack, Will Forte, and Josh Gad, amongst others. The Shivering Truth premiered on December 10, 2018 on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim, with the pilot episode having been released online on May 22, 2018 on the Adult Swim website. In November 2019, Adult Swim renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on May 10, 2020. Overview When announced in a press release by Adult Swim in May 2017, The Shivering Truth was described as \\\"a delicately crafted, darkly surreal anthology comedy, a miniature propulsive omnibus cluster bomb of painfully riotous daymares all dripping with the orange goo of dream logic. A series of loosely-linked emotional parables about stories within tales that crawled out of the deepest caverns of your unconscious mind and became lovingly animated in breath-slapping stop motion – in other words, it is the TRUTH\\\". Development The characters in the show are puppets with wire-based armatures, created with silicone, wool, polystyrene, and resin. Chatman stated that around six months of physical production, a month of recording, and months of post-production were needed to complete six episodes. Chatman has noted several inspirations for his work on the show, including Terry Gilliam's work on Monty Python's Flying Circus, stating that \\\"I saw it when I was very young, so it scared me. I didn't know when the animation was beginning or ending.\\\" He also explained that \\\"A lot of my influences are non-animated, primarily in short films, novels, even radio shows. A recent one is David Eagleman's books on the brain. He's a neuroscientist and he gives you 40 different versions of the afterlife, and none of them can co-exist.\\\" Solen has spoken on her inspirations as well, saying that \\\"I loved the movie The Wizard of Speed and Time, which is a cautionary tale about making movies. Another film that I loved as a kid was Nicolas Roeg's [film] adaptation of Roald Dahl's The Witches, which featured both Anjelica Huston and Jim Henson's puppets. It scared me so much!\\\" Cast Season 1 Season 2 Music The song played during the closing credits is usually some version of the old English ballad Long Lankin. The music is often distorted in some way and usually begins near the end of the ballad, at the lines \\\"There's blood in the kitchen, there's blood in the hall / There's blood in the parlour where my lady did fall.\\\" The original score is by Heather Christian. Episodes Series overview Pilot (2018) Season 1 (2018) Season 2 (2020) Release The pilot episode premiered on the Adult Swim website on May 22, 2018. Before the television premiere on December 10, 2018,\",\n \"title\": \"The Shivering Truth\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1058296\",\n \"text\": \"USS Remora (SS-487), a , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the remora, a fish with a suctorial disk on its head enabling it to cling to other fish and to ships. Construction and commissioning Remora′s keel was laid down on 5 March 1945 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine. She was launched on 12 July 1945, sponsored by Mrs. T. W. Samuels III, and commissioned on 3 January 1946 with Commander Robert Sellars in command. Service history Training submarine Completing her Caribbean Sea shakedown in April 1946, Remora operated out of New London, Connecticut, as a training submarine until January 1947. Then transferred to the Pacific, she transited the Panama Canal at mid-month and arrived at Mare Island, Vallejo, California, on 14 February to begin a Greater Underwater Propulsive Power Program (GUPPY-II) conversion. Early in November, she completed trials and on 22 February arrived at San Diego, California, her new homeport. Eastern Pacific For the next two years, she remained in the eastern Pacific operating primarily off California, but during the summer and early fall of 1948, ranged as far north as the Aleutian Islands. On 1 May 1950 she headed west for her first deployment in the Far East. On 8 June she arrived at Sasebo, and on 11 June she shifted to Yokosuka, from which base she conducted anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training exercises with units of Naval Forces Far East. Two weeks later the Korean War began. A unit of TF 96, Naval Forces Japan Remora patrolled Soya Strait, between Hokkaidō and Sakhalin in late July and early August. Later in the month, she headed back to San Diego. During the next two years she underwent overhaul, provided services for the Line School at Monterey, California, and conducted local training exercises. She returned to the western Pacific in early 1953. Arriving at Buckner Bay on 15 March, she continued on to Japan in April and at mid-month rejoined TF 96. In June she was back in Okinawan waters for patrols and exercises, after which she returned to Yokosuka. On 2 July she headed east, reaching San Diego on 3 August. After the fighting in Korea ended, Remora remained based at San Diego and through the decade continued to alternate training exercises and patrols in the western Pacific with similar First Fleet operations off the United States West Coast and in Hawaiian waters. She remained in the eastern Pacific during 1956 and 1958, but, during the spring of the latter year, was engaged in extended exercises off Alaska. Pearl Harbor In November 1961, Remora was transferred from San Diego to Pearl Harbor. The following year she underwent a seven-month Greater Underwater Propulsive Power Program (GUPPY-III) conversion which lengthened her hull by and her conning tower by five feet. Then, in 1963, she was employed to evaluate antisubmarine sonar in Hawaiian waters. In May 1964, she resumed a schedule of annual six-month WestPac deployments which she continued into 1969. Remora\",\n \"title\": \"USS Remora\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1284761\",\n \"text\": \"Fish locomotion is the various types of animal locomotion used by fish, principally by swimming. This is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion, most often by wave-like lateral flexions of the fish's body and tail in the water, and in various specialised fish by motions of the fins. The major forms of locomotion in fish are: Anguilliform, in which a wave passes evenly along a long slender body; Sub-carangiform, in which the wave increases quickly in amplitude towards the tail; Carangiform, in which the wave is concentrated near the tail, which oscillates rapidly; Thunniform, rapid swimming with a large powerful crescent-shaped tail; and Ostraciiform, with almost no oscillation except of the tail fin. More specialized fish include movement by pectoral fins with a mainly stiff body, opposed sculling with dorsal and anal fins, as in the sunfish; and movement by propagating a wave along the long fins with a motionless body, as in the knifefish or featherbacks. In addition, some fish can variously \\\"walk\\\" (i.e., crawl over land using the pectoral and pelvic fins), burrow in mud, leap out of the water and even glide temporarily through the air. Swimming Mechanism Fish swim by exerting force against the surrounding water. There are exceptions, but this is normally achieved by the fish contracting muscles on either side of its body in order to generate waves of flexion that travel the length of the body from nose to tail, generally getting larger as they go along. The vector forces exerted on the water by such motion cancel out laterally, but generate a net force backwards which in turn pushes the fish forward through the water. Most fishes generate thrust using lateral movements of their body and caudal fin, but many other species move mainly using their median and paired fins. The latter group swim slowly, but can turn rapidly, as is needed when living in coral reefs for example. But they can not swim as fast as fish using their bodies and caudal fins. Consider the tilapia shown in the diagram. Like most fish, the tilapia has a streamlined body shape reducing water resistance to movement and enabling the tilapia to cut easily through water. Its head is inflexible, which helps it maintain forward thrust. Its scales overlap and point backwards, allowing water to pass over the fish without unnecessary obstruction. Water friction is further reduced by mucus which tilapia secrete over their body. The backbone is flexible, allowing muscles to contract and relax rhythmically and bring about undulating movement. A swim bladder provides buoyancy which helps the fish adjust its vertical position in the water column. A lateral line system allows it to detect vibrations and pressure changes in water, helping the fish to respond appropriately to external events. Well developed fins are used for maintaining balance, braking and changing direction. The pectoral fins act as pivots around which the fish can turn rapidly and steer itself. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins control\",\n \"title\": \"Fish locomotion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26865891\",\n \"text\": \"Certain species of fish and birds are able to locomote in both air and water, two fluid media with very different properties. A fluid is a particular phase of matter that deforms under shear stresses and includes any type of liquid or gas. Because fluids are easily deformable and move in response to applied forces, efficiently locomoting in a fluid medium presents unique challenges. Specific morphological characteristics are therefore required in animal species that primarily depend on fluidic locomotion. Because the properties of air and water are so different, swimming and flying have very disparate morphological requirements. As a result, despite the large diversity of animals that are capable of flight or swimming, only a limited number of these species have mastered the ability to both fly and swim. These species demonstrate distinct morphological and behavioral tradeoffs associated with transitioning from air to water and water to air. Flying birds Of extant species, only insects, birds, and bats are capable of true, sustained, powered flight. Aerodynamic principles For birds to achieve flight, they must first successfully overcome the downward pull of gravitational forces by producing lift. This is achieved by positioning or moving their wings in a way that makes the pressure below the wings higher than above the wings. This pressure differential creates a net upward force on the wing, thus allowing the bird to lift off the ground, provided the upward force exceeds its weight. To achieve powered flight, forward flight birds must counteract drag forces that act opposite the direction of flight. Drag forces acting on a flying animal are composed of parasitic drag on the body fuselage and induced drag on the wings, both acting against the relative direction of flight. Adjusting the angle of attack while wing beat frequency is held constant, birds are able to direct a component of the lift produced by their wings backwards, thus producing propulsive force known as thrust. Evolution of flight There are many competing theories explaining the evolution of avian flight. The most widely accepted theories include: Cursorial model: wings evolved as a stabilization mechanism for progressively longer jumps in running bipeds. Arboreal model: the earliest ancestors of birds were gliders rather than true fliers. Much like modern-day flying squirrels, early avian ancestors were thought to climb up trees and then glide down from the tree tops. Pouncing Proavis model: Similar to the arboreal model, this model proposes that early predators attacked from above and evolved wings to assist in stabilizing their descent when pouncing on prey. Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR): suggests that wings evolved to provide additional downward force to increase traction during fast ascent of steep slopes in chicks. Novel association of locomotor modules: A theory introduced by Gatesy and Dial in 1996 attempts to explain how birds were capable of developing wings that eventually led to the ability of true flight. They introduce the idea of \\\"locomotor modules\\\" as anatomical groupings (i.e. two legs) working together as a single functional neuromuscular unit for locomotion. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2371231\",\n \"text\": \"The flutter kick is a kicking movement used in both swimming and calisthenics. Swimming In swimming strokes such as the front crawl or backstroke, the primary purpose of the flutter kick is not propulsion but keeping the legs up and in the shadow for the upper body and assisting body rotation for arm strokes. The legs are extended straight backwards in line with the body. They are moved up and down, one leg kicking downwards (relative to the front of the swimmer's body) as the other leg moves up. The knees are slightly bent to facilitate the kicking action, but not too much in order to minimize drag created by the thighs as they move out of the shadow of the swimmer's body. Similarly, toes are pointed to minimize drag. The downward moving leg provides the thrust. An integral part of the kick is the flexing of the ankles; it is the flexing of the ankle that allows the foot to provide thrust. The knees are not kept rigid when kicking but are allowed to flex slightly to allow the required \\\"snapping\\\" action through the end of the toes. Underwater diving The flutter kick used with swimfins can be a powerful propulsion technique, and is used by scuba divers and freedivers underwater and at the surface, but there are other finning techniques more appropriate to some underwater environments and some types of fin. Divers in a confined environment or where silting may be a problem may use a modified flutter kick or frog kick, done entirely with bent knees, pushing water up and behind the diver to avoid stirring up sediment on the bottom. Calisthenics The calisthenics version of the flutter kick is often used as an intensive training tool in the military. They help to develop the hip flexors, abdominal muscles and leg muscles. Flutter kicks are a four-count exercise. Starting position is lying flat on the back with the feet and head approximately 6 inches (15 cm) off the ground. Hands are under the buttocks to support the lower back. Count one: raise the left leg to a 45-degree angle, keeping the right leg stationary. Count two: raise the right leg off the ground to a 45-degree angle while, at the same time, moving the left leg to the starting position. Counts three and four are repetitions of the same movements. Legs must be locked, with toes pointing away from the body. References Swimming styles\",\n \"title\": \"Flutter kick\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"6490047\",\n \"text\": \"The Tripartite class is a class of minehunters developed from an agreement between the navies of Belgium, France and the Netherlands. A total of 35 ships were constructed for the three navies. The class was constructed in the 1980s–1990s in all three countries, using a mix of minehunting, electrical and propulsion systems from the three member nations. In France, where they are known as the Éridan class they are primarily used as minehunters, but have been used for minesweeping and ammunition transport in Belgium and the Netherlands, where the Tripartites are known as the . In 1992, the Pakistan Navy acquired three vessels from France, one that was already built, one to be built in France and one built in France and Pakistan. Known as the Munsif class, all three are still in service. The Indonesian Navy acquired two minehunters in the 1990s from the Dutch to a modified design. Known as the Pulau Rengat class, the two ships are still in service. In 1997, France purchased three of the Belgian vessels. In 2007, the Latvian Naval Forces acquired five ships from the Netherlands which had been taken out of service at the beginning of the decade. The Bulgarian Navy acquired a former Belgian minehunter in 2007. The Netherlands and Belgium had a competition in 2018 to build a replacement class for their Tripartite/Alkmaar-class ships. Design and development A joint venture of the navies of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, the Tripartite class of minehunters were a follow on design to the French s. All three nations would build their own hulls while each country was responsible for a different aspect of the vessels; France provided the minehunting and electronic systems, the Netherlands provided the main propulsion systems and Belgium supplied the minehunting propulsion system as well as the electrical generating systems. Each country intended to order 15 of the vessels, with Belgium's initial order being 10 with the option of 5 more. However, France cut their initial order to ten due to budgetary reasons. Ships France In France the class is known as the Éridan class. Each hull was created from fibreglass, moulded in a steel shell. The hulls were long overall with a beam of and a draught of . The ships had a standard displacement of and at full load. This later increased to at full load. A container can be stored aboard the ships for additional supply room. The minehunters had an initial complement of 55, this was later reduced to 49. The Éridan-class minehunters have two independent propulsion systems. In normal operations the minehunters are powered by a Brons-Werkspoor (later Wärtsilä) A-RUB 215V-12 diesel engine turning one shaft with a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. Using the conventional system, the minehunters have a maximum speed of and a range of at . For use when minehunting the vessels have two ACEC active rudders and a bow thruster. These are energised by three Astazou IVB gas turbine alternators rated at 150 kW. A fourth diesel-driven alternator rated\",\n \"title\": \"Tripartite-class minehunter\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51086269\",\n \"text\": \"A marine thruster is a device for producing directed hydrodynamic thrust mounted on a marine vehicle, primarily for maneuvering or propulsion. There are a variety of different types of marine thrusters and each of them plays a role in the maritime industry. Marine thrusters come in many different shapes and sizes, for example screw propellers, Voith-Schneider propellers, waterjets, ducted propellers, tunnel bow thrusters, and stern thrusters, azimuth thrusters, rim-driven thrusters, ROV and submersible drive units. A marine thruster consists of a propeller or impeller which may be encased in some kind of tunnel or ducting that directs the flow of water to produce a resultant force intended to obtain movement in the desired direction or resist forces which would cause unwanted movement. The two subcategories of marine thrusters are for propulsion and maneuvering, the maneuvering thruster typically in the form of bow or stern thrusters and propulsion thrusters ranging from Azimuth thrusters to Rim Drive thrusters. Positioning Thrusters Positioning thrusters come in applications, Bow thrusters at the forward end of the vessel, and stern thrusters mounted aft on the boat. Their purpose is to maneuver or position the boat to a greater precision than the propulsion device can accomplish. Their positioning along the length of the vessel allows for directed lateral thrust ahead and astern of the centre of lateral resistance so that the vessel may be maneuvered away from obstructions in its path, or towards a desired position, especially when coming to or away from a dock. These positioning thrusters are usually significantly smaller than the main propulsion thrusters because they only have to do small adjustments rather than moving the whole vessel at speed. Both bow and stern thrusters may be housed in through-hull tunnels. Depending on the size of the motors driving these propellers, they could draw an insignificant amount of power or a large amount of power that requires much caution to operate. Another smaller subset of positioning thrusters is those used for maneuvering unmanned aquatic vehicles like Guanay II AUV tested by scientists from Spain (Masmitja, 2018). Propulsion Thrusters Propulsion thrusters are those thrusters which provide longitudinal motion for vessels as an alternative to traditional propellers. There are a variety of types of propulsion thrusters but the most common form is the azimuth thruster, that can rotate 360 degrees on a vertical axis to optionally produce thrust for maneuvering. (Lindborg, 1997). The amount of thrust produced is controllable. There are variants of azimuth thrusters such as CRP thrusters which have two contra-rotating Azimuth thrusters or Swing-Up Azimuth thrusters that can be retracted when not in use to reduce drag on the vessel (Wartsila Encyclopedia). Other propulsion thrusters like outboard thrusters which can be easily put in and out of service, rim drive thrusters that are driven via the external ring with the blades mounted on the inner face of the ring with their tips towards the center, or tilted thrusters pointed away from the hull to minimize interaction with the ship and increase thruster efficiency.\",\n \"title\": \"Marine thruster\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"436208\",\n \"text\": \"A solar thermal rocket is a theoretical spacecraft propulsion system that would make use of solar power to directly heat reaction mass, and therefore would not require an electrical generator, like most other forms of solar-powered propulsion do. The rocket would only have to carry the means of capturing solar energy, such as concentrators and mirrors. The heated propellant would be fed through a conventional rocket nozzle to produce thrust. Its engine thrust would be directly related to the surface area of the solar collector and to the local intensity of the solar radiation. In the shorter term, solar thermal propulsion has been proposed both for longer-life, lower-cost, more efficient use of the sun and more-flexible cryogenic upper stage launch vehicles and for on-orbit propellant depots. Solar thermal propulsion is also a good candidate for use in reusable inter-orbital tugs, as it is a high-efficiency low-thrust system that can be refuelled with relative ease. Solar-thermal design concepts There are two solar thermal propulsion concepts, differing primarily in the method by which they use solar power to heat up the propellant: Indirect solar heating involves pumping the propellant through passages in a heat exchanger that is heated by solar radiation. The windowless heat exchanger cavity concept is a design taking this radiation absorption approach. Direct solar heating involves exposing the propellant directly to solar radiation. The rotating bed concept is one of the preferred concepts for direct solar radiation absorption; it offers higher specific impulse than other direct heating designs by using a retained seed (tantalum carbide or hafnium carbide) approach. The propellant flows through the porous walls of a rotating cylinder, picking up heat from the seeds, which are retained on the walls by the rotation. The carbides are stable at high temperatures and have excellent heat transfer properties. Due to limitations in the temperature that heat exchanger materials can withstand (approximately 2800 K), the indirect absorption designs cannot achieve specific impulses beyond 900 seconds (9 kN·s/kg = 9 km/s) (or up to 1000 seconds, see below). The direct absorption designs allow higher propellant temperatures and therefore higher specific impulses, approaching 1200 seconds. Even the lower specific impulse represents a significant increase over that of conventional chemical rockets, however, an increase that can provide substantial payload gains (45 percent for a LEO-to-GEO mission) at the expense of increased trip time (14 days compared to 10 hours). Small-scale hardware has been designed and fabricated for the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (AFRPL) for ground test evaluation. Systems with 10 to 100 N of thrust have been investigated by SART. Reusable Orbital Transfer Vehicles (OTV), sometimes called (inter-orbital) space tugs, propelled by solar thermal rockets have been proposed. The concentrators on solar thermal tugs are less susceptible to radiation in the Van Allen belts than the solar arrays of solar electric OTV. An initial proof of concept was demonstrated in 2020 with helium at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory solar simulator. Propellants Most proposed designs for solar thermal rockets use\",\n \"title\": \"Solar thermal rocket\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39289277\",\n \"text\": \"The Special Security and Protection Battalion (SPBN) () is a specialized unit of the Bangladesh Police. The battalion provides protection to the President of Bangladesh, Prime Minister of Bangladesh, and any person designated as VIP by the Government including visiting foreign dignitaries. It is also responsible for the security of VIPs’ offices and residences and venues of programs. It works alongside Special Security Force, Special Branch, Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) and President Guard Regiment. Though it was formed on December 26, 2011, it formally started operation on 4 July 2013. Organization This specialized unit of Bangladesh Police is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police. Primarily, the SPBn has two specialized battalions each headed by a Superintendent of Police (Commanding Officer). Each battalion has 700 members including 12 additional superintendents, 15 assistant superintendents, 33 inspectors with sub-inspectors, assistant sub-inspectors, naek and constables. All the officers and personnel come from Bangladesh Police through an intensive selection procedure. Training It has primary responsibility for the safety of VIPs and visiting dignitaries to Bangladesh. Therefore, the compulsory training techniques taught to all SPBn officers/members include VIP protection and unarmed combat. They also undergo training in firearms, attack and ambush, motorcade protection, crowd control, self-defense, tactical driving, physical and tactical training, swimming, search and sweeping techniques, IED and EOD training, fire evacuation and crisis management and basic trauma life support. They practice simulation exercises in the firing range. Out of their internal training wing, the trainers from Special Security Force, President Guard Regiment, Fire Service and Civil Defense department and other training experts from Bangladesh Police conduct the training. The courses vary from two to six weeks. Mahiuddin Khan Alomgir, Minister of Home Affairs, inaugurated the first training course for the officers of SPBn. Vehicles Nissan Patrol Y61 and Toyota Land Cruiser 200 Series are the SUVs often deployed in protective missions. Weapons The standard issue sidearms for all SPBn is the Glock 17 and the Glock 19 while the short version of the Heckler & Koch MP5 is the standard SMG and could be deployed in multiple variants. SPBn started to use the SMT9 SMG from March 2015. Type 56 assault rifle also used by SPBn. Apart from firearms, ASP expandable batons or tasers are carried for less-than-lethal options to the SPBn officers. Stun grenades and smoke grenades are also used to provide cover for escorting the VIP when under attack. See also List of protective service agencies Special Security Force References Protective security units Law enforcement in Bangladesh Police units of Bangladesh Law enforcement agencies of Bangladesh\",\n \"title\": \"Special Security and Protection Battalion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5041784\",\n \"text\": \"The Mark 37 torpedo is a torpedo with electrical propulsion, developed for the US Navy after World War II. It entered service with the US Navy in the early 1950s, with over 3,300 produced. It was phased out of service with the US Navy during the 1970s, and the stockpiles were sold to foreign navies. Development Its engineering development began in 1946 by Westinghouse. It was largely based on the concept of the passive homing Mark 27, with added active homing system tested on modified Mark 18s, and a new torpedo body. Between 1955 and 1956, thirty torpedoes were produced for development testing, with large-scale production commenced shortly afterwards. Due to its electric propulsion, the torpedo swam smoothly out of the launch tube, instead of having to be ejected by pressurized air, therefore significantly reducing its acoustic launch signature. To allow for water flow around the torpedo while swimming out, several 1\\\" thick guide studs were attached to the torpedo, which although 19\\\" in diameter was designed to be used only from 21\\\" torpedo tubes. The guidance of a Mk37 mod 0 torpedo was done by a gyroscope control during the initial part of its trajectory, where the gyro control achieved a straight run, a passive sonar homing system, and at the last by a Doppler-enabled active sonar homing, with magnetostrictive transducers operating at 60 kHz. The electronics was based on miniature vacuum tubes, later on solid-state semiconductor devices. Modifications The mod 1 torpedoes were longer, slower and heavier than mod 0, but offered better target acquisition capabilities and higher ability to intercept agile submarines. They used wire-guidance. The efficiency of Mk37 torpedoes was high for targets with speed lower than and depth less than . As submarines with higher speeds and operating depths appeared, new torpedoes were developed. Of them, NT37C, D, E, and F are based on the Mk37 design. In 1967, the mod 0s started being refurbished as mod 3, and mod 1 as mod 2. These modifications involved many changes including replacement of magnetostrictive transducers with piezoelectric ones, and resulted in target acquisition range increased from to without loss of sensitivity with increasing depth. The torpedoes used Mark 46 silver-zinc batteries. These had a known tendency to overheat, occasionally igniting or exploding. Training torpedoes used rechargeable secondary batteries. For a long time, the Mark 37 was a primary U.S. submarine-launched ASW torpedo. It was replaced by the Mark 48 starting in 1972. The remaining inventory was then rebuilt and sold to several countries, including Israel, as the NT-37C after the vacuum tube guidance systems were replaced by solid-state electronics and the electric propulsion was replaced with a liquid monopropellant. Other uses The Mk 67 submarine launched mobile mine is based on a Mark 37 torpedo body. It entered service in 1983 and is capable of swimming as far as 10 miles through or into a channel, harbor, shallow water area and other zones which would normally be inaccessible to the vessel laying it. After reaching the\",\n \"title\": \"Mark 37 torpedo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"159472\",\n \"text\": \"Flight or flying is the process by which an object moves through a space without contacting any planetary surface, either within an atmosphere (i.e. air flight or aviation) or through the vacuum of outer space (i.e. spaceflight). This can be achieved by generating aerodynamic lift associated with gliding or propulsive thrust, aerostatically using buoyancy, or by ballistic movement. Many things can fly, from animal aviators such as birds, bats and insects, to natural gliders/parachuters such as patagial animals, anemochorous seeds and ballistospores, to human inventions like aircraft (airplanes, helicopters, airships, balloons, etc.) and rockets which may propel spacecraft and spaceplanes. The engineering aspects of flight are the purview of aerospace engineering which is subdivided into aeronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through the atmosphere, and astronautics, the study of vehicles that travel through space, and ballistics, the study of the flight of projectiles. Types of flight Buoyant flight Humans have managed to construct lighter-than-air vehicles that raise off the ground and fly, due to their buoyancy in the air. An aerostat is a system that remains aloft primarily through the use of buoyancy to give an aircraft the same overall density as air. Aerostats include free balloons, airships, and moored balloons. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin that encloses a volume of lifting gas to provide buoyancy, to which other components are attached. Aerostats are so named because they use \\\"aerostatic\\\" lift, a buoyant force that does not require lateral movement through the surrounding air mass to effect a lifting force. By contrast, aerodynes primarily use aerodynamic lift, which requires the lateral movement of at least some part of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass. Aerodynamic flight Unpowered flight versus powered flight Some things that fly do not generate propulsive thrust through the air, for example, the flying squirrel. This is termed gliding. Some other things can exploit rising air to climb such as raptors (when gliding) and man-made sailplane gliders. This is termed soaring. However most other birds and all powered aircraft need a source of propulsion to climb. This is termed powered flight. Animal flight The only groups of living things that use powered flight are birds, insects, and bats, while many groups have evolved gliding. The extinct pterosaurs, an order of reptiles contemporaneous with the dinosaurs, were also very successful flying animals, and there were apparently some flying dinosaurs (see Flying and gliding animals#Non-avian dinosaurs). Each of these groups' wings evolved independently, with insects the first animal group to evolve flight. The wings of the flying vertebrate groups are all based on the forelimbs, but differ significantly in structure; those of insects are hypothesized to be highly modified versions of structures that form gills in most other groups of arthropods. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustaining level flight (see bat flight). However, there are several gliding mammals which are able to glide from tree to tree using fleshy membranes between their limbs; some can travel hundreds of meters\",\n \"title\": \"Flight\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"89918\",\n \"text\": \"Field-emission electric propulsion (FEEP) is an advanced electrostatic space propulsion concept, a form of ion thruster, that uses a liquid metal as a propellant – usually either caesium, indium, or mercury. A FEEP device consists of an emitter and an accelerator electrode. A potential difference of the order of 10 kV is applied between the two, which generates a strong electric field at the tip of the metal surface. The interplay of electric force and the liquid metal’s surface tension generates surface instabilities, which give rise to Taylor cones on the liquid surface. At sufficiently high values of the applied field, ions are extracted from the cone tip by field evaporation or similar mechanisms, which then are electrically accelerated to high velocities – typically 100 km/s or more. Although the ion exhaust velocity is high, their mass is very low, resulting in very weak acceleration forces. Their benefit comes from sustained acceleration forces over long time periods. Due to its very low thrust (in the micronewton (μN) to millinewton (mN) range), FEEP thrusters are primarily used for microradian, micronewton attitude control on spacecraft, such as in the ESA/NASA LISA Pathfinder scientific spacecraft. The FEEP thruster was also slated for installation on Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer spacecraft, but the Gridded ion thruster was used instead. The first FEEP thruster operated in space was the IFM Nano Thruster, successfully commissioned in Low Earth Orbit in 2018. Basic concept Field emission electric propulsion (FEEP) is an electrostatic propulsion method based on field ionization of a liquid metal, and subsequent acceleration of the ions by a strong electric field. Sharp features such as needles are used to enhance and concentrate the strength of this electric field. The needle is coated in the liquid metal, maximising the acceleration of the ions. FEEP is currently the object of interest in the scientific community, due to its unique features: sub-μN to mN thrust range, near instantaneous switch on/switch off capability, and high-resolution throttleability (better than one part in 104), which enables accurate thrust modulation in both continuous and pulsed modes. Presently baseline for scientific missions onboard drag-free satellites, this propulsion system has also been proposed for attitude control and orbit maintenance on commercial small satellites and constellations. A separate electron source is required to keep the spacecraft electrically neutral. Liquid-metal propellants This type of thruster can accelerate a large number of different liquid metals or alloys. The best performance (in terms of thrust efficiency and power-to-thrust ratio) can be obtained using high atomic weight alkali metals, such as cesium (Cs, 133 amu) and rubidium (Rb, 85.5 amu). These propellants have a low ionization potential (3.87 eV for Cs and 4.16 eV for Rb), low melting point (28.7 °C for Cs and 38.9 °C for Rb) and very good wetting capabilities. These features lead to low power losses due to ionization and heating and the capability to use capillary forces for feeding purposes, i.e., neither pressurised tanks nor valves are required. Moreover, alkali metals have\",\n \"title\": \"Field-emission electric propulsion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1500733\",\n \"text\": \"The water opossum (Chironectes minimus), also locally known as the yapok (), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It is the only living member of its genus, Chironectes. This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater streams and lakes from Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina and is the most aquatic living marsupial (the lutrine opossum also has semiaquatic habits). It is also the only living marsupial in which both sexes have a pouch. The thylacine, commonly referred to as the Tasmanian tiger, also exhibited this trait, but it is now extinct. The water opossum lives in bankside burrows, emerging after dusk to swim and search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank. Origin of the name The local name for the water opossum, \\\"yapok\\\", probably comes from the name of the Oyapok River in French Guiana. Physical appearance The water opossum is a small opossum, long, with a long tail. The fur is in a marbled grey and black pattern, while the muzzle, eyestripe, and crown are all black. A light band runs across the forehead anterior to the ears, which are rounded and naked. There are sensory facial bristles in tufts above each eye, as well as whiskers. The water opossum's tail, furred and black at the base, is yellow or white at its end. The hindfeet of the water opossum are webbed, while the forefeet (\\\"hands\\\") are not. The forefeet can be used to feel for and grab prey as the animal swims, propelled by its tail and webbed back feet. Unlike other didelphids, the water opossum does not have a cloaca. Aquatic adaptations The water opossum has several adaptations for its watery lifestyle. It has short, dense fur, which is water-repellent. The broad hindfeet are webbed and are used for propulsion through water, moving with alternate strokes. They are symmetrical as well, which distributes force equally along both borders of the webbing; this increases the efficiency of the water opossum's movement through the water. The water opossum's long tail also aids in swimming. Being a marsupial and at the same time an aquatic animal, the water opossum has evolved a way to protect its young while swimming. A strong ring of muscle makes the pouch (which opens to the rear) watertight, so the young remain dry, even when the mother is totally immersed in water. The male also has a pouch (although not as watertight as the female's), where he places his genitalia before swimming. This is thought to prevent them from becoming entangled in aquatic vegetation and is probably helpful in streamlining the animal as well. Reproduction Water opossums mate in December and a litter of 1–5 young is born 12 to 14 days later in the nest. By 22 days the offspring are beginning to show some fur, and by 40 days or so their eyes are open, their bodies protruding from the mother's pouch. At 48 days of age, the young opossums detach\",\n \"title\": \"Water opossum\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39327984\",\n \"text\": \"SS President Hoover was an ocean liner built for the Dollar Steamship Lines. She was completed in 1930 and provided a trans-Pacific service between the US and the Far East. In 1937 she ran aground on an island off Formosa (now known as Taiwan) during a typhoon and was declared a total loss. She had a sister ship, , that was completed in 1931, was made a troopship in 1941 and was lost after striking a mine while attempting to enter the harbor at Espiritu Santo in 1942. History Building Dollar Lines ordered both the President Hoover and President Coolidge on 26 October 1929. The Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Newport News, Virginia, USA, built the two ships, completing the Hoover in 1930 and Coolidge in 1931. They were the largest merchant ships built in the USA up to that time. First Lady Lou Henry Hoover launched and christened President Hoover on December 9, 1930. Each ship had turbo-electric transmission, with a pair of steam turbo generators generating current that powered propulsion motors on the twin propeller shafts. Westinghouse built the turbo generators and propulsion motors for President Coolidge but General Electric built the turbo generators and propulsion motors for President Hoover. 12 oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox high-pressure boilers supplied the steam for President Hoovers turbo-generators. The electric propulsion motors produced 26,500 shp at 133 RPM. President Hoovers accommodation was air conditioned and there was a 'phone in every cabin. There were swimming pools on deck, gymnasiums, a dance floor and Otis elevators. Décor was in contemporary Art Deco style and the First Class lounge was decorated with murals by the artist Frank Bergman of New York. Robert Dollar had bought his first ship in 1895, founded Dollar Lines in 1903 and was now 87 years old. On August 6, 1931, three days before President Hoover was launched, he toured her and declared \\\"This ship is a wonder\\\". Dollar lived until May 1932, just a few months after President Hoover and President Coolidge made their maiden voyages. Trans-Pacific service President Hoover and President Coolidge ran between San Francisco and Manila via Japan and China. The United States Postal Service subsidised them to carry mail, which helped Dollar to run the two ships at a profit. However, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931–32, the Japanese attack on the Great Wall in 1933 and the Japanese invasion of China starting in July 1937 all deterred US travel to the Far East, and Dollar Lines became increasingly unprofitable. Bombed in the Yangtze River After the Battle of Shanghai had broken out in August 1937, President Hoover was diverted from Hong Kong to evacuate US nationals from Shanghai. On 30 August the liner was moored in the Yangtze River, awaiting clearance to enter the Wusong River to reach the Port of Shanghai when, despite a -long US flag draped on her top deck abaft the bridge to identify her to aircraft as a neutral US ship, the Republic of China Air\",\n \"title\": \"SS President Hoover\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"33389758\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Benjamin Finger (born February 18, 1924) is an American aeronautical nuclear engineer and the former head of the United States nuclear rocket program. He helped establish and lead the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, a liaison organization between NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission to coordinate efforts to create a nuclear thermal rocket. Early life Harold Benjamin Finger was born in Brooklyn, New York City, on February 18, 1924, the son of Beny Finger and his wife Anna Perlmutter. He was called Harry by his family, friends and colleagues. His family moved to The Bronx when he was young. He attended Townsend Harris High School, from which he graduated in 1940. He then entered the City College of New York, from which he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1944. NACA During World War II, he had a deferment until graduation, after which he expected to be drafted. He applied for a commission in the United States Navy and to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) He was accepted into the latter, and for NACA at its Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio. He was nominally as a member of the United States Army Air Corps enlisted reserve, in May 1944. His work initially involved testing German and Japanese aircraft engines, but he became involved in the development of the axial-flow compressor for jet engines. The Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory was renamed the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory after George W. Lewis on September 28, 1948. Finger married Arlene Karsh on June 11, 1949; they had three daughters. The following year, he was awarded a Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering by the Case Institute of Technology. He became the head of the Axial Flow Compression Group at Lewis in 1952, and then Associate Chief of the Compressor Research Branch in 1954. Abe Silverstein, the director of Lewis, believed that nuclear propulsion would be important in the future. In 1956, he established a nuclear training school at Lewis. There were twenty four students, a mixture of new recruits and experienced engineers. Finger was one of those chosen to attend. Six of the students elected to not continue with nuclear technology; the rest were formed into three groups. Finger headed one, which studied nuclear rocket propulsion. Silverstein abolished Lewis' compressor and turbine division in March 1957. NASA On March 5, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced his decision to create a new space agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which would absorb NACA. Silverstein moved to Washington, D.C., where he became the head of the Office of Space Flight Programs. Silverstein selected Finger to head NASA's nuclear projects. Responsibility for the nuclear thermal rocket project, Project Rover, was officially transferred from the United States Air Force (USAF) to NASA on October 1, 1958, the day NASA officially became operational and assumed responsibility for the US civilian space program. On August 29, 1960, NASA created the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) to oversee Project\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Finger\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"49023\",\n \"text\": \"Propulsion is the generation of force by any combination of pushing or pulling to modify the translational motion of an object, which is typically a rigid body (or an articulated rigid body) but may also concern a fluid. The term is derived from two Latin words: pro, meaning before or forward; and pellere, meaning to drive. A propulsion system consists of a source of mechanical power, and a propulsor (means of converting this power into propulsive force). Plucking a guitar string to induce a vibratory translation is technically a form of propulsion of the guitar string; this is not commonly depicted in this vocabulary, even though human muscles are considered to propel the fingertips. The motion of an object moving through a gravitational field is affected by the field, and within some frames of reference physicists speak of the gravitational field generating a force upon the object, but for deep theoretic reasons, physicists now consider the curved path of an object moving freely through space-time as shaped by gravity as a natural movement of the object, unaffected by a propulsive force (in this view, the falling apple is considered to be unpropelled, while the observer of the apple standing on the ground is considered to be propelled by the reactive force of the Earth's surface). Biological propulsion systems use an animal's muscles as the power source, and limbs such as wings, fins or legs as the propulsors. A technological system uses an engine or motor as the power source (commonly called a powerplant), and wheels and axles, propellers, or a propulsive nozzle to generate the force. Components such as clutches or gearboxes may be needed to connect the motor to axles, wheels, or propellers. A technological/biological system may use human, or trained animal, muscular work to power a mechanical device. Small objects, such as bullets, propelled at high speed are known as projectiles; larger objects propelled at high speed, often into ballistic flight, are known as rockets or missiles. Influencing rotational motion is also technically a form of propulsion, but in speech, an automotive mechanic might prefer to describe the hot gasses in an engine cylinder as propelling the piston (translational motion), which drives the crankshaft (rotational motion), the crankshaft then drives the wheels (rotational motion), and the wheels propel the car forward (translational motion). In common speech, propulsion is associated with spatial displacement more strongly than locally contained forms of motion, such as rotation or vibration. As another example, internal stresses in a rotating baseball cause the surface of the baseball to travel along a sinusoidal or helical trajectory, which would not happen in the absence of these interior forces; these forces meet the technical definition of propulsion from Newtonian mechanics, but are not commonly spoken of in this language. Vehicular propulsion Air propulsion An aircraft propulsion system generally consists of an aircraft engine and some means to generate thrust, such as a propeller or a propulsive nozzle. An aircraft propulsion system must achieve two things. First, the thrust\",\n \"title\": \"Propulsion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1559922\",\n \"text\": \"Spacecraft flight dynamics is the application of mechanical dynamics to model how the external forces acting on a space vehicle or spacecraft determine its flight path. These forces are primarily of three types: propulsive force provided by the vehicle's engines; gravitational force exerted by the Earth and other celestial bodies; and aerodynamic lift and drag (when flying in the atmosphere of the Earth or other body, such as Mars or Venus). The principles of flight dynamics are used to model a vehicle's powered flight during launch from the Earth; a spacecraft's orbital flight; maneuvers to change orbit; translunar and interplanetary flight; launch from and landing on a celestial body, with or without an atmosphere; entry through the atmosphere of the Earth or other celestial body; and attitude control. They are generally programmed into a vehicle's inertial navigation systems, and monitored on the ground by a member of the flight controller team known in NASA as the flight dynamics officer, or in the European Space Agency as the spacecraft navigator. Flight dynamics depends on the disciplines of propulsion, aerodynamics, and astrodynamics (orbital mechanics and celestial mechanics). It cannot be reduced to simply attitude control; real spacecraft do not have steering wheels or tillers like airplanes or ships. Unlike the way fictional spaceships are portrayed, a spacecraft actually does not bank to turn in outer space, where its flight path depends strictly on the gravitational forces acting on it and the propulsive maneuvers applied. Basic principles A space vehicle's flight is determined by application of Newton's second law of motion: where F is the vector sum of all forces exerted on the vehicle, m is its current mass, and a is the acceleration vector, the instantaneous rate of change of velocity (v), which in turn is the instantaneous rate of change of displacement. Solving for a, acceleration equals the force sum divided by mass. Acceleration is integrated over time to get velocity, and velocity is in turn integrated to get position. Flight dynamics calculations are handled by computerized guidance systems aboard the vehicle; the status of the flight dynamics is monitored on the ground during powered maneuvers by a member of the flight controller team known in NASA's Human Spaceflight Center as the flight dynamics officer, or in the European Space Agency as the spacecraft navigator. For powered atmospheric flight, the three main forces which act on a vehicle are propulsive force, aerodynamic force, and gravitation. Other external forces such as centrifugal force, Coriolis force, and solar radiation pressure are generally insignificant due to the relatively short time of powered flight and small size of spacecraft, and may generally be neglected in simplified performance calculations. Propulsion The thrust of a rocket engine, in the general case of operation in an atmosphere, is approximated by: where, is the exhaust gas mass flow is the effective exhaust velocity (sometimes otherwise denoted as c in publications) is the effective jet velocity when pamb = pe is the flow area at nozzle exit plane (or the\",\n \"title\": \"Spacecraft flight dynamics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"142390\",\n \"text\": \"Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion (also antiproton-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion) is a variation of nuclear pulse propulsion based upon the injection of antimatter into a mass of nuclear fuel to initiate a nuclear chain reaction for propulsion when the fuel does not normally have a critical mass. Technically, the process is not a '\\\"catalyzed'\\\" reaction because anti-protons (antimatter) used to start the reaction are consumed; if they were present as a catalyst the particles would be unchanged by the process and used to initiate further reactions. Although antimatter particles may be produced by the reaction itself, they are not used to initiate or sustain chain reactions. Description Typical nuclear pulse propulsion has the downside that the minimal size of the engine is defined by the minimal size of the nuclear bombs used to create thrust, which is a function of the amount of critical mass required to initiate the reaction. A conventional thermonuclear bomb design consists of two parts: the primary, which is almost always based on plutonium, and a secondary using fusion fuel, which is normally deuterium in the form of lithium deuteride, and tritium (which is created during the reaction as lithium is transmuted to tritium). There is a minimal size for the primary (about 10 kilograms for plutonium-239) to achieve critical mass. More powerful devices scale up in size primarily through the addition of fusion fuel for the secondary. Of the two, the fusion fuel is much less expensive and gives off far fewer radioactive products, so from a cost and efficiency standpoint, larger bombs are much more efficient. However, using such large bombs for spacecraft propulsion demands much larger structures able to handle the stress. There is a tradeoff between the two demands. By injecting a small amount of antimatter into a subcritical mass of fuel (typically plutonium or uranium) fission of the fuel can be forced. An anti-proton has a negative electric charge, just like an electron, and can be captured in a similar way by a positively charged atomic nucleus. The initial configuration, however, is not stable and radiates energy as gamma rays. As a consequence, the anti-proton moves closer and closer to the nucleus until their quarks can interact, at which point the anti-proton and a proton are both annihilated. This reaction releases a tremendous amount of energy, of which some is released as gamma rays and some is transferred as kinetic energy to the nucleus, causing it to split (the fission reaction). The resulting shower of neutrons can cause the surrounding fuel to undergo rapid fission or even nuclear fusion. The lower limit of the device size is determined by anti-proton handling issues and fission reaction requirements, such as the structure used to contain and direct the blast. As such, unlike either the Project Orion-type propulsion system, which requires large numbers of nuclear explosive charges, or the various antimatter drives, which require impossibly expensive amounts of antimatter, antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion has intrinsic advantages. A conceptual design of an antimatter-catalyzed thermonuclear explosive physics\",\n \"title\": \"Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"52526831\",\n \"text\": \"A robot fish is a type of bionic robot that has the shape and locomotion of a living fish. Most robot fish are designed to emulate living fish which use body-caudal fin (BCF) propulsion, and can be divided into three categories: single joint (SJ), multi-joint (MJ) and smart material-based \\\"soft-body\\\" design. Since the Massachusetts Institute of Technology first published research on them in 1989, there have been more than 400 articles published about robot fish. According to these reports, approximately 40 different types of robot fish have been built, with 30 designs having only the capability to flip and drift in water. The most important parts of researching and developing robot fish are advancing their control and navigation, enabling them to interact and \\\"communicate\\\" with their environment, making it possible for them to travel along a particular path, and to respond to commands to make their \\\"fins\\\" flap. Design The basic biomimetic robotic fish is made up of three parts: a streamlined head, a body, and a tail. The head is often made of a rigid plastic material (i.e. fiberglass) and contains all control units including a wireless communication module, batteries, and a signal processor. The body may be made of multiple jointed segments, which are connected by servomotors. Servomotors control the rotation angle of the joint. Some designs have pectoral fins fixed on both sides of the body to ensure stability in the water An oscillating caudal (tail) fin connected with joints and driven by a motor provides motive power. Design inspiration Engineers often focus on functional design. For example, designers attempt to create robots with flexible bodies (like real fish) that can exhibit undulatory motion. This kind of body enables the robot fish to swim similar to the way live fish swim, which can adapt and process a complicated environment. The first robot fish (MIT's RoboTuna) was designed to mimic the structure and dynamic properties of a Tuna. In an attempt to gain thrust and maneuvering forces, robot fish control systems are capable of controlling the body and caudal fin, giving them a wave-like motion. In order to control and analyze robotic fish movement, researchers study the shape, dynamic model and lateral movements of the robotic tail. One of the many tail shapes found on robot fish is lunate, or crescent shaped. Some studies show this kind of tail shape increases swimming speeds and creates a high-efficiency robot fish. The posterior tail creates thrust force, making it one of the most important parts of the robot fish. Living fish have powerful muscles that can generate lateral movements for locomotion while the head remains in a relatively motionless state. Thus, researchers have focused on tail kinematics when developing robot fish motion. Slender-body theory is often used when studying robot fish locomotion. The mean rate of work of the lateral movements is equal to the sum of the mean rate of work available for producing the mean thrust and the rate of shedding of kinetic energy of lateral fluid motions.\",\n \"title\": \"Robot fish\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"180624\",\n \"text\": \"Vehicle dynamics is the study of vehicle motion, e.g., how a vehicle's forward movement changes in response to driver inputs, propulsion system outputs, ambient conditions, air/surface/water conditions, etc. Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics. It may be applied for motorized vehicles (such as automobiles), bicycles and motorcycles, aircraft, and watercraft. Factors affecting vehicle dynamics The aspects of a vehicle's design which affect the dynamics can be grouped into drivetrain and braking, suspension and steering, distribution of mass, aerodynamics and tires. Drivetrain and braking Automobile layout (i.e. location of engine and driven wheels) Powertrain Braking system Suspension and steering Some attributes relate to the geometry of the suspension, steering and chassis. These include: Ackermann steering geometry Axle track Camber angle Caster angle Ride height Roll center Scrub radius Steering ratio Toe Wheel alignment Wheelbase Distribution of mass Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due to mass and its distribution. These include: Center of mass Moment of inertia Roll moment Sprung mass Unsprung mass Weight distribution Aerodynamics Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely aerodynamic. These include: Automobile drag coefficient Automotive aerodynamics Center of pressure Downforce Ground effect in cars Tires Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the tires. These include: Camber thrust Circle of forces Contact patch Cornering force Ground pressure Pacejka's Magic Formula Pneumatic trail Radial Force Variation Relaxation length Rolling resistance Self aligning torque Skid Slip angle Slip (vehicle dynamics) Spinout Steering ratio Tire load sensitivity Vehicle behaviours Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely dynamic. These include: Body flex Body roll Bump Steer Bundorf analysis Directional stability Critical speed Noise, vibration, and harshness Pitch Ride quality Roll Speed wobble Understeer, oversteer, lift-off oversteer, and fishtailing Weight transfer and load transfer Yaw Analysis and simulation The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways. This can be as straightforward as a simple spring mass system, through a three-degree of freedom (DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a multibody system simulation package such as MSC ADAMS or Modelica. As computers have gotten faster, and software user interfaces have improved, commercial packages such as CarSim have become widely used in industry for rapidly evaluating hundreds of test conditions much faster than real time. Vehicle models are often simulated with advanced controller designs provided as software in the loop (SIL) with controller design software such as Simulink, or with physical hardware in the loop (HIL). Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model. Racing\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle dynamics\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"53769380\",\n \"text\": \"The webbed foot is a specialized limb with interdigital membranes (webbings) that aids in aquatic locomotion, present in a variety of tetrapod vertebrates. This adaptation is primarily found in semiaquatic species, and has convergently evolved many times across vertebrate taxa. It likely arose from mutations in developmental genes that normally cause tissue between the digits to apoptose. These mutations were beneficial to many semiaquatic animals because the increased surface area from the webbing allowed for more swimming propulsion and swimming efficiency, especially in surface swimmers. The webbed foot also has enabled other novel behaviors like escape responses and mating behaviors. A webbed foot may also be called a paddle to contrast it from a more hydrofoil-like flipper. Morphology A webbed foot has connecting tissue between the toes of the foot. Several distinct conditions can give rise to webbed feet, including interdigital webbing and syndactyly. The webbing can consist of membrane, skin, or other connective tissue and varies widely in different taxa. This modification significantly increases the surface area of the feet. One of the consequences of this modification in some species, specifically birds, is that the feet are a major location for heat loss. In birds, the legs utilize countercurrent heat exchange so that blood reaching the feet is already cooled by blood returning to the heart to minimize this effect. Webbed feet take on a variety of different shapes; in birds, the webbing can even be discontinuous, as seen in lobate-footed birds like grebes. However, one of the most common is the delta (Δ) or triangular shape seen in most waterfowl and frogs. This delta wing shape is a solution that has convergently evolved in many taxa, and is also used in aircraft to allow for high lift forces at high attack angles. This shape allows for the production of large forces during swimming through both drag-based and lift-based propulsion. Webbed feet are a compromise between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion. Aquatic control surfaces of non-piscine vertebrates may be paddles or hydrofoils. Paddles generate less lift than hydrofoils, and paddling is associated with drag-based control surfaces. The roughly triangular design of webbed feet, with a broad distal end, is specialized to increase propulsive efficiency by affecting a larger mass of water over generating increased lift. This is in contrast to a more hydrofoil-like flipper of many permanently aquatic animals. Evolution Development Webbed feet are the result of mutations in genes that normally cause interdigital tissue between the toes to apoptose. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in development is mediated by a variety of pathways, and normally causes the creation of digits by death of tissue separating the digits. Different vertebrate species with webbed feet have different mutations that disrupt this process, indicating that the structure arose independently in these lineages. In humans, syndactyly can arise from as many as nine unique subtypes with their own clinical, morphological, and genetic fingerprints. In addition, the same genetic mutations can underlie different phenotypic expressions of syndactyly. While these conditions are disorders in humans,\",\n \"title\": \"Webbed foot\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"140697\",\n \"text\": \"A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes. There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboard surface vessels. Deck-mounted torpedo launchers are usually designed for a specific type of torpedo, while submarine torpedo tubes are general-purpose launchers, and are often also capable of deploying mines and cruise missiles. Most modern launchers are standardized on a diameter for light torpedoes (deck mounted aboard ship) or a diameter for heavy torpedoes (underwater tubes), although other sizes of torpedo tube have been used: see Torpedo classes and diameters. Submarine torpedo tube A submarine torpedo tube is a more complex mechanism than a torpedo tube on a surface ship, because the tube has to accomplish the function of moving the torpedo from the normal atmospheric pressure within the submarine into the sea at the ambient pressure of the water around the submarine. Thus a submarine torpedo tube operates on the principle of an airlock. Torpedo tube operation The diagram illustrates the operation of a submarine torpedo tube. The diagram is somewhat simplified but does show the working of a submarine torpedo launch. A torpedo tube has a considerable number of interlocks for safety reasons. For example, an interlock prevents the breech door and muzzle door from opening at the same time. The submarine torpedo launch sequence is, in simplified form: Open the breech door in the torpedo room. Load the torpedo into the tube. Hook up the wire-guide connection and the torpedo power cable. Shut and lock the breech door. Turn on power to the torpedo. A minimum amount of time is required for torpedo warmup. Fire control programs are uploaded to the torpedo. Flood the torpedo tube. This may be done manually or automatically, from sea or from tanks, depending on the class of submarine. The tube must be vented during this process to allow for complete filling and eliminate air pockets which could escape to the surface or cause damage when firing. Open the equalizing valve to equalize pressure in the tube with ambient sea pressure. Open the muzzle door. If the tube is set up for Impulse Mode the slide valve will open with the muzzle door. If Swim Out Mode is selected, the slide valve remains closed. The slide valve allows water from the ejection pump to enter the tube. When the launch command is given and all interlocks are satisfied, the water ram operates, thrusting a large volume of water into the tube at high pressure, which ejects the torpedo from the tube with considerable force. Modern torpedoes have a safety mechanism that prevents activation of the torpedo unless the torpedo senses the required amount of G-force. The power cable is severed at launch. However, if a guidance wire is used, it remains connected through a drum of wire in the tube. Torpedo propulsion systems vary but electric torpedoes swim out of the tube on their own\",\n \"title\": \"Torpedo tube\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"16459\",\n \"text\": \"Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center in La Cañada Flintridge, California, United States. Founded in 1936 by Caltech researchers, the laboratory is now owned and sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and administered and managed by the California Institute of Technology. The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of planetary robotic spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating the NASA Deep Space Network. Among the laboratory's major active projects are the Mars 2020 mission, which includes the Perseverance rover; the Mars Science Laboratory mission, including the Curiosity rover; the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter; the SMAP satellite for earth surface soil moisture monitoring; the NuSTAR X-ray telescope; and the Psyche asteroid orbiter. It is also responsible for managing the JPL Small-Body Database, and provides physical data and lists of publications for all known small Solar System bodies. JPL's Space Flight Operations Facility and Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator are designated National Historic Landmarks. History JPL traces its beginnings to 1936 in the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) when the first set of rocket experiments were carried out in the Arroyo Seco. This initial venture involved Caltech graduate students Frank Malina, Qian Xuesen, Weld Arnold and Apollo M. O. Smith, along with Jack Parsons and Edward S. Forman, often referred to as the \\\"Suicide Squad\\\" due to the dangerous nature of their experiments. Together, they tested a small, alcohol-fueled motor to gather data for Malina's graduate thesis. Malina's thesis advisor was engineer/aerodynamicist Theodore von Kármán, who eventually secured U.S. Army financial support for this \\\"GALCIT Rocket Project\\\" in 1939. Rocketry beginnings In the early years of the project, work was primarily focused on the development of rocket technology. In 1941, Malina, Parsons, Forman, Martin Summerfield, and pilot Homer Bushey demonstrated the first jet-assisted takeoff (JATO) rockets to the Army. In 1943, von Kármán, Malina, Parsons, and Forman established the Aerojet Corporation to manufacture JATO rockets. The project took on the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory in November 1943, formally becoming an Army facility operated under contract by the university. In the same year, Qian and two of his colleagues drafted the first document to use the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In a NASA conference on the history of early rocketry, Malina wrote that the work of the JPL was \\\"considered to include\\\" the research carried out by the GALCIT Rocket Research Group from 1936 on. In 1944, Parsons was expelled due to his \\\"unorthodox and unsafe working methods\\\" following one of several FBI investigations into his involvement with the occult, drugs and sexual promiscuity. During JPL's Army years, the laboratory developed two significant deployed weapon systems, the MGM-5 Corporal and MGM-29 Sergeant intermediate-range ballistic missiles, marking the first US ballistic missiles developed at JPL. It also developed several other weapons system prototypes, such as the Loki anti-aircraft missile system, and the forerunner of the Aerobee sounding rocket.\",\n \"title\": \"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"949363\",\n \"text\": \"The Gepard-class frigates, Russian designation Project 11661, is a Russian class of frigates that were intended as successors to the earlier s and , and corvettes. The first unit of the class, Yastreb (Hawk), was laid down at the Zelenodol'sk Zavod shipyard at Tatarstan in 1991. She was launched in July 1993, after which she began fitting out; fitting was nearly completed by late 1995, when it was suspended due to lack of funds. Renamed Tatarstan, the ship was finally completed in July 2002, and became the flagship of the Caspian Flotilla. She has two sister ships, Albatross (renamed Dagestan), and Burevestnik (Storm Petrel), which was still under construction . Vietnam is the main operator of the class with its navy having commissioned 4 frigates - twice the size of Russia's Project 11661 inventory - and having plans to order at least 2 more. Design These vessels are capable of employing their weapons systems in conditions up to Sea State 5. The hull and superstructure are constructed primarily of steel, with some aluminium-magnesium being used in the upper superstructure(stealth technology). They are equipped with fin stabilizers and twin rudders, and can use either gas turbines or diesel for propulsion in a CODOG configuration. Gepard is Russian for cheetah. Service history In October 2015, Dagestan, in company with three other Russian Navy ships serving with the Caspian Flotilla, launched cruise missiles at targets in Syria. The missiles flew nearly over Iran and Iraq and struck targets in Raqqa and Aleppo provinces (controlled by the Islamic State) as well as Idlib province (controlled by the al-Qaeda-linked Nusra Front). Peshmerga forces (Kurdish armed forces located in northern Iraq) published a video allegedly depicting two cruise missiles mid-flight en route to Syria. Export The Gepard-class was designed from the outset as a lightweight, inexpensive export vessel. Russia offers three variants of the class to the market: Gepard 3.9: designed to search, track and fight against surface, underwater and air enemy independently and within task force, plant mine fields, provide protection and patrol of maritime state border and exclusive economic zone, perform combat missions, patrol service. Powered by gas-turbine engines with CODOG configuration. Fitted with two inclined quadruple launchers for eight Kh-35 anti-ship missiles with alternative options to be featured with VLS systems such as UKSK (for cruise missiles such as Club-N and Yakhont) and Shtil-1 air-defense system. Being the only exported variant with Vietnam being its first and only operator. Gepard 5.1: configured as an ocean-going patrol ship. Intended for patrolling territorial waters, helping in distress on the sea, environment protection, support to marine missions and flag demonstration in areas being of state interest. Can be featured with \\\"heavier\\\" weapons if necessary. Powered entirely by diesel engines with a two-shaft CODAD propulsion plant. Gepard 5.3: designed to search, track and fight against surface, underwater and air enemy independently and within task force, carry out convoy missions and patrol duty, guard maritime state border and economic zone. Featured with four quadruple launchers for sixteen Kh-35\",\n \"title\": \"Gepard-class frigate\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1044906\",\n \"text\": \"A flipper is a broad, flattened limb adapted for aquatic locomotion. It refers to the fully webbed, swimming appendages of aquatic vertebrates that are not fish. In animals with two flippers, such as whales, the flipper refers solely to the forelimbs. In animals with four flippers, such as pinnipeds and sea turtles, one may distinguish fore- and hind-flippers, or pectoral flippers and pelvic flippers. Animals with flippers include penguins (whose flippers are also called wings), cetaceans (e.g., dolphins and whales), pinnipeds (e.g., walruses, earless and eared seals), sirenians (e.g., manatees and dugongs), and marine reptiles such as the sea turtles and the now-extinct plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, and metriorhynchids. Usage of the terms \\\"fin\\\" and \\\"flipper\\\" is sometimes inconsistent, even in the scientific literature. However, the hydrodynamic control surfaces of fish are always referred to as \\\"fins\\\" and never \\\"flippers\\\". Tetrapod limbs which have evolved into fin-like structures are usually (but not always) called \\\"flippers\\\" rather than fins. The dorsal structure on cetaceans is called the \\\"dorsal fin\\\" and the large cetacean tails are referred to primarily as flukes but occasionally as \\\"caudal fins\\\"; neither of these structures are flippers. Some flippers are very efficient hydrofoils, analogous to wings (airfoils), used to propel and maneuver through the water with great speed and maneuverability (see Foil). Swimming appendages with the digits still apparent, as in the webbed forefeet of amphibious turtles and platypus, are considered paddles rather than flippers. Locomotion For all species of aquatic vertebrates, swimming performance depends upon the animal's control surfaces, which include flippers, flukes and fins. Flippers are used for different types of propulsion, control, and rotation. In cetaceans, they are primarily used for control while the fluke is used for propulsion. The evolution of flippers in penguins was at the expense of their flying capabilities, in spite of evolving from an auk-like ancestor that could 'fly' underwater as well in the air. Form constrains function, and the wings of diving flying species, such as the murre or cormorant have not developed into flippers. The flippers of penguins became thicker, denser and smaller while being modified for hydrodynamic properties. Hydrodynamics Cetacean flippers may be viewed as being analogous to modern engineered hydrofoils, which have hydrodynamic properties: lift coefficient, drag coefficient and efficiency. Flippers are one of the principal control surfaces of cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) due to their position in front of the center of mass, and their mobility which provides three degrees of freedom. Flippers on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have non-smooth leading edges, yet demonstrate superior fluid dynamics to the characteristically smooth leading edges of artificial wings, turbines and other kinds of blades. The whale's surprising dexterity is due primarily to its non-conventional flippers, which have large, irregular looking bumps called tubercles across their leading edges. The tubercles break up the passage of water, maintaining even channels of the fast-moving water, limiting turbulence and providing greater maneuverability. The foreflippers used by the pinnipeds act as oscillatory hydrofoils. Both fore and hind flippers are used for\",\n \"title\": \"Flipper (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26162908\",\n \"text\": \"The DRDO Anti-Tank Missile is a first generation wire-guided anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) developed in India by Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), a part of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It has a subsonic speed up to with a range of and carries a 106 mm high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead. Introduction In 1959, India began a feasibility study on a first generation ATGM. New General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQR) were issued and the task of preliminary study and wind testing was assigned to Department of Aeronautics and Institute of Science, Bangalore. Development In 1962, DRDO was granted to begin work on developing an anti-tank missile due to a conflict with China in Ladakh. It has a range of 500 meters to about 2 km. After the first aerodynamic design was completed, a full-scale model of the complete configuration was tested in a wind tunnel at Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. There, the model was given force and momentum tests which were completed in 1961. Vibrating spoilers were used during these tests to determine control effectiveness. The ATM was designed to have a subsonic flight speed of about . In 1963, the entire design was reworked to hold a 106 mm HEAT warhead in the nose. Propulsion DRDL determined the propulsion motor requirement and designed the propulsion system. The motor was made of aluminium alloy. It had two compartments, one for the sustainer and one for the booster. Another part of DRDO, the Explosives Research & Development Laboratory (ERDL), made the propellant compositions and also developed the SUK black propulsion grains. Molybdenum inserts were used as sustainer. The booster grain had star type hole for very fast burn and the sustainer was cigarette burning type for constant thrust. Control and guidance The actuator and gyroscope were the main components of the control and guidance system of the missile. The actuators were spoiler type, (similar to Mosquito (missile)), which gave a response time of 10 milliseconds with a stay time varying from 80–20 and 20–80 milliseconds. The gyroscope developed for the missile had three degrees freedom. Testing The missile was test-fired near Imarat, a village on the outskirts of Hyderabad, India, which held the reliability order of 65%. The test trials were attended by Gen Bewoor, then Deputy Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army. The missile was tested 16 times and hit its target 14 times. Two Indian army teams which were trained on European ATMs, Cobra and ENTAC, carried out the tests. These test revealed no significant difference between firing the European and indigenous ATMs. Work was still to be done on inhibition of the sustainer motor. Termination After waiting for more than 10 years with no results, in 1969 ATM project was terminated as the Indian Army revised its General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQR). The new GSQR extended the range of the missile from 1.6 km to 3 km. They also required the formerly man-portable missile to be able to mount and fire from\",\n \"title\": \"DRDO Anti Tank Missile\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"69634293\",\n \"text\": \"An active Brownian particle (ABP) is a model of self-propelled motion in a dissipative environment. It is a nonequilibrium generalization of a Brownian particle. The self-propulsion results from a force that acts on the particle's center of mass and points in the direction of an intrinsic body axis (the particle orientation). It is common to treat particles as spheres, though other shapes (such as rods) have also been studied. Both the center of mass and the direction of the propulsive force are subjected to white noise, which contributes a diffusive component to the overall dynamics. In its simplest version, the dynamics is overdamped and the propulsive force has constant magnitude, so that the magnitude of the velocity is likewise constant (speed-up to terminal velocity is instantaneous). The term active Brownian particle usually refers to this simple model and its straightforward extensions, though some authors have used it for more general self-propelled particle models. Equations of motion Mathematically, an active Brownian particle is described by its center of mass coordinates and a unit vector giving the orientation. In two dimensions, the orientation vector can be parameterized by the 2D polar angle , so that . The equations of motion in this case are the following stochastic differential equations: where with the 2×2 identity matrix. The terms and are translational and rotational white noise, which is understood as a heuristic representation of the Wiener process. Finally, is an external potential, is the mass, is the friction, is the magnitude of the self-propulsion velocity, and and are the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients. The dynamics can also be described in terms of a probability density function , which gives the probability, at time , of finding a particle at position and with orientation . By averaging over the stochastic trajectories from the equations of motion, can be shown to obey the following partial differential equation: Behavior For an isolated particle far from boundaries, the combination of diffusion and self-propulsion produces a stochastic (fluctuating) trajectory that appears ballistic over short length scales and diffusive over large length scales. The transition from ballistic to diffusive motion is defined by a characteristic length , called the persistence length. In the presence of boundaries or other particles, more complex behavior is possible. Even in the absence of attractive forces, particles tend to accumulate at boundaries. Obstacles placed within a bath of active Brownian particles can induce long-range density variations and nonzero currents in steady state. Sufficiently concentrated suspensions of active Brownian particles phase separate into a dense and dilute regions. The particles' motility drives a positive feedback loop, in which particles collide and hinder each other's motion, leading to further collisions and particle accumulation. At a coarse-grained level, a particle's effective self-propulsion velocity decreases with increased density, which promotes clustering. In the more general context of self-propelled particle models, this behavior is known as motility-induced phase separation. It is a type of athermal phase separation because it occurs even if the particles are spheres with hard-core (purely\",\n \"title\": \"Active Brownian particle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3839064\",\n \"text\": \"The behavioural despair test (or Porsolt forced swimming test) is a test, centered on a rodent's response to the threat of drowning, whose result has been interpreted as measuring susceptibility to negative mood. It is commonly used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants, although significant criticisms of its interpretation have been made. Method Animals are subjected to two trials during which they are forced to swim in an acrylic glass cylinder filled with water, and from which they cannot escape. The first trial lasts 15 minutes. Then, after 24-hours, a second trial is performed that lasts 5 minutes. The time that the test animal spends in the second trial without making any movements beyond those required to keep its head above water is measured. This immobility time is decreased by various types of antidepressants and also by electroconvulsive shock. Another common variant of this behavioural test specifically used for mice is conducted only for one trial and lasts six minutes. Modern implementations of the test score swimming and climbing behaviours separately, because swimming behaviour has been shown to be increased by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, while climbing behaviour is increased by selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as desipramine and maprotiline. Controversy in interpretation Classically, immobility in the second test has been interpreted as a behavioural correlate of negative mood, representing a kind of hopelessness in the animal. Rodents given antidepressants swim harder and longer than controls (which forms the basis for claims of the test's validity). However, there is some debate between scientists whether increased immobility instead demonstrates learning or habituation, and would therefore be a positive behavioural adaptation: the animal is less fearful because it is now familiar with the environment of the test. This interpretation is supported by the fact that even rats who are first put into a container from which they can escape (and therefore do not experience despair) show reduced mobility in the second test. Some pharmacological compounds that influence motor movement, like stimulants and sedatives, may cause animals to swim for different amounts of time that are unrelated to the antidepressant properties of the compound. Researchers need to assess locomotor activity in the animal's homecage or by a locomotor test. If locomotion is altered compared to controls then other animal antidepressant models should be used. The term \\\"behavioural despair test\\\" bears an anthropomorphic connotation and is a somewhat subjective description as it is uncertain whether the test reliably gauges mood or despair. Strictly speaking, the descriptive term \\\"forced swimming test\\\" is preferred by researchers. The use of forced swimming tests is criticised by animal rights groups, notably PETA. See also Animal models of depression Learned helplessness Open field (animal test) Tail suspension test References Animal testing techniques Psychology experiments\",\n \"title\": \"Behavioural despair test\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"39135116\",\n \"text\": \"Various marine animals are capable of aerial locomotion, i.e., jumping out of the water and moving through air. Some possible reasons for this behavior are hunting, escaping from predators, and saving energy for swimming or breathing. Some of the jumping behaviors initiate gliding and taxiing in air, while some of them end up falling back to water. Penetrating water surface The speed of motion in air is faster than in water because of drag force. The drag force is proportional to density of the fluid. The animal jumping out of water will feel almost no drag, since the air density is 1,000 times less than water density. Usually animals gain thrust for the jumping as how they lift themselves underwater. Some of them are group behavior. Mechanism Jet propulsion Jet propulsion generates thrust and momentum by shooting out water jets. Flying squid is known for their behavior of leaping out of the water. Ommastrephinae and Todarodinae are two subfamilies of squids under the family of Ommastrephidae. They utilize jet propulsion to jump out of water as they do underwater, including Japanese flying squid.., Humboldt squid, Neon flying squid, sevenstar flying squid, and Wellington flying squid. Squid flight may be thought to reduce the cost of migration. The acceleration of Sthenoteuthis pteropus in air is 265 body lengths/s2 (24.5 m/s2), which is found to exceed that in water (79 body lengths/s2). Tail beating The fish approach the water surface at high speed (about 10 m/s in large fish; 20-30 body lengths/s) with their lateral fins furled against the body. They get accelerated by beating their tails rapidly, and break through the water surface at a shallow angle to the horizontal. Four fish in ray-finned fish family (Beloniformes) and salmon have this jumping behavior. The ray-finned fish includes needlefish, flyingfish, halfbeak, and sauries. Salmon jump out waterfalls during upstream spawning migrations. C-start C-start is escape reflex employed by fish. The fish move upward by curving their slender body as a letter C. Most of the fish jump out of water by C-start. Freshwater butterflyfish jumps out of water by curving its body. The fish is known for its enlarged pectoral fins but it falls back to water instead of gliding. Freshwater hatchetfish exhibits a ballistic aerial path. Porpoising Porpoising is high-speed swimming close to water surface with many leaving and re-entering the water nose-first. Dolphin, Penguin, and Seal porpoise in the wild. Dolphin saves energy at high speed porpoising. Penguin porpoises in group for long-distance traveling. Seal porpoises as group play Other The mechanisms and jumping patterns of some aquatic animals are not clear. Mobula penetrates sea surface by many photo evidences. Great white shark attacks seals near water surface at Seal Island in South Africa See also Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Flying and gliding animals The Flying Mobulas of the Sea of Cortez References Animal locomotion\",\n \"title\": \"Aerial locomotion in marine animals\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"13108497\",\n \"text\": \"Myomeres are blocks of skeletal muscle tissue arranged in sequence, commonly found in aquatic chordates. Myomeres are separated from adjacent myomeres by connective fascia (myosepta) and most easily seen in larval fishes or in the olm. Myomere counts are sometimes used for identifying specimens, since their number corresponds to the number of vertebrae in the adults. Location varies, with some species containing these only near the tails, while some have them located near the scapular or pelvic girdles. Depending on the species, myomeres could be arranged in an epaxial or hypaxial manner. Hypaxial refers to ventral muscles and related structures while epaxial refers to more dorsal muscles. The horizontal septum divides these two regions in vertebrates from cyclostomes to gnathostomes. In terrestrial chordates, the myomeres become fused as well as indistinct, due to the disappearance of myosepta. Shape The shape of myomeres varies by species. Myomeres are commonly zig-zag, \\\"V\\\" (lancelets), \\\"W\\\" (fishes), or straight (tetrapods)– shaped muscle fibers. Generally, cyclostome myomeres are arranged in vertical strips while those of jawed fishes are folded in a complex matter due to swimming capability evolution. Specifically, myomeres of elasmobranchs and eels are W-shaped. Contrastingly, myomeres of tetrapods run vertically and do not display complex folding. Another species with simply-lain myomeres are mudpuppies. Myomeres overlap each other in succession, meaning myomere activation also allows neighboring myomeres to activate. Myomeres are made up of myoglobin-rich dark muscle as well as white muscle. Dark muscle, generally, functions as slow-twitch muscle fibers while white muscle is composed of fast-twitch fibers. Function Specifically, three types of myomeres in fish-like chordates include amphioxine (lancelet), cyclostomine (jawless fish), and gnathostomine (jawed fish). A common function shared by all of these is that they function to flex the body laterally into concavity to provide force for locomotion. Since myomeres are composed of multinucleated myofibers (contractile cells), force can be generated via muscle contraction that gets transmitted by the intricate connective tissue (myosepta) network. Function in fishes The folded shape of each myomere as V- or W-shaped extends over various axial segments, allowing fibers control over a large amount of the body. Specifically, myomeres are overlapping cones bound by connective tissue. Myomeres compose most of the lateral musculature and provide propulsive force to travel along the line of travel. In this sense, they cause flexion to either side in order to produce locomotor force. Myomeres attach to centra of vertebrae, and neural and haemal spines. Further, myomeres of fish are divided by a horizontal septum into dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) sections as mentioned in previous paragraphs. Further, spinal nerves pass into each myomere. There are different variations of myomere activation depending on the type of swimming or movement. For example, high loading situations such as fast-starts and turning require almost maximal myomere activation in teleost fish. Further, if swim speeds are lower and movement is in one plane, there is less activation of myomeres. Further, research has discovered that fish are able to spatially restrict axial myomeres during different swimming\",\n \"title\": \"Myomere\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56834712\",\n \"text\": \"The Asahi class of destroyers is a class of warships of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. The Ashai is largely based on the Akizuki-class destroyer; While the Akizuki-class specialized in anti-air warfare, the Asahi-class was designed to specialize in anti-submarine warfare. The design was initially designated \\\"25DD\\\", referring to a date on the Japanese calendar, specifically the 25th fiscal year of the Heisei period (2013), the year that procurement of the class began. The lead ship, Asahi, is the third ship to hold the name after the Asahi-class destroyer escort lent from the United States Navy in 1955, and the Imperial Japanese battleship. The second ship of the class, Shiranui, is the third ship to hold the name after the Murakumo and Kagerō-class destroyers. Development The procurement of the destroyer began in 2013 in response to the reduction in the number of destroyers (namely the ) within the JMSDF. The two major characteristics of this destroyer is its bigger emphasis on anti-submarine warfare and the adoption of the COGLAG (combined gas turbine electric and gas turbine: a modification of the combined gas and gas propulsion system employing electric propulsion system for low-speed cruising) propulsion system. A second destroyer was procured a year later. Design The Asahi class is based on the existing to reduce acquisition cost and allow future development and growth. Unlike the Akizuki class (which focuses on anti-aircraft warfare) the Asahi class focuses on anti-submarine warfare. Features The Asahi class is the first Japanese warship to be equipped with a COGLAG propulsion system. This allows the destroyer to be more fuel efficient than previous warships. Another unique feature about this destroyer is the usage of a GaN-AESA (gallium nitride - active electronically scanned array) Multifunction Radar. The Asahi class is the second Japanese class of warship to be outfitted with this technology (the Akizuki class was the first). The destroyer's radar is based on the FCS-3A radar used for the Akizuki class and uses gallium nitride to improve performance. In radar technology, gallium nitride offers a number of advantages over the traditionally used gallium arsenide (GaA). These advantages include higher power density, efficiency, thermal spreading and frequency coverage. This in turn allows the GaN chip to be smaller than their GaA counterpart, thus reducing cost and increasing overall cost effectiveness. Ships in the class References\",\n \"title\": \"Asahi-class destroyer\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"51708180\",\n \"text\": \"Simone Arrigoni (born in Rome, Italy, on 4 September 1973) is an Italian free-diver. He holds multiple free-diving world records. He is an ActionAid Ambassador and Honorary Member of the Centro Studi Cetacei, a non-profit Italian association that is concerned with the study and rescue of marine mammals and reptiles since 1986. Free-diving Since 2008, Arrigoni has collaborated with biologists and students at Zoomarine Italia to carry on research projects on the study of free-diving and the comparative physiology of humans and dolphins. New disciplines He opened two new specialties of dynamic apnea: Horizontal Free Immersion, devised by Arrigoni in 2009 to allow disabled persons to play this aquatic sport, in which the freediver covers a horizontal distance pulling on a rope; Dolphin's Breath, which consists of freediving with monofin along a horizontal distance of predetermined length, periodically resurfacing to take a single breath of 1 second, and aiming at taking as few breaths as possible during the declared distance. The Dolphin's Breath was inaugurated by Arrigoni to disseminate two important slogans: \\\"Mind the dolphins\\\", to raise public awareness to protect marine mammals and their environment, and \\\"Never alone\\\", to remind people to never practice freediving alone for safety reasons, following the example given by dolphins which live and swim in a group, always helping each other in case of difficulty. World records Arrigoni set many world records: Dynamic freedive without fins in sea, 60 mt, Porto Santo Stefano, Italy, November 9, 2003. Dynamic freedive without fins under ice, 30 mt, at the 19th Stage of Diving Under Ice A.N.I.S., Lavarone, Italy, January 31, 2004. Dynamic freedive without fins in sea, 83 mt, Giochi del Mare, Balestrate, Italy, June 17, 2004. Dynamic freedive without fins in lake, 70 mt, Bracciano, Italy, June 7, 2005. Dynamic freedive without fins under ice, 41 mt, at the 21st Stage of Diving Under Ice A.N.I.S, Lavarone, Italy, February 4, 2006. Dynamic freedive with DPV (Dive Propulsion Vehicle) in sea, 231 mt, Giochi del Mare, Formia, Italy, June 25, 2007. Dynamic freedive with DPV (Diver propulsion vehicle) in lake, 381 mt, Bracciano, Italy, June 2, 2008. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, distance of 9 Zoomarine's swimming pools length (estimated of about 450 mt), Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 17, 2009. Horizontal Free Immersion in sea, 101 mt, Giochi del Mare, Formia, Italy, June 17, 2009. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 12 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 27, 2010. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 13 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 19, 2011. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 14 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 23, 2013. Dynamic freedive with DPV (Flyboard) in sea, 500 mt, Tropea, Italy, September 30, 2013. Freedive pushed by two dolphins, 15 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 22, 2014. Freedive pushed by one dolphin, 7 underwater loops, Zoomarine, Torvaianica, Italy, May 28, 2015. Dolphin's Breath with monofin in sea, 1 km with 95 single breaths (total time 23'30\\\" with 1'35\\\" of breathing), Giochi del Mare, Santa Marinella, Italy, June 8,\",\n \"title\": \"Simone Arrigoni\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7621913\",\n \"text\": \"James Robert Thompson Jr. (March 6, 1936 – November 7, 2017), known as J.R. Thompson, was the fifth director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center located in Huntsville, Alabama. He served as director from September 29, 1986, to July 6, 1989. Thompson also served as NASA's deputy director from July 6, 1989, to November 8, 1991. Early life and education Born in Greenville, South Carolina, in 1936, Thompson graduated from Druid Hills High School in Atlanta in 1954. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1958 and a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Florida in 1963. He has completed all course work at the University of Alabama toward a Ph.D. in fluid mechanics. Career Mr. Thompson served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy from 1958 to 1960 and was stationed at Green Cove Springs, Florida, as an administrative officer in the Atlantic Fleet. Mr. Thompson began his professional career in 1960 as a development engineer with Pratt and Whitney Aircraft in West Palm Beach, Florida. Mr. Thompson spent 20 years with NASA at the Marshall Space Flight Center in various positions, including associate director for engineering in the Science and Engineering Directorate and as manager of the Space Shuttle Main Engine Project in the Shuttle Projects Office. He joined the research and development team at the Marshall Center in 1963 as a liquid propulsion system engineer responsible for component design and performance analysis associated with the J-2 engine system on the Saturn Launch Vehicle. In 1966 he joined the Space Engine Section in the former Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory at Marshall and became chief of the section in 1968. In that capacity, he was responsible for the design and test evaluation of auxiliary space engine propulsion systems for the Saturn Launch Vehicle and experimental small interplanetary propulsion systems. In 1969, Thompson transferred to Marshall's Astronautics Laboratory where he served as chief of the Man/Systems Integration Branch from 1969 to 1974. In September 1974, he was named manager of the Main Engine Projects Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center. In that position he was responsible for the development and operation of the most advanced liquid propulsion rocket engine ever developed. He served in that position almost from the beginning of early development testing on the Shuttle main engine through the initial Shuttle flights. In February 1982, Thompson was named associate director for engineering in the Marshall Science and Engineering Directorate. In that position, he was responsible for planning and executing the engineering overview, analysis, evaluation and support for all Marshall Center projects that were in the hardware development stage. He served three years as deputy director for technical operations at Princeton University's Plasma Physics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. From March to June 1986, he was vice-chair of the NASA task force inquiring into the cause of the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. In that capacity, he headed the day-to-day operations\",\n \"title\": \"James R. Thompson Jr.\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["flagella","cilia"],"string":"[\n \"flagella\",\n \"cilia\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":79,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31346"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who is branded by a red-hot poker in the miller 's tale"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"4512409","text":"Flatulence humor, (more commonly known as fart jokes) refers to any type of joke, practical joke device, or other off-color humor related to flatulence. History Although it is likely that flatulence humor has long been considered funny in cultures that consider the public passing of gas impolite, such jokes are rarely recorded. It has been suggested that one of the oldest recorded jokes was a flatulence joke from the Sumerians that has been dated to 1,900 BC. Two important early texts are the 5th century BC plays The Knights and The Clouds, both by Aristophanes, which contain numerous fart jokes. Another example from classical times appeared in Apocolocyntosis or The Pumpkinification of Claudius, a satire attributed to Seneca on the late Roman emperor: He later explains he got to the afterlife with a quote from Homer: Archeologist Warwick Ball asserts that the Roman Emperor Elagabalus played practical jokes on his guests, employing a whoopee cushion-like device at dinner parties. In the translated version of Penguin's 1001 Arabian Nights Tales, a story entitled \"The Historic Fart\" tells of a man who flees his country from the sheer embarrassment of farting at his wedding, only to return ten years later to discover that his fart had become so famous, that people used the anniversary of its occurrence to date other events. Upon learning this, he exclaimed, \"Verily, my fart has become a date! It shall be remembered forever!\" His embarrassment is so great, he returns to exile in India. In a similar vein, John Aubrey's Brief Lives recounts of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford that: \"The Earle of Oxford, making his low obeisance to Queen Elizabeth, happened to let a Fart, at which he was so abashed and ashamed that he went to Travell, 7 yeares. Upon his return home, the Queen greeted him, reportedly saying \"My Lord, I had forgot the Fart.\" One of the most celebrated incidents of flatulence humor in early English literature is in The Miller's Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer, which dates from the 14th century; The Summoner's Tale has another. In the first, the character Nicholas sticks his buttocks out of a window at night and humiliates his rival Absolom by farting in his face. But Absolom gets revenge by thrusting a red-hot plough blade between Nicholas's cheeks (\"\") The medieval Latin joke book Facetiae by Poggio Bracciolini includes six tales about farting. François Rabelais' tales of Gargantua and Pantagruel are laden with acts of flatulence. In Chapter XXVII of the second book, the giant, Pantagruel, releases a fart that \"made the earth shake for twenty-nine miles around, and the foul air he blew out created more than fifty-three thousand tiny men, dwarves and creatures of weird shapes, and then he emitted a fat wet fart that turned into just as many tiny stooping women.\" The plays of William Shakespeare include several humorous references to flatulence, including the following from Othello: Benjamin Franklin, in his open letter \"To the Royal Academy of Farting\", satirically proposes","title":"Flatulence humor"},{"docid":"404179","text":"\"The Miller's Tale\" () is the second of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1380s–1390s), told by the drunken miller Robin to \"quite\" (a Middle English term meaning requite or pay back, in both good and negative ways) \"The Knight's Tale\". The Miller's Prologue is the first \"quite\" that occurs in the tales. Prologue The general prologue to The Canterbury Tales describes the Miller, Robin, as a stout and evil churl fond of wrestling. In the Miller's Prologue, the pilgrims have just heard and enjoyed \"The Knight's Tale\", a classical story of courtly love, and the Host asks the Monk to \"quite\" with a tale of his own. Before the Monk can respond, however, the drunken Miller insists on going next. The Host tries to persuade the Miller to let some \"bettre\" man tell the next tale, but acquiesces when the Miller threatens to leave the company. The Miller claims that his tale is \"noble\", but reminds the other pilgrims that he is quite drunk and cannot be held accountable for what he says. He explains that his story is about a carpenter and his wife, and how a clerk \"hath set the wrightes cappe\" (that is, fooled the carpenter). Osewold the Reeve, who had originally been a carpenter himself, shouts out his immediate objection to such ridicule, and protests that the tale will insult carpenters and wives, but the Miller insists on proceeding with his tale. \"The Miller's Tale\" begins the trend in which succeeding tellers \"quite\" (or one-up) the previous story with their own. In a way, the Miller requites the \"Knight's Tale\" and is himself directly requited with \"The Reeve's Tale\", in which the Reeve follows Robin's insulting story about a carpenter with his own tale disparaging a miller. Synopsis \"The Miller's Tale\" is the story of a carpenter, his lovely wife, and two younger men who are eager to sleep with her. The carpenter, John, lives in Oxford with his much younger wife, Alisoun, who is a local beauty. In order to make extra money, John rents out a room in his house to a clever Oxford University student named Nicholas, who has taken a liking to Alisoun. Another man in the town, Absolon, the parish clerk, also has his eye on Alisoun. The action begins when John makes a day trip to a nearby town. While he is gone, Nicholas grabs Alisoun \"by the queynte\". When she threatens to cry for help, he begins to cry and, after a few sweet words, she agrees to have sex with him when it is safe to do so. Their affair begins. Shortly afterward, Alisoun goes to church, where Absolon sees her and immediately is filled with \"love-longing.\" He tries to woo Alisoun by singing love songs under her window during the full moon and sending her gifts. He also seeks her attention by taking a part in a local play. However, Alisoun rebuffs all his efforts because she is already involved with Nicholas. Nicholas, meanwhile, longs to spend a","title":"The Miller's Tale"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"4512409\",\n \"text\": \"Flatulence humor, (more commonly known as fart jokes) refers to any type of joke, practical joke device, or other off-color humor related to flatulence. History Although it is likely that flatulence humor has long been considered funny in cultures that consider the public passing of gas impolite, such jokes are rarely recorded. It has been suggested that one of the oldest recorded jokes was a flatulence joke from the Sumerians that has been dated to 1,900 BC. Two important early texts are the 5th century BC plays The Knights and The Clouds, both by Aristophanes, which contain numerous fart jokes. Another example from classical times appeared in Apocolocyntosis or The Pumpkinification of Claudius, a satire attributed to Seneca on the late Roman emperor: He later explains he got to the afterlife with a quote from Homer: Archeologist Warwick Ball asserts that the Roman Emperor Elagabalus played practical jokes on his guests, employing a whoopee cushion-like device at dinner parties. In the translated version of Penguin's 1001 Arabian Nights Tales, a story entitled \\\"The Historic Fart\\\" tells of a man who flees his country from the sheer embarrassment of farting at his wedding, only to return ten years later to discover that his fart had become so famous, that people used the anniversary of its occurrence to date other events. Upon learning this, he exclaimed, \\\"Verily, my fart has become a date! It shall be remembered forever!\\\" His embarrassment is so great, he returns to exile in India. In a similar vein, John Aubrey's Brief Lives recounts of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford that: \\\"The Earle of Oxford, making his low obeisance to Queen Elizabeth, happened to let a Fart, at which he was so abashed and ashamed that he went to Travell, 7 yeares. Upon his return home, the Queen greeted him, reportedly saying \\\"My Lord, I had forgot the Fart.\\\" One of the most celebrated incidents of flatulence humor in early English literature is in The Miller's Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer, which dates from the 14th century; The Summoner's Tale has another. In the first, the character Nicholas sticks his buttocks out of a window at night and humiliates his rival Absolom by farting in his face. But Absolom gets revenge by thrusting a red-hot plough blade between Nicholas's cheeks (\\\"\\\") The medieval Latin joke book Facetiae by Poggio Bracciolini includes six tales about farting. François Rabelais' tales of Gargantua and Pantagruel are laden with acts of flatulence. In Chapter XXVII of the second book, the giant, Pantagruel, releases a fart that \\\"made the earth shake for twenty-nine miles around, and the foul air he blew out created more than fifty-three thousand tiny men, dwarves and creatures of weird shapes, and then he emitted a fat wet fart that turned into just as many tiny stooping women.\\\" The plays of William Shakespeare include several humorous references to flatulence, including the following from Othello: Benjamin Franklin, in his open letter \\\"To the Royal Academy of Farting\\\", satirically proposes\",\n \"title\": \"Flatulence humor\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"404179\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Miller's Tale\\\" () is the second of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1380s–1390s), told by the drunken miller Robin to \\\"quite\\\" (a Middle English term meaning requite or pay back, in both good and negative ways) \\\"The Knight's Tale\\\". The Miller's Prologue is the first \\\"quite\\\" that occurs in the tales. Prologue The general prologue to The Canterbury Tales describes the Miller, Robin, as a stout and evil churl fond of wrestling. In the Miller's Prologue, the pilgrims have just heard and enjoyed \\\"The Knight's Tale\\\", a classical story of courtly love, and the Host asks the Monk to \\\"quite\\\" with a tale of his own. Before the Monk can respond, however, the drunken Miller insists on going next. The Host tries to persuade the Miller to let some \\\"bettre\\\" man tell the next tale, but acquiesces when the Miller threatens to leave the company. The Miller claims that his tale is \\\"noble\\\", but reminds the other pilgrims that he is quite drunk and cannot be held accountable for what he says. He explains that his story is about a carpenter and his wife, and how a clerk \\\"hath set the wrightes cappe\\\" (that is, fooled the carpenter). Osewold the Reeve, who had originally been a carpenter himself, shouts out his immediate objection to such ridicule, and protests that the tale will insult carpenters and wives, but the Miller insists on proceeding with his tale. \\\"The Miller's Tale\\\" begins the trend in which succeeding tellers \\\"quite\\\" (or one-up) the previous story with their own. In a way, the Miller requites the \\\"Knight's Tale\\\" and is himself directly requited with \\\"The Reeve's Tale\\\", in which the Reeve follows Robin's insulting story about a carpenter with his own tale disparaging a miller. Synopsis \\\"The Miller's Tale\\\" is the story of a carpenter, his lovely wife, and two younger men who are eager to sleep with her. The carpenter, John, lives in Oxford with his much younger wife, Alisoun, who is a local beauty. In order to make extra money, John rents out a room in his house to a clever Oxford University student named Nicholas, who has taken a liking to Alisoun. Another man in the town, Absolon, the parish clerk, also has his eye on Alisoun. The action begins when John makes a day trip to a nearby town. While he is gone, Nicholas grabs Alisoun \\\"by the queynte\\\". When she threatens to cry for help, he begins to cry and, after a few sweet words, she agrees to have sex with him when it is safe to do so. Their affair begins. Shortly afterward, Alisoun goes to church, where Absolon sees her and immediately is filled with \\\"love-longing.\\\" He tries to woo Alisoun by singing love songs under her window during the full moon and sending her gifts. He also seeks her attention by taking a part in a local play. However, Alisoun rebuffs all his efforts because she is already involved with Nicholas. Nicholas, meanwhile, longs to spend a\",\n \"title\": \"The Miller's Tale\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"6803865","text":"In Cahoots was a Canterbury scene band led by guitarist Phil Miller, their main composer. History The band was formed in November 1982 by Miller with Pip Pyle (drums), Richard Sinclair (bass) and Elton Dean (saxophone), as the Phil Miller Quartet. It was expanded to a quintet and given its definitive name when Peter Lemer (keyboards) joined in early 1983. Miller and Pyle had been working together in National Health and had been in Hatfield and the North with Sinclair before that, while Pyle and Dean were longstanding collaborators too, recently having worked together in the Weightwatchers (with pianist Keith Tippett) and Soft Heap. Early in 1985, Hugh Hopper replaced Sinclair. The band appeared on Miller's first solo album, Cutting Both Ways (released 1987). In 1987, Steve Franklin replaced Lemer, and in 1988 Fred Baker replaced Hopper. This line-up appeared on Miller's solo album Split Seconds, while In Cahoots Live 86-89 was released in 1989 (released under the name Phil Miller/In Cahoots like all their albums). In 1990, Franklin left and the band was joined by Jim Dvorak on trumpet. Baker and Lemer appeared on Miller's Digging In (1991), which also had programmed drums by Pip Pyle. In 1991, Miller and Pyle were reunited with Hopper in Short Wave. In Cahoots continued with a Japanese tour, including Lemer, documented on Live in Japan (1993). The next studio effort, Recent Discoveries, was recorded in 1993. Lemer rejoined the band in 1995 and they recorded Parallel (1996) and Out of the Blue (2001), which saw Caravan guitarist Doug Boyle sitting in on two tracks (he also took part in a brief European tour that year). In 2002, Mark Fletcher replaced Pyle and the line-up of Miller, Fletcher, Dean, Dvorak, Baker and Lemer released All That in 2003. In 2004, Dean and Dvorak left and, since then, the brass section consists of Simon Picard on tenor sax, Simon Finch on trumpet, and occasionally Gail Brand on trombone. Former Short Wave collaborator Didier Malherbe, however, was the featured saxophonist on Miller's latest effort, 2006's Conspiracy Theories, which also included guest spots by Richard Sinclair, Dave Stewart and Doug Boyle. Discography 1991: Live 86-89 (Mantra Records) 1993: Live In Japan (Crescent Discs) 1994: Recent Discoveries (Crescent Discs) 1996: Parallel (Crescent Discs) 2001: Out Of The Blue (Crescent Discs) 2003: All That (Cuneiform Records) 2007: Conspiracy Theories (Crescent Discs) 2011: Mind Over Matter (Crescent Discs) Filmography 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD) Sources Calyx - the Canterbury scene website Family tree Canterbury scene Jazz fusion ensembles English progressive rock groups English jazz ensembles Musical groups established in 1982 1982 establishments in England","title":"In Cahoots"},{"docid":"10857014","text":"WMVR-FM (105.5 MHz, \"Hits 105.5\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Sidney, Ohio, broadcasting a hot adult contemporary music format. Its studios, offices, and transmitter are located on Russell Road, just outside Sidney. History On January 8, 1964, the Federal Communications Commission granted the Van Wert Broadcasting Company—owner of WMVR (1080 AM), which signed on November 21, 1963—a construction permit for an FM station on 105.5 MHz. The station signed on in 1965; it simulcast and continued the programming of the AM station, a daytime-only outlet. In 1966, WMVR-AM-FM was purchased by the Dean Miller Broadcasting Corporation, owned by Dean Miller, an actor and Ohio native. Before coming to Sidney, Miller had been a television personality and actor in Hollywood. He was best known for the role of Matt Henshaw on the Desilu-produced CBS sitcom December Bride from 1954 to 1959, co-starring with Spring Byington, Frances Rafferty, Verna Felton, and Harry Morgan. He later co-hosted the NBC daytime celebrity interview series Here's Hollywood, with Helen O'Connell, in addition to appearances on the NBC game show Your First Impression and as an occasional fill-in host for Art Linkletter's House Party on CBS. A Hamilton, Ohio, native, Miller (born Dean C. Stuhmueller, Sr.,) began his career essentially as a radio broadcaster before a by-chance meeting with some Hollywood executives who agreed to give the young Miller a chance to act. Miller graduated from Ohio State University in Columbus. Miller also hosted a talk and variety show on WLW-C television (now WCMH-TV) in the early 1960s. Miller moved the WMVR stations from their original home in the Taylor Building downtown to their present location in the summer of 1969. At that time, the stations began offering separate programming, with a full service/middle of the road format on AM and beautiful music on FM. In the 1980s, the station switched to hot adult contemporary as Hits 105.5. The AM station, which had simulcast the FM for most of the period aside from attempts at big band and news/talk formats, was closed in November 2000 after one of the towers was blown down in a storm. Dean Miller died January 13, 2004, at his home in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. His widow, Ida, owned WMVR-FM until her death on May 6, 2014. The station remained owned by his family. On August 3, 2015, WMVR-FM changed formats to adult hits, branded as \"105.5 TAM FM\", with the letters TAM representing \"Totally About Music\". In March 2022, the station was sold to Fender Broadcasting, a company owned by the station's assistant general manager Michelle Stallard. After the acquisition was completed on June 24, 2022, the station reverted to its previous hot AC format and branding Hits 105.5 on September 6. References External links MVR-FM Sidney, Ohio Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States Radio stations established in 1965 1965 establishments in Ohio","title":"WMVR-FM"},{"docid":"231635","text":"Dyna-Flites was a brand of die-cast toy model airplanes sold in the 1970s, '80s and '90s by Zee Toys of California. The line was part of a series of Dyna die-cast products that included toy cars, construction vehicles, bikes and tanks. The Dyna-Flites range included 79 aircraft with over 206 color and marking variations released until production ceased in 1996. Corporate basis, manufacturing arrangements, branding and product range ZEE Toys of Hong Kong produced the line, and the US distribution was picked up by Intex in 1981. Intex would remain the US distributor until 1992, when ZEE would assume direct US distribution. The toys themselves were manufactured in Hong Kong. Although generally released as Dyna-Flites, their branding was changed to suit some international markets. Modern Toys of Japan distributed them as \"Hot Wings\"; \"Superwings\" in the United Kingdom and in Australia; \"Vento Caldo\" in Italy and \"Hot Wings\" elsewhere. These early \"Hot Wings\" issues must not be confused with the current \"Hot Wings\" line from another vendor although it does include some ZEE moulds. The Dyna-Flite line consisted of a variety of subjects, including many WWII airplanes (including a \"WWII Historical Series\" in 1996 with new colors), modern jets both from the US, Europe and the Soviet Union, a biplane and a number of helicopters. Most models featured raised rivets or moulded-in lines and relatively robust 'dumbbell-type' metal wheels. Unfortunately, the rotors and clear parts of earlier helicopters (especially the Bell 47) were made from very brittle plastic that broke easily during play. Zee took action to fix this with later releases (e.g. the Kaman Seasprite) by changing the rotors to flexible vinyl. Marketing Dyna-Flites reached their peak in the late 1980s, with most mass retailers carrying the line (including Target, Woolworths/Woolco, WalMart and ToysRUs in the United States, and K-Mart, Toy World and Franklins in Australia). They were often available for purchase for $1 or less each, a feature that often saw them marketed as an impulse purchase line at checkouts and newsagents. Dyna-Flites were also sold in at least two dedicated aircraft giftsets, as well as other giftsets with various themes (e.g. the Emergency and Police Giftsets included H-19 and the Bell-47 or Cayuse helicopters, respectively). Notably, the Dyna-Flites Bell 47 and Chinook helicopters were released in a variety of forms under a media tie-in with the M*A*S*H franchise. Dyna-Flites has been credited with being the first brand that had commercial airlines license them to produce die-cast models for them. Among the airlines that had models released by Dyna-Flites included FedEx, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Pan Am, TWA and Braniff. Additional airlines in the Dyna-Flite range included Austrian, Hawaiian, ANA, Japan Airlines, BOAC, United Airlines CP Airlines, Western Airlines, KLM, British Airways and more. However, ZEE did issue an authorized gift set for United Air Lines in 1993. Demise and current product releases by Red Box Toys ZEE Toys ceased production in 1996, but the line was purchased by Red Box Toys of Hong Kong in","title":"Dyna-Flytes"},{"docid":"68696036","text":"\"Wrong Roads\" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the American Neo-Western television series Justified. It is the 61st overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Dave Andron and story editor Leonard Chang and directed by executive producer Michael Dinner. It originally aired on FX on March 11, 2014. The series is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly \"Fire in the Hole\", which serves as the basis for the episode. The series follows Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian Mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. In the episode, Raylan partners with a maverick DEA agent whose bad behavior feels uncomfortably familiar, while Boyd makes a hard choice to protect Ava. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.24 million household viewers and gained a 0.8 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the new progress on the storyline, although critics still felt that the episode lacked momentum. Plot In Texas, Dewey (Damon Herriman), Danny (A. J. Buckley) and Carl (Justin Welborn) receive the drug shipment from their contacts and depart for Kentucky. While talking with Daryl (Michael Rapaport), Boyd (Walton Goggins) tells him he knows about the set-up in the desert, which he doesn't deny. Raylan (Timothy Olyphant) receives the case of Johnny's murder along with Hot Rod's henchmen. He goes to Memphis, Tennessee, meeting with DEA Agent Alex Miller (Eric Roberts), asking for his help in finding Hot Rod (Mickey Jones). Raylan and the DEA find one of Hot Rod's warehouses, finding Jay (Wood Harris) and Roscoe (Steve Harris) and arrest them. However, Jay and Roscoe overcome their captor and they are revealed to have Hot Rod held in another warehouse. Hot Rod stabs his captor in the neck with a pencil but is shot in the process. Raylan and Miller reach Hot Rod, who tells them Boyd may be behind Johnny's death, but he dies of his injuries. Prior to his death, it is revealed that Hot Rod was a criminal informant for Miller. Boyd visits Ava (Joelle Carter) in prison, who tells him that nurse Rowena (Deidrie Henry) will leave the prison and will need his help in exchange for protecting her, which he accepts to do. Rowena visits Boyd at his bar, intending to smuggle drugs into prison and wants his help in getting revenge against a person who killed her partner. Boyd visits the man, Elmont Swain (Muse Watson) at a nursing home. Elmont defends his actions, stating that his wife died due to the drugs smuggled in prison. Despite the assignment, Boyd symphatizes with Elmont and offers to get him out of the home to live his remaining days in peace. He and Jimmy (Jesse Luken) take Elmont on a trip","title":"Wrong Roads"},{"docid":"7692634","text":"KEGE now known as X Radio Mexico La Gran (101.7 FM, \"101.7\") is an American radio station broadcasting a Mexican music format. Licensed to Hamilton City, California, United States, the station serves the Chico area. History The station began on KEWE, which had previously played jazz and blues music before switching its format to sports talk. The branding would become known as the SportsFan 1340. However, the signal was extremely weak, so management switched formats and bands in 2006. The FM station remained as KRER while KEWE returned to the ESPN Radio format at 1340. The station was the flagship station for Butte College Roadrunner football (with Mike Wessels) and covers local high school sports (with Mike Baca) alongside its sister station KPAY. They also began coverage of the annual Lions Club All-Star Football Game in Redding in 2006 representing the South All-Stars. (The North All-Stars radio representation is KNTK of Mt. Shasta). They are also the local affiliate of the NBA's Sacramento Kings Radio Network. During the 2007 and 2008 seasons, the station became the flagship station for local Golden Baseball League baseball team, the Chico Outlaws with Rory Miller on the call. Currently, the station is a radio affiliate of the San Francisco Giants. On February 24, 2011, the then-KCKS changed their format to top 40, branded as \"Kiss FM\". They were the second station in the Chico market to flip to Top 40, joining KCEZ, which flipped on February 22, 2011. On February 4, 2012, KCKS switched back to a sports format. On September 24, 2013, KCKS switched to an adult alternative music format, branded as \"Radio 101.7\". On December 10, 2013, KCKS changed their call letters to KVXX, and the station was branded as X 101.7. The station aired an adult alternative music format and was the flagship over-the-air station for Chico Heat baseball. The station changed its call sign to KSOJ on February 21, 2017. On February 28, 2017, KSOJ changed their format to talk, branded as \"Super Talk 101.7\". On May 25, 2017, KSOJ changed their format from talk to alternative rock, branded as \"101.7 The Edge\". The station changed to the KEGE call sign on May 29, 2017. On August 1, 2019, KEGE changed their format from alternative rock to hot adult contemporary, branded as \"Hot Hits 101.7\". Previous logos References External links EGE (FM) Radio stations established in 2006 2006 establishments in California Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States","title":"KEGE (FM)"},{"docid":"45681925","text":"The discography of American singer Jody Miller contains 21 studio albums, five compilation albums, one video album, one album appearance, one extended play (EP) and 57 singles. Of her 57 singles, 47 were issued with Miller as the lead artist, two were released as a collaboration, two were promotional singles and five were internationally-released singles. At Capitol Records, Miller recorded several albums beginning with Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe (1963). In 1963, her debut single \"He Walks Like a Man\" reached the American Billboard Hot 100. In 1965, the single \"Queen of the House\" reached number 12 on the Hot 100 and the top five of Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. A corresponding album of the same name reached number 12 on the Billboard Top Country Albums survey and number 124 on the Billboard 200. It was followed by the charting single \"Silver Threads and Golden Needles\" and the top 30 song \"Home of the Brave\". The Capitol label issued three more studio albums of Miller's recordings, including The Nashville Sound of Jody Miller (1968), which reached the country albums top 50. At Epic Records, Miller's singles and albums made the North American country charts. Her first Epic album was 1970's Look at Mine. It was followed by 1971's He's So Fine, which featured the top five Billboard country songs \"He's So Fine\" and \"Baby I'm Yours\". Both singles also reached the Hot 100 and the Billboard adult contemporary chart. These songs also made the top ten of the Canadian RPM Country Tracks survey. Three more singles reached the country top ten through 1973: \"There's a Party Goin' On\", \"Good News\" and \"Darling You Can Always Come Back Home\". Three additional singles made the North American country top 20: \"Be My Baby\", \"To Know Him Is to Love Him\" and \"Let's All Go Down to the River\". Her top ten singles were featured on the studio albums There's a Party Goin' On (1972) and Good News! (1973). Both albums made the American country chart. Miller remained at the Epic label through 1979, releasing four more studio albums such as House of the Rising Sun (1974) and Country Girl (1975). Her final studio album was 1977's Here's Jody Miller. Following a single also titled \"House of the Rising Sun\", her recordings reached progressively lower chart positions on the country charts. She reached the Billboard country top 40 one more time with 1976's \"When the New Wears Off Our Love\". Her singles charted through the close of the decade. Miller's final charting single was \"Lay a Little Lovin' on Me\" (1979). Miller sporadically recorded for different labels over the next several decades. This included My Country, Higher, Real Good Feelin and Bye Bye Blues. Albums Studio albums Compilation albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As a collaborative artist Promotional singles Foreign language singles Video albums Other album appearances Notes References External links Jody Miller discography at her official website Country music discographies Discographies of American artists","title":"Jody Miller discography"},{"docid":"1342404","text":"Mark Ramos Nishita (born February 10, 1960), known professionally as Money Mark, is an American producer and musician, best known for his collaborations with the Beastie Boys from 1992 until 2011. Early life Born in Detroit to a Japanese-Hawaiian father and a Chicana mother, Nishita moved with his family to Los Angeles, California, when he was six years old. Career His first album, Mark's Keyboard Repair (1995), was made up of keyboard driven pop-funk songs recorded at demo quality. Guy Ritchie used a song from the album in the film, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. This was followed up by the Third Version EP (1996) and Push the Button (1998), for which Mark received critical praise. Whereas his 1996 EP was similar to his debut, Push the Button was extremely eclectic, combining aspects of rock music and pop with soul, funk and hip hop. This LP was met with good reviews, as was his 2001 follow up Change Is Coming which had a tropical yet danceable disco and funk sound. Mark met the Beastie Boys during their migration to the West Coast, through mutual friend, Mario Caldato Jr., who asked Mark (who was working as a carpenter) to fix the wooden gate at the entrance of the property where the band was staying when they were recording Paul's Boutique. He helped them build a studio, and quickly became a principal collaborator. He performed, wrote, and collaborated on every Beastie Boys album from 1992's Check Your Head to the group's final album, 2011's Hot Sauce Committee Part Two. Mark co-authored the Grammy Award winning album The Mix-Up. Money Mark contributed the keyboard phrase that opens and underpins \"Where It's At\" from Beck's 1996 album, Odelay. He played keyboards on tour for the Omar Rodriguez-Lopez Quintet in support of their self-titled album. He has since become a full member of the quintet, appearing on the live EP with Damo Suzuki called Please Heat This Eventually and several other albums, with his debut full-length collaboration with the group being the Quintet's second LP release, The Apocalypse Inside of an Orange. In 1996, Money Mark contributed the song \"Use Your Head (Use a Sua Cabeca)\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. He also contributed songs to Red Hot's Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin and Red Hot + Rhapsody a tribute to George Gershwin. In 2004, Mark scored and played all instruments for HBO's first ever documentary prime time series, \"Family Bond's,\" directed by Steve Santor. That same year, Mark also contributed original songs and score cues for \"Along Came Polly,\" \"Fun With Dick and Jane,\" and \"The Devil Wears Prada.\" In September 2006, Money Mark signed to Jack Johnson's Brushfire Records label. Brand New By Tomorrow, his first album with Brushfire, was released in February 2007. In late 2006, he opened for Gnarls Barkley at the Riviera Theatre in Chicago. In 2007, Money Mark and The Woodrow Jackson Orchestra recorded a cover version of","title":"Money Mark"},{"docid":"2025406","text":"Edward, Ed, or Eddie Miller may refer to: Arts and entertainment Ed Miller (Scottish folk musician), Scottish folk singer Eddie Miller (jazz saxophonist) (1911–1991), jazz musician Eddie \"Piano\" Miller, piano player and bandleader, also known as Edward Lisbona (1905–1989) Eddie \"The Bombardier\" Miller, radio talk show host, see The Political Cesspool Eddie Miller (songwriter) (1919–1977), American songwriter in the country music genre Edward Miller (musician) (1735–1807), English organist and composer Edward Miller (playwright), American actor, playwright, and producer Edward Miller (born 1949), pseudonym of British fantasy, science fiction and horror illustrator Les Edwards Politics Edward Allan Miller (born 1942), Canadian politician Edward B. Miller (born 1971), Deputy Chief of Staff to Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich Edward E. Miller (1880–1946), U.S. Representative from Illinois Edward G. Miller Jr. (1911–1968), U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edward Tylor Miller (1895–1968), U.S. Army officer and later U.S. Representative from Maryland Ed Miller (Kentucky politician) (1931–2005), member of the Kentucky Senate Sports Association football Eddie Miller (footballer, born 1917) (1917–1940), English footballer, winger for Gateshead Eddie Miller (footballer, born 1920) (1920–2002), English footballer, inside forward for Barrow Edward Miller (footballer) (1908–1965), Polish footballer Baseball Ed Miller (first baseman) (1888–1980), Major League Baseball first baseman Ed Miller (outfielder), American Association professional baseball player Eddie Miller (infielder) (1916–1997), baseball shortstop Eddie Miller (outfielder) (born 1957), retired Major League Baseball player Eddie Miller (pitcher) (1902–?), American Negro league baseball player Other sports Eddie Miller (basketball) (1931–2014), American basketball player Eddie Miller (quarterback) (1916–2000), American football quarterback Eddie Miller (racing driver, born 1895) (1895–1965), American race car driver Eddie Miller (racing driver, born 1945) American race car driver from Colorado Eddie Miller (wide receiver) (born 1969), American football wide receiver Other Ed Miller (poker player) (born 1979), American professional poker player and poker authority Eddie Miller, known as Bozo Miller, competitive eater Edward Alexander Millar (1860–1934), U.S. Army general Edward Miller (historian) (1915–2000), historian and Master of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Edward Miller (priest) (1854–1951), Anglican Archdeacon of Colombo Edward D. Miller (born 1943), Dean and CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine Edward J. Miller (USMC) (1922–1993), United States Marine Corps general Edward J. Miller (warden) (1899–?), American prison administrator Edward M. Miller (born 1944), American economist and intelligence researcher Edward Miller (pirate) (fl. 1717–1720), English pirate active in the Caribbean Edward S. Miller, former FBI agent Edward T. Miller (outlaw) (1856–1881), outlaw who rode with Jesse James and also was killed by him","title":"Edward Miller"},{"docid":"25517753","text":"Molson Coors was created by the merger of two of North America's largest breweries: Molson of Canada, and Coors of the United States, on February 9, 2005. Molson Coors acquired full ownership of the Miller brand portfolio from SABMiller in 2016. Through this acquisition and others, Molson Coors owns a number of notable beverage brands including Blue Moon, Carling, Coors Banquet, Coors Light, George Killian's Irish Red, Granville Island Brewing, Hamm's, Hop Valley, Leinenkugel's, Miller High Life, Miller Lite, Milwaukee's Best, Molson Canadian, Molson Export, Pilsner Urquell, Steel Reserve, and Terrapin. Product availability and trademark registration vary by country. In certain countries, Molson Coors Beverage Company may distribute the products under license from a third party. Molson Coors North America Aguila Aquarelle Arnold Palmer Spiked Half & Half Atwater Brewing Bella Amari Black Horse Black Ice Blue Moon / Belgian Moon Blue Moon LightSky Bohemian Cape Line Sparkling Cocktails Carling Clearly Kombucha Colorado Native Winterfest Cool Coors Coors Banquet / Coors Original Coors Batch 19 Coors Edge Coors Light Coors Organic Coors Seltzer Extra Gold Lager Creemore Springs Crispin Cider Cristal (Peru) Cusqueña Dominion Ale Foster's George Killian's Irish Red Granville Island Brewing Hamm's Henry Weinhard's Henry Weinhard’s Gourmet Sodas Henry's Hard Soda Herman Joseph's Private Reserve Hop Valley India Beer Keystone Keystone Light Keystone Ice Laurentide Leinenkugel's Mad & Noisy Mad Jack Miller Brewing Company Icehouse Magnum Mickey's Miller Genuine Draft Miller High Life Miller Lite Miller64 Milwaukee's Best Olde English 800 Steel Reserve Molson Molson Canadian Molson Canadian Cold Shots Molson Dry Molson Exel Molson Export Molson Stock Ale Molson Ultra MOVO Old Style Pilsner Old Vienna Red Dog Redd's Redd's Apple Ale/Redd's Hard Apple Redd's Wicked Revolver Brewing Rickards Saint Archer Brewing Saint Archer Saint Archer Gold Smith & Forge Hard Cider Sol Cerveza Sparks Standard Lager Terrapin Beer Company Vizzy Hard Seltzer Wanderoot Molson Coors Europe Apatinsko Aspall Cyder AstikA Astika Dark Astika Light Burgasko Barmen Bergenbier Bergenbier Non-Alcoholic Borsodi Caffreys Cobra Beer Franciscan Well Jelen Kamenitza Kamenitza Non-Alcoholic Lech Premium Madri Niksicko Noroc Ostravar Ozujsko Pardubice Pernstejn Porter Taxis Rekorderlig Sharp's Brewery Staropramen Brewery Pravha Staropramen Staropramen Non-Alcoholic Tomislav Worthingtons WAI Moment (hard seltzer) Discontinued Aspen Edge Blair's Bavarian Beer Coors Malted Milk (non-alcoholic, formula later acquired by Mars Candy) Coors Red Light Coors Dry (western US only) Coors Artic Ice Coors Cutter (non-alcoholic) Eisbock (seasonal - spring) Miller Fortune Miller Lite Ice Miller Gold Molson Canadian 67 Molson M Screamers Southpaw Light Turbo 1000 Weizenbier Red Dog Zima References Molson","title":"List of Molson Coors brands"},{"docid":"5144009","text":"Nightmare Castle () is a 1965 Italian horror film directed by Mario Caiano. The film stars Paul Muller, Helga Liné and Barbara Steele in a dual role. Mario Caiano shot the film in Rome and declared it his tribute to the Gothic genre and to actress Barbara Steele. Among reviews of the film, critics and historians note Steele's dual performance. Plot Stephen Arrowsmith, a scientist, has his home laboratory in the castle owned by his wife Muriel. Stephen finds her having sex with a gardener, David. He attacks and disfigures David with a hot poker and burns Muriel's body with acid. Before electrocuting both of them, Stephen is told that he is not Muriel's heir, but that the estate has been willed to her stepsister, Jenny, who is mentally unstable. Stephen removes David's and Muriel's hearts and hides them in an urn. He uses their blood to rejuvenate his aged servant, Solange. Sometime later, Stephen marries Jenny, planning to have the rejuvenated Solange drive her insane. Jenny begins having nightmares, which include the sound of beating hearts and Muriel's voice urging her to murder Stephen. Stephen brings Dr. Derek Joyce to the castle to treat Jenny, who becomes convinced that supernatural forces are at work. Joyce discovers the hidden hearts of Muriel and David. The murdered dead return as ghosts. Muriel burns Stephen alive while David reduces Solange to a skeleton by draining her blood. Dr. Joyce then burns the disembodied hearts and leaves the castle with Jenny. Cast Barbara Steele – Muriel Paul Muller – Stephen Arrowsmith Helga Liné – Solange Marino Masé – Dr. Derek Joyce Rik Battaglia Giuseppe Addobbati Production Director Mario Caiano stated that Nightmare Castle was born out of his passion for actress Barbara Steele and the Gothic genre, a style which he began to love between 1943 and '44 when he first read Edgar Allan Poe's work. Caiano said that he was not influenced by director Mario Bava, and did not remember seeing his films at the time with the possible exception of Black Sunday (1960). The initial script treatment for the film was titled Orgasmo and re-uses ideas from Poe's \"The Tell-Tale Heart\". Caiano's father Carlo was the producer of the film and was given a low budget to work with. With his friend art director Bruno Cesari, Caiano found a villa to use as a shooting location. The film was shot at Villa Parisi in Frascati and at Incir-De-Paolis Studios in Rome over 18 days. The film was released in black-and-white, shot by director of photography Enzo Barboni, but it was originally planned for some scenes to be given a red tint in post production. Release Nightmare Castle was released in Italy on 16 July 1965 where it was distributed by Emmeci. The film grossed a total of 154 million Italian lire on its theatrical release. The film was released by Allied Artists Pictures in the United States on 5 July 1966, shortly before the studio's initial demise. Nightmare Castle has been","title":"Nightmare Castle"},{"docid":"24172948","text":"The Poker Star is an Australian reality game show broadcast on One from 26 September 2009. It is created and hosted by former World Series of Poker Champion Joe Hachem, who will also act as judge and mentor to the contestants. New Zealand poker champion Lee Nelson will also appear as a judge. The series is sponsored by PokerStars. The show pits eleven amateur poker players against each other in a series of challenges that tests the principles of \"Joe's Code\", rules that Hachem believes are beneficial for success in life and for being a successful poker player. Players compete for $100,000 in cash and entry to four of the world's biggest poker tournaments, with Hachem continuing to join them as their personal mentor. Over 18,000 people applied for the first series. The 1st season saw 33-year-old speech pathologist and mother of two Amanda become 'The Poker Star', beating out the other two members of the final three, Josh and Chris. Amanda stated during the final episode that the $100,000 prize money would go a long way to helping with the mortgage on the home she had recently purchased for herself and her two daughters. Players Weekly results * The player(s) won the weekly challenge. ** Invited to play were professional poker players Eric Assoudourian (3rd), Celina Lin (4th) and Emad Tahtouh (last). The player became The Poker Star. The player was sent to the elimination room. The player was eliminated. Weekly summary Week 1: \"Reading People\" Air date: 30 September 2009 (special advance screening: 26 September 2009) Challenge: The contestants get to know each other and must decide who is the strongest player and who is the weakest player. Challenge winner: Josh Tournament winner: Ben ($1,000) Eliminated: Tom Week 2: \"Focus\" Air date: 7 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must maintain their focus in the shark tank at the Melbourne Aquarium. Challenge winner: Chris Tournament winner: Amanda ($1,500) Eliminated: Martin Week 3: \"Bluffing\" Air date: 14 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must bluff their way through a job interview with the \"human lie detector\". Challenge winner: Donna Tournament winner: Ben ($2,000) Eliminated: Sally Week 4: \"Composure\" Air date: 21 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must maintain their composure as they build a house of cards whilst listening to loud music. Challenge winner: Red team (Amanda, Chris, Donna, Shane) Tournament winner: Chris ($2,500) Eliminated: Ron Week 5: \"Recall\" Air date: 28 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must recall a series of events they witnessed which includes a car accident. Challenge winner: Katie Tournament winner: Josh ($3,000) Eliminated: Katie Week 6: \"Endurance\" Air date: 4 November 2009 Challenge: The contestants are put in front of a screen with a blinking eye and must record every time the eye blinks. Challenge winner: Josh Tournament winner: Josh ($5,000) Eliminated: Donna, Shane Week 7: \"Courage\" Air date: 11 November 2009 Challenge: The contestants get to live the high-life by walking across a thin plank of wood between two buildings, 16 floors above the ground.","title":"The Poker Star"},{"docid":"4537586","text":"California Split is a 1974 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Altman and starring Elliott Gould and George Segal as a pair of gamblers. It was the first non-Cinerama film to use eight-track stereo sound. Plot In Los Angeles, a friendship blossoms between Bill Denny and Charlie Waters, fueled by their shared passion for gambling. The connection solidifies after a card player, whose winnings they have acquired, subjects them to a violent assault and robbery. Charlie, a wisecracking joker residing with two prostitutes, emerges as a seasoned gambler perpetually seeking the next big score. His wagers span poker, horse racing, boxing, and any opportunity offering odds. Initially, Bill is not as deeply entrenched in the gambling world. By day, he dabbles in work at a magazine, sidestepping his boss. Nevertheless, he is well on his way to succumbing to a full-fledged gaming addiction. As the two men traverse Charlie's home, Bill's office, seedy bars, card rooms, and various sports venues, Bill succumbs to the allure of the gambling lifestyle. To fuel his burgeoning habit, he plunges into debt with Sparkie, his bookie, and resorts to pawning possessions, including his car, to finance a bus trip to Reno. During their journey, Charlie identifies the assailant who mugged them at the film's outset. Seizing the opportunity for retribution, he confronts and robs the offender. On the road to Reno, Bill and Charlie pool their resources to stake Bill in a high-stakes poker game, featuring former world champion Amarillo Slim as one of the players, portraying himself. Bill emerges victorious, pocketing $18,000, and is convinced of his hot streak. Emboldened, he transitions to blackjack, roulette, and finally craps, accumulating more wealth with each game. However, a significant loss at the craps table leaves Bill emotionally drained and indifferent. Despite Charlie's enthusiasm to continue gambling at other casinos, Bill, after splitting their winnings ($82,000), declares his intention to quit and return home. Although Charlie struggles to comprehend Bill's decision, he recognizes his friend's sincerity, and they part ways. Cast George Segal as Bill Denny Elliott Gould as Charlie Waters Ann Prentiss as Barbara Miller Gwen Welles as Susan Peters Edward Walsh as Lew Joseph Walsh as Sparkie Bert Remsen as Helen Brown Jeff Goldblum as Lloyd Harris Barbara Ruick as Reno Barmaid Production Development Joseph Walsh had been an actor for over 20 years. Frustrated with the progress of his career and the sorts of roles he had been playing, he wrote a screenplay about his own gambling addiction in 1971. \"I knew so much about gambling,\" he said. \"And nobody writes gambling well... I was writing for all the gamblers of the world, people who are going to turn out and watch the movie and say, 'Oh, God, this man is in our heart and soul',\" said Walsh later. Steven Spielberg Walsh was friends with then up-and-coming filmmaker Steven Spielberg and they worked on the script for nine months. Spielberg was fascinated by the characters and would react to Walsh's script, offering suggestions.","title":"California Split"},{"docid":"21913054","text":"Tommy Angelo (born August 25, 1958) is an Oakland, California professional poker player, writer, and coach. Angelo was a career musician in the 1980s, performing rock and country on drums and piano. In 1990, he became a full-time professional poker player. Since then has since written 150 magazine articles, written and produced 60 poker-training videos, and written and published four books on poker, and one book on meditation. Writer Angelo has written and self-published five books. Four of them are about poker. The fifth is about meditation. On December 13, 2007, Tommy released his first book, Elements of Poker. On May 1, 2011, Tommy released his second book, A Rubber Band Story and Other Poker Tales. On March 14, 2017, Tommy released his third book, Painless Poker. On October 23, 2018, Tommy released his fourth book, Waiting for Straighters On February 11, 2019, Tommy released his fifth book, Dailyness: How to Sustain a Meditation Practice. Angelo has written articles for Poker Digest Magazine, PokerPages.com, Bluff Magazine, and PokerNews.com magazine. Movies Angelo was featured in the 2019 documentary film by Michael Bailey called For Love or Money: A Poker Documentary. In 2019, Angelo partnered with Lee Jones to make YouTube videos for poker players. The series is called PokerSimple. In 2020, Angelo launched the PokerWords video series at the Tommy Angelo YouTube channel. Poker coach Since 2003, Angelo has offered one-on-on poker coaching called The T i l t l e s s Program. He has coached many top-flight poker players, including Jay Rosenkrantz, Phil Galfond, and David Benefield. In 2018, Angelo converted his coaching model to video calls. With Wayne Lively and Rob Cole, Angelo produced an eight-episode poker-coaching video series titled The Eightfold Path to Poker Enlightenment (EPTPE) that focuses on the role of psychology for professional poker players. The title of the series derives from one of the principal teachings of the Buddha, the Noble Eightfold Path. EPTPE was released during the summer of 2009 at DeucesCracked. In 2015, Angelo made ten videos for the poker training site, Run It Once. His videos focus on mental game topics for professional poker players. In 2018, Angelo began coaching low-stakes players on poker strategy. In 2020, Angelo became a content creator at Jonathan Little’s site: https://pokercoaching.com Musician Tommy plays drums, piano, guitar, and bass, harmonica, and banjo. He has been performing and producing music since he was 8. He played with the band called Just Another Band. In 1980, Tommy self-released the LP A Work of Aardvark under the name \"Tom Angelo\". In 2001, he released a six track CD album of poker-related songs entitled I'm Running Bad. Tommy is also related to the fashion designer Willie Angelo. Podcast appearances Angelo has appeared as a guest on these podcasts: TwoPlusTwo Pokercast, DeucePlays podcast with Bart Hanson of DeucesCracked, Pokercast.com, HouseofCardsRadio.com, ruKusradio.com, and Badugi All-Stars, ThinkingPoker.net, RedChipPoker.com, Poker Live Podcast with Joey Ingram, KristyArnett.com, TexasHoldemRadio.com, PokerMindCoach.com with Elliot Roe, HighRollerRadio.net, and PokerNews.com. References External links Official site 1958 births Living people","title":"Tommy Angelo"},{"docid":"56870685","text":"Kniphofia rooperi, Rooper's red-hot poker, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Growing to tall, it is a robust evergreen perennial with strap-shaped leaves produced at an angle from the main stem. In autumn the stout central stems bear flattened oval flowerheads consisting of many tubular florets packed closely together. Green in bud, the flowers open to bright red and fade from the base to yellow and brown, thus giving the appearance of a red-hot poker. K. rooperi is valued in horticulture for its architectural qualities and late season flowering, and is equally at home in the mixed flower border and in more naturalistic plantings. It is hardy down to . It requires a situation in full sun, which is reliably moist but well-drained. Excessive dryness may prevent flowerheads from forming, while bad drainage can cause the crown to rot. The evergreen foliage may become untidy during the winter months. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References rooperi","title":"Kniphofia rooperi"},{"docid":"1302067","text":"Hershey's Kisses is a brand of chocolate first produced by the Hershey Company in 1907. The bite-sized pieces of chocolate have a distinctive conical shape, sometimes described as flat-bottomed teardrops. Hershey's Kisses chocolates are wrapped in squares of lightweight aluminum foil. A narrow strip of paper, called a plume, sticks out from the top of each Hershey's Kiss wrapper. Originally designed as a flag for the \"Hershey's\" brand, the printed paper plumes were added to the Kisses product wrapper in 1921 to distinguish the Hershey's Kiss from its competitors who were offering similar products. History When first manufactured in 1907, Hershey's Kisses were wrapped by hand. In 1921, a machine was used so the Kisses would be wrapped automatically. This machinery also added the paper plume or paper strip flag to the aluminum foil wrapper to identify Hershey's Kisses, replacing the original small square of printed tissue that was inside the foil wrapper. In 1924, Milton S. Hershey received a registered design trademark (Reg. 0186828) for \"foil wrapped conical configuration with plume\" which included the paper plume sticking out from the top of the aluminum foil wrapper. In 1976, Hershey received a registered trademark for the Hershey's Kisses foil wrapper. During 1942, production of Hershey's Kisses was briefly interrupted due to the rationing of aluminum foil. Instead, the machines were re-purposed to create military chocolate D ration bars for the soldiers in World War II. By the end of World War II, Hershey's had produced more than three billion D ration chocolate bars. Popularity Kisses are one of the most popular brands of candies in the US. In 1989, the chocolate drops were the fifth-most popular chocolate brand in the United States, spawning sales that topped $400 million. More than 70 million Hershey's Kisses chocolates are produced each day at the company's two factories. Today's Kisses brand chocolates use Hershey's original milk chocolate formula. Kisses brand varieties Though originally made of solely milk chocolate, many variations of the Kisses brand of chocolates and candies have since been introduced. Hershey introduces and discontinues new Kisses flavors constantly as part of its standard Kisses offering, including holidays. In addition to the standard milk chocolate, year-round varieties include caramel, Special Dark, hazelnut (deluxe), birthday cake, cookies'n'cream, milk chocolate almond, and white chocolate (Hugs). Seasonal varieties include cherry cordial, hot cocoa, mint truffle, sugar cookie, candy cane, lava cake, \"vampire\" milk chocolate with strawberry creme and Kisses Special Selections milk chocolate with strawberry creme, truffle creme, yogurt, and mocha cream. Discontinued and Limited Edition Kisses Throughout the years, Hershey's has created many different flavors of kisses, most of which are currently discontinued. The following list, updated in December 2021, is not necessarily exhaustive. Hershey's Kissables Introduced in late 2005, these mini candy-coated milk chocolate kisses were similar to M&Ms and Reese's Pieces. Colors included red, orange, yellow, green, and blue, as well as pastels for Easter, pink, red, and white for Valentine's Day, and red, purple, and brown Special Dark Kissables. In 2008, Hershey's","title":"Hershey's Kisses"},{"docid":"24425739","text":"Marshmallow Mateys (also known as MarshMateys from the Nestlé cereal company in the UK) is an American brand of breakfast cereal produced by the MOM Brands food company located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The company presented their first line of ready-to-eat cereals in 1965, intending to compete with General Mills' Lucky Charms. Marshmallow Mateys includes marshmallow shapes in various colors. The oat morsels are formed in the shape of boat anchors; the marshmallow bits may be variously: dolphins (aqua blue & white), doubloons (orange & yellow), gems (red & orange), jewels (purple & white), parrots (yellow), pirate heads in tricorne hats (yellow & red), shovels (orange), starfish (pink & white), tropical fish (green striped). History Malt-O-Meal dates back to 1919 when John S. Campbell developed a hot wheat breakfast cereal he called Malt-O-Meal. The company officially adopted the name The Malt-O-Meal Company in 1953 (renamed MOM Brands in February 2012). By 1965, the company had entered the ready-to-eat non-hot breakfast sector with the introduction of Puffed Rice and Puffed Wheat cereals. While the company is best known for its line of hot cereals, it derives a large percentage of its sales from its 20-plus discount-priced bagged cold cereals, many of which are imitations of better-known national brands. See also List of breakfast cereals Lucky Charms References External links Malt-O-Meal Marshmallow Matey site: Includes recipes, product comparison, and nutrition facts. MOM Brands brands Products introduced in 1966","title":"Marshmallow Mateys"},{"docid":"1849313","text":"\"Red Red Wine\" is a song originally written, performed and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967 that appears on his second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are written from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes. UB40 recorded a cover version in 1983 that went to 1 in the UK and was moderately successful in the United States. It was rereleased in 1988 and went to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Neil Diamond version When Diamond left the Bang Records label in 1968, the label continued to release his singles, often adding newly recorded instruments and background vocals to album tracks from his two albums for Bang. For the \"Red Red Wine\" single, Bang added a background choir without Diamond's involvement or permission. Diamond's version reached No. 62 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968. Billboard described the single as a \"compelling, original folk-flavored ballad.\" Cash Box called it a \"softie featuring a melancholy tale by a figure drowning his sorrow\" with \"dramatic vocal performance in a neatly styled arrangement.\" A live version was released on Diamond's The Greatest Hits (1966–92), but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD. However, according to the liner notes in the booklet included in the 1996 box set In My Lifetime, the version of \"Red Red Wine\" erroneously indicates it is “from Bang single 556” but it is really the original, non-overdubbed mono album master of the track. A review of the original 1996 release of this box set show Diamond also released a live version on Hot August Night (but not as a single.) Several artists covered the song shortly after Diamond's recording was released: In 1968, Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo (from the band Tee-Set) had a hit with a version that reached No. 6 on the Dutch Top 40 chart. Jamaican-born singer Tony Tribe recorded a reggae version of the song in 1969 that reached No. 46 on the UK Singles Chart. It became Trojan Records' first chart hit. Vic Dana's cover became his last Hot 100 hit, peaking at No. 72 in June 1970. Charts UB40 version UB40 recorded a version of \"Red Red Wine\" for their album of cover versions, Labour of Love. According to UB40 member Astro, the group's former vocalist and trumpet player, the band was only familiar with Tony Tribe's version and did not realize that the writer and original singer was Neil Diamond. Astro told the Financial Times, \"Even when we saw the writing credit which said 'N Diamond,' we thought it was a Jamaican artist called Negus Diamond.\" UB40's version features a lighter, reggae-style flavor compared to that of Diamond's somber, acoustic ballad. The UB40 version adds a toasted verse by Astro, opening: \"Red Red Wine, you make me feel so fine/You keep me rocking all of the time,\" which was edited from the single that reached No. 1","title":"Red Red Wine"},{"docid":"3805422","text":"Edward Raymond Miller (born August 10, 1979) is an American professional poker player and an author of books about poker. He wrote Small Stakes Hold 'em: Winning Big With Expert Play with David Sklansky and Mason Malmuth in 2004. In 2005, he completed Getting Started in Hold 'em, a beginner's book. In 2006, he co-wrote No Limit Hold 'Em: Theory and Practice with David Sklansky. Miller is also co-author of the book Professional No Limit Hold 'em with Matt Flynn and Sunny Mehta published in 2007 and wrote Small Stakes No-Limit Hold’em co-authored with Sunny Mehta and Matt Flynn. Miller came out with How to Read Hands At No-Limit Hold'em in 2011, Playing the Player in 2012, and Poker's 1% in 2014. His newest book, The Course, was released late April 2015. Miller is part owner and produces educational poker videos for Red Chip Poker and StoxPoker, both subscription fee based poker coaching sites. He also does personal poker coaching. After becoming a pesco-vegetarian in 2003 and lacto-ovo vegetarian in 2005, Ed Miller and his wife became vegan in 2007. He attributes health concerns as his primary reasons for changing his diet. Biography After prepping at New Orleans, Louisiana's prestigious Isidore Newman School where Miller was a standout performer on the school's renowned forensics team and in the same graduating class as noted author Christopher Rice and American Idol finalist Judd Harris. He was a member of the U.S. Physics Team. Ed Miller received degrees in both Physics and Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2000. Initially, Miller worked as a software developer for Microsoft. After many months of poker playing in the Seattle area, Ed moved to Las Vegas in 2002 where he met Dr. Alan Schoonmaker, the author of The Psychology of Poker (). Schoonmaker introduced Ed to David Sklansky and Mason Malmuth of Two Plus Two Publishing, LLC. Ed married Elaine Vigneault in 2005. In 2006, Miller was made over by the Fab Five of the Bravo television show, Queer Eye. The Queer Eye summary: \"You can't be in Vegas without running into a card shark and Ed is that card shark. But you wouldn't know it by looking at him. The wild hair, the overgrown beard, and the overall unkempt look keeps Ed from looking like the high roller that he is. He has a nerdy look but nerdy can be cool. Unfortunately, Ed hasn't gotten the 'cool' part. Even more unfortunate, Ed's parents lost their home during the wrath of Hurricane Katrina. This is a great time for our boys to 'make better' Ed and throw a poker tournament benefiting the relief efforts in New Orleans.\" After living in Manhattan for two years, Miller now lives and works in Las Vegas. Books written by Ed Miller Books edited by Ed Miller DVDs released by Ed Miller Expert Hold'Em series References American poker players American gambling writers American male non-fiction writers Participants in American reality television series Living people Isidore Newman School alumni","title":"Ed Miller (poker player)"},{"docid":"26442190","text":"Larry Flynt's Lucky Lady Casino is a cardroom located in Gardena, California. It replaced Normandie Casino. In 1940, the Western Club opened on Western Avenue. Seven years later, the club was renamed the Normandie, and Russ Miller became owner. As the city of Gardena grew, so did the card clubs. Their license fees provided most of the money needed to operate the city. During the 1960s, Gardena boasted six luxurious card clubs. It was the only city in Los Angeles County to have legal gambling. The clubs flourished until 1980, when the Bell Club in the city of Bell, California, opened. Other cities soon followed suit, and the Gardena monopoly on card gaming came to an end. In 1980, Russ Miller decided to move the Normandie Casino to a better location near the 110 Harbor Freeway at 1045 West Rosecrans Avenue. A new casino was constructed, along with a Las Vegas-style entertainment venue billed as \"The Million Dollar Showroom\". A few years later, Seven-card stud and Texas hold-em were added to the already existing lineup of games, Five-card draw and Lowball. In the mid-1980s, a tremendous Asian influence came with the introduction of the California games, including Blackjack, Pai Gow Poker, and Super 9, a game similar to Baccarat. The Normandie completely revamped its restaurant to accommodate a variety of Asian tastes: Mandarin, Vietnamese, Thai, and Korean, along with a standard Continental menu. The Normandie Casino opened its famous Red Dragon Room which featured high-limit Asian games. The Red Dragon Room, with its additional outdoor patio, continues to be one of the most popular Asian gaming rooms in Los Angeles today. The casino is also host to a luxurious V.I.P. Blackjack and Baccarat Room, a first in Southern California. In 2016, several members of the Miller family had their gaming licenses revoked for anti-money laundering violations, and they were given 120 days to sell the casino. Larry Flynt, owner of the nearby Hustler Casino, won regulatory approval to purchase the Normandie in June 2016, with plans to rename it as Larry Flynt's Lucky Lady Casino. References External links Official website Casinos in Los Angeles County, California Gardena, California","title":"Larry Flynt's Lucky Lady Casino"},{"docid":"21990161","text":"A Case of Two Cities is Qiu Xiaolong's fourth Inspector Chen novel (after 2004's When Red Is Black). Character, poetry, insights into Chinese society and culture, and food all come before story in this crime novel. Plot summary Inspector Chen Cao of the Shanghai Police Department is assigned a high-profile anti-corruption case, one in which the principal figure has long since fled to the United States and beyond the reach of the Chinese government. But he left behind the organization and his partners-in-crime, and Inspector Chen is charged to uncover those responsible and act as necessary to end the corruption ring though he is not sure whether he's actually being set up to fail. The investigation takes him from Shanghai all the way to the U.S. where he meets his colleague and counterpart from the U.S. Marshall's Service, Inspector Catherine Rhon. Literary Review There's something especially brave and noble about a cop who perseveres under difficult circumstances. Readers who love China will be heartened, as this gritty, suspenseful tale unfolds, to discover that Inspector Chen is far from alone in his quest to build a humane Chinese society. Hidden under the surface of the crime novel are some observations by the author. Qiu comments through his tale about the changing scape of China's economy and how new crime and corruption are rising with the general prosperity of China. He also shows many cultural differences that are created or perhaps only now noticed as China changes her economic status and how these simple differences can create hostility. The author also illustrated how cultural differences may lead to hostility or bad feelings, for example, when the Chinese delegation find no water bottles for tea in their hotel rooms when visiting the US for the first time, as opposed to China, where there would be water bottles in each hotel room for tea. Therefore, the absence of hot water bottles is an oversight and is equal to an insult. From the American perceptive, a hot water bottle is not a standard requirement item in the hotel room, as offering tea to your guests is not a standard for the Americans. References 2006 American novels Novels by Qiu Xiaolong Novels set in China Novels set in the United States Minotaur Books books","title":"A Case of Two Cities"},{"docid":"2246953","text":"Bailie Nicol Jarvie (colloquially BNJ) was a brand of whisky which was produced by The Glenmorangie Company in Scotland. It was named after a character in Walter Scott's novel Rob Roy. It is a blended Scotch whisky, which has a good following in Scotland, but is relatively unknown in other parts of the world. The label claims \"The Bailie Nicol Jarvie we believe, boasts the highest malt content of any blended Scotch whisky\". The Bailie Nicol Jarvie was first blended by Nicol Anderson & Co, a Glasgow-based whisky company that was acquired by the whisky company Macdonald & Muir of Leith in 1921. The whisky was named after a character in Sir Walter Scott's renowned novel Rob Roy – a bailie (magistrate) who tackled a sword-wielding Highland clansman in an inn at Clachan of Aberfoyle, setting fire to his kilt with a red-hot poker. The blend was particularly popular in the early 20th century. The brand was relaunched in 1994 by Glenmorangie plc (as Macdonald & Muir had been renamed). The composition of the blend was changed from the original recipe due to market forces. Single malts from the Highlands, Islay and Speyside are blended together with a grain whisky from Ayrshire. In comparison, many blended whiskies contain between 20 and 40 single malts. The minimum maturation time in a cask is eight years and the final BNJ whisky contains 60% single malt and 40% grain whisky. In 2014 Glenmorangie announced it would discontinue BNJ, citing high demand for their malt, all of which is now used for their single malt whiskies. The BNJ has since made a quiet exit from the market and bottles are becoming extremely difficult to find. The English newspaper The Independent ranked it as one of the \"Top 10 Best Scotch Whiskies\". The Bailie Nicol Jarvie was a hotel/public house in Aberfoyle. It has now been turned into flats. References Economy of Highland (council area) Blended Scotch whisky","title":"Bailie Nicol Jarvie"},{"docid":"21804384","text":"Kindred Group (formerly Unibet Group Plc) is an online gambling operator which consists of nine brands, among them Unibet, Maria Casino and 32Red. The Group offer products such as online casino, online poker, online bingo, and sports betting. The company is registered in Malta, but also has major hub offices in Gibraltar, London, Stockholm and the US in addition to smaller satellite offices across Europe and Australia. Kindred Group is a publicly listed company on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Nasdaq). In 2017, the company's revenue was GBP 751.4 million. History In 2011 Unibet was awarded one of 48 licenses for the newly re-regulated Danish market. In 2012 Unibet acquired Bet24, a Danish online bookmaker. On 3 December 2013 Unibet announced that it was moving its poker operation away from the MPN network to offer a standalone poker site. In April 2014 Unibet signed a deal with Thunderkick, making them one of the first brands to support Thunderkick games. On 19 May 2014, shareholders of Unibet approved the proposed spin-off of its B2B subsidiary Kambi Group Plc. The company's 95 per cent stake in the business was subsequently distributed to Unibet shareholders. The Kambi Group Plc share started trading on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm First North on 2 June 2014. The share closed at SEK 34 on the first day of trading, giving the company a market valuation of SEK 1,011,200,700. Unibet purchased Bingo.com Ltd.’s www.bingo.com domain and its real money online gambling business for a total of $8 million effective 31 December 2014. Unibet paid $2 million in cash and the remaining balance was paid with the redemption of its 15,000,000 in common shares in Bingo.com at $0.40 per share. On 14 November 2016, Unibet announced a partnership with Swedish electronic identification service, BankID, as the first gambling operator to utilise the bank developed solution at its Unibet and Maria Casino brands. Unibet continued on their acquisition trail in July 2015 with the purchase of StanJames.com (online business). The price paid was believed to be £19 million in cash, adjusted for any customer liabilities. The deal did not include any of the Stan James high street retail shops, which have been rebranded as Megabet. In December 2016, shareholders at Unibet agreed to change the name of the business to Kindred Group Plc. The change was supposedly \"due to the company's focus on developing a multi-brand strategy moving forward\". The newly named Kindred Group Plc continued their acquisition strategy in February 2017, snapping up the Gibraltar-based online gaming business 32Red Plc. In April 2018, Kindred Group launched an online gambling ad blocker tool so customers who choose to exclude themselves will be safe from gambling advertisements. In August 2018, Kindred Group announced a partnership with the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City, marking the company's first entrance to the United States sports betting market by entering the New Jersey sports betting market. On January 28, 2019, Kindred Group formed a partnership with the Mohegan Sun Pocono casino near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","title":"Kindred Group"},{"docid":"21174582","text":"CardRunners (also \"Card Runners\" and \"Cardrunners\") was an instructional poker site developed by Taylor Caby. CardRunners charged members a monthly fee for access to their catalog of poker instructional videos and private poker strategy forums. , CardRunners had over 10,000 subscribers and in 2007 the company took in more than $3,000,000 in revenue. CardRunners was founded in 2005 largely as a response to growth of interest in internet poker due to the Moneymaker Effect. Caby and Wiggins, two college friends and big winners on the Ultimate Bet poker site, would film their screen while playing online and narrate their thought process. They then sold access to those videos to subscribers. In April 2008, Lee Jones left his position with the European Poker Tour (EPT) to join CardRunners as its Chief Operating Officer (COO). Prior to his work for the EPT Jones was the Poker Room Manager for PokerStars. Jones later left CardRunners to become the poker room manager for CakePoker. In 2008, CardRunners merged with StoxPoker.com, founded by Nick 'Stoxtrader' Grudzien, to form Cardrunners/StoxPoker. In March 2010, Grudzien was forced out of the company after a multi-accounting and collusion scandal that broke on the 2+2 forums. The StoxPoker brand was subsequently put to rest, and the website was merged into CardRunners.com. Several instructors left to competing site DragTheBar.com In 2008, CardRunners partnered with Full Tilt Poker and several members of 'Team CardRunners' became Full Tilt Poker 'Red Pro's' including Caby, Townsend, David Benefield, Brian Hastings and Cole South. CardRunners went out of business in 2017. References External links CardRunners.com Gambling companies established in 2005 Gambling companies disestablished in 2017 Defunct poker companies","title":"CardRunners"},{"docid":"35556031","text":"Veltheimia bracteata is a species of plant. It belongs to the genus Veltheimia, which contains only one other species, Velthemia capensis. Veltheimia bracteata is commonly referred to as the forest lily, sand onion, or red hot poker (though the term “red hot poker” is also applied to species in the genus Kniphofia). This pendent shaped plant ranges in color from a yellowish pink to red. It is a winter flowering perennial plant, so is in full bloom when other flowers have withered away. Plants grow to be in height. Description Veltheimia bracteata is a bulbous plant with glossy leaves. The erect flower stems arise from a rosette of basal leaves and blossom in an oval shaped inflorescence arrangement which is typically surrounded by dense spikes. The individual red or orange flowers are tubular and pendent. Plants are pollinated by birds. A fleshy seed is then produced at the end of August. Distribution Veltheimia bracteata is native to the south-eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Cultivation Veltheimia bracteata prefers a sheltered position in full sun, with well-drained soil. It tolerates low temperatures, but not freezing. Therefore in temperate zones it needs the protection of glass during the winter months. In cultivation in the UK It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. V. bracteata and V. capensis can interbreed and produce hybrids. See also List of plants known as lily References Scilloideae Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces Plants described in 1870 Taxa named by John Gilbert Baker Taxa named by William Henry Harvey","title":"Veltheimia bracteata"},{"docid":"24438648","text":"Milwaukee's Best is a 4.8% alcohol by volume, American-style pale lager brewed by Miller Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States. Its sibling beers are Milwaukee's Best Ice (5.9%) and Milwaukee's Best Light, which is 4.1%. It is sometimes referred to as \"the beast.\" History Established in 1895 as Gettelman's Milwaukee's Best Beer, Miller Brewing Company shortened the brand name to Milwaukee's Best when they took over the A. Gettelman Brewing Company of Milwaukee in 1961. Since then, the best-selling offering, Milwaukee’s Best Light, was introduced in 1986, and Milwaukee's Best Ice was introduced in 1992. Milwaukee's Best Light is the Official Beer Sponsor of the 2009 World Series of Poker, which continues a relationship between the two entities that began in 2006. According to a report by Beer Marketer's Insights and published by USA Today on December 9, 2013, sales of Milwaukee’s Best in America have declined in recent years. Despite MillerCoors shipping nearly 2 million barrels in 2007, sales of the beer dropped over the next five years, with just 1.1 million barrels sold. Molson Coors announced the discontinuation of the original Milwaukee's Best in August 2021 as it cut back on its low-end beers. The Ice and Light varieties were not included in the change. Products Milwaukee's Best Lager In the fall of 2016, the alcohol content was increased from 4.3% to 4.8%, and the name changed from \"Milwaukee's Best Premium\" to \"Milwaukee's Best Lager.\" The name was eventually changed back to \"Milwaukee's Best Premium.\" Milwaukee's Best Ice In the fall of 2016, the alcohol content was increased from 5.9% to 6.9%. In August 2017, it was reduced back to 5.9%. It is sometimes referred to as “the Yeti”. Awards Milwaukee's Best Bronze medal, 2005 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Lager Silver medal, 2004 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Lager Silver medal, 2003 Great American Beer Festival, American Lager/Ale or Cream Ale Milwaukee's Best Light Silver medal, 2006 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Light Lager Bronze medal, 2009 United States Beer Championships, American Light Milwaukee's Best Ice Bronze medal, 2003 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Specialty Lager Bronze medal, 2006 World Beer Cup, American-Style Specialty Lager. Advertising In 2006, MillerCoors ran a series of ads depicting men who were perceived as being unmanly, and are subsequently crushed by a giant can of Milwaukee's Best Light falling from the sky, followed by the slogan \"Men should act like men, and light beer should taste like beer.\" In 2016, advertisements for Milwaukee's Best Ice drew criticism for their focus on the increased alcohol content of the beer. References External links American beer brands Molson Coors brands","title":"Milwaukee's Best"},{"docid":"17435987","text":"Maxxx was a general entertainment channel for men owned by Creative Programs, Inc., an ABS-CBN Corporation subsidiary. It eventually shutdown due to lack of ratings of the channel. Channel Information Maxxx had a test broadcast together with Velvet and Balls (both defunct) since September 2007. Maxxx had an official launch on January 1, 2008. Maxxx has also aired selected shows over UHF channel Studio 23 (now S+A). Maxxx ceased airing on September 30, 2010. Its channel space was replaced by Solar's Jack TV. Description Maxxx is the answer of SkyCable after the expiration of the contract of Solar Entertainment's Jack TV. Maxxx is fairly similar in themes and audience with Jack TV typically the male-audience ranging from teens to men. Maxxx features shows based on poker, racing, comedy, adult-themed shows and cartoons and all-time classic old TV series such as Star Trek, Flash Gordon, Lucky Louie and Scrubs. Shows The 4400 48 Hours The Academy The Agency American Inventor Attack of the Show Ballbreakers Behind the Music that Sucks Bikini Destinations Bikini Life Adventures Boston Legal Breaking Bad The Bronx is Burning Build or Bust Bullrun CSI: NY Camouflage Cheat! Cheaters Cinematech Cinematech: Nocturnal Emissions The Cleaner The Collector Combat! Crash Test Dummies Creature Comforts Destination X Dexter D. E. A. The Dead Zone Extras Exposed Fear Factor Fear Itself Filipino Poker Tour Flight of the Conchords Flash Gordon Frasier Freestyle Moto X Friday Night Project Friday the 13th: The Series From the Earth to the Moon The Gamekillers The Guard God, the Devil and Bob Ghost Hunters International Highlander: The Series Hey Joel Hot n' Heavy How Does That Work? The IT Crowd IHRA Nitro Jam Series International Fight League jPod John From Cincinnati Just Kidding Keys to the VIP The King of Queens Kingdom Hospital Lewis Black's Root of All Evil Late Show with David Letterman Lucky Louie Men 7 Show Mind of the Married Man Mission: Impossible Missing Mondo Mini Shows Modern Toss Most Daring Most Shocking Murder NCIS Nowhere Man Nightmare Ned NUMB3RS The Nutshack Odd Job Jack The Office Penn & Teller: Bull$#@*! Pinks All Out Planet Rock Profiles Pros vs. Joes Ralph TV Scrubs Sons of Butcher South Park Sports Action Team Stag Star Trek Stargate: Atlantis Street Tuner Challenge Stupid, Stupid Man Superbikes The Real Wedding Crashers ReGenesis Rome Spawn Spooks Survivor (Borneo to Cook Islands) † Tales from the Darkside The Twilight Zone The Daily Show The Colbert Report The Lost Room The Ultimate Fighter (*) The Wild Side The Wrong Coast Three Sheets Ultimate Blackjack Tour UFC Unleashed (*) UFC Wired (*) Unique Whips V-Twin TV World Poker Tour X-Play Vroom Vroom Wide World of Fights World Supercross GP World's Wildest Police Videos WWE 24/7 PPV Classics (*) - Now moved to Balls (†) - This show was first aired on UHF TV channel Studio 23, Later seasons, beginning with Survivor: Fiji to the latest season, This show were moved to Solar Entertainment's flagship multi-media channels: The VHF TV station Solar","title":"Maxxx"},{"docid":"31099149","text":"Beer in Colombia is a sizeable industry ranging from small local micro-brews to large scale productions of popular brands. It is estimated that Colombia has more than 15 large national brands (the most popular listed below); but dozens of small/local microbrewery boutique beers are growing beyond regional demand. List of Colombian beers BBC Bogotá Beer Company Candelaria clásica Monserrate Roja Chapinero Porter Usaquén Stout Chía Weiss Cervecería Bavaria Águila Águila light Águila Cero (non alcoholic) Aguila Imperial (seasonal) Pilsen Poker Poker Ligera Redd's Casa Suárez Costeña Costeñita Club Colombia Dorada (blonde), Roja (red), Negra (black) Cola & Pola (refajo) – Source: Cerveza 3 Cordilleras Rose Blanca (American Wheat) 6.47 Mestiza (American Pale Ale) Negra (Stout) Mulata (Amber Ale) – Source: Cerveza Ancla Cerveza Ancla Super Premium, is a Lager/Pilsner style beer, brewed under \"Reinheitsgebot\" the German beer purity law. – Source: Cerveza Casa Suárez Rubia – Source: Cerveza Colón Colón Negra Colón Rubia Colón Roja Colón Light – Source: Cerveza San Tomás San Tomás Hefe Weizen Märzen Dubbel Bock – Source: Lino Brewing Company S.A.S. COLPA - Colombian Pale Ale COLAA - Colombian Amber Ale COLS - Colombian Stout Menestral Brewing Co. Caficultor - English Porter Carpintero - American Brown Ale Herrero - Red Ale Compositor - Golden Ale Silletero - India Red Ale Meisterkünstler - Hefeweizen Moulin Rouge - Fruit Beer 味の神 (Aji no Kami) - Japanese Lager see more. See also Beer and breweries by region References External links","title":"Beer in Colombia"},{"docid":"43155096","text":"Red Light is the third studio album by South Korean girl group f(x), released on July 7, 2014, by SM Entertainment and Genie Music. It reached number one on the Gaon Album Chart and had two promotional singles, \"Red Light\" and \"Milk\". This is the last album with Sulli, who left the group one year after its release. Background and release Red Light has a dark and eerie concept, which f(x) said they liked. Krystal added that she liked this concept because she is often given roles that make her look pretty, and just this once she wanted something that would make her look darker and different. Naver describes the album's title track, \"Red Light\", as a \"blast of urban rhythm bit, reversal in electro house genre\". The lyrics talk about capturing great moments, stopping and reconsidering what is important in life. Also, it is a message, using a \"red light\" to symbolize the warning, that is expressed in an eye-catching way. Jakob Dorof of Vice described the song as \"a high-tech whiplash thriller with a chorus that hits like a fist and, by the second blow, has you begging for it.\" Kenzie, wrote the lyrics and Maegan Cottone of Phrased Differently, Daniel Ullmann, Bryan Jarett, Allison Kaplan and Sherry St. Germain were credited with the song's music. It was produced by Lee Soo-man and Casper & B. f(x) member Amber Liu describes the song's dance as the \"most passionate\" and \"most dynamic\". Luna said that the song's genre fitted with their aim for a slightly intense but feminine image. The group played their first performance of the album's lead single, \"Red Light\", on July 3, 2014, through Mnet's M Countdown. The title track \"Red Light\" was played on Korean Broadcasting System's K-Pop Connection radio from July 8, 2014. Commercial performance The Red Light album reached number one on the weekly Gaon Album Chart, while the promotional single \"Red Light\" went to number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and the Billboard K-pop Hot 100. Several other non-promotional album tracks also charted on the Gaon and K-pop Hot 100 charts. The record sold 86,143 copies in South Korea in 2014, the nineteenth best-selling album of the year. Critical reception Fuse TV described f(x) as K-pop's top hipsters, and the album was acclaimed by critics. The \"Red Light\" music video reached more than 2 million views on YouTube on the first day of release. By August 2014, it had reached more than 10 million views. The song \"Red Light\" was chosen by Fuse TV as one of 15 nominees for 2014's summer anthem. The title track \"Red Light\" was included on the lists of best K-pop songs of 2014 by Dazed (number nine), Vice (number four), and PopMatters (number one). Controversies The South Korean broadcast station KBS ruled \"Red Light\" unfit for broadcast, since the song mentions a specific brand, the heavy equipment manufacturing company Caterpillar. In response, f(x)'s agency, SM Entertainment, modified the lyrics. Other TV stations, however, such as","title":"Red Light (f(x) album)"},{"docid":"22350337","text":"Lawrence Sheldon Gelman (November 3, 1930 – June 7, 2021) was an American film and television character actor. He was known for playing Dr. Bernie Tupperman on the TV series The Bob Newhart Show and Vinnie, the poker playing friend of Oscar and Felix, in the original TV series version of The Odd Couple. Biography Gelman was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 3, 1930. On television, Gelman portrayed Leo Gold in Free Country, Irv Schlosser in Grand Slam, Dr. Hubie Binder in Maude officer Bernstein on Eight Is Enough, Al Clemens on Mork & Mindy. and Max on Needles and Pins. Gelman appeared in other American television series, including The Monkees (3 episodes), Batman, Get Smart, I Dream of Jeannie, My Three Sons, The Doris Day Show (3 episodes), The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Carol Burnett Show, Rhoda, Kojak (2 episodes), Quincy M.E., CHiPS, The Love Boat, Laverne & Shirley, One Day at a Time (2 episodes), Barney Miller (4 episodes), The Facts of Life, Simon & Simon, Hill Street Blues, Remington Steele, Cagney & Lacey (3 episodes), Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Mr. Belvedere (2 episodes), In the Heat of the Night (2 episodes), Night Court (3 episodes), Doogie Howser, M.D., The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, Touched by an Angel and ER. He appeared in Tales from the Darkside Love Hungry (series 4, episode 11, 1988) as Elmo. He also was nominated for a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Series, for his guest-starring appearance on the episode \"Goodbye, Mr. Fish: Part 2\" of the American sitcom television series Barney Miller. In film, Gelman appeared (credited as Larry Spelman) in the X-rated 1976 film Alice in Wonderland with Kristine DeBell, and the adult comedy Chatterbox (1977) starring Candice Rialson. He also had roles in Disney's Superdad (1973), The Strongest Man in the World (1975), Tunnel Vision (1976), Raid on Entebbe (1977), The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), The Frisco Kid (1979), O'Hara's Wife (1982), Dreamscape (1984), Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985), The Naked Cage (1986) and Mr. Saturday Night (1992). On Broadway, Gelman portrayed Tambi Rothman in The Roast (1980). His other stage activities included touring in a production of The Odd Couple and playing Albert Einstein in Einstein: A Stage Portrait. Gelman also played Einstein in the real-time strategy games Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 and Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge. He died from injuries suffered in a fall in June 2021, at the age of 90. Television References External links Larry Gelman at Find a Grave 1930 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Male actors from Brooklyn Burials at Los Angeles National Cemetery","title":"Larry Gelman"},{"docid":"21318911","text":"Alan Stark Geisler (September 30, 1930 – January 6, 2009) was an American food chemist, best known for creating the red onion sauce most often used as a condiment topping on hot dogs in New York City. Specifically, the sauce, which is marketed as Sabrett's Prepared Onions, is usually served on Sabrett brand hot dogs sold by New York's many pushcart hot dog vendors. Sabrett brand hot dogs and the red onion sauce which Geisler created are the flagship products of Marathon Enterprises, Inc. The company is headquartered in Englewood, New Jersey. Personal life Geisler was a graduate of Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey. He received his bachelor's degree in food technology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served as an officer in the Quartermaster Corps of the US Army during the Korean War. Geisler resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, for 45 years. He was an ardent stamp collector and dealer, and an original member of the Apple Ridge Golf and Country Club of Mahwah, NJ. An avid golfer with a 4 handicap at one time, he won the Club Championship in all four flights, and throughout his career eagled all 18 holes. He played the bagpipes with the Fairleigh Dickinson University Pipe Band and the Kearny Caledonian Pipe Band for several years, even performing in the St. Patrick Day Parade in NYC. Career Geisler founded a company that manufactured shortenings, emulsifiers and other ingredients for the baking and baked goods industry in 1960. One of his customers was Gregory Papalexis, who manufactured both hot dogs and hot dog buns. Papalexis's customers included hot dog street vendors, who often made a popular homemade, but time laborious, onion sauce as a topping. Papalexis asked Geisler to come up with a factory-made onion sauce for the hot dog vendors to sell at their carts in New York City. Geisler, with input from Papalexis, created a new, mass-produced onion sauce for hot dogs. The main formula and spice blends of the sauce consisted predominantly of onions, olive oil and tomato paste, which gives the sauce its distinctive red coloring. The sauce proved to be a hit with both the street vendors, who no longer had to make their own time-consuming sauces, and hot dog consumers. Geisler and Papalexis partnered to form their own company, called Tremont Foods, to market and make the new red onion sauce. The sauce was initially sold to New York City hot dogs vendors under the brand names Tremont Foods or House of Weenies. Papalexis acquired Sabrett Food Products in 1989. As a result of the acquisition, Geisler's onion sauce became the only onion sauce served on Sabrett hot dogs by vendors in New York City. The red onion condiment also became available for purchase in supermarkets under the Sabrett's brand. It is marketed nationwide as \"Sabrett's Prepared Onions.\" As of 2009, Geisler's red onion sauce enjoys \"a couple of million dollars a year in sales,\" according to Papalexis. Geisler's and Papalexis's original company, Tremont Foods,","title":"Alan Geisler"},{"docid":"5593122","text":"The Red Star is a comic book series created by American artist Christian Gossett and a large team, and first published by Image Comics in 2001. It was one of the first computer-generated comics, making heavy use of line-art from 3D models to present large cinematic scenes suited to its expansive sci-fi/fantasy world. This world is described by Gossett as a \"Mythic [Soviet] Russia\", the \"Lands of The Red Star\" being inspired by both Russian folklore and military history. The series is thus heavily reminiscent of a post-World War II Soviet Union, mixing technology and sorcery, in a blend known within the lore as \"Military Industrial Sorcery\". Development and predecessor works Christian Gossett began his career in 1988 on Tales of the Ninja Warriors for CFW publishing. CFW, a Martial Arts supply distributor, received a pitch from Bradley \"Peter\" Parker, a comics artist and writer. The pitch was to publish a black and white comics anthology, in which their martial arts catalogue could be advertised. The late 80's black and white boom being in full swing, CFW greenlit the anthology, and Tales of the Ninja Warriors joined the mania. Only nineteen years old when he was hired, and with no previous professional comics experience, Gossett was tasked with creating, writing, drawing, inking and lettering his pages every month. From there, thanks to the recommendation of his friend Frank Gomez, Gossett was hired by Dark Horse Comics to pencil the first two issues of Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi. A lifelong Star Wars fan like most of his generation, Gossett threw himself into the role. Gossett recalled that \"it was a different time in the industry. My royalty check from Tales of the Jedi #1 was enough that I bought a brand new Ford pickup truck\". Gossett's innovative designs and romantic imagery would keep him in the Old Republic for several more Star Wars series: \"In the midst of all of this fun, I had learned so much about storytelling, I couldn't help but ask myself what kind of story I would tell. I was living in Berkeley at the time, and one night in my studio apartment, I thought long and hard about a project of my own. What came from it was The Red Star.\" Comics Volume 1: The Battle of Kar Dathras Gate – #1–4 The first four issues of The Red Star tell the story of the war of the state and the Red Fleet / Army against Al'Istaan, told in a retrospective by Maya Antares, who remembers her husband's death in that war. Having penetrated deeply into Al'Nistaani, the fleet of Red Star skyfurnaces, gigantic flying warships up to three kilometres long, seem to destroy their enemies when the volcanic fury of their engines is directed on the massed enemies below. However, the ancient protector of the Nistaani, Kar Dathra the Immortal, appears, and powered by the mystical energies of his thousands of dying followers – manages to destroy almost the whole of the Red","title":"The Red Star"},{"docid":"2827190","text":"Peter Schuyler Miller (February 21, 1912 – October 13, 1974) was an American science fiction writer and critic. Life Miller was raised in New York's Mohawk Valley, which led to a lifelong interest in the Iroquois Indians. He pursued this as an amateur archaeologist and a member of the New York State Archaeological Association. He received his M.S. in chemistry from Union College in Schenectady. He subsequently worked as a technical writer for General Electric in the 1940s, and for the Fisher Scientific Company in Pittsburgh from 1952 until his death. Miller died October 13, 1974, on Blennerhassett Island, West Virginia. He was on an archaeological tour to the \"Fort Ancient culture\" site west of Parkersburg at the time. Works Miller wrote pulp science fiction beginning in the 1930s, and is considered one of the more popular authors of the period. His work appeared in such magazines as Amazing Stories, Astounding, Comet, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Marvel Tales, Science Fiction Digest, Super Science Stories, Unknown, Weird Tales, and Wonder Stories, among others. With his friend John D. Clark, Miller is also known as a bibliographer of Robert E. Howard's \"Conan\" stories. The two worked out an outline of Conan's career and a map of the world in Howard's work in 1936 from the then-published stories. Their map became the basis of maps that later appeared in the book editions of the Conan stories. Their revised outline, \"A Probable Outline of Conan's Career\" was published in the fanzine The Hyborian Age in 1938. Miller began a shift to book reviewing in 1945, writing for Astounding Science Fiction, later renamed Analog, for which he wrote a monthly review column, \"The Reference Library\", from 1951 to 1963. As a critic he was notable for his enthusiasm for a wide coverage of the science fiction field. He was awarded a special Hugo Award for book reviews in 1963. After his death his sister Mary E. Drake donated his extensive collection of papers, maps, books and periodicals, accumulated largely as a result of his review work, to the Carnegie Museum. They now form the basis of the P. Schuyler Miller Memorial Library at the Edward O'Neill Research Center in Pittsburgh. Bibliography Short fiction \"The Red Plague\" (Jul. 1930) \"Dust of Destruction\" (Feb. 1931) \"Through the Vibrations\" (May 1931) \"Cleon of Yzdral\" (Jul. 1931) \"The Man from Mars\" (Sum. 1931) \"The Arrhenius Horror\" (Sep. 1931) \"Tetrahedra of Space\" (Nov. 1931) \"Red Spot on Jupiter\" (1931) (with Paul McDermott and Walter Dennis) \"Duel on the Asteroid\" (Jan. 1932) (with Paul McDermott and Walter Dennis) \"Forgotten\" (also known as \"The Forgotten Man of Space\") (Apr. 1933) \"Red Flame of Venus\" (Sep. 1932) \"Jeremiah Jones, Alchemist\" (May 1933) \"Alicia in Blunderland\" (1933) \"The Atom Smasher\" (Jan. 1934) \"The Pool of Life\" (Oct. 1934) \"The Titan\" (Win. 1934–35) \"The People of the Arrow\" (Jul. 1935) \"The Chrysalis\" (Apr. 1936) \"The Sands of Time\" (Apr. 1937) \"Coils of Time\" (May 1939) \"Pleasure Trove\" (Aug. 1939) \"Spawn\" (Aug. 1939)","title":"P. Schuyler Miller"},{"docid":"1918233","text":"A hot hand is a streak of good luck in a sport or gambling. Hot hand or Hot hands may also refer to: Hot Hand (pinball), poker-based pinball machine Red hands, or Hot hands, a game in which two players try to slap each other's hands","title":"Hot hand (disambiguation)"},{"docid":"12827803","text":"Olive Beaupré Miller (née Olive Kennon Beaupré) (September 11, 1883 – March 25, 1968) was an American writer, publisher and editor of children's literature. She was born in Aurora, Illinois on September 11, 1883, to William S. and Julia (Brady) Beaupré. She received her B.A. from Smith College in 1904. The Book House for Children In 1919 Miller established a company, The Book House for Children, to publish popular children’s literature edited by herself to meet her standards: \"First,--To be well equipped for life, to have ideas and the ability to express them, the child needs a broad background of familiarity with the best in literature. \"Second,--His stories and rhymes must be selected with care that he may absorb no distorted view of life and its actual values, but may grow up to be mentally clear about values and emotionally impelled to seek what is truly desirable and worthwhile in human living. \"Third,--The stories and rhymes selected must be graded to the child's understanding at different periods of his growth, graded as to vocabulary, as to subject matter and as to complexity of structure and plot.\" The first volume of The Book House series was published in 1920. The series would eventually include twelve volumes. Later versions of The Book House contained some short stories (such as Little Black Sambo and The Tar Baby) which were thought to be insensitive, and were removed from the Beaupré canon. But as late as 1950 (33rd printing), “Sambo” was still included. The company was also remarkable for its large female staff at a time when most women did not work outside the home. Illustrators for The Book House series included Maude and Miska Petersham, Donn Philip Crane, Hilda Hanway, Milo Winter, and Peter Newell. Other series published by the company, The Book House for Children, included \"My Travelship\" and \"A Picturesque Tale of Progress.\" The Book House for Children was sold to United Educators in 1954. Bibliography My Book House (6 volumes) Volume 1, In the Nursery (1920) Volume 2, Up One Pair of Stairs (1920) Volume 3, Through Fairy Halls (1920) Volume 4, The Treasure Chest (1920) Volume 5, From The Tower Window (1921) Volume 6, The Latch Key (1921) My Travelship (3 volumes) Little Pictures of Japan (1925) Tales Told in Holland (1926) Nursery Friends From France (1927) My Book House (7 volumes – red series) Volume 1, In the Nursery (1925) Volume 2, Story Time (1925) Volume 3, Up One Pair of Stairs (1925) Volume 4, Over the Hills (1925) Volume 5, Through Fairy Halls (1925) Volume 6, The Magic Garden (1925) Volume 7, The Latch Key with Index (1925) A Picturesque Tale of Progress (1929) Beginnings 1 and 2 Conquests 1 and 2 New Nations 1 and 2 Explorations 1 and 2 My Book House (12 volumes – 1932, 1937, 1971) Each of the original thicker volumes were divided and made more picture-book-like and easier for a child to handle. The style of illustration and text were changed as","title":"Olive Beaupré Miller"},{"docid":"1569018","text":"Rex Miller Spangberg (April 25, 1939 – May 21, 2004), known professionally as Rex Miller, was an American novelist. He wrote a series of novels detailing the investigations of Jack Eichord, a fictional homicide detective who specialized in tracking down serial killers. Slob, the first novel in the series, introduced the character of Daniel Bunkowski, a half-ton killing-machine. In 1987, Miller was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel for writing Slob. Miller resurrected Daniel Bunkowski for three novels, Chaingang, Savant, and Butcher, that take place outside of the continuity of the Eichord series. Miller also wrote Profane Men, a novel set during the Vietnam War, in addition to the limited-edition novel St. Louis Blues. Miller was also a popular disc jockey in the 1960s, and was considered an expert in the field of juvenile-related collectibles, particularly old time radio premiums. Miller died in Sikeston, Missouri, on May 21, 2004, at the age of 65. Works by Miller Chaingang (Daniel Bunkowski) series Slob (1987) Slice (1990) Chaingang (1992) Savant (1994) Butcher (1994) Stand-alone novels Frenzy (1988) Stone Shadow (1989) Profane Men (1989) Iceman (1990) Saint Louis Blues (1992) Anthologies containing stories by Rex Miller Hot Blood: Tales of Provocative Horror (1989) Masques III (1989) Stalkers (1990) Dick Tracy – The Secret Files (1990) Masques IV (1991) Hotter Blood: More Tales of Erotic Horror (1991) Solved (1991) Invitation To Murder (1991) Shock Rock (1992) Midnight Graffiti (1992) Hottest Blood (1993) Frankenstein: The Monster Wakes (1993) Predators (1993) Murder On Main Street (1993) Shock Rock II (1994) The Hot Blood Series: Deadly After Dark (1994) Dark Destiny: Proprietors of Fate (1995) Forbidden Acts (1995) The Hot Blood Series: Seeds of Fear (1995) Fear Itself (1995) It Came From The Drive-In (1996) The Hot Blood Series: Kiss and Kill (1997) The Crow: Shattered Lives and Broken Dreams (1998) See also List of horror fiction authors Splatterpunk External links A pictorial tribute to Rex Miller 1939 births 2004 deaths 20th-century American novelists American male novelists People from Sikeston, Missouri Splatterpunk 20th-century American male writers","title":"Rex Miller"},{"docid":"40304815","text":"Burton Ritchie is a convicted drug dealer and money launderer, currently serving 20 years in federal prison. Life and career Ritchie was born in Fairhope, Alabama. He became involved with politics in 1994 when he ran against sitting councilman Doug Profitt, who published an anti-gay editorial in a newspaper. Burton started playing poker in 2001, winning his first tournament at the Tom McEvoy Poker Championship in Los Angeles. He was briefly involved with Pokerspot when he made a buyout offer, after putting together a consortium of investors, that would have paid off Pokerspot's player debt. He has cashed-in in the World Series of Poker every year since 2011. In 2012, Burton entered into the motion picture industry becoming the CEO and Co-Founder of Heretic Films, a film production company based in the mountain resort town of Park City, Utah. He is an Ambassador Council Member of the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media which works towards the need to dramatically improve gender balance, reduce stereotyping and creating diverse female characters in film and theatre. He is also a member of the Park City Film Series Board. Burton has produced multiple film projects including: Copenhagen (2014), starring Gethin Anthony (Game of Thrones), which premiered at the 2014 Slamdance Film Festival, winning the Audience Award for Narrative Feature; Low Down (2014), starring John Hawkes, Elle Fanning, Glenn Close, Flea (Red Hot Chili Peppers) and Peter Dinklage (Game of Thrones), which premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival winning the Sundance U.S. Dramatic Cinematography Award; Big Significant Things (2014), which premiered at the 2014 SXSW (South by Southwest Festival) starring Harry Lloyd (Game of Thrones); Welcome to Me (2014) starring Kristen Wiig, also produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay; Eating Animals (2014) narrated by Natalie Portman; and the Kevin Pollak directorial debut, Misery Loves Comedy, which was a 2015 Sundance Special Event and acquired by Tribeca Film. On October 6, 2015, Ritchie was arrested on federal drug charges for manufacturing and distributing \"Spice.\" On January 23, 2017. Ritchie was found guilty of multiple Federal charges related to the distribution and sale of the drug \"spice\". He is awaiting sentencing and faces 79 years in Federal prison. On July 3, 2019, (Charles) Burton Ritchie and co-founder of Heretic Films, Benjamin Gelecki, were found guilty of 24 federal charges related to selling synthetic drugs in Nevada. The pair was held responsible for selling 4,000 pounds, which grossed $1.6 million, of Spice/K2 within a 24-day period in 2012. Sentencing is scheduled for January 10, 2020, in federal court in Las Vegas, Nevada. See also Heretic Films Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media References American poker players American political activists People from Fairhope, Alabama People from Pensacola, Florida Living people Activists from Alabama Film producers from Florida Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Burton Ritchie"},{"docid":"10190552","text":"The Little Red Riding Hood fairy tale has often been adapted, and into a wide variety of media. Animation Walt Disney produced a black-and-white silent short cartoon called \"Little Red Riding Hood\" (1922) for Laugh-O-Gram Cartoons. Copies of this early work of Disney's are extremely rare. British animator Anson Dyer produced a silent short cartoon called Little Red Riding Hood (1922) as part of his Kiddie-Graphs series of animated fairy tales. Van Beuren Studios produced a black-and-white cartoon called \"Red Riding Hood\" (1931) in which the Grandma drinks \"Jazz Tonic\" that de-ages her into her younger self. The Wolf and the younger Grandma intend to elope, but are thwarted by the Wolf's wife and children during the ceremony. The Fleischer Brothers produced the theatrical short \"Dizzy Red Riding Hood\" (1931), featuring Betty Boop and Bimbo, in which Bimbo defeats the wolf on the way to Grandma's house, and puts on the wolf's skin to pursue Betty, while Grandma has gone out to the Firemen's Ball. Tex Avery's Red Hot Riding Hood (1943) recasts the story in an adult-oriented urban setting, with the suave, suited wolf howling after the night club singer Red. Tex Avery also utilized the same cast and themes in a number of other cartoons in this series, such as Little Rural Riding Hood (1949), which set the story in the modern day and featured Red and the wolf as hillbillies. Early Bugs Bunny cartoons, such as Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944), utilize characters from fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood. In one cartoon comic version, Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955), Little Red Riding Hood is accompanied by Tweety Bird while the villains are played by a Wolf and Sylvester, who almost come to blows over who is going to play \"Grandma\". Another Sylvester parody is Little Red Rodent Hood (1952). A few Loopy de Loop cartoons such as \"Tale of a Wolf\" feature Little Red Riding Hood. Jay Ward's Fractured Fairy Tales had a few spoofs of the tale, one of which involved a basket that exploded just before the bearer could say \"goodies\". Goldilocks and the Three Bears/Rumpelstiltskin/Little Red Riding Hood/Sleeping Beauty (1984), animated direct-to-video featurette produced by Lee Mendelson Film Productions. My Favorite Fairy Tales (Sekai Dōwa Anime Zenshū) (1986), an anime television anthology, has a 12-minute adaptation. The anime television series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1987) features Little Red Riding Hood in one episode. The Japanese children's anime television series Akazukin Chacha features the eponymous heroine Chacha who is visually reminiscent of Little Red Riding Hood ('akazukin' relates to her red hood and cape). One of the major themes of the series is a sort of pre-adolescent love triangle between Chacha and her two male friends, one of whom is a werewolf, the other a boy-witch. Jetlag Productions' animated film Little Red Riding Hood (1995) adapts the classic fairy tale and at the same time adds its own original twists and additions to the story to stretch the plotline to their regular 48-minute","title":"Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood"},{"docid":"398920","text":"Red Rider, later known as Tom Cochrane & Red Rider, is a Canadian rock band popular in the 1980s. While they achieved significant success in Canada, the band never had a song in the top 40 in the United States, although \"Lunatic Fringe\" from their second album, 1981's As Far as Siam, became popular on US album-oriented rock radio. They also charted on the Billboard Hot 100 with \"White Hot\" from their debut album Don't Fight It (1979) and \"Young Thing, Wild Dreams (Rock Me)\" from Breaking Curfew (1984), and charted comparably to \"Lunatic Fringe\" on Mainstream Rock (AOR) with \"Big League\", \"Human Race\", and \"Power\", the latter two tracks off 1983's Neruda. Band history As Red Rider Red Rider was formed in Toronto in 1975 when Peter Boynton (keyboards, synthesizers, vocals), Ken Greer (guitars, keyboards, backing vocals) and Rob Baker (drums) joined up with Arvo Lepp (guitar) and Jon Checkowski (bass) and began playing around Toronto, performing both original and cover music. In 1978, their manager at that time was contacted by Capitol Records about adding singer/guitarist/composer Tom Cochrane to the group. Cochrane was invited to one of the band's gigs in London, Ontario to rehearse with them. Boynton, Greer and Baker were impressed with his playing and songwriting but Lepp and Checkowski were not as enthused and decided to leave the band. Jeff Jones (formerly with Ocean and who briefly played for Rush) was then brought in on bass, and it was the lineup of Cochrane, Boynton, Greer, Baker and Jones that were signed to Capitol and released their first album Don't Fight It in October 1979. With the singles \"White Hot\" and \"Don't Fight It\", the album quickly reached gold status. Their second album, As Far as Siam, was released in June 1981 and featured the hit \"Lunatic Fringe\", which featured steel guitarist Greer. The song was used in the 1985 movie Vision Quest, appeared in the Miami Vice episode \"Smuggler's Blues\" and saw high rotation on the United States cable network MTV. It is now a mainstay on American classic rock radio. Peter Boynton was replaced by keyboardist Steve Sexton on Red Rider's third album Neruda, released in March 1983, and the track \"Napoleon Sheds His Skin\" would become one of the more popular songs from the album, while \"Human Race\" picked up considerable FM radio airplay in the US, becoming their second best known song there after \"Lunatic Fringe\". Moreover, the song \"Can't Turn Back\" was used in the Miami Vice episode \"Tale of the Goat\". For their next release, Breaking Curfew (September 1984), John Webster (formerly with Canadian soft rockers Stonebolt) replaced Sexton on keyboards. The album did not sell as well as Neruda and a dispute with Bruce Allen, the band's manager, over the future direction of the band resulted in Red Rider's departure from the Bruce Allen camp and a change in band members, as Jeff Jones and Rob Baker left. The album did contain the band's top-charting single in the US,","title":"Red Rider"},{"docid":"5677450","text":"Jack Binion (born 1937) is an American businessman and was chairman of Wynn Resorts (2006-2018). He is the son of casino magnate Benny Binion. Jack worked for his father at Binion's Horseshoe, a casino and hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. Biography Binion became president of the Horseshoe casino in 1963 at the age of 26. His stature within the organization grew following the Horseshoe's 1970 hosting of the first World Series of Poker, which would become the largest poker tournament in the world. Privately held, Binion's Horseshoe was one of Nevada's most successful casino operations. In 1998, following the death of Benny Binion, there was a protracted legal battle for control of the casino among the heirs. Jack Binion, as one of the heirs, sold his interest in Binion's Horseshoe to his sister, Becky Behnen, while retaining a token 1% interest in the operation so that he could lawfully retain his Nevada Gaming License. He also acquired the rights to the Horseshoe brand outside of the state of Nevada. Binion went on to form Horseshoe Gaming Holding Corporation which developed and operated several riverboat casinos under the Horseshoe name. Binion continued to promote the casinos for Harrah's Entertainment following his sale of the company in 2004 to Harrah's. As of 2008, Binion's name appears on the \"Jack Binion's Steakhouse\" at Horseshoe Tunica and Horseshoe Hammond and several of the Horseshoe-branded casinos still carry slot machines bearing Binion's likeness called \"Who Wants To Be A Binionaire?\" that originated before the Harrah's acquisition. While running Horseshoe Gaming, Binion started the World Poker Open which at one time was a major feeder tournament for the World Series of Poker. Binion was inducted into the American Gaming Association's Gaming Hall of Fame on June 11, 2004. The following year on July 6, 2005, the World Series of Poker, inducted him into the Poker Hall of Fame. In July 2006, Binion became chairman of Wynn Resorts. His responsibilities included opening the Wynn Macau. He has since resigned the position but has remained with Wynn Resorts in a consulting role. References External links PokerNews profile American casino industry businesspeople American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American poker players Living people World Series of Poker Poker Hall of Fame inductees 1937 births","title":"Jack Binion"},{"docid":"19985582","text":"Roy S. Winston (born March 5) is an American physician, entrepreneur and professional poker player, founder and CEO of LaserAway, LLC and a former C-Suite Executive for Pacira Biosciences from Brooklyn, New York. He won the World Poker Tour Borgata Main Event championship in 2007 for over $1.5 million. Biography Winston, who was raised in New York City and attended Stuyvesant High School, received a degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a Doctor of Medicine from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He completed an anesthesiology residency at the University of Florida College of Medicine. Dr. Winston was a professor of anesthesiology at Emory University and The University of California and was appointed to the Georgia Board of Medical Examiners by Governor Zell Miller. Dr. Winston founded LaserAway, LLC in Los Angeles, California; the company specializes in the removal of tattoos, sun damage and unwanted hair. He began playing tournament poker in 2006 and now plays full-time professionally and hosts high-stakes games at the Bicycle Casino in Los Angeles, California. Winston also writes a pro blog for Card Player and is a Full Tilt Pro on Full Tilt Poker. World Poker Tour Winston has seven cashes in the World Poker Tour (WPT), most notably his victory at the WPT Borgata Poker Open that earned him $1,575,280 and the WPT title in a final table that included professional poker players Mike Matusow (6th), Gene Todd (5th), Mark Weitzman (4th), Haralabos Voulgaris (3rd) and amateur player Heung Yoon (runner-up). Other cashes at the WPT include the 2006 L.A. Poker Classic (23rd for $39,859), the Festa Al Lago V (46th for $16,700), the 2007 Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic (44th for $38,545), the 2008 Borgata Winter Open (39th for $17,213), and the Bellagio Cup IV in 2008 ($32,320). World Series of Poker Winston has five cashes to date at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), most notably finishing in 26th place out of a field of 6,358 entries at the 2007 World Series of Poker Main Event and earning $333,490. Other poker events Winston won the $2,000 buy-in No Limit Hold'em event at the Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic, earning $230,365. He has also cashed twice at the 2008 Aussie Millions Poker Championship finishing in fourth place in the A$2,000 Pot Limit Hold'em/Omaha/Omaha Hi-Lo mixed event for A$22,800 (US$20,042) and finishing in the semi-finals at the A$5,000 Australian Heads-Up Championship for A$40,000 ($35,161). As of 2023, his total live tournament winnings are just short of $2,700,000. His cashes at the WSOP account for just over $358,000 of those winnings. References External links CardPlayer.com - Roy \"The Oracle\" Winston Pro-Blog BluffMagazine.com - November Nine’s Dennis Phillips Hires Roy Winston for Coaching Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WPT profile WSOP profile American poker players World Poker Tour winners American anesthesiologists Physicians from New York (state) American chief executives Living people Businesspeople from New York City Year of birth missing (living people)","title":"Roy Winston (poker player)"},{"docid":"26198351","text":"Texas Carnival is a 1951 American Technicolor musical film directed by Charles Walters and starring Esther Williams, Red Skelton and Howard Keel. Plot A dunk tank at a Texas carnival is operated by Debbie Telford and partner Cornie Quinell. An honest man, Cornie helps the inebriated Dan Sabinas, a millionaire rancher, who is being taken advantage of at another carny booth. A grateful Dan is put in a taxi, with Cornie promising to return his car. Dan drunkenly has the cab take him to Mexico instead. As Cornie and Debbie drive to Dan's hotel in his car, they end up being mistaken for Dan and wealthy sister Marilla. In time, Cornie comes to enjoy the lap of luxury and is attracted to lovely Sunshine Jackson, whose dad is the sheriff. Debbie is courted by Dan's handsome foreman, Slim Shelby, who pretends not to know she is an impostor. In a poker game, Cornie is unaware that jellybeans being used for chips are worth big money. He loses $17,000 that he is not able to repay unless he can win a Texas chuck wagon race. Debbie is in hot water, too, because the real Marilla is suspicious of her. Dan finally returns but is not able to recall who Cornie is. In an attempt to get Dan drunk again, Cornie gets tipsy instead and needs to drive his chuck wagon that way. But all ends well when he and Debbie end up with their new loves. Cast Esther Williams as Debbie Telford Red Skelton as Cornie Quinell Howard Keel as Slim Shelby Ann Miller as Sunshine Jackson Paula Raymond as Marilla Sabinas Keenan Wynn as Dan Sabinas Glenn Strange as Tex Hodgkins Tom Tully as Sheriff Jackson Production The film was originally called The Carnival Story and was originally envisioned as a vehicle for Betty Hutton. Then it was announced in February 1950 as a vehicle for Williams and Skelton; it was their third movie together, after Bathing Beauty and Neptune's Daughter. Filming was pushed back because of Williams' pregnancy. In August Howard Keel and Ann Miller joined the cast. The film was retitled Texas Carnival in November 1950. In December 1950 MGM announced Charles Walters would direct. Filming started February 1951. Prior to shooting, the Red Norvo Quintet, which backed Miller on the song \"It's Dynamite,\" included Charles Mingus on bass. The group pre-recorded the number as normal, but when it was time to film the performance, the studio ordered Mingus replaced with a white bassist to prevent the number from being cut from prints circulating in the South, as was customary back then. The final version ran a mere 77 minutes, making it one of the shortest of MGM's \"A\" musicals. Reception According to MGM records the film earned $2,366,000 in the US and Canada and $1,454,000 in other countries, resulting in a profit of $681,000.[1] References External links 1951 films 1951 musical films American musical films Circus films Films directed by Charles Walters Films scored by David Rose","title":"Texas Carnival"},{"docid":"8457192","text":"The Red Hot Poker Tour hosts poker tournaments with no entry fees in Canadian bars and pubs. Every night of the week, players can compete to accumulate points which they use to qualify for the end-of-season Tournament of Champions. Past champions have been rewarded with great prizes including trips to Las Vegas, buy-ins to the World Series of Poker, and seats at Daniel Negreanu's Protégé final table. At the completion of its sixth season, the Tour expanded outside of Ontario for the first time, holding qualifying tournaments in British Columbia. With the inclusion of online-based Red Club Room tournaments, players are now able to compete via the internet through events hosted on PartyPoker. The Season 7 Tournament of Champions winner was the first champion to be rewarded with a buy-in to a $10,000 tournament: a seat at the Main Event of the World Series of Poker. The Season 8 prize was a buy-in to the $10,000 Main Event at the second annual World Poker Tour North American Poker Championship at Fallsview Casino. For Season 10, the winner was given a choice of one of three World Poker Tour tournaments, and wound up playing at the LA Poker Classic. To start Season 11, Red Hot announced they would be sponsored by the World Poker Tour, and all of its online games would be played at WorldPokerTour.com. From Season 12 onwards, the Red Hot Poker Tour has featured its sponsor: PartyPoker. With PartyPoker's support, Red Hot has helped send numerous players to the World Series of Poker. Game play Tournaments are played at 8-player tables. Each player is given 8000 chips to start: 12 red chips (worth 25 each), 7 blues (worth 100 each), 6 greens (worth 500 each). and 4 black chips (worth 1000 each). Yellow chips (worth 5000), and purple/pink chips (worth 10,000) are used later in the tournament. Blinds start at 25-50 and increase in value every 20 minutes. Points Players receive 25 points for each tournament that they participate in. Additionally, all players who make the final table receive bonus points depending on their finish position: 1st place: 1000 2nd place: 700 3rd place: 500 4th place: 400 5th place: 300 6th place: 200 7th place: 125 8th place: 75 Tournament of Champions Winners References External links Official site Poker tournaments Poker in North America","title":"Red Hot Poker Tour"},{"docid":"18776139","text":"McGuffey Lane is an American country rock band from Athens, Ohio, and/or Columbus, Ohio, United States. The group was formed in 1972 by Terry Efaw and Steve Reis, who played together under the name Scotch & Soda. After adding songwriter, lead singer, and guitarist Bobby E. McNelley, they branded themselves McGuffey Lane, the location of Reis's Athens, Ohio, home. The band eventually expanded to a sextet and became well-known locally, releasing their first album on their own Paradise Island record label. The LP sold more than 40,000 copies, and eventually resulted in their signing with Atco Records. They reissued the debut in 1980 and toured with the Charlie Daniels Band, The Judds, and the Allman Brothers Band. The follow-up, Aqua Dream, featured the single \"Start It All Over\", which spent three weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 97 in February 1982. The group scored several minor hits on the country charts, but their label wanted to market them more as a pop-country act in the vein of Alabama. They moved to Atlantic Records to focus more on country chart success, but as they prepared 1984's Day By Day, keyboardist Tebes Douglass was killed in a car crash. Soon after, Bobby Gene McNelley left the group to pursue a solo career as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1985, McGuffey Lane was dropped from Atlantic. In 1986, they released a Christmas album in support of the Central Ohio Lung Association; toward the end of that year, they inked a sponsorship with Miller Beer, but a planned comeback fizzled. The group played into the late 1980s but had dissolved by 1990. In 1995, they reunited after releasing a greatest hits album, and continued performing locally in Ohio into the 2000s. Two full-length releases followed the reunion, in 1998 and 2002. On August 18, 2009, they opened for Lynyrd Skynyrd at The LC in Columbus, Ohio. In March 2010, Lick Records signed a distribution deal with E1 Entertainment, which allows the new McGuffey Lane album to be sold in Wal-Mart and Best Buy. Zachariah's Red Eye Reunion Every January, McGuffey Lane holds an annual reunion concert featuring many acts who also played at Zachariah's Red Eye Saloon. The first two reunions were held at Villa Milano Banquet and Conference Center, located on Schrock Road on the northeast side of Columbus, Ohio. After the initial two events, John Schwab (who is the organizer of the event) started looking for a larger venue to host the reunion concert, as it had outgrown Villa Milano. He settled on Lifestyles Communities Pavilion (now KEMBA Live!). The 2013 Reunion currently holds the indoor attendance record at the LC. The fourteenth anniversary took place on January 25, 2014. Some acts who have taken part in the event are: Rob McNelly (son of original lead singer Bobby Gene McNelly and current guitarist for Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band), John David Call (steel guitarist for Pure Prairie League), Steve Smith, Gary Ballen, Delyn Christian, Tom Ingham,","title":"McGuffey Lane"},{"docid":"18438078","text":"Hung \"Phi\" Nguyen is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player who is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner with multiple live tournament results adding up to over $1.8 million in career earnings. World Series of Poker Nguyen has multiple cashes at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) including two bracelets, his first was in the 2003 World Series of Poker $2,500 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $222,800, with a final table made up of fellow professional poker players T. J. Cloutier (9th), David Singer (7th), Steve Zolotow (6th), Tom Jacobs (5th), Kenna James (4th), Mike 'The Mouth' Matusow (3rd) and Jim Miller who Nguyen beat during heads-up play. Nguyen then earned $180,000 and his second WSOP bracelet at the 2004 World Series of Poker $1,500 No-Limit Hold'em Shootout event with a final table made up of poker players including Daniel Negreanu (9th), J. C. Tran (7th), John Juanda (5th) and Kirill Gerasimov whom he beat during heads-up play. Nguyen has also finished in the money twice at the WSOP Main Event; at the 2006 World Series of Poker he finished in 164th place out of 8,773 entries, earning $47,006 and then two years later at the 2008 World Series of Poker he finished in 26th place out of 6,844 entries, earning $257,334. World Series of Poker bracelets World Poker Tour Nguyen has cashed five times at the World Poker Tour (WPT) with over $105,000 in earnings; his highest placement was in the 2003 Legends of Poker in Los Angeles, earning $30,900. As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,800,000. His 15 cashes at the WSOP account for $802,028 of those winnings. References External links Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WPT profile WSOP profile Year of birth missing (living people) American poker players Vietnamese emigrants to the United States Living people World Series of Poker bracelet winners","title":"Phi Nguyen"},{"docid":"12332573","text":"Red Dog is a beer produced by the Miller Brewing Company and is part of their Plank Road Brewery Family. The beer contains 4.8% alcohol by volume. It was introduced in 1994. History Red Dog was introduced in 1994 and is brewed with two barley malts and five varieties of American hops. \"Plank Road Brewery\" was the name of Frederick Miller's first brewhouse in the 19th century. The Plank Road name was resurrected in the 1990s to sell Icehouse and Red Dog as a more premium beer under a different name, so as not to directly associate them with Miller Brewing. Using the tag line \"Be Your Own Dog,\" Tommy Lee Jones was hired to voice Red Dog TV commercials in the ad campaign from the creative team of Michael McLaughlin and Stephen Creet at BBDO, Toronto. Although popular during the mid-to-late 1990s, Red Dog faded into near-obscurity after the turn of the 21st century. Since 2005, it has been returning to stores in a current price segment between Miller High Life and Milwaukee's Best. Advertising Red Dog has done some commercials featuring the Red Dog mascot who is voiced by Tommy Lee Jones. References American beer brands Products introduced in 1994","title":"Red Dog (beer)"},{"docid":"1479214","text":"Chesterfield is a brand of cigarette, named after Chesterfield County, Virginia. The brand is owned by conglomerate Altria and produced by its subsidiary Philip Morris USA. History Chesterfields, originally a blend of Turkish and Virginia tobacco, were introduced by the Drummond Tobacco Company of St. Louis, Missouri in 1873. The company was acquired by American Tobacco Company in 1898, who manufactured Chesterfields until 1911. In 1912, the brand was taken over by Liggett & Myers and production moved to Durham, North Carolina. The brand was acquired by Philip Morris (now Altria) in 1999. Chesterfield was the first cigarette to add an extra layer of wrapping to their pack to preserve moisture. In 1926, Chesterfield's \"Blow some my way\" advertising campaign targeted women smokers, while a 1948 advert produced for NBC claimed that the brand was \"preferred by professional smokers\". In June 1952, Chesterfield was the first major brand to introduce a non-filter, king size (85mm) cigarette, 15mm longer than the standard version. In 2011, Philip Morris created three variations (Chesterfield Red, Chesterfield Blue and Chesterfield Menthol) for the UK market. In 2018, Phillip Morris discontinued Chesterfield non-filter cigarettes in the United States; shortly thereafter (January 2019), the company began limited US testing of three filtered varieties: Reds (Full Flavor), Blues (Lights), and Green (Menthol). Sponsorship Formula 1 Chesterfield was a sponsor of the Surtees team during the 1976 Formula One season and 1977 Formula One season. A second car entered in was sponsored by Chesterfield in 1977. Chesterfield also sponsored the BMS Scuderia Italia team in the 1993 FIA Formula One World Championship. They only sponsored the team for one season due to the retirement of the team from F1 to focus on the World Touring Car Cup. Motorsport Chesterfield was a sponsor of Max Biaggi's Aprilia RSV 250 from the 1994 to the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season in the 250cc World Championship. The livery of the bike was totally black with the mark on the side fairings. In the same years, Aprilia adopted the same livery in the series production of its RS road bikes (in the 50, 125 and 250 cylinder sizes). They were also title sponsor of Tech3's championship winning 250cc campaign in 2000 with Olivier Jacque. Dakar Rally Chesterfield was the main sponsor of the motorcycle team \"BYRD\" (Belgarda Yamaha Racing Division) at the Paris-Dakar Rally from 1987 to 1994. In addition, under the name \"Chesterfield Scout\" a collaboration with the enduro sport on a more private level. For example, at Yamaha in 1989, there was a \"Chesterfield DT\" with 125 cc, for the Yamaha XTZ 750 Super Ténéré gave it in its first model year in 1989, the color variant \"Chesterfield\". Radio and TV In the 1930s through the 1950s, Chesterfield sponsored popular radio programs. An early one was the radio series Music That Satisfies which was broadcast in 1932–1933. The Chesterfield Hour (1939–1944) featured big bands such as those of Paul Whiteman and Glenn Miller and Fred Waring. It was followed briefly","title":"Chesterfield (cigarette)"},{"docid":"30744427","text":"\"For Your Precious Love\" is a song written by Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks and Jerry Butler, and performed by Jerry Butler and The Impressions in 1958. The song was ranked #335 on Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010. Chart performance It was released as a single on Vee-Jay Records and peaked at number 3 on the Most Played R&B chart, and number 11 on the Billboard Top 100 charts. In addition, a new version by Butler himself peaked at number 99 on the Hot 100 chart in March 1966. Other versions The song has been covered numerous times with many versions reaching the US charts as well: Garnet Mimms (1963, Hot 100 #26) Otis Redding covered the song for his album The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads in 1965. Oscar Toney, Jr. (1967, Hot 100 #23) Jackie Wilson and Count Basie (1968, Hot 100 #49) Linda Jones as \"Your Precious Love\" (1972, Hot 100 #74) Aaron Neville covered the song for his album Orchid in the Stone in 1986. The Rolling Stones covered it during their sessions for 1989's Steel Wheels album. It was never released, but can be heard on YouTube. A 1968 version in South Africa by the Durban based group, The Flames, reached the top spot on the local charts and has been considered a classic in the country ever since. Roy Meriwether covered this instrumentally, on the album “Soul Knight” (1968, Capitol Records) David Allan Coe on his 1984 album, “Just Divorced”. Popular culture The Otis Redding recording appears at the beginning of the 2006 French thriller Tell No One by Guillaume Canet and on the film's soundtrack album. The same recording can also be heard in the 2009 movie Mr. Nobody by Jaco Van Dormael. Linda Jones version (1972) can be found among soundtracks in Ali movie of 2001 by Michael Mann. This recording can be heard in the 1993 film A Bronx Tale directed by Robert De Niro who also stars in the movie. While the main character Cologero played by talks about his childhood and the neighborhood mobsters it can be heard in the background. References 1958 debut singles The Impressions songs Songs written by Jerry Butler 1958 songs Vee-Jay Records singles","title":"For Your Precious Love"},{"docid":"2375999","text":"Red Hot TV was a set of British television channels that broadcast pornographic content on a pay-per-view basis. The channels began broadcasting on the Sky satellite TV system in June 2000 under the group title of Red Hot TV. The channels were owned by Portland TV which also owned the pornographic subscription channel Television X. Portland TV was a division of Northern & Shell until it was sold in April 2016 in a management buy-out. In March 2017, the Red Hot channels were replaced with a brand known as Xrated. History Red Hot TV launched on 19 June 2000 with two channels – Red Hot Euro and Red Hot Films. Similar to Portland's existing Television X network, both Red Hot channels operated on a pay-per-view basis, broadcasting programmes from 10pm to 4am. They were operated as budget channels, providing a night's programming for £2.49. The number of channels expanded with the addition of Red Hot Amateur in February 2001,followed by Red Hot All Girl in November 2001, Red Hot Wives in March 2002, and Red Hot UK Talent in October 2002. Red Hot also launched on the NTL system during 2002, with Amateur, Films, and All Girl being broadcast on the cable provider. The first brand changes occurred in April 2003. At the beginning of June, Red Hot Euro was replaced with Red Hot 40+ Wives. The channels were moved to a different location on the Sky EPG in July 2003. In October, Red Hot Films was replaced with Red Hot Only 18. In February 2004, Red Hot Euro and Red Hot Films relaunched on the Sky EPG, expanding the network over to eight channels. Another EPG change on 1 April 2005 led to several additions and removals. Red Hot Euro was removed and Red Hot Only 18 was moved into its former slot, while a new Red Hot network – Red Hot Rears (branded as \"Red Hot R\" on the Sky EPG), launched in the vacated Only 18 slot. Two of the channels – Red Hot UK Talent and Red Hot Films were renamed Red Hot Climax and Red Hot Movies, respectively. In April 2006, Red Hot All Girl and Red Hot Movies were rebranded as Red Hot Raw and Red Hot Reality respectively, keeping the number of channels at eight. In July 2006, Red Hot Only 18 was renamed Red Hot All Girl. On 3 April 2007, another Sky EPG change reduced the number of Red Hot channels to six with the closure and sale of the EPG slots belonging to Red Hot Climax and Red Hot Reality. Red Hot All Girl was renamed Red Hot Girl Girl, Red Hot 40+ Wives was renamed simply Red Hot 40+, and Red Hot Rears was renamed Red Hot Viewers. Red Hot Reality was relaunched on 23 August, and another change rebranded Red Hot Reality and Red Hot Wives as Red Hot Just 18 and Red Hot DD, respectively on 6 December, alongside the addition of Red Hot Fetish. On 28","title":"Red Hot TV (UK)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"6803865\",\n \"text\": \"In Cahoots was a Canterbury scene band led by guitarist Phil Miller, their main composer. History The band was formed in November 1982 by Miller with Pip Pyle (drums), Richard Sinclair (bass) and Elton Dean (saxophone), as the Phil Miller Quartet. It was expanded to a quintet and given its definitive name when Peter Lemer (keyboards) joined in early 1983. Miller and Pyle had been working together in National Health and had been in Hatfield and the North with Sinclair before that, while Pyle and Dean were longstanding collaborators too, recently having worked together in the Weightwatchers (with pianist Keith Tippett) and Soft Heap. Early in 1985, Hugh Hopper replaced Sinclair. The band appeared on Miller's first solo album, Cutting Both Ways (released 1987). In 1987, Steve Franklin replaced Lemer, and in 1988 Fred Baker replaced Hopper. This line-up appeared on Miller's solo album Split Seconds, while In Cahoots Live 86-89 was released in 1989 (released under the name Phil Miller/In Cahoots like all their albums). In 1990, Franklin left and the band was joined by Jim Dvorak on trumpet. Baker and Lemer appeared on Miller's Digging In (1991), which also had programmed drums by Pip Pyle. In 1991, Miller and Pyle were reunited with Hopper in Short Wave. In Cahoots continued with a Japanese tour, including Lemer, documented on Live in Japan (1993). The next studio effort, Recent Discoveries, was recorded in 1993. Lemer rejoined the band in 1995 and they recorded Parallel (1996) and Out of the Blue (2001), which saw Caravan guitarist Doug Boyle sitting in on two tracks (he also took part in a brief European tour that year). In 2002, Mark Fletcher replaced Pyle and the line-up of Miller, Fletcher, Dean, Dvorak, Baker and Lemer released All That in 2003. In 2004, Dean and Dvorak left and, since then, the brass section consists of Simon Picard on tenor sax, Simon Finch on trumpet, and occasionally Gail Brand on trombone. Former Short Wave collaborator Didier Malherbe, however, was the featured saxophonist on Miller's latest effort, 2006's Conspiracy Theories, which also included guest spots by Richard Sinclair, Dave Stewart and Doug Boyle. Discography 1991: Live 86-89 (Mantra Records) 1993: Live In Japan (Crescent Discs) 1994: Recent Discoveries (Crescent Discs) 1996: Parallel (Crescent Discs) 2001: Out Of The Blue (Crescent Discs) 2003: All That (Cuneiform Records) 2007: Conspiracy Theories (Crescent Discs) 2011: Mind Over Matter (Crescent Discs) Filmography 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD) Sources Calyx - the Canterbury scene website Family tree Canterbury scene Jazz fusion ensembles English progressive rock groups English jazz ensembles Musical groups established in 1982 1982 establishments in England\",\n \"title\": \"In Cahoots\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10857014\",\n \"text\": \"WMVR-FM (105.5 MHz, \\\"Hits 105.5\\\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Sidney, Ohio, broadcasting a hot adult contemporary music format. Its studios, offices, and transmitter are located on Russell Road, just outside Sidney. History On January 8, 1964, the Federal Communications Commission granted the Van Wert Broadcasting Company—owner of WMVR (1080 AM), which signed on November 21, 1963—a construction permit for an FM station on 105.5 MHz. The station signed on in 1965; it simulcast and continued the programming of the AM station, a daytime-only outlet. In 1966, WMVR-AM-FM was purchased by the Dean Miller Broadcasting Corporation, owned by Dean Miller, an actor and Ohio native. Before coming to Sidney, Miller had been a television personality and actor in Hollywood. He was best known for the role of Matt Henshaw on the Desilu-produced CBS sitcom December Bride from 1954 to 1959, co-starring with Spring Byington, Frances Rafferty, Verna Felton, and Harry Morgan. He later co-hosted the NBC daytime celebrity interview series Here's Hollywood, with Helen O'Connell, in addition to appearances on the NBC game show Your First Impression and as an occasional fill-in host for Art Linkletter's House Party on CBS. A Hamilton, Ohio, native, Miller (born Dean C. Stuhmueller, Sr.,) began his career essentially as a radio broadcaster before a by-chance meeting with some Hollywood executives who agreed to give the young Miller a chance to act. Miller graduated from Ohio State University in Columbus. Miller also hosted a talk and variety show on WLW-C television (now WCMH-TV) in the early 1960s. Miller moved the WMVR stations from their original home in the Taylor Building downtown to their present location in the summer of 1969. At that time, the stations began offering separate programming, with a full service/middle of the road format on AM and beautiful music on FM. In the 1980s, the station switched to hot adult contemporary as Hits 105.5. The AM station, which had simulcast the FM for most of the period aside from attempts at big band and news/talk formats, was closed in November 2000 after one of the towers was blown down in a storm. Dean Miller died January 13, 2004, at his home in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. His widow, Ida, owned WMVR-FM until her death on May 6, 2014. The station remained owned by his family. On August 3, 2015, WMVR-FM changed formats to adult hits, branded as \\\"105.5 TAM FM\\\", with the letters TAM representing \\\"Totally About Music\\\". In March 2022, the station was sold to Fender Broadcasting, a company owned by the station's assistant general manager Michelle Stallard. After the acquisition was completed on June 24, 2022, the station reverted to its previous hot AC format and branding Hits 105.5 on September 6. References External links MVR-FM Sidney, Ohio Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States Radio stations established in 1965 1965 establishments in Ohio\",\n \"title\": \"WMVR-FM\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"231635\",\n \"text\": \"Dyna-Flites was a brand of die-cast toy model airplanes sold in the 1970s, '80s and '90s by Zee Toys of California. The line was part of a series of Dyna die-cast products that included toy cars, construction vehicles, bikes and tanks. The Dyna-Flites range included 79 aircraft with over 206 color and marking variations released until production ceased in 1996. Corporate basis, manufacturing arrangements, branding and product range ZEE Toys of Hong Kong produced the line, and the US distribution was picked up by Intex in 1981. Intex would remain the US distributor until 1992, when ZEE would assume direct US distribution. The toys themselves were manufactured in Hong Kong. Although generally released as Dyna-Flites, their branding was changed to suit some international markets. Modern Toys of Japan distributed them as \\\"Hot Wings\\\"; \\\"Superwings\\\" in the United Kingdom and in Australia; \\\"Vento Caldo\\\" in Italy and \\\"Hot Wings\\\" elsewhere. These early \\\"Hot Wings\\\" issues must not be confused with the current \\\"Hot Wings\\\" line from another vendor although it does include some ZEE moulds. The Dyna-Flite line consisted of a variety of subjects, including many WWII airplanes (including a \\\"WWII Historical Series\\\" in 1996 with new colors), modern jets both from the US, Europe and the Soviet Union, a biplane and a number of helicopters. Most models featured raised rivets or moulded-in lines and relatively robust 'dumbbell-type' metal wheels. Unfortunately, the rotors and clear parts of earlier helicopters (especially the Bell 47) were made from very brittle plastic that broke easily during play. Zee took action to fix this with later releases (e.g. the Kaman Seasprite) by changing the rotors to flexible vinyl. Marketing Dyna-Flites reached their peak in the late 1980s, with most mass retailers carrying the line (including Target, Woolworths/Woolco, WalMart and ToysRUs in the United States, and K-Mart, Toy World and Franklins in Australia). They were often available for purchase for $1 or less each, a feature that often saw them marketed as an impulse purchase line at checkouts and newsagents. Dyna-Flites were also sold in at least two dedicated aircraft giftsets, as well as other giftsets with various themes (e.g. the Emergency and Police Giftsets included H-19 and the Bell-47 or Cayuse helicopters, respectively). Notably, the Dyna-Flites Bell 47 and Chinook helicopters were released in a variety of forms under a media tie-in with the M*A*S*H franchise. Dyna-Flites has been credited with being the first brand that had commercial airlines license them to produce die-cast models for them. Among the airlines that had models released by Dyna-Flites included FedEx, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Pan Am, TWA and Braniff. Additional airlines in the Dyna-Flite range included Austrian, Hawaiian, ANA, Japan Airlines, BOAC, United Airlines CP Airlines, Western Airlines, KLM, British Airways and more. However, ZEE did issue an authorized gift set for United Air Lines in 1993. Demise and current product releases by Red Box Toys ZEE Toys ceased production in 1996, but the line was purchased by Red Box Toys of Hong Kong in\",\n \"title\": \"Dyna-Flytes\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"68696036\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Wrong Roads\\\" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the American Neo-Western television series Justified. It is the 61st overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Dave Andron and story editor Leonard Chang and directed by executive producer Michael Dinner. It originally aired on FX on March 11, 2014. The series is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly \\\"Fire in the Hole\\\", which serves as the basis for the episode. The series follows Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian Mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. In the episode, Raylan partners with a maverick DEA agent whose bad behavior feels uncomfortably familiar, while Boyd makes a hard choice to protect Ava. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.24 million household viewers and gained a 0.8 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the new progress on the storyline, although critics still felt that the episode lacked momentum. Plot In Texas, Dewey (Damon Herriman), Danny (A. J. Buckley) and Carl (Justin Welborn) receive the drug shipment from their contacts and depart for Kentucky. While talking with Daryl (Michael Rapaport), Boyd (Walton Goggins) tells him he knows about the set-up in the desert, which he doesn't deny. Raylan (Timothy Olyphant) receives the case of Johnny's murder along with Hot Rod's henchmen. He goes to Memphis, Tennessee, meeting with DEA Agent Alex Miller (Eric Roberts), asking for his help in finding Hot Rod (Mickey Jones). Raylan and the DEA find one of Hot Rod's warehouses, finding Jay (Wood Harris) and Roscoe (Steve Harris) and arrest them. However, Jay and Roscoe overcome their captor and they are revealed to have Hot Rod held in another warehouse. Hot Rod stabs his captor in the neck with a pencil but is shot in the process. Raylan and Miller reach Hot Rod, who tells them Boyd may be behind Johnny's death, but he dies of his injuries. Prior to his death, it is revealed that Hot Rod was a criminal informant for Miller. Boyd visits Ava (Joelle Carter) in prison, who tells him that nurse Rowena (Deidrie Henry) will leave the prison and will need his help in exchange for protecting her, which he accepts to do. Rowena visits Boyd at his bar, intending to smuggle drugs into prison and wants his help in getting revenge against a person who killed her partner. Boyd visits the man, Elmont Swain (Muse Watson) at a nursing home. Elmont defends his actions, stating that his wife died due to the drugs smuggled in prison. Despite the assignment, Boyd symphatizes with Elmont and offers to get him out of the home to live his remaining days in peace. He and Jimmy (Jesse Luken) take Elmont on a trip\",\n \"title\": \"Wrong Roads\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"7692634\",\n \"text\": \"KEGE now known as X Radio Mexico La Gran (101.7 FM, \\\"101.7\\\") is an American radio station broadcasting a Mexican music format. Licensed to Hamilton City, California, United States, the station serves the Chico area. History The station began on KEWE, which had previously played jazz and blues music before switching its format to sports talk. The branding would become known as the SportsFan 1340. However, the signal was extremely weak, so management switched formats and bands in 2006. The FM station remained as KRER while KEWE returned to the ESPN Radio format at 1340. The station was the flagship station for Butte College Roadrunner football (with Mike Wessels) and covers local high school sports (with Mike Baca) alongside its sister station KPAY. They also began coverage of the annual Lions Club All-Star Football Game in Redding in 2006 representing the South All-Stars. (The North All-Stars radio representation is KNTK of Mt. Shasta). They are also the local affiliate of the NBA's Sacramento Kings Radio Network. During the 2007 and 2008 seasons, the station became the flagship station for local Golden Baseball League baseball team, the Chico Outlaws with Rory Miller on the call. Currently, the station is a radio affiliate of the San Francisco Giants. On February 24, 2011, the then-KCKS changed their format to top 40, branded as \\\"Kiss FM\\\". They were the second station in the Chico market to flip to Top 40, joining KCEZ, which flipped on February 22, 2011. On February 4, 2012, KCKS switched back to a sports format. On September 24, 2013, KCKS switched to an adult alternative music format, branded as \\\"Radio 101.7\\\". On December 10, 2013, KCKS changed their call letters to KVXX, and the station was branded as X 101.7. The station aired an adult alternative music format and was the flagship over-the-air station for Chico Heat baseball. The station changed its call sign to KSOJ on February 21, 2017. On February 28, 2017, KSOJ changed their format to talk, branded as \\\"Super Talk 101.7\\\". On May 25, 2017, KSOJ changed their format from talk to alternative rock, branded as \\\"101.7 The Edge\\\". The station changed to the KEGE call sign on May 29, 2017. On August 1, 2019, KEGE changed their format from alternative rock to hot adult contemporary, branded as \\\"Hot Hits 101.7\\\". Previous logos References External links EGE (FM) Radio stations established in 2006 2006 establishments in California Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"KEGE (FM)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"45681925\",\n \"text\": \"The discography of American singer Jody Miller contains 21 studio albums, five compilation albums, one video album, one album appearance, one extended play (EP) and 57 singles. Of her 57 singles, 47 were issued with Miller as the lead artist, two were released as a collaboration, two were promotional singles and five were internationally-released singles. At Capitol Records, Miller recorded several albums beginning with Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe (1963). In 1963, her debut single \\\"He Walks Like a Man\\\" reached the American Billboard Hot 100. In 1965, the single \\\"Queen of the House\\\" reached number 12 on the Hot 100 and the top five of Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. A corresponding album of the same name reached number 12 on the Billboard Top Country Albums survey and number 124 on the Billboard 200. It was followed by the charting single \\\"Silver Threads and Golden Needles\\\" and the top 30 song \\\"Home of the Brave\\\". The Capitol label issued three more studio albums of Miller's recordings, including The Nashville Sound of Jody Miller (1968), which reached the country albums top 50. At Epic Records, Miller's singles and albums made the North American country charts. Her first Epic album was 1970's Look at Mine. It was followed by 1971's He's So Fine, which featured the top five Billboard country songs \\\"He's So Fine\\\" and \\\"Baby I'm Yours\\\". Both singles also reached the Hot 100 and the Billboard adult contemporary chart. These songs also made the top ten of the Canadian RPM Country Tracks survey. Three more singles reached the country top ten through 1973: \\\"There's a Party Goin' On\\\", \\\"Good News\\\" and \\\"Darling You Can Always Come Back Home\\\". Three additional singles made the North American country top 20: \\\"Be My Baby\\\", \\\"To Know Him Is to Love Him\\\" and \\\"Let's All Go Down to the River\\\". Her top ten singles were featured on the studio albums There's a Party Goin' On (1972) and Good News! (1973). Both albums made the American country chart. Miller remained at the Epic label through 1979, releasing four more studio albums such as House of the Rising Sun (1974) and Country Girl (1975). Her final studio album was 1977's Here's Jody Miller. Following a single also titled \\\"House of the Rising Sun\\\", her recordings reached progressively lower chart positions on the country charts. She reached the Billboard country top 40 one more time with 1976's \\\"When the New Wears Off Our Love\\\". Her singles charted through the close of the decade. Miller's final charting single was \\\"Lay a Little Lovin' on Me\\\" (1979). Miller sporadically recorded for different labels over the next several decades. This included My Country, Higher, Real Good Feelin and Bye Bye Blues. Albums Studio albums Compilation albums Extended plays Singles As lead artist As a collaborative artist Promotional singles Foreign language singles Video albums Other album appearances Notes References External links Jody Miller discography at her official website Country music discographies Discographies of American artists\",\n \"title\": \"Jody Miller discography\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1342404\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Ramos Nishita (born February 10, 1960), known professionally as Money Mark, is an American producer and musician, best known for his collaborations with the Beastie Boys from 1992 until 2011. Early life Born in Detroit to a Japanese-Hawaiian father and a Chicana mother, Nishita moved with his family to Los Angeles, California, when he was six years old. Career His first album, Mark's Keyboard Repair (1995), was made up of keyboard driven pop-funk songs recorded at demo quality. Guy Ritchie used a song from the album in the film, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels. This was followed up by the Third Version EP (1996) and Push the Button (1998), for which Mark received critical praise. Whereas his 1996 EP was similar to his debut, Push the Button was extremely eclectic, combining aspects of rock music and pop with soul, funk and hip hop. This LP was met with good reviews, as was his 2001 follow up Change Is Coming which had a tropical yet danceable disco and funk sound. Mark met the Beastie Boys during their migration to the West Coast, through mutual friend, Mario Caldato Jr., who asked Mark (who was working as a carpenter) to fix the wooden gate at the entrance of the property where the band was staying when they were recording Paul's Boutique. He helped them build a studio, and quickly became a principal collaborator. He performed, wrote, and collaborated on every Beastie Boys album from 1992's Check Your Head to the group's final album, 2011's Hot Sauce Committee Part Two. Mark co-authored the Grammy Award winning album The Mix-Up. Money Mark contributed the keyboard phrase that opens and underpins \\\"Where It's At\\\" from Beck's 1996 album, Odelay. He played keyboards on tour for the Omar Rodriguez-Lopez Quintet in support of their self-titled album. He has since become a full member of the quintet, appearing on the live EP with Damo Suzuki called Please Heat This Eventually and several other albums, with his debut full-length collaboration with the group being the Quintet's second LP release, The Apocalypse Inside of an Orange. In 1996, Money Mark contributed the song \\\"Use Your Head (Use a Sua Cabeca)\\\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. He also contributed songs to Red Hot's Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin and Red Hot + Rhapsody a tribute to George Gershwin. In 2004, Mark scored and played all instruments for HBO's first ever documentary prime time series, \\\"Family Bond's,\\\" directed by Steve Santor. That same year, Mark also contributed original songs and score cues for \\\"Along Came Polly,\\\" \\\"Fun With Dick and Jane,\\\" and \\\"The Devil Wears Prada.\\\" In September 2006, Money Mark signed to Jack Johnson's Brushfire Records label. Brand New By Tomorrow, his first album with Brushfire, was released in February 2007. In late 2006, he opened for Gnarls Barkley at the Riviera Theatre in Chicago. In 2007, Money Mark and The Woodrow Jackson Orchestra recorded a cover version of\",\n \"title\": \"Money Mark\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2025406\",\n \"text\": \"Edward, Ed, or Eddie Miller may refer to: Arts and entertainment Ed Miller (Scottish folk musician), Scottish folk singer Eddie Miller (jazz saxophonist) (1911–1991), jazz musician Eddie \\\"Piano\\\" Miller, piano player and bandleader, also known as Edward Lisbona (1905–1989) Eddie \\\"The Bombardier\\\" Miller, radio talk show host, see The Political Cesspool Eddie Miller (songwriter) (1919–1977), American songwriter in the country music genre Edward Miller (musician) (1735–1807), English organist and composer Edward Miller (playwright), American actor, playwright, and producer Edward Miller (born 1949), pseudonym of British fantasy, science fiction and horror illustrator Les Edwards Politics Edward Allan Miller (born 1942), Canadian politician Edward B. Miller (born 1971), Deputy Chief of Staff to Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich Edward E. Miller (1880–1946), U.S. Representative from Illinois Edward G. Miller Jr. (1911–1968), U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edward Tylor Miller (1895–1968), U.S. Army officer and later U.S. Representative from Maryland Ed Miller (Kentucky politician) (1931–2005), member of the Kentucky Senate Sports Association football Eddie Miller (footballer, born 1917) (1917–1940), English footballer, winger for Gateshead Eddie Miller (footballer, born 1920) (1920–2002), English footballer, inside forward for Barrow Edward Miller (footballer) (1908–1965), Polish footballer Baseball Ed Miller (first baseman) (1888–1980), Major League Baseball first baseman Ed Miller (outfielder), American Association professional baseball player Eddie Miller (infielder) (1916–1997), baseball shortstop Eddie Miller (outfielder) (born 1957), retired Major League Baseball player Eddie Miller (pitcher) (1902–?), American Negro league baseball player Other sports Eddie Miller (basketball) (1931–2014), American basketball player Eddie Miller (quarterback) (1916–2000), American football quarterback Eddie Miller (racing driver, born 1895) (1895–1965), American race car driver Eddie Miller (racing driver, born 1945) American race car driver from Colorado Eddie Miller (wide receiver) (born 1969), American football wide receiver Other Ed Miller (poker player) (born 1979), American professional poker player and poker authority Eddie Miller, known as Bozo Miller, competitive eater Edward Alexander Millar (1860–1934), U.S. Army general Edward Miller (historian) (1915–2000), historian and Master of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Edward Miller (priest) (1854–1951), Anglican Archdeacon of Colombo Edward D. Miller (born 1943), Dean and CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine Edward J. Miller (USMC) (1922–1993), United States Marine Corps general Edward J. Miller (warden) (1899–?), American prison administrator Edward M. Miller (born 1944), American economist and intelligence researcher Edward Miller (pirate) (fl. 1717–1720), English pirate active in the Caribbean Edward S. Miller, former FBI agent Edward T. Miller (outlaw) (1856–1881), outlaw who rode with Jesse James and also was killed by him\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"25517753\",\n \"text\": \"Molson Coors was created by the merger of two of North America's largest breweries: Molson of Canada, and Coors of the United States, on February 9, 2005. Molson Coors acquired full ownership of the Miller brand portfolio from SABMiller in 2016. Through this acquisition and others, Molson Coors owns a number of notable beverage brands including Blue Moon, Carling, Coors Banquet, Coors Light, George Killian's Irish Red, Granville Island Brewing, Hamm's, Hop Valley, Leinenkugel's, Miller High Life, Miller Lite, Milwaukee's Best, Molson Canadian, Molson Export, Pilsner Urquell, Steel Reserve, and Terrapin. Product availability and trademark registration vary by country. In certain countries, Molson Coors Beverage Company may distribute the products under license from a third party. Molson Coors North America Aguila Aquarelle Arnold Palmer Spiked Half & Half Atwater Brewing Bella Amari Black Horse Black Ice Blue Moon / Belgian Moon Blue Moon LightSky Bohemian Cape Line Sparkling Cocktails Carling Clearly Kombucha Colorado Native Winterfest Cool Coors Coors Banquet / Coors Original Coors Batch 19 Coors Edge Coors Light Coors Organic Coors Seltzer Extra Gold Lager Creemore Springs Crispin Cider Cristal (Peru) Cusqueña Dominion Ale Foster's George Killian's Irish Red Granville Island Brewing Hamm's Henry Weinhard's Henry Weinhard’s Gourmet Sodas Henry's Hard Soda Herman Joseph's Private Reserve Hop Valley India Beer Keystone Keystone Light Keystone Ice Laurentide Leinenkugel's Mad & Noisy Mad Jack Miller Brewing Company Icehouse Magnum Mickey's Miller Genuine Draft Miller High Life Miller Lite Miller64 Milwaukee's Best Olde English 800 Steel Reserve Molson Molson Canadian Molson Canadian Cold Shots Molson Dry Molson Exel Molson Export Molson Stock Ale Molson Ultra MOVO Old Style Pilsner Old Vienna Red Dog Redd's Redd's Apple Ale/Redd's Hard Apple Redd's Wicked Revolver Brewing Rickards Saint Archer Brewing Saint Archer Saint Archer Gold Smith & Forge Hard Cider Sol Cerveza Sparks Standard Lager Terrapin Beer Company Vizzy Hard Seltzer Wanderoot Molson Coors Europe Apatinsko Aspall Cyder AstikA Astika Dark Astika Light Burgasko Barmen Bergenbier Bergenbier Non-Alcoholic Borsodi Caffreys Cobra Beer Franciscan Well Jelen Kamenitza Kamenitza Non-Alcoholic Lech Premium Madri Niksicko Noroc Ostravar Ozujsko Pardubice Pernstejn Porter Taxis Rekorderlig Sharp's Brewery Staropramen Brewery Pravha Staropramen Staropramen Non-Alcoholic Tomislav Worthingtons WAI Moment (hard seltzer) Discontinued Aspen Edge Blair's Bavarian Beer Coors Malted Milk (non-alcoholic, formula later acquired by Mars Candy) Coors Red Light Coors Dry (western US only) Coors Artic Ice Coors Cutter (non-alcoholic) Eisbock (seasonal - spring) Miller Fortune Miller Lite Ice Miller Gold Molson Canadian 67 Molson M Screamers Southpaw Light Turbo 1000 Weizenbier Red Dog Zima References Molson\",\n \"title\": \"List of Molson Coors brands\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5144009\",\n \"text\": \"Nightmare Castle () is a 1965 Italian horror film directed by Mario Caiano. The film stars Paul Muller, Helga Liné and Barbara Steele in a dual role. Mario Caiano shot the film in Rome and declared it his tribute to the Gothic genre and to actress Barbara Steele. Among reviews of the film, critics and historians note Steele's dual performance. Plot Stephen Arrowsmith, a scientist, has his home laboratory in the castle owned by his wife Muriel. Stephen finds her having sex with a gardener, David. He attacks and disfigures David with a hot poker and burns Muriel's body with acid. Before electrocuting both of them, Stephen is told that he is not Muriel's heir, but that the estate has been willed to her stepsister, Jenny, who is mentally unstable. Stephen removes David's and Muriel's hearts and hides them in an urn. He uses their blood to rejuvenate his aged servant, Solange. Sometime later, Stephen marries Jenny, planning to have the rejuvenated Solange drive her insane. Jenny begins having nightmares, which include the sound of beating hearts and Muriel's voice urging her to murder Stephen. Stephen brings Dr. Derek Joyce to the castle to treat Jenny, who becomes convinced that supernatural forces are at work. Joyce discovers the hidden hearts of Muriel and David. The murdered dead return as ghosts. Muriel burns Stephen alive while David reduces Solange to a skeleton by draining her blood. Dr. Joyce then burns the disembodied hearts and leaves the castle with Jenny. Cast Barbara Steele – Muriel Paul Muller – Stephen Arrowsmith Helga Liné – Solange Marino Masé – Dr. Derek Joyce Rik Battaglia Giuseppe Addobbati Production Director Mario Caiano stated that Nightmare Castle was born out of his passion for actress Barbara Steele and the Gothic genre, a style which he began to love between 1943 and '44 when he first read Edgar Allan Poe's work. Caiano said that he was not influenced by director Mario Bava, and did not remember seeing his films at the time with the possible exception of Black Sunday (1960). The initial script treatment for the film was titled Orgasmo and re-uses ideas from Poe's \\\"The Tell-Tale Heart\\\". Caiano's father Carlo was the producer of the film and was given a low budget to work with. With his friend art director Bruno Cesari, Caiano found a villa to use as a shooting location. The film was shot at Villa Parisi in Frascati and at Incir-De-Paolis Studios in Rome over 18 days. The film was released in black-and-white, shot by director of photography Enzo Barboni, but it was originally planned for some scenes to be given a red tint in post production. Release Nightmare Castle was released in Italy on 16 July 1965 where it was distributed by Emmeci. The film grossed a total of 154 million Italian lire on its theatrical release. The film was released by Allied Artists Pictures in the United States on 5 July 1966, shortly before the studio's initial demise. Nightmare Castle has been\",\n \"title\": \"Nightmare Castle\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24172948\",\n \"text\": \"The Poker Star is an Australian reality game show broadcast on One from 26 September 2009. It is created and hosted by former World Series of Poker Champion Joe Hachem, who will also act as judge and mentor to the contestants. New Zealand poker champion Lee Nelson will also appear as a judge. The series is sponsored by PokerStars. The show pits eleven amateur poker players against each other in a series of challenges that tests the principles of \\\"Joe's Code\\\", rules that Hachem believes are beneficial for success in life and for being a successful poker player. Players compete for $100,000 in cash and entry to four of the world's biggest poker tournaments, with Hachem continuing to join them as their personal mentor. Over 18,000 people applied for the first series. The 1st season saw 33-year-old speech pathologist and mother of two Amanda become 'The Poker Star', beating out the other two members of the final three, Josh and Chris. Amanda stated during the final episode that the $100,000 prize money would go a long way to helping with the mortgage on the home she had recently purchased for herself and her two daughters. Players Weekly results * The player(s) won the weekly challenge. ** Invited to play were professional poker players Eric Assoudourian (3rd), Celina Lin (4th) and Emad Tahtouh (last). The player became The Poker Star. The player was sent to the elimination room. The player was eliminated. Weekly summary Week 1: \\\"Reading People\\\" Air date: 30 September 2009 (special advance screening: 26 September 2009) Challenge: The contestants get to know each other and must decide who is the strongest player and who is the weakest player. Challenge winner: Josh Tournament winner: Ben ($1,000) Eliminated: Tom Week 2: \\\"Focus\\\" Air date: 7 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must maintain their focus in the shark tank at the Melbourne Aquarium. Challenge winner: Chris Tournament winner: Amanda ($1,500) Eliminated: Martin Week 3: \\\"Bluffing\\\" Air date: 14 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must bluff their way through a job interview with the \\\"human lie detector\\\". Challenge winner: Donna Tournament winner: Ben ($2,000) Eliminated: Sally Week 4: \\\"Composure\\\" Air date: 21 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must maintain their composure as they build a house of cards whilst listening to loud music. Challenge winner: Red team (Amanda, Chris, Donna, Shane) Tournament winner: Chris ($2,500) Eliminated: Ron Week 5: \\\"Recall\\\" Air date: 28 October 2009 Challenge: The contestants must recall a series of events they witnessed which includes a car accident. Challenge winner: Katie Tournament winner: Josh ($3,000) Eliminated: Katie Week 6: \\\"Endurance\\\" Air date: 4 November 2009 Challenge: The contestants are put in front of a screen with a blinking eye and must record every time the eye blinks. Challenge winner: Josh Tournament winner: Josh ($5,000) Eliminated: Donna, Shane Week 7: \\\"Courage\\\" Air date: 11 November 2009 Challenge: The contestants get to live the high-life by walking across a thin plank of wood between two buildings, 16 floors above the ground.\",\n \"title\": \"The Poker Star\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"4537586\",\n \"text\": \"California Split is a 1974 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Altman and starring Elliott Gould and George Segal as a pair of gamblers. It was the first non-Cinerama film to use eight-track stereo sound. Plot In Los Angeles, a friendship blossoms between Bill Denny and Charlie Waters, fueled by their shared passion for gambling. The connection solidifies after a card player, whose winnings they have acquired, subjects them to a violent assault and robbery. Charlie, a wisecracking joker residing with two prostitutes, emerges as a seasoned gambler perpetually seeking the next big score. His wagers span poker, horse racing, boxing, and any opportunity offering odds. Initially, Bill is not as deeply entrenched in the gambling world. By day, he dabbles in work at a magazine, sidestepping his boss. Nevertheless, he is well on his way to succumbing to a full-fledged gaming addiction. As the two men traverse Charlie's home, Bill's office, seedy bars, card rooms, and various sports venues, Bill succumbs to the allure of the gambling lifestyle. To fuel his burgeoning habit, he plunges into debt with Sparkie, his bookie, and resorts to pawning possessions, including his car, to finance a bus trip to Reno. During their journey, Charlie identifies the assailant who mugged them at the film's outset. Seizing the opportunity for retribution, he confronts and robs the offender. On the road to Reno, Bill and Charlie pool their resources to stake Bill in a high-stakes poker game, featuring former world champion Amarillo Slim as one of the players, portraying himself. Bill emerges victorious, pocketing $18,000, and is convinced of his hot streak. Emboldened, he transitions to blackjack, roulette, and finally craps, accumulating more wealth with each game. However, a significant loss at the craps table leaves Bill emotionally drained and indifferent. Despite Charlie's enthusiasm to continue gambling at other casinos, Bill, after splitting their winnings ($82,000), declares his intention to quit and return home. Although Charlie struggles to comprehend Bill's decision, he recognizes his friend's sincerity, and they part ways. Cast George Segal as Bill Denny Elliott Gould as Charlie Waters Ann Prentiss as Barbara Miller Gwen Welles as Susan Peters Edward Walsh as Lew Joseph Walsh as Sparkie Bert Remsen as Helen Brown Jeff Goldblum as Lloyd Harris Barbara Ruick as Reno Barmaid Production Development Joseph Walsh had been an actor for over 20 years. Frustrated with the progress of his career and the sorts of roles he had been playing, he wrote a screenplay about his own gambling addiction in 1971. \\\"I knew so much about gambling,\\\" he said. \\\"And nobody writes gambling well... I was writing for all the gamblers of the world, people who are going to turn out and watch the movie and say, 'Oh, God, this man is in our heart and soul',\\\" said Walsh later. Steven Spielberg Walsh was friends with then up-and-coming filmmaker Steven Spielberg and they worked on the script for nine months. Spielberg was fascinated by the characters and would react to Walsh's script, offering suggestions.\",\n \"title\": \"California Split\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21913054\",\n \"text\": \"Tommy Angelo (born August 25, 1958) is an Oakland, California professional poker player, writer, and coach. Angelo was a career musician in the 1980s, performing rock and country on drums and piano. In 1990, he became a full-time professional poker player. Since then has since written 150 magazine articles, written and produced 60 poker-training videos, and written and published four books on poker, and one book on meditation. Writer Angelo has written and self-published five books. Four of them are about poker. The fifth is about meditation. On December 13, 2007, Tommy released his first book, Elements of Poker. On May 1, 2011, Tommy released his second book, A Rubber Band Story and Other Poker Tales. On March 14, 2017, Tommy released his third book, Painless Poker. On October 23, 2018, Tommy released his fourth book, Waiting for Straighters On February 11, 2019, Tommy released his fifth book, Dailyness: How to Sustain a Meditation Practice. Angelo has written articles for Poker Digest Magazine, PokerPages.com, Bluff Magazine, and PokerNews.com magazine. Movies Angelo was featured in the 2019 documentary film by Michael Bailey called For Love or Money: A Poker Documentary. In 2019, Angelo partnered with Lee Jones to make YouTube videos for poker players. The series is called PokerSimple. In 2020, Angelo launched the PokerWords video series at the Tommy Angelo YouTube channel. Poker coach Since 2003, Angelo has offered one-on-on poker coaching called The T i l t l e s s Program. He has coached many top-flight poker players, including Jay Rosenkrantz, Phil Galfond, and David Benefield. In 2018, Angelo converted his coaching model to video calls. With Wayne Lively and Rob Cole, Angelo produced an eight-episode poker-coaching video series titled The Eightfold Path to Poker Enlightenment (EPTPE) that focuses on the role of psychology for professional poker players. The title of the series derives from one of the principal teachings of the Buddha, the Noble Eightfold Path. EPTPE was released during the summer of 2009 at DeucesCracked. In 2015, Angelo made ten videos for the poker training site, Run It Once. His videos focus on mental game topics for professional poker players. In 2018, Angelo began coaching low-stakes players on poker strategy. In 2020, Angelo became a content creator at Jonathan Little’s site: https://pokercoaching.com Musician Tommy plays drums, piano, guitar, and bass, harmonica, and banjo. He has been performing and producing music since he was 8. He played with the band called Just Another Band. In 1980, Tommy self-released the LP A Work of Aardvark under the name \\\"Tom Angelo\\\". In 2001, he released a six track CD album of poker-related songs entitled I'm Running Bad. Tommy is also related to the fashion designer Willie Angelo. Podcast appearances Angelo has appeared as a guest on these podcasts: TwoPlusTwo Pokercast, DeucePlays podcast with Bart Hanson of DeucesCracked, Pokercast.com, HouseofCardsRadio.com, ruKusradio.com, and Badugi All-Stars, ThinkingPoker.net, RedChipPoker.com, Poker Live Podcast with Joey Ingram, KristyArnett.com, TexasHoldemRadio.com, PokerMindCoach.com with Elliot Roe, HighRollerRadio.net, and PokerNews.com. References External links Official site 1958 births Living people\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Angelo\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"56870685\",\n \"text\": \"Kniphofia rooperi, Rooper's red-hot poker, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Growing to tall, it is a robust evergreen perennial with strap-shaped leaves produced at an angle from the main stem. In autumn the stout central stems bear flattened oval flowerheads consisting of many tubular florets packed closely together. Green in bud, the flowers open to bright red and fade from the base to yellow and brown, thus giving the appearance of a red-hot poker. K. rooperi is valued in horticulture for its architectural qualities and late season flowering, and is equally at home in the mixed flower border and in more naturalistic plantings. It is hardy down to . It requires a situation in full sun, which is reliably moist but well-drained. Excessive dryness may prevent flowerheads from forming, while bad drainage can cause the crown to rot. The evergreen foliage may become untidy during the winter months. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References rooperi\",\n \"title\": \"Kniphofia rooperi\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1302067\",\n \"text\": \"Hershey's Kisses is a brand of chocolate first produced by the Hershey Company in 1907. The bite-sized pieces of chocolate have a distinctive conical shape, sometimes described as flat-bottomed teardrops. Hershey's Kisses chocolates are wrapped in squares of lightweight aluminum foil. A narrow strip of paper, called a plume, sticks out from the top of each Hershey's Kiss wrapper. Originally designed as a flag for the \\\"Hershey's\\\" brand, the printed paper plumes were added to the Kisses product wrapper in 1921 to distinguish the Hershey's Kiss from its competitors who were offering similar products. History When first manufactured in 1907, Hershey's Kisses were wrapped by hand. In 1921, a machine was used so the Kisses would be wrapped automatically. This machinery also added the paper plume or paper strip flag to the aluminum foil wrapper to identify Hershey's Kisses, replacing the original small square of printed tissue that was inside the foil wrapper. In 1924, Milton S. Hershey received a registered design trademark (Reg. 0186828) for \\\"foil wrapped conical configuration with plume\\\" which included the paper plume sticking out from the top of the aluminum foil wrapper. In 1976, Hershey received a registered trademark for the Hershey's Kisses foil wrapper. During 1942, production of Hershey's Kisses was briefly interrupted due to the rationing of aluminum foil. Instead, the machines were re-purposed to create military chocolate D ration bars for the soldiers in World War II. By the end of World War II, Hershey's had produced more than three billion D ration chocolate bars. Popularity Kisses are one of the most popular brands of candies in the US. In 1989, the chocolate drops were the fifth-most popular chocolate brand in the United States, spawning sales that topped $400 million. More than 70 million Hershey's Kisses chocolates are produced each day at the company's two factories. Today's Kisses brand chocolates use Hershey's original milk chocolate formula. Kisses brand varieties Though originally made of solely milk chocolate, many variations of the Kisses brand of chocolates and candies have since been introduced. Hershey introduces and discontinues new Kisses flavors constantly as part of its standard Kisses offering, including holidays. In addition to the standard milk chocolate, year-round varieties include caramel, Special Dark, hazelnut (deluxe), birthday cake, cookies'n'cream, milk chocolate almond, and white chocolate (Hugs). Seasonal varieties include cherry cordial, hot cocoa, mint truffle, sugar cookie, candy cane, lava cake, \\\"vampire\\\" milk chocolate with strawberry creme and Kisses Special Selections milk chocolate with strawberry creme, truffle creme, yogurt, and mocha cream. Discontinued and Limited Edition Kisses Throughout the years, Hershey's has created many different flavors of kisses, most of which are currently discontinued. The following list, updated in December 2021, is not necessarily exhaustive. Hershey's Kissables Introduced in late 2005, these mini candy-coated milk chocolate kisses were similar to M&Ms and Reese's Pieces. Colors included red, orange, yellow, green, and blue, as well as pastels for Easter, pink, red, and white for Valentine's Day, and red, purple, and brown Special Dark Kissables. In 2008, Hershey's\",\n \"title\": \"Hershey's Kisses\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24425739\",\n \"text\": \"Marshmallow Mateys (also known as MarshMateys from the Nestlé cereal company in the UK) is an American brand of breakfast cereal produced by the MOM Brands food company located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The company presented their first line of ready-to-eat cereals in 1965, intending to compete with General Mills' Lucky Charms. Marshmallow Mateys includes marshmallow shapes in various colors. The oat morsels are formed in the shape of boat anchors; the marshmallow bits may be variously: dolphins (aqua blue & white), doubloons (orange & yellow), gems (red & orange), jewels (purple & white), parrots (yellow), pirate heads in tricorne hats (yellow & red), shovels (orange), starfish (pink & white), tropical fish (green striped). History Malt-O-Meal dates back to 1919 when John S. Campbell developed a hot wheat breakfast cereal he called Malt-O-Meal. The company officially adopted the name The Malt-O-Meal Company in 1953 (renamed MOM Brands in February 2012). By 1965, the company had entered the ready-to-eat non-hot breakfast sector with the introduction of Puffed Rice and Puffed Wheat cereals. While the company is best known for its line of hot cereals, it derives a large percentage of its sales from its 20-plus discount-priced bagged cold cereals, many of which are imitations of better-known national brands. See also List of breakfast cereals Lucky Charms References External links Malt-O-Meal Marshmallow Matey site: Includes recipes, product comparison, and nutrition facts. MOM Brands brands Products introduced in 1966\",\n \"title\": \"Marshmallow Mateys\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1849313\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Red Red Wine\\\" is a song originally written, performed and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967 that appears on his second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are written from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes. UB40 recorded a cover version in 1983 that went to 1 in the UK and was moderately successful in the United States. It was rereleased in 1988 and went to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Neil Diamond version When Diamond left the Bang Records label in 1968, the label continued to release his singles, often adding newly recorded instruments and background vocals to album tracks from his two albums for Bang. For the \\\"Red Red Wine\\\" single, Bang added a background choir without Diamond's involvement or permission. Diamond's version reached No. 62 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968. Billboard described the single as a \\\"compelling, original folk-flavored ballad.\\\" Cash Box called it a \\\"softie featuring a melancholy tale by a figure drowning his sorrow\\\" with \\\"dramatic vocal performance in a neatly styled arrangement.\\\" A live version was released on Diamond's The Greatest Hits (1966–92), but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD. However, according to the liner notes in the booklet included in the 1996 box set In My Lifetime, the version of \\\"Red Red Wine\\\" erroneously indicates it is “from Bang single 556” but it is really the original, non-overdubbed mono album master of the track. A review of the original 1996 release of this box set show Diamond also released a live version on Hot August Night (but not as a single.) Several artists covered the song shortly after Diamond's recording was released: In 1968, Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo (from the band Tee-Set) had a hit with a version that reached No. 6 on the Dutch Top 40 chart. Jamaican-born singer Tony Tribe recorded a reggae version of the song in 1969 that reached No. 46 on the UK Singles Chart. It became Trojan Records' first chart hit. Vic Dana's cover became his last Hot 100 hit, peaking at No. 72 in June 1970. Charts UB40 version UB40 recorded a version of \\\"Red Red Wine\\\" for their album of cover versions, Labour of Love. According to UB40 member Astro, the group's former vocalist and trumpet player, the band was only familiar with Tony Tribe's version and did not realize that the writer and original singer was Neil Diamond. Astro told the Financial Times, \\\"Even when we saw the writing credit which said 'N Diamond,' we thought it was a Jamaican artist called Negus Diamond.\\\" UB40's version features a lighter, reggae-style flavor compared to that of Diamond's somber, acoustic ballad. The UB40 version adds a toasted verse by Astro, opening: \\\"Red Red Wine, you make me feel so fine/You keep me rocking all of the time,\\\" which was edited from the single that reached No. 1\",\n \"title\": \"Red Red Wine\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"3805422\",\n \"text\": \"Edward Raymond Miller (born August 10, 1979) is an American professional poker player and an author of books about poker. He wrote Small Stakes Hold 'em: Winning Big With Expert Play with David Sklansky and Mason Malmuth in 2004. In 2005, he completed Getting Started in Hold 'em, a beginner's book. In 2006, he co-wrote No Limit Hold 'Em: Theory and Practice with David Sklansky. Miller is also co-author of the book Professional No Limit Hold 'em with Matt Flynn and Sunny Mehta published in 2007 and wrote Small Stakes No-Limit Hold’em co-authored with Sunny Mehta and Matt Flynn. Miller came out with How to Read Hands At No-Limit Hold'em in 2011, Playing the Player in 2012, and Poker's 1% in 2014. His newest book, The Course, was released late April 2015. Miller is part owner and produces educational poker videos for Red Chip Poker and StoxPoker, both subscription fee based poker coaching sites. He also does personal poker coaching. After becoming a pesco-vegetarian in 2003 and lacto-ovo vegetarian in 2005, Ed Miller and his wife became vegan in 2007. He attributes health concerns as his primary reasons for changing his diet. Biography After prepping at New Orleans, Louisiana's prestigious Isidore Newman School where Miller was a standout performer on the school's renowned forensics team and in the same graduating class as noted author Christopher Rice and American Idol finalist Judd Harris. He was a member of the U.S. Physics Team. Ed Miller received degrees in both Physics and Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2000. Initially, Miller worked as a software developer for Microsoft. After many months of poker playing in the Seattle area, Ed moved to Las Vegas in 2002 where he met Dr. Alan Schoonmaker, the author of The Psychology of Poker (). Schoonmaker introduced Ed to David Sklansky and Mason Malmuth of Two Plus Two Publishing, LLC. Ed married Elaine Vigneault in 2005. In 2006, Miller was made over by the Fab Five of the Bravo television show, Queer Eye. The Queer Eye summary: \\\"You can't be in Vegas without running into a card shark and Ed is that card shark. But you wouldn't know it by looking at him. The wild hair, the overgrown beard, and the overall unkempt look keeps Ed from looking like the high roller that he is. He has a nerdy look but nerdy can be cool. Unfortunately, Ed hasn't gotten the 'cool' part. Even more unfortunate, Ed's parents lost their home during the wrath of Hurricane Katrina. This is a great time for our boys to 'make better' Ed and throw a poker tournament benefiting the relief efforts in New Orleans.\\\" After living in Manhattan for two years, Miller now lives and works in Las Vegas. Books written by Ed Miller Books edited by Ed Miller DVDs released by Ed Miller Expert Hold'Em series References American poker players American gambling writers American male non-fiction writers Participants in American reality television series Living people Isidore Newman School alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Ed Miller (poker player)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26442190\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Flynt's Lucky Lady Casino is a cardroom located in Gardena, California. It replaced Normandie Casino. In 1940, the Western Club opened on Western Avenue. Seven years later, the club was renamed the Normandie, and Russ Miller became owner. As the city of Gardena grew, so did the card clubs. Their license fees provided most of the money needed to operate the city. During the 1960s, Gardena boasted six luxurious card clubs. It was the only city in Los Angeles County to have legal gambling. The clubs flourished until 1980, when the Bell Club in the city of Bell, California, opened. Other cities soon followed suit, and the Gardena monopoly on card gaming came to an end. In 1980, Russ Miller decided to move the Normandie Casino to a better location near the 110 Harbor Freeway at 1045 West Rosecrans Avenue. A new casino was constructed, along with a Las Vegas-style entertainment venue billed as \\\"The Million Dollar Showroom\\\". A few years later, Seven-card stud and Texas hold-em were added to the already existing lineup of games, Five-card draw and Lowball. In the mid-1980s, a tremendous Asian influence came with the introduction of the California games, including Blackjack, Pai Gow Poker, and Super 9, a game similar to Baccarat. The Normandie completely revamped its restaurant to accommodate a variety of Asian tastes: Mandarin, Vietnamese, Thai, and Korean, along with a standard Continental menu. The Normandie Casino opened its famous Red Dragon Room which featured high-limit Asian games. The Red Dragon Room, with its additional outdoor patio, continues to be one of the most popular Asian gaming rooms in Los Angeles today. The casino is also host to a luxurious V.I.P. Blackjack and Baccarat Room, a first in Southern California. In 2016, several members of the Miller family had their gaming licenses revoked for anti-money laundering violations, and they were given 120 days to sell the casino. Larry Flynt, owner of the nearby Hustler Casino, won regulatory approval to purchase the Normandie in June 2016, with plans to rename it as Larry Flynt's Lucky Lady Casino. References External links Official website Casinos in Los Angeles County, California Gardena, California\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Flynt's Lucky Lady Casino\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21990161\",\n \"text\": \"A Case of Two Cities is Qiu Xiaolong's fourth Inspector Chen novel (after 2004's When Red Is Black). Character, poetry, insights into Chinese society and culture, and food all come before story in this crime novel. Plot summary Inspector Chen Cao of the Shanghai Police Department is assigned a high-profile anti-corruption case, one in which the principal figure has long since fled to the United States and beyond the reach of the Chinese government. But he left behind the organization and his partners-in-crime, and Inspector Chen is charged to uncover those responsible and act as necessary to end the corruption ring though he is not sure whether he's actually being set up to fail. The investigation takes him from Shanghai all the way to the U.S. where he meets his colleague and counterpart from the U.S. Marshall's Service, Inspector Catherine Rhon. Literary Review There's something especially brave and noble about a cop who perseveres under difficult circumstances. Readers who love China will be heartened, as this gritty, suspenseful tale unfolds, to discover that Inspector Chen is far from alone in his quest to build a humane Chinese society. Hidden under the surface of the crime novel are some observations by the author. Qiu comments through his tale about the changing scape of China's economy and how new crime and corruption are rising with the general prosperity of China. He also shows many cultural differences that are created or perhaps only now noticed as China changes her economic status and how these simple differences can create hostility. The author also illustrated how cultural differences may lead to hostility or bad feelings, for example, when the Chinese delegation find no water bottles for tea in their hotel rooms when visiting the US for the first time, as opposed to China, where there would be water bottles in each hotel room for tea. Therefore, the absence of hot water bottles is an oversight and is equal to an insult. From the American perceptive, a hot water bottle is not a standard requirement item in the hotel room, as offering tea to your guests is not a standard for the Americans. References 2006 American novels Novels by Qiu Xiaolong Novels set in China Novels set in the United States Minotaur Books books\",\n \"title\": \"A Case of Two Cities\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2246953\",\n \"text\": \"Bailie Nicol Jarvie (colloquially BNJ) was a brand of whisky which was produced by The Glenmorangie Company in Scotland. It was named after a character in Walter Scott's novel Rob Roy. It is a blended Scotch whisky, which has a good following in Scotland, but is relatively unknown in other parts of the world. The label claims \\\"The Bailie Nicol Jarvie we believe, boasts the highest malt content of any blended Scotch whisky\\\". The Bailie Nicol Jarvie was first blended by Nicol Anderson & Co, a Glasgow-based whisky company that was acquired by the whisky company Macdonald & Muir of Leith in 1921. The whisky was named after a character in Sir Walter Scott's renowned novel Rob Roy – a bailie (magistrate) who tackled a sword-wielding Highland clansman in an inn at Clachan of Aberfoyle, setting fire to his kilt with a red-hot poker. The blend was particularly popular in the early 20th century. The brand was relaunched in 1994 by Glenmorangie plc (as Macdonald & Muir had been renamed). The composition of the blend was changed from the original recipe due to market forces. Single malts from the Highlands, Islay and Speyside are blended together with a grain whisky from Ayrshire. In comparison, many blended whiskies contain between 20 and 40 single malts. The minimum maturation time in a cask is eight years and the final BNJ whisky contains 60% single malt and 40% grain whisky. In 2014 Glenmorangie announced it would discontinue BNJ, citing high demand for their malt, all of which is now used for their single malt whiskies. The BNJ has since made a quiet exit from the market and bottles are becoming extremely difficult to find. The English newspaper The Independent ranked it as one of the \\\"Top 10 Best Scotch Whiskies\\\". The Bailie Nicol Jarvie was a hotel/public house in Aberfoyle. It has now been turned into flats. References Economy of Highland (council area) Blended Scotch whisky\",\n \"title\": \"Bailie Nicol Jarvie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21804384\",\n \"text\": \"Kindred Group (formerly Unibet Group Plc) is an online gambling operator which consists of nine brands, among them Unibet, Maria Casino and 32Red. The Group offer products such as online casino, online poker, online bingo, and sports betting. The company is registered in Malta, but also has major hub offices in Gibraltar, London, Stockholm and the US in addition to smaller satellite offices across Europe and Australia. Kindred Group is a publicly listed company on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Nasdaq). In 2017, the company's revenue was GBP 751.4 million. History In 2011 Unibet was awarded one of 48 licenses for the newly re-regulated Danish market. In 2012 Unibet acquired Bet24, a Danish online bookmaker. On 3 December 2013 Unibet announced that it was moving its poker operation away from the MPN network to offer a standalone poker site. In April 2014 Unibet signed a deal with Thunderkick, making them one of the first brands to support Thunderkick games. On 19 May 2014, shareholders of Unibet approved the proposed spin-off of its B2B subsidiary Kambi Group Plc. The company's 95 per cent stake in the business was subsequently distributed to Unibet shareholders. The Kambi Group Plc share started trading on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm First North on 2 June 2014. The share closed at SEK 34 on the first day of trading, giving the company a market valuation of SEK 1,011,200,700. Unibet purchased Bingo.com Ltd.’s www.bingo.com domain and its real money online gambling business for a total of $8 million effective 31 December 2014. Unibet paid $2 million in cash and the remaining balance was paid with the redemption of its 15,000,000 in common shares in Bingo.com at $0.40 per share. On 14 November 2016, Unibet announced a partnership with Swedish electronic identification service, BankID, as the first gambling operator to utilise the bank developed solution at its Unibet and Maria Casino brands. Unibet continued on their acquisition trail in July 2015 with the purchase of StanJames.com (online business). The price paid was believed to be £19 million in cash, adjusted for any customer liabilities. The deal did not include any of the Stan James high street retail shops, which have been rebranded as Megabet. In December 2016, shareholders at Unibet agreed to change the name of the business to Kindred Group Plc. The change was supposedly \\\"due to the company's focus on developing a multi-brand strategy moving forward\\\". The newly named Kindred Group Plc continued their acquisition strategy in February 2017, snapping up the Gibraltar-based online gaming business 32Red Plc. In April 2018, Kindred Group launched an online gambling ad blocker tool so customers who choose to exclude themselves will be safe from gambling advertisements. In August 2018, Kindred Group announced a partnership with the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City, marking the company's first entrance to the United States sports betting market by entering the New Jersey sports betting market. On January 28, 2019, Kindred Group formed a partnership with the Mohegan Sun Pocono casino near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania\",\n \"title\": \"Kindred Group\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21174582\",\n \"text\": \"CardRunners (also \\\"Card Runners\\\" and \\\"Cardrunners\\\") was an instructional poker site developed by Taylor Caby. CardRunners charged members a monthly fee for access to their catalog of poker instructional videos and private poker strategy forums. , CardRunners had over 10,000 subscribers and in 2007 the company took in more than $3,000,000 in revenue. CardRunners was founded in 2005 largely as a response to growth of interest in internet poker due to the Moneymaker Effect. Caby and Wiggins, two college friends and big winners on the Ultimate Bet poker site, would film their screen while playing online and narrate their thought process. They then sold access to those videos to subscribers. In April 2008, Lee Jones left his position with the European Poker Tour (EPT) to join CardRunners as its Chief Operating Officer (COO). Prior to his work for the EPT Jones was the Poker Room Manager for PokerStars. Jones later left CardRunners to become the poker room manager for CakePoker. In 2008, CardRunners merged with StoxPoker.com, founded by Nick 'Stoxtrader' Grudzien, to form Cardrunners/StoxPoker. In March 2010, Grudzien was forced out of the company after a multi-accounting and collusion scandal that broke on the 2+2 forums. The StoxPoker brand was subsequently put to rest, and the website was merged into CardRunners.com. Several instructors left to competing site DragTheBar.com In 2008, CardRunners partnered with Full Tilt Poker and several members of 'Team CardRunners' became Full Tilt Poker 'Red Pro's' including Caby, Townsend, David Benefield, Brian Hastings and Cole South. CardRunners went out of business in 2017. References External links CardRunners.com Gambling companies established in 2005 Gambling companies disestablished in 2017 Defunct poker companies\",\n \"title\": \"CardRunners\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"35556031\",\n \"text\": \"Veltheimia bracteata is a species of plant. It belongs to the genus Veltheimia, which contains only one other species, Velthemia capensis. Veltheimia bracteata is commonly referred to as the forest lily, sand onion, or red hot poker (though the term “red hot poker” is also applied to species in the genus Kniphofia). This pendent shaped plant ranges in color from a yellowish pink to red. It is a winter flowering perennial plant, so is in full bloom when other flowers have withered away. Plants grow to be in height. Description Veltheimia bracteata is a bulbous plant with glossy leaves. The erect flower stems arise from a rosette of basal leaves and blossom in an oval shaped inflorescence arrangement which is typically surrounded by dense spikes. The individual red or orange flowers are tubular and pendent. Plants are pollinated by birds. A fleshy seed is then produced at the end of August. Distribution Veltheimia bracteata is native to the south-eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Cultivation Veltheimia bracteata prefers a sheltered position in full sun, with well-drained soil. It tolerates low temperatures, but not freezing. Therefore in temperate zones it needs the protection of glass during the winter months. In cultivation in the UK It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. V. bracteata and V. capensis can interbreed and produce hybrids. See also List of plants known as lily References Scilloideae Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces Plants described in 1870 Taxa named by John Gilbert Baker Taxa named by William Henry Harvey\",\n \"title\": \"Veltheimia bracteata\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"24438648\",\n \"text\": \"Milwaukee's Best is a 4.8% alcohol by volume, American-style pale lager brewed by Miller Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States. Its sibling beers are Milwaukee's Best Ice (5.9%) and Milwaukee's Best Light, which is 4.1%. It is sometimes referred to as \\\"the beast.\\\" History Established in 1895 as Gettelman's Milwaukee's Best Beer, Miller Brewing Company shortened the brand name to Milwaukee's Best when they took over the A. Gettelman Brewing Company of Milwaukee in 1961. Since then, the best-selling offering, Milwaukee’s Best Light, was introduced in 1986, and Milwaukee's Best Ice was introduced in 1992. Milwaukee's Best Light is the Official Beer Sponsor of the 2009 World Series of Poker, which continues a relationship between the two entities that began in 2006. According to a report by Beer Marketer's Insights and published by USA Today on December 9, 2013, sales of Milwaukee’s Best in America have declined in recent years. Despite MillerCoors shipping nearly 2 million barrels in 2007, sales of the beer dropped over the next five years, with just 1.1 million barrels sold. Molson Coors announced the discontinuation of the original Milwaukee's Best in August 2021 as it cut back on its low-end beers. The Ice and Light varieties were not included in the change. Products Milwaukee's Best Lager In the fall of 2016, the alcohol content was increased from 4.3% to 4.8%, and the name changed from \\\"Milwaukee's Best Premium\\\" to \\\"Milwaukee's Best Lager.\\\" The name was eventually changed back to \\\"Milwaukee's Best Premium.\\\" Milwaukee's Best Ice In the fall of 2016, the alcohol content was increased from 5.9% to 6.9%. In August 2017, it was reduced back to 5.9%. It is sometimes referred to as “the Yeti”. Awards Milwaukee's Best Bronze medal, 2005 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Lager Silver medal, 2004 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Lager Silver medal, 2003 Great American Beer Festival, American Lager/Ale or Cream Ale Milwaukee's Best Light Silver medal, 2006 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Light Lager Bronze medal, 2009 United States Beer Championships, American Light Milwaukee's Best Ice Bronze medal, 2003 Great American Beer Festival, American-Style Specialty Lager Bronze medal, 2006 World Beer Cup, American-Style Specialty Lager. Advertising In 2006, MillerCoors ran a series of ads depicting men who were perceived as being unmanly, and are subsequently crushed by a giant can of Milwaukee's Best Light falling from the sky, followed by the slogan \\\"Men should act like men, and light beer should taste like beer.\\\" In 2016, advertisements for Milwaukee's Best Ice drew criticism for their focus on the increased alcohol content of the beer. References External links American beer brands Molson Coors brands\",\n \"title\": \"Milwaukee's Best\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"17435987\",\n \"text\": \"Maxxx was a general entertainment channel for men owned by Creative Programs, Inc., an ABS-CBN Corporation subsidiary. It eventually shutdown due to lack of ratings of the channel. Channel Information Maxxx had a test broadcast together with Velvet and Balls (both defunct) since September 2007. Maxxx had an official launch on January 1, 2008. Maxxx has also aired selected shows over UHF channel Studio 23 (now S+A). Maxxx ceased airing on September 30, 2010. Its channel space was replaced by Solar's Jack TV. Description Maxxx is the answer of SkyCable after the expiration of the contract of Solar Entertainment's Jack TV. Maxxx is fairly similar in themes and audience with Jack TV typically the male-audience ranging from teens to men. Maxxx features shows based on poker, racing, comedy, adult-themed shows and cartoons and all-time classic old TV series such as Star Trek, Flash Gordon, Lucky Louie and Scrubs. Shows The 4400 48 Hours The Academy The Agency American Inventor Attack of the Show Ballbreakers Behind the Music that Sucks Bikini Destinations Bikini Life Adventures Boston Legal Breaking Bad The Bronx is Burning Build or Bust Bullrun CSI: NY Camouflage Cheat! Cheaters Cinematech Cinematech: Nocturnal Emissions The Cleaner The Collector Combat! Crash Test Dummies Creature Comforts Destination X Dexter D. E. A. The Dead Zone Extras Exposed Fear Factor Fear Itself Filipino Poker Tour Flight of the Conchords Flash Gordon Frasier Freestyle Moto X Friday Night Project Friday the 13th: The Series From the Earth to the Moon The Gamekillers The Guard God, the Devil and Bob Ghost Hunters International Highlander: The Series Hey Joel Hot n' Heavy How Does That Work? The IT Crowd IHRA Nitro Jam Series International Fight League jPod John From Cincinnati Just Kidding Keys to the VIP The King of Queens Kingdom Hospital Lewis Black's Root of All Evil Late Show with David Letterman Lucky Louie Men 7 Show Mind of the Married Man Mission: Impossible Missing Mondo Mini Shows Modern Toss Most Daring Most Shocking Murder NCIS Nowhere Man Nightmare Ned NUMB3RS The Nutshack Odd Job Jack The Office Penn & Teller: Bull$#@*! Pinks All Out Planet Rock Profiles Pros vs. Joes Ralph TV Scrubs Sons of Butcher South Park Sports Action Team Stag Star Trek Stargate: Atlantis Street Tuner Challenge Stupid, Stupid Man Superbikes The Real Wedding Crashers ReGenesis Rome Spawn Spooks Survivor (Borneo to Cook Islands) † Tales from the Darkside The Twilight Zone The Daily Show The Colbert Report The Lost Room The Ultimate Fighter (*) The Wild Side The Wrong Coast Three Sheets Ultimate Blackjack Tour UFC Unleashed (*) UFC Wired (*) Unique Whips V-Twin TV World Poker Tour X-Play Vroom Vroom Wide World of Fights World Supercross GP World's Wildest Police Videos WWE 24/7 PPV Classics (*) - Now moved to Balls (†) - This show was first aired on UHF TV channel Studio 23, Later seasons, beginning with Survivor: Fiji to the latest season, This show were moved to Solar Entertainment's flagship multi-media channels: The VHF TV station Solar\",\n \"title\": \"Maxxx\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"31099149\",\n \"text\": \"Beer in Colombia is a sizeable industry ranging from small local micro-brews to large scale productions of popular brands. It is estimated that Colombia has more than 15 large national brands (the most popular listed below); but dozens of small/local microbrewery boutique beers are growing beyond regional demand. List of Colombian beers BBC Bogotá Beer Company Candelaria clásica Monserrate Roja Chapinero Porter Usaquén Stout Chía Weiss Cervecería Bavaria Águila Águila light Águila Cero (non alcoholic) Aguila Imperial (seasonal) Pilsen Poker Poker Ligera Redd's Casa Suárez Costeña Costeñita Club Colombia Dorada (blonde), Roja (red), Negra (black) Cola & Pola (refajo) – Source: Cerveza 3 Cordilleras Rose Blanca (American Wheat) 6.47 Mestiza (American Pale Ale) Negra (Stout) Mulata (Amber Ale) – Source: Cerveza Ancla Cerveza Ancla Super Premium, is a Lager/Pilsner style beer, brewed under \\\"Reinheitsgebot\\\" the German beer purity law. – Source: Cerveza Casa Suárez Rubia – Source: Cerveza Colón Colón Negra Colón Rubia Colón Roja Colón Light – Source: Cerveza San Tomás San Tomás Hefe Weizen Märzen Dubbel Bock – Source: Lino Brewing Company S.A.S. COLPA - Colombian Pale Ale COLAA - Colombian Amber Ale COLS - Colombian Stout Menestral Brewing Co. Caficultor - English Porter Carpintero - American Brown Ale Herrero - Red Ale Compositor - Golden Ale Silletero - India Red Ale Meisterkünstler - Hefeweizen Moulin Rouge - Fruit Beer 味の神 (Aji no Kami) - Japanese Lager see more. See also Beer and breweries by region References External links\",\n \"title\": \"Beer in Colombia\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"43155096\",\n \"text\": \"Red Light is the third studio album by South Korean girl group f(x), released on July 7, 2014, by SM Entertainment and Genie Music. It reached number one on the Gaon Album Chart and had two promotional singles, \\\"Red Light\\\" and \\\"Milk\\\". This is the last album with Sulli, who left the group one year after its release. Background and release Red Light has a dark and eerie concept, which f(x) said they liked. Krystal added that she liked this concept because she is often given roles that make her look pretty, and just this once she wanted something that would make her look darker and different. Naver describes the album's title track, \\\"Red Light\\\", as a \\\"blast of urban rhythm bit, reversal in electro house genre\\\". The lyrics talk about capturing great moments, stopping and reconsidering what is important in life. Also, it is a message, using a \\\"red light\\\" to symbolize the warning, that is expressed in an eye-catching way. Jakob Dorof of Vice described the song as \\\"a high-tech whiplash thriller with a chorus that hits like a fist and, by the second blow, has you begging for it.\\\" Kenzie, wrote the lyrics and Maegan Cottone of Phrased Differently, Daniel Ullmann, Bryan Jarett, Allison Kaplan and Sherry St. Germain were credited with the song's music. It was produced by Lee Soo-man and Casper & B. f(x) member Amber Liu describes the song's dance as the \\\"most passionate\\\" and \\\"most dynamic\\\". Luna said that the song's genre fitted with their aim for a slightly intense but feminine image. The group played their first performance of the album's lead single, \\\"Red Light\\\", on July 3, 2014, through Mnet's M Countdown. The title track \\\"Red Light\\\" was played on Korean Broadcasting System's K-Pop Connection radio from July 8, 2014. Commercial performance The Red Light album reached number one on the weekly Gaon Album Chart, while the promotional single \\\"Red Light\\\" went to number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and the Billboard K-pop Hot 100. Several other non-promotional album tracks also charted on the Gaon and K-pop Hot 100 charts. The record sold 86,143 copies in South Korea in 2014, the nineteenth best-selling album of the year. Critical reception Fuse TV described f(x) as K-pop's top hipsters, and the album was acclaimed by critics. The \\\"Red Light\\\" music video reached more than 2 million views on YouTube on the first day of release. By August 2014, it had reached more than 10 million views. The song \\\"Red Light\\\" was chosen by Fuse TV as one of 15 nominees for 2014's summer anthem. The title track \\\"Red Light\\\" was included on the lists of best K-pop songs of 2014 by Dazed (number nine), Vice (number four), and PopMatters (number one). Controversies The South Korean broadcast station KBS ruled \\\"Red Light\\\" unfit for broadcast, since the song mentions a specific brand, the heavy equipment manufacturing company Caterpillar. In response, f(x)'s agency, SM Entertainment, modified the lyrics. Other TV stations, however, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Red Light (f(x) album)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"22350337\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrence Sheldon Gelman (November 3, 1930 – June 7, 2021) was an American film and television character actor. He was known for playing Dr. Bernie Tupperman on the TV series The Bob Newhart Show and Vinnie, the poker playing friend of Oscar and Felix, in the original TV series version of The Odd Couple. Biography Gelman was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 3, 1930. On television, Gelman portrayed Leo Gold in Free Country, Irv Schlosser in Grand Slam, Dr. Hubie Binder in Maude officer Bernstein on Eight Is Enough, Al Clemens on Mork & Mindy. and Max on Needles and Pins. Gelman appeared in other American television series, including The Monkees (3 episodes), Batman, Get Smart, I Dream of Jeannie, My Three Sons, The Doris Day Show (3 episodes), The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Carol Burnett Show, Rhoda, Kojak (2 episodes), Quincy M.E., CHiPS, The Love Boat, Laverne & Shirley, One Day at a Time (2 episodes), Barney Miller (4 episodes), The Facts of Life, Simon & Simon, Hill Street Blues, Remington Steele, Cagney & Lacey (3 episodes), Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Mr. Belvedere (2 episodes), In the Heat of the Night (2 episodes), Night Court (3 episodes), Doogie Howser, M.D., The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, Touched by an Angel and ER. He appeared in Tales from the Darkside Love Hungry (series 4, episode 11, 1988) as Elmo. He also was nominated for a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Series, for his guest-starring appearance on the episode \\\"Goodbye, Mr. Fish: Part 2\\\" of the American sitcom television series Barney Miller. In film, Gelman appeared (credited as Larry Spelman) in the X-rated 1976 film Alice in Wonderland with Kristine DeBell, and the adult comedy Chatterbox (1977) starring Candice Rialson. He also had roles in Disney's Superdad (1973), The Strongest Man in the World (1975), Tunnel Vision (1976), Raid on Entebbe (1977), The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), The Frisco Kid (1979), O'Hara's Wife (1982), Dreamscape (1984), Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985), The Naked Cage (1986) and Mr. Saturday Night (1992). On Broadway, Gelman portrayed Tambi Rothman in The Roast (1980). His other stage activities included touring in a production of The Odd Couple and playing Albert Einstein in Einstein: A Stage Portrait. Gelman also played Einstein in the real-time strategy games Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 and Command & Conquer: Yuri's Revenge. He died from injuries suffered in a fall in June 2021, at the age of 90. Television References External links Larry Gelman at Find a Grave 1930 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Male actors from Brooklyn Burials at Los Angeles National Cemetery\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Gelman\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"21318911\",\n \"text\": \"Alan Stark Geisler (September 30, 1930 – January 6, 2009) was an American food chemist, best known for creating the red onion sauce most often used as a condiment topping on hot dogs in New York City. Specifically, the sauce, which is marketed as Sabrett's Prepared Onions, is usually served on Sabrett brand hot dogs sold by New York's many pushcart hot dog vendors. Sabrett brand hot dogs and the red onion sauce which Geisler created are the flagship products of Marathon Enterprises, Inc. The company is headquartered in Englewood, New Jersey. Personal life Geisler was a graduate of Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey. He received his bachelor's degree in food technology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served as an officer in the Quartermaster Corps of the US Army during the Korean War. Geisler resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, for 45 years. He was an ardent stamp collector and dealer, and an original member of the Apple Ridge Golf and Country Club of Mahwah, NJ. An avid golfer with a 4 handicap at one time, he won the Club Championship in all four flights, and throughout his career eagled all 18 holes. He played the bagpipes with the Fairleigh Dickinson University Pipe Band and the Kearny Caledonian Pipe Band for several years, even performing in the St. Patrick Day Parade in NYC. Career Geisler founded a company that manufactured shortenings, emulsifiers and other ingredients for the baking and baked goods industry in 1960. One of his customers was Gregory Papalexis, who manufactured both hot dogs and hot dog buns. Papalexis's customers included hot dog street vendors, who often made a popular homemade, but time laborious, onion sauce as a topping. Papalexis asked Geisler to come up with a factory-made onion sauce for the hot dog vendors to sell at their carts in New York City. Geisler, with input from Papalexis, created a new, mass-produced onion sauce for hot dogs. The main formula and spice blends of the sauce consisted predominantly of onions, olive oil and tomato paste, which gives the sauce its distinctive red coloring. The sauce proved to be a hit with both the street vendors, who no longer had to make their own time-consuming sauces, and hot dog consumers. Geisler and Papalexis partnered to form their own company, called Tremont Foods, to market and make the new red onion sauce. The sauce was initially sold to New York City hot dogs vendors under the brand names Tremont Foods or House of Weenies. Papalexis acquired Sabrett Food Products in 1989. As a result of the acquisition, Geisler's onion sauce became the only onion sauce served on Sabrett hot dogs by vendors in New York City. The red onion condiment also became available for purchase in supermarkets under the Sabrett's brand. It is marketed nationwide as \\\"Sabrett's Prepared Onions.\\\" As of 2009, Geisler's red onion sauce enjoys \\\"a couple of million dollars a year in sales,\\\" according to Papalexis. Geisler's and Papalexis's original company, Tremont Foods,\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Geisler\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5593122\",\n \"text\": \"The Red Star is a comic book series created by American artist Christian Gossett and a large team, and first published by Image Comics in 2001. It was one of the first computer-generated comics, making heavy use of line-art from 3D models to present large cinematic scenes suited to its expansive sci-fi/fantasy world. This world is described by Gossett as a \\\"Mythic [Soviet] Russia\\\", the \\\"Lands of The Red Star\\\" being inspired by both Russian folklore and military history. The series is thus heavily reminiscent of a post-World War II Soviet Union, mixing technology and sorcery, in a blend known within the lore as \\\"Military Industrial Sorcery\\\". Development and predecessor works Christian Gossett began his career in 1988 on Tales of the Ninja Warriors for CFW publishing. CFW, a Martial Arts supply distributor, received a pitch from Bradley \\\"Peter\\\" Parker, a comics artist and writer. The pitch was to publish a black and white comics anthology, in which their martial arts catalogue could be advertised. The late 80's black and white boom being in full swing, CFW greenlit the anthology, and Tales of the Ninja Warriors joined the mania. Only nineteen years old when he was hired, and with no previous professional comics experience, Gossett was tasked with creating, writing, drawing, inking and lettering his pages every month. From there, thanks to the recommendation of his friend Frank Gomez, Gossett was hired by Dark Horse Comics to pencil the first two issues of Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi. A lifelong Star Wars fan like most of his generation, Gossett threw himself into the role. Gossett recalled that \\\"it was a different time in the industry. My royalty check from Tales of the Jedi #1 was enough that I bought a brand new Ford pickup truck\\\". Gossett's innovative designs and romantic imagery would keep him in the Old Republic for several more Star Wars series: \\\"In the midst of all of this fun, I had learned so much about storytelling, I couldn't help but ask myself what kind of story I would tell. I was living in Berkeley at the time, and one night in my studio apartment, I thought long and hard about a project of my own. What came from it was The Red Star.\\\" Comics Volume 1: The Battle of Kar Dathras Gate – #1–4 The first four issues of The Red Star tell the story of the war of the state and the Red Fleet / Army against Al'Istaan, told in a retrospective by Maya Antares, who remembers her husband's death in that war. Having penetrated deeply into Al'Nistaani, the fleet of Red Star skyfurnaces, gigantic flying warships up to three kilometres long, seem to destroy their enemies when the volcanic fury of their engines is directed on the massed enemies below. However, the ancient protector of the Nistaani, Kar Dathra the Immortal, appears, and powered by the mystical energies of his thousands of dying followers – manages to destroy almost the whole of the Red\",\n \"title\": \"The Red Star\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2827190\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Schuyler Miller (February 21, 1912 – October 13, 1974) was an American science fiction writer and critic. Life Miller was raised in New York's Mohawk Valley, which led to a lifelong interest in the Iroquois Indians. He pursued this as an amateur archaeologist and a member of the New York State Archaeological Association. He received his M.S. in chemistry from Union College in Schenectady. He subsequently worked as a technical writer for General Electric in the 1940s, and for the Fisher Scientific Company in Pittsburgh from 1952 until his death. Miller died October 13, 1974, on Blennerhassett Island, West Virginia. He was on an archaeological tour to the \\\"Fort Ancient culture\\\" site west of Parkersburg at the time. Works Miller wrote pulp science fiction beginning in the 1930s, and is considered one of the more popular authors of the period. His work appeared in such magazines as Amazing Stories, Astounding, Comet, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Marvel Tales, Science Fiction Digest, Super Science Stories, Unknown, Weird Tales, and Wonder Stories, among others. With his friend John D. Clark, Miller is also known as a bibliographer of Robert E. Howard's \\\"Conan\\\" stories. The two worked out an outline of Conan's career and a map of the world in Howard's work in 1936 from the then-published stories. Their map became the basis of maps that later appeared in the book editions of the Conan stories. Their revised outline, \\\"A Probable Outline of Conan's Career\\\" was published in the fanzine The Hyborian Age in 1938. Miller began a shift to book reviewing in 1945, writing for Astounding Science Fiction, later renamed Analog, for which he wrote a monthly review column, \\\"The Reference Library\\\", from 1951 to 1963. As a critic he was notable for his enthusiasm for a wide coverage of the science fiction field. He was awarded a special Hugo Award for book reviews in 1963. After his death his sister Mary E. Drake donated his extensive collection of papers, maps, books and periodicals, accumulated largely as a result of his review work, to the Carnegie Museum. They now form the basis of the P. Schuyler Miller Memorial Library at the Edward O'Neill Research Center in Pittsburgh. Bibliography Short fiction \\\"The Red Plague\\\" (Jul. 1930) \\\"Dust of Destruction\\\" (Feb. 1931) \\\"Through the Vibrations\\\" (May 1931) \\\"Cleon of Yzdral\\\" (Jul. 1931) \\\"The Man from Mars\\\" (Sum. 1931) \\\"The Arrhenius Horror\\\" (Sep. 1931) \\\"Tetrahedra of Space\\\" (Nov. 1931) \\\"Red Spot on Jupiter\\\" (1931) (with Paul McDermott and Walter Dennis) \\\"Duel on the Asteroid\\\" (Jan. 1932) (with Paul McDermott and Walter Dennis) \\\"Forgotten\\\" (also known as \\\"The Forgotten Man of Space\\\") (Apr. 1933) \\\"Red Flame of Venus\\\" (Sep. 1932) \\\"Jeremiah Jones, Alchemist\\\" (May 1933) \\\"Alicia in Blunderland\\\" (1933) \\\"The Atom Smasher\\\" (Jan. 1934) \\\"The Pool of Life\\\" (Oct. 1934) \\\"The Titan\\\" (Win. 1934–35) \\\"The People of the Arrow\\\" (Jul. 1935) \\\"The Chrysalis\\\" (Apr. 1936) \\\"The Sands of Time\\\" (Apr. 1937) \\\"Coils of Time\\\" (May 1939) \\\"Pleasure Trove\\\" (Aug. 1939) \\\"Spawn\\\" (Aug. 1939)\",\n \"title\": \"P. Schuyler Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1918233\",\n \"text\": \"A hot hand is a streak of good luck in a sport or gambling. Hot hand or Hot hands may also refer to: Hot Hand (pinball), poker-based pinball machine Red hands, or Hot hands, a game in which two players try to slap each other's hands\",\n \"title\": \"Hot hand (disambiguation)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12827803\",\n \"text\": \"Olive Beaupré Miller (née Olive Kennon Beaupré) (September 11, 1883 – March 25, 1968) was an American writer, publisher and editor of children's literature. She was born in Aurora, Illinois on September 11, 1883, to William S. and Julia (Brady) Beaupré. She received her B.A. from Smith College in 1904. The Book House for Children In 1919 Miller established a company, The Book House for Children, to publish popular children’s literature edited by herself to meet her standards: \\\"First,--To be well equipped for life, to have ideas and the ability to express them, the child needs a broad background of familiarity with the best in literature. \\\"Second,--His stories and rhymes must be selected with care that he may absorb no distorted view of life and its actual values, but may grow up to be mentally clear about values and emotionally impelled to seek what is truly desirable and worthwhile in human living. \\\"Third,--The stories and rhymes selected must be graded to the child's understanding at different periods of his growth, graded as to vocabulary, as to subject matter and as to complexity of structure and plot.\\\" The first volume of The Book House series was published in 1920. The series would eventually include twelve volumes. Later versions of The Book House contained some short stories (such as Little Black Sambo and The Tar Baby) which were thought to be insensitive, and were removed from the Beaupré canon. But as late as 1950 (33rd printing), “Sambo” was still included. The company was also remarkable for its large female staff at a time when most women did not work outside the home. Illustrators for The Book House series included Maude and Miska Petersham, Donn Philip Crane, Hilda Hanway, Milo Winter, and Peter Newell. Other series published by the company, The Book House for Children, included \\\"My Travelship\\\" and \\\"A Picturesque Tale of Progress.\\\" The Book House for Children was sold to United Educators in 1954. Bibliography My Book House (6 volumes) Volume 1, In the Nursery (1920) Volume 2, Up One Pair of Stairs (1920) Volume 3, Through Fairy Halls (1920) Volume 4, The Treasure Chest (1920) Volume 5, From The Tower Window (1921) Volume 6, The Latch Key (1921) My Travelship (3 volumes) Little Pictures of Japan (1925) Tales Told in Holland (1926) Nursery Friends From France (1927) My Book House (7 volumes – red series) Volume 1, In the Nursery (1925) Volume 2, Story Time (1925) Volume 3, Up One Pair of Stairs (1925) Volume 4, Over the Hills (1925) Volume 5, Through Fairy Halls (1925) Volume 6, The Magic Garden (1925) Volume 7, The Latch Key with Index (1925) A Picturesque Tale of Progress (1929) Beginnings 1 and 2 Conquests 1 and 2 New Nations 1 and 2 Explorations 1 and 2 My Book House (12 volumes – 1932, 1937, 1971) Each of the original thicker volumes were divided and made more picture-book-like and easier for a child to handle. The style of illustration and text were changed as\",\n \"title\": \"Olive Beaupré Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1569018\",\n \"text\": \"Rex Miller Spangberg (April 25, 1939 – May 21, 2004), known professionally as Rex Miller, was an American novelist. He wrote a series of novels detailing the investigations of Jack Eichord, a fictional homicide detective who specialized in tracking down serial killers. Slob, the first novel in the series, introduced the character of Daniel Bunkowski, a half-ton killing-machine. In 1987, Miller was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel for writing Slob. Miller resurrected Daniel Bunkowski for three novels, Chaingang, Savant, and Butcher, that take place outside of the continuity of the Eichord series. Miller also wrote Profane Men, a novel set during the Vietnam War, in addition to the limited-edition novel St. Louis Blues. Miller was also a popular disc jockey in the 1960s, and was considered an expert in the field of juvenile-related collectibles, particularly old time radio premiums. Miller died in Sikeston, Missouri, on May 21, 2004, at the age of 65. Works by Miller Chaingang (Daniel Bunkowski) series Slob (1987) Slice (1990) Chaingang (1992) Savant (1994) Butcher (1994) Stand-alone novels Frenzy (1988) Stone Shadow (1989) Profane Men (1989) Iceman (1990) Saint Louis Blues (1992) Anthologies containing stories by Rex Miller Hot Blood: Tales of Provocative Horror (1989) Masques III (1989) Stalkers (1990) Dick Tracy – The Secret Files (1990) Masques IV (1991) Hotter Blood: More Tales of Erotic Horror (1991) Solved (1991) Invitation To Murder (1991) Shock Rock (1992) Midnight Graffiti (1992) Hottest Blood (1993) Frankenstein: The Monster Wakes (1993) Predators (1993) Murder On Main Street (1993) Shock Rock II (1994) The Hot Blood Series: Deadly After Dark (1994) Dark Destiny: Proprietors of Fate (1995) Forbidden Acts (1995) The Hot Blood Series: Seeds of Fear (1995) Fear Itself (1995) It Came From The Drive-In (1996) The Hot Blood Series: Kiss and Kill (1997) The Crow: Shattered Lives and Broken Dreams (1998) See also List of horror fiction authors Splatterpunk External links A pictorial tribute to Rex Miller 1939 births 2004 deaths 20th-century American novelists American male novelists People from Sikeston, Missouri Splatterpunk 20th-century American male writers\",\n \"title\": \"Rex Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"40304815\",\n \"text\": \"Burton Ritchie is a convicted drug dealer and money launderer, currently serving 20 years in federal prison. Life and career Ritchie was born in Fairhope, Alabama. He became involved with politics in 1994 when he ran against sitting councilman Doug Profitt, who published an anti-gay editorial in a newspaper. Burton started playing poker in 2001, winning his first tournament at the Tom McEvoy Poker Championship in Los Angeles. He was briefly involved with Pokerspot when he made a buyout offer, after putting together a consortium of investors, that would have paid off Pokerspot's player debt. He has cashed-in in the World Series of Poker every year since 2011. In 2012, Burton entered into the motion picture industry becoming the CEO and Co-Founder of Heretic Films, a film production company based in the mountain resort town of Park City, Utah. He is an Ambassador Council Member of the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media which works towards the need to dramatically improve gender balance, reduce stereotyping and creating diverse female characters in film and theatre. He is also a member of the Park City Film Series Board. Burton has produced multiple film projects including: Copenhagen (2014), starring Gethin Anthony (Game of Thrones), which premiered at the 2014 Slamdance Film Festival, winning the Audience Award for Narrative Feature; Low Down (2014), starring John Hawkes, Elle Fanning, Glenn Close, Flea (Red Hot Chili Peppers) and Peter Dinklage (Game of Thrones), which premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival winning the Sundance U.S. Dramatic Cinematography Award; Big Significant Things (2014), which premiered at the 2014 SXSW (South by Southwest Festival) starring Harry Lloyd (Game of Thrones); Welcome to Me (2014) starring Kristen Wiig, also produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay; Eating Animals (2014) narrated by Natalie Portman; and the Kevin Pollak directorial debut, Misery Loves Comedy, which was a 2015 Sundance Special Event and acquired by Tribeca Film. On October 6, 2015, Ritchie was arrested on federal drug charges for manufacturing and distributing \\\"Spice.\\\" On January 23, 2017. Ritchie was found guilty of multiple Federal charges related to the distribution and sale of the drug \\\"spice\\\". He is awaiting sentencing and faces 79 years in Federal prison. On July 3, 2019, (Charles) Burton Ritchie and co-founder of Heretic Films, Benjamin Gelecki, were found guilty of 24 federal charges related to selling synthetic drugs in Nevada. The pair was held responsible for selling 4,000 pounds, which grossed $1.6 million, of Spice/K2 within a 24-day period in 2012. Sentencing is scheduled for January 10, 2020, in federal court in Las Vegas, Nevada. See also Heretic Films Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media References American poker players American political activists People from Fairhope, Alabama People from Pensacola, Florida Living people Activists from Alabama Film producers from Florida Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Burton Ritchie\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"10190552\",\n \"text\": \"The Little Red Riding Hood fairy tale has often been adapted, and into a wide variety of media. Animation Walt Disney produced a black-and-white silent short cartoon called \\\"Little Red Riding Hood\\\" (1922) for Laugh-O-Gram Cartoons. Copies of this early work of Disney's are extremely rare. British animator Anson Dyer produced a silent short cartoon called Little Red Riding Hood (1922) as part of his Kiddie-Graphs series of animated fairy tales. Van Beuren Studios produced a black-and-white cartoon called \\\"Red Riding Hood\\\" (1931) in which the Grandma drinks \\\"Jazz Tonic\\\" that de-ages her into her younger self. The Wolf and the younger Grandma intend to elope, but are thwarted by the Wolf's wife and children during the ceremony. The Fleischer Brothers produced the theatrical short \\\"Dizzy Red Riding Hood\\\" (1931), featuring Betty Boop and Bimbo, in which Bimbo defeats the wolf on the way to Grandma's house, and puts on the wolf's skin to pursue Betty, while Grandma has gone out to the Firemen's Ball. Tex Avery's Red Hot Riding Hood (1943) recasts the story in an adult-oriented urban setting, with the suave, suited wolf howling after the night club singer Red. Tex Avery also utilized the same cast and themes in a number of other cartoons in this series, such as Little Rural Riding Hood (1949), which set the story in the modern day and featured Red and the wolf as hillbillies. Early Bugs Bunny cartoons, such as Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944), utilize characters from fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood. In one cartoon comic version, Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955), Little Red Riding Hood is accompanied by Tweety Bird while the villains are played by a Wolf and Sylvester, who almost come to blows over who is going to play \\\"Grandma\\\". Another Sylvester parody is Little Red Rodent Hood (1952). A few Loopy de Loop cartoons such as \\\"Tale of a Wolf\\\" feature Little Red Riding Hood. Jay Ward's Fractured Fairy Tales had a few spoofs of the tale, one of which involved a basket that exploded just before the bearer could say \\\"goodies\\\". Goldilocks and the Three Bears/Rumpelstiltskin/Little Red Riding Hood/Sleeping Beauty (1984), animated direct-to-video featurette produced by Lee Mendelson Film Productions. My Favorite Fairy Tales (Sekai Dōwa Anime Zenshū) (1986), an anime television anthology, has a 12-minute adaptation. The anime television series Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1987) features Little Red Riding Hood in one episode. The Japanese children's anime television series Akazukin Chacha features the eponymous heroine Chacha who is visually reminiscent of Little Red Riding Hood ('akazukin' relates to her red hood and cape). One of the major themes of the series is a sort of pre-adolescent love triangle between Chacha and her two male friends, one of whom is a werewolf, the other a boy-witch. Jetlag Productions' animated film Little Red Riding Hood (1995) adapts the classic fairy tale and at the same time adds its own original twists and additions to the story to stretch the plotline to their regular 48-minute\",\n \"title\": \"Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"398920\",\n \"text\": \"Red Rider, later known as Tom Cochrane & Red Rider, is a Canadian rock band popular in the 1980s. While they achieved significant success in Canada, the band never had a song in the top 40 in the United States, although \\\"Lunatic Fringe\\\" from their second album, 1981's As Far as Siam, became popular on US album-oriented rock radio. They also charted on the Billboard Hot 100 with \\\"White Hot\\\" from their debut album Don't Fight It (1979) and \\\"Young Thing, Wild Dreams (Rock Me)\\\" from Breaking Curfew (1984), and charted comparably to \\\"Lunatic Fringe\\\" on Mainstream Rock (AOR) with \\\"Big League\\\", \\\"Human Race\\\", and \\\"Power\\\", the latter two tracks off 1983's Neruda. Band history As Red Rider Red Rider was formed in Toronto in 1975 when Peter Boynton (keyboards, synthesizers, vocals), Ken Greer (guitars, keyboards, backing vocals) and Rob Baker (drums) joined up with Arvo Lepp (guitar) and Jon Checkowski (bass) and began playing around Toronto, performing both original and cover music. In 1978, their manager at that time was contacted by Capitol Records about adding singer/guitarist/composer Tom Cochrane to the group. Cochrane was invited to one of the band's gigs in London, Ontario to rehearse with them. Boynton, Greer and Baker were impressed with his playing and songwriting but Lepp and Checkowski were not as enthused and decided to leave the band. Jeff Jones (formerly with Ocean and who briefly played for Rush) was then brought in on bass, and it was the lineup of Cochrane, Boynton, Greer, Baker and Jones that were signed to Capitol and released their first album Don't Fight It in October 1979. With the singles \\\"White Hot\\\" and \\\"Don't Fight It\\\", the album quickly reached gold status. Their second album, As Far as Siam, was released in June 1981 and featured the hit \\\"Lunatic Fringe\\\", which featured steel guitarist Greer. The song was used in the 1985 movie Vision Quest, appeared in the Miami Vice episode \\\"Smuggler's Blues\\\" and saw high rotation on the United States cable network MTV. It is now a mainstay on American classic rock radio. Peter Boynton was replaced by keyboardist Steve Sexton on Red Rider's third album Neruda, released in March 1983, and the track \\\"Napoleon Sheds His Skin\\\" would become one of the more popular songs from the album, while \\\"Human Race\\\" picked up considerable FM radio airplay in the US, becoming their second best known song there after \\\"Lunatic Fringe\\\". Moreover, the song \\\"Can't Turn Back\\\" was used in the Miami Vice episode \\\"Tale of the Goat\\\". For their next release, Breaking Curfew (September 1984), John Webster (formerly with Canadian soft rockers Stonebolt) replaced Sexton on keyboards. The album did not sell as well as Neruda and a dispute with Bruce Allen, the band's manager, over the future direction of the band resulted in Red Rider's departure from the Bruce Allen camp and a change in band members, as Jeff Jones and Rob Baker left. The album did contain the band's top-charting single in the US,\",\n \"title\": \"Red Rider\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"5677450\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Binion (born 1937) is an American businessman and was chairman of Wynn Resorts (2006-2018). He is the son of casino magnate Benny Binion. Jack worked for his father at Binion's Horseshoe, a casino and hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. Biography Binion became president of the Horseshoe casino in 1963 at the age of 26. His stature within the organization grew following the Horseshoe's 1970 hosting of the first World Series of Poker, which would become the largest poker tournament in the world. Privately held, Binion's Horseshoe was one of Nevada's most successful casino operations. In 1998, following the death of Benny Binion, there was a protracted legal battle for control of the casino among the heirs. Jack Binion, as one of the heirs, sold his interest in Binion's Horseshoe to his sister, Becky Behnen, while retaining a token 1% interest in the operation so that he could lawfully retain his Nevada Gaming License. He also acquired the rights to the Horseshoe brand outside of the state of Nevada. Binion went on to form Horseshoe Gaming Holding Corporation which developed and operated several riverboat casinos under the Horseshoe name. Binion continued to promote the casinos for Harrah's Entertainment following his sale of the company in 2004 to Harrah's. As of 2008, Binion's name appears on the \\\"Jack Binion's Steakhouse\\\" at Horseshoe Tunica and Horseshoe Hammond and several of the Horseshoe-branded casinos still carry slot machines bearing Binion's likeness called \\\"Who Wants To Be A Binionaire?\\\" that originated before the Harrah's acquisition. While running Horseshoe Gaming, Binion started the World Poker Open which at one time was a major feeder tournament for the World Series of Poker. Binion was inducted into the American Gaming Association's Gaming Hall of Fame on June 11, 2004. The following year on July 6, 2005, the World Series of Poker, inducted him into the Poker Hall of Fame. In July 2006, Binion became chairman of Wynn Resorts. His responsibilities included opening the Wynn Macau. He has since resigned the position but has remained with Wynn Resorts in a consulting role. References External links PokerNews profile American casino industry businesspeople American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American poker players Living people World Series of Poker Poker Hall of Fame inductees 1937 births\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Binion\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"19985582\",\n \"text\": \"Roy S. Winston (born March 5) is an American physician, entrepreneur and professional poker player, founder and CEO of LaserAway, LLC and a former C-Suite Executive for Pacira Biosciences from Brooklyn, New York. He won the World Poker Tour Borgata Main Event championship in 2007 for over $1.5 million. Biography Winston, who was raised in New York City and attended Stuyvesant High School, received a degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a Doctor of Medicine from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He completed an anesthesiology residency at the University of Florida College of Medicine. Dr. Winston was a professor of anesthesiology at Emory University and The University of California and was appointed to the Georgia Board of Medical Examiners by Governor Zell Miller. Dr. Winston founded LaserAway, LLC in Los Angeles, California; the company specializes in the removal of tattoos, sun damage and unwanted hair. He began playing tournament poker in 2006 and now plays full-time professionally and hosts high-stakes games at the Bicycle Casino in Los Angeles, California. Winston also writes a pro blog for Card Player and is a Full Tilt Pro on Full Tilt Poker. World Poker Tour Winston has seven cashes in the World Poker Tour (WPT), most notably his victory at the WPT Borgata Poker Open that earned him $1,575,280 and the WPT title in a final table that included professional poker players Mike Matusow (6th), Gene Todd (5th), Mark Weitzman (4th), Haralabos Voulgaris (3rd) and amateur player Heung Yoon (runner-up). Other cashes at the WPT include the 2006 L.A. Poker Classic (23rd for $39,859), the Festa Al Lago V (46th for $16,700), the 2007 Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic (44th for $38,545), the 2008 Borgata Winter Open (39th for $17,213), and the Bellagio Cup IV in 2008 ($32,320). World Series of Poker Winston has five cashes to date at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), most notably finishing in 26th place out of a field of 6,358 entries at the 2007 World Series of Poker Main Event and earning $333,490. Other poker events Winston won the $2,000 buy-in No Limit Hold'em event at the Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic, earning $230,365. He has also cashed twice at the 2008 Aussie Millions Poker Championship finishing in fourth place in the A$2,000 Pot Limit Hold'em/Omaha/Omaha Hi-Lo mixed event for A$22,800 (US$20,042) and finishing in the semi-finals at the A$5,000 Australian Heads-Up Championship for A$40,000 ($35,161). As of 2023, his total live tournament winnings are just short of $2,700,000. His cashes at the WSOP account for just over $358,000 of those winnings. References External links CardPlayer.com - Roy \\\"The Oracle\\\" Winston Pro-Blog BluffMagazine.com - November Nine’s Dennis Phillips Hires Roy Winston for Coaching Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WPT profile WSOP profile American poker players World Poker Tour winners American anesthesiologists Physicians from New York (state) American chief executives Living people Businesspeople from New York City Year of birth missing (living people)\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Winston (poker player)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"26198351\",\n \"text\": \"Texas Carnival is a 1951 American Technicolor musical film directed by Charles Walters and starring Esther Williams, Red Skelton and Howard Keel. Plot A dunk tank at a Texas carnival is operated by Debbie Telford and partner Cornie Quinell. An honest man, Cornie helps the inebriated Dan Sabinas, a millionaire rancher, who is being taken advantage of at another carny booth. A grateful Dan is put in a taxi, with Cornie promising to return his car. Dan drunkenly has the cab take him to Mexico instead. As Cornie and Debbie drive to Dan's hotel in his car, they end up being mistaken for Dan and wealthy sister Marilla. In time, Cornie comes to enjoy the lap of luxury and is attracted to lovely Sunshine Jackson, whose dad is the sheriff. Debbie is courted by Dan's handsome foreman, Slim Shelby, who pretends not to know she is an impostor. In a poker game, Cornie is unaware that jellybeans being used for chips are worth big money. He loses $17,000 that he is not able to repay unless he can win a Texas chuck wagon race. Debbie is in hot water, too, because the real Marilla is suspicious of her. Dan finally returns but is not able to recall who Cornie is. In an attempt to get Dan drunk again, Cornie gets tipsy instead and needs to drive his chuck wagon that way. But all ends well when he and Debbie end up with their new loves. Cast Esther Williams as Debbie Telford Red Skelton as Cornie Quinell Howard Keel as Slim Shelby Ann Miller as Sunshine Jackson Paula Raymond as Marilla Sabinas Keenan Wynn as Dan Sabinas Glenn Strange as Tex Hodgkins Tom Tully as Sheriff Jackson Production The film was originally called The Carnival Story and was originally envisioned as a vehicle for Betty Hutton. Then it was announced in February 1950 as a vehicle for Williams and Skelton; it was their third movie together, after Bathing Beauty and Neptune's Daughter. Filming was pushed back because of Williams' pregnancy. In August Howard Keel and Ann Miller joined the cast. The film was retitled Texas Carnival in November 1950. In December 1950 MGM announced Charles Walters would direct. Filming started February 1951. Prior to shooting, the Red Norvo Quintet, which backed Miller on the song \\\"It's Dynamite,\\\" included Charles Mingus on bass. The group pre-recorded the number as normal, but when it was time to film the performance, the studio ordered Mingus replaced with a white bassist to prevent the number from being cut from prints circulating in the South, as was customary back then. The final version ran a mere 77 minutes, making it one of the shortest of MGM's \\\"A\\\" musicals. Reception According to MGM records the film earned $2,366,000 in the US and Canada and $1,454,000 in other countries, resulting in a profit of $681,000.[1] References External links 1951 films 1951 musical films American musical films Circus films Films directed by Charles Walters Films scored by David Rose\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Carnival\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"8457192\",\n \"text\": \"The Red Hot Poker Tour hosts poker tournaments with no entry fees in Canadian bars and pubs. Every night of the week, players can compete to accumulate points which they use to qualify for the end-of-season Tournament of Champions. Past champions have been rewarded with great prizes including trips to Las Vegas, buy-ins to the World Series of Poker, and seats at Daniel Negreanu's Protégé final table. At the completion of its sixth season, the Tour expanded outside of Ontario for the first time, holding qualifying tournaments in British Columbia. With the inclusion of online-based Red Club Room tournaments, players are now able to compete via the internet through events hosted on PartyPoker. The Season 7 Tournament of Champions winner was the first champion to be rewarded with a buy-in to a $10,000 tournament: a seat at the Main Event of the World Series of Poker. The Season 8 prize was a buy-in to the $10,000 Main Event at the second annual World Poker Tour North American Poker Championship at Fallsview Casino. For Season 10, the winner was given a choice of one of three World Poker Tour tournaments, and wound up playing at the LA Poker Classic. To start Season 11, Red Hot announced they would be sponsored by the World Poker Tour, and all of its online games would be played at WorldPokerTour.com. From Season 12 onwards, the Red Hot Poker Tour has featured its sponsor: PartyPoker. With PartyPoker's support, Red Hot has helped send numerous players to the World Series of Poker. Game play Tournaments are played at 8-player tables. Each player is given 8000 chips to start: 12 red chips (worth 25 each), 7 blues (worth 100 each), 6 greens (worth 500 each). and 4 black chips (worth 1000 each). Yellow chips (worth 5000), and purple/pink chips (worth 10,000) are used later in the tournament. Blinds start at 25-50 and increase in value every 20 minutes. Points Players receive 25 points for each tournament that they participate in. Additionally, all players who make the final table receive bonus points depending on their finish position: 1st place: 1000 2nd place: 700 3rd place: 500 4th place: 400 5th place: 300 6th place: 200 7th place: 125 8th place: 75 Tournament of Champions Winners References External links Official site Poker tournaments Poker in North America\",\n \"title\": \"Red Hot Poker Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18776139\",\n \"text\": \"McGuffey Lane is an American country rock band from Athens, Ohio, and/or Columbus, Ohio, United States. The group was formed in 1972 by Terry Efaw and Steve Reis, who played together under the name Scotch & Soda. After adding songwriter, lead singer, and guitarist Bobby E. McNelley, they branded themselves McGuffey Lane, the location of Reis's Athens, Ohio, home. The band eventually expanded to a sextet and became well-known locally, releasing their first album on their own Paradise Island record label. The LP sold more than 40,000 copies, and eventually resulted in their signing with Atco Records. They reissued the debut in 1980 and toured with the Charlie Daniels Band, The Judds, and the Allman Brothers Band. The follow-up, Aqua Dream, featured the single \\\"Start It All Over\\\", which spent three weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 97 in February 1982. The group scored several minor hits on the country charts, but their label wanted to market them more as a pop-country act in the vein of Alabama. They moved to Atlantic Records to focus more on country chart success, but as they prepared 1984's Day By Day, keyboardist Tebes Douglass was killed in a car crash. Soon after, Bobby Gene McNelley left the group to pursue a solo career as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1985, McGuffey Lane was dropped from Atlantic. In 1986, they released a Christmas album in support of the Central Ohio Lung Association; toward the end of that year, they inked a sponsorship with Miller Beer, but a planned comeback fizzled. The group played into the late 1980s but had dissolved by 1990. In 1995, they reunited after releasing a greatest hits album, and continued performing locally in Ohio into the 2000s. Two full-length releases followed the reunion, in 1998 and 2002. On August 18, 2009, they opened for Lynyrd Skynyrd at The LC in Columbus, Ohio. In March 2010, Lick Records signed a distribution deal with E1 Entertainment, which allows the new McGuffey Lane album to be sold in Wal-Mart and Best Buy. Zachariah's Red Eye Reunion Every January, McGuffey Lane holds an annual reunion concert featuring many acts who also played at Zachariah's Red Eye Saloon. The first two reunions were held at Villa Milano Banquet and Conference Center, located on Schrock Road on the northeast side of Columbus, Ohio. After the initial two events, John Schwab (who is the organizer of the event) started looking for a larger venue to host the reunion concert, as it had outgrown Villa Milano. He settled on Lifestyles Communities Pavilion (now KEMBA Live!). The 2013 Reunion currently holds the indoor attendance record at the LC. The fourteenth anniversary took place on January 25, 2014. Some acts who have taken part in the event are: Rob McNelly (son of original lead singer Bobby Gene McNelly and current guitarist for Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band), John David Call (steel guitarist for Pure Prairie League), Steve Smith, Gary Ballen, Delyn Christian, Tom Ingham,\",\n \"title\": \"McGuffey Lane\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"18438078\",\n \"text\": \"Hung \\\"Phi\\\" Nguyen is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player who is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner with multiple live tournament results adding up to over $1.8 million in career earnings. World Series of Poker Nguyen has multiple cashes at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) including two bracelets, his first was in the 2003 World Series of Poker $2,500 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $222,800, with a final table made up of fellow professional poker players T. J. Cloutier (9th), David Singer (7th), Steve Zolotow (6th), Tom Jacobs (5th), Kenna James (4th), Mike 'The Mouth' Matusow (3rd) and Jim Miller who Nguyen beat during heads-up play. Nguyen then earned $180,000 and his second WSOP bracelet at the 2004 World Series of Poker $1,500 No-Limit Hold'em Shootout event with a final table made up of poker players including Daniel Negreanu (9th), J. C. Tran (7th), John Juanda (5th) and Kirill Gerasimov whom he beat during heads-up play. Nguyen has also finished in the money twice at the WSOP Main Event; at the 2006 World Series of Poker he finished in 164th place out of 8,773 entries, earning $47,006 and then two years later at the 2008 World Series of Poker he finished in 26th place out of 6,844 entries, earning $257,334. World Series of Poker bracelets World Poker Tour Nguyen has cashed five times at the World Poker Tour (WPT) with over $105,000 in earnings; his highest placement was in the 2003 Legends of Poker in Los Angeles, earning $30,900. As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,800,000. His 15 cashes at the WSOP account for $802,028 of those winnings. References External links Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WPT profile WSOP profile Year of birth missing (living people) American poker players Vietnamese emigrants to the United States Living people World Series of Poker bracelet winners\",\n \"title\": \"Phi Nguyen\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"12332573\",\n \"text\": \"Red Dog is a beer produced by the Miller Brewing Company and is part of their Plank Road Brewery Family. The beer contains 4.8% alcohol by volume. It was introduced in 1994. History Red Dog was introduced in 1994 and is brewed with two barley malts and five varieties of American hops. \\\"Plank Road Brewery\\\" was the name of Frederick Miller's first brewhouse in the 19th century. The Plank Road name was resurrected in the 1990s to sell Icehouse and Red Dog as a more premium beer under a different name, so as not to directly associate them with Miller Brewing. Using the tag line \\\"Be Your Own Dog,\\\" Tommy Lee Jones was hired to voice Red Dog TV commercials in the ad campaign from the creative team of Michael McLaughlin and Stephen Creet at BBDO, Toronto. Although popular during the mid-to-late 1990s, Red Dog faded into near-obscurity after the turn of the 21st century. Since 2005, it has been returning to stores in a current price segment between Miller High Life and Milwaukee's Best. Advertising Red Dog has done some commercials featuring the Red Dog mascot who is voiced by Tommy Lee Jones. References American beer brands Products introduced in 1994\",\n \"title\": \"Red Dog (beer)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"1479214\",\n \"text\": \"Chesterfield is a brand of cigarette, named after Chesterfield County, Virginia. The brand is owned by conglomerate Altria and produced by its subsidiary Philip Morris USA. History Chesterfields, originally a blend of Turkish and Virginia tobacco, were introduced by the Drummond Tobacco Company of St. Louis, Missouri in 1873. The company was acquired by American Tobacco Company in 1898, who manufactured Chesterfields until 1911. In 1912, the brand was taken over by Liggett & Myers and production moved to Durham, North Carolina. The brand was acquired by Philip Morris (now Altria) in 1999. Chesterfield was the first cigarette to add an extra layer of wrapping to their pack to preserve moisture. In 1926, Chesterfield's \\\"Blow some my way\\\" advertising campaign targeted women smokers, while a 1948 advert produced for NBC claimed that the brand was \\\"preferred by professional smokers\\\". In June 1952, Chesterfield was the first major brand to introduce a non-filter, king size (85mm) cigarette, 15mm longer than the standard version. In 2011, Philip Morris created three variations (Chesterfield Red, Chesterfield Blue and Chesterfield Menthol) for the UK market. In 2018, Phillip Morris discontinued Chesterfield non-filter cigarettes in the United States; shortly thereafter (January 2019), the company began limited US testing of three filtered varieties: Reds (Full Flavor), Blues (Lights), and Green (Menthol). Sponsorship Formula 1 Chesterfield was a sponsor of the Surtees team during the 1976 Formula One season and 1977 Formula One season. A second car entered in was sponsored by Chesterfield in 1977. Chesterfield also sponsored the BMS Scuderia Italia team in the 1993 FIA Formula One World Championship. They only sponsored the team for one season due to the retirement of the team from F1 to focus on the World Touring Car Cup. Motorsport Chesterfield was a sponsor of Max Biaggi's Aprilia RSV 250 from the 1994 to the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season in the 250cc World Championship. The livery of the bike was totally black with the mark on the side fairings. In the same years, Aprilia adopted the same livery in the series production of its RS road bikes (in the 50, 125 and 250 cylinder sizes). They were also title sponsor of Tech3's championship winning 250cc campaign in 2000 with Olivier Jacque. Dakar Rally Chesterfield was the main sponsor of the motorcycle team \\\"BYRD\\\" (Belgarda Yamaha Racing Division) at the Paris-Dakar Rally from 1987 to 1994. In addition, under the name \\\"Chesterfield Scout\\\" a collaboration with the enduro sport on a more private level. For example, at Yamaha in 1989, there was a \\\"Chesterfield DT\\\" with 125 cc, for the Yamaha XTZ 750 Super Ténéré gave it in its first model year in 1989, the color variant \\\"Chesterfield\\\". Radio and TV In the 1930s through the 1950s, Chesterfield sponsored popular radio programs. An early one was the radio series Music That Satisfies which was broadcast in 1932–1933. The Chesterfield Hour (1939–1944) featured big bands such as those of Paul Whiteman and Glenn Miller and Fred Waring. It was followed briefly\",\n \"title\": \"Chesterfield (cigarette)\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"30744427\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"For Your Precious Love\\\" is a song written by Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks and Jerry Butler, and performed by Jerry Butler and The Impressions in 1958. The song was ranked #335 on Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010. Chart performance It was released as a single on Vee-Jay Records and peaked at number 3 on the Most Played R&B chart, and number 11 on the Billboard Top 100 charts. In addition, a new version by Butler himself peaked at number 99 on the Hot 100 chart in March 1966. Other versions The song has been covered numerous times with many versions reaching the US charts as well: Garnet Mimms (1963, Hot 100 #26) Otis Redding covered the song for his album The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads in 1965. Oscar Toney, Jr. (1967, Hot 100 #23) Jackie Wilson and Count Basie (1968, Hot 100 #49) Linda Jones as \\\"Your Precious Love\\\" (1972, Hot 100 #74) Aaron Neville covered the song for his album Orchid in the Stone in 1986. The Rolling Stones covered it during their sessions for 1989's Steel Wheels album. It was never released, but can be heard on YouTube. A 1968 version in South Africa by the Durban based group, The Flames, reached the top spot on the local charts and has been considered a classic in the country ever since. Roy Meriwether covered this instrumentally, on the album “Soul Knight” (1968, Capitol Records) David Allan Coe on his 1984 album, “Just Divorced”. Popular culture The Otis Redding recording appears at the beginning of the 2006 French thriller Tell No One by Guillaume Canet and on the film's soundtrack album. The same recording can also be heard in the 2009 movie Mr. Nobody by Jaco Van Dormael. Linda Jones version (1972) can be found among soundtracks in Ali movie of 2001 by Michael Mann. This recording can be heard in the 1993 film A Bronx Tale directed by Robert De Niro who also stars in the movie. While the main character Cologero played by talks about his childhood and the neighborhood mobsters it can be heard in the background. References 1958 debut singles The Impressions songs Songs written by Jerry Butler 1958 songs Vee-Jay Records singles\",\n \"title\": \"For Your Precious Love\"\n },\n {\n \"docid\": \"2375999\",\n \"text\": \"Red Hot TV was a set of British television channels that broadcast pornographic content on a pay-per-view basis. The channels began broadcasting on the Sky satellite TV system in June 2000 under the group title of Red Hot TV. The channels were owned by Portland TV which also owned the pornographic subscription channel Television X. Portland TV was a division of Northern & Shell until it was sold in April 2016 in a management buy-out. In March 2017, the Red Hot channels were replaced with a brand known as Xrated. History Red Hot TV launched on 19 June 2000 with two channels – Red Hot Euro and Red Hot Films. Similar to Portland's existing Television X network, both Red Hot channels operated on a pay-per-view basis, broadcasting programmes from 10pm to 4am. They were operated as budget channels, providing a night's programming for £2.49. The number of channels expanded with the addition of Red Hot Amateur in February 2001,followed by Red Hot All Girl in November 2001, Red Hot Wives in March 2002, and Red Hot UK Talent in October 2002. Red Hot also launched on the NTL system during 2002, with Amateur, Films, and All Girl being broadcast on the cable provider. The first brand changes occurred in April 2003. At the beginning of June, Red Hot Euro was replaced with Red Hot 40+ Wives. The channels were moved to a different location on the Sky EPG in July 2003. In October, Red Hot Films was replaced with Red Hot Only 18. In February 2004, Red Hot Euro and Red Hot Films relaunched on the Sky EPG, expanding the network over to eight channels. Another EPG change on 1 April 2005 led to several additions and removals. Red Hot Euro was removed and Red Hot Only 18 was moved into its former slot, while a new Red Hot network – Red Hot Rears (branded as \\\"Red Hot R\\\" on the Sky EPG), launched in the vacated Only 18 slot. Two of the channels – Red Hot UK Talent and Red Hot Films were renamed Red Hot Climax and Red Hot Movies, respectively. In April 2006, Red Hot All Girl and Red Hot Movies were rebranded as Red Hot Raw and Red Hot Reality respectively, keeping the number of channels at eight. In July 2006, Red Hot Only 18 was renamed Red Hot All Girl. On 3 April 2007, another Sky EPG change reduced the number of Red Hot channels to six with the closure and sale of the EPG slots belonging to Red Hot Climax and Red Hot Reality. Red Hot All Girl was renamed Red Hot Girl Girl, Red Hot 40+ Wives was renamed simply Red Hot 40+, and Red Hot Rears was renamed Red Hot Viewers. Red Hot Reality was relaunched on 23 August, and another change rebranded Red Hot Reality and Red Hot Wives as Red Hot Just 18 and Red Hot DD, respectively on 6 December, alongside the addition of Red Hot Fetish. On 28\",\n \"title\": \"Red Hot TV (UK)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Nicholas"],"string":"[\n \"Nicholas\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":80,"cells":{"query_id":{"kind":"string","value":"train_31347"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"where did the oil industry began in the south in 1901"},"positive_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"26143256","text":"The Texas oil boom, sometimes called the gusher age, was a period of dramatic change and economic growth in the U.S. state of Texas during the early 20th century that began with the discovery of a large petroleum reserve near Beaumont, Texas. The find was unprecedented in its size (worldwide) and ushered in an age of rapid regional development and industrialization that has few parallels in U.S. history. Texas quickly became one of the leading oil-producing states in the U.S., along with Oklahoma and California; soon the nation overtook the Russian Empire as the top producer of petroleum. By 1940 Texas had come to dominate U.S. production. Some historians even define the beginning of the world's Oil Age as the beginning of this era in Texas. The major petroleum strikes that began the rapid growth in petroleum exploration and speculation occurred in Southeast Texas, but soon reserves were found across Texas and wells were constructed in North Texas, East Texas, and the Permian Basin in West Texas. Although limited reserves of oil had been struck during the 19th century, the strike at Spindletop near Beaumont in 1901 gained national attention, spurring exploration and development that continued through the 1920s and beyond. Spindletop and the Joiner strike in East Texas, at the outset of the Great Depression, were the key strikes that launched this era of change in the state. This period had a transformative effect on Texas. At the turn of the century, the state was predominantly rural with no large cities. By the end of World War II, the state was heavily industrialized, and the populations of Texas cities had broken into the top 20 nationally. The city of Houston was among the greatest beneficiaries of the boom, and the Houston area became home to the largest concentration of refineries and petrochemical plants in the world. The city grew from a small commercial center in 1900 to one of the largest cities in the United States during the decades following the era. This period, however, changed all of Texas' commercial centers (and developed the Beaumont/Port Arthur area, where the boom began). H. Roy Cullen, H. L. Hunt, Sid W. Richardson, and Clint Murchison were the four most influential businessmen during this era. These men became among the wealthiest and most politically powerful in the state and the nation. Timeframe Several events in the 19th century have been regarded as a beginning of oil-related growth in Texas, one of the earliest being the opening of the Corsicana oil field in 1894. Nevertheless, most historians consider the Spindletop strike of 1901, at the time the world's most productive petroleum well ever found, to be the beginning point. This single discovery began a rapid pattern of change in Texas and brought worldwide attention to the state. By the 1940s, the Texas Railroad Commission, which had been given regulatory control of the Texas oil industry, managed to stabilize American oil production and eliminate most of the wild price swings that were common during","title":"Texas oil boom"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"docid\": \"26143256\",\n \"text\": \"The Texas oil boom, sometimes called the gusher age, was a period of dramatic change and economic growth in the U.S. state of Texas during the early 20th century that began with the discovery of a large petroleum reserve near Beaumont, Texas. The find was unprecedented in its size (worldwide) and ushered in an age of rapid regional development and industrialization that has few parallels in U.S. history. Texas quickly became one of the leading oil-producing states in the U.S., along with Oklahoma and California; soon the nation overtook the Russian Empire as the top producer of petroleum. By 1940 Texas had come to dominate U.S. production. Some historians even define the beginning of the world's Oil Age as the beginning of this era in Texas. The major petroleum strikes that began the rapid growth in petroleum exploration and speculation occurred in Southeast Texas, but soon reserves were found across Texas and wells were constructed in North Texas, East Texas, and the Permian Basin in West Texas. Although limited reserves of oil had been struck during the 19th century, the strike at Spindletop near Beaumont in 1901 gained national attention, spurring exploration and development that continued through the 1920s and beyond. Spindletop and the Joiner strike in East Texas, at the outset of the Great Depression, were the key strikes that launched this era of change in the state. This period had a transformative effect on Texas. At the turn of the century, the state was predominantly rural with no large cities. By the end of World War II, the state was heavily industrialized, and the populations of Texas cities had broken into the top 20 nationally. The city of Houston was among the greatest beneficiaries of the boom, and the Houston area became home to the largest concentration of refineries and petrochemical plants in the world. The city grew from a small commercial center in 1900 to one of the largest cities in the United States during the decades following the era. This period, however, changed all of Texas' commercial centers (and developed the Beaumont/Port Arthur area, where the boom began). H. Roy Cullen, H. L. Hunt, Sid W. Richardson, and Clint Murchison were the four most influential businessmen during this era. These men became among the wealthiest and most politically powerful in the state and the nation. Timeframe Several events in the 19th century have been regarded as a beginning of oil-related growth in Texas, one of the earliest being the opening of the Corsicana oil field in 1894. Nevertheless, most historians consider the Spindletop strike of 1901, at the time the world's most productive petroleum well ever found, to be the beginning point. This single discovery began a rapid pattern of change in Texas and brought worldwide attention to the state. By the 1940s, the Texas Railroad Commission, which had been given regulatory control of the Texas oil industry, managed to stabilize American oil production and eliminate most of the wild price swings that were common during\",\n \"title\": \"Texas oil boom\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_passages":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"docid":"12327129","text":"Leslie Arliss (6 October 1901 – 30 December 1987) was an English screenwriter and director. He is best known for his work on the Gainsborough melodramas directing films such as The Man in Grey and The Wicked Lady during the 1940s. Biography Early life His parents were Charles Sawforde Arliss and Annie Eleanor Lilian \"Nina\" Barnett Hill. He was not the son of George and Florence Arliss as has sometimes been reported erroneously. Arliss began his professional career as a journalist in South Africa. Later he branched out into being a critic. Screenwriter During the 1920s, Arliss entered the film industry as a screenwriter, and author of short stories. He did some uncredited work on The Farmer's Wife (1928) directed by Alfred Hitchcock, then was credited on the comedies Tonight's the Night (1932), Strip! Strip! Hooray!!! (1932), Josser on the River (1932), The Innocents of Chicago (1932) and Holiday Lovers (1932). Arliss joined Gaumont British to write Road House (1934), a crime film; Orders Is Orders (1934), a comedy; My Old Dutch (1934), a comedy; Jack Ahoy (1934), a Jack Hulbert vehicle. He was credited on Heat Wave (1935), and Windbag the Sailor (1936) with Will Hay. Arliss' most prestigious credit to date was Rhodes of Africa (1936) starring Walter Huston, a job he got in part because of his South African background. It was back to more typical fare with All In (1936), a comedy; Everybody Dance (1936), a musical; Where There's a Will (1936) and Good Morning, Boys (1937) with Will Hay; and Said O'Reilly to McNab (1937) with Will Mahoney. In 1938 it was reported he was writing a script on Rob Roy for Gainsborough Studios but the film was not made. He worked in Hollywood in 1937 and 1938. He did some work for Sam Goldwyn and wrote an unfilmed story of Tchaikovsky. Arliss wrote a crime film Too Dangerous to Live (1938) then did Come On George! (1939) with George Formby and The Second Mr. Bush (1940). With World War II he began writing propaganda films: Pastor Hall (1940) for Roy Boulting; For Freedom (1940) with Will Fyffe; Bulldog Sees It Through (1941) with Jack Buchanan; and South American George (1941) with Formby. He also wrote The Saint Meets the Tiger (made 1941 released 1943) with Hugh Sinclair. Director The success of Noël Coward as a writer and director with In Which We Serve (1942) led to the British film industry encouraging writers to become directors. In 1941 Arliss became a director, initially for Associated British, but soon changing to Gainsborough Pictures. He made his directorial debut with a remake of The Farmer's Wife (1941), co-directed by Norman Lee. He worked on The Foreman Went to France (1942) for Ealing Studios as writer only and wrote and directed The Night Has Eyes (1942), a thriller, with James Mason. Gainsborough Melodrama Arliss had the biggest success of his career to date with The Man in Grey (1943), which he co-wrote and directed. It was one of","title":"Leslie Arliss"},{"docid":"27618806","text":"James Chalmers (28 January 1901 – 11 November 1986) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1947 until 1956. He was a member of the Labor Party (ALP) until he resigned from the party in 1952 and then sat as an independent Labor member. Chalmers was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland. He was the son of a coal miner and migrated to Australia with his family at the age of seven. He was educated to elementary level and began work as a coal miner in the Hunter Region when he was 14. He moved to Lithgow in 1916. Chalmers supported Ben Chifley in the 1920s and 1930s and remained loyal to the Federal Executive of the ALP during the party divisions in those years (see Lang Labor). He left the mining industry in 1943 and worked as an employment officer with the Federal Department of Labour and Industry. In 1947, Chalmers was elected to the New South Wales Parliament as the Labor member for Hartley at the by-election caused by the resignation of the sitting member Hamilton Knight who accepted a position with the Commonwealth Industrial Commission. Prior to the 1953 state election he resigned from the Labor Party claiming that there was a conspiracy within the party to deny him pre-selection. He subsequently won the election as an independent Labor candidate. He retained the seat until 1956 when he unsuccessfully contested the seat of Nepean at that year's election. He did not hold ministerial or party office. References 1901 births 1986 deaths Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly Australian coal miners Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales 20th-century Australian politicians","title":"Jim Chalmers (New South Wales politician)"},{"docid":"8883815","text":"John Erik Jonsson (6 September 1901 – 31 August 1995) was an American businessman who was co-founder and early president of Texas Instruments Incorporated. He became Mayor of Dallas, a major advocate of the creation of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, and a philanthropist in later years. Biography Early life Erik Jonsson was born on 6 September 1901 in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. His parents, John Peter and Ellen Charlotte (Palmquist) Jonsson, were both born in Sweden and independently migrated to the United States in the prior decade. Both were naturalized citizens. Jonsson was an only child. The family moved in 1912 to Montclair, New Jersey, where at the age of sixteen Jonsson graduated from Montclair High School. He was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), class of 1922 earning a degree in mechanical engineering, where he was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. Jonsson married Margaret Fonde in Knoxville, Tennessee on 8 February 1923 and together they had three children. Business career Jonsson began his career in 1922 at Alcoa as a rolling mill apprentice, and advanced to the position of manufacturing superintendent of an Alcoa subsidiary, the Aluminum Index Company. He held the position from 1923 to 1927. In 1927 he left Alcoa and entered the auto business attempting a Pontiac dealership, returning to Alcoa in 1929 as a sales engineer. Geophysical Service Inc. During Jonsson's last year at Alcoa, J. Clarence Karcher, the husband of Mrs. Jonsson's cousin, occasionally asked Jonsson's assistance with expediting materials orders for a start-up company he had co-founded with petroleum geologists Eugene McDermott and Everette DeGolyer, Geophysical Service Incorporated, a pioneering provider of seismic exploration services to the petroleum industry. In June 1930 Karcher offered Jonsson a job managing the manufacture of seismic instruments at Karcher's company lab in Newark, New Jersey, and in July Jonsson again left Alcoa. In 1934, Jonsson and his family moved to Dallas, Texas where GSI was now headquartered. Jonsson held the position of secretary of Geophysical Service, which gave him responsibility for all of the accounting, banking, international, legal, manufacturing, personnel, purchasing, and warehousing activities of the company. Jonsson held this position until 1939. In 1939, the company reorganized as Coronado Corp., an oil company with Geophysical Service Inc (GSI), now as a subsidiary. Jonsson became secretary-treasurer in 1939 as part of the reorganization. On 6 December 1941, Jonsson along with three other GSI employees, Eugene McDermott, Cecil H. Green, and H.B. Peacock purchased GSI. In 1942, he became vice president and treasurer. He held this position until 1951. During World War II, GSI built electronics for the United States Army Signal Corps and the Navy. After the war, GSI continued to produce electronics. The rugged nature of equipment for the oil industry and of military equipment were similar and thus continued expansion into military contracts was a natural progression. Texas Instruments In 1951, the Geophysical Service changed its name to Texas Instruments; GSI becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the new company.","title":"J. Erik Jonsson"},{"docid":"33121890","text":"The Los Angeles City Oil Field is a large oil field north of Downtown Los Angeles. Long and narrow, it extends from immediately south of Dodger Stadium west to Vermont Avenue, encompassing an area of about four miles (6 km) long by a quarter-mile across. Its former productive area amounts to . Discovered in 1890, and made famous by Edward Doheny's successful well in 1892, the field was once the top producing oil field in California, accounting for more than half of the state's oil in 1895. In its peak year of 1901, approximately 200 separate oil companies were active on the field, which is now entirely built over by dense residential and commercial development. As of 2011 only one oil well remains active – behind a fence on South Mountain View Avenue one block east of Alvarado Street in the Westlake neighborhood, producing about . The fortunes made during development of the field led directly to the discovery and exploitation of other fields in the Los Angeles Basin. Of the 1,250 wells once drilled on the field, and the forest of derricks that once covered the low hills north of Los Angeles from Elysian Park west, little above-ground trace remains. Setting The Los Angeles City field is one of many in the Los Angeles Basin. To the west are the still-productive Salt Lake and Beverly Hills fields; to the south is the Los Angeles Downtown Oil Field. Ten miles east-southeast is the Brea-Olinda field, the first to be worked in the region. Even larger fields are still productive in other parts of the basin, such as the giant Wilmington field which stretches from Carson to Long Beach. Terrain in the vicinity of the Los Angeles City field includes gently rolling hills cut by ravines draining south. Elevations range from around 250 to above sea level, with the highest elevations in Elysian Park near Dodger Stadium. Urban development is dense in the part of Los Angeles containing the field's former productive area, with numerous apartment blocks mixed with commercial and light industrial structures. U.S. Highway 101, the Hollywood Freeway, parallels part of the field to the north, and California State Route 110, the historic Arroyo Seco Parkway – the first freeway in the United States – cuts directly through the eastern part of the field immediately south of Dodger Stadium. The neighborhoods that contain the field include, from west to east, Koreatown, Westlake, Echo Park, Chinatown, and Elysian Park. Some significant public facilities built directly on the area of former oilfield operations include Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Vincent Medical Center, Belmont High School, and the Edward R. Roybal Learning Center. Geology Oil in the Los Angeles City field is relatively close to the surface. Every productive deposit has been in a single geologic unit, the shallow Miocene-age Puente Formation. Covering the Puente Formation throughout most of the area is a thin layer of Pliocene- and Pleistocene-age alluvium and terrace deposits. Structurally the field is a faulted anticline which trends","title":"Los Angeles City Oil Field"},{"docid":"62043619","text":"Edgar Lewis Marston (March 8, 1860 – September 23, 1935) was an American banker, industrialist and philanthropist. Early life and education Marston was born on March 8, 1860, in Burlington in Des Moines County, Iowa. He was a son of Susan Hodson (née Carpenter) Marston and the Rev. Sylvester W. Marston, a prominent Baptist clergyman and educator who moved the family from Iowa to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1868 where he was secretary of the Baptist Home Missionary Society. Both of his parents were born in Newfield, Maine. He graduated from LeGrange College in 1878, followed by Washington University School of Law in 1881. Career After graduation from Law School, Marston practiced law in St. Louis for several years before moving to Texas where he was connected with the building of the oil industry in the United States. He joined his father-in-law's firm, Hunter, Evans & Co. In 1888, he helped organize the Texas Pacific Coal Company, which became the Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Company, and established his fortune. In Texas, he was credited with the founding several important oil developments, including the Ranger field (which became one of the leading oil producing fields in Texas) and the McClesky well which began flowing in October 1917. He also served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Clinchfield Coal Company and was a director of the Davis Coal and Coke Company. In 1890, Marston joined DeWitt Clinton Blair and his family's New York bank and prominent stock brokerage house Blair & Co., as head of the bond department, before becoming a partner in 1893. The firm's primary business was managing the railroad interests linked to the Gould family and it underwrote a $50 million bond issue of the Western Pacific Railroad and helped in the financial management of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and the Western Maryland Railroad. In 1901, Marston was arraigned for illegal registration due to his relocation from the Bronx to Port Chester. In April 1920, Blair & Co. dissolved after merging with William Salomon & Co. (under the name of Blair & Co., Inc.). C. Ledyard Blair was named chairman of the board of directors, and Blair, Dennis, and Marston owned 48%, 30% and 22%, respectively, of the predecessor firm. In 1923, Marston retired from the firm, which merged with Bank of America in 1929, forming Bancamerica-Blair Corporation (later owned by Transamerica Corporation). In 1919, he was one of two representatives of investment bankers at the National Industrial Conference Board, which met in Washington, D.C. He also served as a director of the Astor Trust Company and the Bankers Trust. Personal life On June 4, 1884, Marston was married to Jennifer Colorado \"Jennie\" Hunter (1865–1923). Jennie was the daughter of Col. Robert Dickie Hunter. They had a home in Port Chester, New York, known as Glen Airlie. Together, they were the parents of: Hunter Sylvester Marston (1885–1979), who served as president of the Bancamerica-Blair Corporation and was a founder of the American Home","title":"Edgar L. Marston"},{"docid":"40058444","text":"Robert Burns (1874–1950) was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. He served as the fifth lieutenant governor of Oklahoma. Early life William Robert Burns was born in Izard County, Arkansas, on August 13, 1874, the son of James Logan Burns and Caroline Garner. In his youth he worked as a tenant farmer but began to seriously educate himself in local schools at the age of 17. In 1899 he was admitted to the Bar and afterward attended Nashville Law School, graduating in 1900. That year he came to Oklahoma but returned to Izard County to teach. He married there on October 31, 1901, to Effie May Harber (1879–1958). They became the parents of eleven children. Political career In 1902 Burns moved to Cordell, Oklahoma, where he practiced law. Two years later he had moved to Gold Beach, Oregon, where he was elected to one term in the Oregon House of Representatives representing Coos and Curry Counties. During that time he fought against strongarm tactics by the fishing industry. He then returned to Oklahoma and upon statehood in 1907 was elected the first County Attorney of Stephens County. In 1913 he moved to Oklahoma City and in 1916 was elected to the Oklahoma State Senate from Oklahoma and Canadian Counties where he led a successful fight to establish University Hospital in Oklahoma City. In January 1919 he began a two-year term as County Attorney of Oklahoma County, but resigned after sixteen months to return to private practice. He made an unsuccessful bid for Oklahoma Attorney General in 1922. In 1930 he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, winning against Republican O. O. Owens in a landslide. Serving during the term of William “Alfalfa Bill” Murray, he and Governor Murray were not always in agreement. On May 20, 1932, while the governor was away from the state campaigning for president, he dismissed the governor’s nine-month martial law proration of the state’s oil field production. He set a $1,000 reward for the capture of Pretty Boy Floyd. Floyd wrote a letter to the governor threatening to rob him if he did not withdraw the reward. He ran unsuccessfully to succeed Murray in 1934. In 1940 and 1944 he was elected again to the Oklahoma State Senate representing Oklahoma and Canadian Counties. Upon his retirement he moved to Portland, Oregon briefly to practice law and then came back to Oklahoma City. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democrat nomination in 1950 for the unexpired portion of the senate seat he had previously held. He died there unexpectedly of an apparent heart attack on December 14, 1950, and was buried in Chapel Hill Memorial Gardens. References 1874 births 1950 deaths Democratic Party Oklahoma state senators Lieutenant Governors of Oklahoma People from Washita County, Oklahoma People from Chickasha, Oklahoma People from Comanche, Oklahoma 20th-century Oklahoma politicians","title":"Robert Burns (Oklahoma politician)"},{"docid":"60196803","text":"Mona Donaldson (born October, 1901) was an Australian film editor who was active during the 1920s and 1930s. Biography Mona began working for Australasian Films in Sydney when she was a teenager, and two years later took a job at Paramount as a film examiner and booking clerk. After taking a break from the industry to take care of her sick mother, she got a job as a film editor at Australasian. She did not receive credit on her earliest editing jobs for directors like Alexis Albert, Frank Hurley, and Arthur Shirley. Editing on 1927's For the Term of His Natural Life was originally attributed solely to Katherine Dawn, but it was later revealed that it was Donaldson's work. She left Australasian in 1928 to work with Lacey Percival, where she'd spend the subsequent 18 years. She also did contract work for Automatic Film Laboratories during this period. She retired from editing after a lengthy illness in 1947, and opened her own millinery shop. She later married Keith Murray, who she had known for years. Her date of death is unknown. Selected filmography Uncivilised (1937) Rangle River (1936) Black Cargoes of the South Seas (1928) The Grey Glove (1928) For the Term of His Natural Life (1927) Painted Daughters (1925) Pearls and Savages (1921) References External links Australian women film editors 1901 births Year of death missing Australian film editors","title":"Mona Donaldson"},{"docid":"1061752","text":"Reuben Carlton \"Carl\" Baker, Sr. (July 18, 1872 – September 29, 1957) was an American oil industry drilling pioneer. He established Baker Oil Tools in 1907 after developing a casing shoe that revolutionized cable tool drilling. In 1903, he introduced the offset bit for cable tool drilling to enable casing wells in hard rock and in 1912 the cement retainer that allowed casing to be cemented in the wells. Baker further improved the process with the float shoe in 1923. Having only a third grade education, he obtained more than 150 patents on oil drilling tools. Baker Oil Tools merged with Hughes Tool Company in 1987 to form Baker Hughes Incorporated. Personal life On December 12, 1897, he married his childhood sweetheart Minnie Myrtle Zumwalt (October 24, 1870 – April 20, 1947). They moved to Coalinga from Los Angeles in 1899. They had two children, Thelma Ellen Baker (January 9, 1901 – April 13, 1986; later Anderson) and Reuben Carlton Baker, Jr. (October 18, 1902 – October 1, 1965). Early life Baker was born to Mary Elizabeth (née Stroud) and Reuben Baker in Purcellville, Virginia, and grew up in Shasta County, California. His father, a Civil War veteran from Chester County, Pennsylvania, had a farm that was not very productive. Baker never advanced beyond the third grade. In 1895, at age 23, he decided to go to Alaska to prospect for gold. He got as far as Redding, California, when he ran out of money. He worked in a stone quarry and slept in a barn for two weeks, earning $24, but his clothes were stolen from the barn one day while he worked. An acquaintance suggested he head south instead, where oil had been discovered in Southern California. Career Baker's older brother, Aaron Alphonso Baker, Sr. (December 10, 1867 – September 15, 1942) had been a dry goods merchant in Fall River Township, Shasta County before he went into the oil business. Baker's followed his brother Aaron into the oil business. He arrived in Los Angeles on April 4, 1895, with a new suit and 95 cents in his pocket. His first job was driving a horse team hauling oil in the Los Angeles City Oil Field for USD$2.00 for a 12-hour day. He soon got a job as an oilwell pumper, and then as a tool dresser for Irving Carl, a contract driller. When Carl couldn’t pay Baker’s wages, he made him his partner instead. Two years later, they had two rigs and a profitable business. In 1898, they divided their assets. In 1899, Baker moved to Coalinga, California, where he continued as a drilling contractor, introducing one of the first rotary rigs in the San Joaquin Valley that same year. As he drilled he began to discover ways he could improve the equipment. He invented an improved drill bit with a dovetail groove in the side with a hole extending across the groove with a shank, key, and screw. He intended to continue as a contract driller","title":"Reuben C. Baker"},{"docid":"8206344","text":"Linville is a rural town and locality in the Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Linville had a population of 156 people. History On 19 August 1841, the Balfour brothers - John, Charles and Robert, took up Colinton run which included the present site of the town of Linville. The Balfours originally intended to build their homestead where Linville now stands but decided to establish it instead about to the south, near where Emu Creek enters the Brisbane River. During their occupancy of Colinton the Balfours built stockyards on the north bank of Greenhide Creek near its junction with the Brisbane River. The yards became known as \"Nine Mile Yards\". By about 1886 a small private township grew up at the spot and the Nine Mile Receiving Office opened there in 1898. The name was used up till 1901. Surveyor E.M. Waraker laid out a town at Nine Mile and the plans of sections 2 to 7 of the town, to be known as Linton, were lodged with the Survey office on 6 December 1901. Linton was situated about south east of where Linville now stands. Local residents wanted the name Linton, which was formed by dropping the syllable \"Co\" from \"Colinton\". The postal authorities did not favour this as there was already a place in Victoria called Linton, west-south-west of Ballarat. A compromise was reached and at the request of residents the name of the receiving office was changed to Linville in November 1905; it became a post office in January 1910. In 1910, the Brisbane Valley railway line was extended from Toogoolawah to Linville with Linville railway station () serving the town. The railway line closed in 1989. The railway link allowed the timber industry to develop, with a sawmill opening in 1912 and logging continuing to be an important industry until the 1950s when cattle grazing become the predominant local industry. In 1920 some of the land was allocated to returning soldiers, some of whom setup dairy farms. Colinton Provisional School opened on 11 November 1901. In April 1905, it was renamed Oakey Provisional School. In September 1906, it was renamed Linville Provisional School. It became Linville State School in 1909. St George's Anglican Church was dedicated on Monday 19 April 1915 by Archbishop St Clair Donaldson. It was at 52 David Street (). It was sold on 1 June 2020 for $134,200. It was converted into a private residence. On 1 August 1922, the chairman of the Esk Shire Council, Mr A. Smith, unveiled the Linville War Memorial in George Street; it commemorates those from the district who served in World War I. On Sunday 1 October 1927, the Linville Methodist Church was opened and dedicated by local minister Reverend Thomas Burgess. The church building was . At the , Linville had a population of 110 people. In the Linville and surrounding districts had a population of 431 people. In the , Linville had a population of 156 people. On 1 February 2018, Linville's postcode","title":"Linville, Queensland"},{"docid":"5418677","text":"Mining in Australia has long been a significant primary sector industry and contributor to the Australian economy by providing export income, royalty payments and employment. Historically, mining booms have also encouraged population growth via immigration to Australia, particularly the gold rushes of the 1850s. Many different ores, gems and minerals have been mined in the past and a wide variety are still mined throughout the country. In 2019, Australia was the world's largest producer of iron ore and bauxite; the second largest of gold, manganese, and lead; the third largest of zinc, cobalt, and uranium; the fifth largest of salt; the sixth largest of copper and nickel; the eighth largest producer of silver and tin; the fourteenth largest of phosphate; and the fifteenth largest of sulfur. The country is also a major producer of precious stones. Australia is the world's largest producer of opal and is one of the largest producers of diamond, ruby, sapphire and jade. In non-renewable energies, in 2020, the country was the 30th largest producer of oil in the world, extracting 351.1 thousand barrels/day. In 2019, the country consumed 1 million barrels/day (the 20th largest consumer in the world). The country was the 20th largest oil importer in the world in 2018 (461.9 thousand barrels/day). In 2015, Australia was the 12th largest world producer of natural gas, 67.2 billion m3 per year. In 2019, the country was the 22nd largest gas consumer (41.9 billion m3 per year) and was the 10th largest gas exporter in the world in 2015: 34.0 billion m3 per year. In the production of coal, the country was the 4th largest in the world in 2018: 481.3 million tons. Australia is the 2nd largest coal exporter in the world (387 million tons in 2018) History Mining was an important early source of export income in Australian colonies and helped to pay for the imports needed for the growing colonial economies. Silver and later copper were discovered in South Australia in the 1840s, leading to the export of ore and the immigration of skilled miners and smelters. Coal was first exported to India in 1799. By 1901 Australia was exporting several million tonnes of coal each year. After World War II the Bowen Basin was opened up fueling exports to Japan for their growing steel industry. An iron ore export ban was in place from 1938 to 24 November 1960. In 1965, the first iron ore mine was operated at Goldsworthy in Western Australia. Exports of iron ore began in the 1960s. Iron ore production reached 100 million tonnes by the mid 1970s. This figure doubled to 200 million tonnes in 2003, and tripled by 2013. Western Australia became the largest iron ore producer in the world in 2014. Iron ore reached $100 billion in annual export value in 2020, the first commodity to do so. The first economic minerals in Australia were silver and lead in February 1841 at Glen Osmond, now a suburb of Adelaide in South Australia. Mines including Wheal","title":"Mining in Australia"},{"docid":"11004355","text":"The Barnsdall Main Street Well (also known as Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company Well #20 Osage County) is a formerly active oil well in the middle of Main Street in the town of Barnsdall, Oklahoma. It is believed to be the only such oil well anywhere in the world. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 1, 1997, as part of the \"Energy Related Resources in Northeastern Oklahoma Multiple Property Submission\". According to signage at the site, the well was completed on March 18, 1914, with a depth of 1771 feet. It remained active until the 1960s. Description The Barnsdall Main Street Well actually sits on Main Street, west of 8th Street in northwest Barnsdall. According to the NRHP application, \"...this is the only publicly accessible historic well site in the Barnsdall oil field.\" It was listed under NRHP Criterion A, with a period of significance of 1914-1930. The application also states that at maximum production, this well could have produced 8 to 10 barrels of oil per day. The pumping unit that is now on site is not the original \"flathead\" model, which was replaced sometime after 1962. The more modern unit is skid mounted whose prime mover (an electric motor), gears, wellhead connections and rods appear in good condition, though the unit no longer operates. The unit is surrounded by a high chain-link fence, blocking access to the pump area. The NRHP application states that the fact that the pump and fence are not original (and therefore not contributing resources) do not compromise the site's integrity. The explanation is that the original casing head is still in place and that it marks the exact location of the well. Moreover, the location and setting have not changed appreciably since the period of significance. Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company (“ITIO”) may be said to date back to 1895 when Edwin B. Foster signed a massive 1.5 million acre lease covering the whole Osage Nation reservation (present-day Osage County, Oklahoma). The two companies which operated the lease lands were combined to form ITIO in 1901. Edwin’s successor, Henry V. Foster, divided the entire Osage lease into blocks three miles long east to west and one-half mile wide north to south, and subleased them to other companies on a bonus and royalty basis. He ultimately leased to seventy-five separate companies while retaining a number of leases for ITIO itself to develop. In 1903, Theodore N. Barnsdall bought 51 percent of stock in the company. The company did well from this point, and obtained renewal of the Osage lease in 1906, albeit limited to 680,000 acres on the reservation’s east side. Barnsdall’s 51% was eventually sold to a subsidiary of Cities Service Company. The Osage lease was lost in 1916, but the company began operations in other areas of Oklahoma, such as the vicinity of Seminole. ITIO was responsible for the Oklahoma City Oil Field discovery well, brought in on December 4,","title":"Barnsdall Main Street Well Site"},{"docid":"31106937","text":"Firemen and Deckhands' Union of New South Wales (FDU) was an Australian trade union existing between 1901 and 1993. The union covered deckhands employed on ferries, tugs, launches, lighters and hoppers, as well as enginemen, wharf hands, turnstill hands, change hands, firemen, motorboat coxmen and assistants. The FDU operated a closed shop, with all labour in the industry provided to employers through the union. Industrial Disputes The first major strike action conducted by the union was the Sydney Ferry Strike of 1913, when approximately 350 workers employed by various private ferry companies in Sydney Harbour struck for 6 days as part of a campaign for the 48 Hour Week. The union won the dispute, following the intervention of the Minister for Labour and Industry, Campbell Carmichael and the strong support received from the ferry employees and other unions. Prior to the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge the ferry system was a vital component of the city's travel system, and the strike caused serious transportation problems. The strike coincided with a number of bitter industrial disputes, and furthered conflict between the industrial and political wings of the Labor movement. The Firemen and Deckhands' Union became involved in a dispute between the Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) and the Seamen's Union of Australia (SUA) in 1972, over the replacement of Australian-crewed ships with those manned by foreign crews on coastal iron ore routes. FDU members working on tugs in Port Kembla refused to assist the Iron Somersby in berthing in the port. The FDU, along with a number of other maritime unions, also boycotted a chartered foreign flagship, the Texaco Skandinavia, which Caltex Oil attempted to employ on domestic routes. Both disputes resulted in union victories, with the Texaco Skandinavia failing to carry a single cargo. The Firemen and Deckhands Union also participated in the imposition of Green Bans on the demolition of historic buildings in The Rocks area of Sydney, then slated for redevelopment into high-rise office blocks. The Rocks has a strong working-class, maritime history, which was preserved through the initiative of a number of unions, the first time such an action had been taken. Amalgamation Throughout its history the Firemen and Deckhand's Union underwent a number of amalgamations with other unions covering the maritime industry, including incorporating members of the Ferry and Tugboat Employees' Union and the Coxswain and Drivers Union. The FDU amalgamated with the Seamen's Union beginning with the establishment of a single national tugboat award in 1976, and finally ending in the NSW branch's amalgamation into the Maritime Union of Australia (the successor to the SUA). Politics Despite being classed as a generally \"left of centre\" union, the FDU did not subscribe to the socialist politics of some other maritime unions, including the Waterside Workers' Federation and the Seamen's Union. The ideological difference with the latter of these unions did cause some friction, and was an obstacle to amalgamation in the industry. The union was supportive of Australia's involvement in the First World War, and","title":"Firemen and Deckhands' Union of New South Wales"},{"docid":"17207466","text":"The Darwin rebellion of 17 December 1918 was the culmination of unrest in the Australian Workers' Union which had existed between 1911 and early 1919. Led by Harold Nelson, over 1,000 demonstrators marched on Government House at Liberty Square in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia where they burnt an effigy of the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John Gilruth, and demanded his resignation. Their grievances were against the two main Northern Territory employers, Vestey’s Meatworks and the Commonwealth of Australia, and concerned political representation, unemployment, taxation and ongoing industrial disputes following the implementation of the White Australia policy. Gilruth and his family left Darwin soon afterwards under the protection of , while the Vestey company permanently closed its Darwin operations in 1920. The event was described as the nearest thing to a revolution in Australia since the Eureka Stockade rebellion at Ballarat in 1854. Background From 1863 until 1911, Northern Territory residents were entitled to vote in both South Australian and from 1901, Commonwealth elections. This status had also enabled Territorians to qualify as South Australian voters in elections for both Houses of the Commonwealth Parliament after Federation in 1901. On 1 January 1911, the transfer of the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth government deprived Territorians of all political representation and voting rights. The Commonwealth Constitution did not allow for Federal electorates to cross state borders. This enabled national governments to avoid a hypothetical impasse where a thousand Territory voters might some day hold the balance of power in an evenly divided Commonwealth Parliament. Of the 4.5 million European Australians living on the continent, only 1,729 lived in the Northern Territory, along with about 1,300 Chinese and an unknown number of indigenous Australians. Following the transfer, the Northern Territory was run by an administrator appointed by the Commonwealth executive, a public servant answerable to the Commonwealth. In the years following Commonwealth Administration, Territorians became increasingly unhappy with unrepresentative government from southern Australia. The Northern Territory's few economic pursuits—pearling, pastoralism, and mining—were all run down. Expected Commonwealth-led development dissipated as Federal funding was diverted towards Australia's participation in World War I. Consequently, conflict between labour unions and the Northern Territory administration began to grow. John Gilruth Dr John A. Gilruth arrived in Darwin in April 1912, after prime minister Andrew Fisher invited him to join a scientific mission to investigate the potential of the Northern Territory. He was later given the position of Administrator of the Northern Territory. Gilruth's appointment sparked his enthusiasm for economic development of the Northern Territory by means of \"mining, crop-growing and pastoralism\". In 1913 Gilruth gave Carl Strehlow his support after undertaking a trip to Hermannsburg to investigate negative reports given by Walter Baldwin Spencer of Strehlow's Lutheran mission there. Spencer was critical of Strehlow's work, and wanted to convert the mission into a home for \"half-castes\" (that is, an Aboriginal reserve). From the beginning, Gilruth's plans for economic development did not progress as planned. He did his best to promote mining and agriculture, including the development","title":"Darwin rebellion"},{"docid":"62670862","text":"The discovery of the Glenn Pool Oil Reserve in 1905 brought the first major oil pipelines into Oklahoma, and instigated the first large scale oil boom in the state. Located near what was—at the time—the small town of Tulsa, Oklahoma, the resultant establishment of the oil fields in the area contributed greatly to the early growth and success of the city, as Tulsa became the petroleum and transportation center of the state, and the world. During the boom, several Creek Indian land allotment owners became millionaires; Oklahoma became the world's largest oil producer for years; and the area benefited from the generation of more wealth than the California Gold Rush and Nevada Silver Rush combined, as well as the increased investment capital and industrial infrastructure the boom brought with it. The town of Glenpool, Oklahoma was founded in 1906 as a direct result of the oil reserve's discovery. History Background Oil speculation was already rampant in the Tulsa region following the Red Fork discovery in 1901. One of the early successes was Galbreath's 125 barrel per day well, northeast of Red Fork. On 3 July 1901, Galbreath camped on the Glenn farm, when Bob Glenn showed Galbreath a limestone outcrop with traces of oil. Further progress awaited federal approval of an oil lease. At the turn of the 20th century, the federal government dissolved tribal land claims of the Indian Territory in favor the distribution of parcels to private owners. Robert Galbreath, a speculator and wildcatter, began prospecting in the area in 1901, and made an initial agreement that year with the recipient of one of these land allotments, Ida Glenn (she being a Creek native) and her husband, Robert, to drill for oil on their farmland. Due to federal regulations of the time, however, it would be years before such drilling commenced. Following the change of oil leasing regulations affecting Native American land allotments enacted due to Oklahoma's pending statehood, Galbreath and a partner, Frank Chesley, finally began drilling on the Ida E. Glenn Number One drill-site in the autumn of 1905. Roy Dodd and Shorty Miller made up the cable-tool drilling crew. Discovery After almost giving up and conceding the well to probably be a \"dry hole\", Galbreath noticed signs of gas flow in early November and continued drilling. Due to the depth they had drilled by mid-November, the success of the well was doubtful. After seeing signs of oil in the well debris, however, the pair were encouraged and, once more, continued on. On November 22, at 5 AM, with the well deep into the layer of Bartlesville (or \"Glenn\") sandstone of the Boggy Formation, the two struck oil at a depth of . The oil soon flowed over the top of the derrick, and the \"gusher\" marked the discovery of Oklahoma's first major oil field. Galbreath, Chesley, Charles Colcord, and John Mitchell then formed the Creek Oil Company, and Chesley soon leased an additional 600 acres. Galbreath went on to drill 69 successful wells, with only","title":"Glenn Pool Oil Reserve"},{"docid":"28205267","text":"Iran is an energy superpower and the petroleum industry in Iran plays an important part in it. In 2004, Iran produced 5.1 percent of the world's total crude oil ( per day), which generated revenues of US$25 billion to US$30 billion and was the country's primary source of foreign currency. At 2006 levels of production, oil proceeds represented about 18.7% of gross domestic product (GDP). However, the importance of the hydrocarbon sector to Iran's economy has been far greater. The oil and gas industry has been the engine of economic growth, directly affecting public development projects, the government's annual budget, and most foreign exchange sources. In FY 2009, the sector accounted for 60% of total government revenues and 80% of the total annual value of both exports and foreign currency earnings. Oil and gas revenues are affected by the value of crude oil on the international market. It has been estimated that at the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) quota level (December 2004), a one-dollar change in the price of crude oil on the international market would alter Iran's oil revenues by US$1 billion. In 2012, Iran, which exported around 1.5 million barrels of crude oil a day, was the second-largest exporter among the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In the same year, officials in Iran estimated that Iran's annual oil and gas revenues could reach $250 billion by 2015. However, the industry was disrupted by an international embargo from July 2012 through January 2016. Iran plans to invest a total of $500 billion in the oil sector before 2025. History The era of international control, 1901–1979 The history of Iran's oil industry began in 1901, when British speculator William D'Arcy received a concession from Iran to explore and develop southern Iran's oil resources. The exploration in Iran was led by George Reynolds. The discovery of oil on May 26, 1908 led to the formation in 1909 of the London-based Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC). By purchasing a majority of the company's shares in 1914, the British government gained direct control of the Iranian oil industry, which it would not relinquish for 37 years. After 1935 the APOC was called the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). A 60-year agreement signed in 1933 established a flat payment to Iran of four British pounds for every ton of crude oil exported and denied Iran any right to control oil exports. In 1950 ongoing popular demand prompted a vote in the Majlis to nationalize the petroleum industry. A year later, the government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq formed the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). A 1953 coup d'état led by British and U.S. intelligence agencies ousted the Mossadeq government and paved the way for a new oil agreement. In 1954 a new agreement divided profits equally between the NIOC and a multinational consortium that had replaced the AIOC. In 1973 Iran signed a new 20-year concession with the consortium. Beginning in the late 1950s, many of Iran's international oil agreements did not produce","title":"Petroleum industry in Iran"},{"docid":"70563553","text":"John Wilson Fell (1862–1955) was an industrialist involved in the shale oil operations at Newnes, New South Wales and the establishment of two early oil refineries, on Gore Bay at Greenwich and at Clyde, both suburbs of Sydney. He was the principal of John Fell & Company and was, for many years, the Managing Director of Commonwealth Oil Corporation, which he revived from receivership. Early life and family background John Wilson Fell was born at Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland. on 7 November 1862. He was the son of Alexander Morrison Fell, Senior (1825–1890) and his wife Margaret (née Ferguson) (1828–1901) He migrated to Australia, with his parents during the 1870s. Alexander Morrison Fell, Senior, was an important figure in the Scottish shale oil industry, at the time the most advanced and largest in the world. In 1860, contributing shale mining leasehold in lieu of capital, Alexander had become a partner in the West Calder Oil Company, and its manager. The company’s works was known as the ‘Gavieside Oil Works’, or ‘Fell’s Works’ after its manager. However, there was disharmony among the partners and an unsuccessful court case, with the end result being that Alexander was made bankrupt in 1873. Alexander subsequently migrated, with his family, to New South Wales. During Fell's youth, after his migration to New South Wales, his father was already an important figure in the local oil shale industry; first at Mount Kembla, where he was manager for the American Creek Oil Co., until 1877, and later at Joadja, where he was manager, from 1877 to 1881, for the Australian Kerosene Oil and Mineral Co.. John Fell’s cousin, James Walter Fell (1847–1882) was almost certainly the first of the extended Fell family to migrate to Australia. James was also involved in the shale oil industry, both in Scotland and in New South Wales. He was manager of the Western Kerosene Oil Co. at Hartley Vale, by 1870, then manager of Hartley Vale's refinery at Waterloo, and later was at Joadja. Like his uncle, Alexander, James was an expert in the field of shale oil processing; both men had worked together, at the West Calder Oil Company, in Scotland, and later at Joadja. With T.S. Mort, James was pivotal in the amalgamation of two shale oil companies—Hartley Kerosene Oil and Paraffine Co. Ltd. and Western Kerosene Oil Co.—to form the New South Wales Shale & Oil Company, in 1872. Aside from his role in the shale oil industry, James Fell was a founder of the North Shore Gas Company in Sydney. James had acted as an engineer for other gasworks—including Australian Gas Light Company—and retained a business interest in the gasworks at Goulburn. In 1870, James married Helen Wilson Thomson (1849–1935), who under her married name, Helen Wilson Fell, became a philanthropist and diarist. James died at only 35, already a wealthy man, while visiting London on business, and his only son, John Walter Fell (1872–1891) also died young, at only 18 years old. Fell was also a","title":"John Fell (industrialist)"},{"docid":"3008151","text":"The title of \"Oil Capital of the World\" is often used to refer to Tulsa, Oklahoma. Houston, Texas, the current center of the oil industry, more frequently uses the sobriquet “The Energy Capital of the World.” History In mid-19th century, when Pennsylvania was the first center of petroleum production, Pittsburgh and Titusville were considered oil capitals. In the later 19th century, before oil was discovered in Texas, Oklahoma, or the Middle East, Cleveland, Ohio had a claim to the title, with 86 or 88 refineries operating in the city in 1884. Tulsa claimed the name early in the 20th century, after oil strikes at Red Fork (1901) and Glenpool (1905) in Tulsa County. Many prominent oilmen lived in Tulsa at some point, including Josh Cosden, William Skelly, Harry Ford Sinclair, Waite Phillips, Thomas Gilcrease, George Kaiser, and J. Paul Getty. Many corporations producing, refining or transporting petroleum had at some point their headquarters or major facilities in Tulsa including Texaco, BP-Amoco, Cities Service Company, Sinclair Oil and Gas Company, Skelly Oil Company, Warren Petroleum Company, the Williams Companies, and Kaiser-Francis Oil Company. In 1923 a group of Tulsa oilmen organized the first International Petroleum Exposition and Congress (IPE); among the IPE's stated purposes was to \"firmly establish Tulsa for all time to come as the oil center of the entire world.\" Tulsa continued to be known and promote itself as the \"oil capital of the world\" into the 1950s and 1960s. The IPE grew and reached its peak attendance in 1966, when the Golden Driller, a large statue symbolic of Tulsa's historical importance in the oil industry, was erected in front of the new IPE Building, then said to be the world's largest building under one roof. By the 1970s, however, the IPE's success, and Tulsa's role in the international oil industry, had both eroded: Tulsa's last IPE was held in 1979, while Houston has become the most prominent hub of the oil industry in the United States. In more recent times, Tulsa's continued use of \"oil capital of the world\" is often characterized as nostalgic or historical. But even today, energy is one of Tulsa's major industries, and many of the city's professional sports franchises have petroleum-related names such as the Tulsa Oilers (ice hockey), Tulsa Oilers (indoor football), Tulsa Drillers (baseball), and Tulsa Roughnecks (now FC Tulsa, men's soccer). National Register of Historic Places designation In 2010, Tulsa officially designated the central part of its downtown as the \"Oil Capital Historic District\" for the purposes of a proposed registration in the National Register of Historic Places. The district, at , is bounded by Third Street on the north, Cincinnati Avenue on the east, Seventh Street on the south and Cheyenne Avenue on the west. It was officially listed on December 13, 2010, under Criterion A for significance in Commerce. Its NRIS number is 10001013. References External links Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory U. S. Department of the Interior, National Register of Historic Places","title":"Oil Capital of the World"},{"docid":"4912467","text":"Edward Hall Moore (November 19, 1871September 2, 1950) was a United States senator from Oklahoma from 1943 to 1949. Early years Born on a farm near Maryville, Missouri, Moore attended the public schools and Chillicothe Normal School, where he graduated in 1892. He taught school in Nodaway, Atchinson, and Jackson Counties. Supposedly because he liked to listen to and deliver speeches, he enrolled in the Kansas City School of Law, and graduated in 1900. He was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1901 and began practice in Maryville; he moved shortly thereafter to Okmulgee, where he became city attorney. He returned to Missouri in 1905 to marry Cora McComb, whom he had met at Chillicothe. They came back to Okmulgee, where Edward practiced law until 1919. Meanwhile, he had begun investing in real estate. By 1919, he had grown tired of the law, so he sold his practice to enter the oil business. He would become an oil producer, farmer, and cattle raiser. As a wildcatter, he first struck oil in the Holmes Field of Okfuskee County, Oklahoma. He formed the Independent Oil & Gas Company, with himself as president, he expanded into Kansas and Texas. The estimated value of his company was between $25 million and $40 million by 1930, when he sold it to Phillips Petroleum Company. He formed another oil company, E. H. Moore, Inc. in 1932. This entity had more than 400 wells in Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and California before he sold it in 1941. Two years later, he sold the cattle operation. Political activity Originally, Moore's political views aligned with the Democratic party, but he became disillusioned with Roosevelt's New Deal during the 1930s. When Roosevelt announced that he would run for a third-term, Moore campaigned vigorously for the Republican candidate, Wendell Willkie. Despite Willkie's loss of the 1940 election, Moore joined the Republican party. W. B. Pine, the Republican nominee for Senate, had just died, and Josh Lee, the Democratic incumbent was popular. Someone proposed Moore as the replacement, to the delight of Republican higher-ups. Not only did Moore hate the New Deal, but he was wealthy enough to finance his own campaign. It worked. Moore was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1942 and served from January 3, 1943, to January 3, 1949; he was not a candidate for renomination in 1948, and retired from public life and political activities. While in the Senate, he was a reliable anti-New Deal vote, but he was more in favor of international involvement than most Republicans. Nonetheless, in 1945, Moore was among the seven senators who opposed full United States entry into the United Nations. He voted in favor of almost all military spending and against all spending for public improvements, including projects slated for Oklahoma. Unsurprisingly he supported programs that would benefit the oil industry. In 1948, he was voted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame, when he was lauded as a \"...statesman and philanthropist.\" Death He died in Tulsa on September","title":"Edward H. Moore"},{"docid":"132246","text":"Titusville is a city in the far eastern corner of Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,262 at the 2020 census. Titusville is known as the birthplace of the American oil industry and for a number of years was the leading oil-producing region in the world. It was also notable for its lumber industry, including 17 sawmills, as well as its plastic and toolmaking industries. It is part of the Meadville micropolitan area. History The area was first settled in 1796 by Jonathan Titus. Within 14 years, others bought and improved land lying near his, along the banks of what is now Oil Creek. Titus named the village Edinburg(h), but as it grew, the settlers began to call the hamlet Titusville. The village was incorporated as a borough in 1849. It was a slow-growing community until the 1850s, when petroleum was discovered in the region. Oil was known to exist there, but there was no practical way to extract it. Its main use at that time had been as a medicine for both animals and humans. In the late 1850s, the Seneca Oil Company (formerly the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company) sent Col. Edwin L. Drake to start drilling on a piece of leased land just south of Titusville, near what is now Oil Creek State Park. In the summer of 1859, Drake hired a salt well driller, William A. Smith. They had many difficulties, but on August 27, at the site of an oil spring just south of Titusville, they finally drilled a well that could be commercially successful. Teamsters were needed immediately to transport the oil to markets. In 1862, the Oil Creek & Titusville Railroad was built between Titusville and Corry, where the product was transferred to larger east-west railroad lines. In 1865, pipelines were laid directly to the line and the demand for teamsters practically ended. The next year the railroad line was extended south to Petroleum Centre and Oil City. The Union & Titusville Railroad was built in 1865. That line became part of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad in 1871. That fall, President Ulysses S. Grant visited Titusville to view the important region. Other oil-related businesses were quickly established. Eight refineries were built between 1862 and 1868. Drilling tools were needed and several iron works were built. Titusville grew from 250 residents to 10,000 almost overnight and in 1866, it incorporated as a city. In 1871, the first oil exchange in the United States was established there. The exchange moved from the city, but returned in 1881 in a new, brick building, before being dissolved in 1897. The first oil millionaire was Jonathan Watson, a resident of Titusville. He owned the land where Drake's well was drilled. He had been a partner in a lumber business prior to the success of the well. At one time it was said that Titusville had more millionaires per capita than anywhere else in the world. One resident of note was Franklin S. Tarbell, whose large Italianate","title":"Titusville, Pennsylvania"},{"docid":"315801","text":"United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U.S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with production operations primarily in the United States of America and in Central Europe. The company produces and sells steel products, including flat-rolled and tubular products for customers in industries across automotive, construction, consumer, electrical, industrial equipment, distribution, and energy. Operations also include iron ore and coke production facilities. It was the eighth-largest steel producer in the world in 2008. By 2022, the company was the world's 24th-largest steel producer and the second-largest in the United States behind Nucor Corporation. Though renamed USX Corporation in 1986, the company was renamed United States Steel in 2001 after spinning off its energy business, including Marathon Oil, and other assets, from its core steel concern. Pending regulatory and shareholder approval, US Steel is set to be acquired by Nippon Steel, Japan's largest steel producing company, for US$14.1 billion. The deal, announced in mid-December 2023, retains US Steel's name and headquarters in Pittsburgh. However, the Biden Administration would oppose Nippon Steel's bid to acquire U.S. Steel by March 2024; the proposed acquisition was also opposed by the United Steelworkers. History Formation J. P. Morgan formed U.S. Steel on March 2, 1901 (incorporated on February 25, 1901), by financing the merger of Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry \"Judge\" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million ($ billion today). At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion ($ billion today), making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation. The company established its headquarters in the Empire Building at 71 Broadway in New York City; it remained a major tenant in the building for 75 years. Charles M. Schwab, the Carnegie Steel executive who originally suggested the merger to Morgan, ultimately emerged as the new corporation's first President. In 1907, U.S. Steel bought its largest competitor, the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, which was headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. Tennessee Coal was replaced in the Dow Jones Industrial Average by the General Electric Company. The federal government attempted to use federal antitrust laws to break up U.S. Steel in 1911 (the same year Standard Oil was broken up), but that effort ultimately failed. In 1902, its first full year of operation, U.S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States. About 100 years later, as of 2001, it produced only 8 percent more than it did in 1902, and its shipments accounted for only about 8 percent of domestic consumption. According to the author Douglas Blackmon in Slavery by Another Name, the growth of U.S. Steel and its subsidiaries in the South was partly dependent on the labor of cheaply paid black workers and exploited convicts. The company could obtain black labor at a fraction of the cost of white labor by taking advantage of the Black Codes and","title":"U.S. Steel"},{"docid":"32417399","text":"Cuyahoga Valley is a neighborhood on the Central and South Side of Cleveland, Ohio, located along the Cuyahoga River. Formerly known as Industrial Valley, the neighborhood was originally limited to only one section of the geographic Cuyahoga River Valley, but the city expanded it in 2012 to include the entire valley area. The present neighborhood includes the Flats and extends from the peninsula of Whiskey Island on Lake Erie in the north to the borders of the suburbs of Newburgh Heights and Cuyahoga Heights in the south. To the east, it borders Downtown Cleveland and the neighborhoods of Broadway–Slavic Village and Central. To the west, it borders the neighborhoods of Detroit–Shoreway, Ohio City, Tremont, and Brooklyn Centre. History Cuyahoga Valley emerged on what was once part of Cleveland Township, which the city annexed in 1850 and quickly developed into the heart of one of the nation's leading industrial centers. Several factors, including close proximity to Lake Erie and the eastern bank of the Cuyahoga River being the terminus of the Ohio & Erie Canal, led to the rapid rise of Cuyahoga Valley's manufacturing output. The iron industry (which would eventually grow into the steelmaking industry in the 20th century) rapidly grew during the Civil War era, as coal from Pennsylvania and iron ore from the Lake Superior region arrived at the centralized location along the river. By the 1870s, local industrial baron John D. Rockefeller of the Standard Oil Company had built his oil refineries in Cuyahoga Valley. The Grasselli Chemical Company (now part of DuPont) soon followed Rockefeller, whose refineries used much of the sulfuric acid produced by Grasselli's plant. By 1901, local foundries of the Otis Iron & Steel Company and the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company merged with the newly established US Steel. One of US Steel's subsidiaries, American Steel & Wire, made Cleveland the \"wire capital\" of the United States. The neighborhood also saw the arrivals of companies such as LTV Steel and Republic Steel. Production peaked in the 1950s when Cleveland ranked third nationwide in steelmaking and fourth in processed metal products. Until sea changes in nationwide manufacturing trends of the 1970s and 80s, Cuyahoga Valley remained at the heart of an industrial powerhouse. The recession of the early 80s witnessed LTV, Republic and US Steel all closing, relocating or merging operations, which led to massive unemployment numbers in the Cleveland area. Although still a prominent industry in the 21st century, steel plays a much smaller role in the neighborhood than it once did. The Flats The Cuyahoga Valley neighborhood also encompasses Cleveland's Flats. Historically home to much of the city's steel industry, today it is a mixed-use portion area. During the mid-1980s, the Flats grew to be an entertainment district. Music venues and clubs appeared on both the East Bank and West Bank, though, as evidenced by the decline of the East Bank in the late 90s, the other side of the river proved to be the more commercially viable development. A combination of factors,","title":"Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland"},{"docid":"40057888","text":"The Barco oil concession was one of the main concessions in Colombia during the early development of its petroleum industry, the other being the De Mares concession. Oil was first found in the Norte de Santander department near the border with Venezuela in 1905, but development did not start until 1936. A joint venture between the Texas Corporation and Socony-Vacuum (now Texaco and Mobil) sank the wells and built a pipeline across the mountains and through swampy jungle to the Caribbean coast at Coveñas. Workers were harassed by Motilone Indians defending their territory, and several died. The concession began operation in 1939 and continued into the 1960s, when it began to be depleted. Other fields in the region are still productive. Location The oilfield lies in the Norte de Santander department, in the east of the country, in the Catatumbo River basin. The oilfield is part of the Maracaibo Basin, which spans Colombia and Venezuela. To the west it is bounded by the Santander Massif and the Sierra de Perija, parts of the Cordillera Oriental, a northern extension of the Andes. To the south and southeast, it is bounded by the Mérida Andes, and to the east, by the Venezuelan border. The Venezuelan part of the oilfield has produced several billion barrels of oil. By 2007 the different fields in the Catatumbo sub-basin had produced more than 800 million barrels of oil. The Barco concession is estimated to have held between 250 and 300 million barrels. The Catatumbo River is long, of which the first is in Colombia. About 63% of the river basin lies in Colombian territory. The Catatumbo provides 70% of Lake Maracaibo's fresh water. By the early 2000s the river had become highly polluted, with sewage and industrial waste dumped into the river in Colombia, and pesticides and chemical fertilizers washed into the river further down in Venezuela. Guerilla groups in Colombia had also blown up sections of the oil pipeline, and despite containment efforts, some of the spilled oil had also contaminated the river. Early years Virgilio Barco Martinez was granted the concession on 16 October 1905 in the Catatumbo region of the Norte de Santander department. Colonel Barco had led victorious forces in the recent Thousand Days civil war, and was given the concession in return. He planned to use it for cattle, until he found that oil was seeping out of the ground. World War I caused delays in developing the field. In 1918 Barco sold the concession to the Carib Syndicate, a concern owned by Americans, who sold 75% of their interest to the Colombian Petroleum Company the next year. This was a subsidiary of Edward L. Doheny's Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company. Doheny was also interested in plans to develop the oil industry in Venezuela, and in building a pipeline from Colombia to Venezuela to make it more economical to export the Barco oil. The Colombian Petroleum Company, now a subsidiary of Cities Service, failed to develop the concession and sold","title":"Barco oil concession"},{"docid":"36490992","text":"The history of the Indian oil industry extends back to the period of the British Raj, at a time when petroleum first became a primary global energy source. Colonial rule, 1858-1947 1866 : Oil discovery at Nahorpung, Assam. Not explored. 1882 : Big \"Oil Seepage\" in Digboi during construction of Dibrugarh-Ledo Railway Line. The first oil production started in India in 1889 near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam. A Small thatched structure was erected and christened \"Oil well no.1\" or \"Discovery\". This discovery came on the heels of industrial development. The Assam Railways and Trading Company (ARTC) had recently opened the area for trade by building a railway and later finding oil nearby. The first well was completed in 1890 and in 1893 first refinery started at Margharita, Assam. The Assam Oil Company was established in 1899 to oversee production. In 1901, Digboi Refinery was commissioned supplanting the earlier refinery at Margharita. At its peak during the Second World War the Digboi oil fields were producing 7,000 barrels per day.. In the year 1909, IBP (Indo Burmah Petroleum) was incorporated in Rangoon to explore oil wells that had been discovered in Burma and Assam. Oil in colonial India was mostly exploited by a number of British companies with intricate alliances. Their output began to increase during the first and second world wars to support British troops and industries in the United Kingdom. In 1928, Asiatic Petroleum Company ( India) started cooperation with Burmah Oil Company. This alliance led to the formation of Burmah-Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Company of India Limited. Burmah-Shell began its operations with import and marketing of Kerosene. On 24 January 1976, the Burmah Sell was taken over by the Government of India to form Bharat Refineries Limited. On 1 August 1977, it was renamed as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. Independence, 1947-1991 After India won independence in 1947, the new government moved to a less exploitative system, often termed as License Raj. In terms of economic policy this meant a far bigger role for the government and little or no role for the private sector. This resulted in a bureaucratic system that meant a large public sector and focus on centralized planning. The foreign companies continued to play a key role in the oil industry. Oil India Limited was still a joint venture involving the Indian government and the British owned Burmah Oil Company (presently, BP) whilst the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project in West Bengal was between the Indian government and the American company SOCONY-Vacuum (presently, ExxonMobil). This changed in 1956 when the government adopted an industrial policy that placed oil as a “schedule A industry” and put its future development in the hands of the state. In October 1959 an Act of Parliament was passed which gave the state owned Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) the powers to plan, organise, and implement programmes for the development of oil resources and the sale of petroleum products and also to perform plans sent down","title":"History of the oil industry in India"},{"docid":"34346002","text":"The Alamosa–Durango line or San Juan extension was a railroad line built by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, following the border between the U.S. states of Colorado and New Mexico, in the Rocky Mountains. The line was originally built as a narrow-gauge line between Alamosa, Colorado, and Durango, Colorado. Portions of the route survive: the now standard-gauged segment from Alamosa to Antonito, Colorado, and a narrow-gauge portion from Antonito to Chama, New Mexico. History Following the Railroad Wars between the Denver and Rio Grande and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway(Santa Fe), the D&RG signed an agreement with the Santa Fe, where the Santa Fe agreed not to compete with the D&RG's plans to build an extension into the San Juan Valley. The rail line was built in the early 1880s to access the various mineral resources in south-western Colorado. In 1881, the line reached Durango and a short time later, a branch was built up the Animas river valley to the mining town of Silverton. In addition to the ore traffic, lumber and various agricultural commodities were also hauled along the route. 20th century When the D&RGW began the process of converting most of their mainlines to standard gauge in the early 1900s, the railroad had also planned to convert the San Juan extension. As a result, the section from Alamosa to Antonito was converted to dual gauge in 1901 with the addition of a standard gauge only branch from Durango south to Farmington, New Mexico a few years later. The D&RGW had also considered building a tunnel under Cumbres Pass which would have alleviated the steep 4% grade over the pass. However, with the decline in ore traffic during the early 20th century, the railroad scrapped these plans and the Farmington branch was converted to narrow-gauge in 1923. After World War II, many of the surrounding Narrow gauge lines closed due to lack of Traffic. However the San Juan Extension experienced an unexpected \"boom\" in freight traffic due to growth in the oil industry around Farmington. This increase provided the necessary revenue to keep the line operating into the 1960s. Abandonment and preservation By the mid-1960s, traffic had once again dwindled and in 1968, the D&RGW sought to abandon the entire route. The D&RGW never introduced mainline diesel traction on their narrow-gauge lines, as narrow-gauge locomotives would have to be custom-built at significant additional cost. Thus, the Alamosa–Durango line eventually became of the last locations in the United States where steam locomotives were still in regular use. This brought recognition that all, if not some portion, of the line should be preserved as a museum or heritage railway. In 1970, a 64-mile segment between Antonito and Chama was purchased by the states of Colorado and New Mexico, and subsequently began operating excursion trains as the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad. Meanwhile, the rest of the route from Chama to Durango, including the Farmington branch, was abandoned and the dual-gauge Alamosa–Antonito section was converted to a","title":"Alamosa–Durango line"},{"docid":"5895601","text":"The economy of the State of Texas is the second largest by GDP in the United States after that of California. It has a gross state product of $2.355 trillion as of 2022. In 2022, Texas led the nation with the most companies in the Fortune 500 with 53 in total. As of 2021, Texas grossed more than $300 billion a year in exports—more than the exports of California ($175 billion) and New York ($100 billion) combined. Texas is ranked as the 8th largest economy among nations of the world by nominal GDP, ahead of Canada, South Korea, Russia, and Australia. In 2019, Texas had a median household income of $61,874. As of August 31, 2022 Texas had a total of $64.40 billion in state debt outstanding, including both general obligation and revenue debt. Texas has the second largest population in the country after California. History Historically four major business enterprises shaped the Texas economy prior to World War II: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil. The first enterprise to enjoy major success in Texas was cattle and bison. In the early days of Anglo-American settlement, furs and hides were the major products derived from cattle. Beef was not particularly popular in the United States. However, Texas entrepreneurs soon pioneered the beef industry, and demand steadily increased. The cattle industry enjoyed its greatest financial success in the later 1870s and 1880s. Cotton production, which had been known in Texas since Spanish times, gradually increased throughout the 19th century. By the early 20th century, Texas had become the leading cotton producer in the nation. By the 1920s, the cotton industry was past its peak, as government regulation and foreign competition took their toll. Forests The forests of Texas have been an important resource since its earliest days and have played an important role in the state's history. The vast woodlands of the region, home to many varieties of wildlife when Europeans first arrived, provided major economic opportunities for early settlers. They today continue to play an important role economically and environmentally in the state. The densest forest lands lie in the eastern part of the state. In particular the Big Thicket region, just north of Houston and Beaumont, has historically been home to the most dense woodlands. The Big Thicket was mostly uninhabited until heavy settlement from the U.S. began in the mid-19th century, and was even used as a refuge by runaway slaves and other fugitives. The Rio Grande valley in South Texas was home to a large palm tree forest when Spaniards first arrived, though today very little of it remains. The development of railroads in the eastern part of the state during the mid-19th century led to a boom in lumber production in the 1880s. This era of financial success lasted approximately 50 years finally coming to an end as Texas's forests were decimated and the Great Depression dropped prices. Oil boom In 1901 the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company struck oil on Spindletop Hill","title":"Economy of Texas"},{"docid":"46808515","text":"Myanmar, is a developing country and an important natural gas and petroleum producer in Asia. It is home to one of the world's oldest petroleum industries, with its first crude oil exports dating back to 1853. Today, the country is one of the major natural gas producers in the Asian continent. Decades of isolation, sanctions, a lack of technical capacity, opaque government policies and insufficient investment has impeded the country's efforts to develop an upstream hydrocarbon sector. Recent but slow political reform has led the international community to ease sanctions on Burma, giving rise to hopes of greater investment and economic growth. In 2015-2016, the petroleum industry attracted the highest-ever amount (USD 4.8 billion) of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the history of Myanmar. History Early British explorers in Burma discovered a flourishing oil extraction industry in the town of Yenangyaung in 1795. The area had hundreds of hand-dug oil wells under the hereditary control of 24 Burmese families. British Burma exported its first barrel of crude oil in 1853. The London-based Burmah Oil Company (BOC) was established in 1871 and began production in the Yenangyaung field in 1887 and the Chauk field in 1902. BOC enjoyed a monopoly in the sector until 1901, when the American Standard Oil Company launched operations in Burma. Oil supplies largely met the demand of British India. Prior to World War II and the Japanese invasion of Burma, oil production stood at 6.5 million barrels annually. After independence in 1948, the oil wells had dried up after decades of British extraction. In 1963, the socialist military government led by Ne Win nationalized the sector, causing decades of economic stagnation. After 1989, the military junta began opening up the country to more foreign investment. Shell discovered the Apyauk gas field 50 kilometres northwest of Yangon in 1991. Current status Myanmar is today primarily a natural gas producer. As of 2015, Myanmar exports gas to Thailand and China. Myanmar had proven gas reserves of 10 trillion cubic feet in 2012, with an annual production capacity of 416 BcF. Oil reserves in 2013 numbered at 50 million barrels, with a production capacity of 21,000 bbl/d. The Yenangyaung oil field continues to be in operation. The country has classified 51 onshore blocks and 53 offshore blocks, including 26 deep water blocks, for oil and gas exploration. The National Energy Management Committee regulates the sector under the Ministry of Energy. The industry consists of three key state players: Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, created in 1963; responsible for exploration, production and domestic gas transmission through a 1,200-mile onshore pipeline network. Myanma Petrochemicals Enterprise, operates small refineries and fertilizer plants Myanmar Petroleum Products Enterprise, responsible for retail and wholesale distribution of petroleum products Major international oil companies (IOCs) engaged in Myanmar include TotalEnergies, the Essar Group, CNOOC, PTTEP, Petronas and Sinopec. After some of the sanctions were lifted in 2012, many international investors such as for instance British Gas, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ENI, Oil India, Ophir, PetroVietnam, Shell, Statoil, and Woodside","title":"Oil and gas industry in Myanmar"},{"docid":"3255147","text":"Harry Ford Sinclair (July 6, 1876 – November 10, 1956) was an American industrialist, and the founder of Sinclair Oil. He was implicated in the 1920s Teapot Dome scandal, and served six months in prison for contempt of Congress. Although this harmed his reputation, he returned to his former life and enjoyed its prosperity until his death. Sinclair was an avid owner of sports properties, one of the principal financial backers of baseball's Federal League and a force in U.S. thoroughbred racing. Horses from his stable won the Kentucky Derby and three Belmont Stakes. Early life Harry Sinclair was born in Benwood, West Virginia, now a suburb of the city of Wheeling. Sinclair grew up in Independence, Kansas. The son of a pharmacist, after finishing high school, he entered the pharmacy department of the University of Kansas, at Lawrence. He was working as a pharmacist in 1901 when the business failed. He then began selling lumber for derricks in the oil fields of southeastern Kansas. On the side, he started speculating in oil leases. The opportunity in the rapidly expanding oil industry saw him become a lease broker and acquire an interest in the White Oil Company. In 1904, Sinclair married Elizabeth Farrell of Independence, Kansas. By the time he was thirty, he had become a millionaire. Oil business In 1910, four businessmen: Eugene Frank Blaise, Charles J. Wrightsman, William Connelly, and Harry F. Sinclair bought the failed Farmers National Bank in Tulsa. They created a new entity, Exchange National Bank, and named Sinclair as president. This bank, later renamed as the National Bank of Tulsa, was a forerunner of the present Bank of Oklahoma. On May 1, 1916, the highly successful Sinclair formed Sinclair Oil from the assets of eleven small petroleum companies. In the same year, he bought the Cudahy Refining Company of Chicago, owner of several oil pipelines and refineries. By the end of the 1920s, Sinclair Oil refineries had a production capacity of 80,000 barrels a day and had built almost of oil pipelines. Operations were expanded in various areas including a coal mining property. The company was ranked as the seventh largest oil company in the United States and the largest in the Midwest. Harry Sinclair's business acumen made him an important member of the local business community and he helped organize the State Bank of Commerce, which later was acquired by the First National Bank of Independence, of which Sinclair served on the board of directors. His brother, Earle W. Sinclair, served as president of Sinclair Refining Company until his death at age 70 of heart disease on September 21, 1944. Organized sports Sinclair was one of the main financiers of baseball's Federal League. He was the principal owner of that league's Indianapolis franchise. Following the 1914 season, he purchased the remainder of the team and moved them to Newark, New Jersey, where they became the Newark Peppers. After the season, the Federal League cut a deal with the other two baseball leagues. Sinclair","title":"Harry Ford Sinclair"},{"docid":"66213037","text":"The Museum of Lacquer Art (German:Museum für Lackkunst) is a museum in Münster, Westphalia devoted to the history of lacquer art. It is the only institution of its kind in the world, with a collection of around 1,000 objects from East Asia, Europe, and the Islamic world from more than two thousand years ago. The current director is art historian Gudrun Bühl. It is owned by BASF Coatings. History The history of the museum goes back to the two collectors Erich Zschocke (1901–1978) and Kurt Herberts (1901–1989). Zschocke belonged to the Cologne paint factory Herbig-Haarhaus in the 1930s. During this time he dealt with the company's own lacquer art . In 1955 he founded the Herbig-Haarhaus- Lacquer Museum, whose holdings included lacquer works \"by the last great lacquer master in Japan\" Shibala Zesshin (1807-1891). The company was founded in 1922 to continue the Friedrich Haarhaus company, which was founded in 1844 and later oHG Herbig-Haarhaus, which mainly produced paints and varnishes for industry, wholesalers and authorities. It was founded by Robert Friedrich Haarhaus, and his son-in-law Adolf Herbig joined the company in 1871. When BASF took over the Herbig-Haarhaus lacquer factory in 1968, it also took over the museum. Monika Kopplin, who moved to Münster in 1990 to take over the company's own collection of lacquer art as curator at BASF Lacke und Farben AG, opened the Museum for Lacquer Art in Münster in 1993 and retired in 2019. Kurt Herberts' collection also began in the 1930s and consisted of objects from historical lacquer art. Most of these valuable objects did not survive the Second World War, so that Herberts began to systematically rebuild his collection from 1949. In 1982, BASF Coatings also took over its collection. Collection The oldest objects in the museum come from China and Korea, where decorations were made with the sap of the local lacquer tree as early as the 4th and 5th centuries BC. A representative selection of various decorative techniques that were used in the process is shown. The focus is on red Schnitzlack, lacquer painting on furniture and on mother of pearl work. The exhibits of Japanese lacquer art ( Urushi) include works of the technique of the scattering pattern, which was developed to perfection in the 9th century, in which gold and silver powder are trickled through small tubes into the still damp paint. The oldest works of European lacquer art, however, date from the end of the 16th century. After the import of Asian lacquer work, the demand for these coveted luxury items rose quickly and the Europeans began to produce their own art objects. Since the sap of the Asian lacquer tree could not be transported to Europe, the works were created from novel lacquer formulas based on oils, resins and binders. While the motifs in the 17th century were similar to those used in Asian lacquer art, new motifs were created from the 18th century. For example, one of the Dresden court painters can be found in the","title":"Museum of Lacquer Art"},{"docid":"70025724","text":"James McClurg Guffey (January 19, 1839, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania – March 20, 1930, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) was an American pioneer in the petroleum industry in Pennsylvania and elsewhere and a longtime Democratic politician in his home state. Early life He was born the fifth of six children in Westmoreland County and grew up on the family farm. At 18, he found work as a clerk for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in Louisville, Kentucky, before landing a better-paying job with the Adams Southern Express Company in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1872, he returned to his home state to become a salesman in the burgeoning oil industry (see Pennsylvania oil rush), learning the business and starting to work for himself. Petroleum industry Guffey made a fortune \"amounting to millions as an oil producer\"